Cso Do Luong Dtu

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
C S O LNG IN T
Ging vin: in thoi/E-mail: B mn:
KS. Mnh H 0913826568; dmhavn@gmail.com K thut in t - Khoa KTDT1
Hc k/Nm bin son: Hc k 1/2009-2010
Sch tham kho

1. 2. 3. 4. C s k thut o lng in t, V Qu im, nh xut bn KHKT, 2001 o lng in-v tuyn in, V Nh Giao v Bi Vn Sng, Hc vin k thut qun s, 1996 Electronic Test Instruments, Bob Witte, 2002 Radio Electronic Measurements, G.Mirsky, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1978
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NI DUNG
CHNG 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t CHNG 2. nh gi sai s o lng CHNG 3. Cc c cu ch th trong my o CHNG 4. My hin sng CHNG 5. o tn s, khong thi gian v di pha CHNG 6. o dng in v in p CHNG 7. o cng sut CHNG 8. Phn tch ph CHNG 9. o cc tham s ca mch in
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Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

nh ngha Cc phng php o Phng tin o v cc c tnh c bn ca phng tin o Phn loi cc my o
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1.1. nh ngha
o lng: l khoa hc v cc php o, cc phng php v cc cng c m bo cc phng php o t c chnh xc mong mun o lng in t: l o lng m trong i lng cn o c chuyn i sang dng tn hiu in mang thng tin o v tn hiu in c x l v o lng bng cc dng c v mch in t.
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1.2. Cc phng php o
1. Phng php o trc tip: dng my o hay cc mu o (cc chun) nh gi s lng ca i lng cn o. Kt qu o chnh l tr s ca i lng cn o.
X =a
VD: o in p bng vn-mt, o tn s bng tn s-mt, o cng sut bng ot-mt,... c im: n gin, nhanh chng, loi b c cc sai s do tnh ton 2. o gin tip: kt qu o khng phi l tr s ca i lng cn o, m l cc s liu c s tnh ra tr s ca i lng ny.
X = F (a1 , a2 ,..., an )
V d: o cng sut bng vn-mt v ampe-mt, o h s sng chy bng dy o,... c im: nhiu php o v thng khng nhn bit ngay c kt qu o
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3. Phng php o thng k: thc hin o nhiu ln mt i lng o vi cng thit b o v trong cng in kin o, kt qu o c tnh l gi tr trung bnh thng k ca ca cc ln o . - c im: cho php loi tr cc sai s ngu nhin v thng dng khi kim chun thit b o. 4. Phng php o tng quan: dng o cc qu trnh phc tp, khi khng th thit lp mt quan h hm s no gia cc i lng l cc thng s ca mt qu trnh nghin cu. VD: tn hiu u vo v u ra ca mt h thng Thc hin bng cch xc nh khong thi gian v kt qu ca mt s thut ton c kh nng nh c tr s ca i lng thch hp. c im: cn t nht hai php o m cc thng s t kt qu o ca chng khng ph thuc ln nhau. chnh xc c xc nh bng di khong thi gian ca qu trnh xt.
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5. Cc phng php o khc: Phng php o thay th: Php o c tin hnh hai ln, mt ln vi i lng cn o v mt ln vi i lng o mu. iu chnh hai trng hp o c kt qu ch th nh nhau. Phng php hiu s: Php o c tin hnh bng cch nh gi hiu s tr s ca i lng cn o v i lng mu. (phng php vi sai, phng php ch th khng, phng php b) Phng php o thng: kt qu o c nh lng trc tip trn thanh ca thit b ch th. Tt nhin s khc ca cc thang ny c ly chun trc vi i lng mu cng loi vi i lng o. Phng php ch th s: i lng cn c o c bin i thnh tin tc l cc xung ri rc. Tr s ca i lng cn o c tnh bng s xung tng ng ny
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1.3. Phng tin o v cc c tnh c bn
1. Phng tin o l phng tin k thut thc hin php o, chng c nhng c tnh o lng c qui nh. - Phng tin o n gin: mu, thit b so snh, chuyn i o lng - Phng tin o phc tp: my o (dng c o), thit b o tng hp v h thng thng tin o lng. + Mu: phng tin o dng sao li i lng vt l c gi tr cho trc vi chnh xc cao. Chun l mu c cp chnh xc cao nht. Chun l phng tin o m bo vic sao v gi n v tiu chun. + Thit b so snh: phng tin o dng so snh 2 i lng cng loi xem chng = , > , < + Chuyn i o lng: phng tin o dng bin i tn hiu thng tin o lng v dng thun tin cho vic truyn tip, bin i tip, x l tip v gi li nhng ngi quan st khng th nhn bit trc tip c (VD: b K o lng; bin dng, bin p o lng; quang in tr, nhit in tr,...)
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+ Dng c o: phng tin o dng bin i tn hiu thng tin o lng v dng m ngi quan st c th nhn bit trc tip c (VD: vnmt, ampe mt,...)
Dng c o
Mc t ng ha
Dng ca tn hiu
Phng php bin i
Cc i lng u vo
Dng c o khng t ng
Dng c o t ng
Dng c o tng t
Dng c o s
Dng c o bin i thng
Dng c o bin i cn bng
Dng c o dng in
Dng c o tn s
...
Hnh 1.1 S phn loi tng quan thit b o + Thit b o tng hp l cc phng tin o phc tp, a nng dng kim tra, kim chun v o lng cc tham s phc tp. + H thng thng tin o lng: H thng mng kt ni ca nhiu thit b o, cho php o lng v iu khin t xa, o lng phn tn...
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2. Cc c tnh c bn ca phng tin o Cc c tnh tnh: c xc nh thng qua qu trnh chun ho thit b. + Hm bin i: l tng quan hm s gia cc i lng u ra Y v cc i lng u vo X ca phng tin o, Y=f(X) + nhy: l t s gia bin thin ca tn hiu u ra Y ca phng tin o vi bin thin ca i lng o u vo X tng ng. dY K hiu: S=
dX
+ Phm vi o: l phm vi thang o bao gm nhng gi tr m sai s cho php ca phng tin o i vi cc gi tr o c qui nh + Phm vi ch th: l phm vi thang o c gii hn bi gi tr u v gi tr cui ca thang o. + Cp chnh xc: c xc nh bi gi tr ln nht ca cc sai s trong thit b o. Thng c tnh ton bng gii hn ca sai s tng i quy i. + phn gii: Chnh l chia ca thang o hay gi tr nh nht c th phn bit c trn thang o (m c th phn bit c s bin i trn thang o)

Cc c tnh ng: Phn ln cc thit b o khng p ng tc thi ngay khi i lng o thay i (do qun tnh, nhit dung hoc in dung) s hot ng trng thi ng hoc trng thi giao thi ca thit b o cng quan trng nh trng thi tnh. + i vi i lng o c 3 dng thay i nh sau: Thay i c dng hm bc theo thi gian Thay i c dng hm tuyn tnh theo thi gian Thay i c dng hm iu ha theo thi gian + c tuyn ng ca thit b o: Tc p ng trung thc Tnh tr Sai s ng
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1.3. Phn loi cc my o
a) My o cc thng s v c tnh ca tn hiu: VD: Vn mt in t, tn s mt, MHS, my phn tch ph, ... Tn hiu mang thng tin o x(t) Mch vo Thit b bin i Ngun cung cp Hnh 1.2 Cu trc my o tham s v c tnh ca tn hiu x(t): tn hiu cn o a ti u vo my Thit b ch th
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Mch vo: truyn dn tn hiu t u vo ti Thit b bin i. Thc hin tin x l tn hiu vo nh tin khuch i, suy gim, gii hn bng tn, lc nhiu, phi hp tr khng, nhng khng lm mt thng tin o. Mch vo thng l b K ti catt (Zvo cao), thc hin phi hp tr khng. Thit b bin i: thc hin so snh v phn tch. C th to ra tn hiu cn thit so snh tn hiu cn o vi tn hiu mu. C th phn tch tn hiu o v bin , tn s, hay chn lc theo thi gian. Thng l cc mch K, tch sng, bin i dng in p tn hiu, chuyn i dng nng lng,... Thit b ch th: biu th kt qu o di dng thch hp vi gic quan giao tip ca sinh l con ngi hay vi tin tc a vo b phn iu chnh, tnh ton,... VD: Cc c cu ch th , ng tia in t, c cu ch th s dng LED 7 on hay LCD 7 on Ngun cung cp: cung cp nng lng cho my v lm ngun to tn hiu chun

b) My o c tnh v thng s ca mch in: Mch in cn o thng s: mng 4 cc, mng 2 cc, cc phn t ca mch in. S khi chung: cu to gm c ngun tn hiu v thit b ch th, (hv) VD: my o c tnh tn s, my o c tnh qu , my o h s phm cht, o RLC, my th n in t, bn dn v IC; my phn tch logic; my phn tch mng 4 cc ...
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Ngun tn hiu th Thit b bin i, x l tn hiu Thit b ch th Mch cn o tham s, c tnh
Ngun cung cp
(a) Cu trc my o tham s v c tnh ca mch c ngun tn hiu th Ngun tn hiu th Mch cn o tham s, c tnh Mch vo Thit b bin i, x l tn hiu Thit b ch th
Ngun cung cp
(b) Cu trc my o tham s v c tnh ca mch c ngun tn hiu th c lp
Hnh 1.3 Cu trc my o tham s v c tnh ca mch in


c) My to tn hiu o lng: B to sng ch B bin i Mch ra x(t)
B iu ch
Ngun cung cp
Thit b o
Hnh 1.4 Cu trc my to tn hiu o lng - B to sng ch: xc nh cc c tnh ch yu ca tn hiu nh dng v tn s dao ng, thng l b to sng hnh sin hay xung cc loi - B bin i: nng cao mc nng lng ca tn hiu hay tng thm xc lp ca dng tn hiu, thng l b K in p, K cng sut, b iu ch, thit b to dng xung,... Cc my pht tn hiu siu cao tn thng khng c B bin i t gia B to sng ch v u ra, m dng B iu ch trc tip khng ch dao ng ch

- Mch ra: iu chnh cc mc tn hiu ra, bin i Zra ca my. N thng l mch phn p, bin p phi hp tr khng, hay b ph ti Catt. - Thit b o: kim tra thng s ca tn hiu u ra. N thng l vn mt in t, thit b o cng sut, o h s iu ch, o tn s,... - Ngun: cung cp ngun cho cc b phn, thng lm nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu ca mng li in thnh in p 1 chiu c n nh cao. d) Cc linh kin o lng: cc linh kin l, ph thm vi my o to nn cc mch o cn thit. Gm cc in tr, in cm, in dung mu; hay cc linh kin ghp gia cc b phn ca mch o (VD: b suy gim, b dch pha, b phn mch nh hng,...)
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Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng
1. 2.
Khi nim v nguyn nhn gy sai s Phn loi sai s: theo cch biu din sai s, theo s ph thuc ca sai s vo i lng o, theo v tr sinh ra sai s, theo qui lut xut hin sai s. ng dng phng php phn b chun nh gi sai s Cch xc nh kt qu o Sai s ca php o gin tip
3. 4. 5.
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2.1. Khi nim & nguyn nhn sai s:
* Khi nim sai s: l chnh lch gia kt qu o v gi tr thc ca i lng o. N ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: thit b o, phng thc o, ngi o * Nguyn nhn gy sai s: - Nguyn nhn khch quan: do dng c o khng hon ho, i lng o c b can nhiu nn khng hon ton c n nh,... - Nguyn nhn ch quan: do thiu thnh tho trong thao tc, phng php tin hnh o khng hp l,...
2.2. Phn loi sai s

* Theo cch biu din sai s: - Sai s tuyt i: l hiu gia kt qu o c vi gi tr thc ca i lng o X = X do X thuc - Sai s tng i chn thc: l gi tr tuyt i ca t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr thc ca i lng o X ct = .100% X thuc

- Sai s tng i danh nh:
dd =
X .100% X do
- Sai s tng i qui i: l gi tr tuyt i ca t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr nh mc ca thang o.

qd = X .100% cp chnh xc ca i lng o X dm
Xdm= Xmax -Xmin : gi tr nh mc ca thang o Nu gi tr thang o: 0Xmax Xdm=Xmax * Theo s ph thuc ca sai s vo i lng o: - Sai s im 0 (sai s cng) l sai s khng ph thuc vo gi tr i lng o. - Sai s nhy (sai s nhn) l sai s ph thuc vo gi tr i lng o

* Theo v tr sinh ra sai s ta c sai s phng php v sai s phng tin o: - Sai s phng php l sai s do phng php o khng hon ho - Sai s phng tin o l sai s do phng tin o khng hon ho. Gm: sai s h thng, sai s ngu nhin, sai s im 0, sai s nhy, sai s c bn, sai s ph, sai s ng, sai s tnh. Sai s c bn ca phng tin o l sai s ca phng tin o khi s dng trong iu kin tiu chun Sai s ph ca phng tin o l sai s sinh ra khi s dng phng tin o iu kin khng tiu chun Sai s tnh l sai s ca phng tin o khi i lng o khng bin i theo thi gian Sai s ng l sai s ca phng tin o khi i lng o bin i theo thi gian

Theo qui lut xut hin sai s: Sai s h thng Sai s ngu nhin 2.2.1. Sai s h thng Do cc yu t thng xuyn hay cc yu t c qui lut tc ng. Kt qu o c sai s ca ln o no cng u ln hn hay b hn gi tr thc ca i lng cn o VD: + Do dng c, my mc o ch to khng hon ho + Do chn phng php o khng hp l, hoc li trong qu trnh x l kt qu o,... Do kh hu (nhit , m,...) khi o khng ging vi iu kin kh hu tiu chun theo qui nh
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2.2.2. Sai s ngu nhin
Do cc yu t bt thng, khng c qui lut tc ng. VD: + Do in p cung cp ca mch o khng n nh + Do bin thin kh hu ca mi trng xung quanh trong qu trnh o Tr s o sai: l kt qu cc ln o c cc gi tr sai khc qu ng, thng do s thiu chu o ca ngi o hay do cc tc ng t ngt ca bn ngoi. X l sai s sau khi o: + i vi sai s h thng: x l bng cch cng i s gi tr ca sai s h thng vo kt qu o, hoc hiu chnh li my mc, thit b o vi my mu + i vi sai s ngu nhin: khng x l c, ch c th nh lng c gi tr sai s ngu nhin bng l thuyt xc sut & thng k

2.3. ng dng phng php phn b chun nh gi sai s
Yu cu: - tt c cc ln o u phi thc hin vi chnh xc nh nhau - phi o nhiu ln 2.3.1. Hm mt phn b sai s - Tin hnh o n ln mt i lng no , ta thu c cc kt qu o c cc sai s tng ng l x1, x2, ...,xn - Sp xp cc sai s theo gi tr ln ca n thnh tng nhm ring bit, vd: n1 sai s c tr s t 00,01; n2 sai s c tr s t 0,010,02; ... sai s ngu nhin nm trong khong c gi tr gii hn - Lp biu phn b tn sut:
n2 n1 1 = ,2 = ,... l tn sut ( hay tn s xut hin) cc ln o c cc n n
limn(x)=p(x)
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p(x) l hm s phn b tiu chun cc sai s (hm s chnh tc).
h h2 x2 p ( x) = e
(hm Gauss)
(1)
h : thng s o chnh xc h ln ng cong hp v nhn (xc sut cc sai s c tr s b th ln hn) thit b o c chnh xc cao Qui tc phn b sai s: a. Xc sut xut hin ca cc sai s c tr s b th nhiu hn xc sut xut hin ca cc sai s c tr s ln. b. Xc sut xut hin sai s khng ph thuc du, ngha l cc sai s c tr s bng nhau v gi tr tuyt i nhng khc du nhau th c xc sut xut hin nh nhau.

