CHNG I

GII THIU CHUNG

Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

Phn loi vi x l
Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
Thp phn, Nh phn, H thp lc phn
M BCD
M ASCII
Gii thiu s lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

1/Chapter1

H THP PHN

2/Chapter
1

1234,56710=
11000+2100+310+41+50.1+60.01+70.001
1103+2102+3101+4100+510-1+610-2+710-3
r = c s (r = 10), d=digit (0 d 9), m = s ch s trc
du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy.

H m thp phn = h m c s 10. Dng mi k

hiu: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

m 1

i n

H NH PHN

3/Chapter
1

1011,0112=
18+04+12+11+00.5+10.25+10.125
123+022+121+120+02-1+12-2+12-3
r = c s (r = 2), d=digit (0 d 1), m = s ch s trc
du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy

H nh phn = h m c s hai. Dng hai k hiu: 0, 1.

m 1

i n

S NH PHN KHNG DU
Nh phn c du

Gi tr thp phn

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

-8

1001

-7

1010

-6

1011

-5

1100

-4

1101

-3

1110

-2

1111

-1

S NH PHN C DU
Nh phn c du
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

Gi tr thp phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1

6/Chapter
1

H THP LC PHN (Hexadecimal)

FEDC,7616=
154096+14256+1316+121+71/16+61/256
15163+14162+13161+12160+716-1+616-2
r = c s (r = 16), d=digit (0 d F), m = s ch s trc
du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy.
Cn gi l h m c s 16. S dng 16 k hiu biu din:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. Mi k hiu tng ng vi 4bit.

m 1

16
i

i n

H THP LC PHN
Hexa
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Binary
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

Hexa
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

Binary
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

CHUYN I GIA CC H M

Chuyn t h thp phn sang nh phn

Quy tc: ly s cn i chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d, ly
thng chia tip cho 2 v ghi nh phn d. Lp li khi
thng bng 0. o ngc th t dy cc s d s c
ch s ca h nh phn cn tm

V d: i 34 sang h nh phn: 100010

Chyn t h nh phn sang h 16 v ngc li

1011 0111B = B7H

8/Chapter1

CHUYN I GIA CC H M

Chuyn t h thp phn sang nh phn

Quy tc: ly s cn i chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d, ly
thng chia tip cho 2 v ghi nh phn d. Lp li khi
thng bng 0. o ngc th t dy cc s d s c
ch s ca h nh phn cn tm

V d: i 34 sang h nh phn: 100010

Chyn t h nh phn sang h 16 v ngc li

1011 0111B = B7H

9/Chapter1

CHUYN I GIA CC H M
Chyn t h nh phn sang h thp phn
V d : Bin i s nh phn (11011)2 sang s thp phn:

Trng s v tr: 24 23 22 21 20

Gi tr v tr: 16 8 4 2 1

S nh phn:
1 1 0 1 1

S thp phn: 1.24 + 1.23 + 0.22 + 1.21 + 1.20 = (27)10

10/Chapter1

CHUYN I GIA CC H M

Chyn t h nh phn sang thp lc phn v ngc li?

Chuyn i h thp phn sang thp lc phn v ngc li?

11/Chapter1

CC H THNG M HA

M BCD
M ACSII

CC H THNG M HA

M BCD
M ACSII

M BCD

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

Quen gi l s BCD
Dng m ho cc s thp phn bng cc k hiu
nh phn
Mi ch s thp phn c biu din bng mt t hp
4-bit
Cc t hp 4-bit khng s dng gi l cc t hp cm
Nhiu linh kin in t s dng m ny (B gii m
BCD-LED by on 7447)

M BCD

ng nhm m ho BCD vi vic chuyn i thp phn

sang nh phn:
V d 1.9: Cho s thp phn 15
M BCD ca n l:
S nh phn khng du
8-bit tng ng l:

00010101

00001111

Bit, Nibble, Byte, Word

Bit: Mt ch s nh phn 0 hoc 1

Nibble: 4-bit (na byte)
Byte: 8-bit (Cn gi l Octet)
Word (T): 16-bit
Double Word (T kp): 32-bit
K = 210 = 1024
Kb (kilbit) = 1024 bit
= 128 byte
KB (kilbyte) = 1024 byte
Kbps (Kilobit per second): Kilbit trn giy
M = 220 = 1024 K = 1048576
Mb (Mgabit) = 1024 Kb
= 1048576 bit
MB (Mgabyte)
= 1024 KB
= 1048576 byte
G = 230 = 1024 M = 1048576 K
Gb (Gigabit) = 1024 Mb
= 1048576 Kb
GB (Gigabyte)
= 1024 MB
= 1048576 KB
T=?

Bng m BCD
Thp phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

BCD
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

Thp phn
8
9

BCD
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

M ASCII

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information

Interchange.
Dng biu din cc k t (characters): Gm k t hin
th c v k t iu khin

Mi k t c biu din bng 8-bit gi l m ASCII

ca k t

Bng m ACSII

BNG M ASCII