Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

PHN 2. TRIN KHAI CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC CHNG 1. LY MU

CC PHNG PHP LY MU
Ging vin: B mn: Khoa: Trng:
Email: in thoi:

Nguyn Th Thu H Cng ngh mi trng Ti nguyn v Mi trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni

ha170086@gmail.com 0906.170.186

NI DUNG CHNH

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Cc phng php ly mu trong quan trc mi trng 1. Ly mu thm tra 2. Ly mu ngu nhin 3. Ly mu h thng 4. Ly mu theo phn lp 5. Cc phng php ly mu khc
2

1. LY MU THM TRA

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Khi nim: Ly mu thm tra cho php la chn cc v tr ly mu da theo mc ch xc nh t trc khi thc hin chng trnh ly mu c trng: i hi phi s dng mt lng thng tin th cp kh y v khu vc ly mu Ngi ly mu phi c hiu bit y v i tng mi trng tip cn ly mu. Thu thp thng tin th cp l quan trng nht trong thit k chng trnh ly mu thm tra
3

Phng php thu thp thng tin th cp: nh gi trc quan (quan st nhng yu t nh hng ti cht lng mi trng) cho v d?

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Mi trng t Mi trng nc Mi trng khng kh iu tra, Phng vn kin chuyn gia

Kin thc bn a

Cc s liu th cp (VD: bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia)

4

1. LY MU THM TRA

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Phm vi p dng Xc nh s c mt hay vng mt ca mt cht, mt yu t mi trng Xc nh ngun gc, mc cht nhim khi xy ra s c mi trng Kim tra gi thuyt nghin cu Yu cu nh gi b sung (thm tra li kt qu quan trc) V d: Quan trc nc ngm s dng ly mu thm tra i vi cc ging sn c Kim k ngun thi l mc tiu nghin cu cho php ly mu thm tra i vi tt c cc ngun thi

1. LY MU THM TRA

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

u im Xc nh s lng, v tr mu n gin S lng mu thy nh hn ch c nhn cng v chi ph Hn ch i hi ngi ly mu phi c k thut, thao tc tt Kt qu ca ly mu thm tra c s dng cho cc nghin cu hoc quan trc cao hn v thng khng c cng b Keith (1990) cho rng ly mu i vi nhng nghin cu s dng nhng thng tin th cp m bo tnh khoa hc v tin cy th c th s dng ly mu thm tra, nhng nhng ly mu cho nhng quan trc mang tnh php l th tt nht nn s dng cc phng php ly mu ngu nhin, phn lp hoc h thng.
6

2. LY MU NGU NHIN

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Khi nim: Ly mu ngu nhin n gin l phng php ly mu vi v tr ly mu xc nh bt k khng c ch ch t trc. c trng: Trong ly mu ngu nhin, mi n v nng /mt ca mu u c th c chn Cc mu hon ton c lp, khng c mi quan h thng k vi nhau

2. LY MU NGU NHIN
Trnh t thc hin: Bc 1: t giy bng knh t ln bn khu vc nghin cu Bc 2: nh s th t cc trong khu vc nghin cu v bc thm ngu nhin Bc 3: Tin hnh ly mu ti cc la chn

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

2. LY MU NGU NHIN

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Phm vi p dng: Phng php ly mu ngu nhin tha nhn s thay i gi tr cc yu t mi trng l khng quan trng Cc i tng m ti s phn b cc yu t l ng u (uniform) hoc thun nht (homogeneous); Cc i tng nghin cu m thng tin th cp v nng cc cht hay phn b cc yu t mi trng c c t nht hoc khng ng tin cy, khng c gi tr thng k. Theo US EPA, 1995 phng php ny khng nn p dng cho cc loi hnh mi trng ng (nc chy, dng kh i lu)
9

2. LY MU NGU NHIN

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

u im: Xc nh v tr ly mu n gin R rng v minh bch trong trong phn tch thng k Hn ch: B qua mt s nhng v tr, thi im c bit (im nng mi trng) khc phc bng ly mu h thng La chn v tr ly mu khng s dng ht nhng kin thc v i tng mi trng quan trc tng chi ph im ly mu ngu nhin c chn c th ri vo v tr kh/khng th ly mu
10

2. LY MU NGU NHIN
6 Nng Pb (mg/l) 5

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

V d v hn ch ca ly mu ngu nhin (b qua nhng im nng mi trng) khi ly mu nc thi ca mt nh my c kh

3 Ngy 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31

Trong mu c ly ngu nhin 9 ngy trong vng 1 thng: 2, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 24, 28 v 31 11 V tr mu nc thi c nng cao nht v thp nht trong thng u b b qua

3. LY MU H THNG

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Khi nim: l phng php ly mu m ti cc mu c quan h thng k cht ch vi nhau theo khng gian v thi gian c trng: cho php cc mu c ly theo nhng hng v khong nht nh theo thi gian hoc khng gian

12

3. LY MU H THNG

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

V d v ly mu h thng theo mng vung

13

3. LY MU H THNG

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Phm vi p dng: xc nh mc nhim trong nc, khng kh v t; xc nh din bin cc yu t mi trng u im: Kt qu mu h thng minh bch v c gi tr php l cao (US EPA, 2002) Xc nh c quy lut bin ng theo khng gian v thi gian Ngoi suy c theo khng gian v thi gian D qun l mng li ly mu Hn ch: Nu mi trng c s bin ng theo chu k, c th dn ti cc mu b cng xu hng Tnh cng nhc ca mng li ly mu

14

3. LY MU H THNG

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Mt s dng thng gp: H thng chun tc (Ly mu h thng theo chia) vi h thng chia c thit lp t trc, mu c ly im nt hoc gia mi Ngu nhin h thng: Mu u tin c ly hon ton ngu nhin, cc mu sau c ly cch mu u mt khong nht nh H thng chia c sn, cc mu c ly ngu nhin trong mi