2.3.2. S dng cc c s phn b nh gi kt qu o v sai s o 1. Sai s trung bnh bnh phng: + o n ln mt i lng X, cc kt qu nhn c l n tr s sai s c gi tr nm trong khong gii hn x1 xn + h khc nhau xc sut ca chng khc nhau + h = const vi mt loi tr s o xc sut sai s xut hin ti x1 v ln cn ca x1 l:
tng t ta c:
h h 2 x12 dp1 = e dx1 h h 2 x22 dp2 = e dx2 .......................
h h 2 xn2 dpn = e dxn

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Xc sut ca n ln o coi nh xc sut ca mt s kin phc hp, do : Pph= dp1. dp2... dpn Tm cc tr ca h:
h h 2 (x12 + x22 +...+ xn2 ) dx1dx2 ...dxn = e
(2)
dPph dh
=n
( )
h n 1
h2
+
xi2
( )
hn
[ 2h x ]e
2 i
h2
xi2 = 0
n 2h 2 xi2 = 0
2 x i i =1 n
1 = 2h
2 x i
(3)
Sai s TBBP ():
(4)
n
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2. Tr s trung bnh cng: o X, thu c n cc kt qu o: a1, a2, ..., an Cc sai s ca cc ln o ring bit: x1= a1-X, x2= a2-X, ..., xn= an-X Cc xi cha bit X cn o cha bit Thc t ch xc nh c tr s gn ng nht vi X (tr s c xc sut ln nht):
3. Sai s d: Sai s mi ln o: xi =ai x cha bit v x cha bit. a Sai s d l sai s tuyt i ca gi tr cc ln o ai v i : i = ai a
a + a + ... + an a= 1 2 = n
a
i =1
(9)
= a n.a = a a
i =1 i i =1 i i =1 i i =1
=0
(10)
Thc t: a X
x
i =1
2 i
2 i i =1
n 1
(11)
4. Sai s TBBP ca
a = n
(12)
5. tin cy v khong tin cy: Xc sut ca cc sai s c tr s khng vt qu 1 gi tr cho trc no , bng:
2 (ti ) = P ( a X < ) = 2
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/ a
t2 2
dt
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Nu bit P, da vo bng hm s (t ) trong s tay tra cu v ton t = a hay = t a
a X < t a
a t a < X < a + t a
(16)
l khong tin cy, khong ny c xc sut cha ng tr s thc ca i lng cn o X l P = (t ) . P l tin cy ca php nh gi. Kt qu o:
X = a t a
(n > 10)
(17)
m bo tin cy P =0,997 th ly t=3 ta c:
X = a 3 a
Quan h gia tin cy P, t, vi n >10 (bng 1)
(18)
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7. Sai s cc i v sai s th: Sai s cc i M = t
(n >10)
M = t s (2 n 10) X = a tsa Sai s th: sai s | i| ca ln quan st no ln hn sai s cc i ( M )

th l sai s th. 8. Phn b student: Khong tin cy:
2 n 10
a ts a < X < a + ts a
2 n 10
Gi tr ca ts c cho trong bng 2
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2.4. Cch xc nh kt qu o: Thc hin o n ln thu c cc kt n qu o: a1, a2, ..., an 1. Tnh tr s trung bnh cng: 2. Tnh sai s d: i = ai a Kim tra:
a=
a
i =1
i =1
=0
hay khng?
2 i i =1 n
3. Tnh sai s TBBP:
n 1
4. Kim tra xem c sai s th? nu c sai s th th loi b kt qu o tng ng v thc hin li bc 1-4 vi b kt qu o mi, s ln o n mi. 5. Tnh sai s TBBP ca tr s TB cng: a =
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6. Xc nh kt qu o:
X = a t a
: X = a tsa
vi
n > 10
nu 2 n 10
* Cch vit hng ch s ca KQ o: - Ly t a ch cn ly vi 2 s sau du phy. - Ly a phi ch ly ch s sao cho bc ca s cui ca n bc ca hai con s ca t a . VD: kt qu o l X = 275,24 1,08 th phi vit li l: X = 275,2 1,1
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Bng 1. Gi tr t theo gi tr xc sut cho trc
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Bng 2.
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2.5. Sai s ca php o gin tip
Gi s X l i lng cn o bng php o gin tip; Y,V,Z l cc i lng o c bng php o trc tip X = F(Y,V,Z) Y, V, Z l cc sai s h thng tng ng khi o Y, V, Z ; X l sai s h thng khi xc nh X X + X = F(Y+ Y,V+ V,Z+ Z ) Cc sai s c gi tr nh nn:
F F F Y + V + Z X +X=F ( Y,V,Z ) + Y V Z X= F F F Y + V + Z Y V Z
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TH1: TH2: X = aY + bV + cZ X = a Y + bV + cZ
X =KY V Z
X =K Y 1V Z Y +K Y V 1Z V +K Y V Z 1Z Thc t dng sai s tng i:
X Y V Z = X = + + Y X V Z X = Y + V + Z
Xc nh sai s TBBP ca php o gin tip thng qua sai s TBBP ca cc php o trc tip thnh phn
F F F X = Y + V + Z Y V Z
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Chng 3. Cc b ch th trong my o
Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca c cu o C cu ch th kim: t in, in t C cu ch th s: LED, LCD
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3.1. Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca c cu o
Bao gm 2 thnh phn c bn : Tnh v ng. Hot ng theo nguyn tc bin i lin tc in nng thnh c nng lm quay phn ng ca n. Trong qu trnh quay lc c sinh cng c hc mt phn thng lc ma st, mt phn lm bin i th nng phn ng. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong CC c th hin theo chiu bin i: dng in Ix (hoc Ux ) nng lng in t Wt, Wt s tng tc vi phn ng v phn tnh to ra F (lc) to mmen quay (Mq) gc quay ; t l vi f(Ix) hoc = f(Ux)
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Gi s c cu o c n phn tnh in (mang in tch) v n cun dy. Thng thng in p c a vo cun dy. Nng lng in t sinh ra c xc nh nh sau:
j =i 1 j =i 1 i : cun dy j : phn t mang in tch Cij ,U ij : in dung v in p gia 2 phn t tch in i v j. Ii , I j : dng in trong cc cun dy i v j. Li : in cm ca cun dy i M ij : : h cm gia hai cun dy i v j Nng lng in t sinh ra ph thuc vo in p, in dung, dng in, cun cm v h cm.
1 1 n 1 2 2 Wdt = CijUij + Li Ii + Mij Ii I j 2 i=1 2 i=1 2 i=1
i =n1 j =n
i =n1 j =n
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Tng tc gia phn tnh v phn ng to ra 1 momen quay bng s bin thin ca nng lng t trn s bin thin gc quay.
dWdt : s bin thin ca nng lng t d : s bin thin ca gc quay
dWdt Mq = d
to ra s ph thuc gia gc quay v gi tr o; trong khi o ngi ta s dng thm l xo phn khng to ra momen phn khng chng li s chuyn ng ca phn ng. D: l h s phn khng ca l xo Kim ch th s dng li v tr cn bng khi
M pk = D
dWdt 1 dWdt = d D d
M pk = M q
D =
Wdt : ph thuc vo in p, dng in t vo cun dy.

3.2. C cu ch th o lng
Cc c cu ch th kim ng tia in t CRT C cu ch th s (dng LED 7 on hay LCD 7 on) Mn hnh ma trn (LED, LCD, Flasma, OLED)
3.2.1 C cu ch th kim: - Dng c o t in kiu nam chm vnh cu (TNCVC). - Dng c o kiu in t. - Dng c o in ng. 3.2.1.1. B ch th kiu t in: hot ng theo nguyn tc bin i in nng thnh c nng nh s tng tc gia t trng ca mt nam chm vnh cu v t trng ca dng in qua mt khung dy ng
1. Cu to: - Phn tnh: gm 1 nam chm vnh cu (1), hai m cc t (2), 1 li st t (3). Gia (2) v (3) to thnh 1 khe hp hnh vnh khuyn cho php 1 khung dy quay xung quanh v c t trng u hng tm (B) - Phn ng: gm 1 khung dy nh (4) c th quay xung quanh trc ca 1 li st t, 1 kim ch th (5) c gn vo trc ca khung dy, 1 l xo phn khng (6) vi 1 u c gn vo trc ca khung dy, u cn li c gn vi v my.
Hnh 3.1
nh v kim ng im `0` khi cha o th mt u ca l xo phn khng trc c lin h vi mt vt chnh `0` chnh gia mt trc ca c cu o.
2. Hot ng: Dng in trong cun dy ca c cu TNCVC phi chy theo mt chiu nht nh cho kim dch chuyn (theo chiu dng) t v tr `0` qua sut thang o. o chiu dng in cun dy quay theo chiu ngc li v kim b lch v pha tri im `0`. Do cc u ni ca dng c TNCVC c nh du `+` v `-` cho bit chnh xc cc cn ni. C cu TNCVC c coi l c phn cc. Phng trnh m men quay v thang o: Khi c dng in I chy qua khung dy s to ra 1 t trng tng tc vi t trng B ca NCVC to ra 1 mmen quay:
dWe d Mq = =I d d
d = B.N .S .d : bin thin ca t thng qua khung dy
B: t trng NCVC
N: s vng dy S: din tch khung dy d : bin thin gc quay ca khung dy Mq= I.B.N.S M men quay Mq lm quay khung dy, khi mmen phn khng do l xo phn khng tc ng vo khung dy tng Mpk= D. (3.5) D - h s phn khng ca l xo - gc quay ca kim Khi mmen quay Mq cn bng vi mmen phn khng Mp ca l xo th kim s dng li trn mt s ng vi mt gc no . (3.6) Mq = Mpk I .B.N .S = D. B.N .S = I = S 0 .I D B.N .S S0 = l nhy ca c cu o D
3. c im ca c cu o t in: u im:
Thang o tuyn tnh c th khc thang o ca dng in I theo gc quay ca kim ch th nhy c cu o ln Dng ton thang (Itt) rt nh (c A) chnh xc cao, c th to ra cc thang o c cp chnh xc ti 0,5% t chu nh hng ca in t trng bn ngoi.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, d b h hng khi c va p mnh Chu qu ti km do dy qun khung c ng knh nh Ch lm vic vi dng 1 chiu, mun lm vic vi dng xoay chiu phi c thm it nn in
ng dng:
dng rt nhiu lm c cu ch th cho cc dng c o in nh: Vnmt, Ampemt, dng c o in vn nng, cc php o cu cn bng
3.2.1.2. C cu in t: hot ng theo nguyn l: nng lng in t c bin i lin tc thnh c nng nh s tng tc gia t trng ca cun dy tnh khi c dng in i qua vi phn ng ca c cu l cc l st t 1. Cu to: c 2 loi - Loi cun dy hnh trn. - Loi cun dy hnh dt + Loi cun dy hnh trn: - Phn tnh: l mt cun dy hnh tr trn, pha trong thnh ng c gn l st t mm un quanh - Phn ng: gm mt l st t cng c un cong v gn vo trc quay nm i din. Trn trc quay gn kim ch th v l xo phn khng
Hnh 3.3.1
+ Loi cun dy dt:
Phn tnh: gm 1 cun dy dt, gia c 1 khe hp. Phn ng: gm 1 a st t c gn lch tm, ch mt phn nm trong khe hp v c th quay quanh trc. Trn trc ca a st t c gn kim ch th v l xo phn khng
Hnh 3.3.2 C cu in t loi cun dy dt

2. Nguyn l hot ng chung: Khi c dng I in chy qua cun dy tnh s to ra mt nng lng t trng 1 2
Wtt =
vi L l in cm cun dy, c gi tr tu thuc vo v tr tng i ca l st t ng v tnh S bin thin nng lng t trng theo gc quay to ra mmen quay trc quay kim ch th quay dW
LI
Mq =
tt
Khi kim ch th quay mmen phn khng tng: Mpk=D. Ti v tr cn bng: Mpk = Mq
D = = dWtt 1 2 dL = I 2 d d
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Gc quay ca kim th t l v i bnh ph ng ca I qua cun dy GIch NG VIN: KS. Mnh H

B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1
1 dWtt 1 dL 2 = I 2 D d D d 1 dL = S0 I 2 , S0 = 2 D d
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3. c im ca CC in t:
+ u im: 9 CC t in c th lm vic vi dng xoay chiu. 9 C cu to vng chc, kh nng chu ti tt. + Nhc im: 9 nhy km do t trng phn tnh yu 9 Thang o phi tuyn 9 chnh xc thp do d nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi do tn hao st t ln 9 Tiu th nng lng nhiu hn c cu o t in. + ng dng: vn c dng nhiu trong cc ng h o in p ln
Hnh 3.4 ng h o in p cao s dng CC in t
3.2.2. C cu ch th s
Vt cn o o Tr s o c bin i Khong t cha cc xung c tn s f m xung trong t kt qu bin i Hin th di dng ch s
Hnh 3.5 S khi c cu ch th s n gin
1. Nguyn l hot ng chung: cc c cu o hin th s thng dng phng php bin i tr s ca i lng o ra khong thi gian c lu t ph thuc tr s o cha y cc xung lin tip vi tn s nht nh. Thit b ch th m s xung trong khong thi gian t v th hin kt qu php m di dng ch s hin th.
2. c im: (a) Cc u im: chnh xc o lng cao. Ch th kt qu o di dng ch s nn d c. C kh nng t chn thang o v phn cc Tr khng vo ln. C th lu li cc kt qu o a vo my tnh. Dng thun tin cho o t xa. (b) Cc nhc im: S phc tp Gi thnh cao bn vng nh Hin nay thit b o s thng s dng cc loi c cu ch th s nh sau: C cu ch th s dng it pht quang LED C cu ch th s dng LCD
3.2.2.1. B ch th s dng it pht quang (LED LED l mt tip xc P-N, vt liu ch to u l cc lin kt ca nguyn t nhm 3 v nhm 5 ca bng h thng tun hon Mendeleev nh GaAs (LED c mu ), GaP (LED c mu hoc mu lc), GaAsP (LED c mu hoc vng). Khi LED c phn cc thun cc ht dn a s khuch tn t qua tip xc P-N (in t t do t n sang p, l trng t p sang n) chng gp nhau s ti hp v pht sinh ra photon nh sng. Cng pht sng ca LED t l vi dng in qua it .
Hnh 3.6 Thanh LED

* LED 7 on: Cc dng c o hin th s thng dng b ch th 7 on sng ghp li vi nhau theo hnh s 8. Cc on sng l cc it pht quang. Khi cho dng in chy qua nhng on thch hp c th hin hnh bt k s no t 0-9. C 2 loi: LED 7 on sng Ant chung LED 7 on sng Catt chung LED 7 on sng Catt chung: catt ca tt c cc it u c ni chung vi im c in th bng 0 (hay cc m ca ngun). Tc ng vo u vo (ant) ca it mc logic 1 it sng. LED 7 on sng Ant chung: cc ant c ni chung vi cc dng ca ngun (mc logic 1). Tc ng vo u vo (Catt) ca it mc logic 0 it sng. st p khi phn cc thun it l 1,2V v dng thun khi c chi hp l l 20mA.
Nhc im: cn dng tng i ln. u im: ngun in p mt chiu thp, kh nng chuyn mch nhanh, bn, kch tc b.
Hnh 3.7 Led 7 on

3.2.2.2. B ch th s dng tinh th lng (LCD) Tinh th lng l tn trng thi ca mt vi hp cht hu c c bit. Cc cht ny nng chy 2 trng thi: lc u trng thi nng chy lin tc, sau nu nhit tip tc tng th chuyn sang cht lng ng hng bnh thng. Pha trung gian gia hai trng thi ny l trng thi tinh th lng B ch th dng tinh th lng (LCD) thng c b tr cng theo dng s 7 on nh b ch th LED. Trn 2 tm thu tinh ngi ta ph mt lp kim loi dn in to nn 2 in cc trong sut, gia 2 lp kim loi l lp cht lng tinh th. Khi ch th ch s, ngoi in p t vo 2 in cc ca phn t cn cn ngun sng t pha trc hay pha sau ca b ch th v phng.
Hnh 3.8 Cu to mi thanh LCD

