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CHNG I: PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH - BT PHNG TRNH - H M


CH I: PHNG TRNH M

BI TON 1: S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

I. Phng php:

Ta s dng php bin i tng ng sau:

Dng 1: Phng trnh
( ) ( ) f x g x
a a =
TH 1: Khi a l mt hng s tha mn 0 1 a < = th
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
a a f x g x = =
TH 2: Khi a l mt hm ca x th
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
0 1
f x g x
a
a
a a
f x g x
=

< = =

hoc
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 0
a
a f x g x
>

( =


Dng 2: Phng trnh:

( )
( )
0 1, 0
log
f x
a
a b
a b
f x b
< = >

=

=


c bit:
Khi 0, 0 b b = < th kt lun ngay phng trnh v nghim
Khi 1 b= ta vit
( )
( )
0 0
0
f x
b a a a f x = = =
Khi 1 b= m b c th biu din thnh
( )
( )
f x c c
b a a a f x c = = =
Ch :
Trc khi bin i tng ng th ( ) ( ) f x v g x phi c ngha

II. Bi tp p dng:

Loi 1: C s l mt hng s

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
1 1
1
1
2 .4 . 16
8
x x x
x
+

= b.
2
3 1
1
3
3
x x +
| |
=
|
\ .
c.
1 2
2 2 36
x x +
+ =
Gii:
a. PT
1 2 2 3 3 4
2 2 6 4 4 2
x x x x
x x x
+ + +
= = =
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3
b.
2
2
3 1
( 3 1) 1 2
1
3 3 3 ( 3 1) 1
3
x x
x x
x x
+
+
| |
= = + =
|
\ .

2
1
3 2 0
2
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=


c.
1 2
2 8.2 2
2 2 36 2.2 36 36
4 4
x x x
x x x +
+
+ = + = =
x x 4
9.2 36.4 2 16 2 4 x = = = =
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
2 3
2
0,125.4
8
x
x

| |
=
|
|
\ .
b.
( )
2 1
7
1
8 0,25 2
x
x
x

+
= c.
2 2 3 3
2 .5 2 .5
x x x x + +
=
Gii:
Pt
( )
1
2
2 3
2
3
1 2
. 2
8 2
x
x

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

5 5 5
3 2(2 3) 3 4 6 4 9
2 2 2
5
2 .2 2 2 2 2 2 4 9 6
2
x
x x
x x x
x x x

+
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .

b. iu kin 1 x=
PT
2 1
7
3
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 2 3 7 2 7 9 2 0
2
1 2
7
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x

+
=


= = + =

+ =


c. Pt ( ) ( )
2 3
2.5 2.5
x x +
=
2 3
10 10 2 3 1
x x
x x x
+
= + = =
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh: ( )
3
log
1
2 2
2
x
x x x
| |
=
|
\ .

Gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng:
3
3
log
log
3
2 0
2 2 0
1 1
1
log ln 0
ln 0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 0
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
= = =

| | | | | |
=
= = | |
|

\ . \ . \ .

>
> >

3
2
2 2
log 0
1 1
2
1 1 3
ln 0 1
2 2 2
2 2
2
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x
x
= = =


= = =

=
| |


= = =

|

\ .

> >
>

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D: 01694 013 498

4
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh:
a.
( ) ( )
3 1
1 3
10 3 10 3
x x
x x
+
+
+ = b.
( )
2
1
1
3
2
2 2 4
x
x
x

+
(
=
(
(


Gii:
a. iu kin:
1
3
x
x
=


V
1
10 3
10 3
+ =

.
PT
( ) ( )
3 1
2 2
1 3
3 1
10 3 10 3 9 1 5
1 3
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
+
+
+
= = = =
+

Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l 5 x=
b. iu kin:
0
1
x
x
>


PT
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
2 2 2
2 1
3 1 1 2 1
2 2 4 2 .2 4
x
x x
x x x x x
+

+
= =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 3
2
1 2 1
2 3
2
2 4 2
1 2 1
4 2 3 4 1 4 10 6 0 3 9
x
x x x
x
x x x
x x x x x x x x
| |
+
|
+
|
|
\ .
+
= + =

+ + = = = =

Vy phng trnh c nghim l 9 x=

Loi 2: Khi c s l mt hm ca x

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
sin 2 3cos
2 2
2 2
x
x x x x

+ = +
Gii:
Phng trnh c bin i v dng:
( )( )
2
2
2
1 2(*)
2 0
1 0(1)
2 1 sin 2 3cos 0
sin 3cos 2(2)
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
< <
+ >

=

+ + =

+ =


Gii (1) ta c
1,2
1 5
2
x

= tho mn iu kin (*)
Gii (2):
1 3
sin cos 1 sin 1 2 2 ,
2 2 3 3 2 6
x x x x x k x k k Z


| |
+ = + = + = + = + e
|
\ .

nghim tho mn iu kin (*) ta phi c:
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D: 01694 013 498

5
1 1
1 2 2 1 2 0,
6 2 6 2 6
k k k k Z


| | | |
< + < < < = e
| |
\ . \ .
khi ta nhn c
3
6
x

=
Vy phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit
1,2 3
1 5
;
2 6
x x

= = .
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2
2
4
3 5 2
2
3 6 9
x x
x x
x x x
+
+
= +
Gii:
Phng trnh c bin i v dng: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 4
3 5 2 2 2( 4)
3 3 3
x x
x x x x
x x x
+
+ +
(
= =


2 2 2
3 1 4
4
0 3 1 3 4
5
3 5 2 2 2 8 7 10 0
x x
x
x x
x
x x x x x x
= =
=
< = < =

=


+ = + + =


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit x = 4, x = 5.

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
2 1
1
2
4.9 3.2
x
x
+

= b.
1 2 4 3
7.3 5 3 5
x x x x + + + +
=
c.
( )
4 3
7 4 5 4 3
27 3
x x
x x
+

(
= (
(

d. ( ) ( )
3
1 1
3
1 1
x x
x x

=
HD:
a.
2 3
3 3
1
2
2
x
x

| |
= =
|
\ .

b.
1
1 1
3
3 5 1 1
5
x
x x
x
+
+ +
| |
= = =
|
\ .

c. 10 x=

BI TON 2: S DNG PHNG PHP LGARIT HO V A V CNG C S

I. Phng php:

chuyn n s khi s m lu tha ngi ta c th logarit theo cng 1 c s c 2 v ca phng trnh, ta c
cc dng:
Dng 1: Phng trnh:

( )
( )
0 1, 0
log
f x
a
a b
a b
f x b
< = >

=

=


Dng 2: Phng trnh: (c s khc nhau v s m khc nhau)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
log log ( ) ( ).log
f x g x f x f x
a a a
a b a b f x g x b = = =
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6
hoc
( ) ( )
log log ( ).log ( ).
f x g x
b b b
a b f x a g x = =
c bit: (c s khc nhau v nhng s m bng nhau)
Khi ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0
( )
1 0
f x
f x f x
a a
f x g x a b f x
b b
| | | |
= = = = =
| |
\ . \ .
(v
( )
0
f x
b > )
Ch : Phng php p dng khi phng trnh c dng tch thng ca cc hm m

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh
a. (H KTQD 1998)
1
5.8 500.
x
x
x

= b.
2
2 3
2
3 .4 18
x
x
x

=
c.
2
4 2
2 .5 1
x x
= d.
2
2
3
2
2
x x
=
Gii:
a. Cch 1: Vit li phng trnh di dng:
1 1 3
3
3 2 3
8
5.8 500 5.2 5.2 5 .2 1
x x x
x x x
x x

= = =

Ly logarit c s 2 v, ta c:
( ) ( )
3 3
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
3
log 5 .2 0 log 5 log 2 0 3 .log 5 log 2 0
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x


| | | |

= + = + =
| |
\ . \ .

( )
2
2
3
1
3 log 5 0 1
log 5
x
x
x
x
=
| |

+ =
|

=
\ .


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit:
2
1
3;
log 5
x x = =
Cch 2: PT
3
3( 1) 3 1
3 2 3 3
5.2 5.2 5 2 5 2
x
x x
x x x
x x x




| |
= = =
|
\ .

3
3
1
3
1
1
5
3 0
3
1
5 5.2 1
log 2
5.2 1
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

| | =
| | =
|

= =
|

| =

\ . =

\ .

b. Ta c
2 2
2 3 2 3
2 2
3 3
3 .4 18 log 3 .4 log 18
x x
x x
x x


| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
2 2
3 3 3
4 6 3( 2)
2 .log 2 2 log 2 4 .log 2 0
x x
x x
x x

+ = + + =
( ) ( )
2
3
2
3
2 0
2 2 3log 2 0 2
2 3log 2 0 ( )
x
x x x x
x x VN
=
+ + = =

+ + =


c. PT
2
4 2
2 2
log 2 log 5 0
x x
+ =
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7
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
4 2 log 5 0 2 2 log 5 0 x x x x = + =
2 2
2 2
2 log 5 0 2 log 5
x x
x x
= =


+ = = +


d. Ly logarit c s 2 hai v phng trnh ta c:
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3
log 2 log 2 log 3 1 2 1 log 3 0
2
x x
x x x x

= = + =
Ta c
,
2 2
1 1 log 3 log 3 0 A = + = >
suy ra phng trnh c nghim x =1
2
log 3.
Ch :
i vi 1 phng trnh cn thit rt gn trc khi logarit ho.
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
4 2
8 4.3
x
x x +
= b.
1 1
2 1
2 2
4 3 3 2
x
x x x
+

=
c.
9
1
4
) 2 cos sin 5
2
(sin
5 , 0
log
=
+ + x x x
d.
1 2 3 1
5 5 5 3 3 3
x x x x x x + + + +
+ + = + +
Gii:
a. iu kin 2 x=
PT ( )
3
2
4 2
2 2
3 1
2 3 2 (4 )log 3 4 . log 3 0
2 2
x
x x
x
x x
x x

+
| |
= = + =
|
+ +
\ .

2 3
4 0
4
1
log 3 0 2 log 2
2
x
x
x
x
=
=

+ = =


b.
PT
1 1 1
2 1
2 2 2
3 4
4 2 3 3 4 . 3 .
2 3
x x x
x x x
+ +

+ = + =
3 3
2 2
3
4 3 0 0
2
x x
x x

= = =
c. iu kin ( )
2
sin 5sin .cos 2 0 * x x x + + >
PT
( ) 1
2 2
4
2
log sin 5sin .cos 2 log 3 x x x


+ + =
( )
2
2 2
log sin 5sin .cos 2 log 3 x x x + + = tha mn (*)
( )
2
cos 0
sin 5sin .cos 2 3 cos 5sin cos 0
5sin cos 0
2
2
1
tan tan
5
x
x x x x x x
x x
x k
x k
x l x




=
+ + = =

=

= +

= +

= + = =


d. PT
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8
5 5.5 25.5 3 27.3 3.3
5
31.5 31.3 1 0
3
x x x x x x
x
x x
x
+ + = + +
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l 0 x=
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
lg 2
1000
x
x x = b.
( )
2
4 log
32
x
x
+
=
c.
( )
2
25 5
log 5 1 log 7
7
x
x

= d.
1
3.8 36
x
x
x+
=
Gii:
a. iu kin 0 x>
( )
( )( )
2
2
lg .lg lg1000 lg lg 2lg 3 0
lg 1 0 1/10
lg 1 lg 3 0
lg 3 0 1000
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
= + =
+ = =
+ =

= =


b. iu kin 0 x>
PT
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 log
2 2 2 2 2 2
log log 32 log 4 .log 5 log 1 . log 5 0
x
x x x x x
+
= + = + =
2
2
2
log 1
1
log 5
32
x
x
x x
=
=


= =



c. iu kin 0 x>
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
25 5
log 5 1 log 7 2
5 5 25 5 5 5
5 2 2
5 5 5 5
5
log 7 log log 5 1 .log 7 log 7.log
1
log 1
1
log 5 log 1 0 log 2log 3 0 5
log 3 4
125
x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x

= =

= =

= =


Vy phng trnh cho c nghim
1
5
125
x
x


d. iu kin 1 x=
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
3
3
log 3.8 log 36 2 2log 3 .log 3 2 2log 3
1
.log 3 3 log 3 2 1 2 1 log 3
2
.log 3 1 log 3 2 2log 3 0
1 log 2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
+
= = + + = +
+
+ + = + + +
=
+ =

=


Vy phng trnh c nghim l:
3
2
1 log 2
x
x
=


Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau :
a.
2
1
1
8 .5
8
x x
= b.
1
4
3. 9
27
x x
x

= c. 1 2 . 3
2
=
x x
d.
2
2 .5 10
x x
=
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9
Gii:
a. Ly logarit hai v vi c s 8, ta c
2 2
1 1
8 8
1 1
8 .5 log 8 .5 log
8 8
x x x x
= =
( )
2
1 1 2
8 8 8 8
log 8 log 5 log 8 1 log 5 1
x x
x x

+ = + =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
8 8
1 1 log 5 0 1 1 1 log 5 0 x x x x x + + = + + + =
( ) ( )
( )
8
8
1 0
1 1 1 log 5 0
1 1 log 5 0
x
x x
x
+ =
+ + = (


+ =


8 8 5
1 1
.log 5 log 5 1 1 log 8
x x
x x
= =


= =


Vy phng trnh c nghim:
5
1, 1 log 8 x x = =
b. PT
2 2 3 2 2
3
3 .3 .3 4 3 4 2 2 log 4
x x x x
x
+
= = + =
3 3 3 3
3
4
2 log 4 2 2 log 4 log 9 log
9
1 4 2
log log
2 9 3
x x
x
= = =
= =

c. Ly log hai v ca phng trnh theo c s 2
Ta c phng trnh
2
2
2 2 2
log 3 log 2 0 log 3 0
x x
x x + = + =
2
2
0
(log 3 ) 0
log 3
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=


d. PT
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
log (2.5 ) log (2.5) log 2 log 5 log 2 log 5
x x x x
= + = +
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
log 5 1 log 5 (log 5) 1 log 5 0
1
1 log 5
log 5
x x x x
x
x
+ = + + =
=



Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
1
5. 8 100
x x x +
=
HD: iu kin 0 x>
2
( 1) 3 2( 1) 2( 1) 2 2
2
2
5
5 .2 5 .2 5 2
2
log 5.( 2) 2
1 log 2( )
x x x x x x x x
x
x x x
x loai
+ + +
= =
=
=

=


b.
2 2
3 2 6 2 5
2 3 3 2
x x x x x x + + +
=
HD:
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10
2 ( 2)( 4)
2
3
2 3 2 ( 2)( 4)log 3
2
log 2 4
x x x
x x x
x
x
+
= = +
=


Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
2
3 .2 1
x x
= b.
2
4 2
2. 2 3
x x
= c.
2
5 6 3
5 2
x x x +
= d.
1
3.4 18
x
x
x

=
e.
2
2
8 36.3
x
x
x

+
= f.
7 5
5 7
x x
= g.
5
3 log
5 25
x
x

= i.
log 5 4 3
.5 5
x
x =
k.
9
log 2
9.
x
x x =
s:
a.
3
0; log 2 b.
3
2;log 2 2 c.
5
3;2 log 2 + d.
3
2; log 2
e.
3
4; 2 log 2 f.
7 5
5
log (log 7) g. 5 h.
4
1
; 5
5
k. 9

BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 1

I. Phng php:

Phng php dng n ph dng 1 l vic s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 phng
trnh vi 1 n ph.
Ta lu cc php t n ph thng gp sau:
Dng 1: Phng trnh
( 1)
1 1 0
..... 0
k x x
k k
a a

+ + =
Khi t
x
t a = iu kin t >0, ta c:
1
1 1 0
...... 0
k k
k k
t t t

+ + =
M rng: Nu t
( )
,
f x
t a = iu kin hp 0 t > . Khi :
2 ( ) 2 3 ( ) 3 ( )
, ,.....,
f x f x kf x k
a t a t a t = = =
V
( )
1
f x
a
t

=
Dng 2: Phng trnh
1 2 3
0
x x
a a + + = vi a.b 1 =
Khi t ,
x
t a = iu kin t 0 < suy ra
1
x
b
t
= ta c:
2 2
1 3 1 3 2
0 0 t t t
t

+ + = + + =
M rng: Vi a.b 1 = th khi t
( )
,
f x
t a = iu kin hp 0 t > , suy ra
( )
1
f x
b
t
=
Dng 3: Phng trnh ( )
2 2
1 2 3
0
x
x x
a ab b + + = khi chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2
0
x
b > ( hoc
( )
2
, .
x
x
a ab ), ta c:
2
1 2 3
0
x x
a a
b b

| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .

t ,
x
a
t
b
| |
=
|
\ .
iu kin 0 t < , ta c:
2
1 2 3
0 t t + + =
M rng:
Vi phng trnh m c cha cc nhn t: ( )
2 2
, , .
f
f f
a b ab , ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
- Chia 2 v phng trnh cho
2
0
f
b > (hoc ( )
2
, .
f
f
a ab )
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11
- t
f
a
t
b
| |
=
|
\ .
iu kin hp 0 t >
Dng 4: Lng gic ho.
Ch : Ta s dng ngn t iu kin hp 0 t > cho trng hp t
( ) f x
t a = v:
- Nu t
x
t a = th 0 t > l iu kin ng.
- Nu t
2
1
2
x
t
+
= th 0 t > ch l iu kin hp, bi thc cht iu kin cho t phi l 2 t > . iu kin
ny c bit quan trng cho lp cc bi ton c cha tham s.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
a.
2
2
1
cot
sin
4 2 3 0
x
x
+ = (1) b.
2 2
sin cos
4 2 2 2
x x
+ = +
Gii:
a. iu kin sin 0 , x x k k Z = = e (*)
V
2
2
1
1 cot
sin
x
x
= + nn phng trnh (1) c bit di dng:

2
2 cot
cot
4 2.2 3 0
g x
x
+ = (2)
t
2
cot
2
x
t = iu kin 1 t > v
2
2 cot 0
cot 0 2 2 1
x
x> > =
Khi phng trnh (2) c dng:
2
2 cot 2
1
2 3 0 2 1 cot 0
3
cot 0 ,
2
x
t
t t x
t
x x k k Z


=
+ = = =

= = + e
tho mn (*)
Vy phng trnh c 1 h nghim ,
2
x k k Z

= + e
b. PT
( )
2
2 2
sin 1 sin
2 2 2 2
x x
+ = +
t ( )
2
sin
2 0
x
t t = > ta c
( ) ( )( )
2 3 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 t t t t t t
t
+ = + + + = + =
( )
2
2 2 4 2
2
2 2 4 2
2
t
t
t loai

+ +
=

+
=


Vi
1
2
2
2
1 2
sin
2 2 2 sin sin
2 2 4 2
x
t x x x k

= = = = = +
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12
Vi
2 2 2 4 2
sin
2
2
x
t
+ +
= = (phng trnh v nghim)
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
( ) ( )
7 4 3 3 2 3 2 0
x x
+ + =
b. (H B 2007)
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 2 0
x x
+ + =

c.
( ) ( )
3
3 5 16 3 5 2
x x
x+
+ + =
d. (HL 1998)
( ) ( )
sin sin
7 4 3 7 4 3 4
x x
+ + =
e.
( ) ( )
5 24 5 24 10
x x
+ + =
Gii:
a. Nhn xt rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
7 4 3 2 3 ; 2 3 2 3 1 + = + + =
Do nu t
( )
2 3
x
t = + iu kin t 0 > , th:
( )
1
2 3
x
t
= v
( )
2
7 4 3
x
t + =
Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
2 3 2
2
1
3
2 0 2 3 0 1 3 0
3 0( )
t
t t t t t t
t t t vn
=
+ = + = + + =

+ + =

( )
2 3 1 0
x
x + = =
Vy phng trnh c nghim x =0
b. t
( )
2 1
x
t = + ta c Pt:
1
2 2 t
t
+ =
2
2 2 1 0 t t + = 2 1 2 1 t t = v = + 1 1 x x = v =
c. Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho 2 0
x
> , ta c:
( )
3 5 3 5
16 8
2 2
x x
| | | |
+
+ = -
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Nhn xt rng:
3 5 3 5
1
2 2
| || |
+
=
| |
| |
\ .\ .

t
3 5
2
x
t
| |
+
=
|
|
\ .
, iu kin t > 0
3 5 1
2
x
t
| |

=
|
|
\ .

Khi pt (*) c dng:
2
3 5
2
3 5
8 16 0 4 4 log 4
2
x
t t t x
+
| |
+
+ = = = =
|
|
\ .

d. Nhn xt rng:
( )( )
7 4 3. 7 4 3 7 4 3 7 4 3 1 + = + =
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13
t
( )
sin
7 4 3
x
t = + , iu kin t > 0
( )
sin
1
7 4 3
x
t
=
Khi pt (1) c dng:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
sin
2 1
sin
2
sin sin
2
2 3 2 3
7 4 3 2 3
2 3
1
4 4 1 0
2 3
7 4 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
x
x
x x
t
t t t
t
t

| |

+ = +
| + =

=
\ .
+ = + =

= + | |


+ = +
+ = +

|

\ .

( ) ( )
( )
sin 1
sin
2 3 2 3
sin 1
cos 0 ,
sin 1 2
2 3 2 3
x
x
x
x x k k Z
x

+ = +
=

= = + e

+ = +


e. Nhn xt rng:
( )( )
5 24 5 24 1 + =
t
( )
5 24
x
t = + , iu kin t > 0
( )
1
5 24
x
t
=
Khi pt (1) c dng:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2
5 24 5 24 5 24 5 24
5 24
1
10 10 1 0
5 24
5 24 5 24 5 24 5 24
x x
x x
t
t t t
t
t


+ = + =

=

+ = + =

= +
+ = + + = +



1
1
x
x
=



Nhn xt:
- Nh vy trong v d trn bng vic nh gi:

( ) ( )( )
2
7 4 3 2 3 ; 2 3 2 3 1 + = + + =
Ta la chn c n ph
( )
2 3
x
t = + cho phng trnh
- Vic la chn n ph thng qua nh gi m rng ca a.b 1 = , l: . . 1
a b
ab c
c c
= = tc l vi cc phng
trnh c dng: . . 0
x x
Aa Bb C + + =
Khi ta thc hin php chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho 0
x
c = , nhn c:
. 0
x x
a b
A B C
c c
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
t thit lp n ph , 0
x
a
t t
c
| |
= >
|
\ .
v suy ra
1
x
b
c t
| |
=
|
\ .

Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh
a. (HTL 2000)
2 2
2 1 2 2
2 9.2 2 0
x x x x + + +
+ =
b.
2 2 2
1 1 1
2.4 6 9
x x x + + +
+ =
Gii:
a. Chia c 2 v phng trnh cho
2 2
2 0
x+
= ta c:
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14
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 9
2 9.2 1 0 .2 .2 1 0
2 4
x x x x x x x x
+ = + =
2 2
2 2
2.2 9.2 4 0
x x x x
+ =
t
2
2
x x
t

= iu kin t 0 > . Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
4
2 2 2 1
2 9 4 0
1
2
1
2 2
2
x x
x x
t
x x x
t t
x t
x x


=

= = =

+ =

= =
= =


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim 1 2 x x = v = .
b. Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 1
2.2 2.3 3
x x x + + +
+ =
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
( )
2
2 1
2 0
x +
= , ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1
3 3
2
2 2
x x + +
| | | |
+ = -
| |
\ . \ .

t
2
1
3
2
x
t
+
| |
=
|
\ .
, v
2
1 1
2
3 3 3
1 1
2 2 2
x
x t
+
| | | |
+ > > >
| |
\ . \ .

Khi pt (*) c dng:
( )
2
1
2 2
3 3
2 2
2
3
2 0 2 1 log 2 log 2 1
1 2
x
t
t t x x
t l
+
=
| |
= = + = =
|
=
\ .


Ch :
Trong v d trn, v bi ton khng c tham s nn ta s dng iu kin cho n ph ch l 0 t > v chng ta
thy vi
1
2
t = v nghim. Do vy nu bi ton c cha tham s chng ta cn xc nh iu kin ng cho n
ph nh sau:

2
2
1
2
4
4
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 4 4 2
x x
x x x t

| |
= > > >
|
\ .

Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh
a. (HYHN 2000)
( )
3
3 1
1 12
2 6.2 1
2 2
x x
x x
+ =
b. (HQGHN 1998)
3 1
125 50 2
x x x+
+ =
Gii:
a. Vit li phng trnh c dng:

3
3
3
2 2
2 6 2 1
2 2
x x
x x
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(1)
t
3
3
3 3
3
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 3.2 2 6
2 2 2 2
x x x x x
x x x x
t t t
| | | |
= = + = +
| |
\ . \ .

Khi phng trnh (1) c dng:
3
2
6 6 1 1 2 1
2
x
x
t t t t + = = =
t 2 , 0
x
u u = > khi phng trnh (2) c dng:
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15
2
1( )
1 2 0 2 2 2 1
2 2
x
u loai
u
u u u u x
u
=
= = = = =


Vy phng trnh c nghim x =1
b. Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( ) 125 50 2.8 1
x x x
+ =
Chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho 8 0
x
= , ta c:
( )
3 2
125 50 5 5
2 2 0 2
8 8 2 2
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
+ = + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

t
5
2
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (2) c dng:
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2
2
1
5
2 0 1 2 2 0 1 0
2 2 0 2
x
t
t t t t t x
t t VN
=
| |
+ = + + = = =
|
+ + =
\ .


Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
2 1
1
1 1
3. 12
3 3
x x
+
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
b.
1
3 3 4 0
x x
+ = c.
1 4 2
4 2 2 16
x x x + + +
+ = +
Gii:
a. Bin i phng trnh v dng:
2 1
1 1
12 0
3 3
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

t
1
3
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (1) c dng:
( )
2
3
1
12 0 3 1
4 3
x
t
t t x
t loai
=
| |
+ = = =
|
=
\ .


b. iu kin: 0 x>
Bin i phng trnh v dng:
3
3 4 0
3
x
x
+ =
t 3
x
t = , iu kin 1 t >
Khi pt (1) c dng:
( )
( )
2
1
4 3 0
3
t loai
t t
t loai
=
+ =

=


c. Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( ) 2 1 4 2
2 2 2 16
x x x + + +
+ = +
( )
2
2.2 6.2 8 0 1
x x
=
t 2
x
t = , iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (1) c dng:
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16
( )
2
4
2 6 8 0 2 4 2
1
x
t
t t x
t loai
=
= = =


Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh
a. (HDB 2006)
2 2
1 2
9 10.3 1 0
x x x x + +
+ =
b.
2 8 5
3 4.3 27 0
x x + +
+ = c.
2 2
3 3 24
x x +
= d.
( )
2
2 2 1
1
7.2 20.2 12 0
x
x
+
+
+ =
Gii:
a. Pt
2 2 1 10
9 .3 1 0
9 9
x x x x + +
+ =
( )
2 2
2
3 10.3 9 0
x x x x + +
+ =
t
2
3 , 0
x x
t t
+
= >
Pt
2
1
10 9 0
9
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=


Vi t =1
2 2
0 2
0
3 1 3 3 0
1
x x x x
x
x x
x
+ +
=
= = + =

=


Vi t =9
2 2
2 2 2
1
3 9 3 3 2 2 0
2
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
+ +
=
= = + = + =

=


b.
8 2 5
3.3 4.3.3 27 0
x x
+ =
( )
2
6561. 3 972.3 27 0
x x
+ = (*)
t 3 0
x
t = > . Pt (*)
2
1
9
6561 972 27 0
1
27
t
t t
t

+ =


Vi
2
1
3 3 2
9
x
t x

= = =
Vi
3
1
3 3 3
27
x
t x

= = =
Vy phng trnh c nghim: 2, 3 x x = =
c.
( )
2
2 2
9
3 3 24 9.3 24 0 9. 3 24.3 9 0
3
x x x x x
x
+
= = = (*)
t 3 0
x
t = >
Pt (*)
2
3
9t 24 9 0
1
( loai)
3
t
t
t
=

=

=


Vi 3 3 3 1
x
t x = = =
Vy phng trnh c nghim: 1 x=
d. t
2
1
2
x
t
+
= , v
2
2 1 1
1 1 2 2 2
x
x t
+
+ > > >
Khi pt c dng:
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17
( )
2
2 1 2
2
7 20 12 0 2 2 1 2 0
6
7
x
t
t t x x
t loai
+
=

+ = = + = =


Bi 7: Gii cc phng trnh
a. 6.2 2 1
x x
= + b. 64.9 84.2 27.6 0
x x x
+ =
c.
4 2 1
3 4.3 27 0
x x+
+ = d.
2 1
25 10 2
x x x+
+ =
Gii:
a. Pt
1
6. 2 1
2
x
x
= + . t
x
t 2 = , t 0 >
Pt
2 2
1
3( )
1
6. 1 6 6 0
2 2 2 1
x
t
t t t t t
t t x
=
= + = + + =

= = =

loai

b. PT
2
4 16
2 3 9 4 4
64.9 84.2 27.6 0 27. 84. 64 0
1 3 3
4 4
3 3
x
x x
x x x
x
x
x

| |
=

|
= \ . | | | |

+ = + =
| |

=
\ . \ .

| |

=
|

\ .

c.
( )
2
2 2 4 2 1
3 - 4.3 27 0 3 12.3 27 0
x x x x+
+ = + =
t
2
3 ; 0
x
t t = > ta c
2
12 27 0 t t + =

2
2 2
1
3 3 3 2 1
2
9 2 2
3 9 3
1
x
x
t x x
t x
x

= = = =



= =
= =


d. ( )
2 2
5 2.5 2.2
x
x x
+ =
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
2 0
x
= , ta c:
( )
2
5 5
2
2 2
x x
| | | |
+ = -
| |
\ . \ .

t
5
2
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (*) c dng:
( )
2
1
5
2 0 1 0
2 2
x
t
t t x
t l
=
| |
+ = = =
|
=
\ .


