Lich Su Phien Dich Han Tang - Thich Phuoc Son

Lch s
Phin dch Hn tng

VONG VAN NHAN
Bin dch: Thch Phc Sn

LCH S
PHIEN DCH HAN TANG

NHA XAT BAN PHONG OONG

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Li noi au

Trong gii nghien cu cac nganh hoc lien quan en
Phat giao tren the gii, viec nghien cu co the sm muon
hoac can sau khac nhau nhng phan ln cac hoc gia eu
phai oi mat vi mot so lng kinh ien Han dch o so
c thc hien t suot 20 the ky nay va la kho kinh ien
Phat giao hoan b nhat the gii.
Tai Viet Nam, Phat giao du nhap rat sm, en nay
trai qua gan 2.000 nam, anh hng cua Ton giao t bi va
tr tue nay oi vi at nc va con ngi Viet Nam ta lau
dai, sau am, tr thanh mot nhan to chu yeu cua tnh dan
toc. Noi dung tu hoc Phat phap nc ta ai bo phan eu
phat xuat t cac kinh ien Han dch, va cung nh Trung
Quoc, nhieu v To s, ai s at trnh o tu chng cao
vi, xng ang la cac bac long tng cua Phat giao, cac
e t, s gia cua c Phat Thch-ca Mau-ni.
Nham gii thieu lch s phien dch Han tang va cung
cap t lieu tham khao cho gii phien dch ai tang kinh
t Han sang Viet, dch gia khong ngai kha nang con han
che, em tac pham Phat ien Han dch chi nghien cu
cua Giao s Vng Van Nhan dch thoat thanh Lch s
Thch Phc Sn bien dch

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phien dch Han tang, muc ch la e cho van phong c
pho thong va de hieu.
Tac pham nay von la luan an Tien s cua Vng
Tien sinh c bao ve tai ai hoc Chnh tr Quoc lap, ai
Loan (Trung Quoc), vao thang 6 nam 1983 va c xuat
ban vao thang 12 nam 1984. Trc o, Tien sinh a bien
soan va xuat ban tac pham gay s chu y ac biet cua gii
nghien cu van hoc la ai Loan van xa chi nghien cu
(c in an va phat hanh vao thang 6/1979). Sau o xuat
hien hai cong trnh nghien cu gia tr khac cua Tien sinh
la Phat ien trung dch Kinh nghien cu khao luc (thang
10/1993) va Phat ien nghi nguy Kinh nghien cu
(thang 10/1995). T nam 1984 en nam 2004, Tien sinh
a thc hien va cong bo hn 20 bai viet va tham luan ve
van hoc, s hoc va t lieu Phat hoc. Hien nay, Tien sinh
la Vien trng Vien Van hoc thuoc ai hoc Chnh tr
Quoc lap, ai Loan, ong thi la Giao s chu nhiem cac
bo mon Phat giao Van hien Muc luc, Trung Quoc Van
hoc s, Nhac phu thi, ai Loan Co ien Thi ca.
Theo tac gia, s nghiep phien dch Han tang bat au
t nam Vnh Bnh th mi (67 Cn) i vua Minh e nha
Han cho en nam Ch Nguyen th 22 (1285) i vua The
To nha Nguyen, keo dai hn 1200 nam, trai qua 23 trieu
ai, gom 201 dch gia, dch c 2651 bo kinh, 7913
quyen; so con lai 1234 bo, 5255 quyen; so b mat 1136 bo,
2011 quyen.
Lch s phien dch Han tang
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Co ng trnh na y die n bie n qua ba giai oa n: Giai oa n
a u do ca c Cao ta ng Ta y V c chu tr dch tr ng, tr c tie p
phie n dch nh a i s Chi-la u-ca-sa m (147-186), Chi
Khie m (223-253). Giai oa n hai do Cao ta ng ngoa i quo c
pho i h p v i ch ta ng trong n c, nh dch tr ng cu a Cu-
ma-la-tha p (402-412) co ca c mo n e Ta ng Due, Ta ng Trie u
v.v cu ng tham gia phie n dch. Giai oa n ba do Cao ta ng
trong n c hoa n toa n la m chu dch tr ng, tie u bie u la dch
tr ng cu a Tam ta ng pha p s Huye n Tra ng (645-664) va
pha p s Ngha Tnh (700-711).
Viec phien dch Han tang tuy phat xuat t ong c
hoang phap cua cac bac Cao tang, nhng e at c
thanh qua m man la nh nhiet tnh ho phap cua cac bac
e vng. Khong nhng ho chu ong thiet lap dch trng
ma con than hanh en dch trng khch le dch gia, viet
li ta cho cac ban dch.
iem ang chu y nhat cua tap sach nay la nhng ly
luan dch kinh cua cac ai s sau ay:
- ai s ao An e xuat nguyen tac Ngu that ban,
tam bat d (nam ieu mat goc, ba viec chang de).
- Phap s La-thap chu trng ba iem: Chu trong
van hoa; gia giam ng ngha cho phu hp vi kinh ien,
nh chnh ten goi cho ung vi s thc.
- a i s Ngan To n u c ke t tha nh Bat b (can phai u
ta m ye u to). Ta co the to m ta t tha nh ba ie m: Dch gia phai

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co u nh ng c tnh cu a mo t Ta ng s; pha i tinh tho ng Pha t
ho c; pha i am t ng Phan va n va Ha n va n.
- Tam tang phap s Huyen Trang neu ra nam trng
hp ch phien am ma khong dch ngha, goi la Ngu chung
bat phien: V b mat nen khong phien dch; v qua ham
suc nen khong phien dch; v tai Trung Hoa khong co nen
khong phien dch; v theo ngi xa nen khong phien dch;
v e phat sinh ieu lanh nen khong phien dch.
- a i s Ta n Ninh chu trng Luc le (sa u the th c):
Dch ch , dch a m; tie ng Ho , tie ng Pha n; dch la i, dch
tha ng; tho ngo n, te ng ; Hoa ngo n, nha tu c; tr c ng ,
ma t ng .
Trong na m nha ly lua n ne u tre n, th a o An, Nga n
To n tuy co tham d dch tr ng nhng kho ng tr c tie p
phie n dch; Ta n Ninh th kha o c u kinh nghie m cu a
ng i tr c ro i co ong tha nh nh ng ly lua n; ch co Nga i
La-tha p va Huye n Tra ng la tr c tie p phie n dch, ro i t
kinh nghie m th c te u c ke t tha nh nh ng ly lua n sinh
o ng, co gia tr thie t th c, a ng la m kim ch nam cho
gi i dch gia sau na y. V the ma ca c Nga i c lch s
Pha t gia o suy to n la hai a i s dch kinh kie t xua t nha t
trong s nghie p phie n dch Ha n ta ng, va nh ng co ng
trnh dch thua t cu a ca c Nga i tr tha nh chua n m c, co
gia tr muo n i.
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Trong luc phien dch, du co gang het sc, ngi dch
cung kho tranh khoi sai sot, rat mong cac bac Ton tuc cao
minh hoan hy ch giao e khi tai ban, dch pham se c
hoan hao hn.

Thien vien Van Hanh ngay 15-04-2008
Ty-kheo Thch Phc Sn

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KA| I1A
|0 A |KA | 1 IKA NK NK|E M

Pha t gia o pha t nguye n t An o , ro i truye n kha p
the gi i tho ng qua s phie n dch gi i thie u cu a ca c loa i
ng va n ma hnh tha nh Pha t gia o the gi i ho a. Lu c a u
Pha t gia o c hnh tha nh la do kinh ie n ma c Pha t
Thch ca thuye t gia ng ro i nh chu ng e t mie ng mie ng
truye n nhau ma cha ghi che p tha nh va n, va in a n tha nh
sa ch. Nhng tra i qua nhie u i truye n ba ve sau, do khu
v c truye n ba ca ng nga y cang ro ng, so ng i ca n e n
kinh Pha t la i nga y ca ng nhie u, ye u ca u ng i ng i e u
co the tu ng thuo c so l ng kinh ie n l n lao nh va y la
ie u kho ng the th c hie n c, do the ma ba t buo c pha i
em kinh Pha t ra ghi che p tha nh va n.
Ng va n du ng e ghi che p kinh Pha t ta i A n o
chu ye u la Pha n va n (sanskrit), Pli va n va Ba-kha c-lai

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va n. Nhng ng va n du ng e truye n mie ng s m nha t
chnh la ca c loi phng ngo n cu a no i a A n o , co n
Pha n va n, Pli vn va Ba-kha c-lai va n ne u em so sa nh
th la ng van co ien. Ve sau, Phat giao t An o truyen
ba ra bon phng. Ba Tang van Pli c truyen sang cac
nc phng Nam nh Tch Lan, Mien ien, Xiem La,
ong Bo Tac, v.v The nen ngon ng, am dch xa kia
cua cac nc ay thong thng goi la Phat giao tieu tha
thuoc Thng toa bo. T An o hng ve phng Bac
truyen ba th dung Tam Tang thanh ien bang Phan van
lam chnh, roi dch ra Han van Trung Quoc, roi en Tot
Li, Quy T, Vu ien v.v cac ng van thuoc Tay vc, t
o mi co van Tay Tang. Kinh Phat bang Han van chu
yeu c dch t Phan van, cung co loai c dch t
phng ngon cua Tay Vc thng goi la Ho ng, cung co
loai kinh Phat t Han dch dch ngc lai thanh tieng Ho
va tieng Tay Tang.
Pha t ie n ve Ha n dch, a i th a va Tie u th a e u
hoa n b, Hie n gia o va Ma t gia o e u to n ta i, nhng ve
phng die n cha t l ng th a i th a Hie n gia o thuo c
th i ky a u va th i ky gi a la chu yeu. Tuy nhie n, Pha t
ie n thuo c va n Ta y Ta ng th a i, Tie u, Hie n, Ma t e u
co , nhng a i th a Ma t gia o thuo c th i ky cuo i la a c
sa c hn he t.
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Hien nay, nguyen ien bang Phan van xuat phat t
An o so lng con lai khong nhieu, ma b tan khuyet
khong ay u, van Ba-khac-lai lai con t hn, ch co van
Pli van con, va cac ng van dch am tai cac nc Nam
phng con bao lu kha tot. Co the noi, so lng kinh
Phat bang Phan van c dch thanh Han van va Tang
van la het sc phong phu. Cung co the noi, ngoai tr Phat
ien thuoc Han dch va Tang dch ra th khong au co the
tm thay ve Phat giao ai tha. Chnh Phat ien c
phien dch thuoc hai he thong nay hnh thanh nen hai
trung tam truyen ba Phat giao. Phat ien thuoc Tang dch
lai c dch ra tieng Tay Ha, tieng Mong Co, tieng co
cua Tho Nh Ky va tieng Man Chau v.v Phat ien Han
dch, sc anh hng cua no, khong nhng bang cac loai
ng van c dch lai t no, ma chnh bang dien mao cua
Han van a em Phat phap truyen en Cao Ly, Nhat Ban
va Viet Nam. Do the, co the noi, Phat ien hien con
tng oi hoan b la tam tang tieng Pli thuoc Nam
truyen, tam tang Han dch thuoc Bac truyen va tam tang
thuoc tieng Tay Tang. Neu can c ve phng dien nhng
khu vc c truyen ba rong rai va so ngi c cam
hoa ong uc, th ngoai tam tang Han dch ra khong au
bang. Do o, tac gia quyen sach nay la Bac s Vng Van
Nhan a noi: Khao sat tng tan noi dung cua Phat ien
Han dch e nghien cu Phat giao s Trung Quoc va Phat
giao phat trien ong A la chu e so mot.

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S nghiep phien dch Phat ien sang ch Han, trong
thi gian t Hau Han en i Trieu Tong, tuy cung co
khong t phat xuat t nhng v Tang An o sang Trung
Quoc va cac v cao hin ti Trung Quc no lc, nhng
nhng trng dch c to chc ai quy mo va s ung ho
nhiet tnh th eu phat xuat t cac trieu ai vua chua. T
i Tong, Nguyen tr ve sau, cong tac chuyen dch t
Phan van sang Han van cang t dan, chng khoang mi
nam tr lai ay, a co la tha mot t ngi em Phat
ien t van Pli va van Tay Tang dch ra Han van. Do o
co the thay, nguon goc Phat ien bang Han dch that la
ben vng. So ngi tham gia phien dch va so quyen c
dch rat nhieu, tuy khong co con so thong ke ch xac va
so ch co the em c, the nhng ve lch s phien dch
tren the gii co the noi ay la mot thanh tu oc nhat vo
nh vay. Can c vao cac loai kinh luc c khao cu th
khong t nhng Phat ien c phien dch a b mat mat,
va cung khong t nhng Phat ien c dch tac ma khong
biet do ban tay cua ai. Vao khoang nhng nam ai chnh
(1912-1925), ngi Nhat a bien tap, hieu nh hoan
thanh bo ai chnh tan tu ai tang kinh t tap th nhat
en tap 32, thu thap ten cua cac ban dch thuoc tam tang
kinh luat luan thuoc Tieu va ai tha la 1658 bo, va hn
6.100 quyen. Con nhng ban cha thu thap c vao tang
nay th so lng khong the biet c.
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S nghiep phien dch Phat ien sang ch Han lien
tuc khong dt trai qua gan 2000 nam, ay la mot bo sach
co noi dung phong phu, the nen pham nhng hoc gia
muon nghien cu ve lch s van hoa Trung Quoc va An
o eu co the tham khao bn phu luc ma tien s Vng
a soan trong bo sach nay, cung nh nhng van hien lien
quan en no. Do vay, lay ten nghien cu Phat ien Han
dch lam luan e, roi he thong lai viet thanh mot quyen
sach chuyen nghien cu th Vng tien s la ngi so mot.
Vng quan von la ngi cha tng bc vao lanh vc
nghien cu Phat hoc, roi sau khi i vao ai hoc chnh tr
quoc lap, s nghien cu van hoc Trung Quoc, ban Bac s,
mi theo e ngh cua giao s La Ton ao, nghien cu
qua trnh lch s Han dch Phat ien, to chc va che o
dch kinh, ly luan dch kinh, tham khao dch ban, lay lch
s lam ng doc va nhng s that dien bien lam ng
ngang. Trai qua thi gian hn ba nam, trng dan rong rai,
khao sat mot cach tinh mat mi hoan thanh tap sach.
Nhan co giao s Cao Minh gii thieu, trong giai oan
Vng quan soan bo sach nay, toi co e ngh vi ong mot
so y kien, Vng quan khong nhng la mot ngi thong
minh xuat chung, ma cong phu nghien cu cung het sc
khan trng va chnh xac, ac biet la lanh vc nghien cu
khong lien quan en s hoc cua ong, the ma ch trong thi
gian ba nam, oc het nhng van hien lien quan en Phat
ien Han dch, roi quyet nh lay, bo, dung van t n
gian viet thanh luan van hn 20 van ch, theo toi th

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khong nhng cam thay vo cung thong khoai, ma cung het
sc kham phuc.
Tac pham nay sau khi bien soan va e trnh, Vng
quan at c hoc v tien s. Theo quan niem ngay xa
th luan van tien s la ai bieu cho s thanh tu hoc van
toi cao, the ma Vng tien s khiem ton noi vi toi rang,
ay la khi iem no lc cua ong hng ve mot phng
dien. Hien gi, tap sach nay do cong ty xuat ban Thien
Hoa au t xuat ban. Toi ch thuat lai nhng hieu biet cua
mnh nh tren e bay to s tan than.
Viet tai chua Nong Thien,
Bac au ai Bac, ngay 10 thang 9
nam th 72 (1983) Trung Hoa dan quoc.

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KA| I1A |0A IA| |A
Toi la mot ngi tue can nong can, trc khi viet ban
luan van, toi oc sach Phat khong nhieu, thnh thoang toi
co oc qua loa Luc to an kinh va kinh Kim cng, dung
cai c s hoc Phat ngheo nan nh vay, vi thi gian ngan
ngui ma hoan thanh c ban luan van nay mot cach thuan
li, th phai chan thanh cam ta Phat to a gia b.
Hai nam trc, trong luc toi ang tm kiem e tai
luan van, th nghiep s la thay Vng Mong Au co gi y
cho toi hai phng hng nghien cu: mot la Phat ien
Han dch vao thi Luc Trieu, hai la bi van cua thi Bac
Trieu (nhat la mang bi van nguy to), toi ch biet vang
li. Trc het toi tm oc nhng luan van lien quan en
mang Phat ien Han dch, ke en duyt oc Tang truyen,
kinh luc va nhng van hien Phat giao, ai khai v co
duyen vi Phat giao, nen toi lay o lam oi tng nghien
cu ma khong nghien cu mot e muc nao khac. Nhng
giao s Vng bao toi hay lay s anh hng Phat ien
Han dch oi vi van hoa Trung Quoc lam trong tam
nghien cu, nhng ban luan van cha e cap en van e

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nay, nguyen nhan chnh khong phai toi co y lam trai
menh lenh cua thay, ma v sau khi tiep xuc vi nhng s
lieu lien quan en Phat ien Han dch, toi mi phat hien
y o cua giao s Vng rat sau xa. Neu muon at c
tieu chuan cao xa cua Vng lao s, tat nhien trc het
phai hieu lch s Phat ien Han dch va nhng muc luc
Phat ien, neu khong th khong co cach nao nam vng
nhng van hien Phat giao, hu thit lp c s n nh.
Ban luan van nay nham thiet lap c s y. Sau o vai
nam, toi mi co t nhieu th gi e tr lai van e neu tren,
nh the se khong co phu ky vong cua giao s Vng.
Sau khi toi quyet nh phng hng nghien cu,
nghiep s La Ton ao ap ng s thnh cau cua toi, ong y
am nhan vai tro giao s ch ao, nhng gi y rang neu
mi them mot v ai s tinh thong Phat hoc hp lc ch ao
th cang tot ep hn. Chnh trong khi ang kho tam nh the
th nghiep s Cao Trong Hoa gii thieu toi en thnh cau
phap s Thanh Nghiem, phap s a m long t bi hoa nha
tiep nhan toi la mot e t ngoai ca Phat. Sau o, trong
qua trnh soan thao, he gap nhng van e hoc bua nao cua
Phat phap, phan ln phap s eu vui long ch bao khien
cho toi c ch li rat nhieu, ieu lam cho toi cam kch
nhat la ngay trong nhng luc phap s ang bon ba hoang
phap trong va ngoai nc ma van khong quen tuy luc du
dat khuyen khch toi.
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Trong luc soan luan van, nghiep s La Ton ao a
trc tiep ong vien va ch bao toi rat nhieu, trong qua trnh
bien soan, khi nao gap phai nhng tnh canh khon on, th
toi om ca ong tai lieu va nhng thac mac cu mang trong
long, en go ca thay, xin thay ch bao nhng cho mu m,
giao s La khong quan ngai phien phc ma ch bao cho toi
tan tnh, va sau moi lan thnh giao, toi eu at c niem
hoan h nh ngi gap phai ng cung ma tm ra sinh lo.
Trong canh ngo soan thao am am, thnh thoang lai xuat
hien mot vien canh sang sua. Ngoai ra, thay Hoang Canh
Tan cung la mot v thay lanh ban tot cua toi, cho thay oi
dien vi phong toi, khi nao toi cau truc noi dung ban luan
van ma gap phai nhng ieu nghi ng, th toi thng en
go ca luc em khuya e hoi han, khong nhng thay khong
cho o la ieu bat knh ma con an can ch bao toi ieu
chnh y kien, tam long quang ai va tinh than hoc tap cua
thay toi mai mai khac cot ghi long.
Noi dung ban luan van thuoc ve mot trong nhng
muc nho cua lch s Phat giao Trung Quoc. Toi da vao
ba phng dien la: 1/ S bien chuyen cua lch s dch
kinh; 2/ Che o va to chc cua dch trng; 3/ Ly luan
dch kinh, e trnh bay ve cac hien tng Phat ien Han
dch, ong thi la chon nhng ban dch mang tnh chat
tieu bieu ay u nhat, roi so sanh nhng u khuyet, toi hy
vong nh cong trnh nghien cu nay ma nhng ngi hien
nay co the hieu ro thanh qua phien dch huy hoang cua

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Trung Quoc thi xa, ong thi v nhng ngi hien tai
cung cap mot t kinh nghiem phien dch cua ngi xa,
hau at c muc ch xem xa e xet nay.
Hien nay ban luan van nay may man c hai ai
c Ly Van Bang va Nhan Ton Dng thuoc cong ty xuat
ban Thien Hoa co long u ai, khong tiec kinh ph, cung
khong ke en moi quan he cha tng quen biet, vui long
xuat ban giup toi e lu hanh i, lai tang cho toi khoan
nhuan but hau h, khien long toi vo cung cam ong. Ban
luan van nay la trc tac au tien cua toi ket duyen vi
Phat giao, nhng cho sai sot at han rat nhieu, knh mong
cac ai c trong mi phng khong tiec li ch bao
giup toi.
Ban luan van a c thuyet trnh ngay 25 thang 7
nam 72 Trung Hoa Dan Quoc, Vng Van Nhan ghi lai
tai ban tien s, s Nghien cu van hoc Trung Quoc thuoc
ai hoc chnh tr Quoc lap.

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Chng I
TRNH BA Y KHA I QUA T
Phan nay gom cac muc:
- ong c nghien cu
- Pham vi nghien cu
- Nguon goc t lieu
- Phng phap nghien cu
1. ong c nghien cu
Phat ien Han dch la mot trong nhng bao tang
thuoc lanh vc van hoa Trung Quoc, ma cung la tran
pham trong s lieu Phat giao the gii. Tai Trung Quoc,
m au t thi ong Han, dung phng phap phien dch
e dch thuat nhng tai lieu Phat giao An o truyen sang,
sau o lai t Trung Quoc truyen ba sang Cao Ly va Nhat
Ban, khien cho Trung Quoc thanh trung tam Phat giao ln
lao nhat ngoai An o. Qua trnh chuyen bien va kien
thiet t tng van hoa nay hoan toan nh vao s ay

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manh cong tac phien dch Phat ien. Mot oan van trong
Tuy ng thi ai ch Phat giao cua phap s ong S
a noi: Sinh mang cua Phat giao gi gam vao s truyen
dch, nham e cao tnh chat trong yeu cua s dch kinh.
Trung Quoc co ai neu nh khong co nhieu cao Tang ai
c doc long vao viec dch kinh th lam sao Phat giao
Trung Quoc c hng thnh nh vay! Do vay, khao cu
tng tan ve Phat ien Han dch chnh la e tai so mot ve
lch s Phat giao Trung Quoc va s phat trien cua Phat
giao ong A.
Theo bai ta cua Khai nguyen luc quyen mot noi:
T nam Vnh Bnh th 10 (67), inh Mao, i vua Hieu
Minh nha Hau Han en nam Khai Nguyen 18 (700),
Canh Ngo, i vua Than Vo nha ng, gom 664 nam,
trong ay dch gia gom ca Tang, tuc la 176 ngi, dch
xuat Tam tang thanh giao thuoc ca Tieu va ai tha va
cac truyen tch Thanh hien, cung cac ban dch khuyet
danh, tong cong 2278 bo, hop thanh 7046 quyen.
Phat ien cua An o hien con gom 2 nguon: Mot la,
vao nam 1882, ngi Anh la B.H. Hoclgson phat hien
Phat ien Phan ban tai Ne-ba-nh, su tap lan th nhat
380 bo, sau o mot ngi Anh khac la D. Wright, su tap
lan th 2 gom 320 bo. Ca hai lan su tap, so lng thua
xa so vi s phong phu cua Han dch. Hai la, tang Pli,
vao nam 1893 Tay lch, vua Xiem La nhan ky niem e
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nh thap ngu chu nien ngay len ngoi, tng an hanh bo ai
tang ay roi gi tang cac ai hoc tren the gii, o la mot
bo ai tang kinh hoan chnh, thong thng goi la Nam
truyen ai tang kinh, noi dung thien ve kinh ien Tieu
tha. Trong chng mot, tap mot quyen Nguyen thuy Phat
giao t tng luan Moc Thon Thai Hien noi: Hien nay
goi la Phat giao Nam truyen la Phat ien dung tieng Pli
e truyen ba, ai khai tng ng vi Luat bo va A-ham
bo thuoc Han dch, con cac kinh ai tha th trong nay
khong co.
Trong sach Nguyen th Phat giao thanh ien chi tap
thanh, chng th 2, tiet th 3, hang th 2, phap s An
Thuan phe bnh nhng hoc gia xem thng Han tang:
Bon bo kinh A-ham thuoc Han dch, khong phai ch co
mot ngi truyen dch, ba bo A-ham: Trng, Trung va
Tang nhat, thuoc ve co dch, cau van co nhieu cho toi
ngha; va lai, bon bo A-ham cung khong phai la Thanh
ien cua cung mot bo phai, the nen khi bat au nghien
cu khong c thuan li bang thanh ien Pli. The
nhng, can c vao ay e nghien cu ve th t to chc,
kinh van thieu u, van cu con mat va thanh ien cua bo
phai bat ong th no co gia tr tham khao rat oc ao. Cac
hoc gia hien nay khi nghien cu, xem thng Han dch
ma trong th tieng Pli, th theo toi, khuynh hng nghien
cu nh vay can phai xem xet lai.

24
Kinh ien Phat giao tai An o luc ban au da vao
mieng mieng truyen nhau, cha co thoi quen viet thanh
sach, viec viet thanh sach e lu truyen xay ra rat muon.
Do vay s hnh thanh kinh Pha t tai An o t tho s dan
dan tinh mat, t nhng oan ri rac thanh he thong, t
nhng bo nho tr thanh bo ln, o la ieu lch s that s
cong nhan.
Noi dung Phat ien Han dch tuy gom u thanh ien
cua cac bo phai, nhng tnh hoan chnh khong cao. Gan
ay, trong mot bai van ban ve nguyen ban Phat ien Han
dch, Coc Hng a viet: Hien tai so lng Phat ien
Han dch tuy rat phong phu, nhng neu so sanh Kinh tang
Phat giao thuoc Tang van va Pli van, th nhng Kinh
ien ma Han van con thieu khong phai la t.
T i Minh, Thanh tr lai ay, Trung Quoc hng
khi, mot so ngi lay ien tch Au Tay lam oi tng
phien dch, sau 4, 5 t van ong, phong trao ay cang
them soi noi, en nay van cha suy giam, anh hng cua
no ngay cang sau rong, chang kem g cong trnh phien
dch kinh Phat ngay xa. Do the, tham khao s nghiep
phien dch ngay xa, lay xa e soi nay, e ra mot che
o phien dch thch hp vi hien tai, thau thai tinh hoa
van hoa cua Au Tay mot cach co he thong, o la mot viec
ln thuoc lnh vc van hoa giao duc hien nay. Nghiep s
La Ton ao tng thuat lai trong mot oan van noi ve
trong tam s phien dch ngay xa nh sau: S phien dch
25
nc ta t thi Han tr ve trc, muc ch chu yeu la
nghieng nang ve van e ngoai giao, ong thi cung muon
cho van hoa Trung Quoc truyen khap bon phng. Sau
khi Phat giao du nhap Trung Quoc, chnh s nghiep phien
dch a lam cho noi dung van hoa Trung Quoc cang them
phong phu. Nhng cong tac phien dch ngay nay lien
quan en nc ta khong biet co con la van e oi vi the
gii na khong! The nen kiem iem nhng ieu c mat
cua s nghiep phien dch ngay trc, tiep thu nhng tinh
hoa kinh nghiem cua ngi xa nham phat trien s
nghiep phien dch trong tng lai la nhiem vu cap thiet
ma chung ta phai thc hien.
Can c vao cac nhan to a ke tren, but gia khong ne
s thien can, viet luan van Phat ien Han dch chi nghien
cu, mot la hy vong lay o lam c s, e tien them mot
bc nghien cu ve lch s Phat giao Trung Quoc, hai la
hy vong cung cap kinh nghiem phien dch cua ngi xa
oi vi cac dch gia ngay nay.
2. Pham vi nghien cu
Trong sach Nguyen th Phat giao Thanh ien chi tap
thanh phap s An Thuan ghi nhan co may loai ket tap
phap tang nh sau:
(1) Ket tap cua ai chung bo
(2) Ket tap cua Phan biet thuyet bo:
- Ket tap cua Bac a bo

26
- Ket tap cua Phap Tang bo
- Ket tap cua Am Quang bo
- Ket tap cua ong Diep bo
(3) Ket tap cua Thuyet nhat thiet hu bo (trc sau
gom 2 lan)
(4) Ket tap cua oc T bo
(5) Ket tap khong ro thuoc bo phai nao:
- Ket tap tai thanh Tang-gia-thi
- Ket tap cua La-han tai Tuyet Sn
Do o co the thay qua trnh ket tap Phat ien tng
oi phc tap, hn na An o von la mot dan toc rat t chu
trong en lch s, the nen nhng t lieu can thiet e
nghien cu lai cang kho tm. Tuy vay, cac hoc gia Trung
Quoc va Nhat Ban hien nay van khong ngng no lc tm
toi, ho can c trc tiep nhng ban kinh san co e nghien
cu va gat hai c nhng thanh tu rat huy hoang. Phap
s An Thuan la mot trong so ngi u viet ay, ong noi:
Can c vao t than cua kinh luat e nghien cu, kinh
luat c tung xuat va bien dch khong phai ch mot lan
ma c su tap va xuat hien lien tuc.
Trong mot oan van cua tap Phat giao d Tay Vc
hoc gia Lng Khai Sieu e cap en cac quoc gia lien
quan en s truyen ba Phat giao ve phng ong nh sau:
Tay vc: 1. Thong Lnh tr ve Tay.
27
2. Thong Lnh tr ve ong (thuoc lanh
tho Tan Cng).
1. Thong Lnh tr ve Tay:
* Nhuc Chi (nay la Nga thuoc Tho Nh Ky T Than,
A-phu-han va bac An o.)
* An Tc (ngay nay mot phan thuoc Ba-t va mot
phan thuoc A-phu-han.)
* Khang C (nay thuoc Tho Nh Ky T Than bac bo,
Tay Ba-li-a Nam bo.)
* Kien-a-la (nay la Can-at-ma-khac thuoc A-phu-
han).
* Ke-tan (tc Ca-thap-di-la, nay thuoc ve mien Bac
An o.)
2. Thong Lnh tr ve ong (thuoc lanh tho Tan
Cng)
* Vu-ien (nay la vung Hoa ien (khotan)).
* Chc-cu-ca (nay la Sa Xa huyen ong Nam).
* Quy T (nay la Kho Xa huyen).
* S Lac (nay la Khach-thap-yet-nh).
* Cao Xng (nay la Tho-lo-phon).
Van t cua cac nc Ho nay ta biet ro gom co 5 th:
1. Quy T (Kuche); 2. Vu ien (Khotan) - hoac bao la

28
van t An-tc lu hanh at nay; 3. Tot-li (Suh) - hoac
goi la van t hau Khang C; 4. Hoi Ngot (Uigur); 5. ot
Quyet (Turk).
Muon nghien cu tot mang Phat ien Han dch le ra
phai co kien thc uyen bac va oc c nhieu t lieu co,
nhng but gia t thay mnh tr can, lc kem, khong dam
mao muoi lam c nh the. ay but gia khong ngh
en viec nghien cu nguyen ban ma ch n thuan lay
cac ban kinh c dch tai Trung Quoc lam oi tng e
cau thanh chu e nghien cu oc lap. But gia lay o lam
pham vi nghien cu.
3. Nguon goc t lieu
Nguye n ta c la y t lie u cu a ba n lua n va n na y la du ng t
lie u nguye n thu y la m chnh, du ng nh ng tr c ta c cu a ca c
ho c gia ca n a i la m phu . Nh ng t lie u nguye n thu y lie n
quan v i ba n lua n va n, chu ye u e n t bo n nguo n sau a y:
a/ Thien dch kinh trong cac Tang truyen
Trong van hien Phat giao tai Trung Quoc, Tang
truyen co ay u a v cua chnh s, thuoc ve the liet
truyen cua lch s Phat giao, va the thc cua moi bo Tang
truyen eu at thien dch kinh phan au, nham e cao
a v cua cac ai s dch kinh va s nghiep dch kinh
trong lch s Phat giao. ay chung toi xin em mot so
bo Tang truyen tng oi trong yeu, va mot so ai s dch
kinh c ghi chep trong o, neu thanh o bieu di ay:
29

Ten sach
Chnh
truyen
Phu
Tong
so
Nien ai
Cao Tang Truye n (Tue
Kieu i Lng)
35
ngi
30
ngi
65
ngi
ong Han Vnh Bnh ch Lng
Thien Gia (58-75/ 502-519)
Tuc Cao Tang Truyen
(ng, a o Tuyen)
15
ngi
35
ngi
50
ngi
Lng Thien Giam ch
ng Trinh Quan
(502-519/ 627-649)
Tong Cao Tang
Truyen (Tong, Tan
Ninh)
32
ngi
12
ngi
44
ngi
ng Trinh Quan ch Bac
Tong oan Cung
(627-649/ 988-989)
ai Minh Cao Tang
Truyen (Minh Nh Tinh)
01
ngi
02
ngi
03
ngi
Nam To ng Nguye n Minh
(1127 - 1644)
Tan Tuc Cao Tang Truyen
(Dan quoc Du hiem)
14
ngi
18
ngi
32
ngi
Bac Tong ch cuoi Thanh
(960-1911)
Ke chung: 97
ngi
97
ngi
194
ngi
Nien ai bat au va ket
thuc dan t l i thuat cua
Tan tuc cao Tang truyen.
[13] Ba bo truye n a u la ta i lie u chu ye u ma ba n
lua n va n s du ng, trong o co the tha y ro s tch bnh
sinh cu a ca c a i s dch kinh, va nh ng s lie u lie n
quan e n s dch kinh. Pha n cuo i cu a mo i Thie n dch
kinh e u co oa n bnh lua n, no i dung phong phu , ra t ca n
tham kha o khi nghie n c u lch s dch kinh.
b/ Kinh luc
Cac bo kinh luc thi ky au nh: Xuat Tam Tang Ky
Tap cua Tang Hu i Lng (noi gon la Hu Luc); Lch
ai Tam Bao Ky cua Ph Trng Phong i Tuy (noi gon
la Trng Phong Luc); ai ng Noi ien Luc cua ao
Tuyen i ng (noi gon la Noi ien Luc); Khai Nguyen

30
Thch Giao Luc cua Tr Thang i ng (noi gon la
Khai Nguyen Luc); Trinh Nguyen Tan nh Thch Giao
Luc cua Vien Chieu i ng (noi gon la Trinh Nguyen
Luc) v.v Trong cac bo luc, ngoai viec ghi chep muc luc
cac kinh do cac ai s phien dch, con ghi chep ve tieu
truyen cua cac ai s, phan muc luc thnh thoang con
ghi ro thi gian, a iem dch kinh, va khao chng ve
nhng ban kinh tng quan vi ban dch.
c/ Kinh t (nhng ghi nhan sau khi dch kinh)
Thong thng noi dung mot bai ta cua kinh chu yeu
gom 3 bo phan: (a) Gii thieu noi dung cua kinh; (b) Trnh bay
trnh t dch kinh; (c) Nhan xet ve ban dch. Hai bo phan (a)
va (b) trnh bay nhieu t lieu lien quan en dch trng va ly
luan dch kinh.
d/ Chu s
Trong phan chu s cua kinh, thnh thoang cung em
lch s phien dch cua mot bo kinh nao o viet thanh mot
tiet, chang han nh trong Kim cng Bat-nha s cua Cat
Tang, ghi nhan ve 10 loai Huyen y: 1. Bai ta noi ve y
kinh; 2. Noi ro bo phan nhieu t; 3. Bien biet khai va hp;
4. Noi ro trc sau; 5. Bien biet phan trong yeu cua kinh;
6. Bien biet phan hien hien cua kinh; 7. Noi ro s phien
dch; 8. Noi ro s linh nghiem; 9. Chia thanh chng,
oan; 10. Noi ve van kinh.
31
Con Phap Tang i ng khi giai thch Nhap Lang-
gia tan huyen ngha th chia kinh thanh 10 iem nh sau:
1/ Nhan duyen thiet lap giao phap; 2/ Thuoc vao
tang nao; 3/ Hien giao sai biet; 4/ Can c hp vi giao
phap; 5/ Cot loi cua giao phap can giai thch; 6/ Ton ch
c giai thch; 7/ Giai thch e muc cua kinh; 8/ Truyen
dch t bo loai nao; 9/ Phan biet gia ngha va ly; 10/ Tuy
theo van giai thch.
[15] Ngoai ra, trong Kham ong muc luc thuoc ai
chnh tan tu ai tang kinh, cac hoc gia Nhat Ban con chia
ra 7 van e e nghien cu:
(1) Danh xng: am Nhat Ban, am Trung Quoc, ten
tieng Phan, ten Pli, ten Tay Tang, ten khac va ten tat.
Trong ay, 2 loai am Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban rut ra t
Phap bao ngha lam.
(2) Trc gia, dch gia va trc dch nien ai.
(3) Ky hieu cac ai tang kinh ang hien hanh.
(4) Nguyen ban va ban nh chnh.
(5) Noi dung pham muc.
(6) oi chieu vi ban dch khac, chu thch va sach
tham khao.
(7) B khao (khao cu ay u).

32
o la mot ban sach dan rat tot ve nghien cu Phat
ien hien con. Lai nh Quoc dch nhat thiet kinh cua Nhat
Ban, kinh van th dung ban Han e phien dch; oi vi
cac nha nghien cu Trung Quoc th gia tr tham khao cua
no khong cao, nhng sau moi bo kinh a dch hoan thanh,
ho eu them mot thien giai thch hay giai e. Pham cac
van e lien quan vi bo kinh ay eu c thao luan, ma
noi dung th n gian, khong phien toai; thnh thoang lai
soan them mot o bieu phu. o la thanh qua ma cac hoc
gia ton cong hang may thang, may nam. Do o, ve mat
chnh ly van hien Phat giao th no giup ch cho ngi hoc
khong t; that la cong c vo lng.
* T lieu c dan dung
Cac bo ai Tang Kinh c xuat ban tng oi kha
nhieu. Hien nay ai Bac a an hanh Trung Hoa ai tang
kinh, Cao Ly ai tang kinh, Van tang kinh, ai chnh tan
tu ai tang kinh (goi tat la ai chnh tang). Trong ay ai
chnh tang la bo tap ai thanh cac ban xa, c hieu
chnh rat tng tan, co the noi ay la ban ra i sau va tot
nhat Do o, s lieu ai tang kinh ma ban luan van trch
dan ngoai tr nhng chu thch ac biet eu lay ban nay
lam c s.
4. Phng phap nghien cu
Phng phap nghien cu cua ban luan van chu yeu
da vao hai nguyen tac: a. Nam vng trong tam s nghiep
33
dch kinh; b. Lay thi ai trc sau lam c s, nhng khi
bo cuc chng muc hay luan ban s viec th hoan toan tuy
theo yeu cau thc te ma linh ong van dung, ch khong
cau ne vao mot nguyen tac nao.
[17] Trc khi Phat ien c phien dch: S nghiep
phien dch trong lch s Trung Quoc co the chia thanh hai
loai, tc phien dch ngon ng ngoai giao va phien dch
ien tch ngoai quoc. S phien dch ngon ng ngoai giao
bat au rat sm. Trong cac kinh sach xa nh Thng th,
Thi kinh, Chau le, Le ky v.v eu co ghi chep viec T di
t xa en cong hien phng vat. Ngon ng cua T di khac
vi Trung Quoc, muon thong hieu y kien cua hai ben, at
c s menh ngoai giao, ng nhien can en cong viec
phien dch.
[18] S phien dch ien tch ngoai quoc co the chia
lam hai thi ky, thi ky au la Phat ien Han dch, khi
s t ong Han va thnh hanh vao khoang Luc trieu va
Tuy ng. No la mot dong mau mi chay vao dong van
hoa co ai cua Trung Quoc, em van hoa Trung Quoc
trien khai thanh mot cuc dien mi. Hau ky la s phien
dch t i Minh, Thanh, Dan quoc tr i, lay ien tch
Au Tay lam chu yeu, pham vi rat rong, tao anh hng ve
nhieu mat cho s phat trien tng lai cua Trung Quoc.
[22] Trong Thie n thuye t uyen thie n thuye t che p ve mo t
ca u chuye n nh sau: Mo t hom, Nga c Qua n T Trie t ang
ngo i tre n la u mo t chie c thuye n e p e , du ha nh tre n so ng

34
n c, thuye n phu ang che o la mo t ng i Vie t. Ng i chu
thuye n na y ang ha t mo t ca khu c ba ng tie ng Vie t. Nga c
Qua n t Trie t kho ng hie u y ngha ca khu c a y no i g, be n go i
mo t ng i phie n dch e n ba o dch ba i ca a y ra tie ng S .
Nga c Qua n T Trie t nghe xong ra t ca m o ng.
* Nguyen van ban tieng Viet:
[23] Lam he bien thao lam d xng e trach d
xng chau chau kham yen ho tan t mang d ho chieu
thien tan du sam e tuy ha ho.
* Ban dch sang tieng S:
Kim tch ha tch he, khien chau trung lu,
Kim nhat ha nhat he, ac d quan t ong chau,
Mong tu b hao he, bat t cau s,
Tam c ngoan nhi bat tuyet he, tri ac vng t,
Sn hu moc he, moc hu chi,
Tam duyet quan he, quan bat tri.
(em nay la em nao?
Cheo thuyen tren dong song.
Hom nay la ngay nao?
Cung thuyen vi quan t.
c an ngon mac ep,
Ma khong b s nhuc.
Du tim tht van hay
35
Tam long cua vng t.
Nui co cay ch, cay co canh.
Long men ngai ch, ngai khong ranh.)
Ban dch sang tieng S co the noi la at en trnh o
u viet, khong nhng van t tao nha, ma co the noi ay la
mot dch pham ieu luyen. Neu nh khong co ban dch
con lu truyen lai, th nguyen van Viet ng thanh ra mot
khoi phu hieu kho cng vo ngha, ngi i sau khong co
cach nao lanh hoi c noi dung cua no.

*
* *

36

37

Chng II
|1B | 1 [|K K|NK

1. Tang l Tay Truc sang ong o hoang phap
[27] Tang l Tay Truc sang Trung Quoc la mot nhan
to chu yeu xuc tien s nghiep dch kinh cua Phat giao
Trung Quoc. Chung toi oc Thien dch kinh trong cac bo
Lng cao tang truyen, Tuc cao tang truyen, Tong cao
tang truyen v.v..., phat hien rat ro, mi ai s dch Kinh
th het 8, 9 v la sa-mon ngoai quoc. S d cac Ngai khong
ngai ng xa van dam vt bao gian kho i ve pha
ong, ong c chu yeu la do tam long truyen giao nhiet
thanh, hy vong giao phap cua Phat c truyen ba rong
rai phng ong.
Thien kien luat T-ba-sa quyen 2 chep ve s kien vua
A-duc (aoka) c mot phai oan truyen giao i khap the
gii e truyen ba chanh phap. Nien ai cua vua A-duc

38
vao khoang 266-230 trc Tay lch, tng ng vi thi
ai Tan Thuy Hoang tai Trung Quoc (243-217 trc Tay
lch). Va tai Trung Quoc co truyen thuyet cho rang vao
thi ai Tan Thuy Hoang, nhom sa-mon That Li Phong
gom 18 ngi thuoc Tay Vc, mang kinh Phat en thanh
Ham Dng, Thuy Hoang a bat ho giam vao nguc. Nhan
ay hoc gia Lng Khai Sieu viet trong Phat hoc thap bat
thien oan Phat giao chi s luan nhap, phong oan:
Viec vua A-duc sai cao Tang Tay Vc en Trung Quoc
truyen giao co the la s thc.
[28] Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 2 ghi chep ve viec
Xa-na-quat-a sang Trung Hoa nh sau: Vt bao gian
kho, ba nam mi en Trung Quoc, trong so 18 ngi th
hn mot na vong mang, ch con co 4 ngi en c
Trng An vao nam Vo Thanh, i vua Minh e nha
Chau. Luc au ho tai chua Thao ng.
Con truyen Cu-ma-la-thap trong Cao tang truyen
quyen 2 viet: Luc sap ra i, me La-thap noi vi ong:
Giao phap phng ang sau xa can phai xien dng
phng ong, tai mien Chan an, ch cay vao nang lc
cua con; nhng oi vi ban than con th khong co li, biet
lam sao ay? La-thap noi: Cai ao cua bac ai s la li
ngi quen mnh. Neu giao phap c lu truyen, tay ra
c thoi tuc, khien cho tram ho giac ngo, th du ban than
con gap phai nc soi, la bong, gian kho cach may cung
khong an han g!
39
Ch Tang t Tay Vc en Trung Hoa trong giai
oan au gom co: am-ma-nan-e Tam Tang, Thch Bat-
nhat-la Bo-e, Thch Tr Tue, Thch Tr Nghiem.
2. Cao Tang Trung Hoa sang Tay Truc cau phap
Phap s Ngha Tnh i ng viet ai ng tay
vc cau phap cao tang truyen, 2 quyen, chuyen ghi chep
ve cac ai s i ng sang Tay Vc cau phap gom co
56 ngi, ch co bac kiet xuat nh Huyen Trang ai s th
lai khong co ten trong bo truyen ay.
Trong Cao tang truyen quyen 2, chuyen Phap Hien
viet: Vao nam Long An th 3 i Tan, cung vi ong hoc
la Tue Canh, ao Chnh, Tue ng, Tue Ngau v.v, phat
xuat t Trng An, i ve pha Tay qua vung sa mac, tren
au khong co chim bay, di at khong co thu chay, nhn
bon pha menh mong, khong the oan c phng hng,
ch biet nhn mat tri e nh hng ong Tay, xem xng
ngi e do ng i. Co rat nhieu gio nong va ac qu, he
gap phai la mat mang. Hien pho thac cho so mang, xong
pha ni nguy hiem. i mot luc th en Thong Lnh, tren
nh nui vao mua ong va Ha eu co tuyet phu, lai co
rong d nha ra kh oc, gio tung cat bui, ng nui nguy
hiem, vach nui cao nghn thc, ngay trc co ngi uc
a e m ng, bat thang day ben ve ng, vt qua
hn 700 cho nh vay, c nam vao day treo e vt qua
song hn mi ni, eu la nhng ni ma xa kia Trng
Khien, Cam Phu i nha Han cha en.