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(a) ngun sng t trc: khi c tn hiu th tinh th lng c nh sng phn x t gng.
Hnh 3.9
(b) ngun sng t sau: khi c tn hiu th tinh th lng c nh sng i qua to nn hnh s trn mn hnh. Mn hnh l tm phng en. Ngun in cung cp l ngun 1 chiu hoc l ngun in p xung.
Hnh 3.10
VD: mt LCD 7 on (hnh 3.11)
u chung ca cc phn t ch th LCD ni vi +E qua R. Cc in cc ring ni vi cc u ra iu khin. Khi transistor T6 tt, U6a = 0 phn t 6 khng ch th. Khi T6 thng, U6a = +E kch thch phn t 6 tr nn trong sut, cho nh sng i qua.
Hnh 3.11
u im ca LCD:
Ngun cung cp n gin, tiu th cng sut nh, c mW Kch tc b, ph hp vi cc thit b o dng mch t hp, k thut vi in t. Hnh ch s kh r rng, ch to n gin.
Nhc im ca LCD:
Di nhit lm vic hp (100C-550C) Tui th cha tht cao Tuy vy cc u im l c bn nn loi ny ngy cng c dng nhiu
3.2.2.3. Mn hnh ma trn
a. Mn hnh ma trn LED
b.
Mn hnh ma trn LCD
Hnh 3.12 Ma trn LED
Hnh 3.13- ng dng ca mn hnh ma trn LCD trong my o v mn hnh my tnh

Chng 4. My hin sng (xil)
Nguyn l quan st tn hiu trn MHS: nguyn

l qut tt lin tc, nguyn l qut i, nguyn l ng b
S cu to mt MHS in hnh Mt s ch lm vic MHS nhiu tia : MHS 2 knh dng ng tia in t
1 tia v CM in t
xil in t s

4.1. Nguyn l quan st tn hiu trn MHS: 1. Phng php v dao ng ca tn hiu
Mt tn hiu thng c biu din di 2 dng: + Hm theo thi gian: u = f(t) + Hm s theo tn s: u =(f) UAM F f
0 f-F f f+F f
Hnh 4.1- Tn hiu iu bin v ph ca n quan st dng sng, o cc c tnh v cc tham s ca tn hiu dng mt my o a nng l MHS (xil). MHS l mt loi my v di ng theo 2 chiu X v Y hin th dng tn hiu a vo cn quan st theo tn hiu khc hay theo thi gian. `Kim bt v ` ca my l mt chm sng, di chuyn trn mn hnh ca ng tia in t theo qui lut ca in p a vo cn quan st.

2. Cc loi xil:
xil tn thp, xil tn cao, xil siu cao tn xil xung (/T b) xil 2 tia; xil nhiu knh xil c nh (loi tng t v loi s) xil s; xil c ci t VXL
3. Cng dng, tnh nng ca xil:

xil l mt my o vn nng, n c cc tnh nng: Quan st ton cnh tn hiu o cc thng s cng ca tn hiu: + o in p, o dng in, o cng sut + o tn s, chu k, khong thi gian ca tn hiu + o di pha ca tn hiu + v t ng v o c c tnh ph ca tn hiu + v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca linh kin + v t ng, o c tuyn bin -tn s ca mng 4 cc

4. Cc ch tiu k thut ch yu ca xil:
Phm vi tn s cng tc: c xc nh bng phm vi tn s qut. nhy (h s li tia theo chiu dc): mV/cm L mc in p cn thit a n u vo knh lch dc bng bao nhiu mV tia in t dch chuyn c di 1 cm theo chiu dc ca mn sng. nhy cng c th c tnh bng mm/V. ng knh mn sng: xil cng ln, cht lng cng cao th ng knh mn sng cng ln (thng thng khong 70mm-150 mm). Ngoi ra cn c h s li tia theo chiu ngang, tr khng vo,...
5. Ch qut tuyn tnh lin tc a) Nguyn l qut ng thng trong MHS

a in p ca tn hiu cn nghin cu ln cp phin lch Y, v in p qut rng ca ln cp phin lch X. Do tc dng ng thi ca c hai in trng ln 2 cp phin m tia in t dch chuyn c theo phng trc X v Y. Qu o ca tia in t dch chuyn trn mn s vch nn hnh dng ca in p nghin cu bin thin theo thi gian.

Ch : in p qut l hm lin tc theo thi gian qut lin tc in p qut l hm gin on theo thi gian qut i b) Nguyn l qut tuyn tnh lin tc in p qut tuyn tnh lin tc c tc dng li tia in t dch chuyn lp i lp li 1 cch lin tc theo phng ngang t l bc nht vi thi gian. qut tuyn tnh lin tc cn phi dng in p bin i tuyn tnh lin tc (tng tuyn tnh hay gim tuyn tnh)
Hnh 4.2 - Qut t2 lin tc vi Tq = Tth
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Chu k qut: Tq = tth + tng
Uq
t tng Hnh 4.3 - in p qut rng ca thc t
tth
Thng thng: tng 15% tth tc l tng rt nh hn tth nn c th coi Tq tth, l tng: tng = 0 (Tq = tth) Nu tn s qut cao, mn hunh quang c d huy mc cn thit th khi mi ch c Uq t vo cp phin X c mt ng sng theo phng ngang. Khi c c Uth t vo cp phin Y v nu Tq = nTth (n N ) th trn mn xut hin dao ng ca mt hay vi chu k ca in p nghin cu (Uth). Nu Tq nTth th dao ng khng ng yn m lun di ng ri lon kh quan st. Hin tng ny gi l khng ng b (khng ng pha gia Uq v Uth).
Thc t, tng 0. V tng << tth nn ng sng m tia in t vch ln trn mn trong khong tth sng hn so vi ng sng trong khong tng. Trn dao ng ca in p n/cu cng b mt i mt phn chu k (= tng) tia in t quay tr v v tr ban u. Xo ng vch sng ca tia in t trong khong tng: ng vi lc c tng th to nn mt xung in p m c rng ng bng tng a ti cc iu ch ca ng tia in t.
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H s khng ng thng ():
dU dU dU dU dt max dt min (% ) = 2 dt max dt min (% ) = dU dU dU + dt dt dt tb max min
c nh quan st vi cht lng cao cn: tng << tth hay Tq tth iu kin ng b phi tho mn: Tq = nTth Phi c mch tt tia qut ngc. 6. Nguyn l qut i Vi xung c xp ln (/T b), c chu k hoc khng c chu k qut i. Qut i: in p qut ch xut hin khi c xung nghin cu a n knh Y ca MHS.

(a) Tq = Tth : tn hiu ch xut hin trong mt t/g rt b ( << Tth) dao ng c hnh dng xung rt bkhng tin hnh quan st o lng c. (b) Tq = Tth/6 (qut lin tc): + Hnh dng xung c khuch i ra. + ng trn m, ng di m kh quan st Hnh 4.5 + Kh thc hin ng b dao ng khng n nh NX: khng quan st c y dng xung (sn xung, nh xung,...). (c) Qut i: ch c in p qut khi c tn hiu nghin cu. + Hnh dng xung c khuch i ra. + ng trn m d quan st + quan st ton b xung nghin cu iu chnh q > mt cht

7. Nguyn l ng b: Khi quan st dng tn hiu trn MHS, i khi nh b tri, nhy,... l do mt ng b. 1 n Tth < Tq1 < nTth , ( n N) * 4 3 Minh ha Tth < Tq1 < : Tth 4 nh I, II, III l cc dao ng tng ng ti cc chu k qut tng ng. N phn b ln lt t tri qua phi, do tnh cht lu nh ca mn hnh cc nh s m dn theo th t tng ng cm gic dao ng chuyn ng t tri qua phi. 1 nT < T < n + Tth th q2 * 4 Tth a tng t, cm gic d/ng chuyn ng t phi qua tri Tq 2 b

Tth a = * Tq 3 b Tth 4 ): = Tq 3 3 Dao ng ng yn nhng khng phn nh ng dng tn hiu cn quan st m ch gm nhng on tn hiu khc nhau cn quan st m thi.
(minh ha
* Tq = nTth (minh ha Tq = Tth ), n N Dao ng n nh v phn nh ng dng tn hiu cn quan st. iu kin ng b: Tq = nTth Qu trnh thit lp v duy tr iu kin ny l qu trnh ng b ca MHS Cc ch ng b: + ng b trong: tn hiu ng b ly t knh Y ca MHS + ng b ngoi (EXT) + ng b li (LINE)

Uth 0 Uq1 0 Uq2 0 Uq3 0 Tq3 Uq4 0 Tq4 t Tq2 t Tq1 t Tth Tth 2Tth t 3Tth t
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4.2. S cu to mt MHS in hnh 4.2.1. Cu to MHS: ng tia in t Knh lch ng Y Knh lch ngang X v ng b Knh Z (khng ch sng)
Uth
AC S1 DC GND
Knh lch ng Y
Mch vo v phn p Y T o xung chun
Tin khuch i
Dy tr
Khuch i Y i xng
Y1 X1
CRT
Vpp
X2
CH S * ng tia in t: + l b phn trung tm ca MHS, s AC EXTLINEU dng loi ng 1 tia khng ch bng 50Hz U in trng + C nhim v hin th dng sng U trn mn hnh v l i tng iu khin chnh (Uy, Ux, UG).
2 x
Z
K/i T o ng b xung v to U b x ng b dng Mch vo v K X Chn cc tnh
Y2
To i in p lin 1 S3 K/i X qut tc 2 i Uxb x ng 3 Uqut
Knh lch ngang X v ng b K/i Z
Ti G ca CRT
Knh Z
Hnh 4.7 - S khi MHS 1 knh dng ng tia in t Trang 73
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* Knh lch ng Y: c nhim v nhn tn hiu vo cn quan st, bin i v to ra in p ph hp cung cp cho cp li ng Y1, Y2. Gm cc khi chc nng:
+ Chuyn mch kt ni u vo S1: cho php chn ch hin th tn hiu. S1 ti AC: ch hin th thnh phn xoay chiu ca Uth. S1 ti DC: hin th c thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu ca Uth. S1 ti GND: ch quan st tn hiu ni t (0V). + Mch vo phn p Y: c nhim v phi hp tr khng v phn p tn hiu vo tng kh nng o in p cao. Thng dng cc khu phn p R-C mc lin tip nhau, h s phn p khng ph thuc vo tn s. Chuyn mch phn p c a ra ngoi mt my v k hiu l Volts/Div. + Tin khuch i: c nhim v khuch i tn hiu, lm tng nhy chung ca knh Y. Thng dng cc mch K c tr khng vo ln v c h s K ln. + Dy tr: c nhim v gi chm tn hiu trc khi a ti K Y i xng, thng dng trong cc ch qut i trnh mt mt phn sn trc ca tn hiu khi quan st. Thng dng cc khu L-C mc lin tip.

+ K Y i xng: c nhim v K tn hiu, lm tng nhy chung ca knh Y, ng thi to ra in p i xng cung cp cho cp li ng Y1Y2. + To in p chun: to ra in p chun c dng bin , tn s bit trc, dng kim chun li cc h s lch tia ca MHS
* Knh lch ngang X v ng b: c nhim v to ra in p qut ph hp v dng v ng b v pha so vi UY1, Y2 cung cp cho cp li ngang X1X2
+ Chuyn mch ng b S2: cho php chn cc tn hiu ng b khc nhau. S2 ti CH: t ng b (Ub = Uth) S2 ti EXT: ng b ngoi (Ub=UEXT), tn hiu ng b c a qua u vo EXT. S2 ti LINE: ng b vi li in AC 50Hz (Ub=UAC50Hz) ly t ngun nui. + K ng b v to dng: k/i tn hiu Ub ph hp v to ra dng xung nhn n cc tnh c chu k: Tx=Tb

+ To xung ng b: chia tn Ux v to ra xung ng b c chu k: Txb=nTx=nTb. Xung ny s iu khin b to in p qut to ra Uq rng ca tuyn tnh theo ch qut i hoc qut lin tc v c chu k Tq=Txb. + K i xng: K in p qut v to ra in p i xng a ti cp li ngang X1X2. + Mch vo v K X: nhn tn hiu UX v k/i, phn p ph hp. + Chuyn mch S3: chuyn mch la chn ch qut (qut lin tc, qut i) + B to in p qut: to in p qut lin tc (hoc qut i) a n cp phin X
* Knh iu khin ch sng Z: c nhim v nhn tn hiu iu ch sng UZ vo, thc hin chn cc tnh v k/i ph hp ri a ti li iu ch G ca CRT.
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4.2.2. Cu to ca ng tia in t: ng tia in t CTR (Cathode Ray Tube) l 1 ng thu tinh hnh tr c chn khng cao, u ng c cha cc in cc, pha cui loe ra hnh nn ct, mt y c ph 1 lp hunh quang to thnh mn hnh. Cu to gm 3 phn:
Lp than ch Li iu ch G Katt K Si t F Ant gia tc A2
Y1
Ant hi t A1
Mn chn X1 Mn hunh quang
EK -2,05kV R bright R1
Rfocus
Y2
X2
R2
H thng li tia
Sng in t
A3 (Ahu) Mn hnh
Hnh 4.8 - S cu to ca ng tia in t


a) Mn hnh: - Lp hunh quang thng l hp cht ca Phtpho. Khi c in t bn ti mn hnh, ti v tr va p, in t s truyn ng nng cho cc in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Phtpho, cc in t ny s nhy t mc nng lng thp ln mc nng lng cao v tn ti trong 1 thi gian rt ngn ri t nhy v mc nng lng thp ban u v pht ra photon nh sng. - Mu sc nh sng pht ra, thi gian tn ti ca im sng ( d huy ca mn hnh) s ph thuc vo hp cht ca Phtpho (t vi s n vi s). b) Sng in t: gm si t F, catt K, li iu ch M, cc ant A1,A2. Nhim v: to gia tc v hi t chm tia in t - Cc in cc c dng hnh tr, lm bng Niken, ring Katt c ph mt lp xit kim loi y tng kh nng bc x in t. - Cc in cc pha sau thng c vnh rng hn in cc pha trc v c nhiu vch ngn cc chm in t khng i qu xa trc ng vic hi t s d dng hn. Vi cu to c bit ca cc in cc nh vy s to ra 1 t trng khng u c bit c th hi t v gia tc chm tia.