Bi 8: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
9 9 3
log log log 27
4 6.2 2 0
x x
+ =
b. (H D 2003)
2
2 2
2 2 3
x x x x +
=
Gii:
a. Pt
( )
3
9
9 3
log
log log 3 2
2 6.2 2 0
x
x
+ =
( )
log
9
9
2
log 3
2 6.2 2 0
x
x
+ =
t
9
log
2
x
t = , t 0 > .
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18
Pt
2
2
6 8 0
4
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=


Vi t =2
9 9
log log 1
9
2 2 2 2 log 1 9
x x
x x = = = =
Vi t =4
9 9
log log 2 2
9
2 4 2 2 log 2 9 81
x x
x x = = = = =
b.
2
2 2
2 2 3
x x x x +
=
2
2
4
2 3
2
x x
x x

=
t ( )
2
2 0
x x
t t

= > ta c
( )
2
1
3 4 0
4
t loai
t t
t
=
=

=


2
2 4
x x
=
2
2 0 x x =
1
2
x
x
=


Bi 9: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
3 3 3
log log log 9
4 5.2 2 0
x x
+ = b. 3.16 2.81 5.36
x x x
+ =
Gii:
a. Pt
( )
2
3
3
log
log 3 log 2
2 5.2 2 0
x
x
+ =
( )
log
3
3
2
log 2
2 5.2 2 0
x
x
+ =
t
3
log
2
x
t = , 0 t > .
Pt
2
1
5 4 0
4
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=


Vi t =1
3 3
log log 0
3
2 1 2 2 log 0 1
x x
x x = = = =
Vi t =4
3 3
log log 2 2
3
2 4 2 2 log 2 3 9
x x
x x = = = = =
b. Chia c hai v cho 36
x
ta c
PT
16 81 4 9
3. 2. 5 3. 2. 5 0
36 36 9 4
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
+ = + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

t
4
( 0)
9
x
t t
| |
= >
|
\ .

Khi phng trnh tng ng
2
1 1 3 5 2
3. 2. 5 0 0
2
0 0
3
t t t
t
t t
t
t t
= +
+ = =




=

> >


Vi
4
1 1 0
9
x
t x
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Vi
2 4 2 1
3 9 3 2
x
t x
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit 0 x= hoc
1
2
x=
Bi 10: Gii cc phng trnh
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19
a.
3 3
2( log 2) log 2
3 2 3
x x + +
=
b. (HDB 2007)
3x 1 2x x
2 7.2 7.2 2 0
+
+ =
Gii:
a. Pt
3 3
2
( log 2) log 2
3 3 2 0
x x + +
( =

. t t =
3
log 2
3
x+
, 0 t > .
Pt
2
1( )
2 0
2
t
t t
t
=
=

=

loai

Vi t =2
3
log 2
3 3
3 2 log 2 log 2 0
x
x x
+
= + = =
b.
3 2
2 7 7 2 0 ( 2 , 0)
x
t t t t t + = = >
2
( 1)(2 5 2) 0 t t t + =
1
1 2
2
t t t = v = v =
0 1 1 x x x = v = v =
Bi 11: Gii phng trnh
2
5
1
2 9
4
x
x

| |
= +
|
\ .

Gii:
Pt
2
5
2
1
2 9
2
x
x

| |
= +
|
\ .


( )
( )
2
2 5 2( 2) 5 4 2 5
4 5
2 2
2 2 9 2 2 9 2 2 9 0
2 2 16 32
9 0 9 0
2 2 2
2
x
x x x x x
x x x
x


= + = + =
= =

t
x
t 2 = , 0 t > .
Pt
2
16 32
9 0
t t
=
2
2
2
16 32 9
0 9 32 16 0
t t
t t
t

= + =
2
4
4 4
2 2 log 9
9 9
x
t
t x
=

= =

=

Bi 12: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
2
2
9 10 4
2 4
x
x
+
= b.
27 27
8 9.2 64
8 2
x x
x x
+ + + =
Gii:
Pt
2
2
9.4 2 . 10 4
x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .

( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
36 2 .10 2 . 2 10. .2 36
2 2
x x x
x x x
= + + =
t t =2
x
, 0 t > .

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20
Pt
2
10 144 0 t t + =
8
18( )
t
t loai
=

x x 3
2 =8 2 =2 x=3

( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
10.2
36 10.2 2 36.4 2 10.2 144 0
4 4
x
x
x x x x
+ = + = + =
b. Phng trnh:
27 27
8 9.2 64
8 2
x x
x x
+ + + =

3
2
0 2 1
3 3
2 64 2 4 4 4.2 3 0
log 3 2 2
2 3
x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
= =
| |
+ = + = + =
|
=
\ . =


Bi 13: Gii cc phng trnh
a. ( )
2
3
2. 0,3 3
100
x
x
x
= + b. ( )
2
7
6. 0,7 7
100
x
x
x
= +
Gii:
a. Pt
( )
2
2
3 3
2. 3
10
10
x
x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .

2
2
2
2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2. 3 0 2. 3 0 2. 3 0
10 10 10 10 10 10
x x x x x
x
x
(
| | | | | | | | | |
= = =
(
| | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
(


t
3
10
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, 0 t > .
Pt
2
2 3 0 t t =
3
1( )
t
t loai

| |
=

\ .

x
3
10
3
=3 x=log 3
10
b. Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( )
2
7 7
6. 7 1
10 10
x x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

t
7
10
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (1) c dng:
( )
2
7
10
7
7
6 7 0 7 log 7
1 10
x
t
t t x
t l
=
| |
= = =
|
=
\ .


Bi 14: Gii cc phng trnh
a. 8 18 2.27
x x x
+ =
b. (H A 2006) 3.8 4.12 18 2.27 0
x x x x
+ =
Gii:
a. Chia hai v pt cho 27
x
, ta c :
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21
Pt
8 18
2
27 27
x x
x x
+ =
3
3
3
3
8 18 2 2 2 2
2 2 0 2 0
27 27 3 3 3 3
2 2
2 0
3 3
x
x x x x x
x x
| |
| | | | | | | | | |
+ = + = + =
| | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
\ .
| |
| | | |
+ =
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

t
2
3
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, 0 t > .
Pt
3
2 0 t t + =
0
2 2 2
1 1 0
3 3 3
x x
t x
| | | | | |
= = = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

b.
3 2 2 3
3.2 4.3 2 3 2 2.3 0
x x x x x x
+ =
Chia 2 v ca Pt cho
3x
3 ta c:
3 2
2 2 2
3. 4 2 0
3 3 3
x x x
| | | | | |
+ =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

t
2
3
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
, 0 t > ta c:
3 2
3 4 2 0 t t t + =
1
2
3
t
t
=


Do K ta ch nhn
2 3 3
1
3 2 2
x
t x
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Bi 15: Gii cc phng trnh
a. (H L 2001)
2
2 2 2
4 log 6 log 2 log
3 . 2 4
x x
x = b.
2 2
log log 6 2
6.9 6 13.
x
x x + =
Gii:
a. iu kin: x > 0.
Ta c:
2 2 2
log 2 1 log log
4 4 4.4
x x x +
= = ;
2 2
log 6 log
6
x
x = v
2
2 2 2
log 4 2 2log log
3 3 9.9
x x x +
= =
Do phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2
2 2 2
log log
3 9 log log log
4.4 6 18.9 4 18.
2 4
x x
x x x | | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
(*)
t
2
log
3
2
x
t
| |
=
|
\ .
. iu kin: t > 0.
Khi phng trnh (*) tr thnh 4 t =18t
2

2
18 4 0 t t + =
4
9
1
( )
.
2
t
t loai


Vy phng trnh
2
2
log
3 4 log
2
2 9
x
x | |
= =
|
\ .

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22
Vy
1
4
x= l nghim ca phng trnh.
b. iu kin x 0 >
Cch 1: Ch cng thc:
log log
b b
c a
a c = vi a, b, c 0 > v 1 b=
p dng cng thc trn, ta chuyn phng trnh
log 6
2
2
log 2
6.9 6 13.
x
x x + = v phng trnh:
2 2
log log 2
6.9 6 13.6
x x
x + =
t
2
2
log 2 4
t t
t x x x = = =
Khi ta c phng trnh: 6.9 6.4 13.6
t t t
+ =
Cch 2: Ta c:
2 2
log log 6 2
6.9 6 13
x
x x + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
log log 4 log 6 log log log
6.9 6 13 6.9 64 136
x x x x
x x + = + =
... T gii

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
2 2
2
2 2 3
x x x x +
= b. 9 6 2.4
x x x
+ =
c.
2 2
5 1 5
4 12.2 8 0
x x x x
+ = d.
2 5 1
3 36.3 9 0
x x + +
+ =
e.
2 2
2 2 1
3 28.3 9 0
x x x x + + +
+ = f. (HH D 2001)
1
12.3 3.15 5 20
x x x+
+ =
HD:
a. t
2
2 ( 0)
x x
t t

= > ta c
4 1
4
3
1( ) 2
t x
t
t loai x t
= =
=

= =


b. Chia c hai v phng trnh cho 4
x
ta c
2
3 3
2 0 0
2 2
x x
x
| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ . \ .

c. t
2
2
5
2
3
2 5 1
2 ( 0)
9
4
5 2
4
x x
x
t x x
t t
t x
x x

=

= =

= >


= =

=



d. 1 2 x x = v = e. 2 1 x x = v =
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. (HL 1998)
( ) ( )
sin sin
7 4 3 7 4 3 4
x x
+ + =
s: ( ) x k k = e
b. (HNN 1998)
( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 3 7 4 3 2 3 4 2 3
x x
+ + + = +
s: 0 2 x x = v =
c.
( ) ( )
x x
6- 35 6 35 12 + + =
d.
( ) ( ) ( )
7 5 2 ( 2 5) 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 0
x x x
+ + + + + + =
HD: t (1 2) ; 0
x
t t = + >
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23
3 2 2
( 2 5) 3 1 2 0 ( 1)( ( 2 4) 2 1) 0
1
0
3 2 2 2
1
1 2
t t t t t t
t
x
t x
x
t
+ + + = + + =
=
=


= =

=
= +


e.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4
x x
+ + =
HD: t
( )
( ) 2 3 0
x
t t = >
2 3 2
1
4
2
2 3
t x
t
x t
t

= =
+ =

=
= +


Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. (HTCKT 1999)
1 1 2
4 2 2 12
x x x + + +
+ = +
s: 0 x=
b. (HAN D 1999)
2 2
sin cos
9 9 10
x x
+ = ( )
2
x k k

= e
c. (HH A 2001)
2 1 -1 1
5.3 7.3 1 6.3 9 0
x x x x +
+ + =
s:
3 3
3 1
log log
5 5
x x = v =
d
2 1 2 2( 1)
3 3 1 6.3 3
x x x x + + +
= + +
s:
3
11
log 2
3
x
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. (HHP 2000) 25 15 2.9
x x x
+ =
s: 0 x=
b. (HTL 2000)
2 2
2 1 2 2
2 9.2 2 0
x x x x + + +
+ =
s: 1 2 x x = v =
c. (HHH 1999)
2
4.3 9.2 5.6
x
x x
=
s: 4 x=
d.
2 2 2
2 6 9 3 5 2 6 9
3 4.15 3.5
x x x x x x + + +
+ =
s: 1 4 x x = v =

BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 2

I. Phng php:

Phng php dng n ph dng 2 l vic s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 phng trnh
vi 1 n ph nhng cc h s vn cn cha x.
Phng php ny thng s dng i vi nhng phng trnh khi la chn n ph cho 1 biu thc th cc biu
thc cn li khng biu din c trit qua n ph hoc nu biu din c th cng thc biu din li
qu phc tp.
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24
Khi thng ta c 1 phng trnh bc 2 theo n ph (hoc vn theo n x) c bit s A l mt s chnh
phng.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
( )
2
3 2 9 .3 9.2 0
x x x x
+ + =
Gii:
t 3
x
t = , iu kin 0 t > . Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
9
2 9 9.2 0; 2 9 4.9.2 2 9
2
x x x x x
x
t
t t
t
=
+ + = A = + = +

=


Khi :
+Vi 9 3 9 2
x
t x = = =
+Vi
3
2 3 2 1 0
2
x
x x x
t x
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim
2
0
x
x
=


Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2
2 2
9 3 3 2 2 0
x x
x x + + =
Gii:
t
2
3
x
t = iu kin 1 t > v
2
2 0
0 3 3 1
x
x > > =
Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:
( )
2 2 2
3 2 2 0 t x t x + + =

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
3 4 2 2 1
1
t
x x x
t x
=
A = + = +

=


Khi :
+Vi
2
2
3 3
2 3 2 log 2 log 2
x
t x x = = = =
+Vi
2
2 2
1 3 1
x
t x x = = ta c nhn xt:
2
2
1 1 3 1
0
1 1
1 1
x
VT VT
x
VP VP
x

> = =
=

> =
=


Vy phng trnh c 3 nghim
3
log 2; 0 x x = =
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh: ( ) 9 12 .3 11 0
x x
x x + + =
Gii:
PT
( ) ( )
2
3 12 3 11 0
x x
x x + + =
t ( ) 3 0
x
t t = >

=
=

x
x
x
11 3
1 3

= + =
=

(*) 0 11 3 ) (
0
x x f
x
x
(a +b +c =0)
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25
Xt phng trnh (*) ta c
(*)
0 ) 2 (
, 0 1 3 ln 3 ) ( '

)
`

=
> + =
f
x x f
x
c nghim duy nht x =2
Vy, tp nghim ca phng trnh: S ={0 ; 2}
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh: ( )
2 2
3.25 3 10 5 3
x x
x x

+ =
Gii:
PT ( )
2 2
3.25 3 10 5 3
x x
x x

+ =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
5 3.5 1 3.5 1 3 3.5 1 0
x x x x
x

+ =
( )( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
3.5 1 0 1
3.5 1 5 3 0
5 3 0 2
x
x x
x
x
x

=
+ =
+ =


PT ( )
2
5 5
1 1
1 5 2 log 2 log 3
3 3
x
x

= = + =
PT ( )
2
2 5 3
x
x

= +
V tri l hm ng bin v phi l hm nghch bin m (2) c nghim x = 2 nn l nghim duy nht.
Vy Pt c nghim l:
5
2 log 3 x= hoc x =2
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh: ( )
2 3 1 3
4 2 2 16 0 1
x x x + +
+ + =
Gii :
t 2
x
t = , iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (1) tng ng vi:
4 3 2 4 3
2 8 16 0 4 2.4 2 0 t t t t t t + + = =
t u = 4, ta c:
2 4 3
2. 2 0 u tu t t =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
4
2 4 0
1 4 2
1 5
2 5 1 log 5 1
1 5
x
u t t t
t
t t
u t t t t t
t
x
t
= + =
+ =

= + + = +

=
= =
= +


Bi 6: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( ) 9 2 2 .3 2 5 0 1
x x
x x + + =
Gii:
t 3
x
t = , iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (1) tng ng vi:
( )
2
2 2 2 5 0 t x t x + + =
( )
( )
1
3 5 2 2
5 2
x
t l
x
t x
=
=


Ta on c nghim x = 1
V tri (2) l mt hm s ng bin cn v phi (2) l mt hm nghch bin
Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca pt (2)
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh: ( )
2
3 3 5 5 1
x x
+ + =
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26
Gii:
t 3
x
t = , iu kin 0 t >
Khi pt (1) tng ng vi:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 4 2
5 5 5 5
5 0
0 5
5 2 1 .5 1 0 2 5 5
t t t t
t
t
t t t t
+ + = + =
>
< s



+ + = + =



t u = 5, pt (2) c dng:
( )
2 2 4
2 1 1 0 u t u t + + =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 1 2 1
5 0 5 1
2
2 1 2 1 5 1 4 0
2
1 17
1 17 1 17
2
3 log
2 2
1 17
2
x
t t
u
t t l t
t t t t t t
u
t l
x
t
+ +
=

= =



+ + + = + + + =

=

| |
+ +

= =
|
|

+
\ .
=


Bi 8: Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 3 2 2
.3 3 .3 2 .3 0, 0 1
x x x
m m m m m + + = =
a. Gii phng trnh vi m = 2.
b. Xc nh m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit.
Gii:
t 3
x
t = , iu kin t > 0
Khi pt (1) tng ng vi:
( )
2 3 2 2
. 3 . 2 . 0 m t mt m t m + + =
( ) ( )
3 2 2
3 1 2 0 t t m t m t + + + =
Coi m l n, cn t l tham s, ta c phng trnh bc 2 theo m, ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2
1
1
2
2 0 2
1
m
t
t
m
t
f t mt t m m
t

=
=

= + = =

+

a. Vi m = 2, ta c:
( ) ( )
3 3
2
1
1 1
2 3 log log 2
2 2
2 2 2 0
x
t
x
f t t t VN

= = =

= + =


Vy, vi m = 2 pt c ... nghim ...
b. Phng trnh cho c ba nghim phn bit phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit dng khc
1
m
v
m >0
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27
2
' 1 0
0
2
0
0
0 1
0
1 0
1
0 1
0
m
S
m
m
P
f
m
m
m
>
A >


>
>


< <
>
>

| |

=
|
=
\ .


Vy vi 0 1 m < < phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit.
Bi 9: Gii pt
1 1
3.9 (3 7).3 2 0
x x
x x

+ + = (1)
Gii:
t
1
3 , 0
x
t t

= > .
Phng trnh (1)
2
3. (3 7). 2 0 t x t x + + =
2 2 2
(3 7) 12(2 ) 9 30 25 (3 5) x x x x x A = = + =
3 7 3 5 1
6 3
3 7 3 5
2
6
x x
t
x x
t x
+ +
= =


+ +

= = +


1
1 1
3 0
3 3
x
t x

- = = =
1
2 3 2
x
t x x

- = + = + (*)
Ta thy 1 x= l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*)
t :
1
( ) 3
( ) 2
x
f x
g x x

= +


Ta c :
1
'( ) 3 .ln3 0
x
f x x R

= > e
Suy ra
1
( ) 3
x
f x

= l hm ng bin trn R v '( ) 1 0 g x x R = < e . Suy ra ( ) g x l hm nghch bin trn R
Vy phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht l 1 x= .
Vy pt (1) c 2 nghim l 0; 1 x x = = .


BI TON 5: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 3

I. Phng php:

Phng php dng n ph dng 3 s dng 2 n ph cho 2 biu thc m trong phng trnh v kho lo bin i
phng trnh thnh phng trnh tch.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: (HVQHQT D 1997) Gii phng trnh
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 3 7
4 4 4 1
x x x x x x + + + + +
+ = +
Gii:
Vit li phng trnh di dng:
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 6 5 3 2 2 6 5
4 4 4 .4 1
x x x x x x x x + + + + + +
+ = +
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28
t
2
2
3 2
2 6 5
4
, , 0
4
x x
x x
u
u v
v
+
+ +

>


Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:
( )( ) 1 1 1 0 u v uv u v + = + =
2
2
3 2 2
2
2 6 5
1
1 4 1 3 2 0 2
1 1
2 6 5
4 1
5
x x
x x
x
u x x x
v x
x x
x
+
+ +
=

= = + = =


= =
+ + =


Vy phng trnh c 4 nghim.
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
5 6 1 6 5
.2 2 2.2 (1)
x x x x
m m
+
+ = +
a. Gii phng trnh vi m =1
b. Tm m phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit.
Gii:
Vit li phng trnh di dng:

( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( 5 6) 1
5 6 1 7 5 5 6 1
5 6 1 5 6 1
.2 2 2 .2 2 2
.2 2 2 .2
x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
m m m m
m m
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ = + + = +
+ = +

t:
2
2
5 6
1
2
, , 0
2
x x
x
u
u v
v
+

>

. Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:


( )( )
2
2
2
5 6
1
1
3
1 2 1
1 0 2
2
2 (*)
x x
x
x
x
u
mu v uv m u v m x
v m
m
m
+

= =
+ = + = =

=
=

=


Vy vi mi m phng trnh lun c 2 nghim x =3, x =2
a. Vi m =1, phng trnh (*) c dng:
2
1 2 2
2 1 1 0 1 1
x
x x x

= = = =
Vy vi m =1, phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit: x =3, x =2, x = 1
b. (1) c 4 nghim phn bit (*) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2 v 3.
(*)
2 2
2 2
0 0
1 log 1 log
m m
x m x m
> >


= =

. Khi iu kin l:
( )
2
2
2
0
0
2
1 log 0
1 1
1
0;2 \ ;
1 log 4 8 256
8
1 1 log 9
256
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
>

>
<

>

e
` =
=
)


=


Vy vi ( )
1 1
0;2 \ ;
8 256
m

e
`
)
tho mn iu kin u bi.
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29
Bi 3: (H D 2006) Gii phng trnh
2 2
2
2 4.2 2 4 0
x x x x x +
+ =
Gii:
t
2
2
2
2
x x
x x
u
v
+

Suy ra
2
. 2
x
uv= ( ) 0, 0 u v > >
Phng trnh thnh:
4 4 0 (1 ) 4(1 ) 0 ( 4)(1 ) 0 u v uv u v v u v + = + = + =
1 v =
2
0
0
1
x
x x
x
=
=

=


Ch :
C th bin i tng ng a v phng trnh tch
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 4.2 2 4 0 2 2 1 4 2 1 0
2 1 2 4 0
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
+

+ = =
=

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh
a.
2 3 3 1 4
2 5.2 2 0
x x x x + + + +
+ = b.
( )
2
2
1 3 3 1
2 2 2 2
x x x x +
+ = +
Gii:
a. Ta c:
2 3 3 1 4 2 3 3 1 2
2 5.2 2 0 2 5.2 4.2 0
x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
+ = + =
t :
( )
3 1
2 3
2 3 1
2
2
, 0
2 2
x
x x
x x x
uv
u
u v
u
v
v
+ +
+
+ +

=

>

= =


.
Khi ta c phng trnh:
1
5 4 0 5 4 0
4
u
u u v
u uv v
v v
u
v

+ = + =


Vi:
3 1
1 2 1
x x
u
v
+
= =
v
3 1
4 2 4
x x
u
v
+
= =
(gii phng trnh i s tm nghim)
Tp nghim phng trnh:
{ } 1; 2 S=
b. t
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 3
2 1 1
2
u f x x x
u v x x x
v g x x
= = +

+ = + =

= =


( )( )
2
2 2.2 2 2 2 2.2 2 2 .2
2 2 1 1 3 3 1
2 2 1 2 0
0 2 2 0 2 1
u v u v u v u v
u
u v
v
u x x x
v x x
+
+ = + + = +
= = = + =
=

= = = =


Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:
a.
( ) ( )
2 2 2
log log
3 1 . 3 1 1
x x
x x + + = + b.
2 2
5 6 1 6 5
2 2 2.2 1
x x x x +
+ = +
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Gii:
a. iu kin: 0 x>
t
( )
2
log
3 1
x
u + = ,
( )
2
log
3 1
x
v =
Ta c pt
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2
1
1 1 1 0 ... 1
1
u
u uv u v uv u x
uv
=

+ = + = =
=


b. Vit li phng trnh di dng:
2 2
5 6 1 7 5
2 2 2 1
x x x x +
+ = +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 1
5 6 1 5 6 1 5 3 1
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 .2 1
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
+ +
+ + +
+ = + + = +
t
2
2
5 6
1
2
, , 0
2
x x
x
u
u v
v
+

>


Khi , pt tng ng vi:
( )( )
2
2
5 6 2
2
1
1
1 1 1 0
1
3
2 1 5 6 0
2
1 1
2 1
1
x x
x
u
u v uv u v
v
x
x x
x
x
x
+

=
+ = + =

=

= + =

=


=
=


Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh:
a.
( )
2
2
2
3
2
2 1
2
9 3 3 1
x x
x x
+

= b.
( )
2
2 2
1 1
4 2 2 1
x x x x + +
+ =
c. 8.3 3.2 24 6
x x x
+ = + d.
2 2 2
2 5 2 4 8 3 6 13 5
2 2 1 2
x x x x x x + + +
+ = +
Gii:
a. t
2
2
3
2
2
9
, 0
3
x x
x
u
uv
v
+

=
>


Nhn xt rng:
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
3
3
2 2
2
2
2
2 1 4 3
9 3
3 3
3 3
x x
x x
x x x
x x
u
v
| |
+
+ |
\ .
+
= = = =
Khi , pt tng ng vi:
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
0
1 1 0
1
1
4 3 0
9 3 3 3
3
0
3 1 3 3
0
x x x x
x x
x x
u v
u
u v u v v
v v
x
x x
x
x
x
| |
+ +
|
\ .
=
= =

=

=

+ =
= =

=

= = =


b. t
2
2
1
4
, 0
2
x x
x
u
uv
v
+

>


Nhn xt rng:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
. 4 .2 2 .2 2
x x
x x x x x
uv
+
+ +
= = =
Khi , pt tng ng vi:
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( )( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1 1 0
1
0
4 1 0
1
1 0
2 1
1
x x
x
u
u v uv u v
v
x
x x
x
x
x
+

=
+ = + =

=

= + =

=


=
=


c. t
3
, 0
2
x
x
u
uv
v
=

>


Khi , pt tng ng vi:
( )( )
3
8 3 24 3 8 0
8
3 3 1
3
2 8
x
x
u
u v uv u v
v
x
x
=
+ = + =

=

= =


=
=


d. Nhn xt:
Phng trnh trn c dng
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x
a a h x f x g x + = + = + (


t
( )
( )
0
0
f x
g x
u a
v a

= >

= >


PT ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0 1 0
1
u
u v uv u v u a u v
v


=
+ = + = =

=


M 1 1 u v = = =
2
2
2 5 2 2
2
4 8 3
2
2 1 2 5 2 0
1
2
4 8 3 0
2 1
3
2
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
+
+

= + =

=


+ =
=



BI TON 6: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 4

I. Phng php:

Phng php dng n ph dng 4 l vic s dng k n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 h phng
trnh vi k n ph.
Trong h mi th k 1 th phng trnh nhn c t cc mi lin h gia cc i lng tng ng.
Trng hp c bit l vic s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 h phng trnh vi 1 n
ph v 1 n x, khi ta thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: t iu kin c ngha cho cc biu tng trong phng trnh.
Bc 2: Bin i phng trnh v dng: ( ) , 0 f x x ( =


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32
Bc 3: t ( ) y x = ta bin i phng trnh thnh h:
( )
( ) ; 0
y x
f x y
=


II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
1 1 1
8 2 18
2 1 2 2 2 2 2
x
x x x x
+ =
+ + + +

Gii:
Vit li phng trnh di dng:
1 1 1 1
8 1 18
2 1 2 1 2 2 2
x x x x
+ =
+ + + +

t:
1
1
2 1
, , 1
2 1
x
x
u
u v
v

= +

>

= +


Nhn xt rng:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
. 2 1 . 2 1 2 2 2
x x x x
uv u v

= + + = + + = +
Phng trnh tng ng vi h:
8 1 18 2
8 18
9
9;
8
u v
u v
u v u v
u v uv u v
u v uv
= =
+ = + =