40
ong quyen, chuyen am Vo Kiet viet: Len Thong
Lnh, vt nui tuyet, chng kh nghn trung, bang ong
van dam, di co song ln, nc chay nhanh nh ten
ban, gia hai sn nui ong Tay, vin vao cau day ma i,
mi ngi qua c mot, khi qua en b kia roi, ot uoc
gi cao e lam tieu x, ngi sau thay anh uoc, biet la
ngi trc a qua c th mi i tiep. Neu lau ma khong
thay anh uoc, th biet la b gio d thoi, ngi trc a ri
xuong song. i c ba ngay th qua khoi ai tuyet sn,
vach nui dng ng nh bc tng, khong co cho e at
chan. Vach a eu co nhng lo coc cu, cho cho oi nhau,
moi ngi cam bon coc, ngi trc a ra, ngi sau nam
lay, tay cam vao coc, nng ta vao nhau, het ngay mi
qua khoi, luc en cho at bang i nhau e kiem iem lai,
th mi biet ban cung i mat het 12 ngi The roi tiep tuc
i ve Trung Thien Truc, ng sa vang tanh, ch mang
theo ng phen lam lng thc, ban be con c 13
ngi, nhng i tiep th het tam ngi na bo mang, ch
con lai nam ngi.
i ve Tay cau phap hn 50 ngi, trong o co hn
mi ngi khong neu ten, so ong th khong co thanh
tch e thuat lai, ch co hai s Trang (Huyen Trang) va
Tnh (Ngha Tnh) cung u lam rang r nghn i.
So lng Kinh ien c mang ve Trung Quoc c
liet ke nh sau:
41
- Chau S Hanh c ban chnh bang tieng Phan 90
chng, sai e t la Bat Nh an (Trung Quoc goi la
Phap Nhieu) mang ve Lac Dng [Cao tang truyen, q. 4].
- Phap Ho co cac ban: Chanh phap hoa, Quang tan
v.v gom 165 bo [Cao tang truyen, q. 1].
- Chi Phap Lnh: Sa-mon Chi Phap Lnh c phan
au cua Kinh Hoa nghiem tai Vu ien la 36.000 ke [Cao
tang truyen, q. 2, Phat-a-bat-a-la].
- Lnh Cong t Tay Vc ve c Kinh Phng ang
mi hn 200 bo [Cao tang truyen q.6, Tang Trieu].
- Phap Hien en Trung Thien Truc c Ma-ha-tang-
ky luat, Tat-ba-a luat sao, Tap A-t-am tam dien kinh,
Phng ang Ne-hoan kinh v.v en nc S T lai c
Di-sa-tac luat, Trng va Tap A-ham, va Tap tang (nhng
th tai at Han khong co) [Cao tang truyen, q. 3].
- Tr Manh, ve sau en nc Hoa Th, c mot bo
ai Ne-hoan bang tieng Phan, c Tang-ky luat 1 bo va
cac ban kinh bang tieng Phan khac [Cao tang truyen, q. 3].
- ao Thai khi en pha Tay Thong Lnh, c kinh
bang tieng Ho hn 10 van ke [Xuat tam tang ky tap, q. 10,
T-ba-sa kinh t].
- Hue Sinh i ve Tay Vc lay kinh, c 170 bo [Lac
dng gia-lam ky, q. 5].

42
- Bao Tiem ngi nc Te cung vi ao Thuy, Tang
am 10 ngi i Tay Vc lay kinh c 260 bo bang
tieng Phan [Tuc cao tang truyen, q. 2, Xa-na-quat-a].
- Huyen Trang lay c 520 hop, 657 bo [ai T An
T tam tang phap s truyen, q. 6].
- Ngha Tnh lay c kinh luat luan gan 400 bo,
gom 500.000 bai tung [Tong cao tang truyen, q.1]
- Bat Khong tm nhng g con thieu va cac kinh luan,
c hn 500 bo [Cao tang truyen, q. 1].
Hien tai ai tang kinh Han dch dng nh bao gom
Thanh ien cua tat ca cac bo phai tai An o, thanh ra mot
kho bau Phat ien hoan b nhat the gii, neu so sanh vi
tang Pli ch chuyen mon tap hp mot bo phai lam
chnh th s bao la menh mong cua no khac rat xa. V
vay, Trung Quoc thanh ra trung tam Phat giao the gii ke
sau An o, co the xem ay la mot trong nhng nguyen
nhan trong yeu. Hoc gia Lng Khai Sieu chia thanh 3
thi ky:
1) Thi ky ngi ngoai quoc lam chu phien dch, lay
An The Cao, Chi-lau-ca-sam lam ai bieu.
2) Thi ky ngi ngoai quoc va ngi Trung Quoc
hp tac cung dch, lay Cu-ma-la-thap, Giac Hien, Chan
e lam ai bieu.
43
3) Thi ky ngi trong nc lam chu phien dch, lay
Huyen Trang, Ngha Tnh lam ai bieu.
To ng cao ta ng truye n quye n nha t vie t: T i Ha n
e n i nha Lu To ng, nh ng dch gia ra t nhie u, e n
th i Ta n, Ngu y, ch co ng i Ta y Tru c e n go i ca y ni-
ca u, ke tham d phie n dch phng na y, nha n v Ta ng
Ta y Tru c ch ca y dng lie u, ba y gi m i hie u ro y cu a
l i no i. Ve sau, Ta ng phng o ng qua A n o m i bie t
ni-ca u chnh la ca y lie u cu a o ng Ha , nh ng phng
ngo n (ngo n ng a phng) nha t th i lie n tha u ro . Ne u
tha nh pha n phie n dch ch co ng i phng o ng hoa c
ng i phng Ta y th cha pha i la ie u hoa n thie n. Ch
Ta ng phng o ng e n phng Ta y ho c he t sa ch tie ng
Pha n, hie u ro y cu a Pha t, ba y gi m i c xem la hoa n
thie n. Nh ng dch gia t i Tong (Lu Tong), Te tr i,
kho ng ng ng sang tr i Ta y ro i tr ve . Ne u a va o c
ni a y, tha y ro phong tu c, th nghe m i chnh xa c. Pha p
s Huye n Tra ng va Ngha Tnh a a t c s tha t, ne n
hai ng i tho ng a t ca hai ni, cu ng nh ng i tha y c
da u a n ngo c t th m i tin o la va n th cu a thie n t va y
(chuye n Ngha Tnh).
Co nhieu ngi sang Tay Vc lai nhieu nam nh:
Ngo Khong 40 nam, Tr Manh 37 nam, Ngha Tnh 25
nam, Hue Sinh, Tong Van 19 nam, Tue Nhat 19 nam,
Huyen Trang 17 nam, ai Tha ang 12 nam tr len,
Huyen Chieu lan th nhat 11 nam, lan th 2 khong tr ve,

44
Tr Nghiem lan th nhat 10 nam, lan th hai khong tr ve,
Tue Luan 10 nam tr len, ai Tan 10 nam, Bat Khong 9
nam, Tr Hoang 8 nam, Bao Tiem 7 nam,
Tuy nhie n nh ng kinh ie n ma Huye n Tra ng, Ngha
Tnh v.v phie n dch kho ng nha t nh tinh ma t hn so v i
kinh ie n ma Cu-ma-la-thap va Chan e phie n dch,
nhng ve ma t tm kiem ba n kinh hoa n chnh va du ng ng
chnh xa c th qua th c la mo t s co ng hie n vo cu ng o c a o.
3. Quan vng yem tr
[38] Pha p s a o An i Ta n khi cha y loa n do ho
Tha ch ga y ra, h ng da n mo n o t na n e n Ta n Da ,
t ng no i v i e t ve phng sa ch truye n gia o cu a mnh
nh sau:
[39] Ngay nay gap thi tao loan, neu khong da
vao vua chua th s hoang phap kho thanh tu. Va lai, s
menh giao hoa quan sinh can phai c m mang rong
rai [Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 15].
[40] Trong Cao tang truyen quyen 3, Tan Ninh luan
rang: Dch Kinh la cai goc cua Phat giao, goc co thiet
lap th ao mi phat sinh. ieu o chng to cong tac
dch kinh c xem trong en dng nao! Ba bo Cao tang
truyen vao i Lng, Tuc va Tong eu at Thien dch
kinh hang au. o cung la bieu hien cu the cong tac dch
Kinh rat c ton trong.
45
Co the noi quan iem dch kinh cua ao An co anh
hng rat ln. Do o, toi cho rang s bao tr cua vua
chua la mot trong nhng nhan to chu yeu xuc tien s
nghiep phien dch Kinh Phat sang ch Han thanh tu.
3.1. Thiet lap dch trng, u ai Phap s
dch kinh
[41] S ho phap nhiet thanh cua vua Dieu Hng:
Chuyen Phat-a-bat-a-la trong Cao Tang Truyen quyen
2 noi: Cac nc Tay Vc kham phuc s than tuan cua
La-thap, ai nay eu sung knh, ngng mo. Moi khi en
gi thuyet giang, cac vua quy mop ben canh toa cao e
cho La-thap ap len au goi ma bc len phap toa.
Phong kh nay sau o truyen sang Trung Quoc cung thnh
hanh nh the, khong suy giam. Chang han nh Vua Tan
la Dieu Hng, chuyen tam hng ve Phat phap, cung
dng hn 3000 v Tang va nhng ngi lui ti cung
khuyet e tu tap.
- Lng Vo e u ai Tang-gia-ba-la: Tuc cao tang
truyen quyen 1 viet: Thien t le knh trong hau, rc ve
lam v Tang ac biet, nhng nhu yeu do nha nc cung
cap, tang tuc eu xem trong.
- [42] Tuy Van e le knh Na-lien-e-le-da-xa:
Nha vua knh le tham hoi an can, cung phung moi th
ay u. [Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 2].

46
- Tuy Dng e le knh at-ma-cap-a: Cung
dng 4 th nhu yeu thng xuyen, eu an. [Tuc cao
tang truyen, quyen 2].
- ng Thai Tong le knh Ba-pha: Cong quy cung
cap 4 s ay u [Tuc cao tang truyen, quyen 3].
- ng Thai Tong le knh Huyen Trang: Vua bach
vi phap s: T khi phap s ve nc, tram a kien tao
chua Hoang Phuc, tuy ni ay nho hep, nhng Thien vien
vang ve, co the lam ni phien dch, nhng nhu cau va
ngi giup viec can th g xin trao oi vi Huyen Linh,
ong se cung cap chu ao. [Tuc cao tang truyen, quyen 4].
- Vo Tac Thien u ai a-ba-ha-la: Moi lan em
dang kinh va dch xong, eu c ban thng trong hau
[Tong cao tang truyen quyen 2].
- Vua c Tong nha ng u ai Thch Tr Tue:
Ngay mong 8 thang 6 nam Trinh Nguyen th 8, vua
muon e ten kinh, ra lenh cho Hu Nhai cong c s
Vng Hy Thien, cung vi Hu Than sach quan ai tng
quan Vng Manh Thiep, Phieu K ai tng quan Ma
Hu Lan em kinh tieng Phan vao trong cung, nam n
xep hang te chnh, xe co xep thanh tng oi, am nhac
c c len, e rc kinh a vao chua Tay Minh. Ngay
trong ngay ay, vua ban thng 1000 quan tien, 30 hop tra,
mot hop hng ln, e ai s cung dng than hu
[Tong cao tang truyen, quyen 2].
47
3.2. Cung thnh ch Tang i cau phap
[43] Trong lch s Phat giao Trung Quoc, viec quan
vng le thnh Tang bao khong phai la t. Trong o, co s
ve vua Phu Kien thi Tien Tan va phap s ao An rat
c hau the ca ngi: Phu Kien nghe danh tieng phap s
ao An, thng noi: Tai Tng Dng co Thch ao An
von la mot phap kh noi danh, ta muon thu phuc ong, em
ve giup ta. The roi, Phu Kien cong pha thanh Tng
Dng, An cung vi Chau lan lt eu b thu phuc Kien
khoe vi quan Boc Xa Quyen Dc: Tram dung 100. 000
binh s e anh Tng Dng, nhng ch c mot ngi
ri. Dc hoi: Ai vay? Kien ap: An cong la mot
ngi va Tap Tac X la na ngi [Xuat tam tang ky tap
quyen 15, ao An phap s truyen].
- Nam Trieu Tong Van e: Luc bay gi cac Sa-
mon danh c nh Tue Quan, Tue Thong muon xien
dng chanh phap, nen vao thang 9 nam Nguyen Gia th
nhat, trc tiep thnh cau Van e, cung nghinh Bat-ma.
Van e lien ra lenh Th s Giao Chau phai dung thuyen
a Bat-ma en, ong thi Tue Quan lai sai cac sa-mon
Phap Trng, ao Xung, ao Tuan v.v, en o cung
thnh va viet th rieng cho Bat-ma va Xa-ba Vng Ba-
a-gia, hy vong ho en at Tong e giup viec hoang phap
[Cao tang truyen quyen 3, chuyen Cau-na-bat-ma].

48
- Nam Trieu Lng Vo e: [45] Lng Vo hoang e
bua c khap bon phng, xng minh Tam bao, vao
nam ai ong, truyen lenh cho Trc Hau, Trng Phiem
v.v tien a s than Phu Nam ve nc, ong thi mi
cac danh c tinh thong tam tang va tm toi cac Kinh
Luan ai tha Nc ay a sai Chan e em Kinh Luan
en, ap ng li thnh cau cua vua [Tuc cao tang truyen
quyen 1, chuyen Chan e].
- Vo Tac Thien: Thien Hau mot long xien dng
Phat phap, knh trong ai tha, thay cac hoi trong Kinh
Hoa Nghiem cu cha ay u, nghe noi nc Vu ien co
ban tieng Phan cua bo Kinh ay, ben sai s en o tm
kiem va mi c dch gia That-xoa cung mang Kinh ve
trieu khuyet. [Khai Nguyen Luc quyen 9, chuyen That-
xoa-nan-a].
3.3. Than hanh but tho (viet chep)
Cac bac quan vng than hanh en dch trng viet
chep kinh van la bieu hien s ton trong tot o s nghiep
dch kinh, oi vi phong kh dch Kinh tai dch trng, th
viec lam ay co cong hieu ong vien rat ln. Tuy nhien,
phan ln cac quan vng than hanh en but tho ch la
thc hien nghi thc khai mac, nham bay to cho moi ngi
biet o la mot cong viec trong ai. Neu v nao thanh tam
thien ch tan tr viec dch Kinh th se khong b dan chung
d ngh.
49
- Trng hp Lng Vo e: Ngay bat au dch
Kinh, Vo e than hanh en phap toa, ien Dien Tho, viet
oan van ay, roi trao cho dch gia, cong viec tiep tuc nh
the cho en het bo Kinh. [Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 1,
chuyen Tang-gia-ba-la].
- Tuyen Vo e Bac Nguy: Luc au Lu-chi phung
sac phien dch kinh Thap a, Tuyen Vo Hoang e ra
lenh ai s gii han phan Kinh phai dch trong mot nay,
roi vua than hanh en chep oan Kinh ay, giao cho Sa-
mon Tang Bien v.v, cong viec tiep tuc nh the cho en
het bo kinh. [Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 1, chuyen Bo-e-
lu-chi].
- Hieu Vo e Bac Nguy: Vua truyen lenh cho Tam
Tang en ien Hien Dng, bc len phap toa, m hop
lay kinh ra, roi t phien dch, li y thong suot, Hoang
thng ton trong Kinh phap, cam but m au, ha but
thanh cau, van ngha ro rang, yeu ch bao ham b mat cua
cac th tch, ly thu an cha mau nhiem cua cac kinh ien
[Thch am Ninh, Tham mat giai thoat kinh t ].
- Vo Tac Thien: Thien hau than hanh en phap toa,
m Kinh van ra, trc het cam but e ten cac pham [Khai
nguyen luc quyen 9, chuyen That-xoa-nan-a].
- ng Trung Tong: Vua ng en phap dien (tc
phap toa), t tay cam but viet [Tong cao tang truyen quyen 1,
chuyen Ngha Tnh].

50
3.4. Viet li ta, a vao ai tang
Tr c hoa c sau mo i bo sa ch th ng the m mo t ba i
t a hay ba t, o la quy cu xa xa cu a Trung Quo c, mo t la
pha t xua t t tay cu a soa n gia , hai la soa n gia thnh ca u
mo t nha n va t co tie ng ta m na o o vie t, e la m ta ng
the m gia tr cu a ta c pha m. La i co n co s ghi nha n cu a
ng i sau, ba t lua n the na o, th t a, ba t va n la mo t bo
pha n tro ng ye u cu a mo t bo sa ch. Khi Pha t ie n truye n
va o Trung Quo c, nha p gia tu y tu c, cu ng kho ng the thay
o i ta p qua n a y, do o , sau khi mo t bo kinh c phie n
dch hoa n tha nh, th hoa c v chu tr phie n dch hay v cao
ta ng hie u chnh ba n dch vie t mo t ba i t a a t a u
quye n sa ch; hoa c soa n mo t thie n ghi nha n tie n trnh dch
kinh a t cuo i sa ch. No i dung nha m gi i thie u y ngha
bo kinh a y, hay thuye t minh qua trnh phie n dch bo kinh
la chu ye u.
[51] 4. Nhan to gay tr ngai
Do cac tong phai bat ong,
[58] Xa nay ba t c to n giao hay ho c pha i na o, sau
khi ng i sa ng la p qua i, th do s kha c bie t ve th i
a i va a ly , chu thuye t cu a v sa ng to cu ng die n bie n
thay o i kho ng ng ng, cha ng ha n nh trong Thie n hie n
ho c cu a Ha n Phi T , no i: Sau khi Kho ng T t tra n,
Nho gia o chia la m 8 pha i: pha i T Trng, pha i T T,
pha i Nhan Th, pha i Ma nh Th, pha i Ta t ie u Th, pha i
51
Tro ng Lng Th, pha i To n Th, pha i Nha c Chnh Th
Tuy quan ie m na y ng i i sau kho ng hoa n toa n cha p
nha n, nhng Nho ho c chia tha nh hai pha i l n la Ma nh
Kha va Tua n Khanh th mo i ng i e u co ng nha n. Gia
To gia o phng Ta y cu ng nh va y, a i kha i th co hai
pha i l n la Thie n Chu a gia o va C o c gia o, sau o la i
chia ra vo so pha i nho . Co n Pha t gia o A n o , sau khi
c Thch-ca Ma u-ni nha p die t, th Pha t gia o b pha n
ho a tha nh 3 giai oa n:
Thi ky Phat gia o nguyen thuy, thi ky Phat giao bo
pha i, th i ky Pha t gia o a i th a. Tre n c ba n th ca c pha i e u
da vao Thanh giao cua Phat-a, nhng t tng gia phai
nay vi phai khac th co nhng trnh o sai biet. Trong tac
pham An o bo phai Phat giao t tng quan cu a pha p s
Dien Boi, co neu nhan xet oi vi cac bo phai nh sau: Hoc
gia Phat giao, do t tng bat ong, tuy chia ra nhieu bo
phai, nhng khong co chu thuyet cua mot bo phai nao la
khong phai Phat phap, khong co ai ly khai can ban Phat
phap e lap thanh mot tong phai rieng Ngi tu hoc
Phat phap, da vao can tnh, co the tu hoc bat c hoc phai
nao, nhng nhat thiet khong nen e cao ton phai mnh ma
bai xch ton phai khac.
Quan iem cua phap s Dien Boi rat ly tng, nhng
s thc gia cac tong phai Phat giao eu co t nhieu tranh
luan, tham ch co luc gay anh hng xau en s lu thong
cua Kinh ien, nh trng hp:

52
Chau S Hanh: Sau khi en Vu ien, chep c
Pham th chanh pham, Ho ban 90 chng, hn 600.000
ch, sai e t la Bat Nh an, tieng Tan goi la Phap
Nhieu, gom khoang 10 ngi, a ban Kinh ay ve Lac
Dng. Nhng khi cha khi hanh, hoc chung Tieu tha tai
Vu ien em viec ay tau len vua: Sa-mon at Han muon
dung sach cua Ba-la-mon lam [59] roi loan chanh phap.
Be ha la v chua te at nay, neu khong cam ch ho se lam
hong ai phap, khien cho at Han mu iec, o la loi cua
Be ha. Vua nghe tau lien khong cho mang Kinh i. S
Hanh phan uat, xin ot Kinh e xem chng nghiem. Vua
muon th nghiem, ben cho chat cui trc san cung ien,
chun bt Kinh. S Hanh en ben gian hoa phat li the:
Neu ao phap can phai lu hanh at Han, th Kinh se
khong chay. Neu nh khong ng nghiem th tnh mang nay
coi nh bo i! Noi xong, nem Kinh vao gian hoa, la lien
tat ngum, khong ton thng mot ch, hop ng Kinh van y
nguyen. ai chung kinh hai, than phuc khen ngi s mau
nhiem. Do o ong c phep a kinh en Tran Lu
[Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 13, chuyen Chau S Hanh].
am-vo-sam: Ong ben mang kinh ai Niet-ban gom
12 quyen, cung Bo-tat gii kinh, Bo-tat gii ban, i en
Quy T; nhng Quy T Tang chung phan ln hoc Tieu
tha, khong tin kinh Niet-ban, do o, ong phai mang en
Co Tang [Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 14, chuyen am-
vo-sam].
53
Phat-a-bat-a-la: Trung Quoc goi la Giac Hien,
theo li mi cua Tr Nghiem, en Trng An vao thi
Dieu Tan, luc bay gi Cu-ma-la-thap la nhan vat lanh
ao trong gii dch Kinh tai Trng An, viec Phat-a-bat-
a-la en ay, La-thap rat hoan nghenh. Cao tang truyen
quyen 2 noi: La-thap rat hoan hy, cung ban luan chanh
phap, phat hien nhieu ieu huyen nhiem, eu rat bo ch
Moi khi La-thap co nghi ng y ngha g th en ban bac
cung ai s e quyet nh. Nhng cuoi cung, ai s b
cac cao o cua La-thap la Tang Lc, ao Hang truc
xuat, may man la ong c ai s Tue Vien Lo Sn on
ve Giang Nam.
[61] Trong bai viet Giao ly Phat giao phat trien tai
Trung Quoc, hoc gia Lng Khai Sieu nhan nh: Cu-
ma-la-thap la ch truyen ve Khong Tong cua Long Tho,
con Giac Hien la ngi so mot gii thieu ve Hu Tong
cua The Than khi truyen vao Trung Quoc. ieu nay
thuyet minh ve s tranh luan gia hai ngai La-thap va
Giac Hien, nguyen nhan do s oi lap gia hai tong
Khong va Hu. La-thap khoan hoa bao dung, khong co y
tan xuat Giac Hien, nhng mon ha khong co o lng nh
ong, nen mn mot cai c nho e truc xuat Giac Hien ra
khoi Trng An.


54
5. Duyen cach s nghiep dch kinh qua cac
thi ai
Trong bai viet Phat giao dch Kinh che o khao, Ngu
Lao Cu L chia lam 4 thi ky:
1. Thi ai Nguyen Th, t khi Phat giao truyen vao
Trung Quoc, trai qua Hau Han, Tam Quoc cho en Tay Tan.
2. T Ta y Ta n e n o ng Tn qua giai oa n a u cu a
La-tha p.
3. T cuoi i La-thap, qua Chan e en thi Huyen
Trang.
4. Thi ai suy vi (ai khai, ch i Tong tr ve sau).
Trong sach Phat giao Kinh ien tong luan, Tieu Da
Huyen Dieu can c vao muc luc kinh Phat tai Trung Quoc
chia lam 4 thi ky:
1. Thi ai co dch: Bao quat Hau Han, Nguy, Ngo,
Tay Tan.
2. Giai oan au cua thi ky cu dch: Bao quat
ong Tan, Lu Tong, Nam Te.
3. Giai oan sau cua thi ky cu dch: bao quat
Lng, Tran, Tuy.
4. Thi ai Tan dch: bao quat ng, Ngu ai,
Trieu Tong, Nguyen tr ve sau.
55
5.1. T ong Han en Tay Tan
[57] ong Han la thi ky au Phat giao du nhap vao
Trung Quoc. Vao nam Vnh Bnh th 10 trieu vua Minh
e i ong Han, nha vua c mot phai oan sang Tay
Truc cau phap va em ve Kinh T thap nh chng, roi to
chc phien dch. Cong viec phien dch bo kinh nay do Ca-
diep-ma-ang am trach.
[71] Trong Trng phong luc quyen 5, phan Chi
Khiem Luc co ghi nhan mot quyen Kinh T thap nh
chng, roi chu thch: Lan dch th 2 cung vi ban cua
Ma-ang co sai khac oi chut, van ngha chnh xac, cau
van suon se. Nhan ay, ngi sau cho rang bo kinh T
Thap Nh Chng hien con la ban kinh do Chi Khiem
nh chnh ch khong phai ban dch au tien cua Ca-diep-
ma-ang i ong Han. Hoc gia Thang Dung ong nhat
tr quan iem nay.
5.2. T ong Tan en i Tuy
[76] S nghiep dch kinh trong thi ky nay gi mot
a v trong yeu, ke tha ngi trc, hng dan ngi
sau, trong lch s dch Kinh cua Phat giao Trung Quoc.
Trong ay cac ngai Thch ao An, Thch Tue Vien, Cu-
ma-la-thap, Phat-a-bat-a-la, am-vo-sam, Cau-na-bat-
a-la, Chan e la nhng nhan vat quan yeu va kiet xuat.
S dch Kinh vao thi Phu Tan lay ao An lam
trung tam. Tuy ong khong gioi Phan van, cung khong co

56
ban dch nao e lai cho i, nhng khong phai v the ma
xem nhe a v cua ong trong lch s dch Kinh. Trong s
kien thiet Phat giao Trung Quoc, ao An cong hien rat
nhieu phng dien; chang han nh nghien cu Bat-nha,
xac lap quy gii v.v, eu co anh hng rat sau xa.
a/ Bien soan kinh luc
Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 5, phan noi ve viec
chu thch kinh, ghi chep luc cua ao An, viet rang: Cac
kinh ien nc nay khong phai c dch mot luc, t
nam Quang Hoa i vua Hieu Linh cho en nay la nam
Khang Ninh th 2 i Tan, gan 200 nam, he gap ban
thieu th dch thieu, gap ban ay u th dch ay u,
chang phai mot ngi, kho ma chnh ly cho hoan hao, toi
soan thanh mot quyen luc. [77] Cung sach ay quyen 15,
chuyen cua phap s ao An noi: T Han en Tan, kinh
ien c truyen ba kha nhieu, nhng danh tanh ngi
dch khong c ghi lai, ngi i sau tm toi, khong biet
thuoc vao nien ai nao. ao An lien tong tap danh muc,
ghi ro ten ngi va thi ai, chia pham muc cu mi, soan
thanh bo kinh luc, khien cac kinh co can c, qua that ay
la cong lao cua ong (ao An).
Bo kinh luc nay co ten la Tong ly chung kinh muc luc
goi tat la An luc (bo kinh luc cua ao An). Nguyen ban
cua bo luc nay ngay nay khong con, nhng Tang Hu a
da vao o ma soan Xuat Tam Tang Ky Tap, nen ta biet
phan nao noi dung cua no. ac biet bo luc nay co e xuat
57
2 muc la: That dch luc va Nghi kinh luc. That
dch ngha la ban dch c truyen lai i ma khong
biet danh tanh dch gia; con nghi kinh la ghi ro mot bo
kinh nao o co the la nguy kinh (bo kinh gia), e oc
gia khoi lan lon mat ca vi ngoc trai.
b/ Chu tr dch trng
Pha p s a o An e n Tr ng An na m Tha i Nguye n
th t (379) i vua Hie u Vo e th i o ng Ta n, cho e n
nga y vie n tch mo ng 8 tha ng 2 na m Tha i Nguye n th 10
(385), [79] trong khoa ng th i gian 6 na m, chu tr dch
tr ng, tch c c tham gia co ng vie c dch Kinh. Lu c a y ta i
Tr ng An a y u hoa n canh ly t ng e dch Kinh,
quan Tha i thu Vo Uy kie m B th lang cu a Phu Kie n la
Trie u Chnh la m a n vie t, do c toa n l c ye m tr vie c
dch kinh cu a a o An, o ng th i go p nhie u y kie n ra t
quy ba u.
[80] La-thap en Trng An nam Hoang Th th 3
(401) i vua Dieu Hng, tren ng en Trung Hoa cc
ky gian nan, xem chuyen cua ong. ng thi ao An va
Trieu Chnh a at nen tang cho cong viec dch kinh tai
Trng An rat vng chac. Hn na, phap s ao An a
e lai mot oi ngu nhan tai tr dch c huan luyen rat
thuan thuc nh Phap Hoa, Tue Thng, Truc Phat Niem,
Tang Lc, Tang ao, Tang Due, am Canh v.v... Sau
o ho eu tham gia vao dch trng cua La-thap, ket hp
thanh mot tap oan dch kinh u viet. The nen trong Han

58
Nguy lng Tan nam bac trieu Phat giao s chng 10,
Thang Dung ong viet: Phap hoi thi La-thap rat thnh
hanh, con ac lc hn ca thi ao An.
* Sang lap dch trng quan phng: Trc thi La-
thap, s dch kinh tai Trung Quoc chu yeu la do t nhan
am trach, trong luc ay cung khong t nhng bac minh
quan ho phap, [81] nhng trc tiep tham d vao dch
trng th cha thay s truyen ghi lai. ao An c Phu
Kien ai ngo rat trong hau, nhng dch trng cua ong la
do Trieu Chnh ho tr, van thuoc tnh cach t nhan. en
khi La-thap vao Trng An, Dieu Hng mi vao vn
Tieu Dao e dch kinh, mi bat au thiet lap dch trng
quan phng (thuoc chnh phu). Xuat tam tang ky ta p
quyen 14, chuyen cua La-thap viet: Dieu Hng luc tre
sung knh tam bao, doc long xien dng Phat phap, khi
La-thap en ay, ong cung thnh phap s vao vn Tieu
Dao, gac Tay Minh e phien dch kinh ien. La-thap cam
ban tieng Ho, Dieu Hng cam ban Kinh cu, oi chieu
nhau e hieu chnh.
* Phien dch kinh mi: S phan biet Cu kinh va Tan
kinh trong Phat ien Han dch lan au tien xuat hien vao
i Dieu Tan, goi cac kinh do La-thap dch la Tan kinh va
nhng ban kinh dch trc o la Cu kinh. Lan th 2, Tan
kinh xuat hien vao i ng, goi cac kinh do phap s
Huyen Trang dch la Tan kinh va nhng ban kinh dch
trc o la Cu kinh. Xa nay s trung dch Phat ien von
59
la hien tng pho bien cua gii Phat giao tai Trung Quoc.
Mot bo kinh co 4, 5 ban dch la viec thng thay tai ay.
Tai sao nhng ban dch cua ngi khac khong goi la
Tan kinh ma ac biet goi nhng ban dch cua La-thap va
Huyen Trang la Tan kinh? V nhng ban dch cua hai
ngai so vi nhng ban dch cua ngi khac khong giong
nhau, chung ch ro ac sac cua thi ai ay.
[82] Thi ky dch kinh cua La-thap co hai ieu sang
gia sieu viet nhng ngi trc:
* Ve phng dien van t, ong ap dung phng phap:
Neu am Ho khong chnh xac, th dung am Thien Truc e
kieu chnh; neu ten cua Tan ma sai lam th dung ngha
cua ch ma xac nh. [Xuat Tam Tang Ky Tap quyen 8,
ai Pham Kinh T]. Nh the ma nh chnh khong t
nhng cho sai lam cua ban Cu dch. Xuat Tam Tang Ky
Tap quyen 1, Tien Hau Xuat Kinh D Ky e Ngu a liet
ke o bieu oi chieu nhng t ng bat ong cua ban cu
dch va tan dch. o chnh la s thanh tu cua La-thap.
* Ve phng dien giao ly, ong ap dung phng phap
lay Luan e giai thch Kinh. Ngi trc dch Kinh do
anh hng ngon ng bat ong, nen cach dien at giao ly
khong ro rang sang sua, tham ch con co cho dch lam
lan. Ngi Trung Quoc van dung phng phap cach
ngha hay hp ban, t van dch kiem tra lai giao ly,
nhng thong qua cach ngha e hieu Phat phap bang

60
hnh thc Lao Trang, con dung phng phap hp ban
th de ri vao khuyet iem gom sai thanh ung. Hai
phng dien nay eu khong phai la con ng ung an
e ly giai Phat phap. La-thap triet e loai tr phng
phap nay, nen em cac bo Luan t An o dch ra Han
van, roi dung no e an chng Kinh van, nh o mi co
the ly giai ngha Kinh mot cach chnh xac. ay la mot
trong nhng nguyen nhan chu yeu, khien cho ban dch
cua La-thap c moi ngi tin tng va lu truyen rong
rai khong suy giam.
Ngoa i tr La-tha p, lu c ba y gi ta i Tr ng An co n co
cac dch gia khac nh Phat-a-bat-a-la, Phat-a-da-xa,
am-ma-da-xa, am-ma-quat-a, [83] Pha t-nha -a-la,
a m-ma-lu-chi, Ty -ma-la-xoa v.v... o i v i vie c phie n
dch Lua t ta ng ta i Trung Quo c, ho e u co nh ng co ng hie n
ra t l n.
Bo Thap tung luat gom 61 quyen hien con, trc sau
trai qua bon v ai s truyen dch va chnh ly ma hoan
thanh. Nam Hoang Th th 6 (404) i Dieu Tan, Phat-
nha-a-la oc lai ban tieng Phan, roi La-thap dch ra Han
van; [88] nhng ch dch c 2 phan 3, th a-la bat
hanh ot nhien lam benh va qua i. Nam Hoang Th th
7, am-ma-lu-chi en Trng An, Tue Vien biet ong rat
tinh thong Thap tung luat, nen gi th thnh cau ong tiep
tuc phien dch [Xem th Cao Tang Truyen quyen 2,
trong chuyen am-ma-lu-chi]. Lu Chi ben hp tac vi
61
La-thap dch hoan tat Thap Tung Luat gom 58 quyen, mi
xong ban thao cha kp hieu nh, th La-thap lai th tch.
Ve sau, Ty-ma-la-xoa em ban thao nay en Tho Xuan
tai chua Thach Gian, nh chnh va chia thanh 61 quyen,
roi em tung cuoi cung la Thien Tung oi ten thanh
Ty-ni Tung.
[90] Trong so ca c a i s t A n o sang Trung Hoa
truye n gia o th Cha n e la ng i ga p ra t nhie u ba t ha nh, v
khi o ng e n a y th ga p lu c Ha u Ca nh da y loa n, va kho ng
la u sau o cu c die n chnh tr thay o i, nha Tra n thay the nha
Lng. Theo Khai nguyen lu c quye n 6 ghi ve i Lng th
Cha n e dch c 11 bo , 24 quye n, co n quye n 7 ghi ve i
Tra n th o ng dch c 38 bo , 118 quye n, go m chung la i
c 49 bo , 142 quye n. Trong o , Nhiep ai tha luan 3
quye n, a i th a khi tn lua n 1 quye n, la nh ng lua n ie n
ra t quan tro ng. a c bie t la ai th a khi tn lua n, gi i Pha t
giao xem bo Luan na y nh mo t ba o va t.
[91] Sau khi Tuy Van e thong nhat at nc, ket
thuc cuc dien phan liet lau dai gia Nam Bac trieu, Van
e va Dng e eu doc toan tam, toan lc hoang dng
Phat giao. Nhng ang tiec la trieu ai nha Tuy qua
ngan, nen s cong hien cho cong trnh dch kinh khong
ln lam. Hn na, vao luc nay, Tang l muon nhanh
chong hap thu tieu hoa noi dung kinh ien, nen tap trung
tinh than lo viec nghien cu y ngha ma xao lang nhiem
vu dch kinh.

62
Vao thi Nam Bac trieu, trong gii Phat giao co
nhieu nhan s co kha nang nh Ph Trng Phong, Phap
Kinh, Ngan Ton v.v, eu chu y vao viec bien soan muc
luc Phat ien, ma t quan tam en nhng viec khac.
Nhng thanh tu cua ho ve phng dien kinh luc a cong
hien het sc kha quan, cung cap s lieu va nen tang cau
truc cho kinh luc i ng.
5.3. T i ng tr ve sau
i ng la mot thi ai cc thnh ve cong viec
dch kinh tai Trung Quoc, nhat la ai s Huyen Trang rc
r nh vang thai dng chieu sang muon thu. Vao nam
Trinh Quan th 2 (628), Ngai vt song Lu Sa, trai bao
gian nguy sang An o cau phap. Nam Trinh Quan 19
(645), Ngai tr ve Trng An, sau 17 nam du hoc, em
ve 520 hop kinh ch Phan, gom 657 bo, roi khi s phien
dch rong ra suot 19 nam, dch c 75 bo, 1335 quyen.
Phng phap dch kinh cua Huyen Trang so vi tien nhan
bat ong. o la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan khien Ngai
e xuat ly luan dch kinh Ngu chung bat phien (5
trng hp khong phien dch).
Sau ai s Huyen Trang co Ngha Tnh. Do ngng
mo nha thao cua Phap Hien va knh phuc y ch cua
Huyen Trang, vao nam Ham Ninh th 2 (671) i vua
Cao Tong, Ngai t Quang Chau len thuyen, vt trung
dng sang An o cau phap. Nam Ch ng Thanh nguyen
63
nien (695) i vua Vo Hau, Ngai tr ve lai Ha Lac, em
theo 400 bo, 500.000 bai tung bang Phan van, roi bat au
phien dch sang Han van c 61 bo, 239 quyen. Dch
trng thiet lap tai Lac Dng, Trng An, Ngai thien ve
luat Hu bo, cong trnh phien dch thng la nhng bo
kinh nho, hoac nhng ban dch lai, s nghiep phien dch
cua Ngai khong lng lay nh ai s Huyen Trang.
Th i a i nha ng co n co mo t s kie n ra t a c
bie t, o la va o na m Khai Nguye n, ba v a i s Thie n
Vo U y, Kim Cng Tr va Ba t Kho ng a phie n dch
kinh ie n ma t gia o, nh va y ma ma t gia o ta i Trung
Quo c tr ne n hoa n b.
Trong lch s dch Kinh tai Trung Quoc neu danh
bon ai s dch Kinh v ai, o la: La-thap, Chan e,
Huyen Trang va Bat Khong.
T na m Trinh Qua n th 5 (789) e n na m Tha i Bnh
Hng Quo c th 7 (982), tr c sau hn 190 na m, s nghie p
dch kinh hoa n toa n b gia n oa n. Trong th i gian a y kho ng
co mo t dch gia hay mo t ba n dch na o xua t hie n i.
en i Bac Tong tr i, s nghiep dch kinh lai cang
them suy vi. Do the, khi ban ve lch s dch kinh tai Trung
Quoc, ta co the bao la a ket thuc vao khoang nam Trinh
Quan i ng, tng cung khong co g la qua ang.
Trong Phat giao th the gii tnh ch ton giao ma?
phap s Thanh Nghiem viet: Khoang 9, 10 the ky sau

64
khi Phat diet o, the lc cua Ba-la-mon giao tai An o
boc khi, Phat giao suy vi tham te. e thch hp vi trao
lu hien ai, Phat giao o ben nhan lay quan niem Pham
Thien cua Ba-la-mon giao (hien nay goi la An o giao)
dung nhiep hon hp vao Phat giao ai tha. Nhng s me
tn cua the tuc, tap tuc cua dan gian, co nhng chuyen
lien quan en phong trung thuat (thuat chan goi ai an)
cua nam n cung c a vao trong boi canh thanh tnh
cua Phat giao. o chnh la tnh trang than b hoa cua Mat
giao ai tha, va cung la thi ky th 3 cua Phat giao tai
An o. Tuy nhien cung co nhieu u iem cua Phat giao
c An o giao hap thu bien thanh dng chat khien
cho ton giao nay cang them hng vng. Con Phat giao
th hap thu loai tn ngng ha cap cua An o giao, chung
cuc bien thanh nhng nhan to lam tang them s hu bai.
Nh vay, t cuoi the ky th 10 tr i, do s pha hoai cua
An o giao va Hoi giao, khien cho Phat giao tai An o
tr nen tieu tram.
Sau a y la ba n liet ke danh sa ch dch gia va th i a i.

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(
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(
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81
1
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83
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89

Chng III
|KE BB fA IB |K1 | IA | [|K IK1B N
1. Tai tr cua cac cao Tang
Truc Phap Ho tung kinh moi ngay hang van li, mat
liec qua lien thuoc [Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 13,
chuyen cua ong].
Cu-ma-la-thap theo thay hoc kinh, mieng oc moi
ngay hang nghn bai ke, moi ke co 32 ch, gom 32.000
li [Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 14, ban truyen].
Phat-a-da-xa na m 15 tuo i tu ng kinh mo i nga y c 5,
6 va n l i [Xua t tam ta ng ky ta p quye n 14, ba n truye n].
am-vo-sam luc 10 tuoi, thong minh xuat chung,
cung vi mot so ban oc chu, tung kinh moi ngay hn van
li [Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 14, ban truyen].
Tru c a m-ma-la-sa t tu ng kinh mo i nga y ha ng va n l i,
ma t lie c qua la nh [Cao ta ng truyen quye n 1, ba n truye n].

90
Thch Bat-nhat-la-bo-e moi ngay tung hang van
li, mat nhn qua la thuoc long, suot i khong quen
[Tong cao tang truyen, quyen 1, ban truyen].
Cac ai s luc ban au qua Trung Quoc dch kinh,
em theo ban tieng Phan rat t, ma nh oc thuoc long th
nhieu, nhng oc thuoc long chung cuc van co khuyet
iem, mot la mieng mieng truyen cho nhau rat de oc sai,
hai la neu ngi tung khong thng xuyen on tap, kho
tranh khoi quen mat bo phan kinh van, chang han Pho
phap nhan duyen truyen quyen 2 ghi lai mot giai thoai
lam lan rat thu v sau ay:
Trong khi A-nan du hanh truyen ba dieu phap, hoa
o chung sinh khien cho ho giai thoat, cuoi cung en mot
rng tre, nghe co Ty-kheo tung ke Phap cu:
Nhc nhan sinh bach tue,
Bat kien thuy lao hac.
Bat nh sinh nhat nhat,
Nhi ac o kien chi.
(Neu ngi song tram nam,
Khong thay con hac gia.
Chang bang song mot ngay,
Ma trong thay c no).
A-nan nghe xong buon ba than rang: Con mat cua
the gian diet mat sao ma nhanh the!, ben noi vi Ty-
kheo ay rang o khong phai la li cua Phat, khong the
91
dung no e tu hanh. Nay ong hay nghe toi dien ta bai ke
cua Phat:
Nhc nhan sinh bach tue,
Bat giai sinh diet phap,
Bat nh sinh nhat nhat,
Nhi ac giai lieu chi.
(Neu ngi song tram nam,
Khong hieu phap sinh diet,
Chang bang song mot ngay,
Ma hieu c phap o.)
Sau khi v Ty-kheo ay tr ve chua ben thuat lai li
noi cua A-nan vi thay mnh, thay ong lien bao: A-nan
gia ca, tr tue suy giam, noi nang thng sai lam, khong
the tin c, nay ong c y nh trc ma tung.
A-nan von la e t than can cua Phat, c thay ban
khen ngi la ngi a van bac nhat, khi Ca-diep chu tr
cuoc ket tap lan th nhat vi s tham d cua 500 Ty -
kheo, th ong tng phu trach tung oc ve kinh. ni ca
Phat, ong c xem la mot bo thanh ien song, the ma
nghiem nhien b thay tro mot Ty-kheo vo danh ch trch
la li noi thng sai lam khong the tin c. ieu nay
chng to rang ch nh vao viec hoc thuoc long Phat phap

92
th rat de b sai lam ma cung khong co ban goc nao lam
tieu chuan e ma hieu nh.
Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 12, chuyen Thien Tru, ke
rang: Mot hom, ong i en mot chua kia, nghe giang
Kinh Niet-ban, do o ong vao luan ngha, nhng ch ban
luan c ba lan th v giang s khong giai ap c, cui
au th ra, khien cho o chung hn nghn ngi boi roi,
giang ng ngng lai. The roi, ho v giang s xuong
toa, a Ngai ve phong, th ong im lang qua i. Khi ban
luan xong th Thien Tru ra i, nen khong biet viec o.
Hom sau, ong lai en, thay ho ang chuan b cac dung cu
am ma, lien hoi nguyen nhan, th ho noi: Ngay hom qua
phap s b mot v Tang phng Bac chat van, nhan o ma
qua i. Khi ay, moi ngi khong biet Tru, nen khong ai
bat ong. V nghe ho bao the nen ong suy ngh, roi lui ve
gi im lang. Trai qua t hom, lai co v tang ho Tran, cung
dan nhau tr lai toa giang trc; khi ong luan ngha, khong
ai la khong b khuat phuc, khien cho 3 ngi phai nga qu
tai phap toa.
Thie n Tru nh gio i bie n lua n ma la m cho ba ng i
pha i xa u ho e n che t. Giai thoa i na y co the la khoa
trng, nhng do a y ma chu ng ta tha y mo t v pha p s
gia ng Kinh, xem tro ng vie c bie n lua n tha ng ba i e n
nga n na o! Nhng du sao th so v i sinh ma ng va n quan
tro ng hn.
93
2. S phan cong tai dch trng
ai t an t tam tang phap s truyen quyen 6 viet:
Vao thang 3, nam Ky T, nien hieu Trinh Quan th 19,
phap s t Lac Dng ve ti Trng An, en chua
Hoang Phuc, roi viet s trnh bay ve so lng ngi chng
ngha, chuyet van, but tho (viet), th thu, trc tiep trao cho
quan T Khong Lng Quoc Cong Phong Huyen Linh.
Huyen Linh sai thuoc ha lam s em en nh Chau khai
tau, roi theo nhu cau ma cung cap, phan phu cac viec ay
u. Vao mua ha thang 6 ngay Mau Tuat, cac ai c chng
ngha thong hieu Kinh Luan ai Tieu tha, c ban be
tien c gom 12 ngi. o la cac Sa-mon chua Hoang
Phuc tai kinh o nh: Sa-mon Linh Nhuan, sa-mon Van B.
Chua La Han co sa-mon Tue Qu.
Chu a Tha t Te co sa-mo n Minh Die m.
Chua Bao Xng co sa-mon Phap Tng.
Chu a Tnh Phap co sa-mo n Pho Hie n.
Chua Phap Hai co sa-mon Than Phng.
Chua Phap Giang Khuech Chau co sa-mon ao
Tham.
Chua Dien Giac Bien Chau co sa-mon Huyen
Trung.
Chua Pho Cu Bo Chau co sa-mon Than Thai.

