c hc mi trng [DUNG MI HU C: VINYL CHLORIDE]

Nhm : 1. Hong Lan Anh 2. Nguyn Th Ngc Hng 3. ing Th L Huyn 4. L Quc Hng 5. Nguyn Thanh Khan 6. Trn Th Kim Thoa 7. H Ngc Trinh GVHD: Nguyn Nh Bo Chnh

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

Mc Lc
A-Tng quan v dung mi hu c ....................................................................................... 3 1. Khi nim .................................................................................................................. 3 2. Tnh cht .................................................................................................................... 3 3. S dng ...................................................................................................................... 3 4. Phn loi .................................................................................................................... 3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Phn loi theo cc hng s vt l ........................................................................ 3 Phn loi theo hp cht ha hc ......................................................................... 4 Phn loi theo tnh cht axit-bazo....................................................................... 4 Phn loi theo tng tc c bit vi cht tan .................................................... 4 Hp th................................................................................................................ 5 Phn b ............................................................................................................... 5 Chuyn ha ......................................................................................................... 6 o thi ............................................................................................................... 8 Suy thoi h thng hot ng ca thn kinh trung ng (CNS) ...................... 10 H thn kinh ngoi vi........................................................................................ 10 Mng t bo v m kch ng ............................................................................ 10 Cht gy ung th ............................................................................................... 11 Nhng cht c cp tnh khc .......................................................................... 11 c tnh c th ca mt vi loi dung mi hu c........................................... 12

5. Hp th phn b v chuyn ha ................................................................................ 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

6. nh hng n sc khe con ngi........................................................................ 10 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.5

7. Case study .................................................................................................................. 13 7.1 BEZEN(C6H6) ....................................................................................................... 13 B- Dung mi vinyl chloride ............................................................................................... 18 I. Tng quan v vinyl chloride .................................................................................... 18 1. Ngun gc ............................................................................................................ 18
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] 2. Tnh cht l-ha ................................................................................................... 18 3. Phng php phn tch......................................................................................... 19 4. S dng ................................................................................................................ 19 II. S vn chuyn v chuyn ha vinyl chloride trong mi trng ............................. 20 1. Vn chuyn .......................................................................................................... 20 2. Chuyn ha .......................................................................................................... 21 III. c tnh ca vinyl chloride .................................................................................. 22 1. i vi con ngi ................................................................................................ 22 2. i vi mi trng sinh thi ................................................................................ 27 IV. Ngn nga v x l ............................................................................................... 28 1. Ngn nga ............................................................................................................ 28 2. Sc khe ngh nghip .......................................................................................... 28 3. X l ..................................................................................................................... 28

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

A-Tng quan v dung mi hu c

1. Khi nim Dung mi l cht lng c kh nng ha tan cht rn, cht lng hoc cht kh to thnh hn hp phn tn ng nht mc phn t hay ion gi l dung dch. Dung mi thng dng hng ngy chng ta thng gp l nc. Dung mi hu c ch tt c cc dung mi l hp cht hu c c cha nguyn t cacbon. 2. Tnh cht Dung mi thng c im si thp v d dng bay hi hoc c th c loi b nh chng ct thu c cht ha tan trong dung mi. 3. S dng c s dng trong sn xut k ngh ha hc, sn, dt ,da, giy da, cao su, m phm, t v lm lnh. 4. Phn loi c th sp xp dung mi thnh mt h thng hp l, thng nht l mt vn kh khn. Song c th phn loi dung mi theo nhng cch sau:
4.1 Phn loi theo cc hng s vt l

a) Nhit si ti 760mmHg - Dung mi c nhit si thp: nhit si < 1000C. - Dung mi c nhit trung bnh: 100 - 1500C. - Dung mi c nhit si cao: nhit si >1500C. b) bay hi (nu ta tha nhn ete 200C v m tng i 65% vi sai s l 5% l cht c ch s bay hi bng 1) - Dung mi d bay hi: ch s bay hi<10. - Dung mi bay hi trung bnh: ch s bay hi trong khong 1035. - Dung mi kh bay hi: ch s bay hi >35. c) nht - Dung mi t nht: nht ng hc <2 cp. - Dung mi c nht trung bnh: nht ng hc trong khong 210 cP. - Dung mi c nht cao: nht ng hc >10cP.

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] d) Momen lng cc Nhng dung mi c phn t vi momen lng cc gi l dung mi lng cc, ngc li dung mi c phn t khng c momen lng cc gi l dung mi khng lng cc. e) Hng s in mi Nhng dung mi c hng s in mi cao c tc dng nh nhng dung mi phn li, i khi ngi ta cn gi l dung mi phn cc, ngc li l nhng dung mi c hng s in mi thp gi l dung mi khng phn cc.
4.2 Phn loi theo hp cht ha hc

Da theo cu to ha hc, cc dung mi thng thng thuc vo loi cc hp cht sau; hydrocarbon bo v thm, dn xut clo v nitro ca chng, ancol, axit cacboxylic, este, amit, nitril, ete, xeton v sulfonic. Hin nay, cc mui nng chy c coi l mt nhm dung mi mi. i lp vi cc dung mi hu c, c th gi chng l cht nng chy phn t, nhng cht in ly nng chy c gi l cht lng ion l nhng dung mi rt thun li cho cc phn ng ha hc hu c, kim loi. Chng cng l mi trng thun li cho cc phn ng hu c. Nhit cn thit c c cht nng chy hon ton khng bt buc phi cao v mt s mui nh cc tetrahexylamoni benzoat l cht lng ngay nhit phng.
4.3 Phn loi theo tnh cht axit-bazo

-Theo nh ngha ca Bronsted th axit l nhng cht cho proton, cn bazo l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton. -Nhng dung mi t ion ha va c tnh cht bazo, va c tnh cht acid c gi l dung mi lng tnh.
4.4 Phn loi theo tng tc c bit vi cht tan

-Theo Parker, c th chia dung mi thnh dung mi khng proton lng cc v proton lng cc da vo tng tc c bit vi cc anion v cation. Trong trc ht phi k n tnh lng cc v kh nng to lin kt hydro. C th b sung thm vo hai nhm mt nhm th ba, nhm dung mi khng phn cc. -Nhng dung mi khng proton khng phn cc l nhng dung mi c hng s in mi thp (e<15) v momen lng cc khng ln (=0 -2D). Tng tc ca nhng phn t dung mi ny vi cht tan khng mnh v c gy ra bi lc nh hng, lc cm ng v lc khuch tn khng c trng.