+


+ = = =

+ =


+Vi u = v = 2, ta c:
1
1
2 1 2
1
2 1 2
x
x
x

+ =

+ =


+Vi u = 9 v
9
8
v= , ta c:
1
1
2 1 9
4
9
2 1
8
x
x
x

+ =

+ =


Vy phng trnh cho c cc nghim x = 1 hoc x =4.
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
2
2 2 6 6
x x
+ =
Gii:
t 2
x
u= , iu kin u 0 > . Khi phng trnh thnh:
2
6 6 u u + =
t 6, v u = + iu kin
2
6 6 v v u > = +
Khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
2
6 0
0
1 0
6
u v u v
u v u v u v u v
u v
v u
= + =
= + =


+ + =
= +


+Vi u = v ta c:
2
3
6 0 2 3 8
2(1)
x
u
u u x
u
=
= = =


+Vi u + v + 1 = 0 ta c:
2
2
1 21
21 1 21 1
2
5 0 2 log
2 2
1 21
(1)
2
x
u
u u x
u

+
=

+ = = =


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Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim l x =8 hoc
2
21 1
log .
2
x

=
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh:
a.
3 1
8 1 2 2 1
x x+
+ = b.
2
3 3 5 5
x x
+ + =
Gii:
a. t
3 1
2 0; 2 1
x x
u v
+
= > = .
PT
3 3
3 3 2 2
0 1 2 1 2
2 1 0 1 2 ( )( 2) 0
u v u v u v
u u v u u v u uv v
= > + = + =



+ = + = + + + =

2
0
1 5
log
2
x
x
=


b. t 3
x
u= , iu kin 0 u>
Khi , pt (1) tng ng vi:
( )
2
5 5 2 u u + + =
t 5 v u = + , iu kin
2
5 5 v v u > = +
Khi , pt (2) tng ng vi h:
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
2
5
1 0
1 0
5
u v u v
u v u v u v u v
u v
v u
= =
= + + + =


+ =
= +


TH 1: Vi u v = , ta c:
( )
2
3
1 21
1 21 1 21
2
5 0 3 log
2 2
1 21
2
x
u
u u x
u loai

+
=

+ +

= = =


TH 2 : Vi 1 0 u v + = , ta c :
( )
2
3
1 17
17 1 17 1
2
4 0 3 log
2 2
1 17
2
x
u
u u x
u loai

+
=

+ = = =


Bi 4: Gii phng trnh: ( )
3 1
27 2 3 3 2 1
x x+
+ =
Gii :
t 3
x
u= , iu kin u >0
Khi , pt (1) tng ng vi:
( )
3 3
2 3 3 2 2 u u + =
t
3
3 2 v u = ,
3
3 2 v u =
Khi , pt (2) tng ng vi h:
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( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
3
3
3 3 2 2
3 3
2 2
2 3 3
2 3
3 3 0
3 2 4 2 3
0
3 0
u v
u v
u v u v u v u uv v
v u v u
u v
u v
u uv v VN
+ = + =

= + + + =

= + =

=
=

+ + + =


Thay u = v vo (3), ta c:
( )( )
( )
3 2
2
3 2 0 1 2 0
1 1 0
3 1 0
2 2 0
x
u u u u u
u u
x
u l u u
+ = + =
= =
= =

= + =



BI TON 7: S DNG TNH CHT N IU CA HM S

I. Phng php:

S dng cc tnh cht ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p dng:
Hng1: Thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f(x) =k
Bc 2: Xt hm s y =f(x). Dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu (gi s ng bin)
Bc 3: Nhn xt:
+Vi ( ) ( )
0 0
x x f x f x k = = = do
0
x x = l nghim
+Vi ( ) ( )
0
x x f x f x k > > = do phng trnh v nghim
+Vi ( ) ( )
0 0
x x f x f x k < < = do phng trnh v nghim.
Vy
0
x x = l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Hng 2: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f(x) =g(x)
Bc 2: Xt hm s y = f(x) v y =g(x). Dng lp lun khng nh hm s y = f(x) l
L ng bin cn hm s y = g(x) l hm hng hoc nghch bin
Xc nh
0
x sao cho ( ) ( )
0 0
f x g x =
Bc 3: Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht
0
x x =
Hng 3: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f(u) =f(v) (3)
Bc 2: Xt hm s y =f(x). Dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu (gi s ng bin)
Bc 3: Khi : (3) u v = vi ,
f
u v D e

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
2
log
2.3 3
x
x+ = (1) b. ( )
2
2
1
2 2 1
x x x
x

=
Gii:
a. iu kin x 0 > . Bin i phng trnh v dng:
2
log
2.3 3
x
x = (2)
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Nhn xt rng:
+V phi ca phng trnh l mt hm nghch bin.
+V tri ca phng trnh l mt hm ng bin.
Do vy nu phng trnh c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
Nhn xt rng x =1 l nghim ca phng t rnh (2) v
2
log
2.3 3 1
x
=
Vy x =1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
b. Ta c: ( )
2
2 2
1 0 2 1 0 1 x x x x x x > + = >
2 2
1 1
2 2 2 2 0
x x x x x x
> s (do hm s
t
y 2 = ng bin).
Suyra:
0
0
VT
VP
s

>

m VT =VP (Gi thuyt) nn ta c:


( )
2
2
1
1 0
1
2 2
x x x
x
x


Tp nghim phng trnh: 1 x=
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
2
3 1
2
3
1
log 3 2 2 2
5
x x
x x

| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
(1)
Gii:
iu kin:
2
1
3 2 0
2
x
x x
x
s
+ >

>


t
2
3 2 u x x = + , iu kin 0 u> suy ra:
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 1 1 x x u x x u + = =
Khi (1) c dng: ( )
2
1
3
1
log 2 2
5
u
u

| |
+ + =
|
\ .

Xt hm s: ( ) ( )
2
1
2
3 3
1 1
( ) log 2 log 2 .5
5 5
x
f x x x x

| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .

+Min xc nh |0; ) D= +
+ o hm:
( )
2 1 1
.2 .5 .ln3 0,
2 ln3 5
x
f x x D
x
= + > e
+
. Suy ra hm s tng trn D
Mt khc ( ) ( )
3
1
1 log 1 2 .5 2.
7
f = + + =
Do , phng trnh (2) c vit di dng:
( ) ( )
2
3 5
1 1 3 2 1
2
f u f u x x x

= = + = =
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim
3 5
2
x

=
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh
2
2 2 4 2
2 2 2
5 5 2
x mx
x mx
x mx m
+ +
+ +
= + +
a. Gii phng trnh vi
4
5
m=
b. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
Gii:
t
2
2 2 t x mx = + + phng trnh c dng:
2 2
5 5 2 2
t t m
t t m
+
+ = + + (1)
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Xc nh hm s ( ) 5
t
f t t = +
+Min xc nh D =R
+ o hm: 5.ln5 1 0,
t
f x D = + > e hm s tng trn D
Vy (1) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 f t f t m t t m t m x mx m = + = + + = + + = (2)
a. Vi
4
5
m= ta c:
2 2
2
8 4
0 5 8 4 0
2
5 5
5
x
x x x x
x
=

+ = =

=


Vy vi
4
5
m= phng trnh c 2nghim
2
2;
5
x x = =
b. Xt phng trnh (2) ta c:
2
' m m A =
+Nu
2
' 0 0 0 1 m m m A < < < < . Phng trnh (2) v nghimphng trnh (1) v nghim.
+Nu ' 0 A = m =0 hoc m =1.
vi m =0 phng trnh c nghim kp x =0
vi m =1 phng trnh c nghim kp x
0
= 1
+Nu
1
' 0
0
m
m
>
A >

<

phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit


2
1,2
x m m m = cng l nghim kp
ca (1)
Kt lun:
Vi m =0 phng trnh c nghim kp x =0
Vi m =1 phng trnh c nghim kp x
0
= 1
Vi 0 m 1 < < phng trnh v nghim
Vi m 1 > hoc m 0 < phng trnh c 2 nghim
2
1,2
x m m m =
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh
2 2
3 2 2 2 3
2 9 6 4 3 5
x x x x x x
x x

+ + + = + +
Gii:
Phng trnh
2 2
6 4 2 4 6
2 3 6 2 3 5
x x x x x x
x x

+ + + = + +
2 2
2 4 6 6 4
2 3 2 4 6 3
x x x x x x
x x x

+ = +
t
2
2 3 2 3
4 6
u u v v
u x x
u v
v x

=
+ = +
`
=
)

Xt hm s ( ) ( )
/
1 1 1
2 2 ln2 1 ln 0
3 3 3
t t
t t
f t t f t t R
| | | |
= + = + > e
| |
\ . \ .

( )
/
f t ng bin, m ( ) ( ) f u f v u v = =
Ta c phng trnh:
2 2
1
4 6 5 6 0
6
x
x x x x x
x
=
= + =

=


Vy tp nghim phng trnh:
{ } 1;6 S=
Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
2
8 2
2 2 8 2
x x x
x x
+
= + b.
2 2
log 3 log 7
2 x x x + =
Gii:
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a. t:
2
2
8 2
8
u x x
v u x x
v x
=
= +
`
= +
)

Phng trnh trn ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2
u v u v
v u u v f u f v = + = + =
Xt hm s: ( ) 2
t
f t t = + , ( ) ' 2 ln2 0
t
f t t R = > e
( ) ' f t
ng bin
m
( ) ( ) = f u f v
nn
2 2
8 2 8 0 u v x x x x x = = + =
4
2
x
x
=


Vy tp nghim phng trnh:
{ } 2;4 S=
b.
2 2 2
log log log
2 3 7 2
x x x
+ =
t
2
log t x = th pt tr thnh:
2 3 1
2 3 7 2 2. 1
7 7 7
t t t
t t t
| | | | | |
+ = + + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1
2. ' ln ln 2. ln 0
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
t t t t t t
f t f x t
| | | | | | | | | | | |
= + + = + + < e
| | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .

( ) f t l hm gim trn R
li c ( ) 1 1 f = nn pt cho lun c nghim duy nht
2
1 log 1 2 t x x = = =
Vy pt cho c nghim duy nht 2 x=
Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
( )
9 5 4 2 20
x
x x x
= + + b. ( )
3
2
2
3
log
3. log 1
x
x x x + =
Gii:
a. PT
2 2
5 2
3 [( 5) 2 ] 3 ( 5) 2 1
3 3
x
x
x x x x x x
| |
| |
= + = + + =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
(1)
V
5 2
0 , 1
3 3
< < nn v tri l hm s nghch bin trn
Mt khc: ( ) 2 1 f = nn PT ( ) ( ) 2 2 f x f x = = .
b. iu kin: 0 x>
t
3
log 3
t
t x x = =
Phng trnh tr thnh : 3.
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 2 2
3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2
t
t t t t
t t t
+
+ = + + = + (1)
Xt hm s ( ) 3
u
f u u = + c '( ) 3 ln3 1 0
u
f u u = + >
Suy ra ( ) 3
u
f u u = + ng bin trn R
PT (1) ( )
2 2
( 1) 2 1 2 1 f t f t t t t + = + = =
Vi 1 3 t x = =
Bi 7: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. 2 3 5
x x
+ = b.

2 3 5
x x x
+ =
Gii:
a. Phng trnh nhn nghim 1 x=
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2 3 5 2 3 5 0
x x x x
+ = + =
Xt hm s ( ) 2 3 5
x x
f x = + (xc nh vi mi x )
Ta c ( )
/
2 ln2 3 ln3 0
x x
f x x = + > . Suy ra th hm s ( ) f x ct trc honh ti duy nht mt im
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht 1 x=
b. Phng trnh nhn nghim 1 x=
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho 3
x

PT
2 5
1
3 3
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

t
2 5
( ) 1 ( )
3 3
x x
f x v g x
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .

C hai hm s u c tp xc nh l R
Ta c
/ /
2 2 5 5
( ) ln 0 ( ) ln 0
3 3 3 3
x x
f x v g x
| | | |
= < = >
| |
\ . \ .

Suy ra hm s ( ) f x nghch bin v hm s ( ) g x ng bin
Do th ca hai hm s ct nhau ti mt im duy nht
Vy phng trnh c duy nht mt nghim 1 x=

Bi 6: Gii phng trnh:
1
4 2 2(2 1)sin(2 1) 2 0
x x x x
y
+
+ + + =
Gii:
PT ( )
2
2
2 1 sin(2 1) 0 (1)
2 1 sin(2 1) cos (2 1) 0
cos(2 1) 0 (2)
x x
x x x
x
y
y y
y
+ + =

+ + + + =

+ =


T (2) sin(2 1) 1 + =
x
y .
- Khi sin(2 1) 1
x
y + = , thay vo (1), ta c: 2
x
=0 (VN)
- Khi sin(2 1) 1 + =
x
y , thay vo (1), ta c: 2
x
=2 x =1.
Thay x =1 vo (1) sin(y +1) =1 1 ,
2
y k k Z

= + e .
Kt lun: Phng trnh c nghim: 1; 1 ,
2
k k Z


| |
+ e
|
\ .
.
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh 3 4 0
x
x + =
Gii:
Cch 1: Ta c 3 4 0 3 4 (*)
x x
x x + = + =
Ta thy 1 x= l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*)
t :
( ) 3
( ) 4
x
f x x
g x
= +


Ta c : '( ) 3.ln3 1 >0 x
x
f x = + . Suy ra ( ) 3
x
f x x = + l hm ng bin trn R.
M ( ) 4 g x = l hm hng
Vy phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht l 1 x=
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Cch 2: 3 4 0 3 4 (*)
x x
x x + = + =
Ta thy 1 x= l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*)
Nu 1 x> , ta c
1
3 3 3
1
x
x
> =

>

3 3 1 4
x
x + > + = (v l)
Nu 1 x< , ta c
1
3 3 3
1
x
x
< =

<

3 3 1 4
x
x + < + = (v l).
Vy phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht l 1 x= .
Bi 8: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
2
2 3 1
x
x
= + b.
( )
5
log 3
2
x
x
+
=
c.
2
2 5 29
x
x x
+ = d.
2
4 9 7
x
x
= +
Gii:
a. Ta c :
2
2 3 1
x
x
= + 2 ( 3) 1
x x
= +
3 1
1
2 2
x
x
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
(*)
- Ta thy 2 x= l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*)
- t :
3 1
( )
2 2
( ) 1
x
x
f x
g x

| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .


Ta c :
3 3 1 1
'( ) .ln ln 0 x
2 2 2 2
x
x
f x R
| |
| |
= + < e
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

Suy ra
3 1
( )
2 2
x
x
f x
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
l hm nghch bin trn R. M ( ) 1 g x = l hm hng
Vy phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht l 2 x=
b. iu kin : x 0 >
Phng trnh ( ) ( )
5 2
log 3 log x x + = -
t
2
log 2
t
t t x = =
Phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
5
2 1
log 2 3 2 3 5 3. 1
3 5
t t
t t t
t
| | | |
- + = + = + = --
| |
\ . \ .

Xt hm s ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
3. ' ln0.4 3. ln0.2 0
3 5 3 5
t t t t
f t f x t
| | | | | | | |
= + = + < e
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

Suy ra: ( ) f t l hm gim trn R
Mt khc ( ) 1 1 f = nn pt (**) c nghim duy nht
2
1 log 1 2 t x x = = =
c. Chia hai v cho
( )
29
x
ta c :
2 5
1
29 29
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

Ta thy 2 x= l mt nghim ca phng trnh. chng minh 2 x= l mt nghim duy nht.
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Nu 2 x< th :
2
2
2 2 4
29
29 29 2 5 4 25
1
29 29
29 29
5 5 25
29
29 29
x
x x
x

| | | |
> =
| |
| | | | \ . \ .
+ > + =

| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
> =
| |
\ . \ .

pt v nghim khi 2 x<
Nu 2 x> : cm tng t ta cng c pt v nghim.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht 2 x=
d. PT
4 1
4 3 7 1 7
3 3
x x
x x
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

t: ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
' ln 0
3 3 3
x x
f x f x f x
| | | |
= = >
| |
\ . \ .
ng bin trn R
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 7. ' 7. ln 0
3 3 3
x x
g x g x g x
| | | |
= + = <
| |
\ . \ .
l hm gim trn R
Do th hm s hai hm ch c th ct nhau ti 1 im duy nht 2 x= .
Vy pt c nghim duy nht 2 x=
Bi 9: Gii phng trnh: 3.2 3 2 1
x x
x x = + +
Gii:
Nhn xt: ta thy pt 3.2 3 2 1
x x
x x = + + c hai nghim x = 1.
Vi
1
2
x= khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn
PT
2 1
3
2 1
x
x
x
+
=


Ta c hm s y =3
x
tng trn R
hm s
2 1
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

lun gim trn mi khong


1 1
; , ;
2 2
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

Vy Phng trnh ch c hai nghim x = 1

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a.
( )
3 2 ( 3 2) ( 5)
x
x x
+ + =
HD:
3 2 3 2
( ) ( ) 1
5 5
3 2 3 2
;0 1; ; 1
5 5
x x
u u v v
+
+ =
+
= < < = >

+Nu 0: 0; 1 1
x x
x u v VT > > > >
+Nu 0: 1; 0 1
x x
x u v VT < > > >
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Vy pt v nghim.
b. 8 (3 1) 4
x
x+ = c.
2 5 1
1 1
2 5 1
x x
e e
x x

=

d.
2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 3 5 2 3 5
x x x x x x + + +
+ + = + +
e.
2
( 3 2) ( 3 2) 10
x
x x
+ + = f.
2
(2 3) 2(1 2 ) 0
x x
x x + + =
s:
b.
1
3
x= c. 2;4 x= d. 1 x= e. 2 x= f. { } 0;2 x=
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a. (TL 2001)
2
1 2
2 2 ( 1)
x x x
x

=
b.
1
2 4 1
x x
x
+
=
c. (QHQT 1997) ( 3 2) ( 3 2) ( 5)
x x x
+ + =
d. (SPHN 2001) 3 5 6 2
x x
x + = +
e. (BCVT 1998) (2 3) (2 3) 4
x x x
+ + =
f.
3 2 2 3
2 3 .2 (1 3 ).2 2 0
x x x
x x x x + + + + + =
g. (2.3 1) 3 2
x x
x = +
h.
3
8 .2 2 0
x x
x x

+ =
s:
a. 1 x= b. 1 x= c. VN d. { } 0;1 x= e. 1 x= f. 0 x=
g. 1 x= h. 2 x=

BAI TON 8: S DNG BT NG THC

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 1
3 4 5 14
x x x x x x + + + + + +
+ + =
HD:
Cch 1: Phng trnh:
2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 1
3 4 5 14
x x x x x x + + + + + +
+ + =
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
1 2 2 3 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1
1 2 1 0
3 3 3 9
4 4 4 4 3 4 5 14
5 5 5 1
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + +

= > =

= > = + + >

= > =


Du

=

xy ra khi v ch khi: x 1 = .
Cch 2: Phng trnh:
2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 1
3 4 5 14
x x x x x x + + + + + +
+ + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1
3 4 5 1 3 4 5 1 9.3 4.4 5 1
x x x t t t t t t + + + + + + +
+ + = + + = + + =
Dng o hm ta chng minh phng trnh 9.3 4.4 5 1
t t t
+ + = c t =0 l nghim duy nht.
Vi t = 0 ta suy ra x 1 = .
Vy tp nghim phng trnh:
{ } 1 S=

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
1 1 2 3
2 2 3 2
x x +
+ =
Giair:
Cch 1: S dng BT Cauchy.
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42
V
1
1
2
2
x+
v
1 2
2
x
l cc s dng. Nn p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 s
1
1
2
2
x+
,
1
1
2
2
x+
v
1 2
2
x
, ta c:
1 1 1 2 3
1 1
2 2 2 3 2
2 2
x x x + +
+ + >

Du

=

xy ra khi v ch khi:
1 1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2 2 2
2 3
x x x x
x
+
= = =
Cch 2: t
x
t 2 , t 0 = > . Khi ta c phng trnh:
3
2
2
2 3 2 t
t
+ =

3 3
2 3 2 2 0 t t + = . Ta c
3
2 t = l nghim ca phng trnh. p dng lc Horner, ta c:

2
3
3 2 0 2
3
2 2
3
2
3
4 0
Khi :
( )( )
3 2 3 3 3 3
2 3 2 2 0 2 2 2 4 0 t t t t t + = =
3
2 3 3
2
1
3
2 2 4 0
t
x
t t


Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
( )
2 1 3 2
2
3
8
2 2
log 4 4 4
x x
x x
+
+ =
+

Gii:
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3
4 4 4 2 1 3 3 log 4 4 4 1 x x x x x + = + > + >
( )
2
3
8
8
log 4 4 4
VP
x x
= s
+

Mt khc theo BT Csi, ta c:
2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 4
2 2 2 2 .2 2 2 8
Cosi
x x x x
VT
+ +
= + > = =
Du = xy ra
( )
2 1 3 2
2
3
2 2 8
8
8
log 4 4 4
x x
x x
+
+ =


Gii h ta c nghim ca phng trnh l x =
1
2


Bi tp t gii:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
3 2
1
3 8
3
x
x
x + = b. 3 1 3 3 2
x x
+ = c.
2
2 1 2 2 2
x x
x x + = +
d.
2 2
sin cos
8 8 10 cos2
x x
y + = + e.
sin 1 sin
4 2 cos( ) 2 0
y x x
xy
+
+ = f. 9 3 10 2
x x
x + = +
g.
2
2
27 (6 4 1).9
x x
x x = + h.
2 1
2 2 3 1
x
x x x

+ + = +
s:
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a. 0 x= b. 0 1 x s s c. 1 x= d. ;
2 2
k
x y l

= = + e. ; 0 x k y = =
f. 0 1 x x = v = g.
2 1
0;1; ;
3 3
x

e
`
)
h. 1 x=

BI TON 9: S DNG GI TR LN NHT V NH NHT CA HM S

I. Phng php:
Vi phng trnh c cha tham s: ( ) ( ) f x,m g m . = Chng ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Lp lun s nghim ca (1) l s giao im ca th hm s (C): ( ) y f x,m = v ng thng
( ) d: y g m. =
Bc 2: Xt hm s y =f(x,m)
+Tm min xc nh D
+ Tnh o hm y ri gii phng trnh y=0
+Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
Bc 3: Kt lun:
+ Phng trnh c nghim ( ) ( ) min , ( ) max , ( ) f x m g m f x m x D s s e
+ Phng trnh c k nghim phn bit (d) ct (C) ti k im phn bit
+ Phng trnh v nghim ( ) ( ) d C = C

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Cho phng trnh
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 2 2 2
x x
x x
x x m
+
+
+ + =
a. Gii phng trnh vi m =8
b. Gii phng trnh vi m =27
c. Tm m phng trnh c nghim
Gii:
Vit li phng trnh di dng:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 4 2 2
x x x x
x x m
+ +
+ + + =
S nghim ca phng trnh l s giao im ca th hm s:

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 4 2 2
x x x x
y x x
+ +
= + + + vi ng thng y =m
Xt hm s
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 4 2 2
x x x x
y x x
+ +
= + + + xc nh trn D =R
Gii hn: limy= +
Bng bin thin: v 3 1, 4 1 > > nn s bin thin ca hm s ph thuc vo s bin thin cca hm s
2
2 2 t x x = + ta c:
a. Vi m =8 phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =1
b. Vi m =27 phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit x =0 v x =2
c. Phng trnh c nghim khi m 8 >
Bi 2: Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh
2
4 3
4 2
1
1
5
x x
m m
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
c 4 nghim phn bit
Gii:
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V
4 2
1 0 m m + > vi mi m do phng trnh tng ng vi:

( )
2 4 2
1
5
4 3 log 1 x x m m + = +
t
( )
4 2
1
5
log 1 m m a + = , khi :
2
4 3 x x a + =

Phng trnh ban u c 4 nghim phn bit phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit
ng thng y =a ct th hm s
2
4 3 y x x = + ti 4 im phn bit
Xt hm s:
2
2
2
4 3 1 3
4 3
4 3 1 3
x x khix hoacx
y x x
x x khi x
+ s >

= + =

+ s s


o hm:
2 4 1 3
'
2 4 1 3
x khix hoac x
y
x khi x
< >
=

+ < <



Bng bin thin:


T , ng thng y =a ct th hm s
2
4 3 y x x = + ti 4 im phn bit
( )
4 2 4 2
1
5
1
0 1 0 log 1 1 1 1 0 1
5
a m m m m m < < < + < < + < < <
Vy vi 0 1 m < < phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit.
Bi 3: Gii v bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh 2 3 4 1
x x
m + = +
Gii:
t 2 , 0
x
t t = > phng trnh c vit di dng:

2
2
3
3 1
1
t
t m t m
t
+
+ = + =
+
(1)
S nghim ca (1) l s giao im ca th hm s (C):
2
3
1
t
y
t
+
=
+
vi ng thng d:y =m
Xt hm s:
2
3
1
t
y
t
+
=
+
xc nh trn ( ) 0; D +
+ o hm:
( )
2 2
1 3 1
' ; ' 0 1 3 0
3
1 1
t
y y t t
t t

= = =
+ +

+Gii hn: ( ) lim 1 y t = +
+Bng bin thin:
Bin lun:
Vi 1 ms hoc 10 m> phng trnh v nghim
Vi 1 3 m < s hoc 10 m= phng trnh c nghim duy nht
Vi 3 10 m < < phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
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Bi 4: Gii phng trnh 3 5 2.4
x x x
+ =
HD:
Ta c: 0 0 x VT VP x = = = l nghim ca phng trnh.
1 1 x VT VP x = = = l nghim ca phng trnh.
Suy ra: x =0 v x =1 l nghim ca phng trnh.
V 4 0
x
> nn ta chia hai v phng trnh cho 4
x
, ta c:
3 5
2
4 4
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

Xt hm s:
( )
3 5
2
4 4
x x
f x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
vi x R e
Vy phng trnh
3 5
2
4 4
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
(hay phng trnh 3 5 2.4
x x x
+ = ) chnh l phng trnh honh giao
im ca
( ) ( ) : C y f x = v trc honh
( ) 0 Ox y=

o hm:
( )
/
3 3 5 5
ln ln
4 4 4 4
x x
f x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

( )
// 2 2
3 3 5 5
ln ln 0
4 4 4 4
x x
f x x R
| | | |
= + > e
| |
\ . \ .
Suyra: ( )
/
f x ng bin
Mt khc, ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
/
/ /
/
3 5 15
0 ln ln ln 0
4 4 16
0 1 0 0;1
3 3 5 5
1 ln ln 0
4 4 4 4
f
f f x
f

= + = <

< e

= + >


Suy ra phng trnh ( )
/
f x 0 = c nghim thuc
( ) 0;1 . M
( )
/
f x ng bin
Nn ( )
/
f x 0 = c nghim x
0
duy nht thuc
( ) 0;1
Bng bin thin.

x 0 x
0
1 +
f
/
(x) 0 +

f(x)

+


( )
0
f x

Kt lun:
Phng trnh ( ) f x 0 = ch c ti a hai nghim
Suy ra: x =0 v x =1 l hai nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Vy tp nghim phng trnh { } 0;1 S =
Bi 5: (HDB 2004) CMR phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht ( )
1
1 ( 0)
x
x
x x x
+
= + >
HD:
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( )
1
1
x
x
x x
+
= + ( )
1
ln ln 1
x
x
x x
+
= + ( ) ( 1)ln ln 1 x x x x + = + ( 1)ln ln( 1) 0 x x x x + + =
t ( ) ( 1)ln ln( 1) f x x x x x = + +
1 1
( ) ln ln( 1)
1
f x x x
x x
' = + + +
+
;
2
2 2
1
( ) 0
( 1)
x x
f x
x x

'' = <
+
Suy ra f(x) nghch bin trn R
+

M:
1 1
lim ( ) lim ln 0
1 1
x x
x
f x
x x x
+ +
| |
' = + + =
|
+ +
\ .
( ) f x 0 > vi mi x 0 > f(x) ng bin trn R
+

0
lim ( )
x
f x
+

= ; ( ) ( ) f e e 1 eln e 1 0 = + + >
Vy c
0
x thuc ( ) 0;e ( )
0
f x 0 = v
0
x l nghim duy nht.
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh: 4 6 25 2
x x
x + = +
Gii:
Phng trnh ( ) 4 6 25 2 0.
x x
f x x = + + =
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 .ln4 6.ln6 25 4 . ln4 6. ln6 0
x x x x
f x f x x R = + = + > e
Suy ra f(x) ng bin /R.
Mt khc f(x) lin tc v ( ) 0 ln4 ln6 25 0 f = + <
( ) ( ) 2 16.ln4 36.ln6 50 0 0 f f x = + > = c nghim ( )
0
0;2 x e
Vy ( ) 0 f x = c ti a hai nghim, ta c bng bin thin:






Ta c ( ) ( ) 0 0 2 0 f v f = =
Vy phng trnh c ng hai nghim 0 2. x x = v =

BI TON 10: A V PHNG TRNH T CH

TQ 1: ( ) ( ) 0 0 ab cd ac bd ab cd ac bd a b c d b c + = + + = =
( ) ( )
0
0
b c
b c a d
a d
=
=


TQ 2: ( )( )
1
1 1 1 0
1
u
u v uv u v
v
=
+ = + =

=


Vi phng trnh m:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x
a a h x f x g x + = + = + (



Bi tp p dng:


x
f(x)
f(x)
-
+
0 2
x
0
0
- +
+

-

f(x
0
)
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47

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
a. 12 6 4.3 3.2
x x x
+ = + b. 15 3.5 3 3
x x x
+ =
Gii:
a. PT
12 4.3 3.2 6
x x x
=
( ) ( )
4 3 3 2 3 3
x x x
=

( )( )
4 2 3 3 0
x x
=
4 2 0 2 4 1
2
3 3 0 3 3
x x
x x
x
x
= = =



=
= =



b. PT
( )
( )( ) ( )
3.5 3.5 3 3 0 5 3 3 3 3 0
3 3 5 1 0 3 3 0 1 5 1 0
x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
+ = + =
+ = = = + > e

Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. 8.3
x
+3.2
x
=24 +6
x
x = 1 hoc x = 3
2. 12.3
x
+3.15
x
- 5
x +1
=20
3. 2
x
+3
x
=1 +6
x

4. 8 - x.2
x
+2
3 - x
- x =0
5.
2x+1 x+1 x
5 +7 - 175 - 35=0
6.
( )
2
2 2
1 1
4 2 2 1
x x x x + +
+ = +
7.
+ + + + +
+ = +
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 3 7
4 4 4 1
x x x x x x

8.
+
+ +
2 1 1 1
5.3 7.3 1 6.3 9
x x x x
=0
9.
3 2 3 4 2 1 2 1
.2 2 .2 2
x x x x
x x
+ + +
+ = +
10.