94
Chua Chan Am Mien Chau co sa-mon Knh
Minh.
Chua a Bao ch Chau co sa-mon ao Nhan.
Lai co 9 ai c lo viec gom gop van t (chuyet
van) en, o la:
Chua Pho Quang Kinh S co sa-mon The
Huyen.
Chua Hoang Phuc co sa-mon Minh Tuan.
Chua Hoi Xng co sa-mon Bien C.
Chua Phong c nui Chung Nam co sa-mon
ao Tuyen.
Chua Phuc Tu Gian Chau co sa-mon Tnh Mai.
Chua Pho Cu Bo Chau co sa-mon Hanh Hu.
Chua The Nham co sa-mon ao Trac.
Chua Chieu Nhan U Chau co sa-mon Tue Lap.
Chua Thien Cung Lac Chau co sa-mon Huyen
Tac.
Lai co mot ai c kiem tra ch en, tc sa-mon
Huyen ng chua ai Tong Tr tai kinh o. Lai co mot ai
c chng Phan ng, Phan van en, tc sa-mon Huyen
Mo chua ai Hng Thien tai kinh o. Ngoai ra nhng
95
ngi khac ghi chep, bien tap, va cac vat lieu do cac Ti
s cung cap eu a en.
Can c nhng ghi chep tren ay, nhan vien tr dch
cua ai s Huyen Trang gom co 23 ngi c biet ten.
Cu ng th quyen 91, chuyen Huyen Trang viet:
Nam th 19 nien hieu Trinh Quan, phap s ve en Kinh
S, c Thai Tong on tiep, roi cung nhau am luan, vua
rat hoan h, nhan o vua ra lenh phap s em 657 bo kinh
ien bang Phan van ti chua Hoang Phuc phien dch, ong
thi truyen lenh Hu Boc Xa Phong Huyen Linh, Thai t
Ta Th T Ha Knh Tong, chieu mo rong rai cac sa-mon
thac hoc hn 50 ngi e tr giup phien dch.
Thanh phan tr giup ai s Huyen Trang phien
dch, dan mot so bo nh sau:
(1) ai Bo-tat tang kinh 20 quyen
Ngay 2 thang 5 na m Trinh Quan 19, Tam ta ng Huye n
Trang dch kinh ta i chu a Hoang Phu c, Ta y Kinh, tha nh pha n
tham d ch ng ngha go m co :
Sa-mon Linh Nhuan chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon Van B chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon Hue Quy chua La Han.
Sa-mon Minh Diem chua That Te.
Sa-mon Phap Tng chua Bao Xng.

96
Sa-mon Pho Hien chua Tnh Phap.
Sa-mon Than Phng chua Phap Hai.
Sa-mon ao Tham chua Phap Giang, Khuech
Chau.
Sa-mon Huyen Trung chua Dien Giac, Bien
Chau.
Sa-mon Than Thai chua Pho Cu, Bo Chau.
Sa-mon Kinh Minh chua Chan Hng, Bo Chau.
- Thanh phan xuyet van gom co:
Sa-mo n The Huye n chu a Pho Quang.
Sa-mon Minh Tuan chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon Bien C chua Hoi Xng.
Sa-mon ao Tuyen chua Phong c, nui Chung
Nam.
Sa-mon Tnh Mai chua Phuc Tu, Gian Chau.
Sa-mon Hanh Chi chua Pho Cu, Bo Chau.
Sa-mon ao Trat, chua The Nham.
Sa-mon Hue Lap, chua Chieu Nhan, Phan Chau.
Sa-mon Huyen Tac, chua Thien Cung, Lac
Chau.
- Thanh phan kiem tra ch (chanh t):
Sa-mon Huyen ng, chua ai Tong Tr.
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- Chng Phan van:
Sa-mon Huyen Mo, chua ai Hng Thien.
(2) Du-gia s a luan 100 quyen
Tam tang phap s phung chieu dch bo luan nay tai
chua Hoang Phuc, Trng An vao ngay 15, thang 5,
nam Trinh Quan 22 (648), i nha ng.
- Thanh phan but tho (viet):
Sa-mo n Tri Nhan, chu a Hoa ng Phu c.
Sa-mon Linh Tuan, chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon ao Quan, chua ai Tong Tr.
Sa-mo n a o Nguye n, chu a Pha p a i.
Sa-mon Minh Giac, chua Thanh Thien.
- Thanh phan chng van:
Sa-mon Bien C, chua ai Tong Tr.
Sa-mon Tnh Mai, chua Phuc Chung, Gian
Chau.
Sa-mon Hanh Hu, chua Pho Tch, Bo Chau.
Sa-mon ao Tr, chua Pho Quang.
Sa-mon Huyen Trung, chua Chan e, Bien
Chau.
Sa-mon Minh Tuan, chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon Huyen ng, chua ai Tong Tr.

98
- Chng Phan ng:
Sa-mon Huyen Mo, chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon Van B, chua Hoang Phuc.
Sa-mon Than Thai, chua The Nham, Bo Chau.
Sa-mon ao Tham, chua Phap Giang, Khuech
Chau.
Sa-mon Phap Tng, chua Bao Xng.
Sa-mon Tue Qu, chua La-han.
Sa-mo n Minh Die m, chu a Ba o Long.
Sa-mon ao Hong, chua ai Tong Tr.
- Giam Duyet:
Ha Knh Tong, Ngan Thanh Quan Loc ai Phu
Hanh Thai T Ta Th T, Cao Dng huyen,
Khai Quoc Cong Nam Than.
Trong Tong cao tang truyen quyen 5, chuyen Phap
Tang ke rang: Ban au Phap Tang tham d phien dch
vi phap s Huyen Trang, nhng ve sau co kien giai bat
ong trong viec but tho, chng ngha va nhuan van nen
ong ra khoi dch trng. Nguyen nhan chu yeu la c cau
dch trng khong phai c thiet lap thng xuyen ma
khi bat au dch mot bo kinh th tuyen chon danh Tang
quy tu ve tai mot nha, roi cung tng nhng e c nhau,
en khi giai toa th ai ve chua nay. T o tr i, nhng
99
nhan vien tr giup dch kinh chnh yeu eu la e t tuy
tung cua ai s Huyen Trang tai chua T An.
i ng, nhng chuyen gia tr dch t nhieu
khong nhat nh. Theo danh sach cac v c ghi lai tai
dch trng, th t nhat nh khi Phap s Bat-nha dch Kinh
Phat thuyet tao tha p dien mang cong c, ch co ba ngi
tr dch; con nhieu nhat la khi Ngha Tnh dch Can ban
thuyet nhat thiet hu bo ni-a-na, gom co 52 ngi tr
dch. Noi chung, so nhan vien tr dch cho cac dch chu
khong nhat nh, nh trng hp so ngi tham d tieu
dch trng cua Tang-gia-e-ba la hn 40 ngi.
T sau Nam Bac trieu en Tuy, ng, roi en thi
ai Trieu Tong, tuyet ai a so ai s dch kinh tai dch
trng eu tng t nh La-thap, ngha la dch trng do
vua ra lenh thiet lap.
Trieu nh trong th s nghiep dch kinh co quan he
mat thiet vi tnh trang phat trien nhanh chong cua Phat
giao tai Trung Quoc. T khi Pha t phap Thien Truc truyen
vao Trung Quoc thi ong Han, dan dan en thi Luc
Trieu th loan ly phan tranh, neu lam cho Phat giao phat
trien th se co nhieu li ch. ng thi, tn ngng Phat
giao a tr thanh mot phong tuc pho bien, tren t vng
cong ba quan, di en ba tanh le dan, bat luan la phng
dien chnh tr, kinh te hay xa hoi, eu chu anh hng Phat
giao rat ln. Nhng ke thong tr may may khong dam
khinh thng sc manh vo hnh ay. Do the, nha cam quyen

100
muon khong che Phat giao hu hieu th phai thiet lap che
o Tang quan, o la cach thi tho thay ro nhat.
Thu oan an uy cung ap dung o la phng phap
khong thay oi cua cac trieu ai vua chua xa nay dung
e thong tr thien ha. Muon thong tr Phat giao ng
nhien cung khong ra ngoai cong le ay. Van dung thu oan
th uy e e phong Phat giao oi vi quoc gia xa hoi co
nhng anh hng khong tot, nhng neu ch mot mat ra
uy, lai de phat sinh s phan khang kch liet. Do o, thu
oan thi an cung phai ho tng thi hanh. Nham lung lac
the lc cua gii Phat giao, th viec cho xay chua, dch
kinh, in an kinh sach v.v... eu la phng phap ma ng
thi thng ap dung.
Tat nhien xa nay khong thieu nhng bac quan
vng thanh tam phung s Phat phap, v du nh Dieu
Hng chang han, ong ta ung ho cong tac dch kinh la
hoan toan phat xuat t s nhiet thanh ton knh oi vi
Phat giao, nhng o la thuan theo nhan tnh ma phung s
Phat phap. Con nh nhng bac quan vng da vao Phat
giao e cung co chnh quyen, th ng nhien trong hien
tai cung khong t ngi lam nh the. Ban y cua 2 loai
ngi thong tr tren ay ng nhien khong giong nhau,
nhng phng phap thc hien th tng t nh nhau. Gii
chnh quyen a s nghiep dch kinh vao mot trong
nhng cong tac hanh chanh can phai thc hien, co the
mi thu c hieu qua tuyen truyen mot cach rong rai.
101
Tai v cac ai s dch kinh eu la nhng bac anh tuan
trong gii Phat giao, hoac la nhng nhan vat thuoc tang
lp thng lu, ch can ai ngo mot so t ngi, th co the
thu phuc c tam ly cua tn o Phat giao tren toan quoc,
ong thi se nhan c danh hieu ep e la v minh
vng ho phap. Cong viec nay sc lc bo ra th t ma hieu
qua thu vao th nhieu. Cac bac quan vng xa nay
ng nhien rat hoan h thc hien. i Tuy at ra chc
Hoc s phien kinh, ai c phien kinh, con i ng ch
c trieu than trong coi s nghiep dch kinh, t nhieu eu
co lien quan en y o va ke. Co luc quan vng than
hanh en chu tr buoi le khi s phien dch, e bieu th s
ton trong cong viec ay. Do o cong tac dch kinh dan dan
bien thanh cong viec chuyen mon cua thieu so ai c
cao tang va cac trieu than quyen qu.
a i T A n t tam ta ng pha p s truye n quye n 6 vie t:
Pha p s la i ta u ra ng: Huye n Tra ng t Ta y V c c
Pha n ba n hn 600 bo , cha dch c l i na o, nay bie t
ra ng pha Nam nu i Tung Nha c, pha Ba c nu i Thie u Tha t
co chu a Thie u La m, xa ni tho n xo m o n a o, suo i r ng
thanh va ng, do Hie u Va n e i Ha u Ngu y kie n ta o, la
ni dch kinh cu a Tam ta ng Bo -e -lu-chi, Huye n Tra ng
xin v quo c gia e n o phie n dch, mong c nghe
chie u ch. Vua no i: Kho ng ca n pha i nu i, t sau khi
Tha y phng Ta y tr ve , v muo n la m vui lo ng tha i
ha u, tra m a kie n ta o chu a Hoa ng Phu c ta i Ta y Kinh,

102
chu a co thie n vie n ra t thanh va ng, pha p s co the e n o
phie n dch. Pha p s la i ta u ra ng: Ba ta nh kho ng bie t,
tha y Huye n Tra ng t phng Ta y tr ve , muo n ga p ma t
cho bie t, tha nh ra na o nhie t, ne u kho ng vi pha m ky
cng, th cu ng b tr nga i pha p s , mong c o ng c a
e e pho ng nh ng lo i la m. Vua ra t vui, no i: Y kie n
na y cu a Tha y co the ba o la l i no i e gi mnh, va y ha y
la m nh the .
ai s Huyen Trang xin rieng ng Thai Tong phai
ngi en gi gn dch trng, muc ch la nham xa lanh s
hieu ky cua ba tanh lam phng hai en cong tac dch
kinh. Cach x s ta ho nh kieu ngao, xem thng ngi
khac, chang oai en nhan tnh, nhng o lai la mot van e
ln ang ton tai luc bay gi: mot nhan vat noi tieng ng
thi kho tranh khoi hap dan nhieu ngi nghe tieng ma
en quay nhieu mot cach vo ch. Ong chap nhan hnh thc
mot tieu dch trng ong ca, that la mot s bat ac d.
Luc ong dch kinh, tuy nghiem tuc c tuyet nhng ke nhan
roi en xem, nhng th gi giang kinh th lai m ra kha
nhieu, nh trong quyen 7 cung sach tren noi:
Vao thang 5, nam Trinh Quan 23, phap s ve chua
T An, t o tr i, chuyen lo dch kinh, khong ph mot
chut th gi. Moi ngay t at thi khoa, neu ban ngay ban
cong viec, lam cha xong, th ban em tiep tuc lam en
qua cho anh dau mi dng but. Khi xep kinh roi th le
Phat, hanh ao, en canh ba mi ngu, sang canh nam lai
103
thc day, oc tung Phan ban, anh dau th t e sang
sm phien dch. Moi ngay hai thi, khi tho trai xong va
luc hoang hon, phap s giang nhng kinh luan va mi
phien dch, ong thi giai ap nhng thac mac cua cac
hoc Tang cac chau quan en nghe giang.
3. Cac chc vu tai dch trng
Tai dch trng co cac chc vu sau ay:
(1) Dch chu , ngoi v tr chnh, tuyen xng Phan van.
(2) Chng ngha, ngoi ben trai, cung ban luan Phan
van vi dch chu.
(3) Chng van, ngoi ben phai, nghe dch chu oc ln
Phan van, xem co sai sot g khong.
(4) Th t (viet ch), v hoc Tang chuyen ve Phan
van, nghe oc Phan van roi phien am ra ch Han.
(5) But tho, dch ngha nhng am tieng Phan tren
thanh tieng Hoa.
(6) Xuyet van, uc ket van t thanh cau co ngha.
(7) Tham dch, tham khao van t cua Thien Truc va
Trung Quoc, tranh s lam lan.
(8) San nh, trau chuot nhng cho rm ra thanh
cau van on nh.
(9) Nhuan van, ngoi pha Nam, quan l Tang
chung, lo viec nhuan sac.

104
Tang chung hang ngay tam ra sach se, oai nghi te
chnh, ba y va toa cu ay u, cac vat dung can thiet khac
eu do quan Hu ty cung cap.
3.1. Chu dch
Chu dch la nhan vat linh hon cua trng dch, chc
vu nay a xuat hien rat sm, lo chu tr cong tac dch kinh,
neu thieu v chu dch th khong the hnh thanh dch
trng. Chu dch cung goi la dch chu, nhng danh
xng dch chu mi xuat hien ve sau.
Chuyen Phuc Le trong Tong cao tang truyen quyen
17 noi: Thch Phuc Le, ngi Kinh Trieu, ho Hoang
Phu, xuat gia t nho, chua Hng Thien. Khi Tam tang
a-ba-ha-la, That-xoa-nan-a dch cac kinh ai trang
nghiem, Hoa nghiem, eu co lenh vua sai Le cung phien
dch; viec chon van, chuot ngha eu do ong am trach.
The nen cong viec phien dch i ng ong la ngi
chu yeu, v vay Tue Lap goi ong la dch chu. Do o, ten
goi dch chu bat au t ong vay.
Ten dch chu xuat hien khoang nam Vnh Long
th 2 (681) i ng Cao Tong, cho nen ten goi nay co
mat sau khi Huyen Trang qua i.
But gia a tm khap trong s lieu dch kinh thi xa
cua Trung Quoc, cha tng phat hien cai ten chu dch,
ma ch co ba ten goi la minh tng, vi chu, nguyen tng,
105
nham ch cho nhan vat chu nao trong cong tac dch kinh,
nhng khong phai la mot chc danh chuyen mon.
Co the no i Cu-ma-la-tha p la nhan va t kie t xua t,
v tr so mo t, so hai trong lch s dch kinh ta i Trung
Quo c. S d ba n dch cu a o ng muo n i va n m i me ,
nha n c s tha n phu c cu a ng i i sau, la nh o ng
tua n thu nghie m nha t nguye n ta c Kinh na o kho ng
tho ng ngha ly th kho ng phie n dch. Trong Cao ta ng
truye n quye n 2, chuye n Pha t-a -da-xa no i: La-tha p
nghe Da-xa e n Co Ta ng, khuye n Die u Hng nghinh
tie p Da-xa , nhng Hng cha th c hie n. t la u sau, Hng
ra le nh dch kinh a y, Thap no i: Pha m hoa ng dng gia o
pha p th pha i tho ng hie u va n ngha, ba n a o tuy tu ng
va n a y, ma cha tho ng ngha ly , ch co Pha t-a -da-xa la
a t c die u ch. Nay o ng ta i Co Ta ng, xin be ha ha y
ban chie u go i o ng. Ng i dch kinh pha i ca n nha c mo t
ca u va n e n ba la n ro i m i ha bu t, nh the nh ng l i no i
a n ma t trong kinh kho ng thie u so t, do va y ng i i sau
m i co the tin t ng.
Phat ien Han dch c chuyen dch t Phan van
sang Han van. V ai s chu dch le ra phai tinh thong ca
hai ngon ng ay mi co the phoi hp gia hai ben, hoan
thanh tot nhiem vu, nhng s thc khong hoan toan nh
vay. Co nhng ai s chu dch thong ca Phan va Han,
nhng cung co ngi ch tinh thong Phan van. Nhng v ay
co tinh thong Han ng hay khong chnh la nhan to chu yeu

106
quyet nh gia tr cua ban dch cao hay thap. Do o, mac
du s ieu luyen Han ng khong phai la ieu kien tat yeu
cua v ai s chu dch, nhng no co anh hng rat sau xa.
La-thap tng lam ke tang Sa-mon Phap Hoa nh sau:
Tam sn duc minh c,
Lu ang van do-dien,
Ai loan co ong thng,
Thanh am triet cu thien.
( nui nuoi c sang,
Tieng tam vang dam xa,
Loan keu tren ngo ong,
Tieng vang chn tang may.)
Pham nhng bai ke cua La-thap lam li le eu nh vay.
Ong c Dieu Hng thnh cau viet Bao tng luan
2 quyen, ong thi chu thch kinh Duy-ma, noi ra thanh
van chng, khong can g phai got dua, ma ngon t rat
nhuan nhuyen va vo cung huyen ao.
Cac v truyen dch eu lay Quat-a lam ien hnh, v
Quat-a biet nhieu th tieng, va hieu nhieu phong tuc
khac nhau, nen tuy nghi van dung ngon t, khong can
ngi thong dch. Ong nam vng but phap, khi at but th
viet thanh cau van chnh xac, y t tron ven, nhng ngi
bien tap (but tho) khong ton hao sc lc, rat ang ke tha
s nghiep cua cac bac tien boi [chuyen Xa-na-quat-a
trong Cao tang truyen].
107
Con chuyen Huyen Trang, quye n 4 cung sach ay th bao:
Nhng ban phien dch hien gi eu viet theo li
dch cua Huyen Trang, y t chuan xac, xuat ngon thanh
chng, ngi khac theo o ma viet, oc nghe trn tru.
a/ ai s chu dch que ngoai quoc
Cao tang truyen quyen 1, chuyen Tang-gia-bat-
trng viet: Phat-o-la-sat khong biet la ngi nc nao,
co c nghiep thuan tuy, xem khap Kinh ien, en chi
lau Trung o, am tng Han ngon, ong dch Phan van ra
Han van, c ngi i xem trong.
b/ ai s chu dch la ngoai kieu
Cac ai s chu dch nay sinh trng tai at Han t
be, co c hoi tiep thu Han ng lao luyen tng ng vi
ngi Trung Quoc, do vay trnh o Han ng cua ho chang
thua kem g ngi Trung Quoc, nh Cao tang truyen
quyen 1, chuyen Truc Phap Ho viet: Truc Phap Ho la
ngi Nhuc Chi, goc gac ho Chi, nhieu i on
Hoang, xem rong sau kinh, thch dao chi vi bay tch
(sach v).
Cac v nay lai thuoc nhng nhan s kieu c ( tro),
hoan canh hoc tap tieng Ho, Phan so vi ngi Trung
Quoc nhieu thuan li hn, chang han nh Truc Phap Ho,
luc au th thay la sa-mon Truc Cao Toa, von la ngi
ngoai quoc, sau o lai theo thay du lch Tay Vc, hoc
khap 36 th tieng ngoai quoc khac nhau, viec nay xem

108
ban truyen se ro, do the, khi dch kinh Tay cam Ho ban,
mieng dch li Tan ma khong phai nh ngi khac phien
dch lai. ong thi Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 13,
chuyen Truc Thuc Lan noi:
Truc Thuc Lan, ngi goc Thien Truc. Cha me ong
cung i vi hai Sa-mon en nc Tan, roi dng chan Ha
Nam, sinh ra Thuc Lan. Thuc Lan t be a thong tue,
theo hai cau (tc hai sa-mon) hoc hoi kinh phap, nghe
mot lan la to ngo, rat gioi noi va viet ch Ho va Han,
thong thao ca van s. Vao khoang nam au Nguyen
Khang i Tan, ong dch kinh Phong quang va kinh Duy-
ma-cat hn mi van li, nh hoc ca Ho Han nen dch
ngha rat tinh luyen.
Hn na, Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 2, chuyen Xa-
na-quat-a viet: at-ma-bat-nha, ngi Tuy goi la Phap
Tr, cha ong ten la Bat-nha-lu-chi, von la ngi nc
Trung Thien (Truc), lu lac en pha ong, chu anh
hng phong tuc cua ngi Trung Hoa, c lu truyen
nhieu i, nen a lam quen vi viec phien dch. Phap Tr
rat lao luyen phng ngon, cam ban van t dch, khong
nh ngi khac lam thong ngon.
c/ ai s chu dch la ngi trong nc
ai bieu cho loai ai s dch Kinh nay la Huyen
Trang va Ngha Tnh. Cac v nay von la ngi Trung
Quoc, tinh thong Han ng, ma con qua An o lau nam,
nen Phan van rat thong thao, noi chung, ca Phan Han eu
109
tinh thong, do the, tai dch trng cua cac v nay khong can
at ra v thong ngon na.
ai s chu dch trong mot khoang thi gian nhat
nh, ch chuyen tam phien dch mot bo kinh chnh thc
nao o, song cung li dung sc lc va th gi con lai e
dch nhng bo kinh khac. Chang han Khai nguyen luc
quyen 8 chep rang: ai s Huyen Trang dch 100 quyen
Du-gia s a luan, bat au ngay 15 thang 5 nam Trinh
Quan 20 tai vien dch kinh chua Hoang Phuc, va cham
dt ngay 15 thang 5 nam Trinh Quan 22. Nhng trong
khoang thi gian nay ai s con dch them mot so kinh
luan khac sau ay:
(1) ai tha ngu uan luan 1 quyen: Dch ngay 24
thang 2 nam Trinh Quan 21, tai vien phien kinh chua
Hoang Phuc.
(2) Nhiep ai tha luan vo tanh thch 10 quyen: Bat
au dch ngay 1 thang 3 nam Trinh Quan 21, tai vien phien
kinh chua Hoang Phuc, en ngay 17 thang 6 nam Trinh
Quan 23 th hoan tat tai vien phien kinh chua ai T An.
(3) Giai tham mat kinh 5 quyen: Bat au dch ngay
18 thang 5 nam Trinh Quan 21, tai chua Hoang Phuc, en
ngay 13 thang 7 th hoan tat.
(4) Nhan minh nhap chanh ly luan 1 quyen: Dch
ngay 6 thang 8 nam Trinh Quan 21, tai vien phien kinh
chua Hoang Phuc.

110
(5) Thien thnh van kinh 1 quyen: Dch ngay 20
thang 3 nam Trinh Quan 22, tai vien phien kinh chua
Hoang Phuc.
Ngoa i ra, Cu-ma-la-tha p cu ng cu ng lu c dch nhie u
bo kinh lua n, nh Xua t tam ta ng ky ta p quye n 10 va a i
tr o lua n ky vie t: Nga y 20 tha ng 12 na m Ta n S u
nie n hie u Hoa ng Th th 3 i Die u Ta n, (La-tha p) e n
Tr ng An. Va o mu a ha na m Hoa ng Th th t, theo l i
thnh ca u cu a Die u Thie n Vng, o ng dch Thch Lua n
tre n ga c pha Ta y v n Tie u Die u, e n nga y 27 tha ng
12 na m th 7 th hoa n ta t. Trong th i gian a y, o ng cu ng
dch ca c bo kha c nh: Thie n kinh, Gi i lua t, Ba ch lua n,
Thie n pha p ye u gia i khoa ng 500.000 l i. Nhng a i
pha m kinh 40 quye n va a i tr o lua n th cu ng dch mo t
lu c, chu ye u la kinh, lua n cu ng dch, e d a va o o ma
o i chie u ca hai be n, nh va y m i hie u nh nh ng sai
so t cu a ba n dch cu .
3.2. o ng, chng Phan van, chng
Phan ngha
Ba cng v o ng, chng Phan van, chng Phan
ngha tai dch trng von ng ri nhau, nhng ba cng
v nay lai co mot ac sac chung. Trong lch s dch Kinh,
ho la nhng ngi tinh thong Phan van, va trach nhiem ho
am nhan cung lien quan mat thiet vi nhau.
111
o ng la mot v ma ta thng thay tai dch trng,
nh Cao tang truyen quyen mot, chuyen Chi-sam viet:
(Truc Phat Soc) a ra kinh Ban chau tam-muoi vao nam
Quang Hoa th 2 tai Lac Dng, e cho Sam phien dch.
Tai v ai s chu dch khong thong Han ng, cho nen neu
nh khong at ra v nay th khong the c. Trai lai, neu
ai s chu dch kiem thong Phan Han, th co the giam bt
v nay. tren a dan Tong cao tang truyen quyen 3 cua
Tan Ninh th t o ng co hai cach goi rieng biet la
dch ng va truyen ng. Ky thc ten khac cua no rat
nhieu, co luc goi la truyen tuc ng nhan, nh ai chnh
tang tap 32, Dieu hng thch ma-ha dien luan noi: Gap
ngi phien dch la Phu-e-ma-a Tam tang, truyen tuc
ng nhan la Lu Lien a va ngi chap but la Ta Hien
Kim. Co khi goi la tuyen dch hoac goi tat la dch,
that la nhieu cach, ta co the tm thay nhieu cho trong s
lieu Tang truyen.
Theo Cao tang truyen quyen 3 chep th nhiem vu cua
o ng la truyen o chuyen linh sinh giai chuyen
dch e ngi ta hieu c. Chnh v ai s chu dch oc
lai ch Phan e cho nhng ke tham d phien dch tai dch
trng co the lanh hoi c y ngha cua Kinh.
Cao ta ng truye n quye n 2 che p ra ng khi La-tha p sa p
la m chung ca o bie t Ta ng chu ng nh sau: To i vo n a m
o n, ba t a c d c tham d phie n dch, a dch c
hn 300 quye n kinh lua n. Cao ta ng truye n quye n 2,

112
chuye n a m-vo -sa m th ba o: Sa m ngh ra ng mnh cha
am t ng tie ng a phng, la i kho ng co ng i tho ng
ngo n, s l i va n tra i v i ly , ne n kho ng chu dch ngay
khi a y.
3.3. But tho, xuyet van, nhuan van,
chanh t, chng ngha va hieu kham
But tho, xuyet van, nhuan van, chanh t, chng ngha
va hieu kham la sau chc vu chuyen mon thng thay tai
cac dch trng. Nhiem vu cua ho am trach thng
khong giong nhau, nhng oi tng ma ho x ly th muc
tieu ch la mot, ngha la sa cha cao ban Phat ien va
phien dch. Trong qua trnh dch kinh, ta co the xem nh
ho lam viec trong cung mot thi gian.
a. But tho: La mo t ch c vu ra t xa xa, ch c vu na y
va chu dch pha t sinh cu ng mo t lu c, hai t na y cu ng
mo t the ma co hai ca ch go i. T xa e n nay ba t lua n la
loa i hnh dch tr ng na o cu ng e u a p du ng phng
pha p dch gia ng o ng th i. a i s chu dch ca m ba n
tie ng Pha n dch ra tie ng Ha n, ro i v bu t tho che p ra
tha nh Ha n va n.
Va o i To ng, bu t tho ch th c la ng i no i tho ng
tie ng Hoa va Pha n. Pha t to tho ng ky quye n 43 vie t:
Th t la vie t ch , v chuye n vie n tie ng Pha n nghe
Pha n va n ro i phie n a m thanh ch Hoa. V du nh ban
a u phie n a m ch Pha n hrdaya tha nh nga t-ly -e -da ,
113
stra tha nh to -a t-la m, sau o v bu t tho em nga t-
ly -e -da dch la i tha nh tam, em to -a t-la m dch la i
tha nh kinh. Nh va y, lu c a u dch Kinh tr c he t la dch
a m tie ng Pha n, sau o m i dch ra Ha n va n.
V du nh ch Pha n Bhagavat phie n am la Ba c-gia -
pha m. Lua n a i tr o no i: To n hie u cu a c Nh Lai co vo
l ng te n, no i to m ta t th co sa u loai, Ba c-gia -pha m la go i
chung, ngha la ca i e p cu a mo i c tnh, la to n knh to t
b c. Nga y xa dch Ba c-gia -pha m la The To n, The xua t,
The gian, bao ha m y ngha to n tro ng. Pha t a lua n tu ng
vie t: T ta i, x tha nh va oan nghie m, danh xng, ca t t ng
cu ng to n qu, go m sa u y ngha kha c nhau nh va y, ne n bie t
o la to ng hie u Ba c-gia -pha m. T ng na y go m nhie u
ngha, ne n ng i dch Kinh pha i gi la i a m Pha n. Cha ng
ha n t A-di-a mo i ni dch mo i khac:
- Thanh tnh bnh ang giac kinh dch la Vo lng
thanh tnh Phat.
- Vo lng tho kinh dch la Vo lng tho Phat.
- Xng tan tnh o kinh dch la Vo lng tho va Vo
lng quang.
* Cac vua chua tham d phien dch
Die u Hng: Cao ta ng truyen quye n 2, chuye n La-tha p
no i: Die u Hng la i sai o ng dch ai pham, La-tha p ca m

114
ba n ch Phan, Hng ca m ba n kinh cu , so sa nh e kie u
chnh.
Lng Vu e: Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 1, chuyen
Tang-gia-ba-la viet: Ngay khi au dch kinh, Vu e
than hanh en phap toa tai ien Tho Quang, but tho van
ay, roi mi giao cho ngi dch, tiep tuc nh the cho en
het ban kinh. ong thi chuyen Bo-e-lu-chi cung
quyen cung noi: Luc au, Lu-chi vang lenh Tuyen Vu
Hoang e phien dch Luan thap a, vua ra lenh ong chia
phan dch cho moi ngay, roi ch than chep thanh van,
giao cho Sa-mon Tang Bien, (lam nh vay) cho en het
luan van.
Thie n Ha u (Vo Ta c Thie n): To ng cao ta ng truyen
quye n 2, truye n That-xoa-nan-a vie t: Thie n Ha u ch
than e n pha p to a, m ba n va n ra, tr c he t du ng vie t e te n
pha m, ro i m i giao cho sa-mo n Phu c Le , Phap Ta ng.
Trung Ton: Tong cao tang truyen quyen 1, chuyen
Ngha Tnh viet: Vua en phap dien (ban lam viec), t
tay viet ra.
Cac vua chua nh Dieu Hng, Lng Vu, Thien
Hau, Trung Ton au co nhat nh la thong thao Phan
van, ta co the oan nh vay, ma van tham d but tho,
chang qua la en chu tr buoi le m au phien dch co
tnh cach tng trng, e bieu th viec lam o long trong
115
ma thoi, cung chang phai la nham chc tai dch trng t
au en cuoi.
b. Xuyet van: Tong cao tang truyen quyen 3 bao
xuyet van la ten khac cua but tho. Con Phat to thong
ky quyen 43 th lap rieng ra mot v xuyet van, v nay
kiem tra lai van t, e thanh cau co ngha. Chang han v
but tho viet Chieu kien ngu uan b t tanh khong kien
th. Gi ay ngi xuyet van chep lai thanh Chieu
kien ngu uan giai khong. ai khai th t tieng Phan
phan nhieu nang trc, s sau, nh niem Phat viet la Phat
niem, anh chuong la chuong anh, cho nen phai sap xep
van t lai cho phu hp vi van cua x nay.
Phat to thong ky quyen 43 viet: V th chn la nhuan
van, quan xuyen Tang chung, ngoi hng ve phng Nam,
tham d nhuan sac roi chu thch: Nh cau o nhat thiet
kho ach trong Tam kinh, nguyen ban tieng Phan khong co;
va cau th co khong trung, hai ch th co trong ban ch
Phan khong co.
c. Nhuan van: Cung goi la nhuan sac, co luc nhan
kiem nhiem chc khac nen goi la th van nhuan sac.
d. Chanh t: ai khai chanh t khi au t dch
trng cua Huyen Trang. Huyen ng la nhan vat ai bieu
kiet xuat, tac pham Nhat thiet kinh am ngha hien con la
ban ghi chep khi ong am nhiem cong viec chanh t. Tieu
s cua ong nam ghe trong chuyen cua Thch Tr Qua

116
thuoc Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 30, ch co 26 ch, that la
gian lc. Khai nguyen luc quyen 8 co tieu truyen cua
ong, noi dung tng oi chi tiet. Sach nay bao Van t cua
ong khoang at, li noi ang lam quy pham. Lai noi:
Vao nam cuoi nien hieu Trinh Quan, co lenh vua trieu
ong tham gia phien dch, chnh on kinh ban, soan ra that
luc, nhan phien dch ma tm toi, thau thap trong tang kinh,
chep ra am ngha, chu thch de hieu, vien dan t lieu,
chng c ro rang va sang sua. Gan ay co Tran Tan Hoi
trong sach Trung Quoc Phat giao s khai luan quyen 3
bnh luan ve noi dung va the tai cua hai bo sach ay nh
sau: Hai bo sach nay la the loai giai thch van trong kinh
ien, chep ra nhng ch kho hieu trong Kinh van, roi chu
am giai thch ro di; lai dan rong sach v va truyen ky
e chng minh, lam cho van trong Kinh ien cang them ro
rang. Ong trch dan sach v va giai thch ien tch co hang
tram th, ngay nay phan nhieu a mat mat. Moi khi co cau
van khac la, ong eu so sanh hieu nh ay u. V vay,
nhng ngi mi nghien cu, muon hieu nh va kiem tra
nhng sai sot eu xem hai bo sach nay la bao vat.
Bai ta Nhat thiet kinh am ngha viet: Trieu nh ta
luc au co Sa-mon Huyen ng, sinh ra a biet, chang
kem cac bac tien boi, thong thao nhng ch khac la cua
ng va Phan, hieu ro nhng ch ky d cua xa nay,
soan mot bo Nhat thiet kinh am ngha gom 25 quyen, co
the noi o la mot tang pham cho an hau tan, lam sang r
117
cac bac tien hien, la cau o vt qua b ngan, la cha
khoa e m cac phap mon.
e. Chng ngha: La chc vu ma cac dch trng i
ng, Tong eu thiet lap. Tong cao tang truyen quyen 3
viet: Chng ngha la xac chng ngha a giai thch trong
ban van a dch. Nh khi dch T-ba-sa luan co Tue Tung,
ao Lang v.v gom 300 ngi khao chanh van ngha.
Phuc Le, Lung Trng i ng tng nhieu lan am
nhiem viec nay. ai khai viec chng ngha bat nguon t
viec khao chanh van ngha tai cac dch trng la the.
Chng ngha va chng Phan ngha khong giong
nhau, chng Phan ngha thuoc ve Phat ien cha dch
thanh Han van, la giai oan cung vi chu dch can nhac
kinh ngha cua Phan van; con chng ngha la cong viec
sau khi a dch thanh Han van, xac chng lai ngha cua
Phat ien Han van, xem co phan anh chnh xac nguyen
ngha cua Phat ien hay khong.
f. Hieu kham: Tong cao tang truyen quyen 3 noi:
Hieu kham la chc vu rat xa xa, co trach nhiem oi
chieu van a dch. Trc i Tuy, Ngan Ton tham nh
van ngha, v tnh ong rat than trong. Phat to thong ky
quyen 43 viet: San nh la cat bo nhng th rm ra va
them vao nhng cho thieu sot e cho cau van on nh,
nh vo vo minh vo minh, tha hai ch vo minh, phai cat

118
bo; hay nh thng chanh bien tri, tren ch thng thieu
mat ch vo, phai them vao.
Trc i Tuy, ng, s phan cong tai dch trng
cha chat che nen cong tac hieu kham c xem la het
sc trong yeu trong qua trnh dch kinh.
3.4. Khuyen tr, an viet, giam dch,
phan bai
a/ Khuyen tr, an viet: Khuyen tr co ngha la
khuyen hoa tan tr. Tieng Phan Dnapati c phien am
la a-na-bat-e, dch ngha la Th chu. a-na dch la th,
bat-e dch la chu. Khi dch la an viet la cach dch
khong chnh xac, v lc bo ch na, gi lai ch a, nhng
chuyen thanh an, roi them ch viet, y noi ao do thc
hanh th xa ma co the vt khoi ban cung. Tuy cach van
dung nh the la vi dieu, nhng van la sai ban chanh
[Ngha Tnh, Nam hai ky quy noi phap truyen quyen 1,
chu thch ieu tho trai quy tac].
Pham nhng ai phat tam bo th tai vat eu goi la
khuyen tr, an viet.
b/ Giam dch: Cong tac dch Kinh dan dan bien
thanh cong viec cua nha nc, tat ca kinh ph ma dch
trng s dung eu do trieu nh cung cap. Van e nay
gan nh mot quy nh ng nhien cua cac i ng,
Tong. Do o cac bac quan vng a tr thanh ai an
viet thc s. Nhng cac bac quan vng hang ngay giai
119
quyet tram cong nghn viec khong ranh th gi en dch
trng xem xet cong viec, nen phai sai cac ai than thay
mat mnh en coi soc nhng viec ay, va goi la ngi
giam nh hay giam ho. Hn na, neu nh v giam
nh, giam ho ma kiem nhiem luon ca cong viec nhuan
sac Kinh van th goi la giam duyet.
Tong cao tang truyen quyen 3 noi: i Hau Chau
co Bnh Cao cong Hau Tho lam Tong giam kiem hieu,
i ng co Phong Lng cong lam giam ho phap s
Huyen Trang, ke en co cac v Ha Quan, Dng Than
Giao, o Hanh Ngi them vao chc vu ay.
c/ Phan bai: Du ng a m ie u cao e o c qua mo t bie n
nh ng Kinh m i dch xem co e m tai xuo i mie ng hay kho ng,
v kinh Pha t la th ng du ng e tu ng nie m [Pha t to tho ng ky
quye n 43].
3.5. Thien ta tan noi, kham nh nhap
tang, giai toa (Vie t ro ra ng da ng le n e vua phe
chua n ro i a va o a i Ta ng, xong th gia i to a)
Trong s nghiep dch kinh, trc khi quoc hu hoa,
mot bo kinh t khi bat au phien dch cho en khi hieu
nh hoan tat mi c xem la cong viec hoan thanh, bay
gi mi giai tan dch trng.
en i ng, s nghiep dch Kinh hoan toan do
nha nc thc hien. Mot bo Kinh c bien tap hoan
thanh tr nen nh ban, phan nhieu trai qua hai cong oan

120
viet chep ro rang roi dang len vua e vua phe chuan ma
a vao ai Tang. Thien ta tan noi ngha la v ai than
giam dch em ban Kinh va mi dch dang len cho vua
xem. Con kham nh nhap tang ngha la phung ch em
ban Kinh mi dch bien tap roi a vao ai tang kinh, sau
o mi c phep em truyen ba ra ben ngoai.
Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 5, chuyen Huyen Trang
viet: Nam Trinh Quan 25, nha vua en cung Ngoc Hoa,
cho mi Huyen Trang en, hoi ong phien dch Kinh Luan
g, Huyen Trang ap: Dch Luan Du-gia. Vua hoi: V
Thanh nao trc tac? Noi ve ngha ly g? Khi a c tra
li ay u, vua ben bao a bo luan cho mnh oc, roi ha
chieu bao phien dch Kinh Luan khac, ong thi sai ngi
viet thanh chn ban e a en chn chau ln la: Ung, Lac,
Tng, Duyen, Dng v.v Trang lai xin vua viet li ta
cho Kinh, vua ben viet bai ta ten la ai ng tam tang
thanh giao t. Roi vua truyen lenh a vao ai tang e lu
hanh, sau o cho phep giai tan dch trng.

*
* *

121

Chng IV
LY LA N O|CH KNH
Ly luan dch kinh la phep tac dch kinh cua gii
Tang l do thc te tham d cong viec lau ngay roi dan
dan rut ra thanh nhng nguyen tac. Nhng nguyen tac
nay sau o c ieu chnh hp ly, chang han ao An co
ngu that ban, tam bat d, Ngan Ton co bat b, Huyen
Trang co ngu chung bat phien, Tan Ninh co luc le.
Ly luan dch kinh va s dch kinh quan he vi nhau
rat mat thiet. Ta co the lien tng en qua trnh phat trien
van hoc th se thay ro. Tac pham van hoc co trc roi mi
phat sinh ly luan van hoc. Do o, s dch kinh va ly luan
dch kinh cung nh vay. Viec e xuat ly luan dch kinh la
do nhng ngi chuyen mon dch thuat, chang han La-
thap, Huyen Trang la nhng v ai s chu dch toi u, con
ao An, Ngan Ton cung la nhng nhan vat chu nao cua
dch trng. Nhng ly luan ma ho e xuat la ban ve
nhng kinh nghiem trong cong tac thc te.

122
1. Ly luan dch kinh cua ao An
Ngu that ban, tam bat d la ly luan dch kinh rat cu
the ma ao An a trnh bay trong bai ta bo Ma-ha-bat-la-
nha ba-la-mat kinh sao vao nam Kien Nguyen 18 (382).
a/ Ngu that ban (5 ieu mat goc)
Dch van Tay Truc sang van Trung Hoa co nam ieu
mat goc, o la:
(1) Tieng Tay Truc ao lon v tr ma phai chuyen
oi cho phu hp vi van phap tieng Hoa, o la ieu mat
goc th nhat.
(2) Kinh van Tay Truc chuong thc cha t ma ngi
Trung Quoc th a van hoa, co van hoa mi tham nhap
tam hon moi ngi. Neu khong co van hoa th khong
thch hp, o la ieu mat goc th hai.
(3) Kinh cua Tay Truc rat la rot rao, ngay ca nhng
li ngam vnh ma lap i lap lai en ba, bon lan cung
khong ngai phien phc, ma khi dch th phai cat bo, o la
ieu mat goc th ba.
(4) Van Tay Truc kem theo giai thch y ngha, co ve
rm ra, lap lai nhng ieu a noi trc en nam, ba
lan, ma khi dch th phai cat bo, o la ieu mat goc th t.
(5) Khi viec a hoan thanh, lai e cap tr lai e noi
tiep oan sau, nhng khi dch th phai loai tr nhng th
ay, o la ieu mat goc th nam.
123
Gan ay, L Trng a giai thch ve ngu that ban
trong chng ba sach Trung Quoc Phat giao t tng khai
lun nh sau: Noi mot cach n gian th co nam tnh huong
lam cho ban dch khong the nhat tr vi nguyen ban:
(1) Ve mat ng phap can phai thch hp vi ket cau
cua Trung van.
(2) V e thch hp vi tap quan thch van hoa cua
ngi Trung Quoc nen can phai trau chuot van t.
(3) oi vi nhng cau trung phc cua loai ke tung
can phai gia tam cat bo bt.
(4) Phai got giua nhng ke tung c lap i lap lai
nhieu lan.
(5) Van e a noi qua roi, en khi e cap sang van
e khac lai lap lai oan van tren mot lan na, trng hp
nay cung phai cat bo.
b/ Tam bat d (3 ieu khong de)
(1) Nh kinh Bat-nha, bac Thanh tuy thi dung cai
tam tam at
1
, cai li phu dien
2
e dien ta, ma
phong tuc moi thi moi khac, nay phai cat bo nhng khai
niem co knh thanh nha ay e thch hp vi ng thi,
o la ieu khong de th nhat.