Ngun cp: UK = -2kV UKG = 0V-50V UA2 = 0V UA1 = 50V-300V
+ Li iu ch G c cung cp in p m hn so vi K v c ghp st K d dng cho vic iu chnh cng ca chm in t bn ti mn hnh. + Chit p trn G (iu chnh in p) thng c a ra ngoi mt my v k hiu l Bright hoc Intensity dng iu chnh sng ti ca dao ng trn mn hnh. + Ant A2 (Ant gia tc) thng c ni t trnh mo dao ng khi in p cung cp cho cc in cc khng phi l in p i xng. + Ant A1 (Ant hi t) cng c chit p iu chnh a ra ngoi mt my, k hiu l Focus, dng iu chnh hi t ca chm tia in t trn mn hnh.
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Hnh 4.9 Cu to CRT khng ch bng in trng


Cc mt ng th G K F Chm in t C A1 A2 Mn hnh
Lc tc dng ln in t
Hnh 4.11 Chm in t chuyn ng qua in trng gia cc in cc
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y=a

c) H thng li tia: c nhim v lm lch chm tia in t bn ti mn hnh theo chiu ng hoc chiu ngang ca mn hnh. Cu to gm 2 cp phin lm lch c t trc, sau v bao quanh trc ca ng: Cp li ng Y1Y2. Cp li ngang X1X2 .
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* Xt lch ca tia in t theo chiu ng: Khi Uy= 0, tia in t bn ti chnh gia mn hnh ti im C. Khi Uy 0, in trng gia cc phin lm lch s lm lch qu o ca tia in t theo chiu ng v bn ti mn hnh ti v tr M, lch 1 khong l y
y=
U y l y Ly 2d yU A
= SoyU y l y Ly
A2 dy
Uy
Y1
+ Y2
chm e-
M y
C
Soy =
y nhy ca ng = U y 2d yU A tia in t
Ly Mn hnh
ly Ly : khong cch t cp li ng n mn hnh ly : chiu di ca cc cp phin lm lch Hnh 4.12 dy : khong cch gia 2 phin lm lch UA : in p gia tc ca ng tia (ph thuc vo UA2 v K)
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Trang 83

Tng t, lch ca tia in t theo chiu ngang:
x=
U xl x Lx = SoxU x 2d xU A
* Nguyn l to nh trn mn my hin sng: H thng li tia iu khin ng thi tia in t theo 2 trc: trc thng ng v trc nm ngang, ngha l ng thi a vo n ng tia in t 2 in p iu khin UY v UX . Gi s U th = U m sin .t in p qut U q = a.t cp li tia nh sau: a vo knh Y v a ti cp li ng Y1Y2; a ti cp li ngang X1X2 in p trn cc
U y = U y1 y 2 = U th S y
S y = K y Soy
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Trang 84

4.2.3. Mt s ch lm vic: a. Qut lin tc ng b trong (ngoi) Dng quan st nh ca tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian v o cc tham s ca chng. S2 v tr CH (hoc EXT nu l ng b ngoi), S3 v tr 2 Tn hiu t li vo knh Y, qua Mch vo v b phn p Y c khuch i ti mt mc nht nh, sau c gi chm li ri a qua B K Y i xng to 2 tn hiu c bin ln, o pha nhau a ti 2 phin ng
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b. Qut i ng b trong Dng quan st v o tham s ca dy xung khng tun hon hoc dy xung tun hon c hng ln. S2 v tr CH, S3 v tr 1 Qu trnh hot ng: ging ch 1
c. Ch khuch i Dng o tn s, gc lch pha, su iu ch, v c tnh VnAmpe ca it hoc dng lm thit b so snh. Hnh nhn c trn mn MHS gi l hnh Lixazu S3 v tr 3 B to qut trong c ngt ra khi qu trnh hot ng. MHS lm vic theo 2 knh c lp X,Y v u vo X cng l u vo tn hiu
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4.3. MHS nhiu tia
Dng quan st ng thi nhiu qu trnh (tn hiu) MHS 2 tia c li vo cp phin lch ng tch bit (knh A, knh B): Mi knh c mch K lm lch ring Mt b to gc thi gian chung cho c 2 knh MHS 2 knh dng ng tia in t 1 tia v CM in t Hai b K tn hiu vo ring cho knh A, knh B Mt b K lch ng cho c 2 knh. Tn hiu vo b K ny c chuyn mch lun phin gia 2 knh B to gc thi gian (b to sng qut ngang) iu khin tn s chuyn mch
Hnh 4.13
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Trang 87

a) Phng php dng chuyn mch in t kiu lun phin (ALT mode): Tn hiu vo b K lch ng c chuyn mch lun phin gia cc knh A v B. B to gc thi gian iu khin tn s chuyn mch 0t1: tn hiu t knh A c ni ti b K lch ng, to thnh vt trn mn hin sng t1t2: tn hiu t knh B c ni ti b K lch ng, to thnh vt trn mn hin sng Hai tn hiu hai knh c cng chu k T v c ng b vi nhau. Dch chnh DC: dch chuyn tn hiu knh A (knh B) trn mn theo phng thng ng bng in p mt chiu cc chu k tip theo: qu trnh lp li nh trn. Tn s lp cao n mc m cc dng sng nh c hin ng thi.
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c)
Dng sng hin
Hnh 4.14
Trang 88

b)Phng php dng chuyn mch in t kiu ngt qung (Chop mode switching): S dng tn s chuyn mch cao hn nhiu so vi ch lun phin.
T1, T3, T5, T7,... tn hiu vo knh A c to ra trn mn T2, T4, T6,... tn hiu vo knh B c to ra trn mn Cc dng sng knh A v B c hin hnh nh nhng ng t nt. Khi tn s chuyn mch l cao tn khng th nhn ra nhng ch t nt fth nh: nh hin trn mn MHS gn nh lin tc fth ln; nfcm mfth : cc on ngt b lp do d huy ca ng v lu nh ca mt.
Ch : i vi tn hiu cao tn th kiu lun phin l tt nht, cn i vi tn hiu tn s thp th nn dng chuyn mch ngt qung
Hnh 4.15
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Chuyn mch in t phn ng theo thi gian:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 4.16 - S khi CM in t phn ng theo thi gian

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(d) Hnh 4.17 - Gin thi gian

Trang 90

Mi knh tn hiu c cng thm mt lng in p 1 chiu E khc nhau cc ng biu din trn mn hnh MHS c tch ring tng ng, hnh (a). Sau tn hiu c a n mch ca, v ch qua c ca khi c tn hiu m ca t b Pht sng chuyn mch. Tn hiu m ca l cc xung vung c thi gian xut hin xen k v ln lt cho tng ca mt, hnh (b). Ti mi thi im ch c duy nht 1 ca c m v cho tn hiu ca mt knh i qua. B tng cng cc tn hiu u ra cc ca, UY c dng xung vi bin t l vi gi tr ca cc tn hiu cn quan st ti thi im c xung m ca tng ng vi cc knh, hnh (c). Sau khi khuch i Y, MHS c c hnh biu din tn hiu ca cc knh di dng ng nt t, hnh (c). MHS lm vic ch ng b vi chu k ca tn hiu cn quan st v khng ng b vi tn hiu chuyn mch. Dng nhng xung c rng rt nh (UZ) c to ra t mch vi phn t cc xung m ca a vo knh Z iu ch sng ca nh, hnh (d).
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Chuyn mch in t phn ng theo mc:
En
Hnh 4.19 - Gin thi gian

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Hnh 4.18 - S khi CM in t phn ng theo mc

Trang 92

Phn hin th l ng truyn hnh lm lch bng t trng Nguyn l hot ng: chuyn cc gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu cc knh thnh cc chui xung rt hp xut hin ti cc thi im m tu thuc vo in p tn hiu nghin cu. Cc xung ny c a vo khng ch sng ca ng hin hnh. Mi knh tn hiu c cng thm mt lng in p 1 chiu E khc nhau, ri a n so snh vi tn hiu l xung rng ca a ti t b K lch ng ca MHS (tn hiu qut dng). Mi khi URC = Uth, th u ra ca b so snh s xut hin mt xung hp. Cc xung hp ny c cng vi nhau ri a vo khng ch sng ca ng hin hnh. Ti thi im c xung, trn mn hnh xut hin mt chm sng trong khi bnh thng th ti. Vt ca chm sng trn mn hnh biu din hnh in p ca cc tn hiu cn quan st.
Hnh 4.19.1 My hin sng


4.4. xil in t s:
1. u im: Duy tr nh ca tn hiu trn mn hnh vi khong thi gian khng hn ch. Tc c c th thay i trong gii hn rng C th xem li cc on hnh nh lu gi vi tc thp hn nhiu Hnh nh tt hn, tng phn hn so vi loi xil tng t Vn hnh n gin S liu cn quan st di dng s c th c x l trong xil hoc truyn trc tip vo my tnh khi ghp xil vi my tnh.
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2. Cu to v hot ng:
Hnh 4.20 My hin sng s n gin Chuyn mch S v tr 1: xil a nng thng thng Chuyn mch S v tr 2: xil c nh s. in p cn quan st c a ti u vo Y, ti b ADC. Lc b iu khin gi 1 lnh ti u vo iu khin ca b ADC v khi ng qu trnh bin i. Kt qu l in p tn hiu c s ho. Khi kt thc qu trnh bin i, b ADC gi tn hiu kt thc ti b iu khin. Mi s nh phn c chuyn ti b nh v c nh v tr nh ring bit.

Khi cn thit, mt lnh t b iu khin lm cho cc s nh phn ny sp xp theo chui li theo th t xc nh v c a n b DAC DAC bin i cc gi tr nh phn thnh in p tng t a qua b khuch i Y ti cp phin lm lch Y ca ng tia in t. Do b nh c lin tip qut nhiu ln trong 1 giy nn mn hnh c sng lin tc v hin dng sng l hnh v cc im sng. Nhc im: di tn b hn ch (khong 1-10MHz) do tc bin i ca b ADC thp. Hin nay, cc xil c nh s c di tn rng c pht trin nh ci t VXL, cc b bin i ADC c tc bin i nhanh hn
Chng 5. o tn s, khong thi gian & di pha Khi nim chung o tn s, s dng:
Cc mch in c tham s ph thuc tn s Phng php so snh Phng php s
o di pha, s dng:
Phng php o khong thi gian Pha mt ch th s Phng php v dao ng
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Chng 5. o tn s, khong thi gian & di pha

5.1. Khi nim chung
Tn s l s chu k ca 1 dao ng trong mt n v thi gian. Tn s gc: (t ) biu th tc bin i pha ca dao ng
(t ) =
d dt (t ) = 2f (t ) c
(t ), f (t ) l tn s gc tc thi v tn s tc thi
Quan h gia tn s v bc sng:
f =
hay =
c f
Quan h gia chu k v tn s: f =
1 T
c im ca php o tn s: l php o c chnh xc cao nht trong k thut o lng nh s pht trin vt bc ca vic ch to cc mu tn s c chnh xc v n nh cao. Lng trnh o rng (n 3.1011 Hz). Lng trnh o c phn thnh cc di tn s khc nhau.

Cc di tn s: Di tn thp: < 16Hz Di tn s m thanh: 16 Hz < f < 20 KHz Di tn s siu m: 20 KHz < f < 200 KHz Di tn s cao: 200 KHz < f < 30 MHz Di tn s siu cao: 30 MHz < f < 3000 MHz Di tn s quang hc: > 3GHz Cc di tn s khc nhau c cc phng php o tn s khc nhau. Bao gm: Nhm phng php o tn s bng cc mch in c tham s ph thuc tn s Nhm phng php so snh Nhm phng php s Php o tn s thng c s dng kim tra, hiu chun cc my to tn hiu o lng, cc my thu pht; xc nh tn s cng hng ca cc mch dao ng; xc nh di thng ca b lc; kim tra lch tn s ca cc thit b ang khai thc

5.2. o tn s bng cc mch in c tham s ph thuc tn s
5.2.1. Phng php cu Dng cc cu o m iu kin cn bng ca cu ph thuc vo tn s ngun in cung cp cho cu. * Mch cu tng qut: iu kin cn bng cu: VD1:
Z1
Z2
Z4
Hnh 5-1
Z3
Z1.Z 3 = Z 2 .Z 4 U AB = 0
iu kin cn bng cu:
R1.Z 3 = R2 .R4
3 Hnh 5-2 www.ptit.edu.vn
1 Z 3 = R3 + j Lx C 3
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iu chun nhnh cng hng ni tip cho cng hng ti tn s cn o fx (iu chnh C3). Khi
x Lx = Z 3 = R3
1 1 fx = x C3 2 Lx C3 R1.R3 = R2 .R4
B ch th cn bng l vn mt chnh lu, vn mt in t. Nhc im: Kh o c tn s thp do kh ch to cun cm c L ln tn s thp. Kh thc hin ch th 0 do c tc ng ca in t trng ln cun cm
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VD2: iu kin cn bng cu:
R1' .R3 1 ' = R2 + R 4 1 + j x R3C3 j x R4

1 R1' R4 C3 = x C3 R3 R4 ' = + v x C4 R2 R3 C4
V
x = 2f x =
1 R3 R4C3C4 R1' =2 ; ' R2 ' R2 = R2 + VR 2

Chn R3 = R4 = R v C3 = C4 = C ta c:
1 fx = 2RC R1' = R1 + VR1
Hnh 5-3
VR1,VR2 l phn in tr ca bin tr VR trn nhnh 1,2 tng ng

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VD3: Cu T kp iu kin cn bng cu:
2 2 x R2 C1C2 = 2 2 2 2 x C1 R1 R2 = 1
Khi C2 = 2C1
R2 = 2 R1
fx =
x =
1 2 R1C1
1 4R1C1
Hnh 5-4
Thang ca bin tr R1 c khc trc tip theo n v tn s. Phng php cu dng o tn s t vi chc Hz n vi trm Khz. Sai s: (0,5-1)%
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5.2.2. Phng php cng hng Dng o tn s cao v siu cao
U(fx) Khi ghp tn hiu
Mch CH
Ch th CH
Nguyn tc chung: da vo nguyn l chn lc tn s ca mch cng hng. iu chun Khi c bn ca tn s mt ny l mch cng hng. Mch ny c kch thch bng dao ng ly t Hnh 5-5 ngun c tn s cn o thng qua Khi ghp tn hiu. Vic iu chnh thit lp trng thi cng hng nh dng Khi iu chun. Hin tng cng hng c pht hin bng Khi ch th cng hng. Khi ny thng l Vnmt tch sng. Tu theo di tn s m cu to ca mch cng hng khc nhau. C 3 loi mch cng hng: Mch cng hng c L, C tp trung Mch cng hng c L, C phn b Mch cng hng c L phn b, C tp trung.

1. Tn s mt cng hng c tham s tp trung + C v L u l cc linh kin c thng s tp trung. B phn iu chnh cng hng chnh U l t bin i C c thang khc theo n v tn s. fx + Ufx c ghp vo mch cng hng thng qua cun ghp Lg. + Mch ch th cng hng l mch ghp h cm gia cun dy L2 v L v c tch sng bng it v ch th bng c cu o t in. + Khi o ta a Ufx vo v iu chnh t C mch cng hng. Khi c cu o s ch th cc i.
Lg
L D L2
T iu chnh
Ch th cng hng
Hnh 5-6
1 fx = 2 LC
+ Tn s mt loi ny thng dng trong di sng: 10 kHz 500 MHz. + Sai s: (0,25-3)%

2. Tn s mt cng hng c tham s phn b dng cp ng trc. + y mch cng hng l 1 on cp ng trc c ni tt 1 u, u kia c ni bng 1 pt tng P c th dch chuyn dc trc bi h thng rng ca xon c c khc . + vng ghp Vg a t/h vo, cn vng ghp V ghp t/h ra mch ch th cng hng.
V
lt
Vg
Hnh 5-7
+ Cc ch ghp u gn v tr ni tt c nh sao cho cc v tr ny gn vi v tr bng sng khi c chiu di tng ng ltd=/2 th thit b ch th s ch cc i. + Khi dch chuyn pt tng vi di bng bi s nguyn ln /2 s t cng hng c th xc nh bc sng bng cch ly 2 im cng hng ln cn l1=n/2; l2=(n-1) /2 l1-l2=/2 + Kt qu bc sng o c ca tn hiu siu cao tn x bi cng thc: =2(l1-l2)

