ti : Cc dng bi tp xc nh pH ca cc dung dch axit,

baz, mui v dung dch m.

A. L do chn ti:
Nu nh nghin cu khoa hc l mt hot ng khng th thiu trong qu trnh tn ti v
pht trin ca loi ngi th tch lu kinh nghim, tm ti, sng to l hot ng rt quan
trng i vi nhng ngi lm ngh gio dc. Gio dc ni chung v gio dc trong nh
trng ni ring l mt hot ng c tnh cht lu di, bn vng tip ni t th h ny sang
th h khc . V vy, trong qu trnh dy hc, gio dc v t rn luyn gio vin cn phi tch
lu cho mnh nhng kin thc, kinh nghim qu bu gip cho hot ng dy hc v gio
dc hc sinh ngy cng t kt qu cao hn.
L mt gio vin trc tip ng trn bc ging lm nhim v dy hc v gio dc hc sinh
ti cng rt tch cc trong vic tch lu v hc hi kin thc v kinh nghim ca bn b,
ng nghip . c bit tch lu kin thc chuyn mn v Ho Hc cho bn thn . Trong qu
trnh dy hc mn Ho Hc c rt nhiu vn t ra cho gio vin c v mt l thuyt ln
thc nghim .Trong chng trnh Ho Hc lp 11 ti quan tm nhiu n vn xc nh
pH ca cc dung dch . Sch gio khoa vit rt ngn gn vn ny, tuy nhin :
-i vi nhiu hc sinh, bi tp pH c bn tng i kh hiu nn bi tp nng cao v pH s
rt kh v phc tp
-Ngoi ra trong hu ht cc thi hc sinh gii tnh lp 11,12 u c cu hi lin quan n
vn ny .
V vy ti chn ti : ''Cc dng bi tp xc nh pH ca cc dung dch axit,

baz, mui v dung dch m''

Vi mong mun nng cao hiu qu dy hc, gip hc sinh:
H thng li cc dng bi tp v pH d dng hn trong vic gii loi bi tp ny. ng
thi, vi nhng bi tp nng cao v pH th ti ny ch cho cc em thy c th n gin
ho cc php tnh phc tp trong gii hn cho php cc em gii nhanh hn.

B. Ni dung ti :
I. t vn :
* Trc ht hc sinh cn phi hiu:
- Nc in li nh th no ?
- pH l g ? Mi lin h gia pH v nng ion H+
- Trong dung dch xy ra nhng qu trnh g ?
- Cch xc nh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz, mui v dung dch m
T , chn bi tp vn dng ng vi cc dng trn hc sinh cng c khc su kin thc .

II. Gii quyt vn :

1- S in li ca H2O :

H2O
H+ + OH- K =
Kw = [H+ ].[ OH- ] = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ghi ch : Cc ion trong nc u b sonvat ho, tuy nhin tc gi xin vit dng n gin :
vd : H+ thay cho H3O+
* ngha tch s ion ca nc :
Mi trng trung tnh : [H+ ] = [ OH- ] = 1,0. 10-7 M
Mi trng axit : [H+ ] > [ OH- ] hay [H+ ] > 1,0. 10-7 M
Mi trng baz : [H+ ] < [ OH- ] hay [H+ ] < 1,0. 10-7 M

2- Khi nim v pH :
C th coi pH l i lng biu th nng H+
[H+ ] = 1,0. 10- pH M. Nu [H+ ] = 1,0. 10- a M th pH = a
pH khng c th nguyn (khng c n v)
V mt ton hc:
pH = - lg [H+ ]
* ngha ca gi tr pH :
Mi trng trung tnh : [H+ ] = [ OH- ] = 1,0. 10-7 M hay pH= 7,00
Mi trng axit : [H+ ] > [ OH- ] hay [H+ ] > 1,0. 10-7 M hay pH < 7,00
Mi trng baz : [H+ ] < [ OH- ] hay [H+ ] < 1,0. 10-7 M hay pH > 7,00
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng gi tr pOH: pOH = - lg [OH- ]
pH + pOH = 14

3. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit mnh HA Ca (M) (Dng 1)

HA
H+ + AH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch :
[H+ ] = [ OH- ] + [A- ]
Vi : [A- ] = Ca v [ OH- ] =
[H+ ] = Ca + [H+ ]2 - [H+ ].Ca - Kw = 0
(1)
+
Biu thc (1) l biu thc tng qut tnh [H ] pH ca mt dung dch n axit mnh bt k.
* C th n gin ho php tnh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
- Nu nng axit Ca 10-6 M th b qua s in li ca H2O
2

=>[H+ ] = Ca hay pH = - lg [H+ ] = - lgCa

- Nu nng axit 10-8 <Ca < 10-6 M th gii phng trnh bc 2
- Nu nng axit Ca 10-8 M th b qua [H+ ] do axit phn li ra
=> Coi [H+ ] = [ OH- ] hay pH = 7

4. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz mnh BOH Cb (M)

+

(Dng 2)

BOH
B + OH
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch :
[ OH- ] = [M+ ] + [H+ ]
Vi : [M+ ] = Ca v [ OH- ] =
[H+ ]2 + [H+ ].Cb - Kw = 0
(2)
Biu thc (2) l biu thc tng qut tnh [H+ ] pH ca mt dung dch n baz mnh bt
k.
* C th n gin ho php tnh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
- Nu nng axit Cb 10-6 M th b qua s in li ca H2O
=>[OH- ] = Cb hay pOH = - lg [ OH- ] = - lgCb pH = 14- pOH
- Nu nng axit 10-8 <Cb < 10-6 M th gii phng trnh bc 2
- Nu nng axit Cb 10-8 M th b qua [OH- ] do axit phn li ra
=> Coi [H+ ] = [ OH- ] hay pH = 7

5. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA Ca (M)

+

Hng s Ka (Dng 3)

HA
H + A Ka
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch :
[H+ ] = [ OH- ] + [A- ]
[A- ] = [H+ ] - [ OH- ]
Theo bo ton nng : Ca = [A- ] + [HA ]
=> [HA ] = Ca - [H+ ] - [ OH- ]
HA
H+ + A- Ka
Biu thc Ka : Ka = [H+ ] = Ka
Ta c : [H+ ] = Ka
(3)
Biu thc (3) l biu thc tng qut tnh [H+ ] pH ca mt dung dch n axit yu bt k.
* C th n gin ho php tnh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
Nu Ka.Ca > 10-12 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
Nu > 400 hay < 0,05 c th coi HA phn li khng ng k
[H+ ]2 = Ka.Ca [H+ ] =
pH = (pKa-lgCa)

6. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz yu BOH Cb (M) Hng s Kb =

(Dng 4)
BOH
B+ + OH- Kb
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
L lun tng t, ta c :
Nu Kb.Cb > 10-12 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
Nu > 400 hay < 0,05 c th coi MOH phn li khng ng k
[OH- ]2 = Kb.Cb [OH- ] =
pOH = (pKb-lgCb)
Hay : pH = 14- pOH = 14 - (pKb-lgCb)

7. Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit yu HnA Ca (M)

,Ka3..,Kan (Dng 5)

Hng s Ka1 ,Ka2

V d : H3A
H+ + H2A- Ka1
H2 A H+ + HA2- Ka2
HA 2H+ + A3- Ka3
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Thng thng , i vi cc a axit th : Ka1 >>Ka2 >>Ka3 >>.....>>Kan v Ca.Ka1>>Kw = 10-14
Nn c th coi [H+ ] trong dung dch ch yu do s phn li nc th 1 quyt nh .
Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit ny tng t n axit yu .
pH = (pKa1-lgCa)

8. Tnh pH ca dung dch a baz yu : (Dng 6)

L lun tng t, ta c :
Thng thng , i vi cc a baz th : Kb1 >>Kb2 >>Kb3 >>.....>>Kbn v Cb.Kb1>>Kw = 1014

Nn c th coi [OH- ] trong dung dch ch yu do s phn li nc th 1 quyt nh .

Tnh pH ca dung dch a baz ny tng t n baz yu .
pOH = (pKb1-lgCb)
Hay : pH = 14- pOH = 14 - (pKb1-lgCb)

9. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui

(Dng 7)

9.1. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui trung ho :

9.1.a. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit mnh v baz mnh
Cc ion trong dung dch khng b thu phn Mi trng trung tnh pH = 7
9.1.b. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit mnh v baz yu
V d : NH4Cl
NH4+ + Cl + V mt nh tnh :
Ion Cl- khng b thy phn
Ion NH4+ l mt axit yu Mi trng axit pH < 7
+ V mt nh lng :
Tng t nh tnh pH ca dung dch n hoc a axit yu .
4