1
Ch cho ba minh cua Phat.
2
Ch li rong dai cua Phat.

124
(2) Ngu tr cach nhau nghn trung, Thanh nhan thuoc
mot lnh vc rieng, ngay nay ta muon em li noi vi dieu
cao ca cua nghn nam trc chuyen dch cho phu hp vi
phong tuc thap kem cua tram ho ngay nay, o la ieu
khong de th hai.
(3) A-nan ket tap kinh ien, cach Phat cha lau. Ton
gia ai Ca-diep lanh ao 500 v La-han luc thong, xet
duyet nhieu lan roi mi ghi chep. Ngay nay chung ta cach
Phat hang ngan nam ma muon em y rieng tho thien
lng nh roi cat bo. Cac bac A-la-han kia trang nghiem
ngan ay, con chung ta la nhng ke tam thng con b sinh
t, ha co the lam cho nhng ngi khong biet chanh phap
phan chan c ? o la ieu khong de th ba vay.
L Trng giai thch ve ba ieu khong de oi vi tnh
huong phien dch la:
(1) Kinh ien von la giao phap Phat tuy theo thi ai
ma thuyet giang, ma thi the phong tuc xa nay khong
giong nhau, neu muon cho phong tuc thi xa thch hp
vi thi hien ai la ieu khong de dang chut nao.
(2) Muon em nhng li noi vi dieu, ngha ly uyen
tham cua bac Thanh tr thuyet giang e chuyen dch cho
nhng ke pham ngu lanh hoi - ma thi gian cach xa ngan
ay - o cung la ieu khong phai de.
125
(3) Khi xa nhng ngi chep kinh eu la nhng bac
ai tr co than thong, ma nay a cho mot nhom ngi bnh
thng phien dch, o la mot viec lam khong phai de dang.
Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 15, ban chuyen cua ao
An viet: ao An thong thao cac sach v ngoai ien, rat
gioi van chng, con em cua cac quan chc Trng An
co lam thi phu eu lay ao An lam chuan mc, va rat ca
ngi ong. Khi ong luan ban ve thi phu vi hoc s Dng
Hoang Trung th rat la phong nha, va eu at en cho tot
cung cua ngha ly.
Qua o ta thay hoc van cua ao An rat uyen tham,
nhng bai ta va bat cua ong hien con toan dung the van
bien ngau ien nha e viet, the hien phong cach cua van
phai i Luc Trieu, co the noi la van at en mc tot nh.
Tuy e xuat nhng ly luan nh tren, nhng khi ban
ve phng phap dch thuat th ao An bao la co the tuy
thi tu chnh, khong nhat thiet phai tuan theo nhng quy
tac cng nhac.
* Tom tat oi net tieu s cua ao An
- ao An sinh tai huyen Phu Lieu, Thng Sn, nam
Vnh Gia th 6 (312) i vua Hoai e nha Tan.
- Nam Ham Khang nguyen nien (335) i vua
Thanh e nha Tan, ong c 23 tuoi, th Phat o Trng
lam thay va theo hoc Kinh ien.

126
- Nam Vnh Hoa th 5 (349) i vua Muc e nha
Tan, Thach Tuan mi ong vao vn Hoa Lam, sau o t
nan en nui Phi Long.
- Nam Vnh Hoa th 10 (354) i vua Muc e nha
Tan, luc 42 tuoi, ong lap chua tai Hang Sn Thai Hanh,
sau o vang chieu en Vu Ap.
- Nam Thang Bnh nguyen nien (357) i vua Muc
e nha Tan, luc 45 tuoi, ong tr ve lai K Bo, chua Tho
o, nhng ve sau lai i ve pha tay en nui Khien Khau,
roi en nui Nh Lam Vng Oc, sau lai qua song en
Luc Hon.
- Nam Hng Ninh th ba (365) i vua Ai e nha
Tan, luc 53 tuoi, ho Mo Dung cp lay Ha Nam, ong ve
Tng Dng.
- Nam Kien Nguyen th 15 (379), ao An i vao
Trng An, luc bay gi mi bat au ket duyen vi s
nghiep dch Kinh, t trc en nay nhng Phat ien ma
ong nghien cu eu la nhng ban dch cua ngi trc, v
ban than ao An von khong thong Phan van.
- Nam Kien Nguyen th 21 (385) i vua Phu Kien,
tc nam Thai Nguyen th 10 i vua Hieu Vu e nha
Tan, ao An vien tch tai Trng An, hng tho 74 tuoi.
*
127
2. Ly luan dch kinh cua Cu-ma-la-thap
Cu-ma-la-thap theo L Quang en Lng Chau vao
nam Thai Nguyen th 10 (385), c tru ay 17 nam. V
cha con L Quang khong tin Phat phap, nen La-thap ch co
the om ap kien giai sau sac cua mnh ma khong co c hoi
hoang hoa [Cao tang truyen quyen 2, chuyen cua ong].
Vao ngay 20, thang 12, nam Hoang Th th 3 (401)
i Dieu Tan, vua Dieu Hng mi La-thap ve Trng An,
bay gi mi bat au khai trng viec dch kinh hoang
phap tai Trung Quoc. Luc nay ao An a vang sanh Tnh
o c 17 nam, nhng nhieu bac thac hoc cao c e t
cua ao An van con. Ho la thanh phan cot loi tr giup
La-thap trong cong trnh v ai nay. en nam Hoang Th
mi mot (409) La-thap nhap diet, viec dch kinh mi
nh ch. Nh vay, s nghiep dch kinh cua La-thap tai
Trng An c duy tr rc r suot chng ay nam la viec
lam trc ay cha tng co.
Ban dch cua La-thap c lu truyen rong rai va rat
c ca ngi, ve phng dien pho cap th cac ban dch i
sau eu khong the nao sanh kp. ay xin neu ra 2
trng hp e chng minh. Kim cng kinh toan yeu san
nh ky quyen 1 viet: Ban kinh nay do La-thap dch, cau
van lu loat, khien ngi ta thch nghe, cho en nay gia
tre ln be khap trong hoan vu khong ai la khong tho tr
kinh nay. Kinh kim cng la mot bo kinh trong he thong

128
kinh Bat-nha lu thong rat thnh hanh, ngoai tr ban dch
cua La-thap, con co nam v ai s khac cung dch, theo
th t la:
(1) Bo-e-lu-chi i Nguyen Nguy
(2) Chan e i Tran
(3) at-ma-cap-a i Tuy
(4) Huyen Trang i ng
(5) Ngha Tnh i ng
Trong cac dch gia ke tren, La-thap ong vai tro
lanh tu. Cau cho en nay gia tre ln be khap ca hoan vu
khong ai la khong tho tr kinh nay, cho thay sc hap dan
that to ln cua bo kinh ay, du trai qua thi gian th thach
lau dai van khong suy giam. Con sach Nhan vng ho
quoc Bat-nha-ba-la-mat kinh s than bao ky quyen 1 viet:
Nhng trong ba ban, ch s giai ban dch i Tan (cua La-
thap), con hai ban kia ch e ngi ta chiem ngng, v
ban dch cua La-thap rat u viet, t ly eu thong suot, nen
c ngi ng thi het sc ton trong.
Cau ke lu loat khien ngi ta thch nghe, t ly eu
thong suot chnh la nhng ac sac cua ban dch Ngai La-
thap, va cung la nhan to khien ngi ta yeu thch khong
the ri tay khi oc ban dch. Mot la li van lu loat, hai la
ngha ly chnh xac, khien ong c moi ngi ca ngi
sung thng tot bc. Mac du at c thanh qua ln lao
129
nh vay, nhng ong hoan toan khong to ra kieu hanh.
Khong nhng ong co trnh o Phat hoc uyen tham, co thai
o dch Kinh can man, ma con co kien giai dch kinh sieu
viet hn tien nhan. ieu ang tiec la nhng kien giai ay
ch thay c lu truyen lai rai rac trong cac Tang truyen
va trong cac li ta cua Kinh Luan do mon nhan viet, con
chnh ban than La-thap, ngoai tr nhng ban dch chng
minh, hoan toan khong trc tiep ghi lai y kien cua mnh
giong nh ao An.
Ly luan dch kinh cua La-thap co the tom tat quy nap
thanh ba iem: 1. Xem trong van hoa, 2. Cat giam va tang
bo kinh ien, 3. nh chnh ten goi cho ung s thc
Xem tro ng vie c trau chuo t va n chng la mo t trong
nh ng y kie n chu ye u cu a La-tha p. Truye n cu a o ng
trong Cao ta ng truye n quye n 2 no i: Lu c a u sa-mo n
Ta ng Due ta i tr cao minh th ng theo La-tha p, mo i la n
La-tha p ba n lua n v i o ng ve cho d o ng cu a the th c
ngo n t cu a Ta y phng no i ra ng: Theo phong tu c cu a
n c Thie n Tru c ra t coi trong vie c trau chuo t l i va n,
a m va n cu a no pha i tra m bo ng, phu h p v i nha c ie u
m i to t. He khi ye t kie n quo c vng th pha i ca ng i c
ha nh, co n khi chie m ng ng hnh a nh c Pha t th du ng
l i ta n tha n la qu. Nh ng ca u ke tu ng trong kinh e u
theo the th c a y. Nhng dch tie ng Pha n sang tie ng
Ta n, la m ma t i ca i tinh tu y cu a no , du c a i y th
va n tr nga i ve the va n, t a ho nhai cm ma su cho

130
ng i kha c, cha ng nh ng la m ma t hng v cu a no , ma
co n khie n cho ng i ta buo n no n.
Ve trnh o Phat hoc cua La-thap th at c ai
y hoan toan khong kho lam, o cung chnh la nang lc
hoan hao e thanh tu muc tieu phien dch ngha ly chnh
xac. Nhng neu nh La-thap ch bang long vi mc o ay
th chac chan khong the thanh tu s nghiep v ai bat hu
nghn thu nh the.
The nen, tiep them bc na yeu cau van dch phai
giong nh the thc ngon t cua Tay phng, ngha la rat
xem trong viec trau chuot li van, chang han nh
chuyen cua Tang Due trong Cao tang truyen quyen 6 noi:
Khi La-thap dch kinh, Due toi co tham d sa loi chnh
ta. Xa kia Truc Phap Ho dch Chanh phap hoa kinh tho
quyet pham co cau tri thay ngi, ngi thay tri. Luc
La-thap dch en cho ay, ben noi: Cau noi nay ung nh
ngon phong cua Tay Vc, nhng li van qua chat phac.
Tang Due tha: Hay la tri ngi giao tiep, hai ben thay
nhau? La-thap hoan h noi: ung nh vay. Mc o
lanh hoi cua ong ai loai eu nh the.
Cau tri thay ngi, ngi thay tri c xem la
chat phac ma khong phai que kech, nhng La-thap van
khong thoa man, cho rang qua chat phac, Tang Due ben
em no oi thanh ngi tri giao tiep, hai ben thay
nhau, va cau tra li cua La-thap ung nh vay, chng
to c ch hoan h ong y cua ong. ai khai loi phien dch
131
cua La-thap tng oi gan vi loai ng phap mot cau bon
ch pho bien luc bay gi, nhng them hai ch giao tiep
lai cang de dang thay ro y ngha tri ngi gap g va thong
cam nhau.
Tuy La-tha p chu trng trau chuo t l i va n, nhng
ba n dch cu a o ng c ca ng i kho ng pha i nh l i va n
hoa my . Khi chu ng to i kha o c u ve nguye n nha n khie n
cho ba n dch cu a o ng kho ng nha t tr v i ly lua n dch
kinh, a i kha i co the qui na p tha nh hai ie m:
a/ Ve phng dien hoc hoi Han ng cua La-thap von
b khiem khuyet, ong ch tinh thong nhng phng ngon
c s dung hang ngay, ma ng van cua Trung Quoc
xa nay von co nhieu loai. Neu ch biet noi lu loat tieng
Trung Quoc, th chac chan khong the viet c loai van
bien ngau chu trong thanh luat oi nhau va dung ien tch
cua ng thi. Chung toi em nhng ghi chep co lien
quan en s trau doi Han ng cua La-thap trnh bay di
ay, e thuyet minh ve iem nay:
Tuy La-thap lu tru tai Lng Chau en 17 nam,
nhng van cha hoc thong Han ng. Sau khi vao Trng
An, trnh o phng ngon cua ong mi tuy theo nam
thang c tru ma c nang cao.
Nam Hoang Th th t (402) La-thap vao Trng An
c hai nam, Tang Trieu bao ong phng ngon cha
thong thao, con Tang Due th noi tieng Tan cha ay
u, chnh la giai oan bat au hoc ch Han. Nam Hoang

132
Th th 7, tc la nam th 5 La-thap vao Trng An, Tang
Due bao ong phng ngon a tien bo, nhng con han
che cha thong, hin nhien so vi khi mi en a tien bo
rat nhieu. Nam Hoang Thi th 8, tc la nam th 6, La-
thap vao Trng An, Tue Quan noi ong tuy theo phng
ngon, ma y thu khong sai nguyen ban, Tang Trieu th
noi a at ti mc hoan chnh lai ranh phng ngon,
tc la La-thap a co the s dung phng ngon thuan thuc.
Noi tom lai, li phe bnh cua Tang Due dien at rat
ro trnh o Han ng cua La-thap: Phap s oi vi van
phap cua tieng nc Tan ch biet tng oi, phng ngon
tuy ep e, ma con cach tr cha thong. (Bai ta cua
Luan ai tr o). Con L Trng trong Trung Quoc Phat hoc
t tng khai luan, chng 5 th giai thch nh sau: La-
thap tuy co the van dung thuan thuc phng ngon pho
thong e bieu at ngha cua kinh, nhng khi gap phai
nhng ngon ng ham suc th cha chac g co the dien at
c mot cach t nhien.
b/ Hn na, nhng e t tr dch cua La-thap eu co
nhng kien giai dch kinh rieng cua ho. Khi chep kinh, ho
khong hoan toan tuan theo chu trng trau chuot van hoa
cua La-thap. Chang han nh bai ta cua ai pham kinh do
Tang Due viet trong Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 8 noi:
Nay toi a 50 tuoi, gap c v thay (La-thap) chan chnh
nay, nguyen doc het long ch thanh am ng cong viec
phien dch. Trong khi bien chep, suy i ngh lai nhieu lan
133
quen ca li day ve nam ieu mat goc va ba viec khong de
cua thay mnh (ao An), trong long va lo va s, can
than nh gap phai can benh hui, cho du dam tren bang
mong, lao xuong vc sau, cung khong u e v du. Nhng
may man la c nng ta vi bac thay gng mau (ch
La-thap), van chng tuy s sai ma yeu ch th khong trai
vi kinh giao, ben knh can, bao dan am nhan cong viec
phien dch.
Tang Due la e t cua ao An, ly luan dch kinh
cua ong tng ong vi ao An. Ve cuoi i, ao An cc
oan chu trng phien dch trong ve chat phac. Sau khi
ong vien tch, Tang Due theo lam mon ha cua La-thap. Y
kien cua ao An va La-thap hoan toan tng phan, Tang
Due vao gia hai cc oan ay, cha trach ong phai suy
i ngh lai nhieu lan quen ca li day ve nam ieu mat goc
va ba viec khong de cua thay, trong long va lo va s.
Nhng sau khi ong lanh hoi c s sau sac Yeu ch
khong trai vi kinh giao cua La-thap th khong nhng
khong co thanh kien ve van va chat ma ngay ca van tuy
s sai cung khong con tnh toan thiet hn. Bi v chnh
ao An cung ong y van dung tinh than uyen chuyen
gia van va chat e at c muc tieu Yeu ch khong trai
vi kinh giao.
Cung trong quyen tren, li ta cua kinh T ch do
Tang Due viet co oan: Toi knh can xem ban dch
trc, ngon t co ve ep e ma ton ch th mu m, v li

134
van sai lam a lam phng hai en muc tieu cao ca, va
ngon t diem le a lam m nhat cai y v sau xa. Tuy toi
co gang nghien cu lau ngay chay thang, ma y ch u
huyen van khong hien lo. May man la toi gap c phap
s Cu-ma-la-thap tai pha Tay ca Ham Coc, nhan c
ban phien am lai bang tieng Phan, Phap s nh chnh li
van trong s sach, lai chu thch nhng huyen ch, nh the
toi hieu c ai khai nhng y ngha trong cau.
Cung trong quyen tren, bai ta kinh Duy-ma-cat,
Tang Trieu viet: Moi khi tm xem bo kinh nay, toi ngoi
trong phong nghien ngam, ma han cho cach dch cua Chi
Khiem va Truc Phap Ho, ly b be tat bi li van, thng
s ton ch u huyen b ngi dch lam cho ri rung.
Tang Due, Tang Trieu oi vi ban dch cua Chi
Khiem va Truc Phap Ho hoan toan khong hai long, cho
rang nhng v ay dung ngon t diem le lam phng hai
en s truyen at ngha kinh. The nen, khi tr giup phien
dch, ng nhien tranh xa vet xe a o. Tang Due tr
dch ai tr thch luan th Da theo li dch (cua thay)
e bien chep, ma khong them bt trau chuot. Con khi tr
dch Tieu Pham Kinh th Van cua nc Ho thanh nha va
chat phac, nen da vao nguyen ban ma phien dch; tuy s
ep e kheo leo khong u, ma s moc mac chnh xac th
co tha.
Tang Trieu tr dch Bach luan th khien cho chat
phac ma khong que mua, n gian ma at muc ch. Do
135
o La-thap tuy co chu trng trau chuot li van, ma ban
dch cua ong khong b tiem nhiem sac thai Ngon t co
ve hoa my ma ngha ly b be tac bi li van.
Ban dch cua La-thap tm van chang phai van, tm
chat chang phai chat, the th rot cuoc no trnh hien phong
cach g? Trong bai ta cua Phap hoa tong yeu do Tue Quan
viet ma Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 8 a ghi lai: La-thap
tay cam ban kinh ch Ho, mieng dch ra tieng nc Tan,
tuy theo ngon ng a phng ma y t khong trai nguyen
ban, li van c them vao cung a qua na, chang khac
g ven may mu tren khoang tri cao e cho anh dng
cang them rc r.
La-thap c xem la ngi lam cho ngon ng hien
hien ma chan ly tiem an, s viec gan gui ma yeu ch sau
xa, lai giai thch nhng cho an khuat cua li van, e tm
ra y ngha vi dieu.
Cung quyen ay, bai ta cua kinh Duy-ma-cat,
Tang Trieu viet: Phap s La-thap dch lai ban chnh, ong
la ngi co tai tr hn i, rat gioi phng ngon, long am
tham phu hp vi canh tr chan that, at en mc lao
luyen. Bay gi, tay ong cam ban van ngi Ho, mieng
dch thanh li, ke ao ngi tuc eu thanh knh, moi li
lap lai en ba lan, loc bo rm ra, chon lay tinh tuy, mien
la gi c thanh y. Van ong dung d ma thau ao, y ch
uyen chuyen ma sang to, nhng li noi sau xa vi te eu
hien ro ay.

136
Can c vao nhng li trnh bay trong hai oan bai ta
ke tren, chung ta co the quy nap thanh hai ac iem:
Minh bach de hieu, y t sau sac, li van lu loat.
Minh bach de hieu la can c vao van dch ma noi, v La-
thap co biet tai van dung phng ngon, cho nen ngon t
khong truc trac. Con y t sau sac, li van lu loat la da
vao ngha Kinh ma noi, chnh v iem nay ma ong c
ngi i sau ngng mo. Trong quyen Luc thien nhan
cam ng thuoc ai chnh tang tap 52 co ghi lai oan oi
thoai gia luat s ao Tuyen Nam Sn vi Thien Nhan
Luc Huyen Sng nh sau: Toi hi: Nhng Kinh do La-
thap phien dch mt i, n nay vn con mi m va c
mi ngi th tr cang ngay cang nhiu la v sao? Ong
ap: Ngi y thong minh, hiu ranh i tha, con nhng
ngi di ong u la bc anh tun, la bo vt ca mt thi
i. Ong a lam sang t ngi trc, ngi i sau ch
ngng vng ma khong ai theo kp. Nhng bn dch ca
ong ly s t ng lam u, tng nhn c s ky thac ca
Pht. Li hi: Ngi i thng bnh pham rang ong b
cau thuc vao gii lut co ung khong? ap: iu o
khong nen em ra bnh phm phi trai, ri ban lun vu v.
a v ca Phap s La-thap hin nay thuc vao hang Tam
bo. Mc du ong a sieu pham nhap Thanh, nhng nhng
b kinh ong dch, ct cho tha, them cho thieu, la tuy c
ma van dung. Cho nen bo ai luan mi phan lc bo het
chn, ngoai ra nhng bo kinh luan khac da theo o ma co
the biet. T ngay bat u dch kinh, ch thanh oc tung,
137
khong bo ph th gi, cm c iem lanh am thm gia ho,
tri qua nhiu i Kinh ay cang them mi me. Ly o ma
suy ra, qua thc ong a lanh hoi sau xa Thanh ch. Va lai,
Vn-thu a tn tay trao truyen, khien cho s sa cha ca
ong khac hn pham tnh. Ta au co the dung cai kien giai
rieng t luan ban bang nhng li le vu v, roi quen i
cho huyen nhiem sau xa.
Neu chung ta bo ra ngoai nhng cau van co lien quan
en sac thai than b ve s sung knh ton giao khong ban
en, th nhng cau khac nh lay s at ngo lam au, c
Phat dung tam ky thac, a lanh hoi sau xa Thanh ch
v.v, eu nham thuyet minh ban dch cua La-thap a
tham nhp khe hp vi tinh ngha ca Pht-a. [225] Va
viec cat cho tha, them cho thieu, tuy nghi van dung,
chnh la bieu th sau khi La-thap a thanh cong tuyet vi,
th moi viec eu thuan li. Tien nhan eu biet rat ro La-
thap khong hoan toan da vao nguyen ien e phien dch,
nhng van anh gia ong rat cao, chnh la v iem nay.
oi vi viec them bt kinh ien, La-thap nam vng
ba nguyen tac sau ay:
1. Nham lam cho ban dch cang phu hp hn vi
nguyen ban: Nhng kinh ien ma La-thap phien dch phan
ln la nhng ban dch lai, ma ngi trc dch kinh,
nguyen ien phan ln eu en t ban cua ngi Ho Tay
Vc, ch khong phai lay t lieu t ban Phan cua Thien

138
Truc. Khi tham khao cac ban cu dch, so sanh vi ban ch
Phan cua Thien Truc, La-thap nhan thay sau khi ban Kinh
c truyen vao Tay Vc, th ngi Ho a dung y rieng
mnh e them bt nguyen ien. Nhng cho ay La-thap eu
nhat nhat tra lai nguyen v cua no. Chang han nh bai ta
cua ai pham kinh do Tang Due viet ma Xuat tam tang ky
tap quyen 10 ghi lai nh sau: Ban cua ngi Ho ch co
Pham ta (la ay u), con pham A-be-bat-tr va Pham s
th ch co ten, ngoai ra nhng ban khac ch ghi lai so pham
ma thoi. Phap s cho rang ten pham khong phai do Phat
at, nen ch gi lai Pham ta va lc bo hai pham kia.
Trc thi La-thap, ban dch cua ai pham kinh
tng oi noi tieng la hai ban Quang Tan va Phong Quang,
nguyen ien cua no eu t nc Vu ien cua Tay Vc.
ao An tng nhieu lan so sanh oi chieu chung. La-thap
cho rang pham muc trong ban dch ay la do ngi Ho tang
them, cho nen cat bo tat ca e cho ung, hau khoi phuc lai
dien mao nguyen thuy cua ban tieng Phan.
2. Cham chc theo mc o can thiet cua at Han:
oi vi noi dung cua cac luan th, La-thap khong hoan
toan da vao nguyen ban e dch ay u, ma ch chon la
nhng phan nao trong yeu e phien dch ma thoi. Chang
han nh bai ta cua ai tr thch luan do Tang Due viet
ma Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 10 a ghi lai nh sau: Ho
van rat chi li, eu giong nh pham au, Phap s cho rang
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ngi Tan thch n gian nen cat bo i, neu dch ay u
van ay, th cung xap x hn nghn quyen.
Lai cung quyen ay, ai tr thch luan viet: Pham
au cua bo luan gom 34 quyen, dung e giai thch mot
pham ma bao gom toan the bo luan. T pham th hai tr i
Phap s lc bt, ch gi lai iem chnh u e giai thch y
van ma thoi, [226] khong can phai dch ay u tat ca, ma
con ti 100 quyen, neu dch het, se gap 10 lan nh the.
ai tr thch luan la bo luan th do Bo-tat Long Tho
ngi An o tr tac, dung giai thch kinh ai pham Bat-
nha, ngoai tr 34 quyen cua pham giai thch au La-thap
dch ay u, con nhng phan khac th La-thap ch gi
nhng iem chnh, u e giai thch y van ma thoi. V
luan th dung e giai thch li Phat, La-thap em toan bo
pham giai thch th nhat ra dch het la nham khien cho
ngi ta biet the thc cua bo luan nay nh the nao, con t
pham th hai tr i theo o ma biet, au can phai dch
het, cho nen lc bo i, ch em ai y cua cac chng
muc mot phan mi bo luan phien dch ma thoi. Con viec
ngi Tan thch n gian cung la mot trong nhng nhan
to khien La-thap cat bo khi dch. V muon cho thch hp
vi khau v van chng cua ngi Trung Quoc ma La-
thap phai het sc tom tat.
Chang han nh chuyen cua am-ma-lu-chi trong
Cao tang truyen quyen 2 noi: Khi Lu-chi va c sach
t xa, th gap luc Dieu Hng thanh knh thnh cau, lien

140
cung vi La-thap dch Luat thap tung cho en khi hoan
tat, roi xem xet t m, ieu chnh can nhac, nhng La-thap
van cha hai long, v van con rm ra cha hoan hao, the
roi ong vien tch, cha kp nhuan sac.
Van rm ra cha hoan hao la ieu ma La-thap
mai khac khoai trong long, cho en khi lam chung van
khong quen s kien cha hai long ay, nen e lai li di
chuc: Toi t biet mnh am on, a nham lan ganh vac
viec dch kinh, nhng kinh Luan a phien dch hn 300
quyen, ch co bo luat Thap tung la cha kp cat bo nhng
cho rm ra, e gi lai y ch can ban, hau chac chan la
khong con sai sot [chuyen cua La-thap trong Cao tang
truyen quyen 2].
Do o co the thay cat bo nhng cho rm ra la 1
trong nhng nguyen tac trong yeu ve viec dch kinh cua
La-thap. Nhng khong phai ong cat bo mot cach tuy tien,
ma cat bo la e cho cao ban gi c y ch can ban,
chac chan khong sai sot. Ban cao c sa cha ng
nhien lay o lam c s, tien them bc na la e cho ban
dch c suon se lu loat, n gian khong rm ra.
Qua trnh phien dch bo Luat thap tung trai qua tay
cua bon v ai s dch kinh. Vao ngay 17 thang 10 nam
Hoang Th th 6 (404) i Dieu Tan, Tam tang Phat-nha-
a-la ngi Ke-tan oc ra ban tieng Phan, La-thap dch
thanh Han van, ch dch c hai phan ba bo th a-la
vien tch. en mua thu nam Hoang Th th 7, sa-mon
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am-ma-lu-chi ngi Tay Vc en Trng An, Tue Vien
Lo Sn gi th thnh cau ong tiep tuc phien dch, va La-
thap tr giup phien dch cho en khi hoan thanh, nhng
cha kp sa cha th La-thap cung ta the va Lu-chi i du
hoa phng khac. Ve sau, sa-mon Ty-ma-la-xoa ngi Ke-
tan ben em 58 quyen do La-thap dch ma cha kp nhuan
sac ve chua Thach Gian tai Tho Xuan, [227] chia ra thanh
61 quyen, ong thi em mot Tung sau cung la Thien
tung oi ten la Ty-ni tung. Luat thap tung en ay mi
c xem la ban cao on nh, nhng v cha c La-thap
nhuan sac, cho nen trong nhng bo luat thuoc Han dch th
bo cuc so quyen cua no la rm ra nhat.
Ngoai ra, con co nhng bo phan ma La-thap cat bo
khong dch. Trong bai ta cua Bach luan do Tang Trieu
viet ma Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 11 ghi lai nh sau:
Bo luan nay gom 20 pham, moi pham gom nam bai ke
vay 20 pham thanh 100 bai ke, nen goi la Bach Luan
10 pham cuoi ong cho la vo ch oi vi nc Tan, nen
lc bo khong dch, mong cac bac quan t thc gia khi
xem nen biet ro ieu o.
Bo Bach luan do bo-tat e-ba e t cua bo-tat Long
Tho tr tac, co ban giai thch cua bo-tat Thien Than, La-
thap tng dch bo luan nay trc sau en hai lan [xem
Bach luan t s trong ai chnh tang tap 42]. Muc Tam
Luan trong Phat hoc ai t ien cua inh Phuc Bao viet:
Trong cac pham, nhng cho chu thch t m ve Kinh la

142
nhng cau ke cua e-ba, con so cau ke cua cac pham co
tang giam la v khi Thien Than chu thch va La-thap
phien dch lc bo. ong thi muc Bach Luan dan Bach
luan do Gia Tng s giai nh sau: Theo ban ch Phan
cua e-ba th moi pham eu co nam bai ke, khong nhieu
khong t, nhng s d co s nhieu t la v ba ly do sau: a/
Do ngi chu thch rong hoac hep, b/ Ngi dch luan lai
gia giam them mot lan na, c/ Do phng ngon khong
ong. V the nen nhieu hay t khong nhat nh.
Do o, ta co the thay La-thap khong phai n
phng cat bo 10 pham sau cung ch v vo ch oi vi
nc nay, cho nen bo i ma khong truyen. Nhng oi
vi 10 pham trc a dch th eu co them hoac bt.
3. Them bt nguyen ien e cho ban dch c lu
loat, hoan hao hn. Tac gia nguyen ien cua bo luan do
v trnh o van hoc khong giong nhau, nen van t co nha,
tuc sai khac. Khi La-thap phien dch ch gi lay ngha ma
them bt ngon t e tranh tnh trang ban dch truc trac
kho oc. Chang han nh bai ta cua Trung Luan do Tang
Due viet ma Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 11 ghi lai nh
sau: Ngi giai thch bo luan nay la Pham ch Tan-la-gia
ngi Thien Truc, ma ngi Tan goi la Thanh Muc. V
nay tuy tin hieu Phat Phap sau xa, nhng ngon t khong
c tao nha, trong o nhng cho sai lam thieu sot va
rm ra, Phap s eu cat bo sa cha lai e cho ngha ly
143
cua kinh c thong suot rot rao. Ve van th ch tam c
ch cha hoan hao.
[228] Ten goi ay u cua Trung luan la Trung quan
luan, ay la tr tac cua bo-tat Long Tho, tng truyen bo
luan nay gom co 500 bai tung, nhng trong ai chnh tang
su tap lai ban dch cua Ngai La-thap ch co 446 bai tung.
Trong bai ta cua Trung luan, Tang Due dan li noi cua
Ngai La-thap nh sau: Cac hoc gia cua cac nc Thien
Truc khong ai la khong nghien ngam bo luan nay, xem no
nh la cng lnh, va nhng ngi ch than em no ra giai
thch cung khong phai la t.
Trong ca c ba n Ha n dch, ngoa i tr ba n gia i thch
cu a Thanh Mu c c La-tha p tuye n dch ra, co n co ba
ba n kha c:
(1) Thuan trung luan ngha nhap ai Bat-nha-ba-la-
mat kinh s pham phap mon, goi tat la Thuan
trung luan, do Bo-tat Vo Trc giai thch, Bat-
nha-lu-chi i Nguyen Nguy dch.
(2) Bat-nha ang luan thch, do Bo-tat Phan Biet
Minh giai thch, va Ba Pha i ng phien
dch.
(3) ai tha trung quan thch luan, do bo-tat An Tue
giai thch, va Duy Tnh i Bac Tong phien dch.
Tat ca eu trong ai chnh tang tap 30. Trong cac
ban giai thch ay, s d La-thap ch chon dch ban giai thch
cua Thanh Muc la v Thanh Muc tin hieu sau xa Phat

144
phap, y ngha rat ang tiep nhan, nhng v ngon t cha
c tao nha, nen La-thap phai cat bo sa cha nhng cho
sai sot rm ra. Theo li bnh luan cua Tang Due Van
hoac tam c, th La-thap co the a manh tay them bt
nguyen ien, la nham muc ch bao ton y ngha cua
nguyen ien. Tham ch ong cung khong ngai dung nhng
ngon t tng phan e phien dch, nen gan nh la viet lai
mot lan na. Mot oan van trong ong tho du man luan
phan van tan ban bat thuoc luan van tap, ong Tran Dan
Khac a chep lai nguyen ban ch Phan e oi chieu vi
ban dch nham lam sang to tnh trang them bt sa cha
nguyen van cua Ngai La-thap. Chung toi lc bt va sa
cha nh di ay e giup oc gia tham khao:
Khi dch kinh, La-thap hoac cat bo nhng cho rm
ra cua nguyen van, hoac khong cau ne the thc cua
nguyen van, hoac sa oi nguyen van. ay xin lay
nguyen ban ch Phan cua Du man luan so sanh vi ban
dch e chng minh:
1. Mot tiet cuoi cung cua thien cuoi quyen 10 thuoc
ban dch ai trang nghiem kinh luan, so vi nguyen ban
ch Phan th Han van n gian hn. Va tiet cuoi cua thien
au thuoc quyen 11 th ban Han van hoan toan khong dch.
ay la mot minh chng ve s cat bo nhng cho rm ra
cua nguyen van.
2. Van cua Du man luan th tan van va ke tung xen
lan vao nhau, khi La-thap dch en cuoi phan tan van tiep
145
en cho ke tung th ong them vao may ch [229] noi ke
rang. Nhng ch nay trong nguyen ban ch Phan khong
co nhng La-thap a them vao trong ban dch, e phan
biet gia hai the tan van va ke tung.
3. Khong cau ne the thc cua nguyen van. Chuyen
tan van thanh the ke tung:
Cac v sa-di ay,
Ben dung sc than thong,
Hoa thanh nhng cu gia,
Toc bac, mat nhan nheo,
May ep ma rang rung,
Lng cong, tay chong gay,
en nha an viet kia.
an viet va trong thay,
Lien sinh tam hoan h,
ot hng, rai hoa thm,
Voi va mi vao ngoi.
Nhng ngoi c choc lac,
Lai hien hnh sa-di. [Quyen 1]
V toi qua ngu si,
Do la si thieu ot,
Nen khong quan sat ky.
Xin tam thi ngoi lai,
Cho toi c sam hoi.

146
Nh ngi b vap nga,
Phai nng at ng day,
i toi cung chut t. [Quyen 11]
Hai tiet tren von la tan van ma dch thanh the ke.
Mot oan khac, trong nguyen ban bang ke tung ma
phap s chuyen thanh tan van: Pham ngi cu phap,
khong xem hnh tng, ch xem tr tu. Than tuy con tr,
ma on kit s, t c thanh o (o gi la gia). Tuy
gia phong dt, gi la ngi tr. [Quyn 1].
Nu ngi mun bit, ni nao nen t, ngi nen t
t, tam gian ca mnh. Nu t tam y, la t chan
chnh. Nh bo keo xe, nu xe khong chy, th nen thuc
bo, khong nen anh xe. Than v nh xe, tam nh con bo,
v y ngha ny, ngi nen t tam, v sao hai than? V li
than ta, nh cay nh tng, du co thieu t, nao co ch
g? [Quyen 2].
Hai tit tren vn la th k ma dch thanh tn vn.
4. Thay i nguyen vn: Mt tit trong quyn 2 co
cau Ch tien tu kh hnh, cng c sinh coi tri. Hai
ch Ch tien nguyen bn ting Phn la Kanva, ma ch
Kanva [230] vn la ten rieng ca cac v tien thi xa ca
Thien Truc, ma ngi Tn cha tng bit, cho nen i
thanh hai ch ph thong la Ch tien.
Li na, mt tit khac ni quyn 4 vit: Ngi nh
t kin ma mun tranh cao thp vi nui chua Tu-di, va
147
mt tit ni quyn 6 co cau Ging nh dung canh mui,
ma qut nui Tu-di, du dung ht sc lc, nui cng khong
lay chuyn. Ngon nui nay ting Phn co hai cach vit la
Mandara va Vindhya, ma ngi Tn u khong bit, nen
phi i li hai ch Tu-di ma h a tng quen, c
gi de hiu.
Nhng mi manh na y, nu nh kho ng tm c nhng
bn kinh la bi ta n khuyt, va ngi c no khong thong c
ch Hoa va ch Phan, th nghn nm sau, nhng ngi
dch khac lam sao bit c ch dung tam ca cac bc
hin trit, va thy c tai nng ca tac gi! Th nen, luc
sinh tin La-thap a au n ct len li than nh chim b
gay canh, va n luc lam chung con khng khai phat
nguyn v s chay li! (Tng truyn luc sp vien tch,
La-thap phat nguyn rng nu nhng kinh ong dch ung
vi y Pht, th sau khi thieu xac, cai li s khong chay.
Va ung nh li nguyen, sau khi thieu xac ong, cai li
vn nguyen vn.)
Vic La-thap hiu nh cach dung ten gi ung vi
thc cht trong Pht in Han dch la mt s kin trng
i trong lch s t tng Pht giao. Trc khi La-thap
vao Trung Hoa, gii Pht giao Trung Quoc bt lun la
thuyt ging, phien dch hay son thut, phn ln u s
dng phng phap cach ngha.
Chuyn ca Truc Phap Nha trong Cao tng truyn
quyn 4 gii thch ch cach ngha nh sau: Phap Nha

148
ngi Ha Gian, chnh trc co kh phach, luc tr gii th
hc, khi ln tinh thong Pht phap. Con em ca cac danh
gia vng tc u theo Phap Nha hoc hi. Bay gi, cac
mon sinh ca Phap Nha u ieu luyn th in, nhng
cha tinh thong Pht ly. Nha cung vi Khang Phap Lang
v.v... dung nhng kha i niem van hoa co san e giai thch
Kinh ien Phat giao, goi la cach ngha. Va T Phu,
am Tng v.v... cung s dung phng phap cach ngha
dy mon . Phong thai ca Nha sieu thoat, gii v
nhng im cng yu, nen thng p i nhau thuyt
ging ngoi in, Pht kinh. Ong cung vi o An, Phap
Thai mi ln em nhng ch nghi ng trong Kinh ra gii
thch u t n ch ct yu.
Y ngha cau Dung nhng khai niem van hoa co san
e giai thch Kinh ien Phat giao khong c ro rang
lam. ay xin dn hai mu t liu xut hin tng i
mun trong thien Quy tam quyn 5 ca sach Nhan th gia
hun thuyt minh vn nay: Hai giao thuyt ni va
ngoi in vn cung mt bn th, nhng v tch ly lau
ngay ma thanh sai khac, co cn sau khong ging nhau.
Ni in luc u t ra nam gii cm, ngoi in co nhan,
ngha, l, tr va tn, hai ben [231] phu hp vi nhau: Nhan
la gii khong sat sinh; Ngha la gii khong trm cap; L la
gii khong ta dam; Tr la gii khong ung ru; Tn la
gii khong vng ng.
149
Li na, trong Thch lao ch thuc quyn 114 ca
Ngy Th noi: Cho nen s tu tam luc ban u phi nng
ta Pht, Phap, Tng, gi la Tam Bo, cng nh Tam uy
ca ngi quan t. Li co nam gii la khong sat sinh, trm
cp, ta dam, noi di va ung ru, i y cung vi nhan,
ngha, l, tr, tn ging nhau, nhng ten gi th khac.
Hai on vn tre n u du ng ca ch thuyt minh ca
Kinh in nha Nho la m i t ng phi hp ( gii
thch), k thc ng thi s dng rt nhiu t vng
thng du ng trong t tng Huyn hc, ng thi cng
ly ta i liu t trong Tam Huyn la Chu dch, La o T va
Trang T, chng hn ch Vo la mt trong nhng ch
huyn a m thi Ngy Tn. Co n ch Bn vo la thut
ng thng du ng ng thi. Ca c i s dch kinh be n
mn thut ng na y biu t t tng tnh kho ng ca
Ba t-nha , nh o ha nh Ba t-nha kinh ca Chi-sa m i
Hu Ha n, i minh kinh ca Chi Khie m i Ngo , Ma-
ha-ba t-nha sao kinh ca Tru c Pht Nim i Phu Tn,
u du ng Bn vo phm t te n phm, o la nhng
minh chng. n khi La-tha p dch Tiu phm kinh mi
i tha nh i nh phm. Li nh chuyn ca Tu Vin
trong Cao tng truyn quyn 6 vit: Nm 24 tui, ong
ben len toa thuyt ging, co thnh gi hi ngha ca ch
Tht Tng, hi ap nhau mt lat, th cang tng them
nghi ng mu mt. Tu Vin ben dn ngha ca Trang T

150
gii thch, th ngi kia lin hiu; t o v sau, o An
cho phep Tu Vin s dng sach the hc.
Luc u mun em mt loi t tng mi truyn ba
n mt ni khac th phi vn dng phng phap cach
ngha. o la vic chng ng ng ma cng la phng
tin quyn bin thng sach. Trong C kim th tp
thanh thn d in quyn 106 co dn mt tc t liu ca
Truc Song Tuy But, rt thch hp thuyt minh hien
tng nay.
Hi: Cac bc ton tuc thi xa mi khi s kinh, to
lun thng dn ngon t ca Trang T la v sao?
a p: Sa ch ca Trung Quc th Cha u, Khng, La o
Trang la sm nht, co n kinh Pht t n truyn sang,
mun mn ngo n ng ca x na y die n t, nu kho ng
dn nhng sa ch y th dn nhng sa ch na o? [232] Nhng
phn nhiu la du ng ngo n t ca no ma kho ng hoa n toa n
du ng y ngha ca no , va ch thnh thong ma tho i, co v
nh tng t ma kho ng phi u ng hn. Nh ngi
phng Nam sang phng Bc, ngi phng Bc kho ng
bit chie c thuyn, ngi phng Nam be n ch chic xe
gii thch cho h hiu: Thuyn ca chu ng to i ch vt
i n ni xa cng nh chic xe ca phng na y vy.
Mn xe thuyt minh v thuyn ch kho ng phi ly
xe thay cho thuyn.
151
o An luc tr cung vi Truc Phap Nha, Truc Phap
Thi u dung phng phap cach ngha thuyt ging
Kinh Pht, nhng sau khi di c n nui Phi Long [349-354,
nm 37- 45 tui] th li thay i quan nim y. Trong
chuyn ca Tng Quang thuc Cao tng truyn quyn 5,
noi: Thch Tng Quang, ngi Ky Chau, n c nui Phi
Long, o An sau o theo ong, nhan v hai ngi cung
m vn ra nghin ngm, nen a t ng c nhiu iu
mi m. o An noi: Ngi xa dung phng phap cach
ngha, co nhiu iu trai vi ly. Quang noi: Ta nen
phan tch mt cach t nhien (khach quan) ch khong nen
bnh phm phai trai ve viec cua ngi xa! An noi: Tan
dng giao ly, nen lam cho tha ang, trng phap tranh
keu, th gi cai g la trc, cai g la sau?
Tuy o An tnh ng phng pha p ca ch ngha
kho ng phi la con ng chnh gii thch Pht pha p,
nhng bn tha n o ng b hn ch kho ng am tng Phn
vn, ne n chung cc kho ng co ca ch na o loa i tr hoa n
toa n tp qua n c. Do o , trong nhng ba i ta Kinh do
o ng vit, h ta lic mt qua la thy nhng t ng Huyn
hc. Nhng cn bnh trm kha na y la hin tng a ph
bin la u nga y, khin cho La-tha p khi dch kinh gp rt
nhiu khn n. La-tha p mt mt phi sa ng to nhng t
ng mi chnh xa c biu t ngha ca Kinh, mt kha c
co n phi pha tr tp qua n c nhn c s tn nhim
ca mo n .