+Bc sng (hoc tn s) c khc trc tip trn h thng iu chnh pt tng. +Tn s mt loi ny thng dng trong di sng t 3cm - 20cm +Do c h s phm cht cao (khong 5000) nn sai s ca n khong 0,5%. 3. Tn s mt cng hng c tham s phn b dng ng dn sng + ng dn sng c th l loi ng dn sng ch nht hay ng dn sng trn. + Piston P c th iu chnh dc theo ng bi h thng rng ca xon c c khc tn s. Nng lng kch thch hc cng hng c ghp qua l hng G trn thnh c ni tt ca ng. + Khi iu chnh piston P c ltd=n/2 th thit b ch th s ch cc i. + Tn s mt vi hc cng hng thch hp vi di sng nh hn 3cm. + Do c h s phm cht cao (khong 30000) nn sai s ca n nh khong (0,010,05)%.
V lt G
Hnh 5-8
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5.3. o tn s bng phng php so snh
Phng php qut sin: - MHS t ch khuch i. - in p c tn s cn o Ufx c a vo knh Y, in p c tn s mu Ufm a vo knh X. - Hnh nh nhn c trn mn l hnh Lixazu. Thay i fm sao cho trn mn nhn c hnh Lixazu n nh nht. - Khi :
nY=4, nX=2
Hnh 5-9
f m nY = f x nX
vi nY, nX nguyn dng nY : s giao im ca ng ct dc vi nh nX : s giao im ca ng ct ngang vi nh fX : tn s a vo knh lch ngang X fY : tn s a vo knh lch ng Y
f X nY - Tng qut: = fY n X
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5.4. o tn s bng phng php s
L p2 hin i v thng dng nht o tn s u im: chnh xc cao nhy ln Tc o ln, t ng ho hon ton trong qu trnh o Kt qu o hin th di dng s Phn loi: Phng php xc nh nhiu chu k Phng php xc nh mt chu k
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5.4.1. Phng php xc nh nhiu chu k
Ufx
U To U M ch fx m m Mch T o d ng Ux Ux K ha U d B B Kho d ng vo vo xung xung xung xung Uk N U
dk
xung xo
Xung xa
hnh 5.10
U fx
a)
To fch Chia Uct To Nx Gii m Gii m v T o xung xung U ch T o xung xung v ch tn ch th X ung cht chun i u khi n iu th chun khin xung
cht
t
Ux Tx
b)
U dk
t
t t
U do
hnh 5.11
c)
d)
{
Nx
t
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5.4.1. Phng php xc nh nhiu chu k (tip) a. S khi
Ufx Mch vo To Ux U B m Kho dng xung xung Uk
xung xo
To fch Chia Uct To Nx Gii m xung v ch xung tn iu th chun x ung khin

cht
Hnh 5-10: S khi my m tn theo phng php xc nh nhiu chu k
b. Chc nng cc khi: - Mch vo: thc hin tin x l nh phn p, lc nhiu... hoc bin i t/h tun hon dng bt k u vo thnh hnh sin cng chu k vi t/h vo . - Mch to dng xung: bin i t/h hnh sin c chu k Tx thnh t/h xung nhn n cc tnh c chu k Tx.

b. Chc nng cc khi: (tip) - To xung chun: thng gm c b dao ng thch anh, cc b chia hay nhn tn s, v b to dng xung. B dao ng thch anh to ra cc xung t/g c chnh xc cao vi tn s f0, xung chun ny c a qua b chia tn to ra xung c tn s l fch = f0/n = 10k (Hz). - To xung iu khin: nhn t/h Uch v to ra xung /k ng m kho c rng t = Tch=10-k(s) - Mch gii m v ch th: Gii m xung m c v a vo cc c cu ch th s, c th l dng Led 7 on hoc LCD ch th kt qu cn o. - B m: m cc xung u ra.
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c. Nguyn l lm vic: -Trong t/g c xung iu khin kho s c m, xung m qua kho kch thch cho b m xung. -Gi s trong 1 chu k m t, m c Nx xung. S xung Nx ny s c a qua mch gii m v ch th hin th kt qu l tn s cn o
t = N x Tx =
fx Nx = t
Ufx
a)
t
Ux Tx
b)
Udk
t
t t
Udo
c)
Nx fx
t = Tch =
d)
{
Nx
Hnh 5-11: Gin thi gian
, v i
1 f ch
vy
fx
Nx = = N x .f c h Tch
Nu chn f ch = 10k (Hz) th f x = 10k .N x (Hz)


d. nh gi sai s: - Sai s ca xung /k (t) do sai s ca b to xung chun v b to xung /k gy ra. - Sai s lng t: sai s tuyt i l 1 xung m, sai s tng i l 1/Nx fx tng Nx tng 1/Nx gim. fx gim Nx gim 1/Nx tng. - Khi fx nh nh hng ca sai s lng t s ln trong trng hp ny ta s chuyn sang phng php o xc nh 1 chu k.
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5.4.2. Phng php xc nh mt chu k
Ufx
To U Gii ch U N xung B m x m v Kho m ch th xung chun s xung Uk xo Ufx Mch U To x dng vo xung To xung k
t
Ux
Tx
t
Udk
(n = 1)
t = nTx
Uch
t t
xung cht
Udo
Hnh 5-12
{
hnh 5.13
Nx xung
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Trang 116

5.4.2. Phng php xc nh mt chu k (tip) a. S khi
To U Gii ch U N xung B m x m v Kho m ch th xung chun s xung Uk xo To xung k
Ufx Mch U To x dng vo xung
xung cht
b. Chc nng cc khi: -Mch vo: Thc hin tin x l nh phn p, lc nhiu... hoc bin i tn hiu tun hon dng bt k u vo thnh hnh sin cng chu k vi tn hiu vo . -Mch to dng xung: Bin i tn hiu hnh sin c chu k Tx thnh tn hiu xung nhn n cc tnh c chu k Tx.
Hnh 5-12

b. Chc nng cc khi: (tip) - To xung chun: To ra cc xung thi gian chun c chnh xc cao vi tn s fch. Cc xung ny c s dng lm xung m a ti kha. - To xung iu khin: Nhn tn hiu t mch to dng xung v to ra xung iu khin ng m kho c rng t = nTx (s). - B m: m cc xung u ra, xung m ly t b to xung m chun. - Mch gii m v ch th: Gii m xung m c v a vo cc c cu ch th s, c th l dng Led 7 on hoc LCD ch th kt qu cn o.
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c. Nguyn l lm vic: - T/h Ufx a qua Mch vo ti B
Ufx
to dng xung to ra xung nhn c chu k Tx. Xung ny s /k B to dng xung /k to ra xung /k c Ux rng t=nTx (VD: n=1) - Trong t/gian c xung t, xung m chun Uch qua kho kch thch cho b Udk m xung. - Gi s m c Nx xung th s xung Nx ny s c a qua mch Uch gii m v ch th t c kt qu l tn s hoc chu k cn o t=Tx=Nx.Tch, vi Tch l chu k ca Udo xung m chun fx=1/Tx = 1/NxTch = fch/Nx 10k k Nu chn f ch = 10 (Hz) th f x = (Hz) Nx vi k = 0, 1, 2,...
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t
Tx
t
(n = 1)
t = nTx
ch T
t t
{
Nx xung
Hnh 5-13 Gin thi gian
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d. nh gi sai s: - Do sai s ca xung m - Do sai s lng t (1/Nx) Kt hp 2 p2 o trn to ra 1 my m tn c di tn o rng v chnh xc cao. 5.4.3. Gim nh sai s 1 xung m
Cc phng php lm gim nh sai s 1 xung m:

- Tng tn s chun - Tng chu k xung tn hiu o q.Tx - Phng php m ni suy
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Trang 120

5.4.3. Gim nh sai s 1 xung m (tip)
Phng php m ni suy
a)
t
Tx
b)
t1
-Tn hiu c dng hnh sin, c tn s fx cn o nh hnh 5.14a. Tn hiu ny c thc hin bin i dng thnh chui xung nhn, c cng chu k Tx bi b to dng xung nh hnh 5.14b. -Mt tn hiu xung ca th nht c rng , c to ra t b to ca logic (hnh 5.14c). Tn hiu ny c sinh ra l c lp vi chui xung trn.
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t t
c) d)
{
n
t 2 = nTx
t t
e)
f)
Tc
t t
g) h)
{
N
Trang 121

-Trong khong thi gian bng rng xung ca t1, s lng xung tn hiu cn o u vo l n (hnh 5.14d), c m v ghi gi s liu li trong b nh.
Phng php m ni suy
= Ta c: f x
l khc vi tr s fx cn o bi c sai s xung m. Tr s f x Khi xung tn hiu ca th hai c cha y xung tn hiu m Tx (hnh 5.14g), v s lng xung m c l N, th cng c ghi gi li (hnh 5.14h).
Ta c: Do :
n t 1
t 2 = n.Tx
N= n.f c n.Tx = Tc fx n f x = fc N
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nh gi sai s phng php m ni suy s
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Trang 123

5.5. o di pha
u1 = U m1 sin (t + 1 ) u2 = U m 2 sin (t + 2 )
= 1 2
Cc phng php: phng php v dao ng phng php bin i di pha thnh khong thi gian phng php bin i di pha thnh in p; ...
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Trang 124

5.5.1. o di pha bng pp o khong thi gian L phng php ph bin o pha Nguyn l: + Bin i cc in p c dng hnh sin thnh cc xung nhn tng ng vi cc thi im m in p bin i qua gi tr 0 vi gi tr o hm cng du. + Khong thi gian gia 2 xung gn nhau ca 2 in p o t l vi gc di pha ca chng.
= 2T
= 2
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= T
Hnh 5-14
T T (rad) hay 0 = 360 0 T T

Trang 125

Pha mt dng mch a hi ng b
Hnh 5-15
Cc in p hnh sin cn o di pha c a vo 2 u vo I v II in p hnh sin c bin i thnh cc xung vung nh Mch K hn ch v a hi ng b, ri c a n Mch vi phn phn b. (Cc chu k dao ng bn thn ca b a hi c chn sao cho n ln hn chu k ca in p o c tn s thp nht) u ra ca Mch vi phn phn b l cc xung nhn, c a ti khng ch hai b a hi ng b I v II. u ra ca 2 b a hi ny c a ti mt mch tng hp, mch ny c ng h o thi gian lch gia cc xung, cng l gc di pha ca 2 in p.

- Mch vi phn phn b: u ra ca n a ti u vo B a hi ng b I ch cc xung nhn dng (hnh c) tng ng vi sn trc ca xung vung ng th nht v cc xung nhn m (hnh d) tng ng vi sn sau ca xung vung ng th 2 a ti B a hi ng b II ch cc xung nhn dng (hnh d) ca ng th 2 v cc xung nhn m (hnh c) ng th nht xc nh rng ca cc xung a ra (hnh , e)
I0 = Im
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2 T T
0 = 180 0
I0 Im
Hnh 5-16 Trang 127

5.5.2. Pha mt ch th s a.Chc nng cc khi:
Mch vo: thc hin tin x l tn hiu vo, lc nhiu. To dng xung: bin i tn hiu vo to ra cc xung o cc tnh c chu k T=chu k tn hiu vo Ux1, Ux2. Trigger: to ra xung vung c rng v chu k T chnh l nh Ux1, Ux2(Ux1 c a vo u thit lp S ca Trigger, Ux2 c a vo u xo R ca Trigger). To xung m chun c chu k Tch . To xung o: chia tn s xung m chun to ra xung o c rng To.
U1(t) U2(t) Mch vo 1 Mch vo 2 To dng Ux1 Unx xung UT U B m Trigger Kho Kho xung 2 1 To dng Ux2 Uch Nx xung xung xo U o Gii m To xung To xung v chun o xung cht ch th
Hnh 5.17- S khi ca Phamt s


b/ Nguyn l lm vic:
Xung UT t Trigger s iu khin ng m kho 1. Mi khi c xung, xung m Uch t b to xung m chun s c a qua kho 1 v u ra ca kho 1 l xung Unx l 1 chui gm nhiu nhm xung m v c a vo kho 2. Xung o U iu khin ng m kho 2 trong thi gian c xung o To . Gi s c h nhm xung c a qua kho 2 vo kch thch cho b m xung, tng s xung m c l Nx, s xung Nx ny c a qua mch gii m v ch th hin th kt qu l gc lch pha cn o. Ta c gc lch pha gia 2 tn hiu U1(t) v U2(t) l
Uth U1 U2 t
Ux1 Ux2
t t
UT Uch
T t
t
Unx U o U
n xung t To t t Nx xung
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Hnh 5.18 - Gin thi gian GING VIN: KS. Mnh H Trang 129 B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

T , T = nTch T (n l s xung ca 1 nhm xung, Tch l chu k xung m chun). = 3600.
To =h.T,
n=
Nx h
= 360
c. nh gi sai s:
Tch .N x Tdo
Do sai s ca Tch. 1 1 , Do sai s lng t : n h Sai s do khng ng nht ca knh 1, knh 2 l ' do = ' + Khc phc: + a tn hiu U1(t) hoc U2(t) vo c 2 knh, gi s Phamt ch th gi tr l 'do = ' , ta c: = do 'do + Qu trnh hiu chnh ny c th c thc hin nh b m xung thun nghch.

5.5.3. o di pha bng phng php v dao ng U 1. Phng php dng qut tuyn tnh:
1
u1 = U m1 sin (t + 1 ) u2 = U m 2 sin (t + 2 ) T = 1 2 = 360. T

T
U2
2. Phng php Lixazu:
Hnh 5.19
Gi thit o di pha ca t/hiu qua mt M4C. Phng php ny c th s dng Oxilo 1 knh hoc 2 knh. Gi s ta s dng xil 2 knh, s nh hnh 5-20. +iu chnh xil lm vic ch qut Lixazu: Chn chuyn mch X-Y Vert.Mode CH2 = UCH2Knh Y Source
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UV M4C U1(t) CH1 Ur CH2 U2(t)
CH1 = UCH1Knh X
GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Hnh 5.20 Trang 131

+ iu chnh h s lch pha nhn c dao ng Lixazu nm chnh gia v trong gii hn mn hnh. y Volts/div (CH1 v CH2) POS-Y (CH1) x A POS-X Dao ng s c dng ng thng hoc ng Elip.
B
YMAX
+ Xc nh gc trung tm ca dao ng : a cc chuyn mch kt ni u vo ca c 2 knh v v tr GND, trn mn hnh s l 1 im sng, dch chuyn im sng v chnh gia mn hnh.
XMAX
Hnh 5.21
+ a cc chuyn mch kt ni u vo v v tr AC, khi s nhn c dao ng c dng ng thng hoc Elip. + Xc nh gc lch pha: A B A B = = arcsin = sin = arcsin Ymax X max Ymax X max
Chng 6. o dng in v in p
1. o dng in: mt chiu, xoay chiu 2. o in p: mt chiu, xoay chiu 3. ng h vn nng: tng t, s
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Trang 133
6.1. o dng in
6.1.1. o dng in 1 chiu bng Ampe mt t in
Dng c o: Ampe mt t in, c mc ni tip vi mch c dng in cn o sao cho ti cc dng dng i vo v ti cc m dng i ra khi ampe mt. Yu cu: ni tr RA nh m bo ampe mt nh hng rt t n n tr s dng i n c n o Ampe mt t in: lch ca kim t l thun vi dng in chy qua cun dy. o I ln mc in tr sn vo mch o: Io max = IA max + IS max Ta c: IS max.RS = IA max.RA
I S max RA I S max + I A max RA + RS = = I A max RS I A max RS I do max R = 1+ A I A max RS

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Hnh 6.1
n=
I do max :h s m rng thang o I A max

Trang 134
RS = RA n 1
Thay i RS bng cc gi tr khc nhau cc thang o khc nhau V d Ampe mt nhiu thang o -Thay i v tr CM ( B, C, D) o c cc dng c tr s khc nhau Ch : s dng cng tc ng ri ct dng c khng b mt sn trnh dng qua qu ln gy hng
Hnh 6.2 - Ampe mt nhiu thang o n gin
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Trang 135
-Sn Ayrton: bo v cun dy ca khi b dng qu ln khi CM gia cc sn -Phn tch: CM B: RA // (R1 nt R2 nt R3) CM C: (RA nt R3) // (R1 nt R2) CM D: (RA nt R2 nt R3) // R1
Hnh 6.3 Ampe mt nhiu thang o dng sn Ayrton