2 x-1 x x x x-1
x 3 +x 3 -2 =2 2 -3
11. 4
sinx
- 2
1 +sinx
cos(xy) +
y
2
12.

2 2
2 2 2 x +x 2 x +x
1-x 1-x
2 +2 - 2 .2 -1=0

BI TON 11: PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
x x
a a
a a
| | | | +
=
| |
\ . \ .
vi tham s ( ) 0;1 ae
Gii:
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
x x
a a
a a
| | | | +
=
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
x x
a a
a a
| | | | +
= +
| |
\ . \ .

Chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
1
2
x
a
a
| | +
|
\ .
,
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48
ta c:
2
2 2
2 1
1
1 1
x
x
a a
a a
| | | |
= +
| |
+ +
\ .
\ .
. V ( ) 0;1 ae nn tn ti gc 0;
2

| |
e
|
\ .
cho tan
2
a

= .
Thu c phng trnh:
2
2tan
2
1
1 tan
x

| |
|
=
|
+
|
\ .
2
2
1 tan
2
1 tan
x

| |

|
+
|
+
|
\ .
( ) ( ) 1 sin cos
x x
= +
Hm s ( ) ( ) sin cos
x x
y = + l hm nghch bin v ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
(2) sin cos 1 f = + = . Vy x =2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Bi 2: Cho hai phng trnh:
( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 1 3
x x
+ = + (1) v
( )
2 1 2cos
9
x

+ = (2)
Gi s x l nghim ca phng trnh G (1) . Chng minh rng, khi
x cng l nghim ca phng trnh (2) .
Gii:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
3 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 1
x x x
x
+ = + + = +
+

t
( )
2 1 2
x
t + = vi t > 0.
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
2 3
1 1
4 3 4 3
2 2
t t t
t
= + = . Xt ( ) 1;1 te , t ( ) cos , 0; t = e ta c
3
1 1 2
4cos 3cos cos3
2 2 9 3
k
= = = +
V ( ) 0; e nn
5 7
; ;
9 9 9


e
`
)

suy ra
1 2 3
5 7
cos ; cos ; cos
9 9 9
t t t

= = =
R rng phng trnh bc ba c ba nghim nn ta khng xt
nghim ( ) 1;1 te . Mt khc
2
5
cos 0
9
t

= < v
3
7
cos 0
9
t

= < do nghim ca phng trnh (1)
l:
1
cos
9
t

=
( )
2 1 2cos
9
x

+ = .
Vy nu x l nghim ca phng trnh (1) th x cng l nghim ca phng trnh (2)
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
3 1
4.3 3 1 9
x x x +
=
Gii:
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49
iu kin: ( ) 1 9 0 0 9 1 0
x x
x > < s s -
Bin i phng trnh v dng:
3 2
4.3 3.3 1 3
x x x
=
Vi iu kin (*) th 0 3 1
x
< s
t cos 3
x
t = , vi 0,
2
t
|
e
|

.

Khi pt c dng:
( )
3 2
0
2
4cos 3cos 1 cos cos3 sin cos
2
3 2
8 2 2
8
3 2
2 4 2
t
t t t t t t
k
t t t k
t
k
t t k t l

s <
| |
= = =
|
\ .

= + = +

=

= + + = +



Ta c:
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos cos 2. 2cos 1 cos cos
4 8 8 8 4 8 2
+ + | |
= = = =
|
\ .

Do :
3
2 2 2 2
3 cos log
8 8 2 2
x
t x
+ +
= = = =
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 .2
x x x
+ = +
Gii:
iu kin
2 2
1 2 0 2 1 0
x x
x > s s
Nh vy 0 2 1
x
< s , t 2 sin , 0;
2
x
t t
| |
= e
|
\ .

Khi phng trnh c dng:
( )
( )
2 2
1 1 sin sin 1 2 1 sin 1 cos 1 2cos sin
3 3
2cos sin sin2 2cos 2sin cos 2cos 1 2sin 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos 0(1) 1
2 1
2
6
2
0
3 2
2 1 sin
2
2 2
x
x
t t t t t t
t t t t t t
t t
t
t
x
x
t
t

+ = + + = +
| |
= + = =
|
\ .


= =


= =

=

= = =


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim
1
0
x
x
=



Bi tp tng hp t gii:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
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50
a. 1 1
3 4
2
=
+ x x
x b.
sin 1 sin
4 2 .cos 2 0
y x x
xy
+
+ = c.
1 1
1
9
2
x x
x
+ +

=
d.
1 1 1
( 4)3 ( 1) 3 1 3 1
x x x
x x x
+
+ = + + + e.
1 3 2 4 1
2 3 2
x y x y + +
+ =
f.
2 2 4 2 1
3 3 6 7 1 2.3
x x
x x
+ +
+ + = + g.
2 2
2 1 2 1
101
(2 3) (2 3)
10(2 3)
x x x x +
+ + =


h. (HVQHQT 1997) ( 3 2) ( 3 2) ( 5)
x x x
+ + =
i. (HQGHN D 1997)
3
2 ) 1 2 5 ( 7 ) 21 5 (
+
= + +
x x x

k. (HCT D 2000) 2 ) 6 2 5 ( ) 6 2 5 (
sin sin
= + +
x x

l.
x x x
) 2 2 ( ) 15 4 ( ) 15 4 ( = + +
s:
a. 0 2 3 x x x = v = v = b. ( ), 0 x k k y = e = c.
3
log 2 x=
d. { } | | 1 0;1 x= e.
1
2
x y = = f. 1 x=
g.
lg10(2 3)
1
lg(2 3)
x
+
=
+
h. V nghim i.
5 21
2
0 log 7 x x
+
= v =
k. ( ) x k k = e k. 2 x=
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
4
4 x x
x x = b.
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 7 7 7
x x x x x x
+ + = + + c.
3 4
1
3 4 1 4
.
4 3 2 3
x
x

| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

d.
1 2 1 2
3 3 3 5 5 5
x x x x x x + + + +
+ + = + + e.
1 6 1
4 2 . 2
+ +
=
x x
f.
7 3 3 13 1 3
8 2

=
x x x x

g.
x
x
100 1 , 0 . 1000 = h.
2 2
5 7 5 .35 7 .35 0
x x x x
+ = i.
4 2
1
) 1 (
3 9 =
x x

k. (H m - D 2001)
( )
1
2 2
2 4 2 4 4 4 8
x
x x x x + = +
HD: iu kin 0 x=
( )
1
2
4 2 2 4 0
x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

l.
2 1 2
4 .3 3 2 .3 2 6
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + = + +
m. (HKTHN 1997) ( ) 25 2 3 5 2 7 0
x x
x x + =
s:
a.
3
1 256 x x = v = b.
2
7
228
log
343
x= c. 2 x=
d.
3
5
31
log
43
x= e.
1
2
x= f. xeu
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51
g.
1
1
2
x x = v = h.
1
2
x= i.
3 1
2 2
x x = v =
k.
1
2
x= l.
3
3
1; ;log 2
2
x

=
`
)
m 1 x=
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. 6 2
6
1
2
1
2
3
1
3 + = |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
x
x x
x
x
x
b. ( ) 8 4 4 4 2 4 2
2 2
+ = + x x x x
x

c. (HQGHN 2000)
( ) ( )
2 2
log log
2
2 2 2 2 1
x x
x x + + = + d. 0 4 . 6 6 . 13 9 . 6
1
. 6
1 1
= +
+
x x x

e.
1 2
2
3
2
1
3 2 2 9

+ +
=
x
x x
x
f. 0 2 5 2 5
2 1
= + +
+ x x x x

g. ( )
( )
( )
3 2 4 log
2 4 2
2
=

x x
x
h.
3 log log 2 9 log
2 2 2
3 . x x x
x
=
i. 0 5 2 . 2
8 2
log 3 log
= +
x x
x x l.
5 log 3 log
2 2
x x x = +
m. ( ) 3 2 9 log
2
= +
x
x n.
x x x x 3 2 2 3
7 . 9 5 5 . 9 7 + = +
s:
c.
Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. 750 3 3 3 3
4 3 2 1
= + +
+ x x x x
b.
3 4 2 1
5 3 5 3 . 7
+ + + +
=
x x x x

c.
1
2
3
6 9 4
+
+
= +
x x
x
d.
x x x x
3 . 2 5 . 2 3 5
2 2
+ + =
e.
2 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 3 3 2
+
=
x x x x
f.
1 3
2 50 125
+
= +
x x x


PHNG TRNH M C CHA THAM S

Bi 1: (HDB - 2002) Tm a phng trnh sau c nghim ( )
2
1 1 1 1
2
9 2 3 2 1 0
x x
a a
+ +
+ + + =
Gii:
iu kin [-1;1] xe
t
2
1 1
3
x
t
+
= ; [-1;1] [3;9] x t e e
Ta c: (1) vit li
2
2 2
2 1
( 2) 2 1 0 ( 2) 2 1
2
t t
t m t m t m t t m
t
+
+ + + = = + =


Xt hm s ( )
2
2 1
2
t t
f t
t
+
=

, vi [3;9] te .
Ta c:
2
/ /
1
4 3
( ) , ( ) 0
3 ( 2)
t
t t
f t f t
t t
= +
= =

=


Lp bng bin thin
t 3 9
f
/
(t) +

f(t)


64
7

4

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52

Cn c bng bin thing, (1) c nghim [-1;1] xe (2) c nghim [3;9] te
64
4
7
m s s
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh
1 1
2.4 5.2 0
x x
m

+ = (1) vi m l tham s
a. Gii phng trnh ng vi 2 m=
b. Xc nh tt c cc gitr ca tham s m phng trnh (1) c nghim
Gii:
Cho
1 1
2.4 5.2 0
x x
m

+ = (1)
a. Gii (1) khi 2 m=
t
1
2
x
t

= iu kin
1
2
t > (v 1 1 x > )
Khi (1) tr thnh:
2
2 5 0 t t m + = (*)
Vi 2 m= (*) tr thnh:
2
2 5 2 0 t t + =
1
2
2
t t = v =
Vy (1)
1 1
1
2 2 2
2
x x
= v = 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 0 x x x x x = v = v = = v =
b. Tm m (1) c nghim:
Ta c: (*)
2
2 5 t t m =
Xem hm s:
2
2 5 y t t = trn
1
[ , )
2
+ ,
5
' 4 5; ' 0
4
y t y t = + = =
Bng bin thin:

Da vo bng bin thin ta c:
(1) c nghim (*) c nghim trong
1
[ , )
2
+
25
8
ms

Bi tp t gii:

Bi 1: Vi gi tr no ca p th phng trnh

.2 2 5
x x
p

+ = c nghim
Bi 2: (HTS 2001) Gii v bin lun phng trnh a a a
x x
= + + 2 2
Bi 3: (HH 2000) Cho phng trnh ( ) ( )
1
1 4 3 2 2 3 1 0
x x
k k k
+
+ + + =
a. Gii phng trnh khi 3 k =
b. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca k phng trnh c hai nghim tri du
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh

5.16 2.81 .36
x x x
a + =
a. Gii phng trnh khi 7 a=
b. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a phng trnh v nghim
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53
s: a.
3
2
5
0 log
2
x x = v = b.
( )
;2 10 ae
Bi 1: Gii v bin lun phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 2 2 . 5 2 . 2 = + +

m m m
x x

Bi 2: Gii v bin lun phng trnh: ( ) ( )
3
2 5 3 5 3
+
= + +
x
x x
a
Bi 3: Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim: ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 1
1
2 2 2 1 .2 2 6 0
x
x
m m m
+
+
+ + =
Bi 4: Tm m phng trnh: ( ) ( ) 0 1 4 . 1 2 16 . 3 = + + + + m m m
x x
c hai nghim tri du
Bi 5: Cho phng trnh: 0 2 2 . 4
1
= +
+
m m
x x

a. Gii phng trnh khi m =2.
b. Tm m phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
x , x sao cho
1 2
x x 3 + =
Bi 6: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:
a. 8 3 . 3 . = +
x x
m m
b. ( ) 0 2 . 2 . 2 = + +

m m m
x x

Bi 7: Xc nh m cc phng trnh sau c nghim:
a. ( ) ( ) 0 3 3 3 2 3 1
2
= + + + m m m
x x

b. ( ) ( ) 0 1 2 2 2 4 4 = + m m m
x x

Bi 8: Cho phng trnh:
x x x
m 36 . 5 81 . 2 16 . = +
a. Gii phng trnh vi m = 3
b. Tm m phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Bi 9: Cho phng trnh: ( ) ( ) m
tgx tgx
= + + 2 2 3 2 2 3
a. Gii phng trnh vi m = 6.
b. Tm m phng trnh c ng hai nghim e
|
.
|

\
|

2
;
2

.
Bi 10: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
1 2
3
1
2
=

m
x

Bi 11: Tm m hai phng trnh sau tng ng:
0 4 3 9
1
2 2
= +
+ x x

1 4 . 2 . 4
1 2
= +
x x
m m
Bi 12: Tm m hai phng trnh sau tng ng:
16 2 2 4
2 4 1
+ = +
+ + + x x x

1 9 . 3 . 9
1 2
= +
x x
m m
Bi 13: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
2
1
3 2
2
x
m

=
Bi 14: Xc nh m mi nghim ca phng trnh
2 1
1
1 1
3 12
3 3
x x
+
| | | |
+ >
| |
\ . \ .
cng l nghim ca bt phng
trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 6 1 0 m x m x m <

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54
CHNG II:
PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH - BT PHNG TRNH- H LGA RIT.

CH 1: PHNG TRNH LGARIT

BI TON 1: S DNG PHNG PHP LGARIT HO V A V CNG C S

I. Phng php:

chuyn n s khi lgarit ngi ta c th lgarit ho theo cng 1 c s c 2 v ca phng trnh, bt phng
trnh. Chng ta lu cc php bin i c bn sau:
Dng 1: Phng trnh: ( )
( )
0 1
log ( ) 0
a
b
a
f x b f x
f x a

< =

= >


Dng 2: Phng trnh: ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 1
log log
0
a a
a
f x g x
f x g x
< =

=

= >


Ch :
- Vic la chn iu kin ( ) 0 f x > hoc ( ) 0 g x > tu thuc vo phc tp ca ( ) f x v ( ) g x
- Khi c s a l mt hng s tha mn 0 1 a < = th khng cn kim tra iu kin m bin i tng ng lun

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh ( )
( )
2
9 3 3
2 log log .log 2 1 1 x x x = +
Gii:
iu kin:
0
2 1 0 0
2 1 1 0
x
x x
x

>

+ > >

+ >

. Phng trnh c vit di dng:


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1
2 log log .log 2 1 1 log log .log 2 1 1
2 2
log 2log .log 2 1 1 log 2log 2 1 1 log 0
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
(
= + + =


( )
3
3 3
log 0
1
log 2log 2 1 1 0
2 1 2 2 1 1
x
x
x x
x x x
=
=


+ =
= + + +


( ) ( )
0
2
1
1
4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
x
x
x
x x x x
>
= =


+ = + + = +



0
2
1 1
4 4 0
x
x x
x x x
>
= =


= =


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55
Vy phng trnh c nghim x =1 hoc x =4.

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
a.
3 4 5
log log log x x x + = b. ) 1 2 ( log 1 ) 1 3 ( log 2
3
5
5
+ = + x x
c.
2 3 4 2 3 4
log log log log .log .log x x x x x x + + = d.
2 8
1
log (5 ) 2log 3 1
3
x x + =
Gii:
a. iu kin x 0 > .
Ta bin i v cng c s 3:
4 4 3 5 5 3
log log 3.log log log 3.log x x v x x = =
Khi phng trnh c dng:
( )
3 4 3 5 3
3 4 5 3
log log 3.log log 3.log
log 1 log 3 log 3 0 log 0 1
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ = = =

Vy phng trnh c nghim x =1.
b. iu kin .
3
1
> x
2 2 3
5 5 5 5
2 3 3 2
2
log (3 1) 1 3log (2 1) log 5(3 1) log (2 1)
5(3 1) (2 1) 8 33 36 4 0
2
( 2) (8 1) 0
1
8
x x x x
x x x x x
x
x x
x
+ = + = +
= + + =
=

=

=


i chiu vi iu kin ta c . 2 = x
c. iu kin ( ) 0 * x>
Phng trnh
2 5 3 5 5 2 3 3 5
log 5.log log 5.log log log 3.log .log .log x x x x x x + + =
( )
2
5 2 3 2 3
log . log 3. log log 5 log 5 1 0 x x
(
=


TH 1:
5
log 0 1 x x = = tha mn (*)
TH 2: ( )
2
2 3 2 3
3 3
2 2
log 5 log 5 1 log 5 log 5 1
log log
log 3 log 3
x x
+ + + +
= =

2 3
2
log 5 log 5 1
log 3
3 x
+ +

= tha mn (*).
d. iu kin : 3 x< .
Pt ( ) 3
1
2
8
2
log (5 ) 2log 3 1 x x + =
( )
8 8 8
1
log (5 ) 2. log 3 1 log (5 )(3 ) 1
2
(5 )(3 ) 8 1
x x x x
x x x
+ = =
= =

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56
Bi 3: (HDB - 2007) Gii phng trnh
4 2
2 1
1 1
log ( 1) log 2
log 4 2
x
x x
+
+ = + + .
Gii:
iu kin: x 1 >
a v
2 2
2 1
1 1 1 1
log ( 1) log ( 2)
2 2log 2 2 2
x
x x
+
+ = + +
2 2 2
log ( 1) log (2 1) 1 log ( 2) x x x + + = + +
2 2
log ( 1)(2 1) log 2( 2) x x x + = +
2
2 3 5 0 x x =
5
1
2
x x = v =
Do K, ch nhn nghim
5
2
x=
Bi 4: (HDB - 2007) Gii phng trnh
2
3
3
log ( 1) log (2 1) 2 x x + =
Gii:
iu kin: 1 x>
a v
3 3
2log ( 1) 2log (2 1) 2 x x + =
3
2
log ( 1)(2 1) 1 ( 1)(2 1) 3
1
2 3 2 0 2
2
x x x x
x x x x
= =
= = v =
.
Do K ch nhn x =2
Bi 5: (HDB - 2006) Gii phng trnh
2
2
log 2 2log 4 log 8
x x
x
+ =

Gii:
iu kin:
1
x 0, x 1, x
2
> = =
Pt tng ng vi:
2 4 8
1 2 1
log log 2 log 2 x x x
+ =

2 2 2 2 2
1 4 6 1 2
log 1 log 1 log log 1 log x x x x x
+ = =
+ + +
2 2
1 log 2log x x + =
2
2 2 x x x = =
Bi 6: (HDB - 2006) Gii phng trnh
3
1 8
2
2
log 1 log (3 ) log ( 1) 0 x x x + =
Gii:
iu kin: 1 x 3. < <
Bin i PT
2 2 2
log ( 1) log (3 ) log ( 1) 0 x x x + + =
2
( 1)(3 )
log 0
1
x x
x
+
=

( 1)(3 )
1
1
x x
x
+
=

2
4 0 x x =
1 17 1 17
2 2
x x
+
= v =
Do K ch nhn
1 17
2
x
+
=
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57
Bi 7: (HDB - 2002) Gii phng trnh
2
2
3
27
16log 3log 0
x
x
x x =
HD:
Vi K:
1 1
0, ,
3 3
x x x > = =
a v dng
3 3
3 3
8log 3log
3 2log 1 log
x x
x x
=
+ +

Hoc
3
log 0 1 x x = =
Hoc
3 3
8 3
3 2log 1 log x x
=
+ +
3
1
log
2
x = 3 x =
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh
a. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
4 8
2
log 1 2 log 4 log 4 1 x x x + + = + +
b.
2 2
2 1 4 1
4 2
log log ( 2 1) log ( 4 4) log ( 1) 0 x x x x x x + + + =
c.
3 9 27
log log log 11 x x x + + =
Gii:
a. iu kin:
1 0
4 4
4 0
1
4 0
x
x
x
x
x
+ =
< <
>

=

+ >


( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
(1) log 1 2 log 4 log 4 log 1 2 log 16
log 4 1 log 16 4 1 16
x x x x x
x x x x
+ + = + + + + =
+ = + =

+Vi 1 4 x < < ta c phng trnh
2
4 12 0(2) x x + = ;
( )
2
(2)
6
x
x
=

loi

+Vi 4 1 x < < ta c phng trnh
2
4 20 0 x x = (3)
( )
( )
2 24
3
2 24
x
x loai

=

= +


Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 2 x= hoc
( )
2 1 6 x=
b. iu kin 1; 2 x x > =
2 2 2 2
2 2
log log 1 log 2 log ( 1) 0
log log 2
x x x x
x x
+ =
=
do 1 x>
( )
4
| 2|
1
x
x x
x loai
=
=

=


Vy pt c nghim x = 4.
c. iu kin : 0 x> .
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58
Pt
2 3
3
3 3
log log log 11 x x x + + =
3 3 3 3
6
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
log log log 11 1 .log 11
2 3 2 3
11 6
log 11 log 11. log 6 3 729
6 11
x x x x
x x x x
| |
+ + = + + =
|
\ .
= = = = =

Bi 9: (HDB 2002) Gii phng trinh ( ) ( ) ( )
8
4 2
2
1 1
log 3 log 1 log 4
2 4
x x x + + =
Gii:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
0, 1
0, 1
4
log 3 log 1 log (4 ) log 1 log
3
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
> =
> =



+ + = =


+

2 2
0, 1 0 1 1
0 1 1
4 4 4
1 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4
3 3 3
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x
> = < < >
< < >

v v

= + = = + = + =

+ + +
2 2
0 1 1
3 2 3 3
6 3 0 2 3 0
x x
x x
x x x x
< < >
v = + v =

+ = =


Bi 10: Gii phng trnh
2
5 25
log ( 4 13 5) log (3 1) 0 x x x + + =
Gii:
iu kin:
2
4 13 5 0
3 1 0
x x
x
+ >

+ >


Pt
2
5 5
log ( 4 13 5) log 3 1 x x x + = +
2
4 13 5 3 1 x x x + = +
t 3 1 2 3 x y + = + . Ta c h phng trnh
2
2
4 13 2 8 0
4 12 3 8 0
x x y
y y x
+ =

+ =


Gii h c y x = hoc 2 5 2 y x =
Vi y x =
2
4 15 8 0 x x + = , tm c nghim
15 97
8
x

=
Vi 2 5 2 y x =
2
4 11 3 0 x x + = , tm c nghim
11 73
8
x
+
=
Vy tp nghim ca pt cho l
15 97 11 73
;
8 8
T

+
=
`

)

Ch :
Pt
2 2
2
25 1 5 1
4 10 3 1 3 1 2 3 1
4 4 2 2
x x x x x x
| | | |
+ = + + + = +
| |
\ . \ .

Bi 11: Gii phng trnh :
2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
2
2
log (5 2 ) log (5 2 ).log (5 2 ) log (2 5) log (2 1).log (5 2 )
x
x x x x x x
+
+ = + +
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59
Gii:
iu kin:
1 5
2 2
0
x
x

< <

.
PT cho tng ng vi
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
log (5 2 )
log (5 2 ) 2log (5 2 ) 2log (5 2 )log (2 1)
log (2 1)
x
x x x x
x

+ = + +
+

2
2 2
2
1
4
log (2 1) 1
1
log (5 2 ) 2log (2 1) 2
2
log (5 2 ) 0
2
x
x
x x x x
x
x

=

+ =


= + = v =


Kt hp vi K trn PT cho c 3 nghim
1 1
2
4 2
x x x = v = v =
Bi 12: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )
1
log cos sin log cos cos2 0
x
x
x x x x + + =
Gii:

iu kin:
0 1
cos sin 0
cos cos2 0
x
x x
x x
< =

>

+ >

.
Khi Pt cos2 sin cos2 cos
2
x x x x
| |
= = +
|
\ .


2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
6 3 2
x k x x k
k
x x x k





= + = + +





= + = +



Kt hp vi iu kin ta c:
2
6 3
k
x

= + (Vi * k N e ).
Bi 14: Gii cc phng trnh:
a.
( ) ( )
2
3
1
log 3 2 1
2
x
x x
+
+ =
b.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
log 1 log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x x x + + + + = + + + +
c.
( )
3
log 4.16 12 2 1
x x
x + = +
Gii:
a.
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60
PT
2
3 3
3 0 3
2 2
3 1 2
3 4 3 2
3 3 1
3 2 1 3
1 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x
> >

+ > >

= =

+ = = v

+ = + = +

+ =
+ = +

> s


( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 4 2 1
4 0 2 0
9 13 0 3 1 0
3 4 3 2
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

> s
s s < s

> v + > v

+ = + + =

+ = + = +



1 4 2 1
9 29 3 5
9 29 5 3
2 2
2 2
9 29 3 5
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x
s s < s




= =

v = v =




+ +

= =




b. Phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
4 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2
4 2 4 2
2
log 1 log 1 log 1
0
log 1 0 0
1
x x x x x x
x
x x x x
x
+ + = + + + +
=
+ = =

=


c. PT
2 1 2 2
4.16 12 3 4.4 4 .3 3.3
x x x x x x x +
+ = + = .
Chia 2 v cho
2
3 0
x
> , ta c:
2
4 4
4 3 0
3 3
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
.
t
4
, 0
3
x
t t
| |
= >
|
\ .
. PT tr thnh
( )
2
1
4 3 0
3
4
t loai
t t
t
=

+ =

=


Khi
3
4
t = , ta c:
1
4 3 4
1
3 4 3
x
x

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
.

