nh ngha

Gi s F l mt trng (c th l trng s thc hay trng s phc). Cc phn t ca F c gi l s v hng. Mt khng gian vect V nh ngha trn trng F l mt tp hp V khng rng m trn hai php cng vect v php nhn vi s v hng c nh ngha sao cho cc tnh cht c bn sau y c tha mn: 1. Php cng vect c tnh kt hp: Vi mi u, v, w V, ta c u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w. 2. Php cng vect c tnh giao hon: Vi mi v, w V, ta c v + w = w + v. 3. Php cng vect c phn t trung ha: C mt phn t 0 V, gi l vect khng, sao cho v + 0 = v vi mi v V. 4. Php cng vect c phn t i: Vi mi v V, c mt phn t w V, gi l phn ngc ca v, sao cho v + w = 0. 5. Php nhn v hng phn phi vi php cng vect: Vi mi a F v v, w V, ta c a (v + w) = a v + a w. 6. Php nhn v hng phn phi vi php cng v hng: Vi mi a, b F v v V, ta c (a + b) v = a v + b v. 7. Php nhn v hng tng thch vi php nhn trong trng cc s v hng: Vi mi a, b F v v V, ta c a (b v) = (ab) v. 8. Phn t n v ca trng F c tnh cht ca phn t n v vi php nhn v hng: Vi mi v V, ta c 1 v = v, 1 k hiu n v ca php nhn trong F. Mt cch chnh xc, nhng tin trn l cho mt module, do vy khng gian vect c th c m t ngn gn l mt "module trn mt trng". Mt khng gian vect ch l mt trng hp c bit ca mt module. rng trong nh th 7, ni rng a (b v) = (ab) v, l khng phi khng nh v tnh kt hp ca mt ton t, bi v c hai ton t ang ni n, nhn v hng: b v; v nhn trn trng s: ab. C ngi cho thm hai tnh cht ng trong nh ngha ca khng gian vect: 1. V ng di php cng vect: Nu u, v V, th u + v V. 2. V ng di php nhn v hng: Nu a F, v V, th a v V.

Tuy nhin, nu hiu php ton l nh x trn min V th khng cn thm cc tin tnh cht ng trong nh ngha khng gian vect