9.1.c. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit yu v baz mnh

V d : CH3COONa
CH3COO-- + Na+
+ V mt nh tnh :
Ion Na+ khng b thy phn
Ion CH3COO-- l mt baz yu Mi trng baz pH > 7
+ V mt nh lng :
Tng t nh tnh pH ca dung dch n hoc a baz yu .
9.1.d. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho AB nng CM to bi axit yu HA Ka1 v
baz yu BOH Kb2
+ V mt nh tnh :
Mi trng ph thuc vo hng s Ka1 ; Kb2
Nu Ka 1 Kb2 Mi trng gn nh trung tnh
Nu Ka 1> Kb2 Mi trng axit
Nu Ka1 < Kb2 Mi trng baz
V mt nh lng :
AB
A- + B+
A- + H2O
HA + OHB + + H2 O
BOH + H+
H2O
H+ + OHKw = 1,0. 10-14
Ka1= ; Kb2= ; Kw = [H+ ].[ OH- ] = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Bo ton nng :
[A-] + [HA] = C ; [B+] + [BOH] = C
Bo ton in tch :
[B+] + [H+] = [A-] + [OH-]
Suy ra :
[A-] = [B+] + [H+] - [OH-]
[HA] = C- [A-] = C- [B+] - [H+] + [OH-]
[BOH] = C - [B+]
Ka1 =
Mt khc, trong dung dch mui to bi axit yu v baz yu c th coi:
[H+] - [OH-] 0
Ka1= =
Hay Ka1= Kb2 = Kb2
Vy :
[H+] =
hay
pH = (pKa1 +pKa2)
Hay :
pH = 7 + pKa1- pKb2
V d :
Mui CH3COONH4 c to thnh t axit yu CH3COOH pKa = 4,75 v baz yu NH3 pKb
= 4,8
5

nh tnh : Ka Kb Mi trng gn nh trung tnh

nh lng : pH = 7 + pKa - pKb = 7 + .4,75 - .4,8 = 6,98
CH3COONH4
CH3COO- + NH4+
9.2. Tnh pH ca dd mui axit :
9.2.a. Tnh pH ca dd mui axit to bi axit mnh v baz mnh
V d : NaHSO4
Na+ + HSO4 + V mt nh tnh :
Ion Na+ khng b thy phn
Ion HSO4- l mt axit kh mnh phn li gn nh hon ton Mi trng axit pH < 7
+ V mt nh lng :
Tng t nh tnh pH ca dung dch n hoc a axit yu .
NaHSO4
Na+ + HSO4 CM = 0,01M
HSO4 H+ + SO42Ka = 10-2
H2O
H+ + OHKw = 1,0. 10-14
Ta c : KaC >> Kw =>b qua cn bng ca H2O
HSO4 H+ + SO42Ka = 10-2
0,01
0
0
x
x
x
0,01-x
x
x
-2
Ka = = 10
V Kaln hay < 400 nn khng th coi 0,01-x 0,01
=> Gii phng trnh bc hai, ta c :
x = 6,18.10-3 => pH = -lg[H+ ] = 2,21
9.2.b. Tnh pH ca dd mui axit to bi axit yu H2A v baz mnh MOH
.Cn bng trong dung dch mui :
HAH+ + A2Ka2
+
HA + H
H2A
Ka1-1
H2O
H+ + OHKw = 1,0. 10-14
Coi trong dung dch c 2 qu trnh phn li cho ion A2- :
HAH+ + A2Ka2
22HA
H2A + A
Ka2.Ka1-1
(2)
-1
2
Nu Ka2 .C << Ka2.Ka1 .C hay Ka1 << C => Cn bng 2 l ch yu
2HAH2A + A2Ka2.Ka1-1
C
2x
x
x
C- 2x
x
x
-1
Ka2.Ka1 = =
Mt khc : Ka2 = [H+] = Ka2
[H+] = Ka2 = =
Vy : pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)
6

Phm vi p dng : Kw >> Ka2C v Ka1 << C

10. Tnh pH ca dung dch m: (Dng 8)
* nh ngha : Dung dch m l dung dch c pH hon ton xc nh c to nn khi trn
dung dch ca axit yu v baz yu vi mui ca chng vi baz mnh hay axit mnh.
V d : CH3COOH v CH3COONa c gi l m axetat
NH4Cl v NH3 c gi l m amoni
* c im :
Dung dch m c pH t thay i khi ta thm vo dung dch mt lng nh axit mnh hoc
baz mnh hoc pha long dung dch.(khng qu long)
* Thnh phn h m : HA Ca (M)v NaA Cb (M)
Cn bng :
NaA
Na+ + A[Na+] = Cb
HA
H+ + A- Ka
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c cc phng trnh :
Ka = [H+] = Ka ;
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1,0. 10-14
Bo ton nng : [HA] + [A-] = Ca + Cb
Bo ton in tch : [Na+] + [H+] = [OH-] + [A-]
T cc biu thc trn, suy ra : [H+] = Ka
So snh [H+] Ka vi [H+] ca nc nguyn cht = 1,0.10-7 M
+Trng hp 1:
Nu [H+] Ka > 1,0.10-7 Mi trng axit
C th b qua nng [OH-] trong biu thc trn
Vy :
[H+] = Ka
+Trng hp 2:
Nu [H+] Ka < 1,0.10-7 Mi trng baz
C th b qua nng [H+] trong biu thc trn
Vy :
[H+] = Ka
Trng hp 3: Ca , Cb >> [H+], [OH-] (hay gp trong thc t)
C th b qua c nng [H+], [OH-] trong biu thc trn
Vy :
[H+] = Ka pH = pKa - lg
Vy phm vi p dng ca cng thc tnh pH trn l:
KaCa , KbCb >> Kw v [H+], [OH-] << Ca , Cb