152
Chuyen ca La-thap trong Cao tng truyn quyn 2
noi: Khi xem nhng bn Kinh c, y ngha phn ln sai
lm, u do ngi trc dch sai yu ch, khong tng ng
vi bn ting Phn. n khi c lnh dch i Phm, La-
thap cam ban tieng Phan, Dieu Hng cm bn Kinh c,
i chiu sa cha, nhng cau vn mi khac vi bn cu, y
ngha vien man thong sut, mi ngi u kham phc,
khong ai la khong vui v tan than.
Ni dung c th ca te n gi va s tht do La-tha p
nh chnh c tm thy trong ba i ta ca i phm
kinh do Tng Du vit ma Xut tam tng ky tp quyn 8
ghi li nh sau: Te n ca nhng danh t kho ng ging vi
bn c la do Pha p s du ng y ngha nh chnh li, nh
m nhp tr, te n tra i vi ngha, ne n tu y theo ngha ma
o i la i: chu ng o i la a m, x o i la nha p, tr o i la tnh,
bo i xa o i la gia i thoa t, tha ng x o i la tr nha p, y ch
o i la nie m x , cha nh oa n o i la cha nh ca n, gia c y o i
la bo -e , [233] tr c ha nh o i la cha nh a o; a i loa i s a
o i ra t nhie u nh the .
Cung quyn, ni bai ta ca T-ma-la-ct kinh
ngha s do Tng Du vit nh sau: Phap s nh chnh
nhng cau van mu m, phat hien nhng yeu ch khong ro
rang, mi nhan thay nhng ban dch trc lam tn thng
nguyen ban, li van sai lam trai vi y thu. Chang han nh
bat lai tng thanh nhuc lai, bat kien tng thanh kien
tng, v duyen phap thanh thuy than, duyen hp phap
153
thanh ch tam, nhng cho nh vay khong phm nao khong
co, khong chng nao la khong nh the.
Trong khi nh chnh cach dung danh va tht khong
tha ang cua ngi trc, La-thap qu tht a hao ph
khong t tam lc. Pham nhng Kinh in dch li u phi
Mt li lap lai en 3 ln, gan loc cai tha thai, gi lay
cai tinh yeu, mi co th khac phuc c nhng cai sai
tch luy lau ngay thanh ra ung ca ban cu [Bai ta kinh
Duy-ma-cat, Tang Trieu viet, Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen
8]. Nhng ve trnh o Han ng ca La-thap chung cuc con
rat han che, do o kho tranh khoi phat sinh nhng ieu
ang tiec v cha c rot rao. Chang han trong bai ta
ca kinh T ch do Tang Due vit ma Xuat tam tang ky tap
quyen 8 ghi li: B kinh nay am chnh ca Thien Truc
gi la T-thi-sa chan , ma phng khac gi la Pham
thien thu ac diu y b-tat. Khi nghe ky cai ten dch ca
La-thap, o qua o li, y ta h cha ht, la v ong cha
thu trit nhng thay i ca danh va tht trong ting nc
Tn. Xet ky v y ca ting, nhn ro v y ch ca ten, th
phi la Tr Y, ch khong phi T ch, v l cha hiu
ngha ca ch Tr, nen dung ch ch.
Co th iu Tng Du noi la s tht, ma cng la
khuyt im v cai p cha c trn vn ca La-thap.
Nhng t tnh hnh Lt qua lt li, y ta h cha ht ma
suy oan, th chc chn La-thap gp phai nhng tr ngi

154
khong nh. Nu khong th au cn phi cham chc gii
thch nhiu ln, hao ph tam lc nh vy.
Ngoi tr vic nh chnh v danh va tht ca y dch,
th v phng din am dch ong cng co nhng sang kin
oc ao, nh trong bai ta ca i phm kinh do Tng
Du vit ma Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 8 ghi nhn: H
am sai th nh chnh li bng am Thien Truc, Tn danh
lm th dung ngha ca ch sa cha li, cho n khi
khong th thay i c na, mi vit ra. Th nen nhng
ten khac rt suon s, [234] am ca H chim gn phan
na. o la cong lao ca bc thy, la s thn trng ca
ngi bien chep.
iu ca Tng Du no i bao gm trong ba nguye n tc
ln v vic nh chnh danh va tht ca nga i La-tha p. Trong
chng 5 ca quyn Trung Quc Pht hc t tng khai
lun, L Trng vit: Nhng t dch a m trong bn ca Ta y
V c kho ng chnh xa c th du ng ngo n t ca Thie n Truc nh
chnh li; con nhng ch sai lm trong bn Ha n dch th
chn nhng t ng tha a ng sa cha. Co nhiu thut
ng kho ng th dch y c, th qua na phi du ng ca ch dch
a m. Qua ca u nhng te n kha c suo n s, am ca H chim
gn pha n na, chu ng ta bit c din mo bn dch li
ca La-thap so vi bn dch c khac nhau rt nhiu. V
phng din y dch th c gng tm nhng danh t cho tht
chnh xa c, co n v phng din a m dch th du ng a m Thie n
Tru c nh chnh, tha i dch kinh co tinh thn trach
155
nhim nh th, kho ng nhng nhn c s ngng m ca
ngi ng thi va muo n nga n ngi i sau, ma bn than
o ng d ng nh cng ly lam t ha o v vic na y, ne n gi
nhng kinh in do mnh phien dch la Tan kinh, cho nen
o ng a tr li ca u hi ca s ph o ng la T-ma-la-xoa nh
sau: Kinh lut ti t Ha n na y cha y , nhng kinh
mi va lut, phn ln do Thp phien dch [chuyn ca La-
tha p trong Cao tng truyn quyn 2].
Khi lut s Tng Hu i Lng vit Xuat tam tang
ky tap cng tng cho La-thap nhng li anh gia rt cao:
Dng nh Phap s La-thap co thn tr chiu sang, con
cac v Tng nc Tn nh o Dung, Tng Triu th co
cn c tr tu tng ng, cho nen a phat huy c vn
tai, lam sang t c nhng ch sau xa ca kinh, khin
nhng ngon t vi t ca i Tha tr nen sang sa.
ng thi ong cng em nhng ch nh chnh v danh
va tht ca La-thap chep thanh Tin hu xut kinh d
ky, c gom vao trong quyn mt. Gi ay, xin trch
dn nh sau giup bn c tham kho:
Tin hu xut kinh d ky mc 5

Cu kinh
- Chu ng hu
- Phu-tat, cng gi Hai S
- Cac Pht, cng gi la c Giac
- Tat-van-nha
- Cau cng a o, cng gi o Tch
Tan kinh
- Th Ton
- B-tat
- Bch Chi Pht, cng gi la Duyen Giac
- Tat-ba-nha
- Tu-a-hoan

156
- [235] Tn lai qu cng gi la Vang lai
- Bt hoan qu
- Vo trc qu, ng cha n, ng nghi
- Ma-np
- Nhu Th
- Quang Th Am
- Tu-phu-
- Xa-li T, Thu L T
- Ng chu ng
- Thp nh x
- Tr
- Bi x
- Thng x
- Chanh oan
- Giac y
- Trc hnh
- [236] Can-p-hoa
- Tr cn, Tr cn n
- at-tat-a-kit-a-la-ha Tam-da-tam-pht
- T-a-ham
- A-na-ham.
- A-la-han, cng gi A-la-ha
- Trng gi
- Vn Thu
- Quan The Am
- Tu-b-
- Xa-li-pht
- Ngu am
- Thp nh nhp
- Tnh
- Gii thoa t
- Tr nhp
- Chanh cn
- B-
- Chanh o
- Can-that-ba
- T-kheo, T-kheo-ni
- A-nu-a-la Tam-miu-tam-b-
Noi tom li, toan b hot ng dch kinh ca La-thap
la da tren c s trnh Pht hoc tinh thong ca mnh,
ong nm vng ngha ca kinh, t n mc o tuy theo y
mun ma khong trai vi quy cu. Chnh v ly lun dch
kinh ca ong ly o lam im xut phat, nen du cho co
oi ieu khong hoan toan theo y cua e t, ma van dch
cua ong ngon t va ngha ly van lu loat, sang sua.
157
Tran Dan Khac tien sinh tng het li ca ngi La-
thap nh sau: Toi tng cho rang cong lao phien dch cua
Cu-ma-la-thap, trong vong ngan nam th ch co Huyen
Trang la co the so sanh vi ong. Nhng ngay nay cac ban
dch kinh Phat c lu hanh rong rai tai Trung Quoc nh
Kim cng, Tam kinh, Phap hoa khong loai nao la khong
do tay ong phien dch. Cho nen, ve phng dien pho cap
th du T An (Huyen Trang) cung khong b kp. S d
c nh the la v van ong khong phai la loai van hoan
toan dch thang (trc dch), neu nh em so sanh ve s
nha khiet (tao nha va trong sang) oi vi cac ban dch
khac, th o la nhan to chu yeu [ong tho du man luan
phan vaen tan baun bat].
*
3. Ly luan dch kinh cua Ngan Ton
Ngan Ton la nhan vat e nhat em ly luan dch kinh
viet thanh mot ban luan van. Chuyen cua ong trong Tuc
cao tang truyen quyen 2, noi: Ngan Ton tham d phien
dch a lau, cac phap s x nay eu theo cach thc am t
huan ho, t khi phu hp vi dieu the cua Phan van, ong ben
trc tac Bien chinh luan, e lam cong thc cho viec phien
dch.
ao An trc ong va nhng nhan vat khac eu ch
tuy hng phat bieu mot vai kien giai ri rac trong bai ta
kinh cua mnh, ch cha tng he thong hoa ay u thanh

158
1 thien ve ly luan dch kinh. Thien Bien chinh luan cua
ong c dan t chuyen cua ong trong Tuc cao tang
truyen quyen 2, nhng khong ay u dien mao. Soan gia
cua Tuc cao tang truyen la luat s ao Tuyen, sau phan
dan van noi: Van nhieu khong chep het, chng to ao
Tuyen a lc bo bt. Hien gi chung toi oc thien van
chng ay, phat hien thay rang y van khong nhat quan
hoac co nhng tnh huong trnh bay khong ro rang khien
cho s lanh hoi rat kho khan. ay chung toi da vao o,
trc het trnh bay oi net tieu s cua ong, va phan cuoi
trnh bay ve ly luan dch kinh cua ong.
Vao nam Cao Tng Thien Bao th 8 (557), i vua
Van Tuyen e Bac Te, ong mot tuoi. Ong sinh tai quan
Trieu, i goi la Y Quan, ngi nha goi la Giap Toc. Luc
tre a thong tue, co tai nang tiet thao khac thng, hieu
thau nhng ieu huyen vi, tam tnh tng ng vi Thanh
ao, gap vat la biet lien, t khi phai xem lai.
Luc au ong tho giao vi phap s Tang Bien Tn
o, nhan thay bao oc kinh Tu ai noa gan 7000 ch, ma
ong ch oc trong 1 ngay la xong. Roi oc kinh ai
phong ang, cung ch trong vai hom la het.
Vao nam Thien Thong th 2 (566) i vua Cao V
hau chua Bac Te, ong 10 tuoi. Ong xuat gia, oi ten la
ao Giang, nghe giang Thap a luan, danh tieng on xa,
Chau quan eu khen ngi.
159
Vao nam Thien Thong th t (568) i vua Cao V
hau chua Bac Te, ong 12 tuoi. Ong nui Quan Vu, tung
kinh Phap hoa, khong bao lau th thong suot, ben i en
Nghiep Ha, tuan t tham d cac trng giang. Sau o,
ong tr ve chua lang, giang kinh Vo long tho.
Vao nam au Vo Bnh (570) i vua Cao V hau
chua Bac Te, ong 14 tuoi. Hoang Hau nc Te i ve
phng Tay en Tan Dng, mi ong vao ien Tuyen c
giang kinh Nhan vng, Quoc Thong, Tang o eu phung
s ong. Thnh gia chng 200 ngi eu la bac anh tuan.
Nha vua than hanh en nghe giang, van vo cac quan eu
theo hau. Hoang thai hau va phi tan sau cung eu tham d
phap hoi. Vua ra lenh quan Th trung Cao Nguyen Hai
rc Ton len phap toa roi ng hau mot ben.
Nam Vo Bnh th 3 (572) than phu ong qua i.
Cung trong nam nay, ong c 16 tuoi, tho gii cu tuc roi
chuyen tam hoc luat.
Nam Kien c th 6 (577) i vua Vu e Bac Chu,
ong 21 tuoi. Vu e bnh nh xong nc Te, mi ong vao
trieu tham kien, cung nhau ban luan huyen ly, rat phu
hp vi y vua, nen vua truyen lenh ong tham d Thong
ao quan hoc s. Ong cung vi trieu than nha Chu ban
luan ve Lao Trang, ben ngoai tuy khoac ao the tuc ma
ben trong van gi phap phuc, lai oi ten la Ngan Ton.
Vao nam ai Thanh th nhat (579) i Tuyen e
Bac Chu, ong c 23 tuoi.

160
Moi khi Tuyen e mi ong vao trieu, hai ngi
cung nhau luan ban giao phap thau em suot sang, du trai
qua nhieu ngay ong van ung dung th thai. Vua ban
thng trong hau, lai trao chc quan, nhng ong khong
nhan. Ong cung vi cac trieu s nh Vng Thieu, Hanh
c Nguyen, Luc Khai Minh, ng Di v.v... tnh nh
cam sac, lay hieu la Van ngoai huyen hu (Ban sieu
viet ngoai lang van).
Vao nam ai Tng th 2 (580) i vua Tnh e Vu
Van Xien Bac Chu, ong c 24 tuoi.
Vao nam Khai Hoang th nhat (581) i vua Tuy
Van e Dng Kien, ong c 25 tuoi.
Khi Tuy Van lam tng, Phat phap bat au hng
thnh, ong cung vi cac ban hien giang giai bat-nha.
Thang gieng, ong cung cac sa-mon am Dien v.v
dang s xin phuc hoi t cach Tang s, roi mi xuong toc.
Ngay 13 thang 2, Cao To Tuy Van e len ngoi, mi
ong giang Phat phap, ao trang dien ra lien tuc bon mua,
Tang tuc tai Trng An tham nhuan Phat phap ke hang
van ngi. Ong cung vi Luc Ngan S, Tiet ao Hanh,
Lu Thien Kinh, Ton Van Tho, v.v... la nhng van gia noi
tieng mot thi, trc tac bo Noi ien van hoi tap. Sau o v
cac sa-mon soan xng ao phap, cai chnh nhng ban cu,
them bt gan mot na, tc la tap sach c lu truyen pho
bien hien nay.
161
Nam Khai Hoang th 3 (583) i vua Tuy Van e
Dng Kien, ong 27 tuoi, phung ch bien luan Lao t hoa
ho tng, nhan o trc tac Bien giao luan, noi ro s giao
quyet quy quai cua ao Giao. Cung trong nam nay, co
kinh ien t Tay Vc mi truyen en, vua ra lenh ong
phien dch.
Nam Khai Hoang 12 (592) i vua Tuy Van e
Dng Kien, ong 36 tuoi. Ong c vua trieu vao kinh
thanh, chua Hng Thien, tiep tuc chu tr viec phien
dch, c tiep ai trong th nh trc. Bay gi Van e
sung knh Phat giao, chan hng Tam bao, moi lan to chc
le trai Tang, eu to long sam hoi. Vua than hanh bng l
hng i theo sau Ngan Ton, hng dan dan chung khoi
phuc ky cng phep nc.
Khi Dng e lam Tan Vng, xay e Lam Khuc
Tr va lap chua Nhat Nghie m, em le en thnh Ngan
Ton tru tr vnh vien chua nay. Do vay, cac hang vng
ton, minh triet cua trieu nh, cang ngay cang en hoc
ao nhieu hn.
Vao nam Nhan Tho th nhat (601) i Tuy Van e
Dng Kien, ong 45 tuoi. Vua sai ong em xa-li en chua
Khai Ngha, Chau Kinh, c vua phong thng trong hau.
Vao nam Nhan Tho th 2 (602) i vua Tuy Van e
Dng Kien, ong 46 tuoi. Vua sai ong soan Chung kinh
muc luc, Tay Vc truyen, Xa-li-phat thuy oa kinh, Quoc

162
gia tng thu luc bang ch Phan e bieu cac nc Tay
Vc. ong thi ong viet Sa-mon danh nghoa luan biet tap.
Vao nam Nhan Tho cuoi cung (604) i vua Tuy Van
e Dng Kien, ong 48 tuoi, phung menh a Xa-li en
chua Phng Lac, Phuc Chau, nay la chua Long Cai.
Nam ai Nghiep th 2 (606) i vua Tuy Dng e
Dng Quang, ong 50 tuoi, phung menh en Phien
Kinh quan, tai vn Thng Lam, Lac Dng, roi phung
sac soan muc luc nhng kinh Phat bang Phan van do bnh
nh Lam Ap thu hoach c, lai phung sac chung sc vi
Bui Cu soan Thien truc ky.
Nam ai Nghiep th 6 (610) i vua Tuy Dng e
Dng Quang, ong vien tch tai Phien Kinh quan ngay 24
thang 7, hng tho 54 tuoi.
Tuy Ngan Ton ch hng dng 54 tuoi, nhng tng
trai qua ba trieu ai Bac Te, Bac Chu va nha Tuy, nh tr
tue phat trien sm, lai nhan c s ai ngo cua cac vua
chua, cac bac hien quy va van s nen danh tieng vang lng
trong thien ha. Ngan Ton bat au tham gia cong tac dch
kinh t nam 27 tuoi tai dch trng trong yeu i Tuy, va
cac cong viec khac tai nhng kinh o khac. Chuyen Na-
lien-e-le-da-xa thuoc Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 2 chep:
Nhng Kinh Luan do Na-lien-e-le-da-xa phien dch
trc sau khoang 15 bo, hn 80 quyen, tat ca eu do Sa-
mon Ngan Ton e ta. Sa-mon T-ni-a-lu-chi dch hai bo
163
kinh Tng au tinh xa va ai tha tong tr, cung do sa-
mon Ngan Ton viet ta.
Trong chuyen Xa-na-quat-a cung cung quyen ke
tren viet: Sa-mon Minh Muc va Ngan Ton oi chieu ban
ch Phan va ban dch, can nhac cham chc chnh ly van
ngha. at-ma-bat-nha dch kinh Nghiep bao sai biet v.v...
cung do sa-mon Ngan Ton chua Nhat Nghiem viet ta.
Trong chuye n a t-ma-ca p-a cu ng quye n ke tre n vie t:
Bay gi co sa-mon Ngan Ton, noi ngoai tinh thong, am
tng Hoa Phan, tham d phien dch, cung vi Cap-a i
du lch nhieu ni danh tieng, thay biet ghi chep con ay
u hn ngi trc, co soan mot bo ai tuy tay quoc
truyen, khoang 10 thien.
Ban truyen cua Ngan Ton cung noi: Pham cac kinh
mi dch va nhng giang giai ve ai tr o luan, ong eu
viet ta e gii thieu. Tai dch trng, ngoai tr viec
trung oi Phan ban va chnh ly van ngha th ong ch
la ngi tr dch. Viec viet ta cho kinh ta ho la chuyen
trach cua ong, nhng ban than ong hoan toan khong co
ban dch nao truyen lai i. Ly luan dch Kinh cua ong
hoan toan do viec tr dch ma uc ket, co phan nao giong
nh ao An.
Ly luan dch kinh cua Ngan Ton ai khai co the chia
lam hai loai:

164
(1) Chu trng trc tiep nghien cu Phat ien bang
ch Phan.
(2) Nen tuan thu nguyen tac Bat b (tam s ay
u), bat ac d mi phien dch.
Ban than Ngan Ton von la mot trong nhng v Sa-
mon tinh thong Phan van, co the cung cap kien thc cho
Tay Vc. Hn na, Phat ien chu yeu ma ong nghien cu
eu bang nguyen van ch Phan. Ban truyen noi: Ngi
ong Ha (Trung Hoa) qu chuong van tung, con cac bac
thay Trung Thien (Tay Vc) th xem Phan van la goc.
Ton chuyen tm giao ien, ngay oc van li, cho nen cac
kinh ai pham, Phap hoa, Duy-ma, Lang-gia, Nhiep luan,
Thap a v.v... eu do chnh ong truyen lai bang Phan van
va tho tr oc tung, moi ngay ong oc thuoc long tron ban
roi mi ngh.
Hn n a, va o lu c tuo i gia , o ng em hn 4000 ba i
ke ba ng tie ng Pha n go m 13 va n l i ma o ng a tu ng
thuo c lo ng, c 7 nga y o c mo t la n, la y o la m co ng
vie c ha ng nga y.
Trong Bien chnh luan noi: (Ong) can nhac tng
ch, gang sc rat nhieu, duyet lam nhieu nam, ao cua
ong mi c rong rai, co the bao quat co kim, gom thau
tri at, s nghiep nh nui cao, van chng ta vc
tham.
165
Ngan Ton cho rang hoc tap Phan van khong kho nh
hoc tap Han van. Hoc tap Han van phai trai qua nhieu
nam mi co kien thc rong rai. Nhng trong bien hoc bao
la khong b cua ien tch Han van ma at en trnh o
s nghiep nh nui cao, van chng ta vc tham, co the
bao quat xa nay, gom thau tri at th chang phai la
viec de dang. Neu dung chng ay thi gian, no lc nghien
cu Phan van, th co the biet ranh the thc, lanh hoi
thong suot. The nen sa-mon luc mi nhap ao, can phai
hoc tap Phan van, th may nam sau mi u sc oc Kinh
ien bang ch Phan. Neu i nao cung co the lam c
nh the, th ngi ngi eu hieu, giam bt s phien
dch nhoc nhan. Phng phap hoc tap tan goc, cung
nguon cua Ngan Ton hoan toan chnh xac, khien cho
ngay nay nhng ai muon hoc tap t tng hoc thuat ngoai
quoc eu lay viec trc tiep hoc tap nguyen tac lam
nguyen tac c ban.
Trong ngu tha t ba n, tam ba t d cu a a o An a
thuye t minh a i kha i the che cu a Pha n va n, nhng Nga n
To n cho o co n qua tho s, cha u tinh ma t, ne n trong
Bie n chnh lua n o ng soa n la i tha nh 10 ie u chnh ye u
nh sau:
(1) Tieng cua ch
(2) Van cua cau
(3) Van ap
(4) Danh ngha

166
(5) Kinh luan
(6) Ca tung
(7) Chu thch
(8) Pham e
(9) Chuyen nghiep
(10) Ban khac
ieu ang tiec la trong Bien chnh luan ch neu ra
cac tieu e tren ay ma khong giai thch, nen noi dung
xac thc cua chung khong biet tra khao ni nao.
Bien chnh luan noi: Ngay ca the ch cua Thien
Truc, theo the thc cua tieng tat-am
3
, chuong phan thanh
nha, dng nh de thay ro, ngay xa ngi ta goi chung
ni ay la nc Ho. Tuy ao An co kien thc rong, nhng
cung cha biet het ngon ng cua cac nc, ban cua nc
Ho la tiep noi cua cac nc Nhung tap nhap, con tieng
Phan la nguyen uy cua Thanh ien. Nguon goc a cach xa
nhau, th ngha ly ng nhien nham lan, nhng ai khong
ranh am cua tieng Tat-am phan nhieu b lan lon, thay co
dang dap cua ngi Ho th cho la noi giong cua Phan, ung
la ngi Phan (An o) lai bao la giong Ho, khong phan
biet c ung sai, that kha thng thay!
Va: Hoac do ben trong co chap nhan nga, ben
ngoai th ho then khi hoi han, khien cho nhng ieu b

3
T goi chung cac ch cai tieng Phan.
167
yeu cang xa cach vi nguon goc, lang long suy ngh, phai
xot thng ri le.
Lai viet: t hoc sach Phan, nen dung nghi phi phap,
sung knh c Phat ma lai ho then khi hoi nguon goc van
t cua Phat, ton trong ho Thch ma lai xau ho khi tm toi
ly thu ngon ng ho Thch, khong thay c la kinh (kinh
ien) nen khong biet knh ngng. Neu bong nhien thay
Pham Tang th sinh long kieu man, bo goc tm ngon, that
ang buon ci!
Sung knh Thanh hoc cua Phat-a ma lai xem
thng van t cua Thien Truc, tham ch khinh thng
Pham Tang, qua thc la mot hien tng khong the nao
hieu noi. Ngan Ton bnh luan nh vay khong phai la thai
o sung thng ngoai quoc mot cach mu quang, ma ong
ng tren lap trng nghien cu Phat hoc ma phat bieu,
ch ro con ng hoc tap ngan ngui chnh xac nhat.
[245] Sach Bien chnh luan lai viet: Lu-chi Lac
Ap ngha thieu th them vao cho mi, Chan e i Tran,
nhieu li to iem van ve. Neu cho rang Phan s oc oan
th khong dam thay oi nhng li tham tram cua ho, con
neu ngi ghi chep tham gia che bien th se co nhng li
tha thai hon loan. Y phai chat phac ma gan vi ly, khong
nen hoa my ma trai vi nguon goc. Neu thnh thoang thay
nhng cho chat phac moc mac, xin ch che la ky quai.
Trong oan van tren ay, Ngan Ton muon thao luan
ve van va chat. Xa nay, ngi chu tr, dch gia va ngi

168
bien chep la ba van e ln. Ban Han dch la van hay chat
eu khong co mot chuan tac nhat nh nao e bnh pham.
Ngi xa cho la van hoa th co the ngi nay cho la
khong van hoa. Ngi nay ngh la chat phac th co the
ngi xa ngh la khong chat phac. The nen, ieu g ngi
xa cho la sai trai, co nhien ngay nay khong the khong
xem xet can than. S yeu chuong cua cac thi ai khong
giong nhau: s phien tap, n gian, que kech, hoa le cua
Han, Nguy; s ban luan cua Tan, Tong; tnh van hoa, chat
phac cua Tan, Lng, moi thi ai eu co nhng phong
thai khac biet. Nhng mot ban dch nao o cua thi ky au
chnh la quy pham e cho ngi i sau tuan thu, noi theo.
Goc a chia ng th ngon kho ma hp nhat. Hn na, v
trai qua nhieu i trc ay a huan tap thanh le, ri vao
tnh trang xem sai thanh ung cang ngay cang them
nghiem trong. Chang han nh tang man ma dch thanh
hoa man, an thien ma dch thanh thien nh, c the
tiep tuc, khong ai nh chnh nhng sai lam ngay trc.
Cac ai s chu dch moi ngi eu co nhng s thch rieng,
Lu-chi th ngha t them vao cho mi, con Chan e th to
iem nhieu li van ve. Do o ma noi dung van dch so vi
nguyen ban co t nhieu sai biet. Hn na, ngi ghi chep
con tham gia che bien th se co nhng s tha thai hon
loan, khien cho dien muc ban dch khong con giong vi
nguyen van ch Phan la ieu de hieu. Noi tom lai, Ngan
Ton tha nhan rang c qua moi qua trnh phien dch th
gap phai nhng tr ngai trong s truyen at kinh ngha.
169
Cho nen trc tiep nghien cu Phan van Phat ien la
phng phap tot nhat e tranh tat ca nhng s khong thong
cam nhau ay.
[246] Ngan Ton em tnh chat chan that cua Thanh
hoc Phat-a chia lam ba bac. Cap mot, ai bieu la c
Phat, von la mot v vien am, rat ang tin cay; nhng c
Phat a sm nhap Niet-ban, ngi i nay khong co cach
nao trc tiep hap thu phap nhu cua Ngai. Cap hai, la nhng
e t mon e trc tiep cua Phat, ho la nhng ngi kiet tap
Phat ien, nhng khi ay nguyen v Phat phap a hao ton,
phap mon co phan suy giam, so vi thi Phat con tai the a
cach nhau mot tang. ai bieu cho cap ba la nhng Phat
ien Han dch, v thi gian a xa cach hang nghn nam,
pham Thanh khac nhau, ong Tay cach tr, o chnh la ba
nhan to bat li, cho nen so vi thi ai Vien am mot v
cang cach xa hn na.
Trong Bien chnh luan, Ngan Ton neu ra tam ieu
hoan b (bat b), noi dung nh sau:
(1) Thanh tam yeu phap, ch nguyen li ngi,
khong ngai lau ngay.
(2) Muon sang b giac, trc phai gi gii, khong
s che bai.
(3) Hieu thau tam tang, thong ngha hai tha, khong
b ngu tre.
(4) oc khap sach s, trau doi ien chng, khong
e thieu sot.

170
(5) Trong long an tnh, kh lng ung dung, khong
hay chap trc.
(6) am mnh vao ao, lanh nhat li danh, khong
thch khoe khoang.
(7) Thong hieu tieng Phan, van dch lu loat, khong
ket ngon t.
(8) Xem qua Thng Nha, hieu s Trien Le, am
tng van hien.
[248] Tam ieu tren ay u, mi xng la dch gia
chan chnh.
Bat b neu tren la tieu chuan can thiet dung e
tuyen chon nhan vien cong tac tai dch trng, nhng ta
ho chang lien quan g en ly luan dch kinh het.
Chung ta co the tom tat noi dung bat b thanh ba
iem chnh yeu nh sau:
(1) Dch gia can phai ay u nhng c tnh cao
thng cua mot Tang s (cac ieu 1, 2, 5 va 6).
(2) Dch gia can phai tinh tho ng Pha t ho c (ie u th 3).
(3) Dch gia can phai tinh thong van t ca Phan va
Han (cac ieu 4, 7 va 8).
*
4. Ly luan dch kinh cua Huyen Trang
Sau khi ai s Huyen Trang du hoc tr ve Trng
An vao nam Trinh Quan 19 (645), lien bat au cong tac
171
dch kinh cua mnh cho en luc vang sanh ngay 5 thang 2
nam Lan c th nhat (664), trc sau gan 20 nam.
Trong thi gian ay cha tng gian oan mot ngay, dch
c 73 bo, 1330 quyen kinh ien. Can c vao s o so
cua so quyen th qua that la dch gia so mot xa nay.
Trong gan 20 nam sinh hoat dch kinh, ly luan dch kinh
cua Huyen Trang ai khai co the uc ket thanh ba iem:
(1) Tm cau toan ban.
(2) Tuyet oi trung thanh vi nguyen ien.
(3) Co 5 trng hp khong phien dch.
[249] Hai iem (1) va (2) co the gom chung lai e
luan ban, nhan v ong bat man vi nhng ban cu dch ma
phat sinh.
ai s Huyen Trang a bat man oi vi nhng ban
dch cu t lau. Trc khi sang An o cau phap, ong tng
i tham van cac danh Tang trong nc, dau chan trai
khap cac ni nh Lac Dng, Trng An, Thanh o,
Tng Chau (Ha Nam), Trieu Chau (Ha Bac); ai khai
gan nh hau het hoc thuyet va Kinh ien ang lu hanh
t Nam en Bac luc bay gi, ong eu tham hoc tat ca. Du
du hoc khap ni trong nc, ong van cha thoa man
nguyen vong tm hieu cua mnh. Chuyen cua ong trong
Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 4 viet: To i i kha p Ngo Thu c,
la n e n Trie u Ngu, cuo i cung i ti Chu Tan, nghe au co
tr ng gia ng e u e n tham d , nhng li day bao a ban ra,

172
e u o m a p va o lo ng, co n nh ng g cha no i ra, th kho ng co
ca ch na o e hie u. Ne u kho ng lie u che t bo ma ng, the e n
Tha nh a th la m sao tha y c cha n kinh, hie u bie t tha u
a o, ta n ma t nhn c a nh sa ng cu a gia o pha p, va n go c va
ngha ma u.
V nham muc ch thay c chan kinh, ngha mau,
van ung ma ong quyet nh sang Tay Vc cau phap.
Ong lu hoc tai An o 17 nam, sieng hoc Phan van, chan
kinh, sau khi ve nc khong m xem ban dch cu na.
Chuyen Phap Xung trong Tuc cao tang truyen, quyen 25
viet: Tam tang Huyen Trang khong chu giang nhng
ban kinh dch trc ay, Phap Xung noi: Ong nng vao
kinh cu xuat gia, nay neu khong chu hoang truyen kinh
cu th nen hoan tuc, roi nng vao kinh mi dch e xuat
gia, th ta mi chap nhan y kien cua ong. Trang nghe vay
ben t bo suy ngh cua mnh.
S d Huyen Trang xem thng nhng ban dch cu
ai khai co the can c vao hai yeu to di ay:
(1) V nhng ban dch cu khong phai la nhng ban
nguyen ven.
(2) V nhng ban dch cu khong trung thanh vi
nguyen ien.
Trc het hay ban ve s anh gia cua Huyen Trang
oi vi nhng ban khong ay u. Huyen Trang sinh hoat
173
dch kinh trc sau 20 nam, ai khai co the chia lam ba
giai oan:
1. Sa u na m a u (645-650), la y vie c dch Du-gia s
a lua n la m trung ta m, o ng th i dch nh ng tr c ta c
lie n quan e n bo lua n na y.
2. [250] M i na m gi a (651-660), la y vie c phie n
dch Lua n ca u-xa la m trung ta m, va dch nh ng tr c ta c
lie n quan e n ca u-xa .
3. Bon nam sau cung (660-664), lay viec phien dch
Kinh ai Bat-nha lam trung tam [Trch dan Trung Quoc
Phat hoc t tng khai luan, chng 8 cua L Trng].
Nh va y, Du-gia s a lua n, Luan ca u-xa va kinh
a i ba t-nha la 3 tro ng ta m cu a co ng ta c dch Kinh cu a a i
s Huye n Tra ng, nhng ba bo kinh lua n na y tr c a y a
co ba n dch lu ha nh trong i. Huye n Tra ng dch 100
quye n Du-gia s a lua n, hn 800.000 ch , c thu che p
va o ai chnh tang ta p 30. Ba n dch cu cua no gom co:
(1) Bo-tat a tr kinh, 10 quyen, hn 90.000 ch,
c thu chep vao ai chnh tang tap 30, do tam tang
am-vo-sam dch tai Co Tang, tc ban biet dch cua Bo-
tat a th 15 trong phan Du-gia ban a, nhng thieu Tr
th t.
(2) Bo-tat thien gii kinh, 9 quyen, c chep trong
ai chnh tang tap 30, do sa-mon Cau-na-bat-ma i Lu
Tong dch.

174
(3) Quyet nh tang luan, 3 quyen, hn 20.000 ch,
c chep trong ai chnh tang tap 30, do tam tang Chan
e i Lng dch, tc la ban biet dch Y a, thuoc Ngu
Thc Than Tng ng a, trong phan Du-gia quyet
trach [trch dan t ai tang hoi duyet, sach th 3, trang
416 cua phap s Hoi Tanh].
[251] Vao thi o, ng Cao Tong tng truyen lenh
cho Huyen Trang: Ban nao cha co th dch trc, ban
nao co roi th dch sau. Nha vua hy vong co c nhieu
ban Phat ien Han dch lu hanh rong rai trong nc,
nhng Huyen Trang a e xuat y kien bat ong, nh trong
ai T An t tam tang phap s truyen, quyen 9 noi: Co
sac lenh truyen cho Phap s: Khi muon dch bo kinh luan
nao th loai cha co dch trc, loai co roi dch sau.
Phap s dang bieu ap: Vao ngay thang trc ay,
than phung sac phien dch kinh luan, loai nao ay cha
co th nen dch trc, loai nao a c dch roi th nen
dch sau. Nhng Luan phat tr T-ba-sa gom 200 quyen,
x nay trc ay ch co mot na hn 100 quyen ma van
chng phan nhieu hon tap, nay phai chnh on dch lai.
T mua thu nam roi en nay, (Than) a dch hn 70
quyen, con 130 quyen cha dch. Bo luan nay oi vi hoc
gia rat quan trong, xin (be ha) cho phep dch het, con cac
kinh luan khac th u thieu khong giong nhau, va rat
nhieu cho lam lan, mong c tuy nghi phien dch, e
ap lai y ch cua Thanh thng. Vua chap thuan.
175
[252] Viec dch lai kinh ai Bat-nha 600 quyen la y
ngha ay u nhat noi len y niem tm kiem toan ban cua
Phap s Huyen Trang. Trong ai T An t tam tang phap
s truyen quyen 10, noi: Cac nc phng ong xem
trong Bat-nha, i trc tuy co dch ma cha ay u nen
moi ngi cau xin dch lai. Nhng bo Bat-nha qua ln lao,
kinh s nhieu viec, hn na mang song vo thng, e
khong hoan thanh. Roi ong xin en cung Ngoc Hoa phien
dch, vua ben chap nhan. Vao ngay mong mot thang gieng,
mua Xuan nam Hien Khanh th 5 (660), bat au dch kinh
ai Bat-nha. Ban ch Phan tong cong gom 200.000 bai
tung, van t qua bao la, nen o chung thng yeu cau cat
lc bt. Phap s nh tuy theo y nguyen cua o chung,
nh cach phien dch cua La-thap, bo rm ra, cat trung lap.
Nhng khi mi ngh nh vay th ban em nam mong thay
nhng viec cc ky ang s, nham e canh tnh: hoac thay
i qua nhng cho nguy hiem; hoac thay manh thu bat
ngi, khien ong run ray toat mo hoi roi mi thoat c.
Khi thc day hoang s, ke lai giac mong vi ai chung, roi
theo nh trc phien dch ay u, th em ay ong thay ch
Phat, Bo-tat phong hao quang t gia 2 hang long may,
anh sang cham en than mnh, tam y th thai. Phap s lai
thay tay mnh cam en hoa cung dng ch Phat; hoac len
toa cao, thuyet phap cho ai chung, co nhieu ngi vay
quanh, khen ngi cung knh; hoac mong thay co ngi bieu
mnh nhng trai cay ac biet. Khi tnh giac rat hoan hy,
khong dam cat xen ma dch ung nh ban ch Phan.

176
Ngay mong mot thang gieng mua xuan nam Lan
c th nhat, cac ai c dch kinh cung vi Tang chung
chua Ngoc Hoa an can thnh cau dch kinh ai bao tch.
Phap s thay tam long Tang chung rat ch thanh, mien
cng dch c may hang, lien xep ban Phan lai, dng
ngh bao vi moi ngi: Bo kinh nay dung lng bang
kinh ai Bat-nha, Huyen Trang t lng kh lc cua mnh
se khong lam xong bo nay, ngay chet sap en chang con
bao xa, nay muon en cac coc Lan Chi v.v... le bai t gia
tng Phat Cu-chi. The roi, cung vi mon nhan ra i,
Tang chung nhn nhau khong ai la khong cam thay bui
ngui. Khi anh le xong, tr ve chua chuyen tinh hanh
ao, roi cham dt han viec phien dch.
Kinh ai bao tch la mot bo kinh ln mang tnh chat
cua mot bo tung th, so quyen vo cung o so, Huyen
Trang t lng kh lc khong am ng noi nen nh ch
khong dch e khoi an han ve sau. Sau nay, Sa-mon Bo-
e-lu-ch ngi Nam An o dch lai kinh nay vao nam
Than Long th 2 (706) i vua Trung Ton nha ng,
gom 49 hoi, 120 quyen, hn 800.000 ch. Trong o, 26
hoi, 39 quyen la ban dch mi cua Bo-e-lu-chi, ngoai ra
23 hoi, 81 quyen kia eu la ban dch cu, c oi chieu
sa cha roi chep lai. Bo nay c a vao ai chnh
tang tap 31, thoa man nguyen vong e lai cua ngai
Huyen Trang. Trc ngai Huyen Trang, bo kinh nay a
co hn 10 ngi trch dch tng phan lu truyen i.
177
Muon biet ro xin xem Kham ong muc luc trong ai
chnh tang. Huyen Trang co y dch lai bo kinh nay la phat
xuat t ong c tm cau toan ban cua mnh. Huyen Trang
dch lai khong nhat thiet bo nao cung eu so sanh ba ban
cho on nh roi mi dch, nhng khi nao co ieu kien
cho phep th ong se lam het sc nh the e cho ban dch
at en cho hoan thien.
Ngu chung bat phien la ly luan dch Kinh cu the
nhat cua Huyen Trang c ghi chep trong Nam tong phap
van phien dch danh ngha tap quyen mot, nh sau:
1. V b mat nen khong dch, v du nh a-la-ni
(than chu).
2. V qua ham suc nen khong dch, nh Bac-gia-
pham, bao ham en sau ngha.
3. V Trung Hoa khong co, nen khong dch, nh
cay Diem-phu chang han.
4. V theo ngi xa nen khong dch, nh A-nau
Bo-e. Thc ra co the dch c, nhng t Ma-
ang tr i eu gi nguyen am Phan.
5. V sinh ieu lanh nen khong dch, nh e
nguyen am Phan Bat-nha th co ve ton trong,
con dch thanh tr tue th co ve tam thng: V
muon cho ngi ta sinh long ton knh, cho nen
khong dch.

178
Theo noi dung cua ngu chung bat phien th hoan
toan ve van e dch am cac danh tng cua Phat giao.
D bo ton luan luan thuat ky trc o a c Chan
e i Tran phien dch, en khi Huyen Trang dch lai sa
cha nhieu cho cha on cua bo nay. ay ta th so sanh
hai ban dch nh sau:
[254] oan I

* Ban dch cua Chan e
- Pha t die t ba ch nie n ha u
(Sau tra m na m Pha t die t)
- e t bo chap d
(e t bo chap khac)
- To n Nh Lai cha nh gia o
(Ha i cha nh gia o Nh Lai)
- Cap chung sinh li ch
(Va li ch chung sinh)
- bat lieu ngha kinh
(oi kinh khong lieu ngha)
- Nh ngon chap co that
(Chap ngon t sai y)
- Khi chung sanh yem bo
(Khien chung sanh chan nan)
- Kim y ly giao thuyet
(Nay y giao ly noi)
- Thien Hu ai Bo-tat
* Ban dch cua Huyen Trang
- Pha t ban Nie t-ba n ha u
(Sau Phat nhap Niet-ban)
- Thch man bach d nien
(Va hn mot tram nam)
- Tha nh gia o d bo hng
(Thanh giao chia bo phai)
- Tien dan bat nhieu ch
(a en ieu bat li)
- Trien chuyen chap d co
(V lan hoi chap trc)
- Tuy hu ch bo khi
(Cac bo phai phat sinh)
- Y t A-cap-ma
(Da vao A-cap-ma)
- Thuyet b chap linh yem
(Noi quan iem cua mnh)
- The Hu ai Bo-tat
179
(ai Bo-tat Thien Hu)
- Quan kho phat hoang the
(Thay kho phat nguyen ln)
- Thang tr, nh, bi tam
(Thang tr, nh, bi tam)
- T trach nh th ngha
(Ngh chon ngha nh vay)
- Nga kien ch chung sanh
(Toi thay cac chung sanh)
- Tuy chung chung kien lu
(Tuy theo tng kien giai)
- Co thuyet chan that ngha
(Nen noi ngha chan that)
- Nh Phat ngon s hien
(Lam hien hien li Phat)
- Nhc tri Phat chanh giao
(Neu biet chanh giao Phat)
- Thanh e vi can ban
(Lay Thanh e lam goc)
- Co ng th that ngha
(Ca n phai la y ngha tha t)
- Do nh sa trung kim
(Cung nh vang trong cat)
(ai Bo-tat The Hu)
- Cu ai tr giac tue
(ay u tr tue ln)
- Thch chung chan B-so
(Ty-kheo do ng ho Thch)
- Quan b thi t trach
(Xem thi ma chon la)
- ang quan ch the gian
(Xem khap ca the gian)
- Chung chung kien phieu chuyen
(Troi noi theo kien chap)
- Phan pha Mau-ni ng
(Pha hoai li cua Phat)
- B b to n ng thuye t
(Khoa trng tong phai mnh)
- ng tham quan Phat giao
(Nen suy xet li Phat)
- Thanh e thuyet vi y
(Nng ta vao Thanh e)
- Nh thai sa trung kim
(Nh la vang trong cat)
- Tra ch thu ky cha n tha t
(Chon la cai g ung)

*
* *


180
oan II

- Thng toa e t bo
(e t Thng toa bo)
- Tai the nhc thien nien
( i ch ng nghn na m)

[256]- Ch e tam bach nien trung
(en 300 nam sau)
- Hu tieu nhan duyen
(Co nguyen nhan nho)
- Phan thanh lng bo
(Chia thanh 2 bo)
- Nhat thiet nhat thiet hu bo
(Bo Nhat thiet nhat thiet hu)
- Diec danh Thuyet nhan bo
(Cung goi bo Thuyet nhan)
- Nh Tuyet sn tru bo
(Hai, Tuyet sn tru bo)
- Diec danh Thng toa e t bo
(Cung goi bo Thng toa e t)
- Ky Thng toa bo
(Ve Thng toa bo)
- Kinh nh s thi
(Qua chng ay thi)
- Nhat vi hoa hp
(Van con hoa hp)
- Tam bach nien s
(Ba tram nam au)
- Hu thieu quai tranh
(Co chut tranh chap)
- Phan vi lng bo
(Chia lam 2 bo)
- Nhat thiet nhat thiet hu bo
(Bo Nhat thiet nhat thiet hu)
- Diec danh Thuyet nhan bo
(Cung goi bo Thuyet nhan)
- Nh tc ban Thng toa bo
(Hai la bo Thng toa goc)
- Chuyen danh Tuyet sn bo
(oi ten Tuyet sn bo)

*
* *

181
oan III
[257]-D ac giai thoat canh thoi oa
(c giai thoat roi lai sa oa)
- oa do tham trc nhi phuc hoan
(oa v tham trc roi quay lai)
- D ch an x du kha ai
(en cho an vui rat kha ai)
- Tuy lac hanh co ch lac s
(Vui ma lam se c an vui)
- D giai thoat canh oa
(Giai thoat roi, sa oa)
- oa do tham phuc hoan
(o a do tham lien thoi)
- Hoach an hy s lac
(c an lac hoan hy)
- Tuy lac hanh ch lac
(Tuy vui lam them vui)
Can c theo s so sanh tren ay th tr trng hp
ngoai le oan 3, mot ben theo the ke tung 5 li, mot
ben 7 li, nhng so cau hoan toan tng ong, noi dung
ai khai cung tng ong, con van dch u, liet cung kho
ma quyet oan. Ve bo phan van xuoi th van t, so cau
cung ta ho tng ong, con van dch hay, d cung kho
phan biet. Tom lai, ch co oi cho ten dch hi sai biet
chut t ma thoi. Nh vay, Khuy C phe bnh ban dch cua
Chan e, hien nhien pham phai y kien chu quan benh
vc phe phai. V trong D bo ton luan luan thuat ky quyen
thng, Khuy C noi: Trc ay Chan e i Tran a
dch ban nay, goi la Bo chap d luan, v do am tng boi
diep (ch ngai Huyen Trang), nen hieu nh ban dch kia,
neu t ng khong ung vi Phan van, ly trai vi ngha
goc, ieu g v ay nham lan th giai thch them, nhng cho
nao d tha th cat bo i. Nay v than giao s cua toi la
Tam tang phap s Huyen Trang dich lai ban nay tai cung

182
Ngoc Hoa, ien Khanh Phuc vao ngay 14 thang 7 nam
Long Soc th 2 i ng.
[238] Khuy C phe bnh nhng ban dch cu tuy co
phan nao thieu khach quan, nhng Huyen Trang yeu cau
van dch phai trung thanh vi nguyen ien lai la s that.
ai T An t tam tang phap s truyen, quyen 7 noi: Vua
lai hoi: Kinh Kim Cng Bat-nha, tat ca ch Phat eu t
o sinh ra, ngi ta nghe ma khong huy bang, cong c
tho tr con hn la bo th ca than mang, hang sa tran bao
cung chang sanh bang. Hn na, ly tham sau ma li gian
d, cho nen cac bac hien at quan t, phan ln eu a
thch tho tr. Chang hay i trc phien dch van, ngha
co ay u khong?
Phap s ap: Cong c cua kinh nay ung nh
Thanh thng noi, ngi Tay Truc tat ca eu ai knh. Nay
xem lai kinh cu, cung co oi cho thieu sot. Cac ban ch
Phan eu noi Nang oan kim cng bat-nha, nhng ban
cu ch noi Kim cng bat-nha. Neu muon biet ro Bo-tat
xem s phan biet la phien nao, ma cai me hoac phan biet
th cng chac nh kim cng, ch co kinh nay la giai thch
ro, cho nen ch co tr tue khong phan biet mi co the oan
tr no c. The nen, noi Nang oan kim cng bat-nha ,
nh vay kinh cu thieu mat hai ch. Con oan van di th
ba cau hoi thieu mot cau, hai tung thieu mot tung, chn v
du thieu ba v du. Nh vay Phap s La-thap dch t ban
183
cua nc Xa-ve, con ban dch cua Lu-chi t ban cua Ba-
gia-ba, co the la thieu sot.
Vua noi: Thay a co ban tieng Phan, nen dch lai
e chung sinh nghe c ay u. Nhng kinh ien quy
ly, khong nen trau chuot van ma trai vi ngha.
Phap s noi: Cho nen nay dch lai la Nang oan kim
cng bat-nha, la da theo ban ch Phan. Sau khi nghe
tau trnh nh vay, vua rat hai long.
Can c theo s giai thch cua Huyen Trang th y
ngha cua Kim cng bat-nha va Nang oan kim
cng bat-nha hoan toan bat ong. Ong dung Phan ban
nh chnh ban dch cu la v cai te nan mat, khuyet cua
ban dch cu. The nen ong phai da vao Phan ban e dch
lai. Ban kinh nay trc sau co tat ca sau ngi dch, ke ca
Huyen Trang:
(1) Kim cng bat-nha ba-la-mat kinh, 1 quyen, hn
5000 ch, c a vao ai chnh tang tap 8, do Tam
tang phap s Cu-ma-la-thap dch vao i Dieu Tan.
[259] (2) Kim cng bat-nha ba-la-mat kinh, 1
quyen, hn 6100 ch, c a vao ai chnh tang tap 8,
do sa-mon Bo-e-lu-chi ngi Thien Truc dch vao i
Nguyen Nguy.
(3) Kim cng bat-nha ba-la-mat kinh, 1 quyen, hn
6400 ch, c a vao ai chnh tang tap 8, do sa-mon
Chan e ngi nc u-thien-ni dch vao i Tran.