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Cc hp cht hydrocacbon mch h, thm v dn xut th haloghen ca chng, cc amin bc ba v cacbon sunfua thuc nhm ny. -Nhng ion khng proton lng cc c hng s in mi cao (e >15) v monmen lng cc ln ( >2,5D). Mc d chng c nhng nguyn t hydro, nhng chng khng phi l cht cho proton to lin kt hydoro. Nhng dung mi quan trng ca nhm ny l dimetylfomahit, dimetylaxetamit, dimetylsunfoxit, axeton, nitronmetan, axetonitril, nitrobenzen, lu hunh dioxit, propylencacbonat, axit hexametyltriamit phosphoric. 5. Hp th phn b v chuyn ha
5.1 Hp th

Da vo tnh d bay hi ca dung mi hu c, ta thng tip xc vi chng qua ng h hp, ng thi mt phn cng c hp th qua da di dng hi hay lng nhng khng ng k khi nng khng kh thp. Tuy nhin , Hi ngh v v sinh cng nghip ca chnh ph M (ACGIH) v c quan qun l An ton ngh nghip (OSHA) c a ra lu i vi mt s cht kh quan trng khi c hp thu qua da, c bit iu kin nng cao nh ni lm vic c khng gian hn ch hay ch c bo v ng h hp. V d, khi tip xc vi hi 2-butoxyethanol, trong mt s iu kin th s hp thu qua da s ln hn hp thu qua h hp. c tnh ca tt c cc dung mi d bay hi c hp thu bng phi ph thuc nhiu yu t, gm: t l phi h hp, su hi th, tc tun hon ca phi, tt c u b nh hng bi khi lng cng vic. Toluene, styrene, acetone l nhng v d ca cc dung mi c hp th nhanh chng.
5.2 Phn b

Cht c khi vo h thng tun hon, n c th qua mt hay nhiu c quan ca c th.Cht c c th c tr trong cc m thch hp vi n. S c tr ny khng nht thit lin quan n v tr tc ng ban u, c gi l s tch ly. Mt s cht c c phn b v tch ly nh sau: Cc cht c kh nng ha tan trong dch ca c th th phn b kh ng u trn ton c th, v d cc cation Na+, K+, Li+,Ru+,Ca2+ ,.., mt s nguyn t ha tr 5,6,7; cc anion Cl-,Br-,F-, ru etylic.. Cc cht c th tp trung trong xng, chng c i lc vi cc m xng gi l cc nguyn t hng xng, v d Ca2+, Ba2+,.St 2+,Ra 2+,Be 2+v F Cc cht c th tp trung v c tr trong cc m m, m bo, trc ht phi k n cc hp cht clo hu c dng trong thuc tr su l nhng
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] cht rt t tan trong nc nn tch ly trong cc m m, mt khc chng rt bn vng v mt ha hc nn tn ti dai dng nhiu nm, ri n cc dung mi hu c; cc kh tri; cc thuc ng kh tr cc t bo thn kinh, gan, thn Cc cht c th c tr trong c quan c th, v d iot trong tuyn gip, urani trong thn, digitalin tim,
5.3 Chuyn ha

S chuyn ha sinh hc xy ra trong c th khi tc ng vi cht l l mt qu trnh phc tp. y ch nu mt s v d thng gp: S oxi ha: L phn ng chuyn ha xy ra thng xuyn nht. V d: Ru etylic mt phn c oxi ha thnh CO2 v H2O ri theo khng kh th ra cng vi mt lng ru etylic. Ngi ta thy ru metylic b oxi ha chm hn ru etylic t 2-4 ln. Cc nitrit b oxi ha thnh nitrat. Cc acid b oxi ha vi mc khc nhau ty theo loi ng vt. cc hp cht hu c c nhn thm kh b oxi ha hn cc hidrocacbon mch thng. S kh: V d cc andehit b kh thnh ru, cloral b kh thnh ru tricloetylic; cc xeton b kh thnh ru th cp. S thy phn: L phn ng phc tp c c ch khc nhau ty theo loi ng vt, v d th, atropin b thy phn thnh hp cht c ctnh cao hn v hin tng khng th xy ra ngi. S lin hp: S lin hp c xem l giai on th hai ca s chuyn ha ca cht c trong c th v l c ch quan trng ca s gii c trong c th. V d trong gii c acdi xianhidric hoc xianua c giai on ngi ta dng natri thiosunfat, cht ny lin hp vi gc CN- to thnh phc cht sunfo xianua v c thi qua nc tiu. Kt qu ca s chuyn ha S chuyn ha cht c trong c th c th dn ti mt trong ba kt qu sau: Lm cho cht dc d b thi loi ra khi c th qua thn. Lm gim c tnh ca cht c. l gii c tht s cho c th. V d s chuyn ha xianua thnh sunfo xianua hoc s lin hp ca phenol thnh phenolglucuronic , cc phc cht l sn phm ca phn ng lin hp c thi khi c th.. S chuyn ha c th to ra cht mi c hn cht c ban u.V d:
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Ru metylic b oxi ha bi enzyme( ca gan v vng mc) thnh formandehit, l cht c cho l tc nhn gy m (CH3O >HCHO) 2 naphtylamin b oxi ha thnh 2-naphtylhidroxilamin, cht c cho l tc nhn gy bnh ung th bng quang:

ch tetraetyl b oxi ha thnh ch trietyl l cht gy bnh v thn kinh:

- Flo etanol c t chuyn thnh flo acetat rt c Cc yu t nh hng n s chuyn ha ca cht l trong c th C nhiu yu t nh hng nh: Cc yu t di truyn: l s khc nhau gia cc loi ng vt, ngay c cc chng khc nhau trong cng loi khc nhau v di truyn. Cc yu t sinh l hc V d tui l yu t quan trng: tr s sinh ht sc nhy cm vi cht l v tr mi sinh nn cha cc enzyme chuyn ha cc cht l . - Gii tnh: ngi ta thy chut cng c chuyn ha cc cht nhanh hn chut cng ci. iu ny khc vi ngi. - Cc hocmon ni chung kch thch hot tnh ca cc enzyme chuyn ha. - Thai nghn l mt yu t lm gim hot tnh ca cc enzyme chuyn ha cc cht l, c bit l vo cui thai k - Tnh trng dinh dng thiu cc cht m cng lm gim hot tnh cc enzyme chuyn ha cc cht l. - C th b bnh ( v d suy gan) thng lm gim kh nng chuyn ha cht c.

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Cc yu t bn ngoi Cc yu t bn ngoi cng gy nh hng n s chuyn ha, v d tip xc vi lnh c th l tng hot tnh ca mt s enzyme gip cho chuyn ha cht l. S s dng cc dc phm c ngun gc ha cht c th gy c ch hoc kch thch cc enzyme chuyn ha cc cht l..
5.4 o thi

Qu trnh chuyn di cc cht c khi c th gi l s thi loi hay b xut cht c v qu trnh ny c km theo cc tc ng cu cc b phn c th nh thn ( to ra nc tiu), gan (to ra mt), v phi ( th ra cc hp cht c bay hi, ) v..v cht c trong mi trng xm nhp c th bng nhiu ng khc nhau, chng cng c th thi loi hi c th bng nhiu ng, nhiu cch, v d chng c th b o thi khi c th theo trnh t t nhin, hoc chng c o thi do s can thip ca con ngi, do tc dng nhn to nh gy nn, ra d dy, tho tht, ung hoc tim thuc gii c vv Qua ng h hp ng h hp c th o thi phn ln cc cht t ht vo v c cc cht c c th hp th bng cc ng khc na. Phn ln cc kh, cc hi dung mi c o thi mt phn ng k qua phi theo khng kh th ra, v d: CO,CO2,H2S,HCN,ete, clorofom, ru etylic T l v thi gian o thi ca tng cht khc nhau. Di y l t l o thi qua ng h hp ca mt s cht: Hidrocacbon mch thng 92% Ete, clorofom,benzen 90% Axeton 7% Anilin 1% Qua ng tiu ha B my tiu ha o thi ch yu cc cht c vo c th qua ming v mt s vo c th qua ng h hp khc. Cht c vo c th c hp th vo mu ri theo h thng tun hon ti gan. gan, cht c chu tc ng ca mt v cc h thng enzyme ca gan cht c chu tc ng ca mt v cc h thng enzyme ca gan lm chuyn ha ri qua rut v cui cng b tng ra ngoi theo phn. Chnh v vy phn tr thnh mt loi mu sinh hc c dng xt nghim cht c, c bit l cc kim loi nng. Qua nc bt