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Trang 136
Sai s do nhit : -Cun dy trong dng c o TNCVC c qun bng dy ng mnh, v in tr ca n c th thay i ng k theo nhit - I chy qua cun dynung nng nRcun dy thay i sai s php o dng -Khc phc: mc Rb bng Mangan hoc Constantan vi cun dy (Mangan hoc Constantan c h s in tr ph thuc t0 bng 0)
Hnh 6.4 - Mc in tr b gim sai
s do nhit trong ampe mt

nu Rb = 9 Rcun dy RA = Rb + Rcun dy = 10Rcun dy th khi Rcun dy thay i 1% s khin cho RA thay i 0,1% RS cng c lm bng Mangan hoc Constantan trnh s thay i in tr theo t0
6.1.2. o dng in xoay chiu hnh sin C cu o in t c dng ph bin m rng gii hn o dng bin p dng in (b bin dng) B bin dng bin i I cn o c tr s ln sang dng in c tr s nh m c cu o in t c th lm vic c. Cun dy W1 mc nt vi mch c dng in cn o Cun dy W2 mc vi ampe mt in t S vng W2 > s vng W1 I do max W2 = =n I A max W1
vi n =
W2 l h s bin dng W1
Io = n.IA
Hnh 6.5 - Ampe mt in t
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Trang 138
Ch : dng qua c cu o khng c vt qu IA max - c cc thang o khc nhau cu to b bin dng vi cun th cp c nhiu u ra.
Hnh 6.6 Ampe mt in t nhiu thang o
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Trang 139
6.2. o in p
6.2.1. c im & yu cu - Php o d tin hnh, thc hin nhanh chng, chnh xc cao. - Khong gi tr in p cn o rng (vi V-vi trm KV), trong di tn s rng (vi % Hz hng nghn MHz), v di nhiu dng tn hiu in p khc nhau - Thit b o in p phi c Zvo ln * Cc tr s in p cn o - tr s nh (Um), tr s hiu dng(Uhd, U),, tr s trung bnh(Utb, U0)
1 2 U= u ( t ) dt T
T
in p c chu k dng khng sin:

2 2 2 U 2 = U0 + U1 +U2 + ... =
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k =0 GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1
U k2
Trang 140
1 U0 = T
u ( t ) dt
Quan h gia Um, U, U0 : U kb = ra U VD: h(6.7a) l in p hnh sin:
kd =
U U0
kb : h s bin ca tn hiu in p; kd : h s dng ca tn hiu in p
U m = 2.U ;
kb = 1, 41;
U 0 = 0,9U kd = 1,11
Hnh 6.7a www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 141
h(6.7b) l in p xung rng ca:
2 Um Um 1 Um 2 u (t ) = t U = t dt = 2 T T T 3 0 T
Um U0 = 2
kb = 1; kd = 2
Hnh 6.7b www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 142
h(6.7c) l in p xung vung gc:
T U :0 t m 2 u (t ) = U : T t T m 2
U = Um v U = Um kb = kd = 1
Hnh 6.7c www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 143
6.2.2. o in p 1 chiu
(a) Dng vn mt t in:
Dng c o: Vn mt t in, c mc // vi mch c in p cn o sao cho cc dng ca Vn mt ni vi im c in th cao v cc m ca Vn mt ni vi im c in th thp hn. Yu cu: in tr vo ca vn mt RV nh m bo vn mt nh hng rt t n tr s in p cn o o in p ln mc in tr ph vo mch o: Uo max = IV(Rp + RV)
U do max RP + RV = U V max RV
Hnh 6.8 - Cu to mt Vn mt n gin
U R do max = 1 + P = n ; U V max RV
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n : h s m rng thang o
Trang 144
RP = (n 1)RV
VD?
* Vn mt nhiu thang o - c cu to t mt dng c o lch, mt s in tr ph v mt cng tc xoay - 2 mch vn k nhiu khong o thng dng: (H6.9a) 1 thi im ch c 1 trong 3 in tr ph c mc ni tip vi my o. Khong o ca vn k: Uo = IV (RV + RP) RP c th l RP1, RP2, RP3
Hnh 6.9a
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Trang 145
C B
D A
Hnh 6.9b
(H6.9b) cc in tr ph c mc ni tip v mi ch ni c ni vi mt trong cc u ra ca cng tc Khong o ca vn k: Uo = IV (RV + RP) RP c th l RP1, RP1+RP2, RP1+RP2+RP3 VD? * nhy ca vn mt -l t s gia in tr ton phn v ch s in p ton thang ca vn mt n v: /V, nhy cng ln th vn mt cng chnh xc VD: mt vn mt c: Rtp = RV + RP= 1M, dng c o 100V trn ton thang nhy ca vn mt?
(b) Dng vn mt s
Hnh 6.10 - S khi n gin ca mt Vn mt s
+ T.B.V gm:
* b lc tn thp cho Uo khng cn thnh phn sng hi * b phn p: thay i thang o * b chuyn i phn cc in p: thay i cc tnh ca Uo
+ B bin i in p - khong thi gian: bin i tr s Uo ra khong thi gian t iu khin cng ng m + Cng: bin i khong thi gian t thnh cng
B to xung m: to ra cc xung m c tn s nht nh a ti Cng. Ch cc xung m xut hin trong khong thi gian t ng vi cng m mi thng qua c cng ti b m xung B m xung: m cc xung trong khong thi gian t Thit b hin th s: chuyn i t s xung m c thnh ch s hin th
CM i n t Ux(-) Mch vo n p s R
+ + -
To xung m chun Uss So snh Trigger R S xung xo UT Uch Kho U0 B m xung
Nx
Ngun in p m u
E0
K1
K2
B iu khin
K2
Gii m xung v ch th cht
Hnh 6.11 - S khi Vn mt s thi gian xung www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 148
Nguyn l lm vic:
- Khi cha o, kho S h (khng v tr np hoc phng). - Qu trnh bin i c thc hin theo 2 bc tch phn sau: + Bc 1: Ti t1, b iu khin a ra xung iu khin K1 a kho S v v tr n, in p Ux qua mch vo qua R np cho C UC tng. + Bc 2: n thi im t2, b iu khin a ra xung iu khin K2 a S v v tr p v kt thc qu trnh np, C s phng in qua ngun in p mu (ngun in p khng i, 1 chiu E0), UC gim n thi im t3 UC= 0, b so snh a ra xung so snh USS. Xung K2 v xung USS s c a vo u vo thit lp (S) v xo (R) ca Trigger u ra ca Trigger l xung vung c rng Tx, xung ny s iu khin ng m kho cho php xung m chun qua kho kch thch cho b m xung. Gi s trong thi gian Tx c Nx xung qua kho, s xung Nx c a qua mch gii m v ch th biu th kt qu UDC cn o.
* Xc nh Ux=f(Nx): -Qu trnh C np:
1 2 U n = U c (t1 ) + K v .U x .dt RC t1
Kv: h s truyn t ca mch vo. Gi s trong thi gian bin i, Ux=const: vi T1 = t2-t1
K v .U x .T1 1 .K v .U x (t 2 t1 ) = Un = 0 + RC RC
t
1 3 - Qu trnh C phng: U c (t 3 ) = U c (t 2 ) E 0 .dt RC t2 1 .E 0 (t 3 t 2 ) RC K v .U x .T1 1 U c (t 3 ) = .E 0 .Tx RC RC = Un

vi Tx=t3-t2
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U c (t 3 ) = 0 Tx = K v .U x .T1 = N x .Tch E0 Tch : chu k ca xung m chun.
Uk Uc Uss UT Uch t U t Nx xung Hnh 6.12 www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1
K1
K2
t t t3 t
Ux =
Tch .E 0 .N x = S 0 .N x K v .T1
t1
Un C np T1
t2
C phng
t1
t2 Tx
Tch .E 0 S0 = = const K v .T1

(thng chn S0=10k vi k=0, 1,)
U x = 10 k .N x
Gin thi gian: hnh 6.12
Trang 151
nh gi sai s: Sai s Tch, Kv, E0, T1. Sai s lng t (do xp x Tx vi Nx). Sai s do tr ca cc Trigger. Sai s do nhiu tc ng t u vo. Tuy nhin, vi phng php tch phn 2 ln, c th loi tr hon ton nhiu chu k nu chn T1= n.Tnh vi Tnh l chu k nhiu.
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Trang 152
6.2.3. o in p xoay chiu S khi ca vn mt o in p xoay chiu c tr s ln Thit b vo Tch sng K dng 1 chiu Thit b ch th kim
S khi ca vn mt o in p xoay chiu c tr s nh

Thit b vo K in p xoay chiu Tch sng Thit b ch th kim
Thit b vo: gm cc phn t bin i in p o u vo nh b phn p, mch tng tr khng vo... vi mc ch l ghp Uo mt cch thch hp vi mch o l vn mt. B tch sng: bin i in p xoay chiu thnh dng in hay in p 1 chiu.
Cc loi mch tch sng: a) Tch sng nh (bin ) L tch sng m Ura trc tip tng ng vi tr s bin ca Uvo. Phn t gim gi li tr s bin ca Uo l t in. T in c np ti gi tr nh ca Uo thng qua phn t tch sng. Mch c th dng diode hoc Transistor. y ta dng mch tch sng nh dng diode. + mch tch sng nh c u vo ng: U x ( t ) = U m sin t
D UX AC I n C Ip RV V UX(t) Um Cnp Cphn
g
UC=Um t
-Um
Hnh 6.13 - Mch tch sng nh c u vo ng v gin thi gian ca n

Nguyn l lm vic: - Trong na chu k (+) u tin, D thng, C c np in nhanh qua tr Ri vi hng s np n=Ri.C v UC tng n khi UC > Ux(t). Lc ny D tt v t C s phng in qua RV vi hng s phng Tp=RV.C -Khi UC gim n khi UC < Ux(t) th t li c np. Nu chn Tn<< Tth <<Tp th sau vi chu k UC c gi tr khng i v xp x Um Nhn xt: Nu in p xoay chiu c thnh phn 1 chiu khc 0 th UC=U0+Um(= bin +thnh phn 1 chiu). khc phc ngi ta dng mch tch sng nh c u vo m.
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Trang 155
+ Mch tch sng nh c u vo m U x (t ) = U 0 + U m sin t Nguyn l lm vic:
Cho in p vo hnh sin, Trong 1/2 na chu k (+) u tin D thng, C c np in vi hng s np Tn=RD thng . C v UC tng n khi UC > UX(t). Lc ny D tt v t C s phng in qua RV vi hng s phng Tp=RV.C ; v UC gim n khi UC < UX(t) t li c np. Nu chn Tn<< Tth <<Tp C1.RD th<<Tth<<RVC RD th<< RV Th sau 1 s chu k t/hiu t C s c np =U0+Um. Gi thit chiu ca in p nh hv
UX AC C UC UD D RV V UX(t) U0
0
-Um -2Um
-Um t
UD = Ux UC = U0 +Um sint (U0 +Um ) = Um ( sint 1) UD = Um

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Hnh 6.14 - Mch tch sng nh c u vo m v gin thi gian ca n Trang 156
b) Mch tch sng trung bnh: C nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu thnh in p 1 chiu c gi tr trung bnh t l vi t s in p trung bnh ca in p vo. Thng dng cc mch chnh lu c chu k hoc na chu k. + Mch chnh lu na chu k: D1 l chnh lu na chu k. D2 l ngn khng in p ngc qu ln nh thng D1 t ln Vn k v lm cho in tr trong mch tch sng ng u trong c chu k. Chn RV>> RD1thun RV+ RD1th=R+RD2th
Um 0 URV Utb=Um/ Hnh 6.15 www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 D RV V Kiu mc 1 diode D1 D2
R Kiu mc 2 diode // RV
Trang 157
+Chnh lu c chu k:
Ux AC D1 D2 Um D4 V D3 URV
Utb=Um/ 0 t
Hnh 6.16
c) Mch tch sng hiu dng Nhim v: Bin i in p xoay chiu thnh 1 chiu c gi tr t l vi gi tr hiu dng ca in p xoay chiu.
UX AC Tch sng hiu dng UR DC=k.UXhd
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Trang 158
tch sng hiu dng cn phi nhng bc sau: +Bnh phng in p: dng mch bnh phng in p hoc dng mch c c tuyn Vn-Ampe bc 2 (i=S0UX2) +Ly tch phn: dng cc mch khai cn hoc dng phng php khc thang o.
t +T 1 0 2 (t )dt U hd = U x T t0
Ta xt mch tch sng hiu dng dng cc mch c c tuyt VnAmpe bc 2: tng kh nng o in p hiu dng, ngi ta xy dng cc mch c c tuyn Vn-Ampe bc 2 bng cch xp x c tuyn thnh nhng on tuyn tnh lin tip nhau. Gi s xy dng mch c c tuyn xp x thnh 4 on nh hnh v (0U1), (U1U2), (U2U3), (U3).
4 on tng ng vi 4 khu diode mc lin tip vi nhau nh s :
En D1 R1 U1 R1 iD2 D2 R2 U2 R2 iD3 D3 R3 U3 R3 0
UX
iD0
mA
R0 iD1 iA
Hnh 6.17
-Diode Di c phn cc bi cp in tr Ri v Ri im lm vic ca chng l Ui (i=1, 2, 3) -Tnh ton mch nh sau: Gi s cn xp x c tuyn: i=S0U2
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Trang 160
Voi 0 < U x U1 : D1, D2 , D3 tat U i A = iD0 = x R0 R0 = ? Ux 2 U x = U1 i A = i1 = S0U1 = R0 Voi U1 < U x U 2 : D1 thong, D2 , D3 tat 1 1 + i A = iD0 + iD1 = U x R ' R 0 1 R '= ? 1 Ux 2 U x = U 2 i A = i 2 = S0U 2 = R0 Tuong tu voiU 2 < U x U3 : D1 , D2 thong, D3 tat i A = iD0 + iD1 + iD2 } R1' = ? voi U3 < U x : D1 , D2 , D3 thong i A = iD0 + iD1 + iD2 + iD3 1 1 1 1 = Ux + + + R ' ' ' R R R 1 2 3 0 En.Ri ' Ui = Ri + Ri ' Biet Ri ' Tinh duoc Ri
iA S0U32 S0U22 S0U12 iA iD0 iD0+ iD1
iD0+ iD1+ iD2
iD0+ iD1+ iD2+ iD3
UX
UX
Hnh 6.18
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Trang 161
6.3. ng h vn nng (MULTIMETERS)
l mt loi dng c o in c bn a chc nng c dng kh ph bin, c cc chc nng c bn l o dng in, o in p, v o in tr ngoi ra c mt s ng h cn c th o tn s dng in, in dung t in, kim tra it, kim tra Transistor lng cc.. . C 2 loi ng h vn nng: ng h vn nng tng t (hay cn c gi tt l VOM Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter),v ng h vn nng s (DMM Digital Multimeter).
6.3.1. ng h vn nng tng t - VOM * Cc chc nng o nh sau: o o in p mt chiu: DCV

o o gi tr hiu dng ca in p xoay chiu: ACV. o o cng dng in mt chiu: DCA o o in tr: Ngoi ra c mt s ng h cn c thm chc nng khc nh: o o in dung t in o Kim tra it, kim tra Transistor lng cc..
VOM thng c cu to t 1 c cu o t in, v s dng cc mch o khc nhau s to thnh chc nng o v thang o khc nhau, s dng chuyn mch chn chc nng o v thang o. Thang ch th ca CC c khc ph hp vi mi chc nng v thang o tng ng.
Hnh 6.19 - ng h vn nng tng t thc t - VOM

6.3.2. ng h vn nng s - DMM Cc chc nng o nh sau: ng h vn nng s DMM c nhiu tnh tnh nng o ni bt hn ng h vn nng tng t, cng c cc chc nng o c bn nh ca VOM nh: o o in p mt chiu o o gi tr hiu dng (tr s nh hoc trung bnh) ca in p xoay chiu. o o cng dng in mt chiu o o tr s hiu dng (tr s nh hoc trung bnh) cng dng in xoay chiu o o in tr o
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Trang 164
Hnh 6.20 ng h vn nng s cm tay (Handheld DMM)
Hnh 6.21 ng h vn nng s bn (Bench DMM)
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Trang 165
Chng 7. o cng sut
Khi nim Cc p2 o cng sut:

- pp nhn - pp dng chuyn i Hall - pp o in p trn ti thun tr - pp dng in tr nhit
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Trang 166
Chng 7. o cng sut