184
(4) Kim cng nang oan bat-nha ba-la-mat kinh, 1
quyen, hn 7100 ch, c a vao ai chnh tang tap 8,
do at-ma-cap-a i Tuy dch.
(5) Nang oan kim cng phan, 1 quyen, 8228 ch,
c a vao ai chnh tang tap 7. ay chnh la quyen
577 cua kinh ai bat-nha ba-la-mat-a, do Huyen Trang
i ng dch.
(6) Phat thuyet nang oan kim cng bat-nha ba-la-
mat-a, 1 quyen, hn 5100 ch, c a vao ai chnh
tang tap 8, do Ngha Tnh i ng dch.
Trc Huyen Trang, at-ma-cap-a a dung ten
Nang oan. Trong cac ban ke tren, ban dch cua Huyen
Trang co so ch phong phu, de hieu va chnh xac nhat.
So ch trong ban dch cua Huyen Trang so vi cac
ban khac tuy nhieu, nhng hoan toan khong phai do
Huyen Trang t y tang them van dch, nh trong chuyen
Phap Bao ma Tong cao tang truyen ghi lai: Huyen Trang
luc au khi dch xong Luan Ba-sa, Bao co ieu hoai nghi,
hoi Huyen Trang ve Phi tng kien hoac, Trang ben
them vao trong luan 16 ch e cho y ngha co mach lac.
Bao thac mac: Thay au co nen em li pham them vao
Thanh ngon? Trang ap: ieu o khong nen lam, ta van
biet the!
Huyen Trang can c vao ngha ma cham chc
them 16 ch vao Luan Ba-sa e cho van dch ro rang de
185
hieu, e t Phap Bao con cho la khong nen, do o co the
thay c thai o nghiem can trung thanh oi vi nguyen
ien cua ong. ai khai van dch cua Huyen Trang hoan
toan can c vao noi dung cua Phan van, khong may may
dam them bt cau ch. Trong bai Hau t gii than tuc
luan quyen ha, Khuy C viet: [260] Trong nguyen ban
gom co 6000 bai tung, v thay van rm ra nen got dua
bo bt, con 900 tung hay 500 tung. Nay em dch lai
thanh 830 bai tung, van co rong hep, nhng ngha khong
them bt.
a khong co trng hp rong hep, tang giam, o
la can c vao nguyen ban ma phien dch, khong dam t y
thay oi. Tom lai, Huyen Trang hoan toan trung thanh
vi noi dung nguyen ien, ban dch cua ong khong co
hien tng cat bt nhng chi tiet bo phan, hoac loai bo
mot so cau Phan van khong dch.
Gi ay xin neu kinh Xng tan Tnh o Phat nhiep
tho lam bang chng. Kinh nay gom co 2 ban:
(1) Phat thuyet A-di-a kinh, 1 quyen, 1857 ch, do
tam tang phap s Cu-ma-la-thap i Dieu Tan dch.
(2) Xng tan Tnh o Phat nhiep tho kinh, 1 quyen,
4075 ch, do tam tang Huyen Trang i ng dch.
Hai quyen kinh tren cung mot nguyen ban ma hai
ngi dch, eu a vao ai chnh tang tap 12, nhng so

186
ch va thien chng th sai biet mot tri mot vc. Neu
can than so sanh ve van dch, th ban dch cua Huyen
Trang hien nhien phan ln la phien dch ung. Gi ay
xin oi chieu nh sau:
oan I
(Tan Tnh o Phat nhiep tho kinh)

* Van dch cua La-thap
- Hu Xa-li-phat
(Lai na Xa-li-phat)
- Cc lac quoc o
(Quoc o Cc lac)

- That trung lan thuan
(bay vong lan can)

- That trung la vong
(bay vong li giang)
- That trung hang tho
(bay vong hang cay)

- [261] Giai th t bao
chau tap vi nhieu
(eu la bon bau chay
* Van dch cua Huyen Trang
- Hu Xa-li T
(Lai na Xa-li T)
- Cc Lac the gii tnh Phat o
trung (Trong coi Phat thanh tnh
cua the gii Cc lac)
- X x giai h u tha t tru ng ha ng
lie t die u ba o lan thua n (Ni ni
eu co bay vong lan can bang loai
chau bau)
- That trung hang liet bao a la
tho(bay hang cay a-la qu bau)
- Cap hu that trung dieu bao la
vong (va co bay vong li chau
bau)
- Chau tap vi nhieu t bao trang
nghiem (Trang sc bang bon loai
bau chay giap vong tron)
187
giap vong tron)
(Ban dch La-thap
thieu)

- Kim bao, ngan bao, phe lu ly
bao, pha-chi-ca bao, dieu sc
gian y (Vang bau, bac bau, phe-
lu-ly bau, pha-chi-ca bau dung
e trang sc ni ay).
- Xa-li t: B Phat o trung hu
nh th ang chung dieu y sc,
cong c trang nghiem, tham kha
ai lac, th co danh vi Cc lac the
gii (Nay Xa-li t, trong nc
Phat ay co nhng th trang iem
quy bau nh the, cong c trang
nghiem, rat ang a thch. The
nen goi la the gii Cc lac).
oan II
* Ban dch La-thap
- Xa-li-phat, nh nga
kim gia tan than A-di-
a Phat bat kha t
ngh cong c, ong
phng diec hu A-
suc-be Phat (Na y Xa -
l i-pha t, nh nay ta ta n
than cong c khong
* Ban dch Huyen Trang
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh nga kim gia
xng dng tan than Vo Lng
Tho Phat, vo lng vo bien bat
kha t ngh Phat o cong c,
nh th ong phng diec hu
hien tai Bat ong Nh Lai (La i
n a Xa -l i-t, nh nay ta ca ngi
ta n tha n co ng c vo l ng vo bien

188
the ngh ba n cu a Pha t
A-di-a, phng ong
cu ng co Phat A-su c-
be )
- Xa-li-phat, Nam
phng the gii hu
Nhat Nguyet ang
Phat...(Xa -l i-pha t, the
gii phng Nam co
Phat Nhat Nguyet
a ng)
- [262] Xa-li-phat,
Tay phng the gii
hu Vo Lng Tho
Phat(Nay Xa-li-phat,
the gii phng Tay co
Phat Vo Lng Tho)

- Xa-li-phat, Bac
phng the gii hu
Diem Kien Phat
(Nay Xa -l i-pha t, the
gi i phng Ba c co
Phat Diem Kien)

khong the ngh ban ve quoc o cua
Phat Vo Lng Tho, cung vay,
hien ta i phng o ng cu ng co c
Nh Lai Ba t o ng)
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th Nam
phng diec hu hien tai Nhat
Nguyet Quang Nh Lai(Lai
na Xa-li-t, nh vay hien tai
phng Nam cung co c Nh
Lai Nhat Nguyet Quang...)

- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th Tay
phng diec hu hien tai Vo
Lng Tho Nh Lai (La i n a
Xa -l i-t , nh va y hie n ta i
phng Ta y cu ng co c Nh
Lai Vo l ng Tho )

- H u Xa -l i-t , nh th Ba c
phng die c h u hie n ta i Vo
L ng Quang Nghie m Tho ng a t
Gia c Tue Nh Lai (Lai na Xa-
li-t, nh vay hien tai phng
Bac cung co c Nh Lai Vo
Lng Quang Nghiem Thong at
Giac Tue)
189
- Xa-li-phat, Ha
phng the gii hu
S T Phat (Nay Xa-
li-phat, the gii
phng Di co Phat
S T )

- Hu Xa-li-phat,
Thng phng the
gii hu Pham Am
Phat (Lai n a Xa -l i-
pha t, the gi i phng
Tren co Phat Pham
A m)
(Khuyet)

(Khuyet)
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th Ha
phng diec hu hien tai th hien
nhat thiet dieu phap chanh ly,
thng phong hoa vng Thang
c Quang Minh Nh Lai (Lai
na Xa-li t, nh vay hien tai
phng Di cung co c Nh
Lai Thang c Quang Minh, th
hien tat ca dieu phap chanh ly
thng phong hoa vng)
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th Thng
phng diec hu hien tai Pham
Am Nh Lai (Lai na Xa-li t,
cung vay hien tai phng Tren
cung co c Nh Lai Pham Am)

- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th ong
Nam phng diec hu hien tai
Toi Thng Quang ai Van Loi
Am Vng Nh Lai (Lai na
Xa-li t, nh vay hien tai
phng ong Nam cung co c
Nh Lai Toi Thng Quang ai
Van Loi Am Vng)
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th Tay
Nam phng diec hu hien tai

190

(Khuyet)

(Khuyet)
Toi Thng Nhat Quang Danh
Xng Cong c Nh Lai (Lai
na Xa-li t, nh vay hien tai
phng Tay Nam cung co c
Nh Lai Toi Thng Nhat Quang
Danh Xng Cong c)
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th Tay Bac
phng diec hu hien tai Vo
Lng Cong c Hoa Vng
Quang Minh Nh Lai (Lai na
Xa-li t, nh vay hien tai
phng Tay Bac cung co c Nh
Lai Vo Lng Cong c Hoa
Vng Quang Minh)
- Hu Xa-li-t, nh th ong
Bac phng diec hu hien tai vo
so bach thien Cu Chi Quang Tue
Nh Lai(Lai n a Xa -l i t , nh
vay hien tai phng ong Bac
cu ng co vo so tram ngan va n c
c Nh Lai Qua ng Tue )
Tnh hnh ngai Huyen Trang trung thanh vi nguyen
ien la nham tranh nhng cho bat ong cua ban dch vi
ban ch Phan, ong thi cung chu trong en tnh chnh
xac cua ban ch Phan, nh ai T An t tam tang phap s
191
truyen, quyen 10 ghi chep viec ong dch kinh ai Bat-
nha nh sau:
- Phat thuyet kinh nay gom co 4 cho:
1. Tai nui Thu Phong, thanh Vng-Xa;
2. Tai vn Cap co oc;
3. Tai cung Thien vng coi Tha Hoa T Tai;
4. Tai tinh xa Truc Lam thanh Vng-Xa.
Noi chung co 16 hoi, gom thanh mot bo. Nhng
phap s tm c ba ban Tay Vc, en ngay phien dch
kinh nay, van co iem nghi ng, ben hieu nh ca ba ban
cho on nh, an can them bt, roi mi chep thanh van.
Tnh can than cua ong xa nay khong ai sanh kp.
ng nhien, nhng kinh ien do Huyen Trang dch
lai, khong nhat thiet bo nao cung eu so sanh ba ban
cho on nh roi mi dch, nhng khi nao co ieu kien
cho phep, th ong se lam het sc nh the, e cho ban dch
at en cho hoan thien.
Ngu chung bat phien la ly luan dch kinh cu the
nhat cua Huyen Trang c ghi chep trong Nam tong
phap van phien dch danh ngha tap, quyen 1, nh sau:
1/ V b mat nen khong dch, v du nh a-la-ni
(than chu).
2/ V qua ham suc nen khong dch, nh Bac-gia-
pham, bao ham en 6 ngha.

192
3/ V Trung Hoa khong co, nen khong dch, nh
cay diem-phu chang han.
4/ V theo ngi xa nen khong dch, nh A-nau Bo-
e. Thc ra ch nay co the dch c, nhng t Ma-ang
tr i eu gi am Phan, nen khong dch.
5/ V sinh ieu lanh nen khong dch, nh e nguyen
Phan am Bat-nha th co ve ton trong, con dch thanh
tr tue th co ve tam thng; v muon cho ngi ta sinh
long ton knh, cho nen khong dch.
Theo noi dung cua ngu chung bat phien th hoan
toan thuoc ve van e dch am cac t ng cua Phat Giao.
Huyen Trang tong ket y kien cua ngi trc, hieu nh
thanh nam nguyen tac c ban cua viec dch am. Xa nay
van e t ng dch am cua Phat giao phai dung y ngha
ham suc cua ch Phan ma giai thch. Khi dch am, ta phai
chon ch Han nao u sc bieu am ma khong lien quan g
en y ngha e phien chuyen. Nhng nhng ch Han
ong am hay am gan giong th qua nhieu, kho ma chon
mot ch nao cho thoa ang. V vay, cung mot nguyen ban
ch Phan ma do nhieu ngi dch khac nhau, nen co
nhieu ten dch am khac nhau. Do vay rat de dan en tnh
trang sai lam do xem van ma lien tng en y ngha. Nh
Diet hoac luan cua Lu Hiep trong Hoang minh tap,
quyen 8 noi: Tam pha luan noi: Ch Phu-o trong kinh
Phat xa, La-thap oi thanh Phat-o.
193
[265] Can c cac ch Phu-o, Phat-o am rat gan
nhau, eu la ten dch am, nguyen tac tieng Phan la
Buddha, c dch thanh cac ten nh Phat-a, Hu-o,
Phu-a, Phu-au, Bot-a, Vo-a, Mot-a, Bo-tha v.v...,
nguyen y la Giac gia, Tr gia, v x nay khong co ngi
nh the nen phai dung phng phap dch am. Tren ay
bat luan cach dch am nao cung eu dien at y ngha cua
am Phan la Buddha, ch khong co ngha nao khac.
Nhng do ngi Trung Quoc khong hieu nguyen y cua
Phan van, roi xem van oan ngha, ban luan linh tinh nao
la ngi Ho hung ac, giet, cat, cai bieu o linh
thieng cua bac Thanh, noi tren bien ma troi en v.v...,
them that giai thch mot cach xuyen tac nh diet hoac
luan cua Lu Hiep a lam.
Con tang-mon, sa-mon cung nh vay. Nguyen ch
Phan cua no la sramana, c dch thanh cac ten ta-mon,
sa-mon-na v.v..., nguyen y la dt, dt tam, tnh ch, tnh
ch, ban ao, noi chung la ch cho ngi xuat gia. The ma
giai thch linh tinh la ca chet mat, phep sa thai,
mon ngha la goc, tang ngha la diet, eu la cach giai
thch rat ang buon ci, nh Diet hoac luan a lam.
Cac ai s dch kinh t xa en nay oi vi cac t
ng dch am, eu a tu chnh hoac nhieu hoac t, nhng
yeu cau ten dch am gan vi nguyen van va dung ch
ien nha la hai nguyen tac ma ho cung nhau tuan thu.
Huyen Trang du hoc An o lau ngay, oi vi cac loai

194
ngon ng trong nc An o, hieu biet kha thau ao, ai
ng tay vc ky, quyen 2, noi: Loai van t nay (ch
Phan) do Pham Thien che ra, au tien a ra nhng
nguyen tac, gom co 47 li, da vao vat ma hnh thanh,
tuy viec ma s dung, dien bien thanh nhng chi lu, dan
dan lan rong them, da vao at, tuy theo ngi, nen co
bien oi t nhieu. Neu oi chieu ai khai ve ngon ng th
cha khac vi nguon goc; nhng ac biet Trung An o la
ro rang chnh xac nhat, t ieu hoa nha, cung am thanh
vi coi tri, kh van trong treo, lam quy tac cho con
ngi. Nhng nc khac xung quanh, huan tap sai lam
thanh thoi quen, ua nhau chay theo the tuc, khong gi
c thuan phong.
Nh ong am tng ch Phan mot cach xuat sac nh
vay, lai co ieu kien thuan li la tinh thong Han van, the
nen cac t ng dch am cua ong t nhien chnh xac hn
nhng ngi i trc.
Gi ay xin giai thch rong ve ngu chung bat
phien cua Huyen Trang nh sau:
1/ V b mat nen khong dch, nh a-la-ni (than chu)
chang han
Nguye n ta c Pha n va n cu a a -la-ni la dhrani, co
cho dch la a -la-na, a -la n-ni v.v..., chia tha nh 4 loa i
la : Pha p a -la-ni, Ngha a -la-ni, Chu a -la-ni va Nha n
a -la-ni. Y ngha ban a u la Tr, to ng tr, na ng tr, na ng
195
gia , tho ng th ng go i tha n chu la a -la-ni. Ba t c to n
gia o na o cu ng e u co tnh cha t tha n b, chu ng la mo t
trong nh ng loa i o , pha i tr tu ng u ng nguye n a m th
m i co the hie n hie n c na ng l c tha n tho ng l n lao
cu a chu ng . Trong Tho ng ch l c lu c th l c e ngu
lua n Hoa Pha n cu a Trnh Tie u, no i: Nay Pha m Ta ng
chu ma th co ma ri, chu ro ng th co ro ng hie n, ch
trong khoa nh kha c, theo a m thanh ma bie n ho a. Hoa
Ta ng (Ta ng s Trung Hoa) tuy ho c a m thanh a y ma
kho ng linh nghie m, la v cha a t e n trnh o a m thanh
chnh xa c va y. a i kha i Huye n Tra ng v ly do ba o to n
nguye n a m cu a chu ng , cho ne n chu trng dch a m
chu ng , nh chu ng sau cu ng trong ba n dch Ba t-nha
Ba-la-ma t-a ta m kinh cu a o ng: Ye t-e -ye t-e , ba-la-
ye t-e , ba-la-ta ng-ye t-e , Bo -e -ta t-ba -ha.
Y dch cua oan chu ng nay la i qua, i qua, i
qua b ben kia, cung nhau qua b ben kia, th at c
giac ngo. Nguyen tac Phan van: Gate, gate, paragate,
parasamgate, bodhi svh.
Trc thi Huyen Trang, La-thap dch Ma-ha Bat-
nha Ba-la-mat ai minh chu kinh, oan chu ng nay cung
c dch am. ai chnh tang tap 8 a thau luc ban dch
am ch Phan cua Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a tam kinh cua
Huyen Trang, ai khai cung phat xuat t ly do b mat,
neu khong phai vay th v sao oi vi mot bo kinh a dch
y lai con dch am!

196
2/ V qua ham suc nen khong dch, nh Bac-gia-pham,
bao ham en sau ngha
Nguyen tac ch Phan Bac-gia-pham la Bhagavat, co
nhieu ten dch nh: Ba-gia-ban, Ba-gia-phan, Bac-a-
phan, Ba-gia-ba, Ba-gia-bat-e v.v..., nguyen y la The
Ton, la ton hieu cua c Phat. Huyen ng nhat thiet kinh
am ngha quyen 3 noi: Ba-gia-ba, ban cu goi la Cong
c ln, ten goi bac ch Thanh, goi ung la Bac-gia-
pham. Tue Lam, Nhat thiet kinh am ngha quyen 10 noi:
Bac-gia-ban, Phan ng hoac goi la Bac-gia-pham, hoac
goi la Ba-gia-ba, hoac goi la Bac-gia-bat-e, eu la c
hieu th 10 cua c Phat. Phat a luan quyen 1, noi:
Bac-gia-pham da vao sau ngha sau ay: 1) Ngha t
tai; 2) Ngha x thnh; 3) Ngha oan nghiem; 4) Ngha
danh xng; 5) Ngha cat tng; 6) Ngha ton quy.
Tai v Bac-gia-pham bao ham nhieu ngha, neu dch
mot ngha nao o th khong bao ham het cac ngha khac,
v vay nen dch am la thoa ang nhat. Nhng phng
phap dch kinh bat phien (khong dch) nay, a c s
dung t lau roi.
Trong Niet-ban kinh du y cua Cat Tang, noi: Chang
han ch Ma-ha, von la am cua ngoai quoc, dch ung la
ai. Nhng ai co nhieu ngha, theo kinh nay th co sau
ngha: 1) Thng nen goi la ai; 2) Rong nen goi la ai;
3) Cao nen goi la ai; 4) Sau nen goi la ai; 5) Nhieu nen
goi la ai; 6) Hn nen goi la ai.
197
Nguyen van ch Phan cua Ma-ha la Mah, co cho
phien am la Mac-ha, ma-e, ma-ha v.v... Theo Cat Tang
giai thch th ch nay bao ham nhieu ngha.
3/ V Trung Quoc khong co nen khong dch, nh
cay diem-phu
Ca y die m-phu nguye n va n tie ng Pha n la Jamb, Phat
Ho c a i t ien cu a inh Phu c Ba o giai thch: Mo t loa i ca y
cao ta i A n o , te n khoa ho c cu a no la Eugeniajambolana,
tuy la mo t loa i th c va t ru ng la , nhng th i gian ru ng la ra t
nga n, la non lie n mo c ra ngay, la ay thang va nho n, n hoa
va o khoa ng tha ng 4 tha ng 5, co ma u va ng tra ng nha t, hnh
da ng nho nha n, qua m i ra co ma u va ng trang, da n da n bie n
tha nh ma u o ta, khi chn th co mau en hay ta a m, hnh
thu c tr ng chim se , co v cha t hi chua ma ngo t. Kinh
Niet-ba n ba n Nam truye n, no i: Ca y am-la va ca y die m-
phu , mo i na m thay la ba la n.
Tai v Trung Quoc khong co cay diem-phu, nen ch
co the dch am ten cua no. He nhng g Trung Quoc
khong co th Huyen Trang eu theo tieu chuan nay.
4/ Da theo ngi xa nen khong dch, nh A-nau,
Bo-e. Thc ra ch nay co the dch c, nhng t
Ma-ang en nay eu gi nguyen am Phan nen noi
theo o ma khong dch
Ch A-nau nguyen van tieng Phan la Anu, co cho
dch am la A-tho, A-no v.v..., nguyen y la rat nho.

198
Phap uyen ngha lam chng quyen 5 cua Khuy C i
ng giai thch: A-no ngha la cc ky be nho, nen goi
la cc vi. Bo-e nguyen ch Phan la Bodhi, cach dch cu
goi la ao, cach dch mi goi la giac. Luan ai tr o noi:
Bo-e, tieng nc Tan goi la tr tue vo thng. Nhng
ch A-nau, Bo-e va neu tren eu co the dch y, nhng
t Ca-diep-ma-ang thi ong Han tr i, eu dung cach
dch am a tr thanh quy c thong tuc, ai nay eu hieu,
khong can sang tao them mot ten dch mi, do o ma cac
trng hp tng t nh the Huyen Trang chu trng
theo xa khong dch.
5/ V phat sinh ieu lanh nen khong dch, nh dung
t Bat-nha th co ve tran trong, con dch thanh tr
tue th co ve tam thng. V muon ngi ta sinh
long cung knh nen khong dch
Ch Bat-nha nguyen tac tieng Phan la Praj, co
cac ten dch nh Ban-nha, Ba-nha, Bat-la-nha, Bat-thiet-
nha, Bat-la-ch-nng, Bat-lai-nha, Ba-lai-nha, Bat-than-
nhng, Ba-la-nng v.v..., nguyen y la tue, tr tue, sang.
oi vi Phat giao, tr tue c phan biet thanh nhieu tang
bac can sau, nhng Bat-nha la e nhat, vo thng, vo ty,
vo ang, khong g hn trong cac loai tr tue [Luan ai tr
o, quyen 4, oan 13].
Neu nh dch Bat-nha la tue, tr tue, minh, th
khong u e bieu at cac khai niem e nhat, vo thng,
199
vo ty, vo ang va khong g hn. Pham nhng trng hp
nh vay, Huyen Trang cho rang nen dung cach dch am
mi co the khien ngi ta sinh long cung knh.
Noi tom lai, tm kiem toan ban, trung thanh vi
nguyen ien, nam trng hp khong dch, o chnh la
trong tam ly luan dch kinh cua Huyen Trang. S thanh
tu ve phng dien nay het sc kha quan. Luat s ao
Tuyen i ng anh gia ong rat cao: i co Trang
Cong, cao troi hn ong loai, i ve chan ong, a tng
kinh lch trai hn tram nc, quan than eu ton knh, tiep
xuc luan ban, vach ro nhng yeu ch tham u, khien cho
ngi Hoa, Nhung eu vui thch, the nen vao i ng,
ong thuoc ve nhng ngi dch sau ma khong them mo
phong ngi xa, cam ban van len so sanh tham nh, sa
cha nhieu cho s xuat cua ngi trc [Tuc cao tang
truyen, quyen 4, Huyen Trang ban truyen luan].
*
5. Ly luan dch kinh cua Tan Ninh (919-
999)
ai s ho Cao, phap danh la Tan Ninh, nguyen quan
Bot Hai, vao cuoi i Tuy di en huyen c Thanh
thuoc quan Ngo Hng. Ong noi ten Huyen, cha ten Tham,
eu an gi c khong ra lam quan. Me ong ho Chu,
sinh ong tai nha rieng nui Kim Vu, vao nam Ky Mao

200
(919), nien hieu Trinh Minh th 7 i nha Lng. Ong
xuat gia tai chua Tng Phu Hang Chau trong khoang
nam Thien Thanh (926 - 930) i Hau ng. Vao au
nam Thanh Thai (934) ong vao nui Thien Thai tho gii cu
tuc, roi chuyen tam hoc luat T Phan, tinh thong luat cua
Nam Sn (ao Tuyen), ngi thi bay gi goi ong la
Luat ho (bac xuat sac trong gii luat s). Sau o, Ngo
Viet Trung Y Vng tan phong Tan Ninh lam Lng
Nhai Tang Thong, hieu la Minh Ngha Ton Van ai s.
Thang 10, nam Thai Bnh Hng quoc th 7 (982),
vua ra lenh Tan Ninh bien soan bo ai tong cao tang
truyen, ong tr ve Chiet ong lo viec bien soan. Mua
ong thang 10 nam oan Cung th nhat (988), ong sai
cac e t Hien Trung, Tr Luan em sach a soan en
trieu khuyet dang len vua, c vua viet th khen ngi va
ban thng lua la, roi truyen lenh a sach vao ai tang
e lu thong [Thch th ke co lc, quyen 4, e Vng
Nien Van Thuyen Yeu].
Theo Thch th ke co, quyen 4 th Tan Ninh vien tch
thang 2, mua xuan, nam Ham Bnh th 2 (999), hng tho
81 tuoi, en thang 3 nhap thap tai chua Thien Tho. en
nam Thien Thanh th 7 (1029) ngi chat cua ong la Ton
Thanh m thap em nhuc than Tra Ty, thu di hai xa li
mang ve an tang tai que nha la Tien ng.
Sach Thap quoc xuan thu, quyen 115 Thap Di viet:
Gan ay, cac Thch t phan nhieu thch viec ngam vnh,
201
ch co Tan Ninh la lay viec viet sach lap ngon, ton sung
Nho hoc, phung s Phat giao lam cong viec hang ngay.
Nhng trc tac cua ong gom co:
- Bac ong Trong Th phon lo, 2 thien.
- Nan Vng Sung luan thuat, 3 thien.
- Chng Thai Ung oc oan, 4 thien.
- Xch Nhan S co chanh tuc, 7 thien.
- Phi s thong, 6 thien.
- ap Tap Xch ch s, 5 thien.
- Chiet Hai Trieu luan kiem minh luc, 2 thien.
- c Xuan Thu vo hien than luan, 1 thien.
Ong c Vng Vo Xng trong thng nong hau.
Sach Tng sn da luc, quyen ha viet: Tang luc
Tan Ninh co hoc thc sau rong, thong bac moi viec xa
nay, viet hang tram quyen sach, Vo Xng Vng
Nguyen, T K Tnh Huyen he co nghi ngh ieu g eu
en hoi ong, va het sc than phuc ong.
Ong dung phng phap chiem nghiem lai lich s,
kiem tra toan bo Phan ng, Ho ng va Han ng ma
khong phe phan u khuyet cua ban dch, khien cho
nhng ngi co tai mat cam thay mot cam giac mi me.
Ly luan dch kinh cua Tan Ninh c ghi chep trong
Tong cao tang truyen quyen 3, do ong bien soan nh sau:
Toi thay ao An soan Ngu that ban, tam bat d, Ngan

202
Ton neu ra Bat b, Minh Tac th soan phien kinh nghi
thc, con Huyen Trang th e xuat Ngu chung bat
phien, nhng loai nay tng t nh nhng tong ket cua
Ta Th, giong nh the le cua cac s gia. Gi ay toi xin
uc ket ly luan phien dch thanh Tan y luc le nh sau:
1. Dch ch, dch am.
2. Tieng Ho, tieng Phan.
3. Dch lai, dch thang.
4. Tho ngon, te ng.
5. Hoa ngon, nha tuc.
6. Trc ng, mat ng.
Tan Ninh sang tao ra Tan y luc le (sau quy tac
mi me) la mo phong theo viec lam cua tien nhan. Cac
quy tac tren c ong giai thch ai khai nh sau:
1. Dch ch, dch am: Phan nay Tan Ninh chia lam 4
loai:
a) Dch ch kho ng dch a m, o la loa i th
nha t B ma t kho ng dch trong 5 loa i kho ng phie n
dch cu a Huye n Tra ng, t c la du ng ch Ha n chu a m
tie ng Pha n.
b) Dch am khong dch ch, chang han nh ch
Van (). Ch Van von la mot bieu tng ve s tot
lanh cua An o thi co ai. Y ngha cua no ay u ca
203
hnh, am, ngha, nhng khong phai la ch Phan. Cac
dch gia xa nay khong thay oi hnh, ngha ma em
cai bieu tng nay goi la ch Van.
c) [277] Am va ch eu dch, o la van dch kinh
ien cua ch Han ay u ca hnh, am va ngha. ay la
yeu to tien quyet cua viec dch kinh.
d) Am, ch eu khong dch, ngha la e nguyen
ban van ch Phan.
2. Tieng Ho, tieng Phan: Phan nay c chia lam 4 loai:
a) Ta i ngu Thie n Tru c thuan Phan ng. Tng truyen
ngon t cua An o do Pham thien che nh, luc au gom 47
l i, t o da n da n pha t trie n ro ng ra, go i la Thanh Ta ng,
go m co 20 chng, du ng e da y tre em, a i e kho ng gio ng
v i ngo n ng cu a ca c n c Ho .
b) Mien bac Tuyet Sn thuoc ve Ho, ch viet va
ngon ng khong giong vi Thien Truc.
Nguon goc ch cua nc Yet-sng-na hn 20 am
tiet, t o dan dan phat trien rong ra, ch viet theo hang
doc giong ch Trung Quoc.
e n Tho -hoa -la, ngo n ng va a m thanh ca ng kha c
hn, go c ch go m 25 a m tie t, a y vie t va o c theo
ha ng ngang.
Ngi Trung Quoc luc au goi tat ca cac nc thuoc
Tay Vc la Ho, roi t trieu Tuy tr i lai goi chung la
Phan, o la ieu sai lam do khong thong hieu a ly.

204
c) Va Ho va Phan, nh Kinh luat truyen en nc
Quy T, ngi Quy T em phien dch ra tieng nc
mnh, cho nao de hieu th gi nguyen tieng Phan, do o
ma ca Ho va Phan lan lon vi nhau.
d) Ch thuan tieng Hoa: Chang han nh thanh ng
tuc ng cua An o trong kinh ien bang tieng Phan, neu
nh ch can c vao mat ch ma dch ra ch Han th khong
co cach nao lam hien lo c tinh than song ong bao
ham trong o. Do o, ta ch co the chon mot cau thanh
ng hay tuc ng ch Han co y ngha tng ng e
phien dch ra no. Neu can c vao ngha cua ch ma noi
th 2 ben sai biet rat ln. Neu can c vao y ngh bao ham
ma noi th tinh than cua nguyen ien hien rat ro.
3. Dch lai, dch thang: Nh Kinh ien truyen en
cac x Lnh Bac, Lau Lan, Yen Ky, roi nhng ni nay
em phien dch sang tieng nuc mnh. Sau o Kinh ien
nay truyen sang ong Ha (Trung Hoa), roi ngi Trung
Hoa dch sang Han van. o la dch lai. Con trng hp
kinh ien t Thien Truc em en ong Ha, roi ngi
ong Ha em dch ra tieng ban a. o goi la dch thang.
4. Tho ngon, te ng: Nh dung nhng li noi pho
thong cua thi ai e dch kinh, o goi la tho ngon. Con
khi dung nhng ngon ng te nh, tao nha e bieu at y
Kinh th goi la te ng.
205
Phat phap vao thi ky au tai An o eu truyen nhau
bang mieng qua mieng, thi ky c ghi chep thanh van
tng oi kha muon.
Trong Nguyen thuy Phat giao thanh ien chi tap
thanh, trang 24, phap s An Thuan noi: Kinh va luat
c ket tap lien tuc ma hoan thanh, hoan toan khong
phai nh truyen thuyet noi ket tap lan au la hoan toan
tat ca. Tai v thi ai ket tap khac nhau, bo phai khac
nhau, a phng khac nhau, s dung ngon ng khac nhau
cho nen Phat ien cung mot tnh chat ma co the xuat hien
bao nhieu truyen ban khac nhau, chang han nh Quang
Luat co bao nhieu truyen ban khac nhau.
5. Hoa ngon, nha tuc: Nh dung van t e ghi lai li
noi la nha, con dung ngon ng thong dung e noi la tuc.
Nha ng nh cac loai van chng ngay xa cua Trung
Quoc c dung trong Kinh th, T th, Chu dch, Lao
Trang v.v... Con tuc ng la ch cho ngi dch kinh dung
nhng ngon ng pho thong ng hien hanh e dch kinh.
Ba n dch c xem la nha hay tu c co n tu y thuo c
va o s nhua n sa c. Co ng vie c na y th ng do nh ng ng i
co ho c th c a m tra ch. V ho a c gia o du c chnh
th c qua truye n tho ng ne n khi nha n tra ch nhie m nhua n
va n, ho se cha m ch c ch ngha khie n cho ba n dch
phu h p v i tie u chua n tao nha cu a va n ho c Trung Quo c.
a i kha i loa i na y do vng co ng a i tha n trong trie u hay
ca c nha tr th c va n s no i tie ng tham d va o co ng vie c

206
dch Kinh th c hie n. Ne u co ng vie c nhua n va n do ca c
Sa-mo n hay tn o co ho c th c no ng ca n th trong ba n
dch co the pha ta p nh ng phng ngo n tu c ng dung
tu c. Co n nh ng ba n dch v a nha v a tu c a i kha i la
nh ng dch gia linh tinh kha c.
6. Trc ng, mat ng: Can c vao y ngha cua van t
tieng Phan ma phien dch la trc ng. Con can c vao y
ngha te nh tiem an cua Phan van ma phien dch la mat
ng. Chang han tieng phan Ba-lu-s ma dch la
ng ac khau la trc ng, con dch thanh Bo-tat biet
c b ben kia la mat ng. Ngi nghien cu Phat ien
Han dch can phai hieu nhng iem ay, neu khong th rat
de ngo nhan y ngha cua Kinh, pham sai lam trong ga
hoa cuoc (khong thay toan bo van e ma ch thay tng
phan cua s viec).
Tren ay, chung toi a trnh bay nhng ly luan dch
Kinh kha co ong va suc tch theo tien trnh thi gian cua
cac ai s ao An, La Thap, Ngan Ton, Huyen Trang va
Tan Ninh. Hy vong nhng t lieu nay co the cung cap
nhng phng phap thiet thc cho cac dch gia trong
tng lai qua nhng kinh nghiem song ong cua cac bac
tien boi.