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Nc bt o thi cc hp cht hu c v cc kim loi. V d mt s dc phm ung vo thi gian sau cm thy v ng trong ming v chng c thi mt phn qua nc bt, v quinin. Mt s kim loi c c th hp th t mi trng khi b thi loi qua nc bt gy ra cc du hiu hoc tn thng c trng c s dng trong chn on nhim c. V d thy ngn c thi qua nc bt c th dn n vim li, vim hng, ch v hp cht v c ca n c thi qua nc bt ming, gp H2S to thnh ch sunfua mu xm en bm vo li, l du hiu c tnh c in trong chun on nhim c ch v c, thng gi l ng vin Burton. Qua sa C th n sa l c sn ca t nhin ch ring ca ngi v ng vt c v. Thnh phn sa cha nhiu cht bo rt thch hp vi cc ha cht tan trong du m, v d cc hp cht clo hu c.Ngi ta nghin cu sa cc b m tip xc vi cc ha cht v thy trong sa c mt cc ha cht nh thy sn, asen, dung mi hu c, DDT. cc b m s dng dc phm, ngi ta tm thy cht ma ty nh morphin, cc thuc nh aspirin, strychnin, quinin. Qua da Mc d c th thi c qua da cha c sng t nhng thc t ngi ta ly m hi xt nghim cc cht c c th thi qua da, v d cc cht in ly Cl-, Na+.K+. nhng ngi tip xc vi cc cht c trong cng nghip, m hi ca h c cha As, Hg, Pb, Bic bit c i tng thy c morphin trong m hi. Qua thn Thn l c quan o thi cht c quan trng. Nc tiu l sn phm bi xut t nhin ca thn cha nhiu cht thi khc nhau, trong c cht c v cc cht chuyn ha ca cht c. Nhiu cht l sau khi c ung vo ch t pht thy xut hin trong nc tiu nh iodua, nitrat, clorat.. Nc tiu l mt trong cc i tng xt nghim quan trng ca c cht hc cng nghip, c bit trong nhim c mn tnh, tuy nhin c ngha ca mi cht trong xt nghim nc tiu c khc nhau. V d trong nhim c ch v c mn tnh, c ch hu c mn tnh, nng ch trong nc tiu li l mt tiu chun chn on nhim c c tm quan trng hng u.

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Qua con ng khc Mng, lng, tc cng o thi cht c v ngy cng c quan tm ng dng trong nghin cu. V d xt nghim tc l mt trong nhng k thut hin i xc nh cc kim loi v kim ( phi kim loi). 6. nh hng n sc khe con ngi
6.1 Suy thoi h thng hot ng ca thn kinh trung ng (CNS)

- Mt trong nhng tc ng sinh l ca dung mi hu c l c ch thn kinh. Cc ha cht s gy m, c ch hot ng trong no v ty sng ,lm cho nn nhn t nhy cm vi cc kch thch bn ngoi ,cui cng dn n bt tnh v t vong. -Mt c im chung ca nhiu loi dung mi l tnh a du m. Do m cc dung mi ny thng tp trung nhng b phn c nhiu lipid, gm c lipid trong mu, trong h thn kinh v kho cha cht bo ( m m). Khi tch ly trong h thn kinh, chng lm gin on cc kch thch bnh thng ca h thn kinh, nh hng n dy thn kinh dn truyn xung ng. -Khi cc dung mi c thnh phn cacbon mch di lin kt vi cc hp cht hu c khc s lm gia tng kch thc phn t mt cch khng tng xng v gy ra mt nc v lm tng tnh hp th cc cht bo. Nu kch thc phn t ln hn th s ny sinh cc vn v h hp (nh th gp). -Cc hp cht khng bo ha gy c ch thn kinh mnh hn nhng cht bo ha.Tng t tnh c ch thn kinh s tng nu hp cht hu c c thm nhm chc halogen hay t hn l c nhm OH. V d , etan v metan khng c tnh gy m nh asphyxiants nng cao, nhng etanol v metanol li c kh nng c ch thn kinh mnh. Trong khi methylene chloride (tc l, diclometan, CH2Cl2) c tnh cht gy m ng k, chloroform (CHCl3) cn mnh hn methylene chloride v carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) c kh nng cao nht trong vic gy m.
6.2 H thn kinh ngoi vi

Mt s dung mi hu c c kh nng gy ra hi chng gi l thoi ha si trc thn kinh ngoi vi (n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, v carbon disulfide ). Bnh tin trin chm nhng s tng tc nu lm dng dung mi. Mt s trng hp bnh s tin trin trong 3-4 thng sau khi ngng tip xc.
6.3 Mng t bo v m kch ng

Nhng phn ng ph khc ca dung mi hu c l kh nng kch ng tim n vi t bo v m. V mng t bo cu to bi mt lp protein-lipid, nn dung mi hu c mi nng u c th ha tan lp mng ny hay trch xut cc
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] phn cht bo hay lipid ra khi mng t bo. Qu trnh mt m ny, nu b da, c th gy kch ng v tn thng t bo , nghim trng hn l c th lm tn thng phi v mt. Da vo mt s nhm chc ca phn t hu c th c th d on c c tnh c hi ca chng. V d, cc nhm chc amine v axit hu c s c tnh kch thch hay n mn, trong khi cc nhm ru, aldehyde v xeton lm tng kh nng lm tn thng mng t bo bng cch kt ta v bin tnh protein mng t bo nng tip xc cao hoc thi gian di.
6.3 Cht gy ung th

Vi vic thm nh c tnh ca cc tc dng ph tim nng khc ca dung mi, khi tip xc cng nghip s phc tp hn nh gi c biu hin bnh c tnh ca mt dung mi c th.Tuy nhin, mt s trng hp c th xc nh c, nh cng nhn sn xut nha vinyl clorua, tip xc vi benzen mc cao. i vi cc hydrocarbon khng clo ha, benzen l cht gy ung th nu tip xc vi cng cao. S trao i cht ca benzen vi mt s cht chuyn ha phn ng (vd: epoxit) s gy hoi t xng. Tng t benzen, styrene cng l cht gy ung th (gy d tha bch cu v u lympho). Mt s dung mi clo (v d nh carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, nha vinyl clorua) c biu hin mc khc nhau v tim nng gy ung th, c bit l cc khi u gan ng vt. Vic gy t bin l do cc sn phm ca s trao i cht ca cc hp cht ny. Ngoi benzen v vinyl clorua c xp vo nhm A (cht gy ung th ngi), mt s dung mi clo hoc h hng ca chng c xp vo nhm B2 (c th to ra cht ung th ) hay nhm C (c th gy ung th ngi ) theo t chc USEPA cng nh ACGIH v OSHA.
6.4 Nhng cht c cp tnh khc

Cc lp ha cht cng c th to ra mt s hiu ng c hi cp tnh khc khi tip xc vi cng ko di hoc cao. Sau khi hp thu ton thn, nh hng cp tnh c th bao gm nhim c gan, thn, ri lon nhp tim v c bo co l kt qu ca s nhy cm ca tri tim do catecholamine (tc l adrenaline). Mc d nhng tc ng ny him khi c bo co trong trng hp ngh nghip, chng c th xy ra cho cc lp nht nh nh cc dn xut halogen hydrocarbon, c bit s b mn tnh nu tip xc mc cao.Chng c tm thy trong cc sn phm gia dng ph bin, do c th xy ra tr em.Cc cht ny nu ht vo s gy vim phi rt kh tr. Nhiu tc dng cp tnh thng khng khc nhau my cc loi dung mi, nhng s r rng hn nhng tc dng mn tnh.