7.1. Khi nim
Cng sut: nng lng in t trng tiu th trn ti trong mt n v thi gian. Mch in mt chiu: P = U.I Mch in xoay chiu: p = u.i Mch in c dng iu ho:
1 P= T
pdt = U .I .cos
0
: CS thc hin
CS phn khng: Q = U.I sin
R cos = Z
; Z=
R2 + X 2
Mch in hot ng ch xung CS xung (Pxung): l tr s CS trung bnh trong khong t/g c xung ()
Pxung
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1 = uidt 0
1 Ptb = uidt T 0
Ptb = Pxung
T
Trang 167
Chng 7. o cng sut

Lng trnh o CS: 10-6 W 107 W n v o CS: ot (W) n v o CS tng i: dBW, dBmW: dng so snh cc mc CS cc v tr khc nhau.
= 10 lg
P P1
: CS tng i; P: tr s CS W(mW) ti mt v tr no ; P1: tr s CS ban u (1W hoc 1mW)
7.2. Cc phng php o cng sut

c im o CS tn s cao: Bin i CS v i lng trung gian ri o i lng Sai s ca php o ph thuc vo s phi hp tr khng gia ngun pht v ph ti, ph thuc vo tn s v cc tc ng ca mi trng. Cc phng php o CS tn s cao: o CS dng chuyn i Hall (dng cho c t/s thp v t/s cao) o CS bng cch o in p trn ti thun tr o CS bng in tr nhit
Chng 7. o cng sut

o CS tn s thp: dng phng php nhn Phng tin o cng sut: ot mt, gm ot mt o CS hp th v ot mt o CS truyn thng. - Ot mt o CS hp th: l phung tin o CS tiu tn trn ti phi hp ca chnh phng tin o (hnh 7-1). N hp th ton b CS ca ngun pht khi ngun pht khng mc ti ngoi - Ot mt o CS truyn thng: l phng tin o CS truyn theo ng truyn ti ti (hnh 7-2). N ch hp th mt phn nng lng ca ngun pht cn phn ln nng lng truyn ti ti ring ca n.
Ti hp th Bin i nng lng Hnh 7.1 www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Ot mt Thit b ch th P Ot mt Bin i nng lng Hnh 7.2 Trang 169 Thit b ch th Ti thc
Chng 7. o cng sut

7.2.1. Phng php nhn ti: Khi dng in l iu ho th CS tc dng cn o trn P = UI cos o CS trn ti c th thc hin trc tip bng cch dng 1 thit b nhn nhn in p v dng in trn ti. (x1+x2)2 4x1x x1 B bnh B ng h B x1+x2
x2 B o cc x1 -x2 tng phng tng -(x1x 2 )2
2
t in
x2
B tng
x1-x2
B bnh phng
(x1-x2)2 B o cc
Hnh 7.3 S khi ca Ot mt theo phng php nhn
1 2 2 x1 x2 = ( x1 + x2 ) ( x1 x2 ) 4
]
Trang 170
x1 = U sin t , x2 = I sin (t )
Chng 7. o cng sut

4 x1 x2 = 4UI sin (t )sin (t ) = 2UI cos 2UI cos(2t )
in p c o bng mt ng h t in mc song song vi 1 t in. Ch s ca ng h l thnh phn 1 chiu: 2UIcos, l CS cn o trn ti. Phn t c c tuyn bc 2: ly phn u ca c tuyn V-A ca it hoc transistor. (Yu cu n phi c c tuyn ng nht). Sai s: (5-10)% 7.2.2. o CS dng chuyn i Hall Chuyn i Hall c cu to bng bn mng cht bn dn n tinh th (Si hoc Ge) vi 2 cp cc t vung gc vi nhau v nm trn cc thnh hp ca bn tinh th (Hnh 7.4).
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Hnh 7.4 Ot
mt dng chuyn i Hall

Trang 171
Chng 7. o cng sut

cp cc dng D c cp I mt chiu hoc xoay chiu, cp cc p A cho ra in p t l vi tch ca I v t cm tc ng vung gc ln b mt ca tinh th. Sc in ng Hall: eH = KH.B.i (*) KH: h s chuyn i, ph thuc vo vt liu, kch thc, hnh dng ca tm bn dn v nhit mi trng. Nu B ~ Ut; i ~ It
eH = KH.KI.Ut.It
KI : h s t l
mch in 1 chiu, sc in ng Hall : eH = KH.KI.Pt mch in xoay chiu hnh sin, sc in ng Hall: eH = KH.KI.Um.Im.sin(t).sin(t - ) = KH.KI.U.I.cos - KH.KI.U.I.cos(2t - ) Nu mc vo 2 cc p 1 dng c t in th ch s ca dng c t l vi Ptb trong mch dng xoay chiu thang o ca dng c c th c khc trc tip theo n v CS.
Chng 7. o cng sut

T (*) mun eH tng th hoc i tng, hoc B tng; thng tng B v i tng tng nhit ca bn dn (t dng) tng B cn nh hng v gn chuyn i Hall v tr thch hp trong ng sng v cp ng trc, hoc s dng mi trng c t thm cao. u im: Khng c sai s do mt phi hp tr khng. Qun tnh nh Di tn rng Cu trc n gin Nhc im: eH ph thuc mnh vo nhit
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Trang 173
Chng 7. o cng sut

7.2.3. o CS bng pp o in p trn ti thun tr - Phng php o cng sut bng cch o in p trn ti thun tr l c s ch to ot-mt o cng sut hp th ca ngun pht vi 1 ti mu thun tr. Ti mu l 1 in tr b mt hoc dng khi c cu trc c bit. Cu to: phn in tr c dng hnh tr mn chn phi hp li bng gm, trn ph lp than ch c bit; mn chn phi hp vi nm dc theo Ti =Rt R cp theo chiu di ca phn in tr, c ng ng knh bin thin theo hm m. Vi trc Rt kt cu nh vy sng in t lan truyn vi tr khng t ngun pht ti khng b mo, ti l sng Vn mt Ot mt t thun tr phi hp tr khng tt vi ngun pht. phi hp tr khng, in tr b mt Hnh 7.5 ton phn Rt theo dng 1 chiu phi bng tr khng sng ca cp ng trc
t
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Trang 174
Chng 7. o cng sut

gim vic mt phi hp tr khng khi mch vo ca Vn mt mc song song vi ti. m rng phm vi o cng sut, Vn mt ch o mt phn in p trn ti. m rng di tn ta thng dng Vn-mt in t loi tch sng bin c u vo m. Khi c phi hp tr khng cng sut tiu th trn ti c xc nh thng qua gi tr bin Um v gi tr hiu dng U ca in p ri trn ti Rt
2 U 2 Um P= = Rt 2 Rt
Cng sut trn ti Rt thng qua gi tr in p Um m vn mt o c bng:
Rt '2 P= U m 2 Rt'2 - Vn mt c khc thang o theo n v cng sut. Sai s: sai s do lch phi hp tr khng; sai s ca Rt ; sai s ca Vn mt. Sai s tng 20% cng sut o. Ot mt loi ny o c CS n hng chc nghn W di tn n vi GHz
Chng 7. o cng sut

7.2.4 o cng sut dng in tr nhit
Ot mt dng in tr nhit c xy dng trn c s mch cu in tr, 1 trong nhng nhnh ca chng mc in tr nhit. Thng dng o CS nh t hng chc mW (t/s hng chc GHz). a/ Cu to ca in tr nhit: * Cu to ca Blmt: l 1 si dy in tr rt mnh lm bng bch kim hay vnfram, c t trong bnh thu tinh (hnh 7-6). + Trong bnh c cha kh tr hay c chn khng cao gim s truyn nhit ra mi trng v tng tc t nng dy in tr. + Chiu di ca si dy in tr phi tho mn k:
l<
c ng u; min : di cc tiu ca bc sng in t ca ngun cng sut cn o.

min 8
, s phn b dn in trn si dy
Hnh 7-6
Trang 176
Chng 7. o cng sut

+ Quan h gia in tr ca Blmt v cng sut cn o (hnh 7.7): Rb = R0 + aPb R0 :in tr ca Blmt khi P = 0; a,b : h s t l, ph thuc kch thc, vt liu ca blmt + Di in tr ca blmt: hng chc n vi trm m vi nhy (312)/mW
Hnh 7.7 - Quan h gia in tr ca Blmt v cng sut cn o

Chng 7. o cng sut

* Cu to ca Tesmitor: l in tr cn bng bn dn c h s nhit m . + Hai dy bch kim hoc iridian c ng knh (20 30) m ni vi nhau ti ht cu lm bng bn dn, tt c c t trong bnh thu tinh. + in tr ca Tesmitor khong (100 3000) . + Quan h gia in tr ca Tesmitor v cng sut cn o (hnh 7-9) * So snh gia blmt v tecmistor: + Blmt c u im l d ch to, c tnh t ph thuc nhit mi trng; nhc im: d b qu ti, kch thc ln nn hn ch s dng on sng cm, Zvo nh nn kh thc hin phi hp tr khng vi ng truyn. + Tecmisto c u im l nhy cao, t b qu ti, tr s R ln, tr s L,C bn thn nh, kch thc nh, bn cao; nhc im: kh ch to, c tnh ph thuc t0 mi trng.
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Hnh 7.9 Trang 178
Chng 7. o cng sut

b/Otmt dng in tr nhit * Otmt xy dng trn mch cu n khng cn bng:
x + Otmt c nui bng ngun in p 1 chiu vi chit R1 p Rc dng iu chnh dng qua cc nhnh cu, vi RT A ch dng mt cn bng trong nhnh ch th. A + 1 nhnh cu ta mc in tr nhit, trc khi o cn thay i in tr Tecmisto bng nhit nng ca dng in R2 R3 qua chuyn i (/chnh chit p Rc) cu cn bng. Lc ny MicroAmpemet ch "0". Ngun + Khi c ngun cng sut cao tn tc ng ln RT lm cho in p 1 n gim tr mt cn bng cu xut hin dng in chiu qua A vi thang o khc trc tip theo cng sut. Hnh 7-10 + Sai s: khong 10%, ph thuc ch yu vo s thay i nhit mi trng, s khng phi hp tr khng ca Otmt vi ng truyn v sai s ca thit b ch th.
R c
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Trang 179
Chng 7. o cng sut

* Otmt xy dng trn mch cu n cn bng: + A ch th cn bng cu, mA cho bit tr s ca cng sut. RT mc vo 1 nhnh cu, chn R1=R2= R3=RTPx= 0 = R. + Khi cha c ngun CS t/ng ln RT, tng t nh TH trn ta iu chnh dng in trong mch thay i RT v thit lp cn bng cu. thi im cu cn bng, A ch "0", cn mA ch dng in I0 . + Khi c ngun CS t/ng ln RT lm cho RT, cu mt cn bng. cu cn bng ta phi tng /tr bng cch dng ' in trong mch. thi im cn bng mA ch I 0 . + Qua hai bc /chnh cn bng cu, RT ca Tecmisto khng i nn CS tiu th trn Tecmisto trong 2 bc nh nhau do :
'2 I 02 RT I 0 RT RT 2 '2 = + Px Px = Pt = I0 I0 4 4 4
Px RT R1
A
R3 mA Ngun in p 1 chiu Hnh 7-11 R2 Rc
)
Trang 180
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Chng 7. o cng sut

+ u im: m bo c s phi hp tr khng v RT ca Tecmisto khng thay i di tc ng ca cng sut Px cc thi im cn bng cu. Tuy nhin thang o ca mA khng khc trc tip theo cng sut v dng I0 lun thay i theo nhit mi trng khi Px = 0. c/ Sai s ca pp o CS bng in tr nhit: - Sai s do khng phi hp tr khng gia Rblmt hay Rtecmisto vi dy ni. -Sai s do Rblmt (hay Rtecmisto) khi nhit mi trng ngoi thay i. - Sai s do ngun in p cung cp cho cu khng n nh. - Sai s ca thit b ch th: sai s do khc , sai s ca ng h, sai s iu chun ch th khng,...
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Trang 181
Chng 8. Phn tch ph ca tn hiu
Nguyn l ca thit b phn tch ph My phn tch ph theo p2 p/tch song song My phn tch ph theo p2 p/tch ni tip
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Trang 182

8.1. Phn tch ph ca tn hiu
C th dng MHS quan st v nghin cu ph ca tn hiu. Dao ng c c l theo quan h ph thuc gia bin cc thnh phn sng hi ca tn hiu theo tn s. Khi trc X ca MHS l trc thang tn s, cn trc Y l trc thang bin . v th ph bin -tn s ca dao ng tn hiu, o tn s v t s bin cc phn lng ring bit ca ph dng my phn tch ph Da vo cc th ph ta c th phn tch c tnh v o lng c cc U0 thng s ca tn hiu VD: + o c h s iu ch bin thng qua th ph ca dao ng iu bin
mU 0 2 mU 0 2
f0 -F
f0
f0 +F
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* Nguyn l ca thit b phn tch ph: da trn c s dng hin tng cng hng chn lc tn s. + i vi cc mch cng hng c di thng tn hp (h s phm cht Q cao) th bin ca dao ng cng bc s l cc i nu tn s tc ng trng hp vi tn s bn thn (tn s cng hng) ca mch cng hng v bin l rt nh khi c lch cng hng. + Do , mch cng hng c tc dng nh mt b lc, b lc ny c kh nng tch ring c cc phn lng sng hi khc ca tn hiu vi phn lng sng hi c tn s trng vi tn s bn thn ca mch (tn s cng hng). * My phn tch ph c 2 loi: + Loi phn tch song song + Loi phn tch ni tip
8.2. My phn tch ph theo phng php p/tch song song

Gi s c mt h thng b lc di hp c sp xp lin tip k st nhau theo thang tn s trong di tn t fminfmax. Mi ng cong cng hng ca b lc c biu th n gin bng mt hnh CN, di thng tn ca b lc l f (hnh 8.2.a). Trong di tn ca thit b phn tch c n b lc.

f max f min n= f
Nu tn hiu c phn tch c ph nm trong di tn s cng tc ca b lc trn (hnh 8.2.b) th khi c tn hiu vo, mi b lc s c tc ng i vi ring tng thnh phn ph m tn s ca thnh phn ph ny tng ng vi tn s ca bn thn b lc. in p u ra ca mi b lc s t l vi bin ca thnh phn ph tng ng. Cc in p ny c o bi cc Vn mt (hnh 8.2.c) Tr s ch th ca cc vn mt v tn s cng hng ca mi b lc cu to c th ph ca tn hiu in p nghin cu.
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8.3. My phn tch ph theo phng php p/tch ni tip
Ch c mt b cng hng. B cng hng ny c th iu chnh c tng ng vi tng tn s mt trong di tn s phn tch t fminfmax. S khi: gm 1 b lc di hp iu chnh c v mt MHS Nguyn l hot ng: in p t b To in p qut rng ca c a ti cp phin lm lch X ca ng tia in t, ng thi c a ti b To sng iu tn iu ch tn s b ch sng ca n.
Hnh 8.3 - My phn tch ph ni tip www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 186

Ti b Trn tn c hai tn hiu c a ti l tn hiu cn nghin cu ph v in p ca b To sng iu tn. y tn s ca b To sng iu tn ngoi sai cng vi mt trong cc thnh phn sng hi ca tn hiu s to ra mt tn s mi bng hiu ca 2 tn s trn. Khi tn s hiu ny bng tn s cng hng ca b Khuch i trung tn th phn lng in p c tn s c khuch i, sau c tch sng ri li c khuch i bng b Khuch i tn thp trc khi a ti cp phin lm lch Y ca ng tia in t. Tia in t b lch i so vi ng nm ngang (v tr ban u) mt tr s t l vi tr s trung bnh ca in p tn hiu nghin cu trong di thng tn f. Mi khi tr s tc thi ca tn s b To sng iu tn bin i to nn mt tn s hiu bng trung tn vi ln lt 2 thnh phn sng hi k tip nhau ca tn hiu th ng thi tia in t c dch chuyn theo trc ngang v trn mn li xut hin mt vch sng khc theo trc dc. Bin ca cc vch ny tng ng vi in p (hay cng sut) ca cc phn lng thnh phn ca ph. Sau mt chu k qut, ton b cc vch ph ca tn hiu nghin cu c v trn mn MHS.