Bi tp vn dng :
Dng 1. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit mnh HA Ca (M)
Bi 1) Cu II.2- thi HSG tnh lp 12 -H Tnh nm 2000-2001
Phn tch nhng mnh di y (ng hay sai):
a- Dung dch c mi trng trung tnh lun c pH=7
b- Dung dch CH3COOH 10-2M c pH=2
c- Dung dch HCl 10-3M c pH=3
d- Dung dch HCl 10-8M c pH=8
Tr li :
a- Mnh khng chnh xc v hng s Kw ph thuc vo nhit
250C Kw = 10-14 , mi trng trung tnh : [H+]=[OH-]= 10-7M=> pH=7
t0 250C Kw 10-14 , mi trng trung tnh : [H+]=[OH-] 10-7M=> pH7
b- Mnh ny sai v CH3COOH l axit yu ch phn li mt phn
[H+]<[CH3COOH]= 10-2 M => pH > 2
c- Mnh ny ng, v HCl l axit mnh phn li hon ton, c nng ln
[H+]=[HCl] = 10-3M >> [H+]= 10-7M(do nc in li)
C th b qua s in li ca H2O => pH = 3
d- Mnh ny sai v HCl l axit mnh in li hon ton nhng nng qu nh nn [H+]
do H2O in li l rt ng k
Nu ly pH= 8 l b qua s in li ca H2O ,sai s qu mc cho php dn ti v l dung
dch axit m c mi trng baz .
nh lng cu d )
HCl
H+ + ClH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Gii phng trnh bc hai :
[H+ ]2 - 10-8. [H+ ] - 10-14 = 0
=> [H+ ] = 1,05.10-7 => pH = 6,98
Dng 2. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz mnh BOH Cb (M)
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch KOH 0,005M ?
Bi gii :
KOH
K+ + OHH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
CKOH = [OH-] = 5.10-3 >> 10-7 => B qua nng [OH-] do H2O in li ra
=> [OH-] = 5.10-3 M => [H+ ] = 2.10-12 => pH = 11,7
8

Bi 2)
Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH nng 1,2.10-7M ?
Bi gii :
NaOH
Na+ + OHH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
CKOH = [OH-] = 1,2.10-7 10-7 => Khng th b qua nng [OH-] do H2O in li ra
Gii phng trnh bc hai :
[H+ ]2 + [H+ ].Cb - Kw = 0 hay [H+ ]2 + 1,2.10-7. [H+ ] - 10-14 = 0
=> [H+ ] = 5,68.10-8 => pH = 7,25
Dng 3. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA Ca (M)
Hng s Ka
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M ?
Bi gii :
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOKa = 1,8.10-5
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c :
Ka.Ca 0,1. 1,8.10-5 = 1,8.10-6 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
=
5555,6 > 400
C th coi [HA] Ca = 0,1M
Vy [H+ ]2 = Ka.Ca [H+ ] = = = 10-2,87M
=> pH = 2,87
Bi 2)
Cho hng s Ka cc axit HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCN, HOCN, HF ln lt l : 1,78.10-4 ;
1,8.10-5 ;10-9,21 ; 3,3.10-4 ; 6,6.10-4
Hy cho bit dung dch 0,1M ca axit no c pH = 2,87 .
Bi gii: Gi axit cn xc nh l HA Ca = 0,1M.
HA
H + + AKa
+
H2O
H + OH Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ka.Ca = 0,1. 10-9,21 = 10-10,21 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
= 1,515.103 > 400
C th coi [HA] Ca = 0,1M
Vy [H+ ]2 = Ka.Ca Ka =
V pH = 2,87 => [H+ ] = 10-2,87
Ka = = 10-4,74 1,8.10-5
Vy axit l CH3COOH
Bi 3)
Tnh nng cc ion H+ , HSO4- , SO42- trong dung dch H2SO4 0,1M . Cho K2 = 1,2.10-2
Bi gii :
9

Trong dung dch H2SO4 :