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
9 3 3
log ( 1) log (4 ) log (4 ) x x x + = + +
HD:
iu kin
4 4
1
x
x
< <


(*)
( )
2 2
3 3
log 1 log 16 1 16 x x x x + = + =
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61
2
2
1 4
1 61
15 0
2
4 1
1 69
2 17 0
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
< <

+

+ =


< <

=

=


Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
3
3 2 3 2
3 1
log .log log log
2
3
x
x x
x
= +
HD: iu kin 0 x>
2 3 3
1
log (1 2log 6log 2) 0
3
8
x
x x
x
=

=

=


b.
5
1
2log( 1) log log
2
x x x =
HD: iu kin 1 x>
2 2
1
log( 1) l ogx
2
x x = = (PTVN)
c.
2
2 2
log ( 3) log (6 10) 1 0 x x + =
HD: iu kin 3 x>
2 2
2 2
1( )
log ( 3) log (3 5) 3 3 5
2
x loai
x x x x
x
=
= =

=


d.
2
1
log( 10) log 2 log4
2
x x + + =
HD: iu kin 10 0 x < =
5
( 10) 25
5 5 2
x
x x
x
=
+ =

= +


e.
2
( 5)
( 2)
log ( 3) log ( 3)
x
x x
x x
+
+
+ = +
HD: iu kin 3 x>
TH 1: 3 1 2 x x + = = l nghim ca pt
TH 2: 3 1 2 x x + = =
2
2
( 3) ( 3)
3
1 1
2 5
1 log ( 5) log ( 2)
x x
x
x x x
x x x x
+ +
=
= + = +

= + +


Bi 3:
a.
4
log ( 2).log 2 1
x
x+ =
HD: iu kin 0 1 x < =
4 2 2 2
1( )
1 1
log ( 2) log log ( 2) log
2 log 2 2
x
x loai
x x x x
x
=
+ = = + =

=


b.
2 2
2 2 2
log ( 3 2) log ( 7 12) 3 log 3 x x x x + + + + + = +
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62
HD: iu kin
4
3 2
x
x
<

< <


2 2
( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4) 24 ( 5 4)( 5 6) 24 x x x x x x x x + + + + = + + + + =
t
2
5 5 x x t + + = phng trnh tr thnh ( ) ( ) 1 1 25 5. t t t + = = Gii c
0
5
x
x
=


c.
2 2
3 3
log ( 2) log 4 4 9 x x x + + + + =
s: 25 29 x x = v =
d. (HAN 2001) ( ) ( )
2 2
3
1
log 3 1 2 log 1
log 2
x
x x
+
+ = + +
s: 1 x=

BI TON 2: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 1

I. Phng php:

Phng php t n ph dng 1 l vic s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 phng trnh
vi 1 n ph.
Ta lu cc php t n ph thng gp sau:
Dng 1: Nu t log
a
t x = vi x >0 th:
1
log ;log
k k
a x
x t a
t
= = vi 0 1 x < =
Dng 2: Ta bit rng:
log log
b b
c a
a c = do nu t
log
b
x
t a = th
log
b
a
t x = . Tuy nhin trong nhiu bi ton c
cha
log
b
x
a , ta thng t n ph dn vi log
b
t x = .

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: (HDB - 2003) Gii phng trnh
( )
x
5
log 5 4 1 x =
Gii:
iu kin:
5
5 4 0 log 4
x
x > >
( )
5
log 5 4 1
x
x =
1
5 4 5
x x
=
5 0
5
4
x
t
t
t
= >

2
5
4 5 0
x
t
t t
=

5
5
x
t
t
=

1 x =
Bi 2: (H A 2008) Gii phng trnh
2 2
2 1 1
log (2 1) log (2 1) 4
x x
x x x
+
+ + =
Gii:
Vi iu kin
1
2
x>
PT tng ng:
2 1 1
log (2 1)( 1) 2log (2 1) 4
x x
x x x
+
+ + =
2 1 1
log ( 1) 2log (2 1) 3
x x
x x
+
+ + =
t
2 1
log ( 1)
x
t x

= + ta c:
1
2
3
2
t
t
t t
=
+ =

=


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63
Vi t =1 ta c:
2 1
log ( 1) 1 1 2 1 2
x
x x x x

+ = + = = tha K
1
2
x>
Vi t = 2 ta c:
2 2
2 1
0
log ( 1) 2 1 (2 1) 4 5 0
5
4
x
x
x x x x x
x

+ = + = =

=


Do K ta ch nhn
5
4
x= .
s:
5
2
4
x x = v =
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh
a. (H D 2007)
2 2
1
log (4 15.2 27) 2log 0
4.2 3
x x
x
+ + + =


b.
( ) ( )
1
2 2 1
2
1
log 4 4 .log 4 1 log
8
x x +
+ + =
Gii:
a. iu kin
2
3
log
4
x>
t 2 , 0
x
t t = > ta c:
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
4
1
3
log ( 15 27) 2log 0
4 3
15 27 4 3
4 3
3
2
5 13 6 0
5
t
t t
t
t t t
t
t
t loai
t t

>

+ + + =


+ + =

=
>

=


Vi
2
3 2 log 3
x
t x = = =
b. PT
( ) ( )
2 2
log 4 4 1 .log 4 1 3
x x
+ + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 log 4 1 log 4 1 3
x x
(
+ + + =


t
( )
2
log 4 1
x
t = + ta c ( )
2
1
2 3 2 3 0
3
t
t t t t
t
=
+ = + =

=


Vi
( )
2
1 log 4 1 1 4 1 2 4 1 0
x x x
t x = + = + = = =
Vi
( )
2
1
3 log 4 1 3 4 1
8
x x
t = + = + = (v nghim)
Bi 4: (HDB - 2006) Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
1
3 3
log 3 1 log 3 3 6
x x+
=
Gii:
Bin i PT v dng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
log 3 1 log 3(3 1) 6 log 3 1 1 log 3 1 6
x x x x
(
= + =


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64
t
( )
x
3
log 3 1 t =
(1 ) 6 t t + =
2
6 0 t t + = 2 3 t t = v =
( ) ( )
3 3
log 3 1 2 log 3 1 3
x x
= v =
1
3 1 9 3 1
27
x x
= v =
28
3 10 3
27
x x
= v =
3 3
28
log 10 log
27
x x = v =
Bi 5: (HDB - 2006) Gii phng trnh ( )
2 4 2
1
2 log 1 log log 0
4
x x + + =
HD:
Bin i PT
( )
2 2
log 1 log 2 0 x x + = .
t
2
t log x =
2
2 0 t t + = 1 2 t t = v =
1
2
4
x x = v =
Bi 6: (H A 2002) Cho phng trnh
2 2
3 3
log log 1 2 1 0 x x m + + =
1. Gii PT khi m =2
2. Tm m PT c nghim trn
3
1;3
(


Gii:
1.
2 2
2 2 3 3
3 3
2
log 1 log 1
log log 1 5 0
2 6 0
t x t x
x x
t t t

= + = +
+ + =

= + =


2 3
3 3
log 3 log 3 3 x x x

= = =
2. Xt
3
3
1 3 0 log 3 x x s s s s
( )
2
3
2 2
3 3
2
log 1
log log 1 2 1 0
1
( ) 2
2
t x
x x m
m f t t t

= +

+ + =

= = +


- Pt ban u c nghim x tha
3
1 3 x s s khi v ch khi m thuc min gi tr ca f(t) vi 1 2 t s s
- Kho st hm s ta c 0 2 m s s
Bi 7: Cho phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 4
log 5 1 .log 2.5 2
x x
m = (1)
a. Gii phng trnh vi m =1
b. Xc nh m phng trnh c nghim 1 x>
Gii:
Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1
log 5 1 .log 2 5 1 log 5 1 . 1 log 5 1 2
2
x x x x
m m
( (
= + =


iu kin: 5 1 0 5 1 0
x x
x > > >
t
( )
2
log 5 1
x
t = . Khi phng trnh c dng: ( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 0 t t m f t t t m + = = + = (2)
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65
a. Vi m = 1 ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
log 5 1 1
1 5 1 2
2 0
2
5 1 2
log 5 1 2
x
x
x x
t
t t
t

=
= =

+ =

=
= =



5
5
log 3 5 3
5 5
log 5
4 4
x
x
x
x
= =



= =



Vy vi m = 1 phng trnh c 2 nghim
5 5
5
log 3; log
4
x x = =
b. Vi
( )
2 2
1 5 1 5 1 4 log 5 1 log 4 2 2
x x
x t > > = > = >
Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim 1 x> (2) c nghim 2 t >
1 2
1 2
2 (*)
2
t t
t t
s s


s s

(loi (*))
( ) . 2 0 4 2 2 0 3 a f m m s + s > .
Vy vi 3 m> tho mn iu kin u bi.
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 6
log 1 .log 1 log 1 x x x x x x + =
Gii:
iu kin:
2
2
2
1 0
1 0 1
1 0
x
x x x
x x
>

> >

+ >


Nhn xt rng:
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x

+ = = +
Khi phng trnh c vit di dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2
2 3 6
2 2 2
2 3 6
log 1 .log 1 log 1
log 1 .log 1 log 1
x x x x x x
x x x x x x

+ + = +
+ + = +

s dng php bin i c s:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 6
log 1 log 6.log 1 x x x x + = +
v
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 6
log 1 log 6.log 1 x x x x + = +
Khi phng trnh c vit di dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 6 3 6 6
log 6.log 1 .log 6.log 1 log 1 x x x x x x + + = + (1)
t
( )
2
6
log 1 t x x = + . Khi (1) c dng: ( )
2 3
2 3
0
log 6.log 6. 1 0
log 6.log 6. 1 0
t
t t
t
=
=

=


+Vi t =0
( )
2
2 2
6
2
1
log 1 0 1 1 1
1
x x
x x x x x
x x

+ = + = =


+Vi
2 3
log 6.log 6. 1 0 t =
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66
( ) ( )
( )
( )
6
6
6 6
6
2 2
2 3 6 2 3
log 2 2 2
3 6
log 2 2
log 2 log 2
log 2 2
log 6.log 6.log 1 0 log 6.log 1 1
log 1 log 2 1 3
1 3
1
3 3
2
1 3
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x

+ = + =
+ = + =

+ =

= +


Vy phng trnh c nghim x =1 v
( )
6 6
log 2 log 2
1
3 3
2
x

= +
Bi 9: Gii phng trnh
3 3
3. log log 3 1 0 x x = .
Gii:
iu kin:
3 3 3
0 0 0
1
log 0 log log 1 1
x x x
x
x x x
> > >
>

> > >

.
Pt
3 3 3
3. log (log 3 log ) 1 0 x x + =
3 3 3 3
3. log 1 log 1 0 3. log log 2 0 x x x x = =
t
2
3 3
log log t x t x = =
Pt
2
3 2 0 t t =
2
1
3 2 0
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=


Vi t =1
2
3 3
log 1 log 1 3 x x x = = = .
Vi t = 2
2 4
3 3 3
log 2 log 2 log 4 3 81 x x x x = = = = = .
Vy : Pt cho c nghim l : x =3 hoc x =81 .
Bi 10: Gii phng trnh
1 1
3 3
log 3 log 2 0 x x + = .
Gii:
iu kin:
1 1 1
3 3 3
0 0
0
0 1
log 0 log log 1
1
x x
x
x
x x
x
> >
>
< s

> >
s



.

t
2
1 1
3 3
log log t x t x = =
Pt
2
1
3 2 0
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=


Vi t =1
2
1 1
3 3
1
log 1 log 1
3
x x x = = = .
Vi t =2
4
4
2
1 1 1 4
3 3 3
1 1 1
log 2 log 2 log 4
3 3 81
x x x x x
| |
= = = = = =
|
\ .
.
Vy: Pt cho c nghim l
1 1
3 81
x x = v =
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Bi 11: Gii phng trnh ( )
2
3 3
2(log ) 5log 9 3 0 x x + =
Gii:
iu kin: x 0 > .
Pt ( )
2
3 3 3
2(log ) 5 log 9 log 3 0 x x + + =
( )
2 2
3 3 3 3
2
3 3
2(log ) 5 2 log 3 0 2(log ) 10 5log 3 0
2(log ) 5log 7 0
x x x x
x x
+ + = + =
=

t
3
log t x = .
Pt
2
1
2 5 7 0
7
2
t
t t
t
=

=

=


Vi t 1 =
1
3
1
log 1 3
3
x x

= = =
Vi t =
7
7
2
3
7 7
log 3 3 27 3
2 2
x x = = = =
Bi 12: Gii phng trnh
a.
2 2
lg 3lg lg 4 x x x = b.
2 2
2 1 4
2
2
log 2log log ( ) x x x
x
= e
Gii:
a. iu kin: 0 x> .
Pt
2
lg 3lg 2lg 4 x x x =
2
lg 5lg 4 0 x x + =
lg t x =
Pt
2
4
1 lg 1 10
5 4 0
4 lg 4 10
t x x
t t
t x x
= = =
+ =

= = =


b. iu kin: 0 x> .
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
log 2log log log 3log 2 0(*) x x x x
x
+ = + =
t
2
log t x =
Thay vo (*) ta c
2
1
3 2 0
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=


Vi
2
1 log 2 t x x = = =
Vi
2
2 log 4 t x x = = =
Bi 13: Gii phng trnh
a.
3
5
log log 3
2
x
x+ = b.
1
2 2
log (2 1).log (2 2) 12
x x+
=
Gii:
iu kin : 0, 1 x x > = .
Pt
3
3
1 5
log
log 2
x
x
+ =
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t t =
3
log x .
Pt
1 5
0
2
t
t
+ =
2
2
5
1 0
1
2
2
t
t t
t
=

+ =

=

2
3
1
2
3
log x=2 x=3 =9
1
log x= x=3 = 3
2

b. iu kin : 1 x>
PT
2 2
log (2 1).[1 log (2 1)] 12 0 (1)
x x
+ =
t :
2
log (2 1)
x
t = th
2
(1) 12 0 3 4 t t t t + = = v =

2
2
2
2
t =3 log (2 1) 3 2 9 log 9
17 17
t = 4 log (2 1) 4 2 log
16 16
x x
x x
x
x
= = =
= = =

Bi 14: Gii phng trnh
a.
2
2
log 64 log 16 3
x
x
+ = b.
2 1
1
1 log 5 log x x
+ =
+
c.
3 3
log 1 log 2
2 2
x x
x
+
+ =
Gii:
a. iu kin:
1
0, 1,
2
x x x > = = .
Pt
2
6 4
2
log 2 log 2 3
x
x
+ =
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
6 4
6log 2 4log 2 3 3
log 2 log
6 4 6 2
3 3
log 2 log 2log 1 log log
x
x
x x
x x x x
+ = + =
+ = + =
+ +

t
2
log t x = .
Pt
( )
( )
6 2 6. 2(1 )
3 3 6. 2(1 ) 3. 1 .
1 1 .
t t
t t t t
t t t t
+ +
+ = = + + = +
+ +

2
1
2
3
2
1
3
3
2 log 2 4
1 1 1 1 3 5 2 0
log 2
3 3
2
2
t x x
t t
t x x

= = =

=

= = = = =


b. iu kin

=
=
>
1
5
10
10
0
x
x
x

t log t x =
Ta c PT: 1
5
1
1
2
=

+
+ t t

Thu gn:
2
2
3
2 log 2 10 100
5 6 0
3
log 3 10 1000
t x x
t t
t
x x
= = = =
+ =

=
= = =



c. iu kin 0 x>
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69
t
3
log 3
t
t x x = = .
Ta c:
2
1 9 2 4 2
2.2 2 3 .2 3
4 4 3 9 3
t
t t t t t
| | | |
+ = = = =
| |
\ . \ .
.
Khi t =2 th
3
log 2 9 x x = =
Vy phng trnh c nghim l 9 x= .
Bi 15: Gii phng trnh
a.
2 2
4 2
3
4log log 2 0
2
x x + = b.
2 4
(1 log )(2 log ) 3 x x + =
c.
2 4 8
11
log log log
6
x x x + + = d.
3 9
log 2log ( 6) 3 x x + + =
Gii:
a. iu kin: 0 x> .
Pt
( ) 2
2
2
2
3
4 log .2.log 2 0
2
x x + =
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
1 1
4 .log 3log 2 0 4. . log 3log 2 0
2 2
log 3log 2 0
x x x x
x x
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .
+ =

t
2
log t x = .
Pt
2
3 2 0 t t + =
2
2
1 log 1 2
2 log 2 4
t x x
t x x
= = =


= = =


b. iu kin: x 0 > .
t x t
2
log =
Ta c PT: 3 )
2
1
2 )( 1 ( = + t t
2 2
2
log 1 1 2
3 2 0
2 log 2 4
x t x
t t
t x x
= = =
+ =

= = =


c. a v c s 2 , ta c phng trnh
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 11 1 1 11 11 11
log log log (1 )log log
2 3 6 2 3 6 6 6
log 1 2
x x x x x
x x
+ + = + + = =
= =

d.
2
3
3
log ( 6) 3 ( 6) 27 6 27 0
9( )
x
x x x x x x
x loai
=
+ = + = + =

=


Bi 16: Gii cc phng trnh
a.
3 4
1 3
3
3
log log log (3 ) 3 x x x + + = b. ( ) ( )
3
4 2
lg 1 2lg 1 40 x x + =
Gii:
a. iu kin: 0 x> .
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70
Pt
1 1
2
1
3 4
2
3 3
3
3
log log log 3 log 3 x x x

+ + + =
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
3 3 3
1
3
2
log log 1 4log 3 log 3log 4log 2
1
1
2
(1 3 4)log 2 2.log 2 log 1 2 2
x x x x x x
x x x x
+ + + = + =

+ = = = = =

b. iu kin: 1 x>
Phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
4 2
lg x 1 2.9lg x 1 40 0 + = -
t: ( )
2
lg 1 ; 0 t x t = >
PT ( )
( )
2
20
18 40 0
2
t loai
t t
t
=
- + =

=


Vi t =2 ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 10
lg 1 2 lg 1 2
1 10
x
x x
x

= +
= =
= +


Bi 11: Gii phng trnh :
a. ( )
3 9
3
4
2 log log 3 1
1 log
x
x
x
=

b.
( ) ( )
2 2
log 2 4 log 2 12 3
x x
x + = +
Gii:
a. iu kin
1
0; 3,
9
x x x > = =
( ) ( )
3
3 9 3
3 3 3 3 3
2 log 4 1 4 4
2 log log 3 1 2 log 1 1
1 log log 9 1 log 2 log 1 log
x
x
x x
x x x x x

= = =
+

t:
3
log t x = pt thnh :
2
1, 2 1
2 4
1
4 2 1 3 4 0
t t t
t
t t t t t
= = =
=


= + =


So snh iu kin c 2 nghim
1
; 81
3
x x = =
b. Phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
log 2 4 3 log 2 12 log 2 4 log 8 log 2 12 log 2
x x x x x
x + + = + + + + = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
log 8 2 4 log 2 2 12 8 2 4 2 2 12 *
x x x x x x
+ = + + = +
t ( ) 2 0
x
t t = >
Khi phng trnh (*) tr thnh ( ) ( )
( )
2
4
8 4 12 4 32 0
8
t
t t t t t
t loai
=
+ = + + =

=


Vi 4 2 2
x
t x = = =

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1:
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71
a.
( 1) 2
log 16 log ( 1)
x
x
+
= +
HD: iu kin 1 0 x < =
t
2
log ( 1) . x t + = Pt tr thnh
3
2
4
3
2
4
x
t
t
t t x
=
=

=


= =



b.
2 2
2
log 4 .log 12
x
x x=
HD: iu kin 1 0 x < =
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
4
log 4
.log 12 (1 log )log 6
1
log
8
x
x
x x x
x x
=

= + =

=


c.
2 4
log 4 log 5 0 x x =
HD: iu kin 1 x >
2 2
1 1
log 4 log 5 0
2 2
x x = .
t
50
2
1( )
1
log ( 0) 2
5 2
t l
t x t x
t
=
= > =


d. (HC 2001)
( ) ( )
1
2 1
2
log 4 4 log 2 3
x x
x
+
+ =
s: 2 x=

BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 2

I. Phng php:

Phng php dng n ph dng 2 l vic s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh phng trnh vi
1 n ph nhng cc h s vn cn cha x.
Phng php ny thng c s dng i vi nhng phng trnh khi la chnn ph cho 1 biu thc th cc
biu thc cn li khng biu din c trit qua n ph hoc nu biu din c th cng thc biu din
li qu phc tp.
Khi thng ta c 1 phng trnh bc hai theo n ph ( hoc vn theo n x ) c bit s A l 1 s chnh
phng.

II. Bi tp:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh ( )
2
2 2
lg lg .log 4 2log 0 x x x x + =
Gii: iu kin x 0 > .
Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( )
2 2
2
lg 2 lg lg 2lg 0 x x x x + + =
t t =lgx, khi phng trnh tng ng vi: ( )
2
2 2
2 log . 2log 0 t x t x + + =
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 log 8log 2 log x x x A = + = suy ra phng trnh c nghim
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72
2
lg 2
2 lg 2 100
lg
lg log lg 0 1
lg2
x
t x x
x
x t x x x
=
= = =

= = = =


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim x =100 v x =1

BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 3

I. Phng php:

Phng php dng n ph dng 3 s dng 2 n ph cho 2 biu thc lgarit trong phng trnh v bin i
phng trnh thnh phng trnh tch.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
log 1 log .log 2 0 x x x x x
(
+ =


Gii:
iu kin:
( )
2
2
1 0
0 1
0
x x
x x
x x

>

> >

>

. Bin i phng trnh v dng:


( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
log log .log 2 0
2log log .log 2 0
x x
x x x
x
x x x x x

+ =
+ =

t
( )
2
2
2
log
log
u x x
v x

. Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:


( )( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 0 1 2 0
2
1( )
log 1 2 0
2
4
log 2
4
u
u v uv u v
v
x L
x x x x
x
x
x
x
=
+ = =

=

= =

=


=
=


Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim x =2 v x =4.


BI TON 5: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 4

I. Phng php:

Phng php t n ph dng 4 l vic s dng k n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 h phng trnh
vi k n ph.
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73
Trong h mi th k 1 phng trnh nhn c t cc mi lin h gia cc i lng tng ng

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
log 1 3log 1 2 x x x x + + =
Gii:
iu kin
2
2
2
1 0
1 0 1
1 0
x
x x x
x x
>

> >

+ >


t
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
log 1
log 1
u x x
v x x

= +


Nhn xt rng:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
log 1 log 1 u v x x x x + = + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
log 1 . 1 log 1 0 x x x x = + = =
Khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh:
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
log 1 1
0 1
3 2 2 2 1
log 1 1
1
1
5
2
4
1 2
x x
u v u v u
u v v v
x x
x x
x
x x

=
+ = = =


+ = = =

+ =

+ =


Vy phng trnh c nghim
5
4
x=
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
3 log 4 5 2 5 log 4 5 6 x x x x + + + + = (1)
Gii:
iu kin
( )
( )
2
2 2 5 2
2
2
2
4 5 0
3 log 4 5 0 4 5 2 2 4
5 log 4 5 0
x x
x x x x x
x x

+ >

+ + > + s

+ >


2 29 2 29(*) x s s +
t
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
3 log 5
5 log 5
u x x
v x x

= + +

= +

iu kin , 0 u v> . Khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh:


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74
( )
2
2 2 2 2
6 2
6 2
2 6 6 2
2
8 5 24 28 0 6 2 8 14
5
u v
u v
u v u v
v
u v v v v v
v
=

= + = =
=

+ = + = + =


=



( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
121 121
2 2
25 25
3 log 4 5 2
5 log 4 5 2
log 4 5 1 2; 2
14 2
121 14
;
log 4 5 3 log 4 5
5 5
25 5
2
5 log 4 5
5
4 5 2 4 3 0
4 5 2 4 5 2 0
x x
x x
x x v u
v v
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ + =

+ = + = = =



= =
+ = + + =

+ =


+ = + =

+ = + =

121
25
3
2 2 1
x x
x
x


Vy phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit.

BI TON 6: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 5

I. Phng php:

Phng php t n ph dng 5 l vic s dng 1 n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh 1 h phng trnh
vi 1 n ph v 1 n x.
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin c ngha cho cc biu thc trong phng trnh
Bc 2: Bin i phng trnh v dng: ( ) , f x x (

=0
Bc 3: t ( ) y x = , ta bin i phng trnh thnh h:
( )
( ) ; 0
y x
f x y
=


II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
2
2 2
log log 1 1 x x + + = (1)
Gii:
t
2
log u x = . Khi phng trnh thnh:
2
1 1 u u + + = (2)
iu kin:
2
1 0
1 1
1 0
u
u
u
+ >
s s

>


t 1 v u = + iu kin 0 2 v s s
2
1 v u = +
Khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:
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75
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 0
1 0
1 0
1
u v u v
u v u v u v u v
u v
v u
= + =
= + + + =


+ =
= +


Khi :
+Vi v = u ta c:
1 5
2
2
2
1 5
1 5
2
1 0 log 2
2
1 5
(1)
2
u
u u x x
u

= = =

+
=


+Vi u v + 1 = 0 ta c:
2 2
2
1
log 0 0
0
1
1 log 1
2
x
x u
u u
u x x
=
= =

+ =


= = =



Vy phng trnh c 3 nghim.

BI TON 7: S DNG TNH CHT N IU CA HM S

I. Phng php:

S dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p
dng sau:
Hng 1: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f(x) = k (1)
Bc 2: Xt hm s y = f(x). Dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu (gi s ng bin)
Bc 3: Nhn xt:
+Vi ( ) ( )
0 0
x x f x f x k = = = do
0
x x = l nghim
+Vi ( ) ( )
0 0
x x f x f x k > > = do phng trnh v nghim
+Vi ( ) ( )
0 0
x x f x f x k < < = do phng trnh v nghim.
Vy x = x
0
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Hng 2: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f(x) = g(x) (2)
Bc 2: Xt hm s y = f(x) v y =g(x). Dng lp lun khng nh hm s y = f(x) l ng bin cn hm s
y =g(x) l hm hng hoc nghch bin. Xc nh x
0
sao cho ( ) ( )
0 0
f x g x =
Bc 3: Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =x
0

Hng 3: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f(u) =f(v) (3)
Bc 2: Xt hm s y =f(x). Dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu (gi s ng bin)
Bc 3: Khi (3) u v = vi ,
f
u v D e

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
2 2
log 4 log 8 2 x x x ( + = +


Gii:
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76
iu kin
2
4 0
2
2 0
x
x
x
>
>

+ >

. Vit li phng trnh di dng:


( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
4
log 4 log 2 3 log 3 log 2 3
2
x
x x x x x x
x

+ = = =
+

Nhn xt rng:
+Hm s ( )
2
log 2 y x = l hm ng bin
+Hm s y =3 x l hm nghch bin
+Vy phng trnh nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht
+Nhn xt rng x =3 l nghim ca phng trnh
Vy phng trnh c nghim x =3.
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( ) 4
2 2
2
5
log 2 3 2log 2 4 x x x x =
Gii:
iu kin:
2
2
2 3 0 1 5
2 4 0 1 5
x x x
x x x

> <

> > +

. Vit li phng trnh di dng:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
5
2 2
5 4
log 2 3 log 2 4
log 2 3 log 2 4 (1)
x x x x
x x x x
=
=

t
2
2 4 t x x = khi (1) ( )
5 4
log 1 log t t + = (2)
t
4
log 4
y
y t t = = phng trnh (2) c chuyn thnh h:
4
4 1
4 1 5 1
5 5
1 5
y y y
y y
y
t
t
=
| | | |
+ = + =

| |
+ = \ . \ .

(3)
Hm s ( )
4 1
5 5
y y
f y
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
l hm nghch bin
Ta c:
+Vi ( ) 1, 1 1 y f = = do y =1 l nghim ca phng trnh (3)
+Vi ( ) ( ) 1, 1 1 y f y f > < = do phng trnh (3) v nghim.
+Vi ( ) ( ) 1, 1 1 y f y f < > = do phng trnh (3) v nghim
Vy y =1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh (3)
Suy ra:
2 2
4
1 4 2 4 4 2 8 0
2
x
y t x x x x
x
=
= = = =

=


Vy phng trnh c nghim x =4; x = 2
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh
2 2
log log 5 2
3
x
x x + = (1)
Gii:
t
2
log 2
t
t x x = = .
Khi phng trnh c dng:
( ) ( )
2
2 log 5
2 3 2 4 3 5
t t t t t t
+ = + =
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77
Chia c 2 v cho 5 0
t
= ta c:
4 3
1
5 5
t t
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
(2)
Nhn xt rng:
+V tri ca phng trnh l mt hm nghch bin
+V phi ca phng trnh l mt hm hng
+Do vy nu phng trnh c nghim th nghim l duy nht
+Nhn xt rng t = 2 l nghim ca phng trnh (2) v
2 2
4 3
1
5 5
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

Vi
2
2 log 2 4 t x x = = =
Vy x = 4 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh
( )
2
3 1
2
3
1
log 3 2 2 2
5
x x
x x

| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
(1)
Gii:
iu kin
2
1
3 2 0
2
x
x x
x
s
+ >

>


t
2 2 2 2 2
3 2; 0 3 2 3 1 1 u x x u x x u x x u = + > + = =
Khi (1) c dng: ( )
2
1
3
1
log 2 2
5
u
u

| |
+ + =
|
\ .
(2)
Xt hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
3 3
1 1
log 2 log 2 .5
5 5
u
u
f u u u

| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .

Min xc nh | ) 0; D= +
o hm: ( )
( )
2 1 1
.2 .5 .ln5 0,
2 ln3 5
u
f u u u D
u
= + > e
+
.
Suy ra hm s ng bin trn D
Mt khc ( ) ( )
3
1
1 log 1 2 .5 2
5
f = + + =
Khi (2) ( ) ( )
2
3 5
1 1 3 2 1
2
f u f u x x x

= = + = =
Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim
3 5
2
x

=
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh ( )
6
6 1 2 3log 5 1
x
x x = + + +
Gii:
Phng trnh:
( )
6
6 1 2 3log 5 1
x
x x = + + +
. iu kin:
1
5
x>
t ( )
6
log 5 1 5 1 6 1 6 5
t t
t x x x = + + = = . Khi ta c phng trnh:
( )
6 6 5 2 3 6 3 6 3
x t x t
x x t x t = + + + = + . Xt hm s: ( ) 6 3
u
f u u = + .
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78
Chng minh ( ) f u n iu khi ta c t = x.
Khi ta c phng trnh: 5 1 6
x
x+ = .
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh
a.
( )
3
3 2
3log 1 2log x x x + + = b.
( )
3
2 7
log 1 log x x + =
c. 3 ) 1 ( log log
3 2
= + x x
Gii:
a. iu kin: 0 x> .
Khi t
( )
3
3 2
3log 1 2log 6 x x x y + + = =
Khi ta c:
( )
3
2 3
3
6
2
log 1 2
1 3
2
log 3
y
y
x x y
x x
x
x y

+ + =
+ + =


=
=


3 2
1 8 4
1 2 2 9 1
9 9 9
t t t
y y y
| | | | | |
+ + = + + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
. Ta c 2 t = l nghim duy nht.
Vi 2 t = , ta c
12
2 4096 x= =
b. iu kin: 0 x>
t
7
log 7
t
t x x = = .
PT
( )
3 3
3 3 3 3
2
1 7
log 1 7 1 7 2 1 7 8 1 0
8 8
t t
t t t t
t
t
| | | |
+ = + = + = + =
| |
\ . \ .
(*).
Hm s
3 3
1 7
( ) 1
8 8
t t
f t
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
nghch bin v (3) 0 f = nn (*) c nghim t =3.
Vy phng trnh c nghim x =343.
c. iu kin 1 > x
Nhn xt: ta thy 4 x= l mt nghim ca phng trnh
Xt ( )
2 3
log log ( 1) 3 f x x x = + trn ( ) 1,+
Ta c 0 3 ln
1
1
2 ln
1
) (
/
>

+ =
x x
x f suy ra ( ) f x l hm ng bin ( ) 1,+
Vy 4 x= l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh :
2
1 1
2 2 8
2 2
1 7
9 .log ( 2) 3 .log 2. 0
2 4
x
x x
x x x
+
+
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

Gii:
iu kin: x R e
2
1
1
2
2 2
4
2 2
1 7
3 .log ( 2) 3 .log 2.
2 4
x
x x
x x x

+
| |
+ = +
|
\ .

2
1 7
2
2 2 2 4
2 2
1 7
3 .log ( 2) 3 .log 2.
2 4
x
x x
x x x
+
+
| |
+ = +
|
\ .

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Hai v u c dng ) ( log . 3 ) (
2
t t f
t
= vi 0 t > , l hm s ng bin. Vy PT ny tng ng vi:
4
7
2
1
. 2 2
2
+ = + x x x
2
3
;
2
5
;
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
5
3
2
1
2
2
= = =

= + <
= + >
x x x
x x x
x x x

Bi 8: Gii phng trnh
2
2
3
2
3
log 3 2
2 4 5
x x
x x
x x
| | + +
= + +
|
+ +
\ .

Gii:
Ta c:
2
2
3
0 .
2 4 5
x x
x
x x
+ +
> e
+ +

Phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3
log 3 log 2 4 5 3 x x x x x x + + + + = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
3 3
log 3 log 2 4 5 2 4 5 3
log 3 3 log 2 4 5 2 4 5
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + + + = + + + +
+ + + + + = + + + + +

t :
( )
2
2
2
2
1 11 11
3
2 4 4
2 4 5 2 1 3 3
u x x x
v x x x

| |
= + + = + + >

|
\ .

= + + = + + >


Khi ta c ( ) ( )
3 3
log log u u v v f u f v + = + =
Xt hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
3
1
log 2 ' 1 0 2
ln3
f t t t t f t t
t
= + > = + > >
( ) f t l hm tng trn ( ) 2;+
Do : ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
2 4 5 3 3 2 0
2
x
f u f v u v x x x x x x
x
=
= = + + = + + + + =

=


Bi 9: Gii phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2 2 2
.2 2.log 1 .log 1 log 1
x
x x x x x

+ + = + + +
Gii:
iu kin: 0 x>
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
2 2 2
1
2 1
2
.2 2.log 1 .log 1 2log 1 0
0
. 2 log 1 0
2 log 1 0
x
x
x
x x x x x
x
x x
x

+ + + + =
=
+ =

+ = -


Xt hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2 log 1 1
1
' 2 ln2 0 1
1 ln2
x
x
f x x x
f x x
x

= + >
= < >
+

( ) f x l hm gim trn ( ) 1; +
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80
th hm s ct trc Ox ti 1 im duy nht x =1
(*) c nghim duy nht x = 1
Vy phng trnh c nghim { } x 0;1 =

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1:
a.
( )
2
1 1 2
2 2
2 .log ( 1) 4 . log 1 1
x x
x x
+ +
+ = + +
HD:
( )
2
2 1 1 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 log ( 1) 2 .log 2 1
1
1, 0 2 log 2 log
2 1
x x
u v
x x
u x
u v u v
v x
+ +
+ = +
= +

> > =

= +


+u v VT VP > >
+u v VT VP < <
+u v = cho nghim 1 2 x=
b.
2 2 2
log 9 log log 3 2
.3
x
x x x =
HD: iu kin: 0 x>
2 2 2 2
log log log log 2 2
9 .3 3 3 1
x x x x
x x = =
t
2
log x t = pt tr thnh3 1 4
t t
+ = . Pt c nghim 1 2. t x = =
c.
2 2
3 2
log ( 2 1) log ( 2 ) x x x x + + = +
HD: t
2 2
3 2
log ( 2 1) log ( 2 ) t x x x x = + + = + . Ta c h pt
2
2 2
1 3
2 1 3
t
t t
x x
x
+ =

+ =


d.
4
6 4
2log ( ) log x x x + =
HD: iu kin: 0 x>
4
6 4 4
1
log ( ) log log
2
x x x x + = =
t
4
log t x = . Phng trnh tr thnh
6
log (4 2 ) 4 2 6 1 16
t t t t t
t t x + = + = = =
e.
6
log
2 6
log ( 3 ) log
x
x x + =
HD: iu kin: 0 x>
t
6
log 6
t
t x x = = . Phng trnh tr thnh
3 1
2 6 3 1 3 ( ) 1
2 6
t t t t t
t x = + = + = =
Bi 2:
a. 14 21 7
5 4 2
3
log
2
2
2
3
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ +
x x
x x
x x

HD:
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81
2 2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2
log ( 3) log (2 4 5) 7 (2 4 5) ( 3)
log ( 3) 7( 3) log (2 4 5) (2 4 5)
1
3 2 4 5 3 2 0
2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x x
x
( + + + + = + + + +

+ + + + + = + + + + +
=
+ + = + + + + =

=


b.
2
2
3 2
1
log 3 2
2 4 3
x x
x x
x x
+
= +
+

HD:
2 2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
3 3
log ( 1) log (2 4 3) (2 4 3) ( 1)
log ( 1) ( 1) log (2 4 3) (2 4 3)
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + = + +
+ + + = + + +

t
2
3 3
2
1
log log
2 4 3
u x x
u u v v
v x x
= +

+ = +

= +


Xt hm s ( )
3
log f t t t = + l hm s ng bin vi 0 t >
PT
1
2
x
u v
x
=
=

=


c.
1
2
1
2 2 log
x x
x
x

| |
=
|
\ .

HD: iu kin 0 1 x < <
1
2 2
2 log 2 log (1 )
x x
x x

+ = +
Xt hm s ( )
2
2 log
t
f t t = + trn (0 ; 1) l hm s ng bin nn pt
1
1
2
x x x = =
d.
2
log( 6) log( 2) 4 x x x x + = + +
HD: iu kin 3 x>
log( 3) 4 x x =
Xt s BT ca 2 hm s suy ra pt c nghim duy nht 4 x=
e.
8 2
3log log
2 2 5 0
x x
x x

+ =
HD: iu kin: 0 x>
t
2
log 2
t
t x x = = . Pt tr thnh
2
2
2
2
2.(2 ) 2.(2 ) 5 0 2.2 5 0 1
1
2
2
t t t t t
t
x
t
x

+ = + = =

=


f.
2
2 2
log ( 1)log 2 6 0 x x x x + + =
HD: iu kin: 0 x>
t
2
log t x = phng trnh tr thnh
2 2
2
1
log 2 2
( 1) 2 6 0 4
3 log 3
2
x t x
t x t x
t x x x
x

= = =

+ + =


= =

=


g.
5
log ( 3)
2
x
x
+
=
HD: iu kin 3 x>
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82
t
5
log ( 3) 3 5 5 3
t t
x t x x + = + = = . Phng trnh tr thnh
2 1
2 3 5 3. 1 1 2
5 5
t t
t t
t x
| | | |
+ = + = = =
| |
\ . \ .


BI TON 8: S DNG PHNG PHP NH GI

I. Phng php:

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
( )
3 2
log 4 5 1 x x + + = (1)
Gii:
Cch 1: Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski ta c:
( )( )
( )
3 2
4 5 1 1 4 5 3 2 log 4 5 1 x x x x x x + + s + + = + + s
Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi:
4 5 1
1 1 2
x x
x
+
= = l nghim duy nht
Cch 2: Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2
4 5 4 5 2 4 5 9 4 5 18
4 5 3 2 log 4 5 1
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
+ + = + + + + + s + + + =
+ + s + + s

Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi:
1
4 5
2
x x x = + = l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2
2 2
log 2 4 2 log 1 4 2 x x x x x + + = +
Gii:
iu kin: 0 x>
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
log 2 4 2 log 1 4 2 log 2 4 3 2 1 x x x x x x x
x
| |
+ + = + + + =
|
\ .

V x 0 > , ta c:
2
2 2 2
2 4 2 4 8 log 2 4 3 x x x
x x x
| |
+ > + + > + + >
|
\ .

Vy
( )
2
2
2
log 2 4 3
3 2 1 3
x
x
x
| |
+ + >
|
\ .

. Ta c 2, 2 VT VP > s m VT =VP
Nn ta c:
1
1
1 0
x
x x
x

. Tp nghim phng trnh


{ } 1 S=
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83
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 1 3 2
2
3
8
2 2
log 4 4 4
x x
x x
+
+ =
+

Gii:
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3
4 4 4 2 1 3 3 log 4 4 4 1 x x x x x + = + > + >
Hay
( )
2
3
8
8 8
log 4 4 4
VP
x x
s s
+

Theo BT Cauchy ta c:
2 1 3 2
2 2 8 8
x x
VT
+
+ > > .
M VT =VP (theo gi thuyt).
Suy ra:
2 1 3 2
2 1 0 8
1
8 2 2 2
x x
x VT
x
VP
+
= =
=

= =


Vy tp nghim phng trnh:
1
2
S

=
`
)

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 6
log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x + =

Gii:
iu kin:
2
2
2
1 0
1 0
1 0
x x
x x
x

>

+ >

>

.
Ch :
( )( )
2 2
1 1 1 x x x x + =

2
2
1 0
1
1 0
x x
x
x

>
>

>

. Vi 1 x> th ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2
2 3 6
log 1 .log 1 log 1 x x x x x x

+ + = +
p dng cng thc i c s ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
6 6
2
6
6 6
log 1 log 1
. log 1
log 2 log 3
x x x x
x x
+ +
= +
( )
( )
( )
2
6
2
2 3 6
log 1 0
log 6.log 6.log 1 1 *
x x
x x

+ =


+ =


( )
( )
2
2 3 6
* log 6.log 6.log 1 1 x x + =
( )
6
log 2 2 2
3 6
log 1 log 2 1 3 x x x x + = + =
V
6
6
log 2 2
log 2
2
1 1
1 3
3
1
x x
x x

= = =
+
, nn ta c h phng trnh:
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84
( )
6
6 6
6
log 2 2
log 2 log 2
log 2 2
1 3
1
3 3
2
1 3
x x
x
x x

+ =

= +


R rng theo BT Cauchy, ta c:
( )
6 6 6 6
log 2 log 2 log 2 log 2
1
3 3 2 3 3 1
2

+ > + >
Vy phng trnh c nghim 1 x= v
( )
6 6
log 2 log 2
1
3 3
2
x

= +
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh ( )
3
log 1 lg
2
x
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

Gii:
iu kin
0
0
1
1
1 0
x
x
x
x
x
>
>
=

=

+ >


Nu 0 1 x < < ( ) 1 1 log 1 log 1 0
x x
x x + > + < = . M
3
lg 0
2
| |
>
|
\ .
nn pt v nghim
Nu ( )
3
1 1 log 1 log 1 lg
2
x x
x x x x x
| |
> + > + > = >
|
\ .
nn pt v nghim
Vy pt v nhim
Bi 6: (HNTCSII 2001) Gii phng trnh:
2
2
3
2
3
log 3 2
2 4 5
x x
x x
x x
| | + +
= + +
|
+ +
\ .

Gii:
t:
2
2
3
2 4 5
u x x
v x x
= + +

= + +


Hin nhin , 0 u v> , x v
2
3 2 v u x x = + + .
Khi phng trnh tr thnh: log
2
u
v u
v
= (*)
Nu u v > th 1
u
v
> . Do :
2
log 0
u
VT
v
= > ; 0 VP v u = < . Suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
Nu u v < th 0 1
u
v
< < . Do :
2
log 0
u
VT
v
= < ; 0 VP v u = > . Suy ra phng trinh v nghim.
Vy: (*) u v =
2 2 2
3 2 4 5 3 2 0 1 2 x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + = = v =
Tm li nghim ca phng trnh l: 1 2 x x = v =

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:

Bi 1:
a.
2 2 3
2 2
1
log 2 log 3 2
2
x x x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

HD: iu kin 0 x>
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85
2 3
2
1
log 2 3 2
2
x x x
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

p dng BT Csi cho 2 s dng
1
2 ;
2
x
x
:
2
1
2 2 log 2 1
2
x VT
x
+ > > =
Xt hm s
2 3
3 2 y x x = trn (0 ;+) c GTLN l 1 khi 1 x=
Do pt c nghim duy nht 1 x=

b.
3
2
log 1 2 2
2 2
3 2 log ( 1) log
x
x x x
+
= +
HD: iu kin 0 x>
2 3
2
1
3 2 log ... 1 x x x x
x
| |
= + =
|
\ .


Bi tp t gii tng hp:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
9
11
) 2 2 ( log
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
+ + =

+
+ +
+

+
+
+
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

b.
9 1
27
2log ( 1) log ( 1)
5
5
log 27 3 125
5 27 log 243
x x +
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

c. ) 2 2 (
4
1
log
2
1
+ + = x x x
d. (HSPV 2001) ) 1 ( log ) 1 ( log ) 1 ( log
2
20
2
5
2
4
= + x x x x x x
e. 0 ) 1 4 3 4 ( log
2
1
) 1 ( log
3 3
= + + x x x x
f. x
x
x
x
2
3
3 2 3
log
2
1
3
log log
3
log + =
s:
a.
9 7
7 9
x x = v = b. 2 x= c.
1
2
x=
d.
20 20
log 4 log 4
1
1 (5 5 )
2
x x

= v = + e. 4 0 1 x x = v s s f.
3
1
8
x x = v =
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. 2 1 lg 1 lg 3 1 lg
2 2
+ = + + x x x b. 2 log
cos 2 sin
sin 2 2 sin 3
log
2 2
7 7 x x
x x
x x

=


c.
) 5 2 ( log
2
25
1
) 5 3 (
5 3
1
x x
x
x
+
=

d. ) 3 2 ( log ) 2 2 ( log
2
3 2
2
3 2 2
=
+
+
x x x x
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e.
8
1
) 2 lg(
2
1
+ = x
x
f. x x x
2
3
3
log 2 ) 1 ( log 3 = + +
s:
a. VN b. c.
5 13
2
2
x x
+
= v =
d. 1 11 4 3 x= + e. 3 x= f. 4069 x=
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
) 2 7 1 ( log
2
4
1
) 1 2 (
1 2
1
x x
x
x
+
=

b.
1 1
1
1 1
1
2
3 lg lg
3 2
+ +

+
=
+ +
x x
x
x x

c. 0 ) 2 cos (cos log ) sin (cos log
1
= + + x x x x
x
x
d. x x x
4
8 4
6
log ) ( log 2 = +
e. ) 1 1 2 ( log log log 2
3 3
2
9
+ = x x x f. 0 log 40 log 14 log
4
3
16
2
2
= + x x x
x x x

Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. (HNNI B) ( ) 2
2 2
log 2 log 2
x x
x x
+ +
+ + =
b. (HKTQD 2001)
( ) ( )
2 2
3 7 2 3
log 9 12 4 log 6 23 21 4
x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + + + =
c. (HAG 2001) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
ln 2 3 ln 4 ln 2 3 ln 4 x x x x + = +
d.
( )
1
3
log 9 4.3 2 3 1
x x
x
+
= +
e.
( )
3
log log 9 6 1
x
x
(
=


s:
a. 2 x= b.
1
4
x= x. 3 2 x < <
d.
( ) 3
0
log 3 15 1
x
x
=

= +

e. VN
Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. (BCVT 2001) 3 log
2
1
log
2
1
) 6 5 ( log
3
3
2 2
9
+

= + x
x
x x
b. (HV D 2001) ) 9 3 . 11 ( log ) 3 3 ( log 3 log ) 1 (
5
1
5 5
= + +
+ x x
x
c. (HVQHQT 2001)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
log 1 log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x x x + + + + = + + + +
d. (HBKHN 2001)
3
8
2
2
4
) 4 ( log 4 log 2 ) 1 ( log x x x + + = + +
e. (PVBCTT 2001)
2
9
3
3 2
27
) 3 ( log
2
1
log
2
1
) 6 5 ( log +

= + x
x
x x
f. (HKT 2001) ) 2 ( log log
3 7
+ = x x
g. (HC 2001) ) 3 2 ( log ) 4 4 ( log
1
2
1 2
= +
+ x x
x
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h. (KTQD 2001) 4 ) 21 23 6 ( log ) 4 12 9 ( log
2
3 2
2
7 3
= + + + + +
+ +
x x x x
x x

i. (HAN 2001) ) 1 ( log 2
2 log
1
) 1 3 ( log
2
3
2
+ + = +
+
x x
x

k. (HH D 2001) 3 ) 2 9 ( log
2
= +
x
x
l. ( ) ( ) ( )
3 5 7
log 2 1 log 4 1 log 6 1 3 x x x x + + + + + =
s:
a.
5
3
x= b. 0 2 x x = v = c. 0 1 x x = v =
d. 2 2 24 x x = v = e.
5
3
x= f. 49 x=
g. 2 x= h.
1
4
x= i. 1 x=
k. 0 3 x x = v = l. 0 1 x x = v =
Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
) 3 4 4 ( log
4
2
2
2
cot
2 2
+
=
+
x x
xy g xy tg
b.
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
) 6 ( log ) 4 ( log 3 ) 2 ( log
2
3
+ + = + x x x
c. 2
2
log 4 log
4
4
2
= +
x
x d. ) 2 ( log 2 ) 2 ( log 5 log ) 1 ( log
25
1 5
5
1
2
5
+ = + + x x x
e. 0 16 ) 1 ( log ) 1 ( 4 ) 1 ( log ) 2 (
3
2
3
= + + + + + x x x x
f.
2 6 log
2
log
2
2
9 . 2 x x
x
=
s:
a.
( )
1
2
2
x
y k k Z

= + e

b. 2 1 33 x x = v = c. 2 x=
d.
21
2
x= e.
80
2
81
x x = v = f.
3
1
1 log 2
2 2 x x

= v =
Bi 7: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. (HTS 2001) 2 log )
2
log
2
(log log ) 2 log 2 (log
2
4 4 2
2
2 4 2
= + + + x
x
x
x x x
b.
3 1
3
log sin sin log sin cos2 0
2 2
x x
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .

c. ( ) ( ) 6 1 log 1 log
2
3 2
2
2
3 2
= + + + +
+
x x x x
d. |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|

8
1
lg
2
1
2
1
lg
2
1
lg
2
1
lg x x x x
e. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 lg 20 21 lg 1 10 lg 5 lg = + + x x x
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f. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 lg . 1 2 4 1 lg 1
2 2 2 2 2
= + + + x x x x
g. 3
3
log
3
log
2 2
= |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
x
x
x
x
h. 6 3 3 log 3 3 log . log
3 3
= +
x
x
Bi 8: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a.
4 4
4
2 2 2
log 2 log 2 log log
2
x
x
x x x + + =
b. ( ) ( ) 4 21 23 6 log 4 12 9 log
2
5 2
2
7 3
= + + + + +
+ +
x x x x
x x

c. ( ) ( ) x x
x
x x x
2 7 7
2
2
log 3 log 2
2
3 log log
(

+ + = + +
d. ( ) ( ) 0 log 2 1 1
2
2
= + + x x x x
e. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 1 2
3 .log 1 2log 2 3 .log 2 2log 1
x x
x x x x

+ = +
f. ( ) x x x x x x x x 2 3 2 5 log 3 2 5 log .
2 2
6
1
2
6
2
+ =
g.
15 4
2 2
2
2
2
3 log 81 log
4 log
36 log

= +
x x

h. | | 1 1 2 log . log log . 2
3 3
2
9
+ = x x x
i. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 16 2 log 2 4 2 log 3
3
2
3
= + + + + + x x x x
k.
( )
( ) x x x
x
2
2
2
1 log 2
log 1 log 2 3
3
2
+ =
+

l. ( ) ( ) 0 2 1 4 4 log 1 5 6 log
2
3 1
2
2 1
= + +

x x x x
x x

m.
2 3 5 2 3 2 5 3 5
log .log .log log .log log .log log .log x x x x x x x x x = + +
n. ( ) 4 lg 2 lg
2
1
10 lg
2
= + + x x
Bi 9: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. 3 log log log . log
2
3
3 3 2
+ = x x x x b. 225 log . 3 log log log
9 5 3 5
= + x x
c. ( ) ( ) 2 lg 4 6 lg
2
+ + = + x x x x d. ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 6 2 1 log 5 1 log
3
2
3
= + + + + x x x x
e. ( ) ( ) 1 12 2 log 4 2 log
2 2
+ = +
x x
x f. ( ) ( ) 1 5 5 log . 1 5 log
1
25 5
=
+ x x

g. ( ) ( ) 1 log log log
2 3 2
= x h. ( ) ( ) 2 1 2 log 1 log
5 3
= + + + x x
i. ( ) ( ) | | 0 2 lg lg lg lg
3
= + x x k. 0 log 14 log 40 log
3
16 4
2
2
= + x x x
x x x

l. ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 log 6 4 log
2
5
5
=
x x
m. | | 1 3 2 3 . 4 9 log
1
+ =
+
x
x x
x

Bi 10: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. ( ) 9 4 4 log 2 log
2
3
2
3
= + + + + x x x b.
2 4 1
2
log 2 log 5 log 8 0 x x
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c. 4 log . 27 log .
9
2
+ = x x x
x
d.
3 9
3
4
(2 log )log 3 1
1 log
x
x
x
+ =


e.
2
3
3
log ( 1) log (2 1) 2 x x + = f.
4 2
2 1
1 1
log ( 1) log 2
log 4 2
x
x x
+
+ = + +
g.
2
2 1
log 1 2
x
x
x
x

= + h.
2 1
2
2log (2 2) log (9 1) 1 x x + + =
k.
3
1 6
3 log 9
log
x
x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .
m.
2 7 2 7
log 2log 2 log log x x x x + = +
s:
b.
3 17
6;3;
2
x


e
`

)
d.
1
8
3
x x = v = e. 2 x= f.
5
2
x= g.
1 x= h.
1
1
3
x x = v = k. 2 x= m. 2 4 x x = v =
Bi 11:
a. (HMC 2001) Tm cc nghim ca phng trnh
( )
6
log 3 5 7
36 0
x
x x =
b. Tm cc nghim ca phng trnh 24 2 2 2
1 log 1 ) 16 ( log ) 16 ( log 2
5
2
3
2
3
= + +
+ x x x
tha mn 0
4
1 3
cos <

+
x
x


PHNG TRNH LOGA C CHA THAM S

Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh ( ) ( ) 0 4 ) 1 log( 1 2 ) 1 ( log 1
2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + m x x m x x c ng hai nghim
thc tha mn iu kin 3 1 s s x
Gii:
t ) 1 log( 1
2 2
+ = x x t ta thy t(x) l hm chn vi mi gi tr ca t khng m lun cho 2 gi tr ca x ,t
iu kin ca x suy ra | | 9 ; 1
2
e x | | 8 ; 0 e t .
Bi ton tr thnh:
Tm m phng trnh 0 4 2
2
= + + m mt t c nghim duy nht trn | | 8 ; 0
1 2
4
2

+
=
t
t
m c nghim duy nht trn | |
)
`

2
1
\ 8 ; 0

=
=
=


=
2
2 2
0
) 1 2 (
2 4 2 2
) ( '
2
2
t
t
t
t t
t f
Lp bng bin thin suy ra iu kin m l 4 > m
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
3 log ( 4) 2 1 log ( 4) 2 0 m x m x m + + + + =
Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
; x x sao cho
1 2
4 6 x x < < <
Gii:
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90
Ta m phng trnh c 2 nghim
pt cho tng ng vi pt: 0 2 ) 4 ( log ) 1 2 ( ) 4 ( log ) 3 (
2
2
2
= + + + + m x m x m
trn khong (4; 6) phng trnh lun xc nh.
t ) 4 ( log
2
= x t vi iu kin 1 t < t <1 do 0 4 2 x < < x e (4; 6)
Dn n pt ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 2 1 2 0 2 1 3 2 * m t m t m mt t t t + + + + = + + =
Nhn xt thy 1 t = khng tha mn pt (*) . Bin i pt v dng m
t t
t t
=
+ +

1 2
2 3
2
2

Bi ton tr thnh:
Ta m pt: ( )
2
2
3 2
2 1
t t
f t m
t t

= =
+ +
, c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
1 t t < < .
Tnh o hm
3
) 1 (
3 7
) ( '
+
+
=
t
t
t f ;
7
3
0 ) ( ' = = t t f
Bng bin thin ca hm s f(t) trn khong (-; 1)
t - -1
7
3

1

f'(t)
+ - 0 +

f(t)
+

3
+
8
25

0




T suy ra cc gi tr cn ta l:

>
< <
3
0
8
25
m
m

Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh sau lun c nghim trong on | | 1;9
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3 3
log 2 2 log 4 1 log 1 x m x m x + + + = +

Gii:
iu kin 0 x>
t:
3
log , x t khi = | | | | 1;9 0;2 x t e e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 2 4 t 4 3 2 t mt m mt t m + + + = + + = +
V | | 0;2 te t (2)
2
4
3
t
m
t
+
=
+

t ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
4 6 4
' 0
3
3
t t t
f t f t
t
t
+ +
= => = =
+
+
( )
( )
3 13
3 13
t loai
t tm

=

= +


Ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
4 8
3 13 2 13 6; 0 ; 2
3 5
f f f + = = =
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91
Vy vi
8
;2 13 6
5
m
(
e
(

th phng trnh c nghim vi mi | | 1;9 xe
Bi 4: Tm gi tr ca m phng trnh nghim duy nht 0 ) 2 3 ( log ) 6 ( log
2
2 5 , 0
= + + x x x m
Gii:
= + + 0 ) 2 3 ( log ) 6 ( log
2
2 5 , 0
x x x m = + ) 2 3 ( log ) 6 ( log
2
2 2
x x x m

+ =
< <

= +
>

3 8
1 3
2 3 6
0 2 3
2 2
2
x x m
x
x x x m
x x

Xt hm s 1 3 , 3 8 ) (
2
< < + = x x x x f ta c 8 2 ) ( ' = x x f , 0 ) ( ' < x f khi 4 > x do ) (x f nghch
bin trong khong ) 1 ; 3 ( , 6 ) 1 ( , 18 ) 3 ( = = f f .
Vy phng trnh sau c nghim duy khi 6 18 m < <

Bi 5: Tm m phng trnh
2 2 2
2 1 4
2
log log 3 (log 3) x x m x + = c nghim thuc[32; ) +
HD:
iu kin 0 x>
t
2
log ; [32; ) [5; ) t x x t = e + e + . Phng trnh tr thnh:
2
2 3 ( 3) t t mt =
+t =3 khng l nghim
+t 3 ta c

2
2
2 3
( ) ; [5; )
3
2
lim ( ) 1; '( ) 0
( 3) 2 3
t
t t
m f t t
t
t
f t f t
t t t
+

= = e +

= = <


Suy ra hm s nghch bin trn [5;+)
Lp BBT ta c 1 3 m < s
Bi 7: Tm m phng trnh
( )
2
2 1
2
4 log log 0 x x m + = c nghim thuc (0;1).
HD: iu kin 0 x>
PT
2
2 2
log log 0 x x m + + =
t
2
log t x = ; (0;1) ( ;0) x t e e . Phng trnh tr thnh
2
0 t t m + + =
1 0 S = < nn pt c nghim n t th s c nghim m . Do k :
1
0
4
m A > s .
Bi 8: Gii v bin lun phng trnh :
3 3 3
2log log ( 1) log 0 x x m = .
HD:
iu kin
0
0
x
m
>

>


PT
2
0 x mx m + =
+0 4 m < < : phng trnh v nghim
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92
+ m = 4 phng trnh c nghim x =2
+ 4 m> ta c
1 2
2 2
2 2
S m
x x = > > > nn phng trnh cho c 2 nghim
2
1,2
1
( 4 )
2
x m m m =
Bi 9: (Tham kho 2003) Tm m phng trnh c nghim thuc (0;1)
( )
2
2 1
2
4 log log 0 x x m + =
HD:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 1 2 2 2 2
2
4 log log 0 log log 0 log log x x m x x m m x x + = + + = =
- Vi 0 x 1 < < th
2
0 1 log 0 x x < < <
- PT c nghim thuc (0;1) khi v ch khi m thuc min gi tr ca hm s
2
( ) ( 0) f t t t t = <
- Kho st hm s cho kt qu
1
4
ms
Bi 10: (HYD 2001) Cho phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
4 12
2log (2 2 4 ) log ( 2 ) 0 x x m m x mx m + + + =
Xc nh tham s m phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim
1
x ,
2
x tha:
2 2
1 2
1 x x + >

Gii:
2 2 2 2
4 1
2
2log (2 2 4 ) log ( 2 ) 0 x x m m x mx m + + + =

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
log (2 2 4 ) log ( 2 ) 0
2 0 2 0
2 , 1 (1 ) 2 2 0
x x m m x mx m
x mx m x mx m
x mx m x mx m m
+ + =
+ > + >



= = + + =


Yu cu bi ton
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1
2 0
2 0
x x
x mx m
x mx m
+ >

+ >

+ >

vi
1
2 x m = ,
2
1 x m =
2
2
2
5 2 0
2 1
4 0 1 0
5 2
2 1 0
m m
m m m
m m
>

> < < v < <

+ >



Bi tp t gii:

Bi 1: Cho phng trnh 0 4 ) 1 lg( ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( lg ) 1 (
2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + m x x m x x
a. Gii phng trnh khi 4 m=
b. Tm m phng trnh c ng hai nghim tha mn 3 1 s s x
Bi 2: Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2 2
2 2 2 2
3 11 3 11
1 ( 2) ]log (2 ) [1 (3 1) log 1 log (2 ) log 1
2 2
x x
m x x m x x
| | | |
( + + + + = +
| |

\ . \ .