VD: tn hiu phn tch ph l mt xung vung bin i c chu k v c h s /T ln (hnh 8-4.a) Mi thnh phn ph c biu th bng 1 vch sng trn mn hnh. Khong cch gia 2 vch trn thang tn s bng tn s lp li ca xung tn hiu F = 1/T. Yu cu: b To sng iu tn phi c tn s trung tm n nh. Nu khng n nh s lm dch chuyn tt c cc ph theo trc tn s (khi tn s bin i t t) hoc l lm dch chuyn tng thnh phn ring bit ca ph (khi tn s bin i nhanh) kh quan st & lm gim chnh xc khi o lng cc thng s ph
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Hnh 8.5
Hnh 8.6
c tuyn iu ch ca b to dao ng iu tn phi thng (hnh 8.6) Khi c tuyn thng th ph c hnh dng nh hnh 8.7(a), nu khng thng th thang tn s s khc nhau theo ng qut ngang & ph s b mo dng theo chiu ngang ,hnh 8.7(b).
Hnh 8.7
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Trang 189

B to in p qut: to ng qut ngang trn ng tia in t v iu ch tn s. B pht sng iu tn: c tc bin i tn s sao cho in p tn hiu tng ti c mc in p cc i trong khong thi gian ng vi di thng tn ca b khuch i trung tn (KTT). Cc thng s ca khi KTT: di thng tn, tn s cng hng, h s K. Di thng tn: tu thuc vo mc ch, cng dng ca my phn tch ph. My phn tch ph tn s thp chn di thng tn sao cho c th phn bit c r rng 2 thnh phn ph cnh nhau. Nu my phn tch ph c bng tn rng, v gm nhiu thnh phn ch cn v ng bao ca ph. Cc xung u ra ca b K c b/ t l vi n/lng ca tng b phn ca ph. Chn tn s trung tn sao cho loi b c s cho qua tn hiu tn s nh (gii php: tng tn s trung tn). Nu khng th trn mn MHS s xut hin ng thi 2 dng ph: mt ph thc v mt ph nh. Mu thun gia tng tn s trung tn v gim nh di thng tn gii php: dng 2 b bin tn v K trung tn.

Chn h s khuch i da trn yu cu v bin cc tiu ca tn hiu nghin cu v bin a vo b tch sng. o b rng ph bng cch so snh ph cn o vi ph chun. Ph chun thng dng l ph ca tn hiu iu tn m tn s iu ch c dng iu ho. S khi ca b phn to tn hiu c ph chun: +B to sng iu ch pht ra in p hnh sin c tn s 1-10 Mhz a ti iu ch b to sng chun. +Tn hiu iu tn t b pht sng chun c a vo b trn tn cng vi tn hiu nghin cu. +Trn mn ca MHS xut hin ph ca tn hiu nghin cu v ph ca tn hiu iu tn chun. Khong cch gia cc thnh phn ca ph chun l bit.
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Hnh 8.8 - B to tn hiu c ph chun Trang 191

+Bit tn s iu ch v cc s lng cc thnh phn ca ph chun th c th xc nh c ng cc phn on ca ph cn o. Tm li, bin i bin in p iu ch bin i s lng cc thnh phn ca ph chun. Bin i tn s iu ch bin i c khong cch gia cc thnh phn ca ph chun. Do c th o c b rng ca bt k ph no. VD:
Hnh 8.9 - Cc vch ph khi so snh
(a) Cc thnh phn ca ph cn o (b) Cc thnh phn ca ph chun

Chng 9. o cc tham s ca mch in
o tham s mch bng pp vn-ampe Phng php so snh bng mch cu Phng php mch cng hng o tham s mch dng phng php hin s
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Trang 193

-Mt s thng s: R, L, C, Q, gc tn hao tg. Cc phng php o tham s mch: phng php Vn-Ampe, phng php so snh bng mch cu, phng php cng hng, phng php o dng cc thit b ch th s.
9.1. o tham s mch bng pp vn-ampe

Theo s hnh 9-1a , gi tr in tr o c l:
U V U Rx + U A R = = = Rx + R A IA IA
' x
RA: in tr trong ca ampe mt
pp
RA = Rx
: sai s phng php
Hnh 9-1a
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Trang 194

Theo s hnh 9-1b:
UV UV Rx = = I A I R x + I V Rx 1 + R V RV: in tr vo ca vn mt
' = Rx
pp
Rx = Rx + RV
5%-10%
Sai s: + sai s ca ampe mt + sai s ca vn mt + sai s phng php
Hnh 9-1b
gim sai s phng php: chn vn mt c RV ln, ampe mt c RA nh, v chn mch o thch hp. o R ln: chn ampe mt c nhy cao, v bc kim ampe mt gim nh hng ca dng r tnh in.

9.2. Phng php so snh bng mch cu
Sai s: 1-5%
a. Cu cn bng kiu 4 nhnh: dng o R,L, C,... -Mi nhnh cu c th l mt hay hn hp cc R, L, C. -iu kin cn bng cu: Z1. Z3 = Z2. Z4 1 + 3 = 2 + 4
Khi cu cn bng: ICD = 0 * Cu tch s: Pt cn bng cu:

R1.R3 = (Rx + jLx ) 1 1 + jC4 R4
Lx = R1 R3C4
Hnh 9-2 Rx
Rx =
R1 R3 R4
Gc tn hao ca t in:
Hnh 9-3 Trang 196

* Cu t s: Pt cn bng cu:
1 1 R1 R R R = + + 2 x 3 j C j C x 3
Rx =
R1 R3 R2
Cx =
R2 C3 R1
Gc tn hao ca t in:
tg = Rx C x = R3C3
Hnh 9-4 * Sai s: - do cc Rtn hao trong cc nhnh c cun cm mu, t in mu; hoc do in khng trong cc nhnh in tr. -do s thay i tn s ngun nui -Do in dung k sinh gia cc phn t vi nhau trong mch, gia cc phn t trong mch vi cc vt xung quanh. * Khc phc: - bc kim cc phn t trong mch - gim mo phi tuyn ca tn s ngun nui. www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 197

b. Cu ch T cn bng:
Gm hai M4C ch T mc song song. Dng in u ra M4C th nht: I1 (ngn mch u ra)
& U = & & & +Z & + Z1.Z 2 Z td 1 Z 1 2 & Z 3 & .Z & Z 1 2 & +Z & + Z td 1 = Z 1 2 & Z & = I 1
3
& U
Za
I2 I1
Dng in u ra M4C th hai: I2
& U & = = I 2 & & & +Z & + Z a .Z c Z td 2 Z a c & Z b & .Z & Z a c & & Z td 2 = Z a + Z c + & Z & U
b
Z3
Zb
Hnh 9-5
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Trang 198

&=I & +I & =0 Cu cn bng khi: I 1 2
& .Z & Z td 1 td 2 & +Z & =0 =Z td 1 td 2 & +Z & Z td 1 td 2
VD: Mch cu ch T dng o L iu kin cn bng: C1: t mu
2 1 1 =0 R+ 2 2 + jC1 jC C rx + jLx rx R = 2 r 4 2 2 x 1 Lx C + 2 Lx (*) 1 2 + C1 = C rx2 2 Lx C 1 + 2 L x

rx
Hnh 9-6 Trang 199

Khi tn s cao,cho T (*),(**) ta c:
rx2 << 2 Lx
(**)
1 L x 2 (2C + C ) 1 2 RC r x (2C + C1 )
Khi C1<<C:
1 L x 22C r R x 4
c im: c th dng o L cao tn ti f = 30MHz u im: gia ngun CC, ng h ch th, tr khng cn o c 1 im chung ni t bc kim n gin hn, tn on cao hn Nhc im: gii hn o b hn ch theo tr s ca vt mu

9.3. Phng php mch cng hng
Nguyn l: da trn hiu ng cng hng ca mch dao ng. c im: chnh xc cao, sai s: 2-5% Nguyn nhn sai s: + xc nh khng chnh xc v tr im cng hng ca mch in + tn s b to dao ng khng n nh + nh hng ca cc thng s in khng tp tn trong mch o
9.3.1. o in dung (C)
- Lm, Cx to thnh khung dao ng. - H cm gia cun cm Lm v cun cm thuc b dao ng phi rt nh. - Mch cng hng tn s: 1 f0 = 2 LmC x
Hnh 9-7 Trang 201

Cx = 1 4 2 f 02 Lm
- Sai s ph thuc vo: + chnh xc ca vic xc lp im cng hng (do thit b ch th) + n nh ca tn s my pht + chnh xc ca in cm mu (Lm), ln ca in dung k sinh (Cks) -Cch loi b Cks: s dng phng php th * Cx < Cm max :
Cx Mc Cm vo mch, iu chnh tn s m Cks ca b to dao ng c cng hng C = Cm1 + Cks Hnh 9-8 Gi nguyn tn s , mc in dung cn o Cx // Cm ri iu chnh Cm c cng hng.
= Cm 2 + C x + Cks
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C x = Cm1 Cm 2
* Cx >= Cm max : Thc hin php o 2 ln cng tn s cng hng v Lm khng i. Ln 1: CM v tr 1; iu chnh tn s ca b to dao ng c cng hng
m Cks 1
khng ph thuc Cks
= Cm1 + Cks Ln 2: CM v tr 2; iu chnh Cm c cng hng (f0 khng i) C

C x Cm 2 C = + Cks Cm 2 + C x Cm1.Cm 2 Cx = Cm 2 Cm1
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2 Hnh 9-9
khng ph thuc Cks
Trang 203

9.3.2. o in cm (L)
- Tng t php o in dung, mch cng hng gm in dung mu Cm v in cm cn o (Lx). 1 Lx = 2 2 4 f 0 C m - Cch gim sai s do s khng n nh ca Cm: phng php th Thc hin 2 ln o, tn s ca b to dao ng c gi c nh trong c 2 ln o Ln 1: ni Lx vo mch, iu chnh Cm c cng hng (Cm1) Ln 2: ni Lm vo v tr ca Lx, iu chnh Cm c cng hng (Cm2)
Hnh 9-10
Trang 204

Nu Cks nh hn Cm1, Cm2 nhiu ln th:
0 =
1 = Lx Cm1
Cm 2 Cm1
1 LmCm 2
Lx = Lm
Sai s ca php o:
Lx = Lm + Cm 2 Cm1
Chn Lm Lx th Cm 2 Cm1 0 sai s ca php o in cm ph thuc ch yu vo chnh xc ca Lm
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Trang 205

9.3.3. o in tr (R)
Phng php thay i in dung:
1 2 R + L C Khi mch c cng hng: 1 L = C 1 C1 C2 R= 2C02
I = I ch
R2
2
Hnh 9-11
C0 : in dung khi c cng hng
C1, C2 l tr s in dung hai pha ca C0 ng vi: I 1 = = 0,707 I ch 2


Phng php thay i tn s: iu kin I = 1 = 0,707 cn c th t c bng cch thay i tn I ch 2 s ca b to dao ng. Cc tn s tng ng: 1 , 2 , 0
2 12 = 0
1 1 2 R= 2 C 20
Sai s: ph thuc vo mc xc nh chnh xc hiu s in dung (phng php thay i in dung), hiu s tn s (phng php thay i tn s)
Hnh 9-12 www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1 Trang 207

Phng php dng in tr mu: B1: ni tt in tr mu R0, iu chnh tn s ca b dao ng cho mch cng hng. I1 l dng in trong mch cng hng. ec/ng = I1(Rx + RM) B2: ni R0, iu chnh tn s ca
L Rx
Hnh 9-13
b dao ng cho mch cng hng. I2 l dng in trong mch cng hng. ec/ng = I2(Rx + RM + R0) Sc in ng cm ng trong c 2 ln o l bng nhau, do : I1(Rx + RM) = I2(Rx + RM + R0)
I 2 R0 Rx = RM I1 I 2
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ch : chn ng h o c RM nh
Trang 208

9.3.4. o h s phm cht (Q)
Q=
L RL
RL: tr s in tr ca cun dy tn s o
Dng Q mt o h s phm cht ca mch cng hng, ca cun dy, ca t in,... S khi cu to ca Q mt:
Lx Rx
B to dao ng
V1
U1
U2
V2
Cm
Cx

- Qu trnh o c tin hnh nh thay i Cm (hoc tn s b to dao ng) mch cng hng, 1 Cm = 2 Lx - Khi c cng hng vn mt V2 ch gi tr cc i:
I U2 = C m U2 = U1Lx U1 = Rx Qx
vi
I=
U1 Rx
U2 Qx = U1
- Gi U1 c nh Thang ca vn mt in t c khc theo tr s Q. - Ngoi o Q, Q mt cn dng o R, L, C, tg,...

-VD: thay cun cm mu (Lm) vo v tr Lx; chuyn t xoay mu v v tr gi tr i Cm1, iu chnh tn s mch cng hng. Vn mt V2 ch gi tr Q1. - Mc Cx // Cm, gim gi tr ca Cm mch c cng hng (Cm2). Vn mt V2 by gi ch gi tr Q2. - Tn s b to dao ng c gi c nh trong c 2 ln o, ta c: Cx = Cm1 Cm2
Q1Q2 Cm1 Cm 2 . Qx = Q1 Q2 Cm1 - Sai s ca Q mt:
tg x =
1 Qx
+ sai s do tn s ca b to dao ng khng n nh + sai s ca ng h o dng in v Vn mt in t + sai s khc ca Cm + sai s do cc in dung, in cm k sinh ca dy ni

9.4. o tham s mch dng phng php hin s
u im: d c, thc hin o nhanh v c chnh xc cao. My o R,C loi hin s: da trn nguyn l bin i thi gian - xung
DK
DAM
1 2
CM SS K f0 Cm TXC BDX HTS
U0/e
Rx

Hot ng: -CM v tr 1; t Cm c np n U0 trc thi im khi ng (t1) - thi im t1, CM v tr 2; ng thi b iu khin m kho K, qu trnh m xung bt u. Cm phng in qua Rx v gim dn theo qui lut hm m:
U p = U 0e
tp
tp Rx Cm
U0 = e
U U0 U0 /e t1 t2 t
e RxCm = e 1 t p = Rx Cm = t 2 t1
Nx: s xung b m m c trong khong thi gian t2-t1 t 2 t1 Nx = = (t 2 t1 ) f 0 T0
N x = Rx C m f 0
Thay Rx bng Rm, Cm bng in dung cn o Cx, ta c my o in dung loi hin s

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Ging vin: in thoi/E-mail: B mn:

KS. Mnh H 0913826568; dmhavn@gmail.com K thut in t - Khoa KTDT1

Hc k/Nm bin son: Hc k 1/2009-2010

Sch tham kho

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

Phng php bin i

Dng c o bin i thng

Dng c o bin i cn bng

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

(b) Cu trc my o tham s v c tnh ca mch c ngun tn hiu th c lp

Hnh 1.3 Cu trc my o tham s v c tnh ca mch in

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung v o lng in t

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

2.2. Phn loi sai s

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

- Sai s tng i qui i: l gi tr tuyt i ca t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr nh mc ca thang o.

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

n2 n1 1 = ,2 = ,... l tn sut ( hay tn s xut hin) cc ln o c cc n n

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

h h 2 x12 dp1 = e dx1 h h 2 x22 dp2 = e dx2 .......................

h h 2 xn2 dpn = e dxn

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

h h 2 (x12 + x22 +...+ xn2 ) dx1dx2 ...dxn = e

Sai s TBBP ():

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

m bo tin cy P =0,997 th ly t=3 ta c:

Chng 2. nh gi sai s o lng

M = t s (2 n 10) X = a tsa Sai s th: sai s | i| ca ln quan st no ln hn sai s cc i ( M )

Gi tr ca ts c cho trong bng 2

GING VIN: KS. Mnh H B MN: KTT - KHOA KTT1