H2SO4 H+ +
HSO40,1M
0,1M
0,1M
HSO4
H+ + SO42Ban u 0,1M
0,1M
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,1- x
0,1+x
x
+
H2O
H + OH Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
K2.Ca = 0,1. 1,2.10-2 = 1,2. 10-3 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
= = 8,3333 < 400 => Khng th coi x<< 0,1
Gii phng trnh bc hai sau:
K2 = = 1,2.10-2
x = 9,8.10-3
[H+ ] = 0,1 + x = 109,8.10-3M => pH = 0,96
[HSO4-] = 9.10-2 M
[SO42- ] = 9,8.10-3 M
Bi 4)
Tnh pH ca dung dch HNO2 10-1,7M bit Ka = 10-3,29
Dng 4. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz yu BOH Cb (M) Hng s Kb =
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch NH3 10-2M bit Kb = 1,8.10-5 ?
Bi gii :
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHKb = 1,8.10-5
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c Kb.Cb =10-2.1,8. 10-5 =1,8.10-7 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
= 10-2 1,8.10-5 400
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHKb = 1,8.10-5
Ban u : 0,01M
0
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,01- x
x
x
-5
Kb = = 1,8.10
= 10-2 1,8.10-5 400 => Khng nn xem x << 0,01
=> Gii phng trnh bc hai, ta c :
x = 4,15.10-4 => pOH = 3,38 => pH = 10,62
Bi 2)
Tnh pH trong dung dch pyriin 0,015M bit Kb = 10-8,8 ?
Bi gii :
C5H5N + H2O
C5H5NH+ + OHKb = 10-8,8
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c Kb.Cb =10-2.1,8. 10-5 =1,8.10-7 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
= 400
10

C5H5N + H2O
C5H5NH+ + OHKb = 10-8,8
Ban u : 0,015M
0
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,015- x
x
x
-8,8
Kb = = 10
=
> 400 => C th xem x << 0,015
=> x = [OH- ] = 4,88.10-6 => [H+ ] = 2,05.10-9 => pH = 8,69
Hay : [OH- ]2 = Kb.Cb [OH- ] = = 4,88.10-6
=> pH = 8,69
Dng 5. Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit yu HnA Ca (M)
Hng s Ka1 ,Ka2 ,Ka3..,Kan
Bi 1)
Tnh nng ion H+, HCO3- ,CO32- v pH trong dung dch H2CO3 0,025M . Bit H2CO3 c
Ka1 = 4,2.10-7 , Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3Ka1 = 4,2.10-7
HCO3H+ + CO32Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Nhn xt :
Ka1 = 4,2.10-7 >> Ka2 = 4,8.10-11 v Ca.Ka1>>Kw nn c th b qua [H+ ] do nc th 2 ca
axit v H2O phn li
Ch tnh [H+ ] da vo cn bng nc 1
Ta c : [H+ ] = [HCO3- ] = = 1.10-4 M
pH = 4
HCO3H+
+
CO32Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
Ban u : 1.10-4 M
1.10-4 M
0
Phn ng : x
x
x
-4
-4
Cn bng : 1.10 - x
1.10 + x
x
-11
Ka2 = = 4,8.10
= = 2,1.10-6 >> 400 . C th coi x << 1.10-4
Suy ra : x 4,8.10-11
Vy : [H+ ] = [HCO3- ] = 1.10-4 M v [CO32- ] = 4,8.10-11 M
=> pH = 4
Bi 2)
Tnh pH ca dung dch H3PO4 0,01M bit :
Ka1 = 10-2,23 ; Ka2 = 10-7,21 ; Ka3 = 10-12,32
Bi gii:
H3PO4
H+ + H2 PO4Ka1 = 10-2,23
H2 PO4H+ + HPO42Ka2 = 10-7,21
HPO42H+ + PO43Ka3 = 10-12,32
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c : Ka1 = 10-2,23 >>Ka2 = 10-7,21 >>Ka3 = 10-12,32
v Ca. Ka1 = 0,01.10-2,23 = 10-4,23 >> Kw
11

nn c th b qua [H+ ] do nc th 2 ca axit v H2O phn li

Ch tnh [H+ ] da vo cn bng nc 1
H3PO4
H+ + H2 PO4Ka1 = 10-2,23
Ban u : 0,01 M
0
0
Phn ng : x
x
x
Cn bng : 0,01-x
x
x
-2,23
Ka1 = = 10
= = 10-0,23 < 400 => Khng th coi x<< 0,01
Gii phng trnh bc hai, ta c :
x = 2,15.10-2 => pH = 1,67
Dng 6. Tnh pH ca dung dch a baz yu :
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2CO3 0,1M Bit H2CO3 c Ka1 = 4,2.10-7 , Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
Bi gii :
Na2CO3
Na+ + CO32y l mui trung ho ca axit yu a chc v baz mnh n chc . Tuy nhin ion Na+
khng b thu phn nn pH ca dung dch c quyt nh bi mt a baz yu CO32- 0,1M
Kb1 = 10-3,68 ; Kb2 = 10-7,62
CO32- + H2O
HCO3- + OHKb1 = 10-3,68
HCO3- + H2O
H2CO3 + OHKb2 = 10-7,62
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c :
Kb1 >> Kb2 v Cb . Kb1 = 0,1.10-3,68 = 10-4,68 >> Kw Nn c th coi [OH-] c quyt nh bi
nc th nht (b qua nc th 2 v b qua s in li ca H2O)
CO32- + H2O
HCO3- + OHKb1 = 10-3,68
Ban u : 0,1M
0
0
Phn ng : x
x
x
Cn bng : 0,1- x
x
x
-3,68
Kb1 = = 10
= 0,1 10-3,68 400 . Nn khng th coi x << 0,1
=> Gi phng trnh bc hai ta c :
x = [OH- ] = 4,47.10-3 => pOH = 2,35 => pH = 11,65

