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Mch nghch lu

1.Gii thiu: -B nghch lu c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun 1 chiu sang dng nng lng xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu. -Tng ng vi ng ra iu khin l in p hay dng in m ta c b nghch lu p hay b nghch lu dng. -Cc b nghch lu to thnh b phn ch yu trong cu to ca b bin tn.Trong lnh vc tn s cao,b nghch lu thng dng trong cc l cm ng trung tn,thit b hn trung tn.Dng lm ngun in xoay chiu cho nhu cu gia nh,lm ngun in lin tc UPS,iu khin chiu sng. -Nghch lu l b chuyn i in th DC thnh AC tun hon vi tn s mong mun khc tn s in khu vc (v d nh 400Hz trong hng khng) nhng c dng khng sin.Mun c dng sin ta dung cc k thut khc nhau bin i sang dng sin.B phn quan trng l b cng tc in t cng sut ln thng dung nh :Transitor,Mosfet,SCRTrong mch ny ta s dng Mosfet. 2.Yu cu: -in p vo : 24 Vdc,sai s ch c 10%. -in p ra : 220V,sai s ch c 5%. -Dng ra :4A (dng ti a cung cp cho ti). 3.Phn tch thit k: a.S khi: Khi ngun Khi to dao ng Bin p

Khi khuch i cng sut

b.Linh kin s dng: -IC 4047

Chc nng: to sng vung hai na chu kz. y l ic gm 14 chn ng gi dng Dip. in p hot ng trong khong t 3 n 18V. Chng ta cn quan tm ti chc nng ca cc chn sau: +Chn 1 u vo t C. +Chn 2 u vo in tr R. +Chn 3 u vo R-C to dao ng vi tn s nh sn. +Chn 10 u ra xung vung bn chu kz dng. +Chn 11 u ra xung vung bn chu kz m. +Chn 7 cp ngun m. +Chn 14 cp ngun dng. Tn s ca xung vung ra c tnh theo cng thc: T = 2.48RC -IC 7805 -Mosfet 9540,540 C hai la chn chnh cho vic s dng kho ng ct cng sut trong iu khin ng c l MOSFET v IGBT. C hai loi MOSFET v IGBT u l linh kin c iu khin bng in p, ngha l vic dn v ngng dn ca linh kin c iu khin bng mt ngun in p n i vi cc gate ca linh kin thay v l dng in trong cc b nghch lu s dng transitor nh trc y. V vy cch s dng loi linh kin ny lm cho vic iu khin tr nn d dng hn. Thng thng MOSFET c s dng vi cc ng dng i hi tc cao, tuy nhin MOSFET khng c kh

nng chu dng in cao. Trong khi IGBT thch hp vi cc ng dng tc thp, tuy nhin IGBT c kh nng chu c dng in cao. Vi yu cu ca n ta chn MOSFET. Cc yu cu chnh t ra cho linh kin s dng lm b nghch lu : + in p VDS > Vdc = 24V + Dng in qua MOSFET > dng nh mc ca ti . + Rds nh + Chu c tn s ng ngt cao. Vi yu cu ta chn MOSFET knh N IRF540N: VDSS = 100V RDS(on) = 44m ID = 33A V chn MOSFET knh P b ph vi IRF540N l IRF9540N: VDSS = -100V RDS(on) = 0.117 ID = -23A

Hnh 2. Hnh dng ca Mosfet IRF9540n

-Bjt 2sc1815

2SC1815 l transistor bipolar, tc l loi transistor c 2 mi ni PN (NP -PN), y l loi transistor cng sut nh NPN rt thng dng. c tnh k thut ca n l: * in p nh thng trn chn CB, vi chn E b trng l: VCB0 = 60V. * in p nh thng trn chn CE, vi chn B b trng l: VCE0 = 50V. * Dng in chy ra trn chn C l: Ic = 150mA. * Chu cng sut t nng trn chn C l: Pc = 400mW. * H s khuch i dng hFE trong khong: 70 n 700, bnh thng l: 220. * Tn s lm vic l: fT = 80MHz.

* T lin cc ng ra l: Cob = 3.5pF Chng ta bit 2SC1815 l transistor NPN, transistor PNP h b ca n l 2SA1015, ngha l 2 transistor ny c cc c tnh k thut u ging nhau, chng ch khc l c cu trc NPN v PNP.