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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

6.5 c tnh c th ca mt vi loi dung mi hu c

Dung mi no mch thng CnH2n +2 - Alkan (parafin) c xp vo nhm t gy c tim tng khi xt cc tc dng cp tnh. Hi ca cc dung mi ny kch thch nh cc nim mc, nng cao gy hn m nh. Metan, etan, propan, butan l loi kh c c tnh khng ng k v tnh cht nguy hi t nhin ca chng l d chy, n v gy ngt th. - Nhng cht c phn t lng cao hn gy kch thch v c ch thn kinh (pentane, hexan, heptan, octan , nonane). - Hydrocacbon c nht thp c kh nng gy hi cho phi vi ch mt lng nh do kh nng lan ta trong din tch rng ca chng. Tip xc mt s hp cht bo nh hexane v heptan, bo co c kh nng gy vim a thn kinh ngi v ng vt, gim tc dn truyn ca dy thn kinh v thoi ha trong t bo thn kinh ngoi bin. Dung mi bo khng bo ha: CnH2n Olefin (anken): biu hin c tnh tng t alkan nhng mc tc ng cao hn do c ni i.V d, ethylene l mt cht gy m mnh hn ankan tng ng ca n (etan), hot ng nh mt cht gy ngt n gin. Tuy nhin, vi mt nng ln hn 50 phn trm ethylene s kch thch gy m, lm thiu oxy mu, cng vi nhng tc dng khc nn khng c dng trong gy m lm sn. c tnh ca cc dung mi vng no: gy m hoc c ch thn kinh trung ng nng tip xc cao. c tnh ca dung mi hydrocarbon hp cht thm - Cc hp cht phenyl c th gy vim da c bn v mt m trn da, dn n tn thng m hoc bng ha cht nu da tip xc lp i lp li hoc ko di. - Bng vim kt mc v gic mc khi benzen hoc cc dn xut alkyl ca n vng vo mt, v naphthalene gy c thy tinh th th vt vi liu lng cao. - Nu cc cht thm c a ngc vo phi sau khi n (v d, nn ma sau), c kh nng gy ph phi, vim phi, v xut huyt. Ht phi nng cao c th dn n cc iu kin khc nhau, t kch thch ph qun, ho, khn ging v n ph phi. Cc hp cht thm a vng ( PAH) - Cc PAHs l hp cht khng phn cc, ha tan cht bo c th c hp th qua da, phi, hoc ng tiu ha. Sau khi hp thu,
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] chng c th c tp trung trong cc c quan c hm lng lipid cao. Chng c chuyn ha bi cc enzym cytochrome P450. Hydroxyl ha l cch chuyn ha ca PAHs thnh cc dng ha tan trong nc c th bi tit. Trong qu trnh ny cht chuyn ha bc mt epoxide gy ung th c th hnh thnh. Cht chuyn ha bc 2 c c tnh mnh hn nhiu, gy t bin v ung th. Chng to thnh sn phm cng DNA, chng qu trnh sa cha DNA. - Nhng tc ng gy qui thai PAHs c ghi nhn cho mt vi trong s cc hp cht PAH gy ung th mnh hn. - Vi liu cp tnh, PAHs l c hi i vi nhiu m v thoi ha thn v gan, nhng tuyn c v l lch c bit nhy cm vi tc ng cp tnh. 7. Case study
7.1 BEZEN(C6H6)

Benzen l hydrocacbon thm, cht lng khng mu, d bay hi, dung mi ho tan c nhiu nh cht m, cao su, vecni, da si, vi len Benzen l mt trong nguyn liu quan trng trong sn xut cng nghip, tuy nhin do benzen c c tnh cao nn mt s nc c lut cm s dng benzene. Tc ng ca benzen Hp th: benzen hp th vo c th qua ng h hp, qua ng thc phm v qua da. Do tnh cht d bay hi v tn ng ni thp nn benzen ch yu c hp th qua ng h hp. Tip xc benzen qua da v ng h hp thng c hn so vi qua ng tiu ha. Hp th qua ng h hp: ngi ta xc lp c mi quan h gia nng benzen trong khng kh v tc dng trn sc khe nh bng di: Nng benzen (ppm) Trn 200 Trn 60 T 20-30 10 Trn 0,5 Di 0,1 Tc dng Nhim c siu cp tnh, cht ngay Nhim c cp tnh, cht ngi Nhim c cp tnh (ngt sau 20-30 pht) Nhim c bn cp tnh Nhim c mn tnh Khng b nhim c

13

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Hp th qua ng tiu ha: nu nut t 10-15g mt ln c th gy t vong hoc cho t 50-100 git, ung hng ngy, c th nhanh chng dn n bnh bch cu. Chuyn ha v tc dng ca benzen trong c th Chuyn ha: benzen c th c hp th qua ng h hp, tiu ha v da.Benzen vo c th c oxy ha bi enzyme Cyp450 to ra cc dn xut epoxyd c tnh c rt cao. Dn xut ny nhanh chng c chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht ca phenol. Cc dn xut to thnh s phc vi glutathione, acid sulfuric, acid cluronid l phc cht d o thi. Dn xut epoxyd nu khng c kh c s d dng kt hp vi protein gy ri lon chc nng ca protein, v kt hp vi acid nucleic gy xo trn AND.Benzen khi vo c th c chuyn ha nh sau: - Mt phn(40%) c thi nguyn vn qua nc tiu v khng kh th ra. - Mt phn chuyn ha thnh mono-, di- v triphenol, nhng cht ny c lin kt vi ion SO42- hoc acid glucuronic ri c o thi qua thn. Nu tip tc tip xc vi benzen th t l sunfat hu c/ sunfat v c tng ln trong nc tiu.Vic xc nh t l v hm lng phenol niu cho php nh gi mc tip xc vi benzen. - Mt phn kt hp vi glutathion to thnh acid phenylme-capturic. -Mt phn rt nh c chuyn ha bng cch m nhn benzen v to thnh acid muconic v CO2. Mi s chuyn ha xy ra nhanh chng ngay khi c th hp th benzen

14

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

Trn hnh l s chuyn ha ca benzen Phn benzen khng b oxi ha cn li c tch ly trong ph tng v cc t chc nhiu m (ty xng, no, gan) v t benzen li c o thi ra nhng rt chm v lu di khi c oxi ha. Tc dng: S tc ng ca benzen vo cc ni tng khc nhau gy ra cc th lm sng khc nhau. -Nu tc ng vo ty xng n gy nhim c mn tnh. -Nu tc ng vo no n gy nhim c cp tnh. Nhim c benzen mn tnh, c 2 c ch ca s ri lon huyt hc l: -Benzen tc ng trc tip ln ty xng theo kiu cc cht c ph hy nhn t bo, gy tnh trng bch cu tng tm thi. -Lin kt sunfo c cc phenol lm gim d tr kim ca c th (glutathion) v sau lm gim st acid ascorbic, gy nn s ri lon oxi hakh trong t bo, trc tip dn n tnh trng xut huyt.
15