Dng 7. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui :

7.1. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui trung ho :
7.1.a. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit mnh v baz mnh
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch mui NaCl 0,01M , NaNO3 0,05M
Bi gii :
NaCl
Na+ + Cl12

H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Cc ion Na+ , Cl- u l ion trung tnh khng b thu phn nn mi trng trung tnh
pH = 7
NaNO3
Na+ + NO3H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Cc ion Na+ , NO3- u l ion trung tnh khng b thu phn nn mi trng trung tnh
pH = 7
7.1.b. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit mnh v baz yu
Bi 1) Cu 6.1- thi HSG tnh lp 12- H Tnh nm hc 2008-2009
Mui Fe3+ b thu phn theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
Fe3+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
K = 4,0.10-3
a- Tnh pH ca dung dch FeCl3 0,05M
b- Tnh pH m dung dch phi c 95% mui Fe3+ khng b thu phn
Bi gii :
Fe3+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
K = 4,0.10-3
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c : K.C = 0,05.4.10-3 = 2.10-4 >> Kw => B qua nng H+ do H2O in li
aFe3+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
K = 4,0.10-3
Ban u : 0,05 M
0
0
Phn ng : x
x
x
Cn bng : 0,05-x
x
x
-3
K = = = 4,0.10
V = = 12,5 < 400 => Khng th coi x << 0,05
Gii phng trnh bc hai, ta c :
x = [H+] = 0,0123 => pH = 1,19
b- Khi 95% mui Fe3+ khng b thu phn, ta c t l :
=
Mt khc : K = => K = [H+] = 4,0.10-3
=> [H+] = 7,6. 10-2 => pH = 1,12
7.1.c. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit yu v baz mnh
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2SO3 0,01M bit Ka1= 10-1,92 ; Ka2= 10-7,18
Bi gii :
Na2SO3
Na+ + SO320,01
0,01
0,01
2SO3 + H2O
HSO3 + OH
Kb1 = = 10-6,82
HSO3- + H2O
H2SO3 + OHKb2 = = 10-12,08
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c :
Kb1 >> Kb2 => B qua OH- do nc th 2 phn li
Kb1.Cb =10-2. 10-6,82 =10-8,82 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
13

= >> 400 => 400

SO32- + H2O
HSO3- + OHBan u : 0,01M
0
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,01- x
x
x
-6,82
Kb = = 10
= >> 400 => C th xem x << 0,01
=> x = 10-4,41 => pOH = 4,41 => pH = 9,59

Kb1 = = 10-6,82

7.1.d. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho AB nng CM to bi axit yu HA Ka, v

baz yu BOH Kb
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COONH4 0,4M
Bit Ka CH3COOH = 1,8.10-5 ; KbNH3 = 1,6.10-5
Bi gii :
CH3COONH4
CH3COO- + NH4+
0,4 M
0,4M
0,4M
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH
+
OHKb = = 10-9,25
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H+
Ka = = 10-9,2
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c cc cp axit baz lin hp sau :
NH4+ / NH3 (1) v CH3COOH / CH3COO- (2)
Vi Ca1 = Cb1 = 0,4M
Tin hnh cc php th :
Ka(1) . Ca(1) = 10-9,2 . 0,4 = 2,5.10-10 >10-12 >> Kw
Kb(2) . Cb(2) = 10-9,25 . 0,4 = 2,224.10-10 >10-12 >> Kw
= = 0,64.109 >> 400
= = 7,2.108 >> 400
Suy ra : [H+ ] = = = 1,06.10-7
=> pH = 6,97
Bi 2)
Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COONH2(CH3)2 0,4M v dung dch NH4NO2 0,01M
Bit Kb NH3 = 1,6.10-5 ; Kb NO2- = 2.10-11 ; Ka CH3COOH = 1,8.10-5 ; Kb (CH3)2NH=
5,9.10-4
Bi gii :
Lp lun nh trn , tnh gn ng :
-Dung dch CH3COONH2(CH3)2 0,4M
[H+ ] = = 1,75.10-8 => pH = 7,76
-Dung dch NH4NO2 0,01M
[H+ ] = = 5,59.10-7
14