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93
Bi 3: Tm m cc nghim
1 2
, x x ca phng trnh 0 ) 2 ( log ) 4 2 2 ( log 2
2 2
2
1
2 2
4
= + + + m mx x m m x x
tha mn 1
2
2
2
1
> + x x
Bi 4: Tm x phng trnh ) 1 3 ( log ) 6 5 ( log
2
2
2 2 3 2
2
= +
+
x x x m x m
m
nghim ng vi mi m
s: 5 x=
Bi 5: Tm m phng trnh 2
) 1 ( log
log
5
5
=
+ x
mx
c nghim duy nht
Bi 6: (HY HP 2001) Tm x phng trnh ) 1 5 ( log ) 5 3 5 ( log
2
2
2 2
2
= + +
+
x x mx x m
m
nghim
ng vi mi m
Bi 7: Tm m phng trnh 0 ) 1 2 2 ( log ) 4 ( log
3
1
2
3
= + + m x mx x c nghim duy nht
s:
1 1
0
2 10
m m = v s s
Bi 8: Tm m phng trnh 0 ) 2 2 ( log 2 ) 3 2 ( log 4
2
1
2 2
2
2
= + + +
+
m x x x
x x m x
c ba nghim
s:
1 3
1
2 2
m m m = v = v =
Bi 9: Cho phng trnh: 0 1 ) 2 ( log ) 5 ( ) 2 ( log ) 1 (
2
1
2
2
1
= + m x m x m
Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
; x x sao cho
1 2
2 4 x x < s <
Bi 10: Tm a phng trnh
) 2 ( log
) 2 ( log
2
2
2
2
+ +
= + + +
x x
a
a x x c nghim ( ) 0,1
Bi 11: Tm m phng trnh 0 ) ( log ) 4 ( log
2
7
1 7
= + + x mx x m c hai nghim phn bit
Bi 12: Gii v bin lun phng trnh ( )
2
3 3
2 1 log log 1 0 x m x m + + = vi
*
m R
+
e
Bi 13: Gii v bin lun phng trnh 0 log log log
2
= + + a a a
x a
ax x
vi
*
a R
+
e
Bi 14: Gii v bin lun phng trnh 4 ) 2 ( log
2
2
2
= +

m x
x
ty theo m R e
Bi 15: Tm m phng trnh 0 log ) 1 ( log
2 5
2
2 5
= + + + +
+
x m mx x c nghim duy nht
Bi 16: Tm a phng trnh
( ) ( )
1
2 2
log 2 1 .log 2 2 2
x x
a
+
+ + = + c nghim
Bi 17: Tm a phng trnh x ax x
a a
log ) 3 ( log
2
= + c nghim
Bi 18: Tm m thc phng trnh sau c hai nghim thc phn bit:

2
1 1
2 2
( 1).log ( 2) ( 5)log ( 2) 1 0 m x m x m + =
s:
7
( 3;1) (1; )
3
me




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94

CH II: BT PHNG TRNH M

BI TON I: S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

I. Phng php:

Ta s dng cc php bin i tng ng sau:
Dng 1: Vi bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
0 1
f x g x
a
f x g x
a a
a
f x g x
>

<

<

< <

>


hoc
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 0
a
a f x g x
>

( <


Dng 2: Vi bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
0 1
f x g x
a
f x g x
a a a
a
f x g x
>

s =

< <

>

hoc
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 0
a
a f x g x
>

( s


Ch : Cn c bit lu ti gi tr ca c s a i vi bt phng trnh m.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh:
a.
2
1
2
1
2
2
x
x x

s b.
( ) ( )
3 1
1 3
10 3 10 3
x x
x x
+
+
+ < +
Gii:
a. Bin i tng ng bt phng trnh v dng:

( )
2 2
2 1
2
2
2
1 0
2 0
1 1
2 1 2
1 0 2 2
2 1
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x

s

>

| | | |
s > >
| |
>
\ . \ .

>


Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l 2 x>
Ch :
trnh sai st khng ng c khi bin i bt phng trnh m vi c s nh hn 1 cc em hc sinh nn la
chn cch bin i:
2
2
1 2 1 2 2
2
1
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x

s s s > >
b. Nhn xt rng:
( )( ) ( )
1
10 3 10 3 1 10 3 10 3

+ = = +
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95
Khi bt phng trnh c vit di dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
3 1 3 1
1 3 1 3
2
10 3 10 3 10 3 1
3 5
3 1 5
0 0
1 3 1 3
1 5
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x
+ +
+
+ +
+ s + + <

< <
+
+ < <
+ +
< <


Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l:
( ) ( )
3; 5 1; 5
Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh
a.
1
1 2
4 0.25.32
x x
x x

+
s b.
1
1
1
( 5 2) ( 5 2)
x
x
x

+
s +
Gii:
a. a v c s 2,ta c:
BPT
1 2 2 5 2 2 3 4
2
2 2 5
1 2 1 2 1 2
(2 ) 2 .(2 ) 2 2 2 2
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+

+ + +
s s s
2
2 2 3 4 (2 2)( 2) (3 4)( 1) 13
0 0
1 2 ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)
13 1 0 2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+ + +
s s s
+ + +
s v < s v >

b. V
1
5 2 ( 5 2)

+ =
( )
1
1 1
1
5 2 ( 5 2) 1 0 5 2 1
1
x
x x
x
x do
x

+

s > < <
+

1 x > hoc 2 1 x s <

BI TON 2: S DNG PHNG PHP LOGARIT HO V A V CNG C S

I. Phng php:

chuyn n s khi s m lu tha ngi ta c th logarit ho theo cng 1 c s c hai v ca bt phng
trnh m. Chng ta lu 1 s trng hp c bn sau cho cc bt phng trnh m:
Dng 1: Vi bt phng trnh:
( ) f x
a b < ( vi b>0)
( )
( )
1
log
0 1
log
a
a
a
f x b
a
f x b
>

<


< <

>



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96
Dng 2: Vi bt phng trnh:
( )
( )
1
0
0
1
( ) log
0 1
( ) log
f x
a
a
a
f x
b
a b a
f x b
a
f x b
>

<

> >


>

< <

<


Dng 3: Vi bt phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
lg lg ( ).lg ( ).lg
f x g x f x g x
a b a b f x a g x b > > > hoc c th s dng
logarit theo c s a hay b.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh
a.
2
49.2 16.7
x x
> b.
2
2 2
3 9
x x +
>
c.
1 2
2 2 25
x x +
+ > d.
1
2 3
x x+
>
e.
2
4 15 13 4 3
1 1
2 2
x x x +
| | | |
<
| |
\ . \ .
f.
2
7 12
5 1
x x +
>
Gii:
a. Bin i tng ng phng trnh v dng:
4 2
2 7
x x
>
Ly logarit c s 2 hai v phng trnh ta c:
( )
2
4 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
log 2 log 7 4 2 log 7 ( ) log 7 2log 7 4 0
x x
x x f x x x

> > = + >
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
log 7 8log 7 16 log 7 4 4 log 7 A = + = = . Suy ra f(x)=0 c nghim:

( )
1 2 2
1,2
2 2 1
2 log 7 4 log 7
log 7 2 2
x
x
x x
=
=

= <


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim x >2 hoc
2
log 7 2 x<
b. BPT
2
2 2 2 2 2
0
3 3 2 2 2 2 0
2
x x
x
x x x x
x
+
<
> + > >

>


c. BPT
2
2 50 50
4.2 25 9.2 50 2 log
2 9 9
x
x x x
x + > > > >
d.
2
3
2
2 3.3 3 log 3
3
x
x x
x
| |
> > <
|
\ .

e.
( )
2 2
2
4 15 13 4 3 4 12 9 0
3
2 3 0
2
x x x x x
x x
+ > + >
> =

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97
f. Bpt
2
7 12 0
5 5
x x +
>
2
3
7 12 0
4
x
x x
x
<
+ >

>


Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh
a.
1
1
2
16
x
x
| |
>
|
\ .
b. (HDB 2004)
2 2
1 3
log log
2 2
2. 2
x x
x >
Gii:
a. BPT
( )
1 1 4 1 4
4
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 4
5 2
x
x
x x x x
x x x

| |
> > > > >
|
\ .

b. BPT
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
log log log log
2 2 2 2
2 2
2. 2 log 2. log 2
x x x x
x x
| |
> >
|
\ .

2 2 2
1 3
1 log log 1 log 0 2
2 2
x x x x + > > < s
Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh
a.
x 2
log
sin2
x 4
3 1

+
> b.
ln(1 sin )
2
2
2
e log (x 3x) 0
t
+
+ >
c.
2
( 1) 1
x
x x + + <

Gii:
a. BPT
x 2
log 0
sin2
x 4

>
+

2
0 1
4
x
x

< <
+
( v 0 sin2 1 < < )
2 2 2
0 0 0
2 0 2
4 4 4
2
2 2 6 4 0 4
1 1 0 0
4 4 4
x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x

< < <

> > + + +
>

+ > >


< < <

+ + +

b.
ln2 2 2
2 2
log ( 3 ) 0 2 log ( 3 ) 0 (1) e x x x x + > + >
iu kin :
0
3
x
x
>

<


( )
2 2 2 2
2
1 log ( 3 ) 2 3 2 3 4 0 4 1 x x x x x x x + s + s + s s s
So iu kin bt phng trnh c nghim : 4 3 ; 0 1 x x s < < s
c. V
2
1 0 x x x + + >
Bt phng trnh
2
lg( 1) 0 x x x + + <
Bt phng trnh ny tng ng vi hai h:
( )
2 2
0 0
: ( ):
lg( 1) 0 lg( 1) 0
x x
I II
x x x x
> <

+ + < + + >


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98
Gii h (I):
2 2
0 0
( )
lg( 1) 0 1 1
x x
v l
x x x x
> >


+ + < + + <


Gii h (II):
2 2 2
0 0 0
lg( 1) 0 1 1 0
x x x
x x x x x x
< < <


+ + > + + > + >


Nghim ca bt phng trnh l : 1 x<

BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 1

I. Phng php:

Mc ch chnh ca phng php ny l chuyn cc bi ton cho v bt phng trnh i s quen bit c
bit l cc bt phng trnh bc 2 hoc cc h bt phng trnh.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 1 2 1
x x x
< +
Gii:
iu kin 2 1 0 0
x
x > > .
t 2 1
x
t = , iu kin 0 t > , khi :
2
2 1
x
t = + . Bt phng trnh c dng:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1
1 3 1 0 1 1 3 0
t t t t t t
t t t t t t
+ < + + < +
(
+ < + + <


( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
1 2 2 0 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1
x x
t t t t
x
< <
< < <

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l |0;1)
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
9 3 11 2 2 5 2 6 2 3 2 1
x x x
+ + + + <
Gii:
Nhn xt rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2
9 3 11 2 3 2 3 2
5 2 6 3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
( (
+ = + = +
( (

( (
+ = + = +
( (

(
+ = + =


Do nu t
( )
3 2
x
t = + , iu kin t 0 > th
( )
1
3 2
x
t
=
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99
Khi bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
( )( )( )
3 2 4 3 2
1
2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 0 2 1 t t t t t t t t t t
t
+ < + < + + + < < <
Kt hp vi iu kin ca t ta c:
( )
0 1 2 3 1 0
x
t x < < + < <
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh lx 0 < .
Bi 3: Gii cc bt phng trnh
a.
( ) ( )
2
log 5
5 21 5 21 2
x x
x+
+ + s b.
2 2
2 1 2 1
4
(2 3) (2 3)
2 3
x x x x +
+ + s


c.
( )
2
2 2
2
2 1 2
(3 5) 3 5 2 0
x x
x x x x

+
+ + s d.
x 1
x 1 x 1
( 2 1) ( 2 1)

+
+ >
Gii:
a. Chia 2 v bt phng trnh cho 2 0
x
> ta c:
5 21 5 21
5
2 2
x x
| | | |
+
+ s
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Nhn xt rng:
5 21 5 21
. 1
2 2
x x
| | | |
+
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Nn nu t
5 21
2
x
t
| |
+
=
|
|
\ .
iu kin t 0 > th
5 21 1
2
x
t
| |

=
|
|
\ .
. Khi bt phng trnh c dng:
2
1 5 21 5 21
5 5 1 0
2 2
5 21 5 21 5 21
1 1
2 2 2
x
t t t t
t
x
+
+ s + s s s
| |
+ +
s s s s
|
|
\ .

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: | | 1;1
b. Bpt
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3 4
x x x x
+ + s
t
( )
2
2
2 3 ( 0)
x x
t t

= + > ta c
2
1
4 4 1 0 2 3 2 3 t t t t
t
+ s + s s s +
Khi :
( )
2
2
2
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1
x x
x x

s + s + s s
2
2 1 0 1 2 1 2 x x x s s s +
c. BPT
2 2
2 2
3 5 3 5
2 0
2 2
x x x x
| | | |
+
+ s
| |
| |
\ . \ .

t
2 2
2 2
3 5 3 5 1
( 0)
2 2
x x x x
t t
t

| | | |
+
= > =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

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100
ta c bt phng trnh:
2
1 1
2 0 0 1
t
t t
t t
| |
+ s s =
|
\ .

2
0
2 0
2
x
x x
x
=
=

=


d. V
1
1
( 2 1)( 2 1) 1 2 1 ( 2 1)
2 1

+ = = = +
+

nn
( ) ( )
1
1
1
1
2 1 2 1 1
1
x
x
x
x
bpt x
x


+ > + >
+
(do 2 1 1 + > )

2 1
( 1)( 2)
0
1 1
x
x x
x x
s < +
>

> +


Bi 4: Gii bt phng trnh
2
2.5
5 3 5
5 4
x
x
x
+ >


Gii:
iu kin
2
5 5
5 4 0 2 log 4 log 2
x
x x > > > (*)
t 5
x
u= , iu kin u 2 > , khi bt phng trnh c dng:
2
2
3 5
4
u
u
u
+ >

(1)
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh (1) ta c:
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
4 4
45 4. 45
4 4
4 4
u u u u
u
u u
u u
+ + > + >


(2)
t
2
2
, 0
4
u
t t
u
= >

. Khi bt phng trnh (2) c dng:


2
2 4 2
2
2
5
2
2
4 45 0 5 5 25 100 0
4
log 20
20 20 5 20(*)
1
5 log 5 5 5 5
2
x
x
u
t t t u u
u
x
u u
u x u
+ > > > + >

>
> > >



< < < < >


Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l
( ) 5 5
1
log 2; log 20;
2
x
| |
e +
|
\ .

Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh
a.
1 2
4 2 3
x x
< b. (HDB 2005)
2
2
2
2
1
9 2 3
3
x x
x x

| |
s
|
\ .

Gii:
a. Bpt
2
4 2
3
4 2
x x
<
( )
2
4 2 12 2 2 12 0
x x x x
< < .
t t = 2
x
, t >0 .
Bpt
2
12 0 3 4 t t t < < <
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Dot 0 > , suy ra :
2
0 4 4 2 4 2 2 2
x x
t t x < < < < < <
b. t
2
2
3 , 0
x x
t t

= > ta c
2
t 2t 3 0 s 1 t 3 s s
BPT thnh
2
2 2
3 3 2 0
x x
x x

s s 0 2 x s s
Bi 6: Gii bt phng trnh:
a.
2 2
1 2
9 1 10.3
x x x x + +
+ > b.
2 2 3 3
2 .5 2 .5
x x x x + +
s
Gii:
a. t ( )
2
3 0
x x
t t
+
= > ta c
2
1
10 9 0
9
t
t t
t
s
+ >

>


Khi t s 1
2
2
3 1 0 1 0
x x
t x x x
+
= s + s s s (a)
Khi t > 9
2
2
2
3 9 2 0
1
x x
x
t x x
x
+
s
= > + >

>

(b)
Kt hp (a) v (b) ta c tp nghim ca bpt l: S =(; 2] [1;0] [1; +).
b. BPT ( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2.5 2.5 10 10 2 3 1
x x
x x
x x x
+
+
s s + s s
Bi 8: Gii cc bt phng trnh
a.
2 2 2
3 4.3 27 0
x x + +
+ < b.
2 2 2
3 4.3 27 0
x x + +
+ > c.
2 1
5 26.5 5 0
x x +
+ >
Gii
a. Bpt
2 2 2
3 .3 4.3.3 27 0
x x
+ <
( )
9. 3 36.3 27 0
x x
2
+ <
t t =3
x
, t >0 .
Bpt
2
9 36 27 0 t t + <
0 1
1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 1
x x
t x < < < < < < < <
b. Bpt
2 2 2
3 .3 4.3.3 27 0
x x
+ >
( )
9. 3 36.3 27 0
x x
2
+ >
t t =3
x
, t >0 .
Bpt
2
9 36 27 0 t t + >
0
1
1 0 1 3 1 3 3 0
3 3 1
3 3 3 3
x x
x x
t t x
t t x
< < < < < <



> > >
> >



c. Bpt
2
5 .5 26.5 5 0
x x
+ >
( )
2
5. 5 26.5 5 0
x x
+ >
t t =5
x
,t 0 > .
Bpt
2
5 26 5 0 t t + >
1
1
1 1 1
5 5 5 1 0
5 5 5
1
5 5
5 5 5 5
x x
x
x
x t t
x
t t


< < < < < <



>
>

> > >





Bi 9: Gii cc bt phng trnh
a.
1 2
4 2 3
x x
> b.
2 2
1 2
9 1 10.3
x x x x + +
+ >
Gii:
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102
a. Bpt
2
4 2
3
4 2
x x
>
( )
2
4 2 12 2 2 12 0
x x x x
> > .
t t =2
x
, t >0 .
Bpt
2
3
12 0
4
t
t t
t
<
>

>


Dot 0 > suy ra:
2
4 4 2 4 2 2 2
x x
t t x > > > > > .
b. t
2
3
x x
t
+
= , t >0.
Bt phng trnh tr thnh: t
2
10t +9 > 0 ( t s 1 hoc t > 9)
Khi t s 1
2
2
3 1 0 1 0
x x
t x x x
+
= s + s s s .(i)
Khi t > 9
2
2
2
3 9 2 0
1
x x
x
t x x
x
+
s
= > + >

>

(2i)
Kt hp (i) v (2i) ta c tp nghim ca bpt l: S =(- ; -2][-1;0][1; +).
Bi 10: Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2
2 1 2 1
4
(2 3) (2 3)
2 3
x x x x +
+ + s


Gii:
Bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3 4
x x x x
+ + s
t
( )
2
2
2 3 ( 0)
x x
t t

= + > ta c bt phng trnh


2
1
4 4 1 0 2 3 2 3 t t t t
t
+ s + s s s + (tha mn)
Khi
( )
2
2
2
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1
x x
x x

s + s + s s
2
2 1 0 1 2 1 2 x x x s s s +
Bi 11: (HDB - 2003) Gii BPT
1 1
15.2 1 2 1 2
x x x + +
+ > +
Gii:
t t =2
x
ta c 30 1 1 2 t t t + > +
- t =1 tha BPT
- t 1 > ta c
2 2
1 1
30 1 3 1 1 4
30 1 9 6 1 4 0
t t
t t t
t t t t t
> >
+ > < s

+ > + s


- t 1 < ta c
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
1
30 1 1 1
1
30 30 1 2 1 28 0
30
t
t t
t t t
t t t t t t
<
s < s <
+ > + v s < v

> + > + + s

1 1
1 1
1 1 0 1
0 28 30 30
t
t t t
t
s <
s < v s < v s <

s s


Tng hp cc trng hp v iu kin t 0 > ta c 0 4 t < s 0 2 4 2
x
x < s s
Bi 11: Gii bt phng trnh
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103
a.
2
2
log
2log
2 20 0
x
x
x + s
2
b.
2 2
2log 1 log 3 2
3 2 8 0
x
x x
+
s
Gii:
a. iu kin: 0 x>
BPT
2
2 2
4log 2log
2 20 0
x x
x + s
t
2
log 2
t
t x x = = .
Ta c
2 2
2 2
4 2 20 0
t t
+ s .
t ( )
2
2
2 1
t
y y = >
Ta c
2
20 0 5 4. y y y + s s s
i chiu iu kin ta c :
2
2 2 2
2 4 2 2 1 1 1
t
t t t s s s s s
Do
2
1
1 log 1 2
2
x x s s s s
b. iu kin: 0 x>
Bin i
2 2 2 2 2 2
2log 1 log 3 log log 6 log log 2 2 2
3 2. 8 0 9 2. 8 0 9 2.6 8 0
x x x x
x x x x x
+
s s s .
t
2
log 2
t
t x x = = .
Ta c BPT:
9 3
9 2.6 8.4 0 2 8 0
4 2
t t
t t t
| | | |
s s
| |
\ . \ .


t ( )
3
0
2
t
u u
| |
= >
|
\ .
ta c:
3
2
2
log 4
3 2 3
2 2
3
2 8 0 2 4 2 4
2
log 4 log log 4 0 2
t
u u u
t x x
| |
s s s s s
|
\ .
s s < s

T tm c nghim ca BPT cho l:
3
2
log 4
0;2 S
| (
=
(
\

Bi 12: Gii bt phng trnh
1
1 1
2 1 1 2
x x
>


Gii:
t
1
2 ( 0)
x
y y

= > , BPTtr thnh:


1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2
0 0 0 1
2 1 1 2 1 1 (2 1)(1 ) 2 3
y
y hay y
y y y y y y

> > > > < < >




Do ta c:
Khi
1 1 1
2
1 2 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 log
2 3 2 3 3 3
x x
y x

< < < < < < < <
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104
2 2
2 4
0 log 1 0 log
3 3
x x < < + < <
Khi
1 1 0
1 2 1 2 2 1 0 1
x x
y x x

> > > > >
Nghim ca bt phng trnh l :
2
4
0 log
3
x < < hay 1 x>

BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 2

I. Phng php:

Phng php ny ging nh phng trnh m.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh
2
1
4 2 4 0
x x x +
+ s
Gii:
t 2
x
t = iu kin t > 0
Khi bt phng trnh c dng:
2
2
2 4 0
x
t t + s . Ta c:
2
' 1 4 0
x
A = s
Do :
2 2 ' 0
0 4 1 1 4 0
(2) 0
0
1 2 1
2
x x
x
x
x
b
x t
t
a
A =
= = =
=

= =
= =


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0.
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh ( ) ( ) 9 2 5 .3 9 2 1 0
x x
x x + + + >
Gii:
t 3
x
t = iu kin t 0 > . khi bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 5 9 2 1 0 f t t x t x = + + + > . Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
' 5 9 2 1 4 x x x A = + + = .
Do ( ) f t 0 = c 2 nghim t = 9 hoc t = 2x + 1
Do bt phng trnh c dng: ( )( ) 9 2 1 0 t t x >
3 9
9 0 2
2 1 0 3 2 1 0 1 2
0 1 9 0 2
3 9
2 1 0 0 1
3 2 1
x
x
x
x
t x
t x x Bemouli x x x
x t x
t x x
x

>
> >


> > + s v > >





s s s s s

s s s

s +


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim 2 x> hoc 0 1 x s s

BI TON 5: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 3

I. Phng php:

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105
S dng 2 n ph cho 2 biu thc m trong bt phng trnh v kho lo bin i bt phng trnh thnh
phng trnh tch, khi lu :

0
0
. 0
0
0
A
B
AB
A
B
>

>

>

<

<


v
0
0
. 0
0
0
A
B
AB
A
B
>

<

<

<

>




II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh
2 2
6 2 4.3 2
x x x x +
+ > +
Gii:
Vit li bt phng trnh di dng:
2
2.3 4.2 4.3 2 0
x x x x x
+ >
t
3
2
x
x
u
v
=

iu kin u,v 0 > . khi bt phng trnh c dng:


( )( )
2
4 4 0 4 0
3 2
0 0
4 0 2 4 2
0 0
3 2
4 0 2
2 4
x x
x
x x
x
uv v u v u v v
u v x
v x
u v x
v x
+ > >
>
> >


> > >



s s s

s s

s


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim 2 x> hoc 0 xs
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh
2 1
2 2 1 2 4 2
x x
x x
+
+ + < + +
Gii:
iu kin:
1
2 1 0
2
x x + > >
Vit li bt phng trnh di dng: ( )
2
2 2 1 2.2 2 2 1
x x
x x + + < + +
t
2
2 1
x
u
v x
=

= +

iu kin u >0 v 0 v> . Khi bt phng trnh c bin i v dng:


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 0
2 2 1
x
u v u v u v u v u v
u v x
+ < + + < + >
= = +

Ta xt phng trnh:
2
0
2 0
2 2 1 2 2 1
1
2 1
2
x x
x
x
x x
x x
=
=

= + = +


= =



Vy bt phng trnh c nghim
1 1
; / 0;
2 2
x
|
e +
`
|

. )

Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh
5
2 log 2 1
5 1 5 3 5 2.5 16
x x x x + +
+ > + c nghim l
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106
Gii:
Vit li bt phng trnh di dng:
( ) ( )
2 1
2
5 1 5 3 2.5 10.5 16
5 1 5 3 2 5 3 2 5 1
x x x x
x x x x
+
+ > +
+ > +

iu kin: 5 1 0 0
x
x > > . t
5 1 0
5 3
x
x
u
v

= >

. Bt phng trnh c bin i v dng:


( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2 2 5 1 5 3
2 2 0
5 3 0
5 3
1
5 7.5 10 0
5 1 5 3
x x
x
x
x x
x x
u v u v
u v u v u v
u v u v u v
x
+ > + >

+ > + = =

+ > + s


> >

=

+ = =


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim x =1.