Trong hnh minh ha trn, cho thy cch dng mt transistor 2SC1815 vi mch cho chm ni loa vo my tng m. Mch R v C trn chn B dng lm mch m in tr. Nguyn l{ ca mch tr nh sau: Khi mch va c cp ngun, t C1 (1000uF) khi u np in t mc p 0V, lc ny transistor 2SC1815 khng dn in, dng np ca t C1 (1000uF) qua R1 (10K) v diode zener 10.1V, khi in p trn t C1 ln n khong 1.2V th transistor dn in, n cp dng cho relay 12V ng cc tip im l kim cho ni loa vo mch. Trong mch ngi ta dng 3 diode: * Diode ngang R1 dng to ng x in nhanh cho t C1 khi tt my. * Diode trn chn B ca transistor dng nng cao mc ngng kch dn transistor ln mc 1.2V. * Diode mc ngang relay dng dp mc p nghch, phn hi do cun dy ca relay. -Bin p My bin p l mt thit b in t tnh, lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t, dng bin i in p ca h thng dng in xoay chiu nhng vn gi nguyn tn s. H thng in u vo my bin p ( trc lc bin i ) c : in p U1, dng in I1, tn s f. H thng in u ra ca my bin p ( sau khi bin i ) c : in p U2, dng in I2 v tn s f. u vo ca my bin p ni vi ngun in, c gi l s cp. u ra ni vi ti gi l th cp. Cc i lng, cc thng s s cp trong k hiu c ghi ch s 1 : s vng dy s cp w1, in p s cp U1, dng in s cp I1, cng sut s cp P1. Cc i lng v thng s th cp c ch s 2 : s vng dy th cp w2, in p th cp U2, dng in th cp I2, cng sut th cp P2. -c quy cquy l loi bnh ho hc dng tch tr nng lng in v lm ngun in cung cp cho cc thit b in nh ng c in, bng n lm ngun nui cho cc linh kin in t vv...

c.S nguyn l,phn tch mch in: - ti ch yu i su vo nguyn l{ hot ng ca mch nghch lu trn c s l thuyt hc v tham kho t nhiu ngun,chng em trin khai mch mc n gin vi cng sut ra trung bnh nh di:
U2 1 V1 12Vdc C3 1n L7805/TO220 U1 R1 Q Q OSC 10 11 13 10k Q4 2SC1815 C4 1n C5 47u M10 IRF9540 M11 IRF9540 M12 IRF9540 VIN VOUT 2

0
R9 10k

5 4 8 6 1 2 C1 0.33u R3 10k 3 12 9 14

AST AST +T -T CX RX RCC RET RST VDD 4047

M1 IRF540N

M2 IRF540N

M3 IRF540N 1 T1 3

0
M7 IRF9540 M8 IRF9540 M9 IRF9540

5 TRAN_HM31

R12 RESISTOR VAR R11 Q3

R8 10k

10k

2SC1815

0
M4 IRF540N M5 IRF540N M6 IRF540N

1. Khi ngun Ngun DC 12V t c quy c dng cung cp cho mch Trong khi ngun, dng IC 7805 chuyn mc p 12V t c quy v p 5V cung cp cho IC 4047. Cn p cung cp cho 2 BJT v tng khuch i cng sut Mosfet th vn dng p 12V

Mch ngun nui 5V dng IC n p loi 3 chn, h 78xx. y dng IC 7805 nn mc p cho ra trn chn OUT l 5V c n nh rt tt. Khi dng loi IC n p ny, bn ti, tc bn ng ra ta cn dng t in dp hin tng dao ng t kch trong IC. Hin tng t kch, do ti thiu t, s lm cho mc p ng ra dao ng tn thp, lc ln cao lc xung thp. Cng dng ca IC 7805 l gi cho in p ngun cp cho IC 4047 lun c n nh, n khng b thay i theo mc p 12V nhp nh theo iu kin thai i ca ti, iu ny gi c bin v tn s ca tn hiu kch thch c n nh. 2. Khi to dao ng

IC 4047 c mc theo s trn s pht ra sng vung vi hai na chu kz lch pha nhau 180 . tn s hot ng l 50Hz tnh ton theo cng thc T=4.4RC ta chc thng s R,C nh sau: C=0.33uF, R=13.7Kohm, gi tr R c c bng cch mc ni tip in tr 10K v mt bin tr 10K. Bin tr ny c tc dng chnh tn ph hp vi yu cu. Tn hiu t 2 chn 10 v 11 c mc cao logic khong 5V nn s c a vo 2BJT 2SC1815 tng mc cao logic ln 12V, m bo kch m cho MOSFET. 3. Tng khuch i cng sut