15

3. LY MU H THNG
Trnh t thc hin: Bc 1: Xc nh loi mng chia

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Bc 2: Xc nh kch thc ca mt c s (L) Loi mng chia Mng vung Mng tam gic
Mng mt chiu L= N/n

Mng hai chiu

Mng ba chiu
16

Bc 3: Tin hnh ly mu ti mi

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP
Khi nim: Ly mu theo phn lp s dng phng php phn chia khu vc ly mu ra thnh cc lp v trong mi lp mu c ly ngu nhin hoc theo h thng c trng: Trong mi lp, s phn b ca cc yu t mi trng ng nht hn so vi tng th khu vc ly mu Lp c th c phn theo thi gian hoc khng gian ty theo thuc tnh ca i tng.

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

17

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Lp thi gian c xc nh da trn s thay i theo nhng khong thi xc nh:

Chu k ngy (ngy v m, gi trong ngy) Chu k tun (ngy trong tun v ngy cui tun) Chu k thng (hot ng ca nh my) Chu k nm (cc hot ng sinh hc) Chu k nhiu nm

Lp khng gian thng ph bin hn da trn s thay i ca nhiu yu t:

Theo su (s phn tng ca h, s phn tng theo phu din t, trm tch); Tui v gii tnh trong dn s (n ng, n b, tr em), a hnh, a cht, loi t, loi hnh s dng t, vng nhim, hng gi (cui hng gi, u hng gi), 18 Ranh gii hnh chnh

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

u im: S dng trit s liu th cp phn lp cc yu t mi trng S lng mu ly va m bo tnh php l, va m bo tnh kinh t Tnh linh ng cao trong tip cn ly mu VD: S lng mu trong mi lp khc nhau: Cho php so snh gia cc lp Hn ch: Khi so snh gia cc lp phi xem xt n tm quan trng ca mi lp Phm vi p dng: khi xc nh c quy lut phn b cc yu t mi trng theo phn lp hoc theo chu k r rt

19

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Trong ly mu theo phn lp, s lng mu cn ly trong mi lp c th ging nhau hoc khng ging nhau. Bi ton: Gi s mt khu vc ta c: Tng s lng mu cn ly: N S lng phn lp: k Kch thc ca ton b i tng (theo thi gian hoc khng gian: A Ta cn xc nh s lng mu cn ly cho mi lp: nk Cc cch phn phi s lng mu cn ly: Phn phi u Phn phi theo t l Phn phi ti u

20

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP
a. Phn phi u

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Bc 1: Xc nh tng s mu cn ly (N) theo mt trong hai cng thc trn. V d tnh c s lng mu cn ly l 60 mu Bc 2: Phn phi s mu ly: nA = nB = nC = N/3 = 60/3 = 20 (mu)

21

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP
b. Phn phi theo t l
V d: Tng din tch tnh S l 40.000 ha, th chim 7.000 ha, khu cng nhip chim 13.000 ha, cn li l khu vc sn xut nng nghip. Tng s mu cn ly l 41 mu.

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

nA = 41*7000/40000 = 7 mu (7,2) nB = 41* 13000/41000 = 13 mu (13,3) nC = 41*21000/40000 = 21 mu (20,5)

22

4. LY MU THEO PHN LP
c. Phn phi ti u
S

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

lng mu trong lp th k c lin quan n mc bin ng trong lp (sk) v chi ph trn n v mu (Ck) c tnh bng cng thc c bn (1) hoc cng thc Neyman (2):

23

5. MT S PHNG PHP KHC

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Ly mu thm d c th coi l mt dng ca ly mu thm tra xc nh gi thuyt nghin cu hoc thc hin bng phng php ly mu ngu nhin n gin.

ng dng ly mu thm d trong xc nh v quan trc vn mi trng

24

5. MT S PHNG PHP KHC

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Ly mu lt ct c th coi l dng bin i ca ly mu h thng theo mng cho php vch cc tuyn ly mu c th song song (1) hoc khng song song (2)

ng dng: Ly mu bn y, ca sng, t vi a hnh c bit. Xc nh nh hng ca ngun im di nh hng ca gi. Cc h, h cha, m ph, cc vng bin vi din tch ln m vic ly mu phi s dng tu thuyn. 25 Tuyn zig zag trn sn dc

KT LUN

Mc tiu quan trc Thm tra 1 1 4 3 4

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

La chn phng php cn c vo mc tiu c th

Phng n tip cn ly mu Ngu Phn H Ngu nhin nhin lp thng phn lp 4 3 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 Thm d 3 2 1 4 1 Lt ct 2 3 1 2 1

Xc nh p lc/tc ng Xc nh ngun tc ng Xc nh phm vi cht nhim nh gi x l nh gi mc bin ng

Ghi ch: 1 Tt; 2 Chp nhn; 3 Mc chp nhn trung bnh; 4 Mc chp nhn yu

Tnh linh ng trong vic p dng cc phng php

Ly mu thm d

Ly mu thm tra

Ly mu ngu nhin Ly mu h thng Ly mu theo phn lp

26

BI TP

Bi ging: Quan trc mi trng 1

Chn phng php ly mu xc nh nng trung bnh ca SO2 pht sinh t vic t than ca mt nh my sn xut gch men, nu u v nhc im ca tng phng php trong cc trng hp sau: a. La chn ngu nhin 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy. b. Ly 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy theo h thng: 12 gi mt ln (9h sng v ti) c. Ly 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy theo phn lp: 1 mu ngu nhin ban ngy, mt mu ngu nhin ban m d. Tng t nh c, nhng 4 mu ngu nhin cho ban ngy v 4 mu ngu nhin ban m.

27