=> pH 6,25
7.2. Tnh pH ca dd mui axit :
7.2.a. Tnh pH ca dd mui axit to bi axit mnh v baz mnh
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch mui NaHSO4 0,01M Bit K HSO4- =1,2 -10-2
Bi gii:
NaHSO4
Na+ +
HSO40,01M
0,01M 0,01M
HSO4
H+ + SO42H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
K2.Ca = 0,01. 1,2.10-2 = 1,2. 10-4 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
HSO4H+ + SO42Ban u 0,01M
0
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,01- x
x
x
= = 0,83333 < 400 => Khng th coi x<< 0,01
Gii phng trnh bc hai sau:
K2 = = 1,2.10-2
x = 6,49.10-3
[H+ ] = 6,49.10-3M => pH = 2,19
7.2.b. Tnh pH ca dd mui axit to bi axit yu H2A v baz mnh MOH
Bi 1) Cu 3b- thi HSG tnh lp 11 H Tnh nm 2007-2008
250C Cc axit : H2CO3 , H2SO3 , H2S c hng s phn li axit nh sau :
H2CO3 K1 = 10-7 K2 = 10-11 ; H2SO3 K1 = 10-2 K2 = 10-6 ; H2S K1 = 10-7 K2 = 10-13
-Hy so snh pH ca cc dung dch NaHCO3 ,NaHSO3 , NaHS khi chng u c cng nng
0,1M
- Bng cc php tnh, hy kim tra li trt t sp xp trn.
Bi gii :
Cc axit H2CO3 , H2SO3 , H2S u l cc i axit nn cc mui NaHCO3 ,NaHSO3 , NaHS u
l mui axit c gc axit lng tnh
K hiu chung : MHA
MHA
M+ + HAHAH+ + A- Ka2
HA- + H+
H2A K1-1
Nu K2 cng ln v K1 cng ln (K1-1 cng b ) th nng H+ cng ln => pH cng nh .
Nh vy ta c pH ca cc dung dch tng theo th t :
pH : NaHSO3 < NaHCO3 < NaHS
15

nh lng kim tra li trt t trn :

Mt cch gn ng ta c :
pH = 1/2 pK1 + pK2
Vy cc gi tr pH ln lt l :
NaHSO3 = 4 < NaHCO3 = 9 < NaHS = 10
Bi 2)
So snh pH ca cc dung dch 0,1M ca cc cht sau :
NaHSO3 Bit H2SO3 K1 = 10-2 K2 = 10-6
NaHC2O4 Bit H2C2O4 K1 = 10-1,25 K2 = 10-4,27
Na2HPO4 Bit H3PO4 Ka1 = 10-2,23 ; Ka2 = 10-7,21 ; Ka3 = 10-12,32
Bi gii :
Da vo cng thc tnh gn ng nh :
pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)
Ta c :
NaHSO3
pH = (2+6) = 4
NaHC2O4
pH = (1,25+ 4,27) = 2,76
Na2HPO4
pH = (7,21+ 12,32) = 9,77
Vy pH :
NaHC2O4 < NaHSO3 < Na2HPO4
Dng 8. Tnh pH ca dung dch m:
Bi 1)
Dung dch A gm CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M
a-Tnh pH ca dung dch A ? Bit Ka = 1,8.10-5
b- Thm 0,001mol HCl vo 1lt dung dch A , th pH ca dung dch s bng bao nhiu ?
c- Thm 0,001mol NaOH vo 1lt dung dch A , th pH ca dung dch s bng bao nhiu ?
Rt ra nhn xt .
Bi gii :
NaCH3COO
Na+ + CH3COOCH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOKa = 1,8.10-5
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c : KaCa >> Kw => B qua in li H2O
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOKa = 1,8.10-5
Ban u 0,1M
0
0,1M
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,1- x
x
0,1+ x
-5
Ka = = 1,8.10
= >> 400 => C th coi x << 0,1
=> x = [H+] = 10-4,76 => pH = 4,76
b- Phn ng xy ra :
NaCH3COO + HCl
NaCl + CH3COOH
0,1
0,001
0,001
D 0,1-0,001
16

Thnh phn gii hn :

CH3COOH 0,1 + 0,001 = 0,101M
NaCH3COO 0,1-0,001 = 0,099M
Cn bng :
NaCH3COO
Na+ + CH3COO0,099
0,099
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOBan u 0,101M
0
0,099M
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,101- x
x
0,099+ x
-5
Ka = = 1,8.10
Gi s : x<< 0,099 ta c :
x = [H+] = 1,02 . 10-4,76 << 0,099 => pH = 4,75
c- Phn ng xy ra :
NaOH + CH3COOH
NaCH3COO + H2O
0,001
0,1
0,001
D 0,1-0,001
Thnh phn gii hn :
CH3COOH 0,1-0,001 = 0,099M
NaCH3COO 0,1 + 0,001 = 0,101M

Ka = 1,8.10-5

Cn bng :
NaCH3COO
Na+ + CH3COO0,101
0,101
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOKa = 1,8.10-5
Ban u 0,099M
0
0,101M
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,099- x
x
0,101+ x
-5
Ka = = 1,8.10
Gi s : x<< 0,099 ta c :
x = [H+] = 0,98 . 10-4,76 << 0, 099 => pH = 4,77
Nhn xt :
Hn hp dung dch A gm CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M l mt dung dch m v
pH hu nh khng thay i khi thm HCl v NaOH vo.