* Vi loi MOSFET knh P, khi trn chn Gate cha c tch in tch m, th trong knh dn P cha hnh thnh ng hm dn in. Ch khi trn chn Gate c tch in tch m, lc n to ra rt nhiu l trngn(tng ng in tch dng) trong knh P, nh c ng hm ny ni thng ging chn S v chn D nn lc ny chn DS s dn in v n cho dng in chy qua. * Ngc li, vi loi MOSFET knh N th ch khi trn chn Gate c tch in tch dng, lc gia hai ging S v D mi hnh thnh ng hm vi nhiu din t t do, lc ny transistor mi dn in v cho dng in chy qua knh. Vy, ch khi cc Gate ca transistor MOSFET knh P c mc p thp hn chn S th lc n mi dn in. V ngc li khi cc Gate ca transistor MOSFET knh N c mc p cao hn chn S th lc n mi dn in.

Hnh 4: Nguyn l lm vic ca tng cng sut ko y.

Hnh v cho thy, ta dng 2 transistor MOSFET h b lm cu ko y, lc chn Gate mc p thp (L., Low) th transistor MOSFET knh P dn in v lc mc p ca tn hiu trn chn Gate ln cao (H, High) th n transistor MOSFET knh N dn in. iu ny s to ra dng in lun i chiu cho chy qua cun s cp ca bin p v vi hin tng cm ng in t ca bin p, lc ny trn cun th cp qun nhiu vng hn s cho ra mc p volt cao.

V mi MOSFET chu c dng ti a l 23A i vi IRF9540n v 33A i vi IRF540n nn ta dng 4 tng FET c mc song song nhau m bo cung cp dng ra 4A cho ti m FET khng b chy. Khi hot ng trng thi ti a ca ti, dng qua ti 4A th dng qua cun s cp ca Bin p l: 220x4/12=73A, do mi FET s chu dng l 73/4=18A < Id(max) 4. Tng lc ng ra B lc LC c dng l c cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao . Mch lc LC l mch lc c kh nng lc tt nht, c kh nng lc c nhiu tn s theo { mun. Nhc im ln nht ca mch lc l gi thnh v s vn hnh ca mch. Chng ta bit rng cun cm c t r kh ng t l v i t n s (ZL= .L) cn t in c tr khng t l nghch v i t n s ngun in (ZC = 1/ C), v v y kt hp hai phn t ny t a s c b lc. Cun cm L mc n i tip vi ti s chn li nhng thnhphn tn s cao, t in C mc s ong song v i t i s cho qua (ni mass ) nhng thnh phn tn s cao m cun cm khng chn li c.

5. Nguyn l hot ng ca ton h thng -Ton b h thng mch s dng ngun 12V t c quy. c quy trong mch s dng vi thng s l in p u ra 12v v dng in l 73A -Khi c cp ngun IC 4047 s hoat ng to xung 50Hz v lch pha nhau 180 , xung ca 4047 ph thuc vo in tr v 1 t (yu cu t in ngoi ni gia chn 1 v chn 3 ,1 in tr gia chn 2 v chn s 3cu IC). tn hiu c tn s thch hp, chn t C=0.33uF, R=10K - c th iu chnh c tn s pht ra ta mc ni tip in tr vi 1 bin tr 10k c th d dng gii tn s ca n . -Tn hiu xung ra 2 chn 10 v 11 lun lch pha nhau, c bin khong 5V, c dn qua v ni qua in tr gy st p trn in tr.

-Tn hiu xung lc ny khong 0.8V c cp trc tip vo chn s B ca BJT 2SC1815, lm tng bin mc logic cao ca xung ra cung cp kch khi cho MOSFET - Xung in p i xng kch m cho IRF540N V IRF9540N dn dn theo tng cp i qua bin p theo 2 chiu ngc nhau. Kt qu l c dng in xoay chiu xut hin trong cun s cp Bin p. Qua Bin p, in p c nng ln 220V - T 400V-2uF c mc song song vi ng ra kt hp vi cun th cp Bin p lm thnh mch lc LC, lc cc hi bc cao ca tn hiu sng vung, to cho in p ra tr nn gn Sine cung cp cho cc thit b c tnh cm khng hot ng. + Khi xy ra s c qu ti dng tng s lm t cu ch ct in p cp cho mch.

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