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] Cn c cch gii thch khc v c ch nhim c nh: -Tc dng c bit ca benzen n acid nucleic, acid ny gi vai tr ch yu trong qu trnh phn chia t bo v sinh trng. -S oxi ha c th mnh lit hn, ph v vng benzen to thnh acid muconic. -Benzen c th kt hp vi xystein to thnh acid L.phenyl mecapturic. y cng l c ch gy c gin tip do vic c ch acid amin, nh xystein cn thit cho c th, nht l cho s sinh trng. -Benzen chuyn ha thnh phenol, cc phenol ( c bit l pyrocatechol) v hidroquinol l cht c i vi s phn chia t bo, tc ng chn lc n cc t chc ang sinh sn mnh nh ty xng.) Triu chng nhim c Nhim c cp tnh Mc nhim c ty theo nng benzen trong khng kh ht vo nh sau: Trn 64 mg/l Cht sau vi pht trong hn m, c th co git T 20-30 Kch thch thn kinh, ri suy sp, try tim. B mg/l m man sau khi tip xc t 20-30 pht Trn 10 mg/l Nhim c bn cp, sau vi gi thy kh chu, nhc u, chng mt, nn. Nhim c mn tnh Giai on khi pht Xut hin cc triu chng sau: + Ri lon tiu ha: km n, xung huyt nim mc ming, nn, hi th c mi benzen. + Ri lon thm kinh: chng mt, nhc u, d cu gt, chut rt, cm gic kin b, t cng. + Ri lon huyt hc: thiu mu nh, c khuynh hng xut huyt, rong kinh (n) kh th khi c gng do thiu mu, thi gian chy mu ko di. Giai on ton pht +Xut huyt, thiu mu, gim bch cu. +Xut huyt: Tiu cu gim(<100.00/mm3), xut huyt nim mc( mi, li, d dy, rut, t cung) hoc di da. Him thy xut hin huyt ph tng( gan, thn, lch, mng no v no). Thi gian chy mu ko di. +Thiu mu: hng cu gim(<2 triu), thng l thiu mu ng sc, bt sn ty ( hoc thiu sn ty), hng cu bt thng( khng u, bin dng, bt nhiu mu). +Bch cu gim: trng hp nng c th gim cn 100/mm3, c bit bch cu a nhn trung tnh gim thiu nhiu, bch cu i toan tng t hoc nhiu.

16

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

Bin php phng trnh

Ni chung cc dung mi cng nghip u l ha cht c hi. Trong qu trnh tip xc, cc dung mi c th xm nhp c th ch yu qua ng h hp, xm nhp qua da l th yu v ng tiu ha thng ch do tai nn. Cc bin php d phng nhim c cc dung mi cng nghip v tng qut c th tm tt nh sau: Bin php k thut: Vic u tin l chn la dung mi, t tiu chun k thut v cng t c cng tt, c th tm kim, thay th dung miQuy trnh sn xut phi lun lun bo m kn bng mi cch dung mi khng ta ra mi trng. p dng thng gi ton b v cc b Trang b bo v c th phi y v c hiu qu chng c, thch hp vi iu kin thc t c th. Bin php y hc: Bao gm gim st mi trng lao ng, nh gi tip xc ca lao ng i vi dung mi, kim tra sc khe khi tuyn dng, khng b tr cng vic tip xc vi dung mi c c tnh cao i vi nhng i tng v bnh gan, thn, mu, thn kinh.Khm nh k ty thuc dung mi c s dng, nhng ngi tip xc thng xuyn phi c gim st sinh hc. Cn b y t phi c o to chuyn mn thch hp vi thc t sn xut. Thao tc Trnh tip xc vi hi dung mi bng cch l vic trong iu kin c ng ht khi vi thit b thng kh ti ch (LEV) hoc ti khu vc thng thong. Gi cc bnh cha lun tnh trng ng kn. Khng s dng ngn la gn cc dung mi d chy, s dng thit b sy in thay th. Khng c x cc dung mi d chy xung cng, x thi ng vi cc QCVN hin hnh cho php. Trnh ht phi cc hi dung mi hu c. Trnh tip xc dung mi vi da, nhiu dung mi hp th qua da chng c xu hng lm kh da v c th gy ra l lot v cc vt thng trn da.

17

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

B- Dung mi vinyl chloride

I. Tng quan v vinyl chloride 1. Ngun gc
1.1. Ngun t nhin

Vinyl clorua khng c ngun gc t t nhin.

1.2. Ngun nhn to

Ngun vinyl clorua nhn to bao gm sn xut cc hp cht ch bin, ch yu l nha PVC v cc ngun khng c ch nh to ra vinyl clorua, v d: cc bi chn lp rc, sn phm phn hy ca hydrocarbons clo m nhng ngi s dng lm dung mi, s hin din vinyl clorua trong kh thi v nc ngm. Vinyl clorua cng c tm thy trong khi thuc l. 2. Tnh cht l-ha
2.1 Ngun gc ca cht

Vinyl chloride l mt cht ha hc tng hp thu c bng hydrochlorination ca axetylen hoc halogen ha ca ethylene ( ILO, 1983; Budavari, 1989).
2.2 Cu trc ha hc

Trng lng phn t: 62.50 Cng thc phn t: C2H3Cl Cng thc cu to: ClCH = CH2.
2.3 Tnh cht

- im si: -14 C - im nng chy: -154 C - T bc chy nhit 472 C - im-Flash: -78 C (m tch) - T trng: 0,9121 - p sut hi: 2530 mm Hg - Hi Mt : 2.15 (khng kh = 1) - ha tan: t tan trong nc (2,4 g / l 25 ) tan trong ethanol, ether, carbon tetrachloride v benzen. - Yu t-chuyn i: 1 ppm = 2,56 mg/m3 = 0.391 ppm (25 C, 760 mmHg)
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] - Vinyl clorua cn c gi l chloroethene, chloroethylene, ethylene monoclorua, hoc monochloroethylene. Trong iu kin mi trng xung quanh, vinyl clorua l mt cht kh khng mu, d chy vi v hi ngt, c p sut hi cao, nng hn khng kh v ha tan trong hu ht cc dung mi hu c. Vinyl clorua c vn chuyn dng lng nh p lc. - nhit mi trng xung quanh trong trng hp khng c khng kh kh tinh khit, nng vinyl clorua rt n nh v khng b n mn nhng trn 4500C, hoc trong s hin din ca natri hoc kali hydroxit, mt phn vinyl clorua c th b phn hy. Vinyl clorua tn ti dng lng nu chu p lc cao hoc nhit thp,vic ngn nga tip xc bng mi c t gi tr. Hu ht mi ngi bt u nm vinyl clorua trong nc mc 3,4 ppm. t vinyl clorua trong khng kh to ra ccbon ioxit v hydro clorua. - Vinyl chloride rt d chy v n trong khng kh, tip xc lu di vi khng kh to Peroxit. - Vinyl chloride phn ng mnh m vi cht oxy ha, trong mi trng m vinyl chloride c th phn ng vi st v thp. - Gii phng hudro clorua khi tc dng vi kim. - Vinyl chloride nn c gi khi ngun nc v h thng cng rnh. 3. Phng php phn tch - Nng ca VC trong khng kh c th c theo di bng cch gi n trn cht hp ph v d nh, than hot tnh, sng phn t v carbotrap, v sau khi gii hp lng hoc nhit, phn tch bng kh sc k. - Nng nh ti ni lm vic c th c o bng trc tip c cc cng c da trn, v d, FID hoc PID. - Quy nh nghim ngt s dng, sn xut v x l ca VC gy ung th c thc hin mt s nc i hi phi s dng cc phng php ng t in cy pht hin mt lng nh ca cht ny trong nc, khng kh v thc phm ng gi, thit b y t v vn chuyn nc ung. -VC c th c loi b t cht hp th bi cht lng hoc nhit gii hp v phn tch bng GC c trang b vi FID, PID hoc pht hin MS. 4. S dng -Vinyl clorua l cht mt trung gian ha hc, khng phi l mt sn phm cui cng. Do tnh cht nguy him ca vinyl clorua i vi sc khe con ngi khng c sn phm cui cng c s dng vinyl clorua trong dng n phn ca n. Polyvinyl clorua l rt n nh, c th lu tr, v khng ni no gn nh l cp tnh nguy him nh monomer.
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] -Vinyl clorua lng c a vo l phn ng trng hp, ni n c chuyn i t mt monomer cho mt loi polymer PVC . Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh trng hp PVC trong hoc mt mnh hoc dng vin.