*
* *

207

Chng V
KKA B |1 0 KA N [|K
[297] Pham vi khao cu cua ba chng tren (tr
chng ch luan) thien trong ve cac van e: Lch s
dch kinh, che o dch trng, to chc dch trng,
nghien cu ve ly luan dch kinh. Trong khi dan chng
s lieu, tuy thnh thoang cung co e cap khai quat ve
nhng ban dch nao o, nhng cha ban luan ay u
ve cac van e nh: Ban dch lai, ban dch ay u, ban
dch lc, ban dch khuyet va s d ong cua van
dch. Muc ch ca chng nay la nham bo sung
phng dien thieu sot ay.
So lng Phat ien Han dch trai qua cac i rat la
phong phu, ngoai tr nhng ban dch b mat khong c
lu truyen, ch can nhn nhng ban hien con trong ai
tang kinh cung khien cho ngi ta het li ca ngi, tren the

208
gii khong co bat c mot bo phien dch tung th nao co
u t cach so sanh vi no. Moi bo kinh eu co lch s
truyen dch rieng cua no, lai con them cac van e nh
ban dch rieng cua tng chi phai, tom tat hay rm ra,
that gia kho phan v.v... Cac ban Phat ien Han dch cung
het sc phc tap, neu muon tm ra manh moi ro rang cua
mot ban dch nao o th nhat nh khong the bo cong
trong nam, ba nam ma thc hien c, cung khong the
dung sc lc va thi gi cua mot ngi ma co the thanh
tu. Chung ta c xem ai chnh tan tu ai tang kinh kham
ong luc th se thay cong viec nhieu khe cua no. Do vay,
but gia ch chon la bo phan cua nhng ban dch nao o
co u tnh cach tieu bieu nhat e khao sat.
Tai lieu chng nay se dung: Tiet 1, dung ban dch
cua bo Bat-nha lam chnh, trong tam la so sanh cac ban
dch qua cac thi ai; tiet 2, dung ban dch cua hai vung
Nam Bac vao thi Nam Bac trieu. Mot thuoc ve chieu
doc - thi ai, [298] mot thuoc chieu ngang - khu vc; tm
hieu so sanh qua hai phng dien chieu doc va chieu
ngang nay, co the hieu ai khai hien tng pho bien cua
ban Phat ien Han dch.
1. Ban Han dch cua bo kinh Bat-nha
But gia chon ban dch bo Bat-nha lam tai lieu la da
vao 3 ly do sau:
209
1. Bo kinh Bat-nha la bo kinh co so quyen rat phong
phu hien con trong ai tang kinh, c thu vao cac tap 5,
6, 7 va 8 trong ai chnh tang, tong cong 43 bo, 777
quyen, chiem so lng ng au trong ai tang kinh.
Trong ay bo ai Bat-nha do Huyen Trang phien dch
gom 600 quyen, la mot bo kinh ln nhat trong tang kinh
Han dch.
2. S hoang truyen t tng Bat-nha tai at Han bat
au t Truc Phat Niem, Chi-lau-ca-sam i Han phien
dch Tieu pham ao hanh kinh, va sau o cac bo ai
pham, Kim cng, Tam kinh c tiep tuc phien dch. Do
s quan tam cua cac thi ai oi vi t tng Phat hoc co
nhng iem khong giong nhau, cho nen, t tng Bat-nha
khong giong nh mat tri gia ban ngay sang rc khong
suy giam. Nhng ve mat khai trien chnh yeu t tng
Phat giao tai at Han th bo Bat-nha trc sau eu c
trong vng, nhat la bo Tam kinh, c lu truyen rat rong
rai, vt hn bat c mot bo Phat ien Han dch nao khac.
Trong quyen Bat-nha tam kinh t tng s, phap s ong
S viet: Trong cac tong phai Phat giao, bat luan la tong
phai nao cung eu oc Tam kinh, ngay ca nhng ngi tai
gia t nghien cu ve Phat hoc cung khong ai la khong ton
trong Tam kinh. Do o, kinh ien Phat giao c lu
truyen pho bien nhat, sau rong nhat chnh la Tam kinh.
3. Bo kinh bat-nha khong phai do mot thi ai, mot
ngi dch thanh. Ve thi ai, t ong Han cho en Bac

210
Tong, hau nh thi ai nao cung co ban dch truyen i.
Ve dch gia, trc sau gom 33 ngi tham gia phien dch
(tham khao o bieu 1 cua tiet nay), nhng ai s dch
kinh trong yeu nh Chi-lau-ca-sam, Chi Khiem, Khng
Tang Hoi, Truc Phap Ho, Cu-ma-la-thap, Huyen Trang,
Ngha Tnh eu tng doc sc vao viec nay, do vay khao
cu ban dch kinh Bat-nha [299] co the xem nh la hnh
anh thu nho cua Phat ien Han dch.
Nham tao ieu kien de dang cho s thao luan va
duyet oc, cach sap xep noi dung cua tiet nay khong
giong nh hnh thc cua ban luan van thong thng, trc
het chep o bieu 7 t lieu c ban, dung lam c s e thao
luan trong tiet nay. Nhng khi thao luan th dung cac o
bieu ay kiem chng lan nhau, do vay phai at chung
phan au. ai khai, th t sap xep o bieu 7 t lieu c
ban nay theo phng thc thu nho (t ln en nho), pham
vi o bieu th nhat rat rong, la tong muc cua bo kinh Bat-
nha con hay mat qua cac thi ai, co the xem nh ban
lch s gian lc cua he thong kinh ien Bat-nha c
phien dch. o bieu th 2, th 3 t trong he thong Bat-nha
rut ra hai bo kinh co tnh tieu bieu nhat la Tieu pham va
ai pham e so sanh nhng sai khac cua cac ban trung
dch ve so quyen, pham muc va so ch. T bieu o th 4
en th 7, lai t trong Tieu pham, ai pham rut ra nhng
oan van dch e so sanh, lai so sanh nhng oan van
dch cua kinh Kim cng va toan van Tam kinh von la hai
211
bo c lu truyen rat rong rai va rat co gia tr e bo
sung noi dung t lieu ve s so sanh van dch. Trc moi
o bieu lai gii thieu nguon t lieu dung e thiet lap o
bieu va nhng ieu can chu y khi oc o bieu ay.
Sau ay dung 7 o bieu lam tai lieu chnh e phan
tch dien mao cua cac ban dch bo Bat-nha.
1.1. So sanh ban dch bo Bat-nha qua
cac thi ai.
Cach bien soan Khai nguyen luc tng oi hp ly va
oi vi nhng Kinh con nghi van th khao nh rat can ke.
Nhng nhng Kinh c dch sau khi Khai nguyen luc bien
thanh th phai tham khao nhng Kinh luc xuat hien ve sau
[300] e bo sung cho thieu sot. Nhng tac gia gan ay da
vao c s nhng kinh luc cua cac thi ai, tap hp tat ca
thanh tch cua ngi xa, ap dung hai phng phap sau ay:
(1) Chia bo loai trc: Chang han nh Tieu pham
Bat-nha, ai pham Bat-nha, Nhan vng Bat-nha, Kim
cng Bat-nha, roi em mot quyen kinh trung dch thuoc
mot bo nao o, da vao nien ai trc sau, theo th t ghi
chu dch gia va ban kinh con hay mat. Phng phap nay
c cac bo sau ay ap dung: Quoc dch nhat thiet kinh cac
tap 9, 10, 11 thuyet trnh ve bo Bat-nha; Bat-nha tam kinh
t tng s cua phap s ong S; S ky ai tha Phat giao
chi khi nguyen d khai trien, chng 10, hang 2. u iem
cua phng phap nay la khien cho oc gia thoang nhn la

212
thay ro tnh hnh dch lai, con mat va dch gia cua bo kinh
nao o, nhng neu nh mot dch gia dch t hai bo kinh
Bat-nha tr len th tat nhien cho ghi chep phai chia ra,
khong co cach nao thay ro toan bo thanh tch cua v ay ve
lch s phien dch kinh Bat-nha.
(2) Lay bo Bat-nha 600 quyen thuoc hoi 16 do
Huyen Trang phien dch lam chnh yeu, roi em nhng
ban trung dch thuoc hoi nay chep di. Phng phap
nay ai khai mo phong theo Khai nguyen luc quyen 11,
Tng Duy Kieu Trung Quoc Phat giao s quyen 1,
chng 3; phap s Hoi Tanh ai tang hoi duyet bat-nha
mon, ap dung phng phap nay e trc tac. Phng
phap nay vap phai ba s sai lam:
a/ Thi ai b xao tron: Bo ai Bat-nha cua ngai
Huyen Trang la bo kinh xuat hien muon, neu em ban
dch cua ngi trc at sau ban nay, th ve mat th t
nien ai trc sau hien nhien khong thoa ang.
b/ Bo Bat-nha cua ngai Huyen Trang tuy la bo tung
th Bat-nha co so quyen rat o so, nhng no van khong
the bao gom toan bo he thong Bat-nha, neu lay no lam
chnh yeu th se bo ra ngoai nhieu bo khong bao gom
trong pham vi cua ban dch nay.
c/ Ngo nhan rang ban kinh tieng Phan ma ngai
Huyen Trang dung lam c s la nguyen ban hoan chnh,
ban dch cua ngi trc da vao o e dch hoac trch
213
dch tng oan ma thoi; ky thc kinh ien tieng Phan tai
An o c ket tap trai qua thi gian dai khong gian
oan mi hoan thanh, noi dung va chng muc cua kinh
ien t gian n en phong phu; va lai, kinh ien cac bo
phai c lu truyen cung khong phai hoan toan tng
ong. Ban tieng Phan ma ngai Huyen Trang dung lam c
s ch la Kinh ien ai bieu cho mot thi ai, mot bo phai
nao o; con ban tieng Phan ma cac dch gia khac dung
lam c s th la Kinh ien ai bieu cho mot thi ai hay
mot bo phai khac. Neu nh trc het khong nam ro nguon
goc cua nguyen ban, mu m xem [301] bo kinh ai Bat-
nha do ngai Huyen Trang dch la bo au cua kinh Bat-
nha, th khong hoan toan khach quan.
Xem qua tren ay, cach trc thuat th nhat co the
dung c, o bieu nay dung no lam c s, co tu chnh
chut t e bo sung vao cai ep ma cha tron ven. Ve t
lieu van dung nam nha neu tren lam chnh, roi tham khao
nhng kinh luc i xa e nh ro ung sai. Phng phap
trc luc cua o bieu nay, ve chieu doc, co the xem khai
quat tnh hnh thi gian phien dch cua mot bo kinh nao
o; ve chieu ngang, co the thay ro mot dch gia nao o a
dch tong cong c bao nhieu bo kinh Bat-nha.
Trng hp nhng ban dch trong o bieu co hai loai
ghi nhan so quyen khac nhau, la do da vao s ghi chep
cua kinh luc i xa. Phan trc la so quyen cua ban hien
con, phan sau la i xa ghi lai ban nay. Chang han nh

214
Bat-nha ao hanh pham kinh (10 hay 8 quyen) cua Chi-
lau-ca-sam, Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 2, phan ghi chep
ve Chi-lau-ca-sam noi Bat-nha ao hanh pham kinh 10
quyen, ben di ghi chu: hoac 8 quyen, Trng phong luc
quyen 4, Noi ien luc quyen mot, Khai nguyen luc quyen
mot cung ghi chep nh vay, nhng hien con trong ai
chnh tang tap 8 la ban 10 quyen. Lai nh Chi Khiem,
ai minh o vo cc kinh ghi la 6 hoac 4 quyen. Xuat tam
tang ky tap, quyen 2, phan ghi ve Chi Khiem noi Minh o
kinh 4 quyen, roi chu: hoac goi la ai minh o vo cc
kinh, ma khong ghi chu la con co ban 6 quyen, nhng
Trng phong luc, quyen 5, Noi ien luc, quyen 2, Khai
nguyen luc, quyen 2, th co ghi chu hoac 6 quyen, ma
hien con trong ai chnh tang tap 8 th la ban 6 quyen
ch khong phai ban 4 quyen (e tranh nhng chi tiet
rm ra, nen khong phai tat ca eu ghi chu.)
Phan kinh ien c ghi chep trong muc 10. Nhng
ban n dch Bat-nha khac, le ra moi bo kinh ien nen co
mot khung rieng, nhng v e giam bt tiet muc, nen gom
lai mot cho.
Sau ay la ban liet ke tong quat he thong kinh Bat-
nha, chia thanh 10 cot; trc het cot 1 thuoc Tieu pham
Bat-nha v.v..., liet ke ten kinh, so quyen con mat, dch gia
va thi ai.
1
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240
241
Trong 7 ban trch oan cua bo Tieu pham Bat-nha
tren ay th ban cua Ngai Huyen Trang la tng oi tieu
bieu nhat, vay xin chuyen ng phan trch oan nay e
chung ta tham khao:
(1) Luc bay gi, Cu Tho Thien Hien bach Phat rang:
Bach The Ton, nhng ke ngu si khong sieng nang tinh
tan, u cac tat xau, goc thien mong manh, am on khong
mong cau, t nghe kem tr tue, b cac ban xau thao tung,
khong phung s ban lanh, khong thch tha hoi nhng ieu
tot ep, khong cham lo tu hoc, nghe Phat thuyet giang Bat-
nha Ba-la-mat-a sau xa, that kho ma tin hieu.
(2) Phat bao Thien Hien: ung vay, ung vay,
ung nh li ong noi.
(3) Ba y gi , Thie n Hie n la i ba ch Pha t ra ng: V
sao Ba t-nha Ba-la-ma t-a na y sa u xa kho tin kho hie u
nh va y?
(4) Pha t ba o Thie n Hie n: Sa c chang buo c cha ng m .
Ta i sao va y? V sa c la y vo tnh la m t tnh. Tho , t ng,
ha nh, th c chang buo c cha ng m . Ta i sao va y? V tho t ng
ha nh th c la y vo tnh la m t tnh. La i n a, na y Thie n Hie n,
kh i thu y cu a sa c khong buo c kho ng m . Ta i sao va y? V
kh i thu y cu a sa c la y vo tnh la m t tnh. Chung cu c cu a sa c
kho ng buo c kho ng m . Ta i sao va y? V chung cu c cu a sa c
la y vo tnh la m t tnh. oa n gi a cu a sa c kho ng buo c
kho ng m . Ta i sao va y? V oa n gi a cu a sa c la y vo tnh
la m t tnh. Kh i thu y cu a tho , t ng, ha nh, th c kho ng

242
buo c kho ng m . Ta i sao va y? V kh i thu y cu a tho , t ng,
ha nh, th c la y vo tnh la m t tnh. Chung cu c cu a tho t ng
ha nh th c kho ng buo c kho ng m . Ta i sao va y? V chung cu c
cu a tho , t ng, ha nh, th c la y vo tnh la m t tnh. oan gi a
cu a tho , t ng, ha nh, thc kho ng buo c kho ng m . Ta i sao
va y? V oa n gi a cu a tho , t ng, ha nh, th c la y vo tnh la m
t tnh.
(5) Cu Tho Thien Hien lai bach Phat rang: Bat-nha
Ba-la-mat-a sau xa, rat kho tin hieu. Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-
a sau xa het sc kho hieu.
(6) Phat bao Thien Hien: ung vay, ung vay,
ung nh li ong noi.
(7) Tai sao nh vay? Nay Thien Hien, sac thanh
tnh tc qua bao thanh tnh, qua bao thanh tnh tc sac
thanh tnh. Tai sao vay? V sac thanh tnh nay vi qua
bao thanh tnh von khong phai hai, khong phai hai phan,
khong phan biet, khong gian oan; tho, tng, hanh, thc
thanh tnh tc qua bao thanh tnh, qua bao thanh tnh tc
tho, tng, hanh, thc thanh tnh. Tai sao vay? V tho,
tng, hanh, thc thanh tnh nay vi qua bao thanh tnh
von khong phai hai, khong phai hai phan, khong phan
biet, khong gian oan.
(8) Lai na, nay Thien Hien! Sac thanh tnh tc nhat
thiet tr thanh tnh, nhat thiet tr thanh tnh tc sac thanh
tnh. Tai sao vay? V sac thanh tnh nay vi nhat thiet tr
thanh tnh von khong phai hai, khong phai hai phan, khong
243
phan biet, khong gian oan; tho, tng, hanh, thc thanh
tnh tc nhat thiet tr thanh tnh, nhat thiet tr thanh tnh tc
tho, tng, hanh, thc, thanh tnh. Tai sao vay? V tho,
tng, hanh, thc thanh tnh nay vi nhat thiet tr thanh
tnh von khong phai hai, khong phai hai phan, khong phan
biet, khong gian oan.
1
.
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245
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[
3
2
6
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(
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[
3
2
7
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(
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247
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(
8
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251

252
Trong bo n ba n trch oa n cu a bo kinh a i pha m Ba t-
nha tre n a y th hai ba n cu a ngai Vo -la-xoa va nga i Cu-
ma-la-tha p b thie u va i oa n, co n ba n cu a nga i Huye n
Tra ng th qua phong phu , va y xin chuye n ng ba n dch cu a
ngai Truc Phap Ho e tham khao:
(1) Luc bay gi c The Ton lien le li ra, che
khuat ba ngan ai thien the gii, t trong cuong li xuat
hien vo so anh hao quang vi dieu chieu khap cac the gii
cua ch Phat phng ong.
(2) Ngay khi ay vo so cac ai Bo-tat khong the ke
xiet cua cac coi Phat phng ong nhieu nh cat cua
nhng con song, trong thay anh hao quang ay lien i en
cac c Phat cua mnh tha hoi rang: Knh bach bac
Tri trong coi tri, do uy than g ma nay co anh hao
quang chieu sang ni quoc o nay nh vay?
(3) Khi ay cac c Nh Lai trong cac quoc o ay noi
vi cac ai Bo-tat: Nay cac thien nam t, cac ong muon
biet s bien hoa ay chang? Hien gi phng Tay cach
ay hang ha sa so the gii cua ch Phat, co nc Phat ten
la Nhan Gii (the gii Kham Nhan), Thch-ca van at-
tat-a-kiet A-la-ha Tam-da-tam-phat, t cuong li cua
Ngai toa ra anh hao quang chieu en hang ha sa so the
gii cua ch Phat phng ong, khap ca 10 phng.
Nhan o Ngai thuyet giang Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a cho cac
ai Bo-tat.
253
(4) Bay gi cac ai Bo-tat cua cac Phat o ay lien
bach Phat rang: Knh bach ai Thanh, chung con muon
en o anh le cung dng c Thch-ca van Nh Lai,
ong thi nghe giang Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a.
(5) [326] c Phat ay day rang: Nay thien nam t,
neu muon, ong hay chon gi ma i.
(6) Khi cac Bo-tat a c Phat cho phep, moi ngi
lien t chuan b bao cai, trang phan, hng hoa trang sc
nh tap hng, hng bot, hoa vang, hoa bac i en cho
c Thch-ca van at-tat-a-kiet A-la-ha Tam-da-tam-phat,
cui au anh le chan Phat, roi moi ngi lay ra nhng th
mang theo nh bao cai, trang phan, hng hoa trang sc,
tap hng, hng bot, hoa vang, hoa bac rai len tren Phat,
cac Bo-tat va cac Thanh van.
(7) Trong 8 phng va phng tren phng di cung
co vo so ai Bo-tat khong the ke xiet, moi ngi eu i
en cho c Phat cua nc mnh bach rang: Bach The
Ton, cac than quang nay t au chieu en vay? Cac c
Phat ay ap: Co c Phat hieu la Thch-ca Van Ni at-
tat-a-kiet A-la-ha Tam-da-tam-phat ang toa ra anh hao
quang t ni li cua Ngai chieu sang hang ha sa so the
gii cua ch Phat trong mi phng. o chnh la than
quang cua Ngai. Khi ay cac Bo-tat muon en anh le c
Thch-ca va tham thu cac Bo-tat khac, lien en xin phep
cac c Phat cua mnh. Cac c Phat ay ap: Nay cac toc
tanh t, neu muon i, cac ong chon gi ma i. [327] Cac

254
Bo-tat ben mang theo nhng pha m vat cung dng i en
cho c Thch-ca Van at-tat-a-kiet A-la-ha Tam-da-tam-
phat, cui au anh le dang len nhng pham vat a mang
theo, roi ngoi sang mot ben, nghe Phat thuyet phap.
(8) Luc bay gi T ai Thien Vng, ch thien tren
coi tri, ao-li thien, Diem thien, au-suat thien, Ni-
ma-la thien, Ba-la-ni-mat thien, cho en coi tri A-ca-n-
tra, moi ngi eu em theo thien hoa, thien hng, thien
bot hng, thien tap hng, hoa sen xanh, hoa sen hong,
hoa sen vang, hoa sen trang mang theo nhng hng hoa
vi dieu cua coi tri i en cho c Phat.
(9) [328] Ba y gi ch thie n va ca c Bo -ta t mo i
ng i e u mang theo ca c loai hng hoa vi die u a y cung
knh ra i tre n c Nh Lai ch cha n a ng Cha nh gia c e
cu ng d ng.
(10) Luc bay gi nhng hng hoa rai tren h khong
ay hoa thanh cung ien l lng tren h khong khap ca
bon phng, toan la nhng chau bau vi dieu rc r khien
ai cung cam thay vui thch.
(11) Bay gi hoi chung hang tram van c ngi eu
chap tay hng ve Phat, cung knh hoi c Phat rang:
Knh bach bac Tri trong coi tri, nguyen cho than the
cua chung con trong i v lai cung c at-tat-a-kiet A-
la-ha Tam-da-tam-phat, cac Thanh Van cung c nh
255
vay, va se giang kinh phap cho hoi chung nh c The
Ton giang hom nay.
(12) [329] Bay gi c The Ton biet tam niem cua
cac thien nam t, thay tat ca phap vnh vien khong sinh,
khong diet, khong c, khong mat, at c phap nhan,
Phat lien mm ci.
(13) Hien gia A-nan tien en bach Phat rang: V ly
do g ma Phat mm ci? Ngai ci co y g?
(14) Pha t ba o v i A-nan: Ho m nay ha ng tra m
nga n va n c ng i trong ho i chu ng na y e u a t c
pha p nha n kho ng sinh kho ng die t, tra i qua 67 c kie p
trong tng lai se tha nh Pha t, hie u la Gia c Hoa a t-ta t-
a-kie t A-la-ha Tam-da-tam-pha t Minh Ha nh Tha nh Vi
Thie n The , The Gian Gia i, Vo Th ng S a o Pha p Ng
Thie n Nha n S Pha t The To n, kie p te n la Hoa S , the
gi i te n la Chu ng Hoa.
1
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261

262
Trong cac trch oan cua 7 ban dch Kim cng Bat-
nha neu tren th ban dch cua ngai La-thap tr thanh nh
ban (ban chuan), lau nay a c cac v ton tuc chung ta
chuyen ng ay u sang tieng Viet rat tien tham khao.
Con ban dch cua ngai Cap-a th truc trac kho hieu, ch
dung e tham khao ma t c s dung. Sau ay chung toi
xin dch cac trch oan trong ban dch cua ngai Ngha
Tnh e tien oi chieu.
(1) Phat noi vi Dieu Sinh: Neu co ngi nao phat
tam hng en Bo-tat tha th nen khi tam nh sau: Tat
ca cac chung sanh trong cac the gii gom cac loai nh:
Noan sinh, thai sinh, thap sinh, hoa sinh, hoac co sac,
khong sac, co tng, khong tng, hoac chang phai co
tng, chang phai khong tng, ta eu khien cho chung
vao coi vo d Niet-ban e diet o. [337] Tuy lam cho vo
lng chung sinh nh vay, chng c vien tch, nhng
thc s khong co mot chung sinh nao vao coi vien tch ca.
Tai sao vay? Nay Dieu Sinh, neu Bo-tat nao co y tng
ve chung sinh, th khong goi la Bo-tat. V sao the? V con
co y tng ve nga, y tng ve chung sinh, y tng ve tho
mang va y tng hng ve Bo-tat tha.
(2) Lai na, nay Dieu Sinh, Bo-tat nen thc hanh
bo th ma khong vng mac vao s tng, nen thc hanh
bo th ma khong vng mac bat c th g, nen thc hanh
bo th ma khong vng mac vao sac, thanh, hng, v,
263
xuc, phap. Nay Dieu Sinh, Bo-tat nen bo th nh vay,
ngha la khong dnh mac vao bat c ieu g. Tai sao vay?
V bo th ma khong dnh mac th khoi phc ay khong the
ke xiet.
(3) Nay Dieu Sinh, y ong ngh sao? Khoang h
khong phng ong co the o lng c khong?
Dieu Sinh ap: Khong the c, bach The Ton.
- The th khoang h khong Nam, Tay, Bac bon goc tren
di khap ca mi phng co the o lng c khong?
- Khong the c bach The Ton
- Na y Die u Sinh, Bo -ta t bo th ma kho ng dnh ma c th
kho i ph c c a y kho ng the o l ng c cu ng nh va y.
(4) Nay Dieu Sinh, y ong ngh sao? Co the quan sat
c Nh lai qua hnh tng thu thang cu tuc c chang?
- Khong the c, bach The Ton. Khong the quan
sat c Nh Lai qua hnh tng thu thang cu tuc. Tai v
sao? V c Nh Lai bao tng thu thang tc chang phai
tng thu thang.
- Nay Dieu Sinh, cac tng thu thang eu la h
vong, neu khong phai tng thu thang th khong h vong.
V the nen quan sat c Nh Lai qua tng thu thang ma
khong co hnh tng.

1
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264

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273

274
Trong 7 ban dch tren ay th ban dch cua Phap s
Huyen Trang a tr thanh nh ban (ban chuan) c moi
ngi s dung va a c cac bac ton tuc chung ta
chuyen ng sang tieng Viet rat tien tung oc. Vay sau
ay chung toi xin chuyen ng ban dch cua ngai Tr Tue
Luan (tng oi chiet trung) e tien tham khao:
(1) Toi nghe nh vay: Mot thu no c Bac-nga-
pham (The Ton) an tru trong nui Thu Phong tai thanh
Vng Xa, cung vi ai chung B-so va Bo-tat. Luc bay
gi c The Ton nhap vao thien nh ten la Chieu Kien
sau xa rong ln.
(2) Khi ay trong hoi chung co v Bo-tat ten Quan
The Am T Tai, khi thc hanh Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a sau
xa, thay ro t tnh cua 5 uan eu la khong.
(3) Luc bay gi Cu tho Xa-li t, nng than lc cua
Phat, chap tay cung knh bach ai Bo-tat Quan The Am
T Tai: Knh tha Thanh gia, neu co ngi muon hoc
hanh Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a sau xa, th phai thc hanh
nh the nao?
(4) [344] Khi c hoi nh vay, ai Bo-tat Quan The
Am T Tai lien noi vi Cu tho Xa-li t: Nay Xa-li t,
neu co thien nam t, thien n nhan nao muon thc hanh
hanh Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a sau xa th nen thay ro t tnh
cua 5 uan eu la khong, se xa la cac kho ach. Nay Xa-li
t, sac la khong, phai thay tnh khong trong sac, sac chang
275
khac khong, khong chang khac sac, sac tc la khong,
khong tc la sac, tho, tng, hanh, thc cung nh vay.
(5) Nay Xa-li t, tnh tng khong cua cac phap
nay khong sinh khong diet, khong d khong sach, khong
giam khong tang; the nen trong khong, khong co sac,
khong co tho, tng, hanh, thc; khong co mat, tai, mui,
li, than, y; khong co sac, thanh, hng, v, xuc, phap;
khong co nhan gii, cho en khong co y thc gii; khong
co vo minh, cung khong co het vo minh, cho en khong
co het gia chet; khong co kho tap diet ao; khong co tr
chng va khong co ac.
(6) V kho ng co a c ne n Bo -e -ta t-o a nng
va o Ba t-nha Ba-la-ma t-a ma an tru , ta m kho ng
ch ng nga i; v kho ng co ch ng nga i ne n kho ng co s
ha i, xa la mo ng t ng ie n a o, c u ca nh tch nhie n;
ch Pha t ba i v nng va o Ba t-nha Ba-la-ma t-a ma
a t c Vo Th ng Cha nh a ng Bo -e , hie n tha nh
Cha nh Gia c.
(7) [345] Cho nen biet Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a la
ai chan ngon, la ai minh chan ngon, la Vo thng
chan ngon, la Vo ang ang chan ngon, co the oan tr
tat ca kho nao, chan that khong h doi, nen noi chan ngon
Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a.
(8) Lien noi chan ngon: An, nga-e-nga-e, ba-
la-nga-e, ba-ra-tan-nga-e, mao- a-ta-phc-ha.

276
(9) Nh vay Xa-li t, cac ai Bo-tat oi vi hanh
Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a sau xa, nen hoc nh vay.
(10) Luc bay gi c The Ton t thien nh an nhien
ng day, tan than Quan The Am T Tai ai Bo-tat:
Lanh thay, lanh thay, thien nam t! ung vay, ung vay,
ung nh li ong noi: Hanh Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a sau xa
nen thc hanh nh vay; khi thc hanh nh vay, tat ca cac
c Nh Lai eu se tuy h.
(11) Khi c The Ton noi nh the, Cu tho Xa-li t,
Quan The Am T Tai Bo-tat va tat ca tri, ngi, A-to-la,
Kien-a-phc v.v... trong the gian ang co mat ni hoi
chung ay, eu rat hoan h, tn nhan phung hanh.
2. [346] Nhng van e c phan anh
trong cac ban dch cua he thong Bat-nha
2.1. Mc o chenh lech trong cac ban dch
(Sau ay se khao sat khai lc ve so quyen, pham
muc, so ch cua moi bo kinh)
2.1.a. Bo Tieu Pham Bat-nha:
Bo nay co 7 ban dch nh trc a neu.
1. Bat-nha ao hanh pham kinh, 10 quyen, 30 pham,
hn 90.000 ch.
2. ai minh o vo cc kinh, 6 quyen, 30 pham, hn
40.000 ch.
277
3. Ma-ha Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a sao kinh, 5 quyen, 13
pham, hn 40.000 ch.
4. Tieu Pham bat-nha ba-la-mat-a kinh, 10 quyen,
29 pham, hn 74.000 ch.
5. ai bat-nha kinh e t phan, 18 quyen, 29 pham,
hn 147.000 ch.
6. Phat mau xuat sinh tam phap tang bat-nha ba-la-
mat-a kinh, 25 quyen, 32 pham, hn 120.000 ch.
7. Phat mau bao c tang bat-nha ba-la-mat kinh, 3
quyen, 32 pham, hn 10.000 ch.
Ban dch th 7 tren ay cua Ngai Phap Hien la loai
Nhiep tung, ve van dch khong thch hp dung e so
sanh. Con ban dch th 3 cua am-ma-ty la loai sao kinh,
pham muc khong ay u, cung khong thch hp dung e
so sanh. Ngoai ra 5 ban con lai ve pham muc ai khai sai
khac nhau khong nhieu, nhng ve cach chia quyen th bat
ong, so ch khac nhau rat ln; ban dch so 5 cua ngai
Huyen Trang va ban dch so 6 cua Ngai Thi Ho th so ch
c ho nhieu hn gap 3 lan so vi ban dch th 2 cua ngai
Chi Khiem. Nguyen nhan sai khac, chung ta co the tham
khao van dch cua 3 ban dch ay o bieu th 4 th co the
thay ro. [347] Ban dch th 2 ai minh o kinh cua ngai
Chi Khiem thieu cac oan (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (8), va dch
van cua oan (1) va (7) het sc gian lc.
2.1.b. Bo ai pham bat-nha o bieu th 3:

278
1. Quang tan bat-nha, 10 quyen, 21 pham, hn
80.000 ch.
2. Phong Quang Bat-nha, 20 quyen, 90 pham, hn
220.000 ch.
3. Ma-ha bat-nha: 27 quyen, 90 pham, hn 320.000
ch.
4. ai Bat-nha kinh e t phan: 78 quyen, 85 pham,
hn 600.000 ch.
Tren ay, ban dch th nhat cua ngai Phap Ho,
pham muc khong ay u, khong thch hp dung e so
sanh. Ba ban con lai, pham muc ai khai tng ng
nhau (ban cua ngai Huyen Trang thieu 3 pham cuoi
cung), nhng chia quyen khong ong, so ch sai khac rat
ln, ban cua ngai Huyen Trang nhieu gan gap oi ban
cua ngai La-thap va Vo-la-xoa. Chung ta khao sat o
bieu th 5 co the thay ro nguyen nhan v sao pham muc
va so ch cua 3 ban nay khac nhau. V ban cua ngai La-
xoa thieu oan (7), ban cua Ngai La-thap thieu oan (7)
(9), nhng cac oan con lai ve cach phan bo th ban cua
ngai Huyen Trang chu yeu la nhieu hn, de thay nhat la
cac oan (2) (3) (4) (6) (8) (10) va (14).
2.1.c. So sanh 7 ban dch Bat-nha tam kinh o bieu
th 7
(1) Ban cua ngai Cu-ma-la-thap: 299 ch.
(2) Ban cua ngai Huyen Trang: 260 ch.
279
(3) Ban cua ngai Phap Nguyet: 648 ch.
(4) Ban cua ngai Bat-nha, Li Ngon: 545 ch.
(5) Ban cua ngai Tr Tue Luan: 562 ch.
(6) [348] Ban cua ngai Phap Thanh: 562 ch.
(7) Ban cua ngai Thi Ho: 627 ch.
Bay ban tren ay ro rang thuoc ve hai he thong khac
nhau: a. Ban (1) va (2) thuoc he thong th nhat; b. Nam
ban con lai thuoc ve he thong th hai.
Noi dung cua Bat-nha tam kinh co the chia ai khai
lam ba phan: phan ta, chanh tong va lu thong. Trong o
bieu th 7 tren, cac oan (1) (2) (3) thuoc ve phan ta;
cac oan (4) (5) (6) (7) va (8) thuoc phan chanh tong; cac
oan (9) (10) va (11) thuoc phan lu thong. Phan chanh
tong la trong tam cua Tam kinh bat-nha, ve mc o chenh
lech nhau trong cac ban dch tng oi khong nhieu. He
thong th nhat, ve phan ta thieu oan (1) va oan (3), ve
phan lu thong hoan toan khiem khuyet. he thong th
2, ca 2 phan ta va lu tho ng eu ay u, ve mc o
chenh lech nhau tng oi rat t (ngoai tr ban dch th 3
cua Ngai Phap Nguyet). Nh vay s chenh lech ve so ch
trong 2 he thong chu yeu la phan bai ta va phan lu
thong co hay khong. Huyen Trang la v chu trng phien
dch ay u toan Kinh, tuyet oi khong cat xen nguyen
ien (xem tiet 4 chng 4). Tam kinh la mot bo kinh nho,
so ch trong cac ban dch c tinh gian nh the, khong

280
phai do rut gon hay lc bt; do o chung ta suy oan
nguyen nhan sai khac ve van dch thuoc hai he thong co
the la do nguyen ien Phan van cua ban goc khac nhau.
He thong th nhat ta ho la loai ke tung, chan ngon, cho
nen cau van tinh gian. He thong th hai them vao phan
nhap e va ket luan, von la the thc thong thng cua
loai kinh Phat. oi vi nhng ngi mi hoc, co le oc
ban dch thuoc he thong th hai de dang tham nhap noi
dung cua Tam kinh hn.
2.2. Cach at ten kinh
Can c vao o bieu th nhat, bo Tieu pham Bat-nha
ai khai da vao 5 phng dien sau ay:
1/ Dung ten pham th nhat cua kinh ay lam ten
kinh: Chang han pham th nhat cua kinh Bat-nha ao
hanh pham kinh do Chi-lau-ca-sam dch co ten la Pham
ao hanh. Co the [349] ao hanh kinh do Truc Phat Soc
dch cung giong nh vay.
2/ Dung y ngha tong quat cua kinh ay lam ten kinh:
Chang han ai minh o vo cc kinh, Ky a mat ai tr o
kinh thuoc ve loai nay. V kinh Bat-nha lay viec dung tr
tue e vt qua b giac lam ton ch, do vay dung ai
minh o, ai tr o lam ten kinh.
3/ Lay trieu ai dch kinh lam ten kinh: Chang han
Ngo pham kinh cua Khng Tang Hoi, v kinh nay c
281
dch tai nc Ngo vao thi Tam Quoc, do o dung ngo
pham lam ten kinh.
4/ Lay chng muc nhieu t cua ban van tieng Phan
lam ten kinh: Chang han Tieu pham kinh cua Truc Phap
Ho, Tieu pham bat-nha ba-la-mat kinh cua Ngai Cu-ma-
la-thap, thuoc ve loai nay. Bai ta Tieu pham kinh cua
Tang Due trong Xuat tam tang ky tap quyen 8 viet:
Chanh van cua Kinh nay gom co bon loai, do Phat tuy
thi giao hoa ma giang rong hay hep; ban nhieu th co
100.000 bai ke, con ban t th co 600 bai ke. ai pham
coi nay chnh la Trung pham cua Thien Truc, tuy nghi ma
goi, ha tat ke ve so lng nhieu t va bnh luan ve s n
gian hay phien tap? Trong Bat-nha tam kinh t tng s
cua Phap s ong S co ghi nhan ban tieng Phan cua
kinh Bat-nha hien hanh gom co 5 ban, xin ghi lai ay
nh sau:
a. Thap van tung bat-nha. oi vi phan au cua bo
ai bat-nha do Huyen Trang phien dch th co
cho dai ngan, co hoac khong, ch chang phai
hoan toan giong nhau.
b. Bat thien tung bat-nha: bo nay gom 32 pham,
tng ng vi bo Tieu Pham Bat-nha Han dch.
Tai Nepal no c gom vao trong 9 phap va co
phan giai thch cua Ha-le-bat-a-la.

282
c. Kim cng bat-nha: tc ban Nang oan kim
cng bat-nha tieng Phan, Ngai Huyen Trang,
Ngha Tnh eu co ban dch rieng.
d. Nh van ngu thien tung bat-nha: tng ng vi
hoi th hai cua kinh ai bat-nha va ai pham
bat-nha.
e. Bat-nha tam kinh
[350] Trong 5 ban tieng Phan th Tieu pham bat-nha
bat thien tung thuoc vao muc th 3, nhng vao thi Ngai
La-thap th tai at Han ong thi lu hanh ban dch Nh
van ngu thien tung bat-nha. V e phan biet hai ban khac
nhau nen au Kinh dung ten tieu pham, ai pham
lam ten kinh.
5/ Dung am dch ten kinh tieng Phan lam ten kinh:
Ban tieng Phan kinh Bat-nha eu dung Prajpramit
lam ten kinh, trc va sau no lai them ten khac e de
phan biet. Ban dch ch Han khi dung Bat-nha Ba-la-
mat-a lam ten kinh, eu thuoc vao loai nay.
Trong 5 cach at ten kinh neu tren co the tuy nghi
ap dung eu thch hp, nhng cach th 2 dung ngha khai
quat cua bo kinh e at ten kinh th phai can than. Neu
khong se bien hay thanh d, lam tro ci cho thien ha.
Chang han Kim cng bat-nha vi Kim cng nang
oan bat-nha, Nang oan kim cng bat-nha la hoan
toan tng phan. e trc rat de dan en s ngo nhan
283
kinh bat-nha cng nh kim cng (bat-nha kinh ky nganh
nh kim cng), e sau bieu at y ngha chnh xac kinh
bat-nha sac ben co the cat t kim cng (bat-nha kinh ky
li nang oan kim cng). The nen ten dch cua loai sau
la on nhat.
2.3. Cach at ten pham
Chu yeu la s khac nhau gia dch y va dch am.
Chang han nh pham ne-le, pham a nguc o bieu th
hai. Ch ne-le tieng Phan viet la Niraya, [351] co ngha
la a nguc. Noi dung cua pham nay noi ve noi kho cua
ke ac b oa a nguc. Trong 7 ban th 2 ban dung cach
dch am, 5 ban dung cach dch y. Lai nh pham A-duy-
viet-tr, nguyen tieng Phan la Avinivartaniya, la ten giai
v cua Bo-tat, co y ngha la khong thoai chuyen. Trong o
bieu th 2 co 3 ban dung cach dch am, 4 ban dung cach
dch y. Nhng trong 4 ban dch y th ten dch Bat thoi
chuyen bo-tat tng v cua Ngai Thi Ho la hoan chnh
nhat. Trong cac o bieu th 2, th 3 th ten pham dch y
chiem ty le nhieu nhat.
Trong nhng ten pham dch y ong dang, co nhng
ten dch hoan toan tng ong, co nhng ten dch ch tng
t, va co nhng ten dch hoan toan khac nhau. Nhng ten
pham dch am ong dang th ten dch tng oi sai khac
khong nhieu, nh trong cac o bieu th 2, th 3 co the thay
ro.

284
Trong mot bo kinh do mot ngi dch, co nhng ten
pham trc va sau giong nhau ma noi dung th khac.
Chang han trong bieu o th 2, ban dch cua ngai La-thap
(24), (29) eu la chuc luy pham, trong o bieu th 3,
ban dch cua ngai Vo-la-xoa (67), (90) cung co ten la
chuc luy pham. Ngoai ra trong nhng bo kinh cua
nhng ngi dch khac nhau, cung co trng hp ten
pham tng ong ma noi dung khac nhau; chang han
trong ban dch cua Chi-lau-ca-sam (8), ban dch cua Chi
Khiem (3) o bieu th 2, cung ten la Tr pham , nhng
noi dung th khac nhau.
2.4. Phng phap cach ngha cua Phat
giao anh hng oi vi ban dch
Trong o bieu th 2 va th 4, chung ta co the thay
hai hien tng sau ay: a) o bieu th 2 dung Thanh
tnh, Ban vo lam ten pham; b) o bieu th 4, dung
Thanh tnh lam thuat ng. Ma Thanh tnh von la mot
trong nhng t tng trung tam cua Hoang Lao. Do khong
tach bach y ngha chnh xac nen o bieu th 2 va th 4
dung lam ten pham, hoac thuat ng, ham y ngha la la
bo loi lam cua hanh ac, la bo cau nhiem cua phien nao,
the la ro rang bat ong vi y ngha ban au cua Lao T.
ay la loai mn nhng danh t co san cua Trung Quoc,
them vao y mi, e bieu at t tng Phat giao, o la
[352] noi dung cu the cua s cach ngha. Va lai ch vo
285
cung la t tng cua ao gia, ban vo t vo sinh ra, la
mot trong nhng chu e huyen am vao thi Nguy Tan.
Cac ban cua Chi-lau-ca-sam, Chi Khiem, am-ma-ty eu
dung ban vo lam ten pham, hien nhien la mn quan
niem vo cua ao gia va ban vo cua Huyen hoc e
bieu at t tng khong cua Bat-nha. Trong Han nguy
lng tan nam bac trieu Phat giao s, chng 9, giai thch
ve mon hoc Bat-nha vao thi ai Thch ao An, Thang
Dung ong viet: Cac nha hoc Bat-nha thng chu anh
hng cua Lao Trang, ch t th cung s dung danh t cua
Lao Trang, khi oc nhng kinh sach hien con ngay nay,
chung ta thay ro ieu o. Trong nhng ban dch chung ta
cung thay ro hien tng tng t ay.
Trong o bieu th 2, ta thay ba ban dung Ban vo
pham hai ban dung Chan nh pham, mot ban dung
ai nh pham, mot ban dung Nh that pham. That
ra, ca bay ban nay eu dch t tieng Phan Bhtatatht,
ma ch nay dch ngha la Chan nh tc Chan that nh
thng, la thuat ng Phat hoc mi sang tao cua ban dch
ch Han, hien tng dien bien nay ai bieu cho Phat hoc
tai Trung Quoc trai qua qua trnh phat trien oc lap.
2.5. Van e dch am, dch y
Trong qua trnh dch kinh, van e dch am, dch y
von rat phc tap, chang han nh ten Tu-bo-e trong o
bieu th t (1) co 3 cach dch: Tu-bo-e, Thien Nghiep,

286
Thien Hien; trong o bieu th 6 (1) co 4 cach dch: Tu-
bo-e, Thien That, Thien Hien, Dieu Sinh. Tu-bo-e la
mot trong 10 ai e t cua Phat, co biet tai hieu ve khong
so mot. Ngoai tr nhng ten dch a neu tren, con c
dch la: Tu-phu-e, Tu-phu-e, To-bo-e, To-bo-e,
Thien Cat, Khong Sinh. Trong Dieu phap lien hoa kinh
van cu, quyen 2 thng, noi: Tu-bo-e nc nay dch la
Khong Sinh, v luc sinh ra ong, tat ca kho lam, vat dung
chen bat trong nha eu trong trn. Khi hoi nha chiem tinh
th ong ta cho la tot, v luc sinh ra, trong nha khong co chi
ca [353] nen at ten la Khong Sinh. Theo y bao chen bat
ngoc nga eu khong nen da vao o at ten cho chanh
bao. Y bao va chanh bao eu tot, nen goi la Khong Sinh;
thng tu ve phap khong nen goi la Thien Nghiep. Neu
cung dng ong se c qua bao hien tai, nen goi la Thien
Cat (.34, tr. 18a, d11).
Trong a i ng ta y v c ky quye n 4 cu a Huye n
Tra ng, d i ch To -bo -e c chu thch: Ng i
ng go i la Thie n Hie n, te n cu go i la Tu-phu -e , hoa c
Tu-bo -e , dch la Thie n Ca t, e u la sai la m (. 51, tr.
893b, d19).
Tu-bo-e la t phien am cua ch Phan Subhti. Neu
theo lap trng dch am ma noi th cac am Tu-bo-e, Tu-
phu-e, Tu-phu-e, To-bo-e, To-bo-e eu rat gan nhau.
The nhng Huyen Trang cho rang ch co To-bo-e la
287
chnh xac nhat con cac cach dch khac eu la sai lam, e
kho tranh khoi thai o vo oan. Neu theo lap trng dch
y ma noi th Tu-bo-e bao ham nhieu y ngha ac biet.
Vay, nen dung ten nao la hoan hao nhat th qua that kho
ma quyet oan. But gia cho rang he la ten ngi th dung
cach dch am la tot nhat; ch can ten dch gan chnh xac va
c a so oc gia hoan nghenh, thong hanh tai Trung
Quoc la c, ch khong can phai so o hn kem.
Trong o bieu th 7 (2) (3) co 3 ten dch Quan The
Am Bo-tat, Quan T Tai Bo-tat, Quan The Am T Tai
Bo-tat. Ten tieng Phan cua v Bo-tat nay la
Avalokitevara, Cu-ma-la-thap dch Dieu phap lien hoa
kinh quyen 7 noi: Bay gi Bo-tat Vo Tan Y, t cho
ngoi ng day, trat vai ao ben phai, chap tay hng ve
Phat bach rang: Bach The Ton, Bo-tat Quan The Am
v nhan duyen g ma c goi la Quan The Am? Phat
noi vi Bo-tat Vo Tan Y: Nay Thien nam t, neu co
vo lng tram ngan vac c chung sanh chu cac kho
nao, nghe Bo-tat Quan The Am nay, nhat tam goi ten,
Bo-tat Quan The Am tc th quan sat am thanh ay, th
ngi kia lien c giai thoat Neu ai tho tr danh hieu
Bo-tat Quan The Am se c vo lng, vo bien phc
c nh vay (. 9, tr. 56c, d3].
Trong ai ng tay vc ky quyen 3, di tng A-
phc-lo-ch-e-thap-phat-la Bo-tat, Huyen Trang chu
thch rang: Ngi ng goi la Quan T Tai, ch ay

288
tieng Phan viet lien lai nh tren, neu chia ra e giai thch
th A-phc-lo-ch-e dch la Quan, (y) thap-phat-la dch
la [354] T Tai. Ngi trc dch la Quang The Am, hoac
Quan The Am, Quan The T Tai, eu la sai lam (. 51
tr. 883b, d22).
Nham muc ch tr tung vi y ngha tc th xem xet
am thanh ay, lien c giai thoat, nen ten Quan The Am
Bo-tat c La-thap dch la Quan The Am, nh the la
at c y. Con phng phap cua Huyen Trang chia van
cat am e phan tch, nen dch la Quan T Tai, la hoan
toan nam vng nguyen y cua Phan van. Phng phap
phien dch cua 2 ngai eu co mat oc ao rieng, ang e
lai nghn i.
Trong Bat-nha ba-la-mat-a tam kinh lc s cua
ngai Phap Tang i ng, viet: V oi vi s ly eu vo
ngai, quan at t tai, nen at ten ay. Lai na, xem xet can
c en cu o, t tai vo ngai, cho nen at ten nh vay.
Cach giai thch trc da vao tr, cach giai thch sau da
vao bi [. 33, tr. 552c, d13].
Tam kinh lc s cua Phap Tang ke tren la giai thch
Tam kinh cua ngai Huyen Trang, chung toi mn ham y
da vao tr, da vao bi e thuyet minh cho d ong
cua Quan The Am va Quan T Tai. La-thap theo lap
trng bi, dch la Quan The Am, ngha la cu o tat
ca chung sanh, tng t vi quan iem Ngoai vng
cua Trung Quoc. Huyen Trang theo lap trng tr, dch
289
la Quan T Tai, ngha la chng c tr tue vo thng,
tng t vi quan iem noi thanh cua Trung Quoc. V
lap trng cua 2 Ngai bat ong, nen ten dch hien nhien
sai khac. V muon bao ham ca hai ngha tr va bi
nen trong o bieu th 7, Tr Tue Luan dch la Quan
The Am T Tai, that la vien man. Tuy nhien, ten dch
nay lai khien cho ngi ta co cam tng ve ran them
chan, chang n gian trn tru cho lam. Do o, chung ta
thay viec dch kinh qua that chang de dang chut nao!
o bieu th 7 (4) co hai ten dch la Xa-li-phat
va Xa-li T. V nay la mot trong 10 e t ln cua Phat,
co tr tue bac nhat. Nguyen tieng Phan la Sarputra, con
c dch la Xa-li-phat-a, Xa-li-phat-a-la, Xa-li-
phu-a-la, Xa-li-bo-at-la, Thu Lo T. Xa-li (sar)
la ten ngi me, phat (phat-a, phat-a-la, phu-a-la,
bo-at-la) (putra) ngha la con. V Ngai la con cua ba
Xa-li, nen c dch ten laXa-li-phat, Xa-li T.
Xa-li-phat la hoan toan dch am, con Xa-li T th
gom ca dch am va dch y.
But gia [355] cho rang dch Xa-li T la khong
hoan toan thoa ang. Neu dch am thuan tuy th nen dch
la Xa-li-phat, con nh dch y thuan tuy th nen dch la
Thu Lo T (V mat cua me ong giong nh chim Thu
Lo, hoac co tai bien luan nh Thu Lo loai chim 100
li). Khi dch la Xa-li T th a chang phai dch am,
cung chang phai dch y, trai vi nguyen tac phien dch.