Bi tp t gii:
1) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch : HNO3 10-2M ; HNO3 1,2.10-7M ; HNO3 10-9M
17

2) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch : Ba(OH)2 10-2M , KOH 10-7M ; NaOH 10-9M

3) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch : HCOOH 10-2M Ka = 10-3,75 ; HCN 10-2M Ka = 10-9,35 HBrO
10-2M Ka = 10-8,6
4) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch : Metylamin 10-1M Ka = 10-10,6 ; dimetylamin 1,5.10-2M
Ka = 10-10,87
5) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch : H2C2O4 10-2M K1 = 10-1,25 K2 = 10-4,27 ; H2S 10-2M Ka1 = 10-7
Ka2 = 10-12,92
6) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch mui : KNO3 0,5M ; Na2SO4 0,1M
7) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch mui : C6H5COONa 10-2M Ka = 10-4,2 ; NaClO 10-2M Ka =
10-7,53
8) Tnh pH ca cc dung dch mui : CH3NH3Cl 0,1M Kb = 10-3,4
Al(NO3)3 0,01M Ka1 = 10-5 (coi trong dung dch ch tn ti phc hiroxo Al(OH)2+ )
9) Trn 25,00ml dung dch NH3 8,0.10-3 M vi 15,00ml dung dch HCl 1,046,10-3M . Tnh
pH ca dung dch thu c . Bit Ka NH4+ = 10-9,24
10) Tnh pH ca dung dch A gm HF 0,1M v NaF 0,1M
Tnh pH ca 1lt dung dch A trn trong 2 trng hp :
a) Thm 0,01mol HCl vo
b) Thm 0,01 mol NaOH vo Bit Ka = 6,8.10-4

C- Kt lun :
18

 ti : "Cc dng bi tp xc nh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz, mui v dung dch

m " gip hc sinh :
-H thng cc dng bi tp v pH khi lm bi cc em nh hng c dng bi t tm
ra cch gii .
- Vi nhng bi tp v pH phc tp th ti ny ch cho cc em thy c th n gin ho
cc php tnh phc tp trong gii hn cho php cc em gii nhanh hn.
Tuy nhin trong khun kh ti ny, ti ch a ra c mt vn rt nh v pH v cng
cha c nhng bi tp dng kh hn, phc tp hn ; v du. : Tnh pH ca hn hp cc axit
yu, hn hp cc baz yu, mui NH4HCO3 .
Knh mong qu thy c dnh thi gian c v gp cho ti ca ti ti c th hon
thin dn trong qu trnh hc tp v ging dy .
Ti xin chn thnh cm n .

* Ti liu tham kho :

1)Tuyn tp thi Olimpic Ho Hc 11 ln th X nm 2004 -Nh xut bn Gio Dc
19

2)Tuyn tp thi Olimpic Ho Hc ln th XII nm 2006 - Nh xut bn Gio Dc

3)Tuyn tp thi Olimpic Ho Hc ln th XIII nm 2007 -Nh xut bn H S Phm
4)Tuyn tp thi Olimpic Ho Hc ln th XIV nm 2008 -Nh xut bn H S Phm
5) Mt s vn chn lc ca Ho hc Tc gi : Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung,
Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng - Nh xut bn Gio Dc
6)Tuyn tp bi ging Ho Hc V C Tc gi : Cao C Gic -Nh xut bn HQG H
Ni
7) Ho phn tch
Tc gi : Nguyn Tinh Dung - Nh xut bn Gio dc
8) Cc bi tp chn lc Ho hc s cp - Tc gi : PGS-TS o Hu Vinh -Nh xut bn H
Ni

Mc lc
A- L do chn ti

Trang
1
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B- Ni dung ti :
I- t vn :
II- Gii quyt vn
1- S in li ca H2O
2- Khi nim v pH
3. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit mnh HA Ca (M) (Dng 1)
4. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz mnh BOH Cb (M) (Dng 2)
5. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA Ca (M) Hng s Ka (Dng 3)
6. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz yu BOH Cb (M)
Hng s Kb =
(Dng 4)
7. Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit yu HnA Ca (M)
Hng s Ka1 ,Ka2 ,Ka3..,Kan (Dng 5)
8. Tnh pH ca dung dch a baz yu : (Dng 6)
9. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui (Dng 7)
9.1 Tnh pH ca dung dch mui trung ho
9. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui axit
10. Tnh pH ca dung dch m: (Dng 8)
Bi tp vn dng :
Bi tp t gii:
C- Kt lun
Ti liu tham kho
Mc lc

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