Phn ng trng hp Vinyl clorua -n nm 1974, vinyl clorua c s dng trong bnh phun xt thuc phng . -Trc khi vic loi b cc vinyl clorua t keo xt tc, s tch t ca hi vinyl clorua trong tim lm tc c th vt qu NOAEL (Mc gy nh hng bt li khng quan st c) tiu chun tip xc. -Hu ht cc vinyl clorua sn xut c s dng thc hin mt polymer gi l polyvinyl clorua (PVC). PVC c s dng thc hin mt lot cc sn phm nha bao gm ng ng, sn dy v cp in, v vt liu ng gi. Cc ng dng khc bao gm ni tht v ni tht t, giy dn tng, gia dng, v cc b phn t. -C mt thi gian, nha vinyl clorua c s dng nh mt cht lm mt, nh mt nhin liu trong bnh xt, v trong mt s m phm. Tuy nhin, k t gia nhng nm 1970, ch yu l vinyl clorua c s dng trong cc sn xut bng nha PVC. -Vinyl clorua c mt thi gian ngn s dng nh mt thuc gy m ng h hp. II. S vn chuyn v chuyn ha vinyl chloride trong mi trng 1. Vn chuyn - Vinyl clorua c th c thi vo mi trng (ch yu l khng kh) trong qu trnh sn xut, s dng ca n. Trong khng kh, n b thoi ha (gim nng ) bng phn ng vi gc hydroxyl to quang ha; chu k bn r ca n l khong 18 gi. - Do p sut hi cao, vinyl clorua gii phng vo bu kh quyn v gn nh tn ti dng hi v biu th s lng ng t.S ho tan trong nc ca vinyl clorua tng i thp, kh nng hp ph cc ht vt cht v trm tch thp. S bay hi ca vinyl clorua l qu trnh nhanh nht loi b vinyl clorua vn chuyn vo nc mt. Kt qu chu k bn r cho s bay hi t b mt nc l t 1- 40h .S bay hi t mt t ca vinyl clorua c c tnh t 0,2-0,5ngy. c tnh thit hi ca vinyl clorua (sau 1 nm bao ph di 1m t ) khong t 0.1-45%, ty thuc vo loi t.
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] - H s c lng s ht thm b mt t t d liu ha l cho thy kh nng ht thm thp nn s di chuyn ca vinyl clorua trong t cao. Con ng di chuyn quan trng khc l s thm thu qua tng t ri vo nc ngm ni m vinyl clorua c th tn ti nhiu nm. - Vinyl clorua khng tch ly trong thc vt hoc ng vt. 2. Chuyn ha - Vinyl clorua khng d dng b phn hy bi vi sinh vt trong iu kin mi trng. Chu k bn r ca s phn hy ti a vinyl clorua ca vi sinh vt c c tnh l vi thng or vi nm. Tuy nhin, vic lm giu v tinh khit (v d nh, Mycobacterium sp.) mi trng nui cy vi sin h vt c kh nng lm gim vinyl clorua di iu kin nui cy ti u. Sn phm phn hy hiu kh l acid Glycolic hoc kh CO2 v phn hy k kh l tan,etylen, mtan hay chloromethane.Thng thng, cc phn ng phn hy vinyl clorua bi vi khun hiu kh xy ra nhanh hn vi khun k kh. Phn ng quang ha sn sinh gc OH t do l cc qu trnh bin i c nh hng ln trong kh quyn, kt qu tnh ton tng i lu chu k bn r t 1 n 4 ngy. Mt s hp cht quan trng, chng hn nh chloroacetaldehyde, formaldehyde v formyl clorua,c to ra trong sut phn ng th nghim quang ha. Phn ng quang ha cng nh phn ng thy phn c cho l c tm quan trng th yu trong mi trng nc.Tuy nhin, vic nhy cm vi nh sng c th tng cng s chuyn i ca vinyl clorua. - C nhiu du hiu cho phn ng ca vinyl clorua vi clo hoc clorua c s dng cho kh nc, to chloroacetaldehyde v cc hp cht khng mong mun khc. Phn ng tng tc vi mui c kh nng hnh thnh cc phc hp vi vinyl clorua dn n gia tng s ha tan. - C nhiu phng php c tn dng loi b vinyl clorua t nc b nhim bao gm ty,chit, hp ph v oxy ha. Mt s k thut x l sinh hc ti ch (i vi nc ngm hoc t) da vo s bay hi v cc phng php khc vi vic x l bi vi khun. Vinyl clorua nm trong kh thi c th c ti ch, t hoc b phn hy bi vi khun. Hu ht vinyl clorua sn xut cng nghip th gii hn trong vt phm PVC. Vic t dn n cc nguy hi t vic hnh thnh PCDDs/PCDFs v cc hp cht hu c clo khng mong mun.

21

c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] III. c tnh ca vinyl chloride 1. i vi con ngi
1.1 Con ng phi nhim

H hp: Hu ht cc tip xc vi nha vinyl clorua xy ra khi ngi ta ht th khng kh b nhim. Nu mt ngun cung cp nc b nhim, vinyl clorua c th vo khng kh gia nh khi nc c s dng cho tm, nu n hoc git i. Ung / n: Mi ngi c th c tip xc vi nha vinyl clorua nu h ung hoc nu vi nc b nhim. Tip xc qua da: Vinyl clorua c th c hp th qua da. iu ny c th xy ra khi ngi ta x l cc sn phm nha vinyl, t b nhim, hoc tm trong nc b nhim. Tuy nhin, s hp th da c th l mt con ng nh tip xc.
1.2 Liu lng

- Ht vinyl clorua vi nng 7,5, 15, 30 v 60 mg / m trong su gi dn n s hp th phi nhanh chng v tch ly khong 40%/nm i vi thanh nin, nam gii ngi ln khe mnh tip xc ngu nhin, khng ph thuc nng . - Kt qu t nhiu nghin cu cho thy ht khng kh hoc nc ung c cha nng vinyl clorua mc khong 100 ppm c th lm tng nguy c ung th. Nghin cu ca ngi lao ng ht vinyl clorua trong nhiu nm qua cho thy tng nguy c ung th gan. Bnh ung th no, ung th phi v mt s bnh ung th mu cng c th l do phi nhim vinyl clorua trong thi gian di. Cc nghin cu v tip xc lu di ng vt cho thy, ung th gan v tuyn v c th tng mc vinyl clorua trong khng kh t 50 ppm. Phng th nghim ng vi nc mui.
1.3 Phn b

Vinyl hloride phn phi khp c th. Nng cao nht l gan v thn, k tip l phi v l lch.
1.4 Chuyn ha:

Vinyl clorua ch yu l chuyn i trong gan. Cc hn hp h thng oxidase chc nng l con ng trao i cht ln. Cc isozyme cytochrome P450 lin quan n s trao i cht ca FCM l cm ng ca ethanol,
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] phenobarbital v polyclobiphenyl. H thng dehydrogenase ru v h thng catalase cng c th tham gia. Vinyl clorua u tin chuyn ha thnh oxit chloroethylene. Cht ny khng n nh sau c chuyn i thnh chloroacetaldehyde v tip tc chuyn i sang chloroethanol hoc axit monochloroacetic. Oxit chloroethylene, chloroacetaldehyde v monochloroacetic axit l nhng cht c gy chnh ca vinyl clorua.Lin hp vi glutathione l c ch gii c chnh ca ba hp cht ny. N c trch nhim sn xut ca hai cht chuyn ha trong nc tiu chnh ca nha vinyl clorua: N-acetyl-S(hydroxy-2-ethyl)-cysteine v axit thiodiglycolic (ECETOC, 1988): - Mt nhanh vi chu k bn r l 1,5 pht. - Th hai vi chu k bn r l 1000 pht. - Mt chm vi chu k bn r khong 4.000 pht. con ngi, tit niu chnh cht chuyn ha ca vinyl clorua l axit thiodiglycolic. Bi tit ca n tng ln cng vi tip xc vi hp cht gc. o nng acid thiodiglycolic trong nc tiu, tuy nhin, khng c s dng nh gi tip xc vi nha vinyl clorua bi v nhy ca n thp, v cng bi v cc cp thng thng ca tip xc, kt qu dao ng rng ri (ECETOC, 1988).
1.5 c tnh

- Cc nh hng quan trng u tin m vinyl clorua c tnh gy ra l s hnh thnh cc cht chuyn ha oxy ha CEO (chloroethylene oxide) v CAA (chloroacetaldehyde) bi t bo gan CYP2E1 (cytochrome P450), gy ra ASL_ angiosarcoma of the liver, mt bnh ung th ca cc mch mu gan. - nh hng quan trng th hai l sn phm cng DNA. Phng thc hot ng c h tr bi toxicokinetics sn xut cc cht chuyn ha, ph thuc
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] vo mc hot ng ca CYP2E1 v lin hp vi glutathione c xc tc bi glutathione S-transferase, c tng quan n s hnh thnh sn phm cng. - nh hng quan trng th ba l s hnh thnh ca cc t bin (Bolt, 2005). Cc sn phm cng etheno, dn n qu trnh chuyn i cp c s v cc t bin GC trong gen iu chnh tng trng t bo - nh hng quan trng th t l nh hng ca genotoxicity trn mc quy nh chu k t bo v khi u tin trin . Cng lao ng tip xc c lin quan vi p53 v Asp13-p21-ki-ras t bin mc biu hin protein. - Khi ht th mc cao vinyl clorua, bn s cm thy chng mt hoc bun ng. Cc triu chng ny xy ra trong vng 5 pht nu bn ang tip xc vi khong 10.000 ppm vinyl clorua. Bn c th d dng ngi thy mi vinyl clorua nng ny. N c mt mi nh, ngt. Cn khi bn ht th cao hn (25.000 ppm), bn c th vt qua. Bn c th nhanh chng phc hi khi nhng triu chng ny nu bn ht th khng kh trong lnh. Mt s ngi b nhc u khi h ht th khng kh trong lnh ngay lp tc sau khi ht phi lng rt cao ca vinyl clorua. Ngi ht mc rt cao t vinyl clorua c th cht. Cc nghin cu ng vt cho thy mc rt cao ca vinyl clorua c th gy tn thng gan, phi, v thn. Cc mc ny cng c th gy hi cho tim. Nu bn lm vinyl clorua lng trn da ca bn, n s t da v sn xut ty v mn nc. -Mt s ngi ht vinyl clorua trong nhiu nm c s thay i trong cu trc ca gan. Mt s ngi lm vic vi vinyl clorua c tn thng thn kinh, v gim kh nng min dch. Cng vic lin quan n sn xut PVC ngi lao ng tip xc vi mc rt cao vinyl clorua. Mt s nhng ngi lao ng c vn vi tay ca h. Ngn tay chuyn sang mu trng v b tn thng khi h lm vic mi trng lnh v phi mt mt thi gian di phc hi khi h lm vic mt ni m p hn. Trong mt s nhng ngi ny, nhng thay i xut hin trn da ca bn tay v cnh tay ca h. Ngoi ra, cc xng ca cc ngn tay ca h b ph v. Mt s nhng ngi n ng lm vic vi vinyl clorua phn nn v s thiu ham mun tnh dc. Cc nghin cu ng vt cho thy tip xc lu di c th lm hng tinh trng v tinh hon. Mt s ph n lm vic vi vinyl clorua thng bo thi gian kinh nguyt khng u. Mt s ngi pht hin bnh cao huyt p trong thai k.

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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

1.6 C ch chuyn ha

Ni chung, ha cht nh hng n h thng c quan ging nhau trong tt c nhng ngi tip xc. Tuy nhin, mc nh hng c th thay i t ngi ny sang ngi khc. Phn ng ca mt ngi ph thuc vo nhiu th, k c sc khe c nhn, di truyn, tip xc trc vi ha cht bao gm thuc men, v thi quen c nhn nh ht thuc hay ung ru. N cng quan trng xem xt thi gian tip xc vi ha cht, s lng tip xc vi ha cht, v lng ha cht c ht vo, tip xc qua da, hay n.
1.7 Tiu chun cho php

Ni lm vic: -Vinyl chloride l mt cht gy ung th, OSHA khuyn co PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) l 1ppm/8h TWA (Time Weighted Average concentration), 5ppm/15 pht. ACGIH ngh TLV (Threshold Limit value) l 5ppm trong thi gian ngn, trung bnh 10ppm/15 pht (ACGIH, 1992). - Php, TWA l 1ppm cho cc nh my c xy dng sau nm 1980, v 3ppm cho cc nh my c xy dng trc .
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] - c, TWAl 3ppm cho cc nh my sn xut Polyvinyl clorua, 2ppm cho cc nh my khc. Lng cp nhn hng ngy: -Tiu chun kh thi EPA cho ha cht pht hnh vo khng kh thit lp mt gii hn l 10ppm cho vinyl chloride, c o ti ngun. -EPA ban hnh mt mc gy nhim ti a l 2ppb cho vinyl chloride trong nc ung. -Hm lng d vinyl chloride trong polymer tip xc vi thc phm nn hn ch: 5ppb vinyl chloride trong phim mono hoc ng polymer v lp ph, v polyvinyl clorua do (PVC). 10ppb trong PVC cng. 50ppb trong ng nc. Ti Vit Nam: Vit Nam trung bnh 8 gi l 1mg/m3. QCVN 01: 2009/BYT ( Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc n ung): 5g/l QCVN 12-1:2011/BYT: gii hn ti a 1g/l 2. i vi mi trng sinh thi Mi trng nc: Vinyl clorua trong nc khng hp th bc x tia cc tm trn 218 nm, v vy, quang phn trc tip trong mi trng nc d kin s xy ra rt chm.Vinyl clorua khng b oxy ha ha hc ca phn ng vi oxy phn t quang ha to ra trong h thng nc t nhin Mi trng khng kh: Phn ng ca kh vinyl clorua vi quang ha to ra cc gc hydroxyl. Sinh vt: cc loi khc nhau, cc b phn chnh b phi nhim vi vinyl clorua l gan trong thi k ngn (ln n 6 thng). Vinyl clorua gy ra s lan rng cc khi u ng vt v s lan rng ny l tng t nh mt s loi khc nhau, vinyl clorua cng l cht gy ung th ng vt sau khi ng vt ht phi .Tip xc vinyl clorua gy ra t bin gen v phn bo gen nhng khng gy t bin gen cho cc phi t bo ng vt c v.Nng thp nht ca vinyl clorua gy nh hng n vi sinh vt l 40 mg/l. y l mt gi tr EC50 (nng 50% tc dng ti a) da trn s c ch trong h hp k kh ca vi sinh vt trong mt th nghim hn 3,5 ngy.Nng thp nht gy ra nh hng cao hn n vi sinh vt l 210 mg/lt (48-h LC50 cho loi c nc ngt). Cc nh hng do vinyl clorua c thng k nng thp cho cc loi khc nhau, nhng tm quan trng sinh thi ca nhng nh hng ny khng xc thc.Nng vinyl clorua d bo l khng c hi n c nc ngt c tnh ton trong phm vi t 0.088 n 29 mg/l.
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] IV. Ngn nga v x l