290
Va la i, Xa -l i T th tru ng v i te n xa -l i-t (t c
xng co t) cu a sa-mo n sau khi thie u tha n co n la i, de da n
e n ngo nha n.
Tai o bieu th 7 (6) co hai ten dch la A-nau-a-la
Tam-mieu-tam-bo-e, Vo Thng Chanh ang Bo-e.
Nguyen tac Phan van la Anuttara-samyaksambodhi, ay
la danh t chuyen mon ch cho tr tue c Phat a at
c. Trong Dieu phap lien hoa kinh huyen tan quyen 2
cua Khuy C i ng, noi: A (A) la vo, nau-a-la
(nuttra) la thng, tam (sam) la chanh, mieu (yak) la
ang, va tam (sam) la chanh, bo-e (bodhi) la giac; ngha
la vo thng chanh ang chanh giac (.34, tr. 672a,
d21). Do vay A-nau-a-la Tam-mieu-tam-bo-e la dch
am thuan tuy, con Vo thng chanh ang bo-e th
gom ca dch y va dch am.
Van e dch am ve than chu o bieu th 7 (8), cac
ban eu sai khac. But gia cho rang pham la dch am, ch
co the at en mc o tng oi gan vi nguyen am, ch
tuyet oi khong the nao hoan toan giong nh nguyen am.
Tai v phng phap bieu am cua 2 loai ng he khac nhau,
do o cac am tiet, am ieu, am chat va phng phap phat
am hien nhien cung phai sai khac. Chang han ch book
trong tieng Anh, neu dung ch Han bo-khac chu am,
am tuy gan giong nhng chung cuc khong co cach nao
giong het nguyen am. Ve tnh hnh dch am than chu rat
giong nh the, ngha la ch tng oi giong vi nguyen
291
am. Trong sach Thong ch lc luc th lc, chng 5
Trnh Tieu viet: Ngay nay pham Tang cau ma th ma
ri, cau rong th rong hien, ch trong khoanh khac lien
ng nghiem; con ch Tang Trung Hoa cung hoc am thanh
ay ma khong hieu nghiem la v cha at en mc o
chnh xac cua am thanh. Hien nhien ay Trnh Tieu a
sm phat hien ra van e nay. Nhng khi a phien dch th
khong the bao lu nguyen van tieng Phan ma khong dch,
the nen ve phng phap phien dch than chu du biet viec
khong the lam c ma van phai lam!
Trong lch s dch kinh tai Trung Quoc, co 2 lan
tranh luan ve kinh cu dch va tan dch (La-thap, Huyen
Trang). Neu can c vao mot so tiet muc a thao luan
tren, th chung ta thay, ve phng phap phien dch danh
t, cac Ngai eu co suy ngh ta ung, ngi sai, ieu
nay thiet ngh chang co g la ca; v ve mat phien dch
danh t, ai e khong ngoai 3 phng dien: (1) Thuan tuy
[356] dch am; (2) Thuan tuy dch y; (3) Dung ca dch am
va dch y. Bat c mot phap s dch kinh nao cung eu s
dung ca 3 phng phap. Do o, van e hn kem cua ten
dch khong nen so o tng chut, mien sao ten dch ay
c lu hanh pho bien, c a so ngi Trung Quoc a
thch, th o ch th la ten dch tot. Hn na, neu nh
nguyen ien c truyen en t nhng bo phai hay khu
vc bat ong, th am ch von a sai khac, sau o lai c
dch ra ngon ng cua Han, cua Tan, Tan, Lng, Tuy,

292
ng th am dch ng nhien bat ong, v thi co
xa nay, at chia Nam Bac. Do o, ve phng dien dch
am, neu nh co chap cho rang Nay ung xa sai th se
lam tr ngai s lu thong cua ngon ng khong t.
2.6. The van cua ban dch
La mo t c s tro ng ye u ma ca c ho c gia Pha t gia o
i xa du ng e pha n bie t dch gia cu a bo kinh. a o An
va Tr Tha ng la 2 nha n va t ra t kie t xua t trong lnh v c
na y. Trong ba i t a cu a Nha n ba n du c sinh kinh do a o
An vie t ma Xua t tam ta ng ky ta p quye n 6 ghi la i nh sau:
Kinh na y hnh nh An The Cao dch ba ng ngo n ng i
Ta n, ngo n ng co knh, l i va n khu c chie t, ngha vi die u,
ly uye n chuye n.
Va quyen 13 cua sach ay, chuyen Chi Sam viet:
Lai co 10 bo kinh nh A-xa-the-vng, Bao Tch a
nhieu nam khong c ghi chep, ao An nghien cu co
kim, su tam the van, cho rang cac bo nay hnh nh do
Chi Sam phien dch.
ao An khong nhng da vao s sai khac cua the
van e phan oan dch gia cua bo kinh, ma ong con da
vao the van e phe bnh ban dch cua tien nhan. Xuat tam
tang ky tap quyen 13, chuyen An Huyen viet: ao An
cho rang Nghiem Phat ieu dch kinh gon gang, khong
rm ra, toan ban rat hoan hao... ao An cho rang Manh
Tng dch kinh trn tru lu loat, nh lt qua h khong.
293
Trong Khai nguyen luc, Tr Thang i ng dung
the van d ong e phan biet tnh hnh chan nguy rat pho
bien, nh trong chuyen Chi-lau-ca-sam quyen mot viet:
[357] Trong cac bo luc cua Ph Trng Phong, phan
phien dch cua Chi Khiem, eu co ghi ai bao tch kinh 1
quyen, nay thay bo nay vi Phat di nhat ma-ni bao kinh
von cung mot ban, nen khong dch ra na, va lai khi tm
hieu ve cau van, th chang phai do Sam phien dch, trong
cac bo Biet luc eu ghi la that dch (mat ten ngi dch).
Nay da vao Biet luc e nh chnh, nen loai bo bo nay
trong phan ghi chep ve Sam.
Trong quyen 4, trang 518 ha viet: Kim cng tam
muoi ban tnh thanh tnh bat hoai bat diet kinh 1 quyen,
cung goi la Kim cng thanh tnh kinh, cac bo luc cua
Trng Phong bao: Chi Khiem i Ngo dch. Trong
nhng ban that dch i Hau Han cung chep nh the,
nhng khong phai vay. Nay xet cau van, hnh nh c
dch vao i Tan, nen ghi lai ni ay.
Trong quyen 5, trang 530 thng viet: Bat ne-hoan
kinh, 1 quyen Nay xet van cu cua ban kinh nay t au
en cuoi th chang phai do Bat-a phien dch, ma hnh
nh do Chi Khiem, Phap Ho dch.
Trong quyen 6, trang 538, trung, viet: Quyet nh
tang luan, 3 quyen, trong o co ch lng ngon, la ban
dch cua i Lng, tm xem cau van, th do Chan e
phien dch.

294
Trong quye n 12, trang 605, trung, vie t: Trng gia
pha p ch the kinh 1 quye n Ta t-la quo c kinh 1 quye n
nay tha y ro ca u va n cu a 2 bo kinh na y, hoa n toa n kho ng
pha i La-tha p phie n dch, ma hnh nh c dch va o i
Ngu y Ta n.
Quyen 12, trang 606, thng, viet: Tnh nghiep
chng kinh 1 quyen Trong quyen luc cua Phap Thng
bao do Phap Ho dch, nhng xet ve cau van th hoan toan
khac vi but phap dch kinh cua Phap Ho, cho nen ghi la
that dch.
a o An em toan bo va n dch cu a mo t dch gia la m
o i t ng phe bnh, o ng du ng o i ba l i e kha i qua t phong
ca ch va n dch cu a mo t a i s dch kinh na o o , [358] phe
bnh theo lo i a n t ng, ng i sau ra t kho la nh ho i tha m y
cu a a o An. Trai la i, Tr Tha ng th d a va o ca u va n e
pha n bie t, o i t ng du ng la m c s ra t cu the .
Ca ch ca u tru c cu a Pha t ie n Ha n dch vo n co nh,
no du ng ba n tie ng Pha n la m e ba n (ba n go c), cho ne n
s thay o i kho ng nhie u, cha ng ha n o bie u th (2),
th (3) ca ch ca u tru c te n cu a ca c ba n Tie u, a i pha m
kinh hoa n toa n tng t , th t pha m mu c tr c sau e u
tho ng nha t. La i nh o bie u th (4), (5), (6) va (7)
ca ch ca u tru c nho trong nh ng oa n va n kinh cu ng hoa n
toa n tng t , y va n tr c sau tho ng nha t. Ngoa i ra, the
tr ng ha ng va ke tu ng cu ng c du ng xen ke
295
nhau, o la net ac sac chu yeu ve the van cua kinh
Phat. Trong the trng hang lai dung cach van ap
lam chu yeu, gia lai them mot oan van mang tnh t
thuat e quan xuyen trc sau. Hnh thc co hu nay
bat c mot v ai s dch kinh nao cung khong dam tuy
tien thay oi. Do o, khi phan biet s d ong cua the
van dch kinh, khong nen bat chc theo ao An ch
xem lt qua ai khai, ma nen dung cau van lam oi
tng (nh Tr Thang).
Khi noi cau van th bao ham ca nhan danh, thuat
ng, t pho thong va cu phap v.v... Moi ban van dch eu
co nhng ac sac rieng, chang han em Tu-bo-e dch
thanh Thien Hien, o la net ac sac trong bo kinh ai
Bat-nha 600 quyen cua Ngai Huyen Trang; nhng ban
dch khac cua Ngai Huyen Trang cung eu nh the. Lai
nh nhng li m au cua nhng oan ngan van dch,
cac ban cung eu co tap quan dung ng rieng biet.


296
Cach dung ng cua bon dch gia o bieu th 5:

Truc Phap Ho Vo-la-xoa La-thap Huyen Trang
(1) th (1)Nh thi (1) Nh thi (1) Nh thi
(2)ng thi (2)Th thi (2)Th thi (2)Nh thi
(3) thi (3) (3) (3) Thi
(4) thi [359] (4) th (4) Th thi (4) Thi
(5) (5) (5) (5) Thi
(6) Thi (6) th (6) Th thi (6) Thi
(7) (7) (7) (7)
(8) thi (8) (8) Nh thi (8) Nh thi
(9) thi (9) (9) (9)
(10) thi (10) (10) Th (10) Nh thi
(11) (11) th (11) Th thi (11) Nh thi
(12) Nh thi (12) th (12) Th thi (12) Nh thi
(13) (13) (13) (13) Thi
thi 5 lan th 4 lan Th thi5 lan Nh thi 6 lan
Thi 5 lan
[36O] S d ong ve cau ch, ng phap thay oi kha
ln cho nen khong phai de dang nhan thay net ac sac
pho bien cua mot ban dch rieng biet, ieu nay lien quan
mat thiet vi trnh t va phng phap dch kinh. Chuyen
cua Huyen Trang trong Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 4 viet:
T i xa en nay, khi dch kinh ien, bat au dung ban
tieng Phan viet ra ch Han, sau o kiem tra lai, roi viet lai
theo cu phap cua Trung Quoc.
Thu tuc thong thng la trai qua 2 cong oan: Viet
ra ch Han theo th t tieng Phan, roi xap xep lai theo
297
cu phap cua Trung Quoc, nhng ch co ban dch cua Ngai
Cap-a la ngoai le, ngha la ch trai qua giai oan au,
hoan toan bao ton ng phap tieng Phan, ngi Trung
Quoc khi oc en chang hieu g ca. Neu dung van dch
cua Ngai Cap-a bieu o th 6 so sanh vi van dch
cua cac ban khac th chung ta thay rang bat luan la ap
dung thu tuc nao, ta ho cung ch cuc han vao phng
phap oi dch tng ch, tng cau. The nen chung ta co
the noi rang ng phap Phat ien Han dch la a con sinh
ra do s ket hp gia Phan van va Han van. No a khong
hoan toan giong vi Trung van, cung khong hoan toan
giong vi Phan van. Trong lch s dch kinh tai Trung
Quoc, khi thao luan ve van e van, chat, th ai khai
co the noi van ch cho van dch tiep can vi ng phap
Trung Quoc, con chat ch cho van dch tiep can vi
ng phap tieng Phan.
But gia cho rang van dch ly tng nhat phai nam
vng 2 nguyen tac: (1) at y: ngha la phai bao ton ay
u nguyen y cua tieng Phan; (2) Ng phap van the phai
phu hp vi s thch cua ngi Trung Quoc. ay xin
dung cac oan (5) (7) (8) trong o bieu th 5 e thuyet
minh van e nay.
oan (5) o bieu th 5:
- Ban dch cua Truc Phap Ho at y: Lam sang to
tinh than oi thoai sinh ong

298
- [361] Ban dch cua Vo-la-xoa at y: Thieu tinh
than oi thoai.
- Ban dch cua Cu-ma-la-thap at y: ay u tinh
than oi thoai, nhng thieu sinh ong; nh cau; nh t
tri thi (ngi t biet thi) la loai ng phap la lung.
- Ban dch cua Huyen Trang at y: Thieu tinh
than oi thoai. Cau tuy nh y vang (tuy y ngi en),
la ng phap la lung.
Do o, co the thay phien oan nay th van dch
cua Truc Phap Ho la u viet nhat.
oan (7) o bieu th 5:
- Ban dch cua Truc Phap Ho at y. Nhng cau van
phan ln trung lap vi nhng oan trc, to ra qua rm ra.
- Ban dch cua Vo-la-xoa thieu.
- Ban dch cua Cu-ma-la-thap thieu.
- Ban dch cua Huyen Trang at y. Li van tinh
luyen, khong rm ra.
Qua o co the thay phien oan nay van dch cua
Ngai Huyen Trang la u viet nhat.
oan (8) o bieu th 5
- Ban cua Truc Phap Ho at y. Noi dung hi rm ra.
299
- Ban cua Vo-la-xoa at y. Van t tinh luyen,
khong rm ra.
- Ban cua Cu-ma-la-thap at y. Noi dung hi rm ra.
- Ban dch cua Huyen Trang at y. Noi dung qua
rm ra.
Qua o co the thay phien oan nay van dch cua
Vo-la-xoa la u viet nhat.
Khi phe bnh s hn kem cua cac ban dch, neu co
the ap dung phng phap tren, oi chieu tng oan van,
th ket luan at c nhat nh se khach quan; ong thi
ay cung la mot phng phap tot nhat e nghien cu
kinh Phat.
*
* *

300

301

Chng VI
KE T LUA N
Khi nghien cu lch s Phat giao Trung Quoc, trc
het la van e dch kinh. Ngoai tr mot vai ban luan van
ngan, th nhng tr tac chuyen mon thao luan van e dch
kinh, co tnh tong hp, toan dien hau nh cha thay xuat
hien. Ban luan van nay co the xem la tac pham au tien
bo sung cho s khiem khuyet ay. Cac chu e thao luan
trong ban van, a co cac hoc gia can ai tng ban bac
en, but gia vo cung cam ta bc ot pha cua cac hoc gia,
cho nen, khi dan chng nhng thanh qua nghien cu cua
cac v ay e tham khao, th moi moi eu ghi chu xuat x,
khong dam s sot. Nhng but gia ngh rang neu ch tham
khao nhng tr tac cua cac hoc gia can ai th cha ay
u. The nen trong qua trnh bien soan, but gia tng nhieu
lan su tam ky lng nhng t lieu nguyen thuy, sau khi
tong hp, quy nap, phan loai, mi phat hien co mot so

302
van e trong yeu ve viec dch kinh ma cac hoc gia can
ai bo qua. Ngoai ra, but gia co vai y kien ma co le cac
hoc gia can ai khong nhat tr cho lam. Trong ban luan
van, but gia hoan toan can c vao t lieu do mnh su tap,
sap xep, he thong, suy luan oi vi nhng luan c tng
quan cua cac hoc gia can ai, cc chang a mi co oi li
bnh luan, mot la bieu th s ton knh cac bac tien boi,
khong dam tuy tien ban luan vu v, hai la nham gi gn
s mach lac cua van y, tranh lam phat sinh nhng chi tiet
rm ra.
Sau khi nghien cu 4 chu e chnh ve Phat ien Han
dch, cuoi cung but gia nhan thay 4 iem ot xuat tng
oi an tng sau ay:
1. Quan vng ho phap trai qua cac i
Trong lch s dch kinh gom nhng nhan vat trong
yeu la cac Tang l phng Tay (ch Tay A) en Trung
Quoc truyen giao va cac Tang l Trung Quoc en Tay
Truc cau phap. Ho eu om ap hoai bao muon cho chanh
phap c lu hanh tai Trung Hoa. Phan ln Phat ien
c du nhap t hai nga ng bo va ng thuy, roi cac
Phap s em phien dch ra ch Han, tao nen cong trnh
dch kinh lng lay. Nhng s nghiep dch kinh c phat
trien tot ep la nh s ho tr ac lc cua ngoai duyen,
ngha la s ho phap ung [386] thi c va ac lc cua an
viet. o la hai nhan to khong the thieu c. Trong cac
che o chnh tr chuyen che cua cac quan vng thi xa,
303
khi nhan c s ung ho ac lc cua quan vng, tc la
nhan c ngoai duyen ay u. T khi phap s ao An
e xuat khong da vao quoc vng th phap s kho
thanh tu en Phap s Huyen Trang nhieu lan dang bieu
thnh cau quan vng e ta, chung ta thay rat ro s
nghiep dch kinh la da vao quan vng ma khai trien o
la s that. Nhieu ai s dch kinh kiet xuat nh s ai ngo
cua quan vng ma thiet lap nhng dch trng hoanh
trang. Tuy nhien, Ngai Chan e i Lng lai thuoc
ngoai le, v luc ay Hau Canh noi loan, vua Lng khong
ranh th gi e ung ho ong nhiet thanh, vay ma s nghiep
dch kinh cua ong van thanh tu rc r, kha quan. Chuyen
cua ong trong Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 1 viet rang nhan
v tam nguyen cua mnh khong biet chia se cung ai, nen
co y nh tr ve lai Tay Truc, nhng sau cung, v gio
nghiep ay a, phieu bat en Quang Chau, roi ke ao
ngi tuc lien tiep ua nhau en yem tr, bay gi mi
mien cng lu c tai at Han.
2. Nhng chc danh tng trng tai
dch trng
Tai nhng dch trng thc hien ca hai trong trach la
va dch kinh, va giang kinh. Cac ai s dch kinh kiem
nhiem ca hai viec, cho nen bat luan la Tang l trc tiep
tham d cong viec tr dch hay tn o en nghe giang
Phat phap cung eu la nhng thanh vien tch cc tai dch
trng. Sau khi dch trng c to chc quy mo, chat

304
che th ni ay khong chap nhan nhng tn o ch n
thuan en o nghe phap. The nen, nhng thanh vien
khong am nhan mot chc vu cu the nao, chung toi eu
xem ho la nhng thanh vien khong hieu dung. Nhng
thanh vien khong co tac dung tch cc xuat hien tai nhng
dch trng chuyen nghiep, ai khai co moi quan he mat
thiet vi nhng quan vng tr dch. Trong Can ban
thuyet nhat thiet hu bo ni-a-na, quyen 1 co ghi lai
nhng thanh vien gi cac chc vu tai dch trng khi
Ngha Tnh dch bo luat nay vao thi gian ngay 15 Bnh
Than, thang t Nham Ngo, nam th t Canh Tuat, nien
hieu Canh Long (710), i ng:
Tam Tang phap s ai c sa-mon Ngha Tnh
tuyen dch Phan ban va xuyet van chanh t.
Sa-mo n dch kinh Tho-hoa-la a i c a t-ma-ma t-
ng ch ng Pha n ngha.
[387] Sa-mon dch kinh ngi nc Trung Thien
Truc, ai c Hieu No chng Phan ngha.
Sa-mon dch kinh ngi nc Ke-tan, ai c
at-ma-nan-a chng Phan ngha.
Sa-mon dch kinh ngi Truy Chau chua ai
Van, ai c Tue Chieu chng ngha.
Sa-mon dch kinh ngi Lac Chau chua Sung
Quang, ai c Luat s ao Lam chng ngha.
305
Sa-mon dch kinh vien chu chua Phc Tho, ai
c Li Minh chng ngha.
Sa-mon dch kinh ngi Lac Chau, chua Thai
Bnh, ai c luat s ao Khac chng ngha.
Sa-mon dch kinh chua ai Tan Phuc, ai c
Thang Trang chng ngha.
Sa-mon dch kinh ngi Tng Chau, chua Phc
Ha, ai c Huyen Tan chng ngha, but tho.
Sa-mon dch kinh chua ai Tien Phuc, ai c
luat s Tr Tch chng ngha, chanh t.
Sa-mon dch kinh ngi c Chau, vien chu chua
ai Van Tue Tan chng ngha.
Sa-mo n dch kinh ng i Ta y Lng Cha u, chu a
Ba ch Tha p, a i c Tue Tch o c ba n tie ng
Pha n.
Ba-la-mon dch kinh ngi Hu Kieu Ve Dc phu
trung lang vien ngoai Tr Tuc ve than Ly Thch-
ca oc ban tieng Phan.
Ba-la-mon dch kinh ngi nc ong Thien
Truc Ta on Dc phu trung lang tng vien
ngoai Tr ong chanh vien Than Cu Kim Cng
chng dch.
Ba-la-mon dch kinh ngi nc ong Thien
Truc ai Thu lnh y Xa-la chng Phan ban.

306
Ba-la-mon dch kinh, ngi nc ong Thien
Truc, chap kch Trc Trung th tnh than o Pha
Cu oc ban tieng Phan.
Ba-la-mon dch kinh, ngi nc Long Ba, ai
at quan chuan tam phan than Ly Thau La chng
dch.
[388] Kim T Quang Lo c a i phu thu Th ng Th
Ta bo c xa o ng trung th mo n ha tam pha m th ng
tru quo c co ng tha n Vi Tha n Nguye n gia m dch.
Thng Th Hu Boc Xa ong trung th mon ha
tam pham thng tru quoc Ha Quoc Cong than
To Hoan giam dch.
ac Tien Hanh Thai T Thieu s ong trung th
mon ha tam pham thng tru quoc tong quoc
cong tien ng Hu Hoan giam dch.
ac Tien Thai T Thieu bao kiem Dng Chau
ai o oc ong trung th mon ha tam pham
giam tu quoc s thng tru quoc cong than Vi On
giam dch.
ac tien ong Trung Th mon ha tam pham tu
van quan ai hoc s giam tu quoc s thng tru
quoc Trieu quoc cong than Ly Kieu but tho kiem
nhuan sac.
ac tien th trung giam tu quoc s Thng Tru
quoc cong Vi An Thach giam dch.
307
Th Trung Giam tu quoc s Thng Tru quoc Viet
quoc cong than Ky X Not giam dch.
Quang loc ai phu hanh trung th lenh tu van
quan ai hoc s giam quoc s thng tru quoc
Dnh quoc cong than Ton S Khach giam dch.
Trung Th Le nh Gia m tu quo c s th ng tru quo c
a ng quo c co ng tha n Tie u Ch Trung gia m dch.
Phien kinh hoc s quang loc ai phu Thu Binh bo
Thng Th mon ha tam pham tu van quan ai
hoc s Thng tru quoc Tieu Dieu cong than Vi
T Lap.
Phien kinh hoc s Trung tan ai phu thu Trung th
th lang ong trung th mon ha tam pham trc t
boi kim ng tu van quan hoc s Thng tru quoc
than Trieu Ngan Chieu.
Phien kinh hoc s Thai trung ai phu Thu b th
giam vien ngoai tr ong chanh vien tu quoc s tu
van quan hoc s Thng tru quoc than Lu Hien.
Phien kinh hoc s Ngan Thanh Quang loc ai phu
hanh Trung th th lang tu van quan hoc s kiem
tu quoc s Thng tru quoc Trieu Dng huyen
Khai quoc t than Sam Hy
Phien kinh hoc s Thong Ngh ai phu thu s bo
th lang tu van quan hoc s kiem tu quoc s
Thng tru quoc than Thoi Thc.

308
Phien kinh hoc s Trieu Ngh ai phu thu binh bo
th lang kiem tu van quan hoc s tu quoc s
Thng tru quoc than Trng Thuyet.
Phien kinh hoc s Thai Trung ai phu kiem hieu
binh bo th lang k uy tu van quan hoc s An Bnh
huyen Khai quoc t than Thoi Nhat Dung.
[389] Phien kinh hoc s Trieu Thnh ai phu Thu
trung th xa nha n kie m kie m hie u la i bo th lang tu
va n qua n ho c s khinh xa uy than L Tang Dung.
Phien kinh hoc s Ngan Thanh Quang Loc ai phu
hanh le bo th lang tu van quan hoc s tu quoc s
thng tru quoc T Nguyen huyen khai quoc t
than T Kien Trinh.
Phien kinh hoc s Chanh Ngh ai phu hanh quoc
t ty kiem tu van quan hoc s thng tru quoc
than Quach Sn Uan.
Phien kinh hoc s Le bo lang trung tu van quan
trc hoc s khinh xa o uy Ha ong huyen khai
quoc nam than Tiet Tac.
Phien kinh hoc s Chanh Ngh ai phu Tien Bo
Chau th s tu van quan hoc s thng tru quoc
Cao Bnh huyen khai quoc t than T Ngan Ba.
Phien kinh hoc s Trung ai phu hanh trung th xa
nhan tu van quan hoc s thng tru quoc than Ly
Nghe.
309
Phien kinh hoc s Trung th xa nhan tu van quan
hoc s thng tru quoc Kim Khanh huyen khai
quoc Nam Vi Nguyen an.
Phien kinh hoc s Trung ai phu hanh trung th xa
nhan tu van quan hoc s thng tru quoc than Ma
Hoai To.
Phien kinh hoc s trieu thnh ai phu thu cap s
trung tu van quan hoc s Thng tru quoc than Ly
Thch.
Phien kinh hoc s Trung th xa nhan tu van quan
hoc s Thng tru quoc than To Huc.
Phien kinh hoc s trieu tan ai phu thu trc tac
lang tu van quan hoc s kiem tu quoc s than
Trnh Am.
Phien kinh hoc s trieu tan ai phu hanh khi c
lang tu van quan trc hoc s Thng ho quan than
Tham Thuyen Ky.
Phien kinh hoc s trieu thnh ai phu Hanh Khao
cong vien ngoai lang tu van quan trc hoc s
thng khinh xa o uy than Vo Bnh.
Phien kinh hoc s trc tac ta lang tu van quan
trc hoc s than Diem Trieu An.
Phien kinh hoc s tu van quan trc hoc s than Phu
Phng.

310
Th thu b th tnh giai th lenh s than Trieu Hy
Linh ta.
[390] Khong Muc Quan van lam lang thieu phu
giam chng tr th tha than An nh Quy phan
quan trieu tan ai phu hanh trc tac ta lang than
Lu Linh Thc.
S kim t quang loc ai phu hanh b th giam
kiem hieu ien trung giam kiem tri noi ngoai
nhan cu lung hu tam s thng tru quoc t hieu
than Vng Ung.
[.24, tr. 418b]
Dch trng mang am mau sac chnh tr nay rat de
khien cho ngi ta co an tng Tang l va quan chc cau
ket tang boc lan nhau, chng ay v ai than quyen cao
chc trong eu ch co tnh cach h trng danh tanh ma
thoi. Tuy co thanh the tham d dch kinh ram ro, nhng
oi vi chat lng lam thang hoa ban dch th chang c
li ch bao nhieu. But gia ngh rang hoac Tang l nh cay
Quan vng, hoac Quan vng chu ong ho tr cong viec
dch kinh. Neu nh phat xuat t ong c sung knh ton
giao, th ieu o that ang tan than, nhng neu ch nham
lu danh tren hnh thc, tham ch con che dau nhng ong
c bat lng nao khac th ca Tang l va quan chc eu a
anh mat lap trng, hoan toan chang phai la phuc c
cho nc nha.
311
3. Khao cu ly luan dch kinh
Viec nay co the lam tang len pham chat cua ban
dch. T xa en nay, nhng kinh Phat c lu truyen
rong rai nhat, c hoan nghenh nhieu nhat, a so eu
phat xuat t ban tay cua 2 Ngai La Thap va Huyen
Trang. Mot bo kinh Phat c lu truyen rong rai, c
nhieu ngi hoan nghenh, at phai ay u nhng u iem:
ngha ly chnh xac, van dch lu loat. ai khai ban dch
cua La-thap va Huyen Trang eu phu hp vi nhng tieu
chuan nay. Nhng iem nay quan he mat thiet vi ly luan
dch kinh cua cac Ngai. Xa nay nhng bo kinh dch lai,
chu yeu la do ban dch trc cha hoan thien, muon dch
lai cho tot hn. Neu nh c nham mat xem thng ban
dch cu cha hoan thien ma khong e xuat c nhng
nguyen tac ch ao dch kinh hoan chnh tc ly luan
dch kinh th khong chac g at c thanh tu ban
dch sau tot hn nh mong muon. Ve ly luan dch kinh,
Huyen Trang e xuat ngu chung bat phien. Tuy nhien
ngu chung bat phien ch thao luan van e dch am, con
oi vi ly dch chnh xac va van dch lu loat th khong
giup ch c g may. Nhng t nhng t lieu ay, chung ta
co the thay ong la mot ai s tinh thong nhng nguyen tac
ch ao dch kinh, nh vay ma nhng ban dch cua ong rat
thanh cong. La-thap ngoai s chu trong en cau truc cau
van, [391] th cha e xuat ly luan dch kinh cu the,
nhng qua s tng thuat cua cac mon e, cho thay ong la

312
mot v ai s rat chu trong ly luan dch kinh, tham ch co
the noi nhng d am ly luan dch kinh cua ao An trc
sau van hien hu trong dch trng cua ong, v the ma
ban dch cua ong con lu truyen lai en thien thu.
4. oc va oi chieu nhng bo kinh
dch lai
a y la phng pha p to t nha t e ly gia i ngha cu a
kinh. Chu ng ta tha y nh ng bo kinh dch la i kho ng pha i la
t, o la mo t ne t a c sa c trong a i ta ng kinh, so l ng
a i ta ng kinh hie n co n phong phu nh va y, th no la mo t
nha n to chu ye u, o ng th i no cu ng la m cho ca c nha
bie n soa n kinh lu c th i xa ta ng the m kho n o n. Nhng
cu ng nh o ma ba o to n c va n hie n tra n quy vo song
cho cuo c i. No giu p ch ra t nhie u cho vie c tm hie u y
ngha cu a kinh. Trong th i a i ma pha n l n kinh Pha t
cha c phie n dch, kinh ie n co n thie u, vie c s gia i
ca c bo kinh la i ca ng t hn, lu c a y ca c ho c gia Pha t gia o
kho ng tm c ba n tie ng Pha n hay kho ng am t ng
Pha n va n, pho bie n va n du ng phng pha p h p ba n ho i
dch e nghie n c u kinh Pha t. Xua t tam ta ng ky ta p co
ghi la i mo t so ca c h p ba n ho i dch nh sau: Pha p S
a o An, H p pho ng quang quang ta n l c gia i; Chi Ma n
o , H p thu la ng nghie m kinh ky ; Chi Cung Minh, H p
vi ma t tr a d ni to ng tr tam ban; Chi a o La m, a i
tie u pha m o i ty ye u sao t; Ma n o Pha p s, H p duy-
ma-ca t kinh t . o toa n la nh ng s lie u ra t hie m co ,
313
nhng ve sau ca c ho c gia m i pha t hie n khi du ng
phng pha p na y e tm hie u kinh Pha t, th ve ma t ly
gia i la i pha t sinh nh ng sai la m, do the ma ho t bo
kho ng s du ng n a. T i ng, To ng tr i, hie n
t ng kinh Pha t c dch la i ta ng the m vo so ke , nh ng
ba n kinh m i phie n dch cu ng ta ng the m ra t nhie u. Bu t
gia ngh ra ng ne u ta p h p ca c ba n kinh dch la i, ro i so
sa nh o i chie u, th gio ng nh c nghe ca c a i s dch
kinh kha c th i a i, kha c quo c gia cu ng lu c tha o lua n y
ngha cu a kinh, hie u qua la nh ho i se hn ra t nhie u so v i
ch cho n o c mo t bo kinh to t, hay tham kha o nh ng chu
s cu a ca c nha chu gia i. Va n e na y c ch ng minh
kha ro o bie u o i chie u va n dch a ne u ra chng
5 cu a ta p sa ch. Va la i, phng pha p na y la tie u chua n
du ng e a nh gia ba n dch hn ke m ra t kha ch quan.
Trong chng 5, ba n Kinh Kim cng ba t-nha do a t-
ma-ca p-a dch, bu t gia pha t hie n a y la ca o ba n cha
c nhua n va n, kie m tra, ie u na y tha y kha ro .

*
* *

314

315

PHAN PHU LUC

1. Nh ng dch pha m ngoa i Pha t ie n
Cac Tang l cua Tay Vc en Trung Hoa hoang
dng Phat giao, oi vi giao ngha ton giao cua mnh hieu
biet rat sau sac, ong thi, oi vi ien tch cua ngoai ao
va nhng phng thuat khac nh y boc, tinh tng cung
nghien cu rat tinh tng, t trong cac Tang truyen chung
toi cung tm thay rat nhieu t lieu ve phng dien nay, gi
ay xin neu ra may v tng oi noi tieng e tham khao:
* An The Cao: Nhng ien tch cua ngoai quoc, that
dieu ngu hanh, y phng d thuat, cho en tieng keu cua
cam thu, khong th g la khong thong thao (Cao tang
truyen quyen 1).
* am-kha-ca-la: Rat ranh 4 bo luan Vi-a, phong
van tinh tu, o sam van bien, khong th g la khong am
tng (Cao Tang Truyen quyen 1).

316
* Khng Tang Hoi: Thong hieu tam tang, oc khap
6 kinh, thien van o v, phan ln eu a xem qua (Cao
tang truyen quyen 1).
* Cau-na-bat-a-la: Luc tre hoc cac bo luan Ngu
Minh, thien van, th toan, y phng, chu thuat, khong g
la chang bac lam (Cao tang truyen quyen 3).
* Cau-na-ty-a: Hoc ca ngoai ien, hieu ro am
dng, tien oan thi gian va s viec xay ra eu linh
nghiem, khong phai ch mot oi lan (Cao tang truyen
quyen 1).
* That-xoa-nan-a: Tr tue tuyet vi, phong cach
sieu quan, gioi ca Tieu tha va ai tha, lai tinh thong
cac mon hoc khac (Tong cao tang truyen, quyen 2).
* A-di-chan-na: Tue giai sieu quan, hoc ca chan tuc,
thien van chu thuat, eu rat tinh tng (Tong cao tang
truyen quyen 3).
Chng ay v cao Tang dch kinh, s d ho kiem thong
ca ngoai hoc v ho xem o la phap mon phng tien e
truyen giao, nh the ma co the de dang gan gui vi cac e
t the tuc von theo rat nhieu tn ngng khac nhau. Nhng
rat ang tiec la ngoai viec chuyen tam dch kinh hoang
phap, rat t ngi em nhng ngoai ien ay dch thanh
Trung van, [393] hoac em noi dung cac phng thuat ay
viet thanh sach, neu c nh vay th Trung Quoc ngay
nay con bao ton c kha nhieu t lieu co ai cua Tay Vc
317
va An o, cung cap cho cac hoc gia i sau nghien cu.
Tuy nhien, Tuy th kinh tch ch van con ghi lai may bo
sach di ay, von la pho san do cac ai s dch kinh
ng thi, ngoai th gi dch kinh em ra phien dch.
Loai thien van:
- Ba-la-mon thien van kinh, 21 quyen (do Ba-la-mon
Xa Tien Nhan noi).
- Ba-la-mon kiet gia tie n nhan thien van thuyet, 30 quyen.
- Ba-la-mon thien van, 1 quyen.
Loai lch so:
- Ba-la-mon toan phap, 3 quyen.
- Ba-la-mon am dng toan lch, 1 quyen.
- Ba-la-mon toan kinh 3 quyen.
Loai y phng:
- Long Tho bo -ta t d c phng, 4 quye n.
- Tay Vc ch tien s thuyet dc phng, 23 quyen.
- Tay Vc ba-la tien nhan phng, 3 quyen.
- Tay Vc danh y s tap yeu phng, 4 quyen
(nguyen ban 12 quyen).
- Ba-la-mon ch tien dc phng, 20 quyen.
[394] - Ba-la-mon dc phng, 5 quye n.
- Ky-ba s thuat tien nhan mang so phng, 2 quyen
(ghi chu: e muc 1 quyen, nhng von 3 quyen).

318
- Can-a-li Tr Quy Phng, 10 quyen.
- Tan luc can-a-li tr quy phng, 4 quyen.
- Long Tho bo-tat hoa hng phap, 2 quyen.
- Long Tho bo-tat dng tn phng, 1 quyen.
Nhng sach a dan tren tong cong ch co 17 bo,
137 quyen ma thoi, so vi so lng Phat ien han dch o
so, that la qua t oi. Bat hanh hn na la hien tai nhng
sach ay cung a mat het.
Trong mu c lu c cu a Pha t ie n o i v i sa ch the ho c
do ca c a i s dch kinh phie n dch, ha u he t e u co tha i
o kho ng muo n ghi la i. Khai nguye n lu c quye n 7,
Chuye n cu a Nhng-na-ba t-a -la pha n cuo i, co mo t
oa n ghi chu : Trong ca c bo lu c cu a Tr ng Pho ng no i:
Va o na m Ky S u, nie n hie u Thie n Hoa th t, i Chu
Vu e , sa-mo n n c Ma-la c la a t-ma-lu-chi (Chu go i
la Pha p Hy) la m ch c a i Tru ng Te Ta n a ng Co ng Vu ,
giu p phie n dch sa ch Ba -la-mo n thie n va n 20 quye n.
Nay xe t tha y sa ch na y kho ng thuo c tam ta ng gia o, ne n
kho ng ghi la i.
*Phien dch t Han sang Phan
[396] Phat giao khi nguyen t An o, roi t o
truyen vao cac nc Tay Vc, sau o mi truyen vao
Trung Quoc. Do vay, nguyen ien cua Phat giao gom co
Phan ban va Ho ban. Kinh ien Phat giao Trung Quoc
319
eu do 2 nguon nguyen ien nay ma dch thanh Han van.
The nhng, vao thi Ngai Huyen Trang i ng lai co
hien tng trai ngc la dch ng sang Phan.
Trong Tuc cao tang truyen quyen 4, chuyen cua Ngai
Huyen Trang co oan: Va lai, bo luan Khi tn do Ma
Minh trc tac, ch Tang nc ay (An o) trong mong
c thng ngoan luan nay, Huyen Trang toi ben em
dch t ng sang Phan e lu thong tai cac nc Thien
Truc, ay la c hoi phap hoa, ong Tay ho tng nhau.
Luan Khi tn tc noi gon luan ai tha khi tn,
trong Chung kinh muc luc quyen 5 cua Phap Kinh i Tuy
co chu thch ve sach nay: Ngi ta cho rang luan nay do
Chan e dch, nhng xem chuyen cua Chan e th khong
thay luan nay, cho nen ghi vao muc hoai nghi. Con Khai
nguyen luc quyen 9 lai ghi rang That-xoa-nan-a dch ai
tha khi tn 2 quyen, roi chu thch: lan dch th hai nay
vi ban dch cua Chan e cung mot goc. Hien nay ai
Chnh Tang tap 32 eu co su tap ca 2 bo nay, co the noi
la van t hoan toan khong sai khac. Trong ai tha khi
tn luan khao chng, Lng Khai Sieu viet: [397] Nay ca
2 ban eu con, chung toi oc gan thuoc long, ma rat kho
tam la chang thay iem sai khac cho nao. Do o, van
e chan gia cua ai tha khi tn luan tng khien cho cac
hoc gia Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban hien ai thao luan nhiet
liet, chang han Vong nguyet tn hanh co mot quyen ai
tha khi tn luan chi nghien cu, hn 500.000 t; con 2 v

320
Tung Ban Van Tam Lang va Thon Thng Chuyen Tinh
cung trc tac khong di 100.000 t, ng nhien con co
nhieu luan van cua hoc gia Nhat Ban khong thuoc vao
trong so nay. Bo Hien ai Phat giao hoc thuat tung san
tap 35 cung su tap 15 luan van cua cac hoc gia Trung
Quoc. Nhng trc tac nghien cu ve bo luan nay that la
bao la, gap tram lan nguyen ien. Tap sach nay khong co
y ban luan ve s chan nguy cua luan Khi tn, chang qua
co mot iem chung toi co the khang nh la t nam Khai
Thuy nha Tuy, ai tha khi tn luan a lu hanh tai
Trung Quoc, Huyen Trang em no dch ra Phan van, co
the can c vao 2 nguyen nhan: mot la, luc ay tai An o
khong co bo luan nay; hai la, noi dung cua bo luan rat co
gia tr, co the dung e an chng giao ngha cua c Phat.
Con van e bo sach chan hay nguy, va ai s Huyen
Trang co em no dch ra Phan van hay khong th hoan
toan khong lien quan g vi nhau.
*
* *

321
2. S o dch trng
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Pha Bc
M HNH DCH TRNG CA NGI HUYN TRNG I NG
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322
Tng
Phn bi
Chng vn
Vit ch,
Phn hc Tng
Bt th
Xuyt vn
T
n
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p
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T
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Pha Nam
Nhun vn
M HNH VIN DCH KINH NM THI BNH HNG QUC I TNG
Nh chng ngha Nh nhun vn
Ch dch
Chng ngha
Pha Bc
Tham kho
Hoa, Phn
Chut vn
323
3. Nguyen van 7 ban Tam kinh bat-nha
1. No. 254 [Nos. 250-253, 255, 257]

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2. No. 255 [Nos. 250-254, 257]

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4. No. 252 [Nos. 250, 251, 253-255, 257]

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6. No. 257 [Nos. 250-255]

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7. No. 253 [Nos. 250-252, 254, 255, 257]
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331

TH MU C THAM KHA O
(Tac gia liet ke hn 200 au sach tham khao, ay
dch gia ch ghi lai cac bo tung th chu yeu ma thoi)
ai chnh tan tu ai tang kinh chanh bien 55 tap,
Tan Van Phong cong ty xuat ban.
Phap bao tong muc luc 3 tap, Tan Van Phong
cong ty xuat ban.
Phat hoc ngu th, nh van th cuc.
Hien ai Phat giao hoc thuat tung san 100 tap,
Trng Man ao chu bien, ai Tha van hoa
xuat ban xa.

*
* *

332

333
MUC LUC

Li noi au ................................................................................ 5
Bai ta cua phap s Thanh Nghiem ........................................ 11
Bai ta cua tac gia .................................................................. 17
Chng I: Trnh bay khai quat ................................................ 21
1. ong c nghien cu..................................................... 21
2. Pham vi nghien cu ..................................................... 25
3. Nguon goc t lieu ........................................................ 28
4. Phng phap nghien cu ............................................. 32
Chng II: Lc s dch kinh.................................................. 37
1. Tang l Tay Truc sang ong o ................................. 37
2. Cao Tang TrungHoa sang Tay Truc ........................... 39
3. Quan vng yem tr .................................................... 44
3.1. Thiet lap dch trng ............................................ 45
3.2. Cung thnh ch Tang ............................................ 47
3.3. Than hanh but tho ................................................. 48
3.4. Viet ta, a vao ai Tang................................... 50
4. Nhan to gay tr ngai.................................................... 50
5. Duyen cach s nghiep dch kinh ................................. 54
5.1. T ong Han en Tay Tan ................................... 55
5.2. T ong Tan en i Tuy ..................................... 55
5.3. T i ng tr ve sau ....................................... 62
Chng III: Che o va to chc ............................................... 89
1. Tai tr cua cac cao Tang.............................................. 89
2. S phan cong tai dch trng....................................... 93
3. Cac chc vu tai dch trng ...................................... 103
3.1. Chu dch.............................................................. 104

334
3.2. o ng, chng Phan van..................................... 110
3.3. But tho, xuyet van, ............................................. 112
3.4. Khuyen tr, an viet, .......................................... 118
3.5. Thien ta tan noi, ................................................. 119
Chng IV: Ly luan dch kinh ............................................... 121
1. Ly luan dch kinh cua ao An ................................... 122
2. Ly luan dch kinh cua Cu-ma-la-thap...................... 127
3. Ly luan dch kinh cua Ngan Ton................................ 157
4. Ly luan dch kinh cua Huyen Trang .......................... 170
5. Ly luan dch kinh cua Tan Ninh................................. 199
Chng V: Khao cu ban dch .............................................. 207
1. Ban Han dch bo kinh Bat-nha .................................... 208
1.1. Khai quat he thong kinh Bat-nha ........................ 215
1.2. So sanh pham muc 7 ban dch
Tieu pham Bat-nha ............................................. 221
1.3. So sanh pham muc 4 ban dch ai pham
Bat-nha ............................................................... 227
1.4. So sanh 1 so oan van trong 7 ban
Tieu pham........................................................... 233
1.5. So sanh 1 so oan van trong 4 ban
ai pham............................................................ 244
1.6. So sanh 1 so trch oan trong 7 ban
Kinh Kim Cng Bat-nha ................................... 256
1.7. So sanh toan van cua 7 ban dch Bat-nha
Tam Kinh ............................................................ 264
2. Nhng van e c phan anh ...................................... 276
2.1. Mc o chenh lech ............................................. 276
2.2. Cach at ten kinh................................................ 280
2.3. Cach at ten pham.............................................. 283
2.4. Phng phap cach ngha .................................... 284
335
2.5. Van e dch am, dch y ....................................... 285
2.6. The van cua ban dch.......................................... 292
Chng VI: Ket luan ............................................................. 301
1. Quan vng ho phap ................................................. 302
2. Nhng chc danh tng trng ................................... 303
3. Khao cu ly luan dch kinh........................................ 311
4. oc va oi chieu ....................................................... 312
Phan phu luc ......................................................................... 315
1.Nhng dch pham ngoai Phat ien ............................... 315
2. S o dch trng ........................................................ 321
3. Nguyen van 7 ban Tam kinh bat-nha ........................... 323
Th muc tham khao ............................................................... 331
Muc luc

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