1. Ngn nga

- cp thnh ph, cc k thut iu tr thng thng khng c hiu qu trong vic loi b vinyl chloride. Cng ngh tt nht c sn loi b vinyl clorua l c sc y kh. - cp khu dn c, mc d khng c n v x l loi b vinyl clorua, cc thit b x l bng cng ngh x l nh than hot tnh c th loi b vinyl clorua. - ng dng cng ngh sn xut trn ton th gii dn n mc thp mc vinyl clorua cn li trong PVC. - Thc hin v thc thi trn ton th gii cc bc m bo kh thi ti thiu ca vinyl clorua ti cc a im sn xut. - Xc nh, gim st pht thi v kim sot tip xc trong cc lnh vc, nh bi rc b nhim.
2. Sc khe ngh nghip

K t khi bit vinyl clorua c pht hin l mt cht gy ung th, tip xc nn gi mc thp nht c th, bng cch s dng cng ngh tt nht hin c trn ton th gii. Nng cao thc, gio dc v o to cng nhn c kh nng tip xc vi VC v nhng ri ro lin quan, hng dn cch lm vic an ton v thi quen l bt buc. Gim st v lu gi h s ca cng nhn tip xc.
3. X l

3.1

Khu vc nng (hot zone) _ngay ti khu vc c vinyl chloride cao:

Lc lng cu h phi c o to v n mc ph hp trc khi vo khu nng. Nu cc thit b thch hp khng c sn, hoc nu nhn vin cu h khng c o to trong vic s dng n, ku gi s h tr a phng hoc nhng ngi (Hazmat) hay t chc c trang b ng cch.
3.2 Cu h, bo v:

Vinyl clorua kh d hp th qua ng h hp v c th gy kch ng ng h hp. Vinyl clorua lng trn da hoc mt c th gy ra chn thng t cng v kch thch. Mt s lng khng ng k t vinyl clorua c hp th qua da.
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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE]

3.3 Bo v h hp:

Positive-pressure, ko ph thuc thit b h hp (SCBA) c khuyn khch trong tnh hung phn ng c lin quan n tip xc vi mi cp ca kh vinyl clorua.
3.4 Bo v da:

Ha cht-qun o bo h khuyn co s dng khi tip xc vi kh nn thot ra hoc cht lng c d on trc v kch ng da v t cng chn thng c th xy ra.
3.5 Lu :

Nhanh chng thng ng h hp, m bo h hp v nhp tim y . Cung cp oxy b sung nu nhp tim phi c vn . Nu nghi ng chn thng, t duy tr c nh c (t sng c) v p dng np c v np lng khi c th. p dng p lc trc tip mu ngng chy. a. Di chuyn nn nhn: Nu nn nhn c th i b, dn h ra khi khu nng (hot zone) n vng ko cn cht c. Nn nhn khng th i b cn c di chuyn trn np lng hoc bng-ca. Nu nhng ci ny khng c sn, cn thn mang theo hoc ko nn nhn n ni an ton. Hy trng nom tr em b nhim ha hc, chng hn nh cc bin php thch hp gim bt ni lo tch bit nu mt a tr c tch ra t mt ph huynh hoc ngi ln. b. Kh c khu vc (Decontamination Zone): Nn nhn tip xc vi kh vinyl clorua khng gy kch ng mt khng cn kh nhim. H c th c chuyn ngay cho vng h tr (Support Zone). Tt c nhng ngi khc i hi phi kh nhim nh m t di y. Cu h, bo v: nu mc tc ng c xc nh l an ton, kh nhim c th c thc hin bi nhn vin mc mt mc bo v thp hn so vi yu cu trong khu nng. Kh c cn bn: Nn nhn kh c c bn, ngi c kh nng c th h tr vic kh nhim ca ring mnh. Hy b qun o b nhim v tt c cc dng c nhn. X l da t but v i mt cn thn. Ra nh nhng da tip xc v mi tc rt k bng x phng nh v nc (tt nht l di ta sen). Ra sch vi nc. Hy cn thn trnh h thn nhit khi kh trng tr em hay ngi gi. S dng chn hoc si m khi thch hp.

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c hc mi trng [Dung mi hu c: VINYL CHLORIDE] ng t but mt. Ti trc tip hoc kch thch mt bng nc sch hoc nc mui trong t nht 15 pht. Hy b knh st trng nu d dng tho ri m khng c thm chn thng cho mt. Nu cn au hay chn thng l iu hin nhin, tip tc thc hin trong khi chuyn cc nn nhn vng h tr. Hy trng nom ph hp ca tr em b nhim ha hc ti a im tip xc. Ngoi ra, bo m cho a tr trong qu trnh kh nhim, c bit l nu tch bit t cha m xy ra. Nu c th, tm kim s gip t mt chuyn gia tch bit tr em. Chuyn n khu vc h tr: ngay sau khi kh nhim c bn hon tt, di chuyn nn nhn n vng h tr. Khu vc h tr: chc chn rng cc nn nhn c kh trng ng. Nn nhn tri qua kh nhim hoc tip xc vi kh vinyl clorua khng gy nguy c nghim trng gy nhim th cp cu h. B sung kh c: tip tc ti da tip xc v i mt, khi thch hp. c. X l cao: - iu tr bnh nhn c co tht ph qun vi thuc gin ph qun kh dung, xem xt sc khe ca c tim trc khi chn loi thuc dn ph qun nn dng. - Bnh nhn hn m, h huyt p, hoc c cn co git hoc lon nhp tim cn c iu tr theo theo di s sng. Nu b t cng, iu tr bng cch ngm trong mt bn tm nc m nhit 102-108 F (40-42 C) cho 20 n 30 pht v tip tc cho n khi khng cn t cng. d. Vn chuyn n c s y t: - Bnh nhn ch kh nhim hoc bnh nhn khng cn kh trng phi c vn chuyn n mt c s y t. - Bo co vi trm c s v cc c s y t nhn c tnh trng ca bnh nhn, iu tr cho, v thi gian d kin n c s y t. - Nu bnh nhn n phi vinyl clorua (rt kh), chun b xe cp cu trong trng hp bnh nhn nn ma hoc b tiu chy. C sn sng khn v mt s ti nha m nhanh chng dn dp v c lp cc cht nn.

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