BI TON 6: S DNG TNH N IU GII BT PHNG TRNH M

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh: 2 3 5 38 (1)
x x x
+ + >
Gii:
t f(x) = VT(1), c f(x) xc nh v lin tc vi mi x R e c:
'
( ) 2 ln2 3 ln3 5 ln5 0
x x x
f x = + + > vi mi x R e nn f(x) ng bin trn (*).Do

2
(1) ( ) (2) 2
x
f x f x
x R
>
> >


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim: 2 x> .
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh: 1 2.2 3.3 6 (1)
x x x
+ + <
Gii:
Ta c:
1 1 1
(1) 2. 3. 1 (2) ( 6 0
6 3 2
x x x
x
do x R
| | | | | |
+ + < > e
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
)
t f(x) = VT(2), c f(x) xc nh, lin tc vi mi R xe c:
'
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ln 2. ln 3. ln 0
6 6 3 3 2 2
x x x
f x x R
| | | | | |
= + + < e
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
nn f(x) nghch bin trn R, do
(
1
(1) (2) ( ) (1) 1
x
f x f x
x R
<
< <


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim: 1 x< .
Mt khc : f(2) = 1 nn (1) ( ) (2) 2 f x f x < <
Vy tp nghim ca bpt l 2 x<
Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh:3 4 5
x x x
+ >
Gii:
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107
Ta chia hai v ca bt phng trnh cho
x
5 ,ta c: BPT
3 4
1
5 5
x x
| | | |
+ >
| |
\ . \ .

Xt hm s:
3 4
( )
5 5
x x
f x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
(TX: D= )
3 3 4 4
'( ) .ln .ln 0
5 5 5 5
x x
f x x R
| | | | | | | |
= + < e
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

Suy ra hm s f(x) nghch bin trn th hm s f(x) ch ct ng thng y =1 ti 1 im c ta (2,1).
Vy ( ) 1 f x > th 2 x<
Nghim ca bt phng trnh l: 2 x<

BI TON 7: S DNG PHNG PHP PHN KHONG

Bi 1: Gii h thc
( )
2
4 2 2
3 4 3 1
x x
x
=
+ > (1)
Gii:
- Vi 2 x > th x
2
4 >0 v x 2 > 0. Do 1 3 3
0 4 x
2
= >

(v hm ng bin)
nn VT(1) >1 =VP(1). Bt phng trnh khng c nghim trong khong trn
- Vi 2 x < th x
2
4 <0 v x 2 < 0. Do 1 3 3
0 4 x
2
= <

(v hm ng bin)
v
( )
2 2
4 3 0
x
x

< nn VT(1) <1 =VP(1). Bt phng trnh khng c nghim trong khong trn
- Vi x = 2 thay vo tha mn.
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2.

Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh
( )
5
1 3 3
1 2 1
x
x x

+ + > (1)
Li gii:
- Vi x < 0 th 0 x
3
< m
1
2 0
x
> nn
( )
5
1 3 3
1 1; 2 0
x
x x

+ < < . Do VT(1) < 1. Vy bt phng trnh
khng c nghim trong khong trn
- Vi x > 0 th 0 x
3
> m
1
2 0
x
> nn ( ) 0 2 x ; 1 1 x
1 x 3
5
3
> > +

. Do VT(1) > 1
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim x > 0.
Bi 3: (HDB - 2004) Gii BPT 4
2
11 6 2
1
>

x
x
x

Gii:
BPT
1
2 2 3
0
2
x
x
x

+
>


- Vi x 1 < th
1
2 2 3 0
2 0
x
x
x

+ <

<

suy ra x 1 < tha BPT


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108
- Vi x =1 khng tha BPT
- Vi 1 x 2 < < th
1
2 2 3 0
2 0
x
x
x

+ >

<

suy ra 1 x 2 < < khng tha BPT


- vi x 2 > th
1
2 2 3 0
2 0
x
x
x

+ >

>

suy ra x 2 > tha BPT


Kt lun: nghim l x 1, x 2 < >


CC BT PHNG TRNH M C GII BNG NHIU CCH

I. T VN :

Nh vy thng qua cc bi ton trn, chng ta bit c cc phng php c bn gii bt phng trnh
m v thng qua cc v d minh ho chng ta cng c th thy ngay mt iu rng, mt bt phng trnh c th
c thc hin bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Trong mc ny s minh ho nhng v d c gii bng
nhiu phng php khc nhau vi mc ch c bn l:
+Gip cc em hc sinh tip nhn y kin thc ton THPT tr nn linh hot trong vic la chn phng
php gii.
+Gip cc em hc sinh lp 10 v 11 la chn c phng php ph hp vi kin thc ca mnh.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Tm m dng bt phng trnh sau c nghim:

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
2 3 2 3 8 4 3
x x m m m x x m m m + + + + + + +
+ + s +
Gii:
Nhn xt rng:
( ) ( )
2 3 . 2 3 1 + =
Nn nu t
( )
2 2
2
2 3
x x m m m
u
+ + +
= + iu kin u 1 >
Th
( )
2 2
2
1
2 3
x x m m m
u
+ + +
= . Khi bt phng trnh c dng:




( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1(1)
x x m m m
u x x m m m
+ + +
s s + + s + + + + s
Ta c th la chn 1 trong 2 cch gii sau:
Cch 1: S dng phng php t n ph.
t t =x m, bt phng trnh c dng:
( )
2 2
2 2 1 0 t t mt m m + + + + s (2)
+Vi 0 t > th (2) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1 0 f t t m t m m = + + + + s (3)
Vy (2) c nghim (3) c t nht 1 nghim 0 t >
( ) ( )
2
2 3
2 3 4 2 3 4 1 0 u u u
u
+
+ + s + + s
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109
f(t) =0 c t nht 1 nghim 0 t >
1 2
(0 t t s s hoc
1 2
0 ) t t s s
( )
2
2
2
2
1 2
1
1 2 1 0
' 0
2
2 1 0 (0) 0
1
1 1
1 0
2
0
1
2
2 1 0
1
(0) 0
1
2
m
m m m
m
m m af
m m
m s
m
m m
af
m
s s

+ + >
A >
>


+ > >

s s s


>

>

s


+ s


s
s s


+Vi 0 t s th (2) ( )
2 2
( ) 2 1 2 1 0 g t t m t m m = + + + s (3)
Vy (2) c nghim (3) c t nht 1 nghim 0 t s
phng trnh g(t) =0 c t nht (1) nghim
1 2
1 2
0
0
0
t t
t
t t
| | s s
s
|

|
s s
\ .

( )
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2 1 0
' 0
1
2 1 0 (0) 0
1
2
1
1 0 1 2
0
2
1
2 1 0
1
(0) 0
2
m
m m m
m
m m ag
m
m s m
m m
m
ag
s s

+ >
A >



>

+ > >


s s

s s

s

+ >
s s



Vy bt phng trnh c nghim khi
1
0
2
m < s
Cch 2: S dng phng php t n ph
t t x m = , iu kin 0 t > . Bt phng trnh c dng:
2
( ) 2 2 1 0 h t t t mx m = + + + s (4)
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim min ( ) 0( 0) h t t s > (5)
Nhn xt rng h(t) l 1 Parabol c nh t = 1 < 0, do min ( ) (0)( 0) h t h t = > .
Do :
2
1
(5) 2 1 0 1
2
m m m + s s s .Vy bt phng trnh c nghim khi
1
0
2
m < s

Bi tp tng hp t gii :

Bi 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a. (HDB B 2008)
2 2
2 4 2 2 1
2 16.2 2 0
x x x x
s
s: 1 3 1 3 x s s +
b. (HDB B 2008)
2 1 2 1
3 2 5.6 0
x x x + +
s
s:
2
3
1
log
2
xs
c.
3 3
log 1 log 1
2 .5 400
x x + +
<
s: 10 8 x < <
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110
d. (HSPHN B 2001)
2
2.3 2
1
3 2
x x
x x
+


s:
3
2
0 log 3 x < s
e. (HGTVT 1998)
( ) ( )
3 1
1 3
10 3 10 3
x x
x x
+
+
+ <
s:
3 5
1 5
x
x

< <

< <


f. (HY TB 2001) ( )
2
2 2
3 5 2 2 3.2 3 5 2 2 3
x x
x x x x x x x + + > + +
s:
1
1
3
x < s
Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a. (HTCKT 2001)
( )
2
log 1
2
3 1
2 3
log log 2 3
2
1
1
3
x x
(
| |
( + + |
|
(
\ .
| |
>
|
\ .

s:
1 73 1 217
2 2
x
+ +
s s
b. (HXD 2001)
( )
4 1 2 1
8 8
x x
x e x x e

>
s: 2 x<
c. (HY 1999) 2.2 3.3 6 1
x x x
+ >
s: 2 x<
d.
( ) ( )
1
1
1
5 2 5 2
x
x
x

+
+ >
s:
2 1
1
x
x
s <

>


Bi 3: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a. 6 2 . 3 . 2 3 . 3 4
2 1 2
+ + < + +
+
x x x x
x x x
b. ( )
( )
( ) 1 2 log
log
1
1
3
3 5
12 , 0

>
x
x
x
x

c. 2 3 . 7 9
1 2 1 2
2 2
s
x x x x x
d. 12 8 2 . 2 . 3 2 . 4
2 2 2
2 1 2
+ + > + +
+
x x x x
x x x

e.
x x
x x x x x x x 3 . 4 3 5 2 3 . 2 2 3 5 2
2 2 2
+ > + f. 0 4 . 6 6 . 13 9 . 6
2 2 2
2 2 2
s +
x x x x x z

s:
d. (HDHN 1997) 2 1 2 3 x x < < v < <
Bi 4: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a.
x x x x
9 9 3 . 8
1
4 4
> +
+ +
b.
x x x
1 1 1
9 . 4 6 . 5 4 . 9

< +
c.
( ) ( )
12 5 . 3 . 2
2 log 1 log log
2 2 2
>
x x x
d.
( )
1 5
9 log 3 3 log log
3
3
log . 2
2
2
1
<
+ x
x

e.
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2
15 . 34 9 25
x x x x x x + +
> + f.
( )
( )
52 8 2 4
3
1 2
1 2
> +

x
x x

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111
Bi 5: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a. ( ) 1 3 . 4 3
2 2 4
2
> +
x x
x b. 0 9 . 9 3 . 8 3
4 4 2
>
+ + + x x x x

c.
( )
10 5
5
2
5
log log
s +
x x
x d. ( ) 1 3 . 4 3
2 2 4
2
> +
x x
x
e. 0 12 2 3
2
1 2 1
<
+ +
x
x x
f.
4 log log
. 3 4 16
a a
x
x
+ >
Bi 6: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a. ( ) ( )
x x
x x
x x +
+ +
+
< + +
2
2
2
1 5 3 2 1 5
1
b. 0 2
2
1
21 2
3 2
1 2
> +
(

+
+
x
x

c. 12 6
6
2
6
log log
s +
x x
x d. 32
4 log
2
s
+ x
x
e. 8 log . 2 16 4
4
1
<
+ x x
f. ( ) 1 1
2
< + +
x
x x
s:
a. 0 1 x x < v >
f. 1 x<
Bi 7: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a.
1 2 1
2
3 2 12 0
x
x x + +
<
s: 0 x>
b. (HYD HCM 2001)
2 2
1
1 1
3 12
3 3
x x
+
| | | |
+ >
| |
\ . \ .

s: 1 x>
c. (HPCCC 2000)
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 2
3 5 3 5 2 0
x x x x
x x

+
+ + s
d.
2
8.3 2
1
3 2 3
x
x
x x

| |
> +
|

\ .

s:
2
3
1
0 log
3
x < <
e.
2 1 2
4 .3 3 2 .3 2 6
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + < + +
s:
2
3
3
0 log 2
2
x x s < v >
Bi 8: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a.
2 2 2
2 2 2
6.9 13.6 6.4 0
x x x x x x
+ < b.
1
4 3.2 4
x x x x + +
s +
c. (HBCVT 1998)
1 2 1
2
3 2 12 0
x
x x + +
< d. 2.2 3.3 6 1
x x x
+ >
e.
2
2 3 1
x
x
< + f.
1
1
1
) 2 5 ( ) 2 5 (
+

> +
x
x
x

s:
a.
1
1
2
x < < b. 0 4 x s s c. 0 x> d. 2 x<
e. 2 x< f. 1 x>
Bi 9: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a.
1 1
2 2 3 3
x x x x +
+ s +
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s: 2 x>
b. (HBK 1997)
2
1
2
1
3
3
x x
x x

| |
>
|
\ .

s: 2 x>
c.
1
1
( 2 1) ( 2 1)
x
x
x
+

+ >
s:
1 5 1 5
1
2 2
x x
+
< < v >
d.
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 3 3 3
x x x x x x
+ + < +
s: 2 x>
e.
2 2 2
3 2 3 3 3 4
2 .3 .5 12
x x x x x x
>
s: 1 4 x x s v >
Bi 9: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a.
2 2
5 6
1 1
3
3
x
x x
+
+
<
s: 6 10 x x s v >
b. ( )
2
2 7
2 1
x x
x

>
s:
7
2 3
2
x x < < v >
c.
2
1 3 9
x x
< <
s: ( ) { } 1;2 \ 0;1
d.
2 1 2 3 2 5 7 5 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x x
+ > +
s:
8
3
x>

BT PHNG TRNH M CHA THAM S

Bi 1: Xc nh m bt phng trnh: ( ) 0 5 2 . 1 2 4 . < + + m m m
x x
nghim ng vi x 0 <
Bi 2: Cho bt phng trnh: ( )
2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3
.9 6 16 1 4 0
x x x x x x
m m
+ +
+ < (1)
a. Xc nh m mi nghim ca (1) tho mn bt phng trnh 1 2 x < < (2)
b. Xc nh m mi nghim ca (2) u l nghim ca (1).
Bi 3: Xc nh cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
9 2 1 6 1 4 0
x x x x x x
m m

+ + > nghim ng vi mi x tho mn iu kin
1
2
x >
Bi 4: Cho bt phng trnh: ( )
1
1 4 2 1 0
x x
m m
+
+ + + >
a. Gii bt phng trnh khi m = 1.
b. Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x.
Bi 5: Cho bt phng trnh:
( )
1
4 2 1 0
x x
m

+ >
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113
a. Gii bt phng trnh khi
16
9
m=
.
b. Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x.
Bi 6: Xc nh m bt phng trnh:
a. ( ) 0 1 2 1 4 .
2
> + +
+
m m m
x x
nghim ng vi x.
b. 3 2 . 4 + + m m
x x
s 0 c nghim.
c. ( )
x x x
m m m 4 . 6 1 2 9 . + + s 0 nghim ng vi x e [0; 1]
Bi 7: Cho bt phng trnh:
12
3
1
3
1
1 2
>
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
x x
(1)
a. Gii bt phng trnh (1)
b. Xc nh m mi nghim ca (1) cng l nghim ca bt phng trnh:
( )
2
2 2 2 3 0 x m x m + + + <
Bi 8: (QGHN 1997) Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh
( )
( )
4
log
a
ax
x ax >
HD:
iu kin a > 0, a = 1, x >0.
Vi 0 1 a < < . Ly lgarit c s a hai v PT
( ) ( ) ( )( )
4
1 log log 4 1 log log 1 log 4 0
1
1 log 4
a a a a a
a
x x x x x
x a x
a
+ s + + s
s s s s

Vi 1 a> , Bin i nh trn vi ch c s > 1 ta c ( ) ( ) log 1 log 4 0
a a
x x + >
4
1
log 1 0
log 4
a
a
x x
a
x
x a

s < s



>
>



CH III: BT PHNG TRNH LGARIT

BI TON 1: S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

I. Phng php:

chuyn n s khi loga ngi ta c th m ho theo cng 1 c s c 2 v bt phng trnh. Chng ta lu
cc php bin i c bn sau:
Dng 1: Vi bt phng trnh: ( ) ( ) log log
a a
f x g x <

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
1
0
0
0
0 1
1 0
a
a
f x
f x g x
g x
a
f x g x a f x g x
< = >


>
< <


>
< <

> ( <



Dng 2: Vi bt phng trnh:
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114
( )
( )
( )
1
0
log
0 1
b
a
b
a
f x a
f x b
a
f x a
>

< <

<

< <

>



Dng 3: Vi bt phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
1
log
0 1
0
b
a
b
a
f x a
f x b
a
f x a
>

>

>

< <

< <




II. Bi tp p dng:

Loi 1: Khi c s a l mt hng s dng

Bi 1: (HDB 2002) Gii bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 1
1 1
2 2
log 4 4 log 2 3.2
x x x +
+ >
Gii:
Bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 1
1 1
2 2
log 4 4 log 2 3.2
x x x +
+ >

2 1 2
2 1
2 3.2 0
4 4 2.4 3.2
4 4 2 3.2
x
x x x
x x x
+
+
>

+ s

+ s

(v 4 4 0
x
+ > )
( ) 2 1
4 3.2 4 0 2
2 4
x
x x
x
loai
x
s
> >

>


Bi 2: (HDB - 2004) Gii bt phng trnh
( )
2
2
4
log log 2 0. x x x

(
+ <
(


Gii:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
4
2
log 2 0
log log 2 0 log 2 1
log 2 1
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x

+ >

(
+ < + >

(

+ >

2
2 2
2
2 0
2 2 2 2
2 2
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x

+ >

+ > >

+ >

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115
2 2 2 2
2 0 2 0 2 2
0 2 2 0 2 4 4 3 4 0
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
< > s >
v v

s v > > > + + >

2 4
2
4 1 1
x x
x
x x x
s <
> v


< v > >


Bi 3: (H B 2008) Gii bt phng trnh
2
0,7 6
log log 0
4
x x
x
| | +
<
|
+
\ .

Gii:
BPT
2 2
2 2 6
0,7 6 6
2 2
6
log 0 0
4 4
log log 0 log 1
4 4
log 1 6
4 4
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
+ +
> >

| | + + + +
< >
|
+ +
+ +
\ .

> >

+ +

( )( )
2
3 8
6 4 3 8
4 4
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
+
> < < v >
+ +


Bi 4: (H D 2008) Gii bt phng trnh
2
1
2
3 2
log 0
x x
x
+
>
Gii:
BPT
2
2
2
1
2
2
3 2
0 1 2 0
3 2
log 0
4 2
0 3 2
1
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
+
< < v > >

+
>
+
s +

s


( )
( )
2
0 1 2
0 1 2
2 2 1
4 2
0 2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
< < v >
< < v >

s <


+
< v s s +
s
< s +


Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh: 5 4
4
2
log
2
2
1
s |
.
|

\
|
x
x
.
Gii:
Bpt

s
s

>

) 2 ( 3
4
2
log 2
) 1 ( 2
4
2
log 3
9
4
2
log
0 4
4
2
log
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Gii (1): (1)
5
16
3
8
0
4
16 5
0
4
8 3
8
4
2
4 s s

>

s x
x
x
x
x
x
x

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116
Gii (2): (2)
9
4
17
4
0
4
4 9
0
4
4 17
4
1
4
2
8
1
s s

>

s x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim
(

5
16
;
3
8
9
4
;
17
4
.
Bi 6: Gii bt phng trnh:
( )
2
2 1
2
1 1
log 4 5 log
2 7
x x
x
| |
+ >
|
+
\ .
.
Gii:
iu kin:
2
( ; 5) (1; ) 4 5 0
( 7; 5) (1 )
7 7 0
x x x
x
x x
e + + >
e +

> + >


BPT
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
log ( 4 5) 2log log ( 4 5) log ( 7)
7
x x x x x
x
+ > + > +
+

2 2
27
4 5 14 49
5
x x x x x

+ > + + <
Kt hp iu kin: BPT c nghim: )
5
27
; 7 (

e x
Bi 7: Gii bt phng trnh:
1 3
3
log ( 1) log (2 ) x x + s
Gii:
iu kin: 1 2 x < <
BPT
1 3 3 3 3 3
3
1
log ( 1) log (2 ) log ( 1) log (2 ) log log (2 )
1
x x x x x
x
+ s + s s
+

2
1 1 0
1 5 1 5
1 1
2 2 2 0
1 1
x x
x
x x
x
x x
> + >
+
s s

s s

+ +


Loi 2: Khi c s a cha tham s

Bi 1: (H B 2002) Gii BPT
( ) ( ) 3
log log 9 72 1
x
x
s
Gii:
Bt phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3 3
3 3
0 1 1
log log 9 72 1 log 9 72 0 log 9 72 0
log 9 72 log 9 72
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x

< < >


s > v >


> s



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117
( )
3
1 1
0 1
0 1
9 72 1 3 6 2
log 9 72 9 72 3
9 72 3 9 3 72 0
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
> >
< < < <

v > v >

> >

s s



( ) 3
1 0 1
log 6 2 2
3 8 3 9 6 2 3 9
x x x
x x
x
> < <

v < s

s v > s s


Ch :
khng phi xt hai trng hp ta lm nh sau
iu kin
( )
( )
9
3
0, 1
9 72 0 9 72 1 log 73
log 9 72 0
x x
x
x x
x

> =

> > > -

>


V
9
log 73 1 x> > nn bt phng trnh
( )
3
log 9 72 9 3 72 0... 2
x x x
x x s s s
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c
9
log 73 2 x < s
Bi 2: (HDB - 2004) Gii BPT
3
log log 3
x
x>
Gii:
BPT
3 3 3
2
0, 1 0, 1 0, 1
log log log
1 1 0 1
1
0
x x x x x x
t x t x t x
t t
t
t
t
t

> = > = > =


= = =


< < v >


>
>



3 3
0, 1
1
1 3
1 log 0 log 1 3
x x
x x
x x
> =
< < v >

< < v >


Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
log 3 1 log 1
x x
x x > +
Gii:
Bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 2
3 2 0
1 2
3 1 1
0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1
3 3 1 0
3
0 3 1 1
3 2 0
2 1
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
>
>

> < <

+ <

< <
> +
< <


< <

< < < <

> >

< < +


+ >
> v <



Vy bt phng trnh c nghim { }
1
;2 \ 1
3
x
| |
e
|
\ .

Bi 4: Gii bt phng trnh
( )
2
log 5 8 3 2
x
x x + >
Gii:
Cch 1: Bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
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118
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
1
3
4 8 3 0
5 8 3
2
0 1
1 3
0 1
5 8 3 0
2 5
0 5 8 3
4 8 3 0
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x
>
>

+ >

>
+ >


< <


< <

< <

+ >

< + <

+ <



Vy bt phng trnh c nghim
1 3 3
; ;
2 5 2
x
| | | |
e +
| |
\ . \ .

Cch 2: Bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
( )
2 2
log 5 8 3 log
x x
x x x + >
( )
2
2
2 2
0 1
3
5 8 3 0
2
0 1 3
2 5
1 5 8 3 0
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x x
< =

>
+ >

>

< <


( + <


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim
1 3 3
; ;
2 5 2
x
| | | |
e +
| |
\ . \ .

Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh:
( 2 ) 1
log 2 log 2 (1)
x x x + +
s
Li gii:
iu kin:
2 0
0
0
1 0
1
4
2 0, 1
1 0, 1
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x

+ >

>
>

+ >

=

+ > =

+ > =

(*).
BPT
2 2
2 2
1 1
(1) log ( 2 ) log 1
log ( 2 ) log 1
x x x
x x x
s + > +
+ +


2 2 2
2
log ( 2 ) log 1 0 log 0
1
x x
x x x
x
+
+ + > >
+

2 2 1
(2 1) 1 0 0 2 1 0
1 1
x x x x x
x x x
x x
| |
+ + +
> > + + >
|
|
+ +
\ .


2
1 0
2 1 2 ( 1) 1 2 ( 1)
(1 ) 4 ( 1)
x
x x x x x x x x
x x x
>
+ > + + + + > +

> +


2
1
1
3 2 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 3 2 3
3 3 3 6 1 0
3 3
x
x
x
x x x
s
s
+
s s

+
+ s s s


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Kt hp vi (*) ta c (1) c nghim
3 2 3
0
3
x
+
< s .
Bi 6: Gii bt phng trnh:
(3 )
log (3 ) 1 (1)
x x
x

>
Li gii:
iu kin:
2
0 3 3 0
( )
(3 ) 0, 1 3 1 0
x x
x x x x
< < >
-

> = + =


BPT
(3 )
(1) 1 log (3 ) 0
x x
x

<
(3 ) (3 )
log (3 ) log (3 ) 0
x x x x
x x x

<
| |
2
(3 )
log 0 (3 ) 1 ( 1) 0 ( 3 1)( 1) 0
x x
x x x x x x

< < + >


3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
( 1) 0 1
2 2 2 2
x x x x x
| || |
+ +
> < < v >
| |
| |
\ .\ .

Vy (1) c nghim
3 5 3 5
1 3
2 2
x x
+
< < v < < .
Bi 7: Gii cc bt phng trnh:
a.
3
log 3 log 3
x x
< b.
2
2
log ( 5 6) 1
x
x x + <
Gii:
a. iu kin:

=
=
>
3
1
0
x
x
x

BPT
3 3 3 3 3
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
log log log 1 log log 1
log
3
x
x x x x x
< < <


1 log 0 log 0 ) 1 (log log 0
) 1 (log log
1
3 3 3 3
3 3
> v < > <

x x x x
x x

TH 1: 1 0 log
3
< < x x kt hp K : 0 1 x < <
TH 2: 3 0 log
3
> > x x
Vy tp nghim ca BPT: (0;1) (3; ) xe +
b. iu kin:
2
2
5 6 0
3
x
x x
x
<
+ >

>

>0
TH 1: Nu
1
2 1
2
x x > > bt phng trnh cho:
2
2 2
2 2
log ( 5 6) log 2
5 6 2 7 6 0 1 6
x x
x x x
x x x x x x
+ <
+ < + < < <

Vy trong trng hp ny,nghim ca bt phng trnh l:1 2 3 6 x x < < v < <
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TH 2: Nu
1
0 2 1 0
2
x x < < < < ,bt phng trnh cho
2 2
1
5 6 2 7 6 0
6
x
x x x x x
x
<
+ > + >

>


Vy trong trng hp ny nghim ca bt phng trnh l:
1
0
2
x < <
Kt hp hai trng hp ta c
1
0 1 2 6
2
x x x < < v < < v <
Bi 8: (HAG 2001) Gii bt phng trnh:
2
log 2 1
x
x>
Gii:
Bt phng trnh
2 2
2 2
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
0
0 2
2 0 2
0 2
1 2
x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x
< < v < <
> < < < v >
v v >

< <
> < <

< v >

< <


Bi 9: Tm a bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
2
1 1
3 3
log 1 log ( ) x ax a + > +
Gii:
iu kin: 0 ax a + >
Bpt tng ng
2
1 ( 1) x a x + < +
Nu 0 a> th 1 0 x+ > . Ta c
2
1
1
x
a
x
+
<
+

Nu 0 a< th 1 0 x+ < . Ta c
2
1
1
x
a
x
+
>
+

Xt hm s
2
1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
vi -1 x=
'
2 2
1
1
( 1) 1
x
y x
x x

= =
+ +


x - -1 1 +
y - || - 0 +
y
-1 + 1

-
2
2


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121
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim
2
2
1
a
a

>


<


BI TON 2: S DNG CC PHP BIN I LGARIT

I. Phng php:

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh ( ) ( ) 2lg 5 1 lg 5 1 x x
(
> +


Gii:
iu kin:
1 0
1 5
5 0
x
x
x
>
< <

>

(*)
Bin i tng ng bt phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
lg 5 1 lg 10. 5 5 1 10. 5
9 3 3 5
x x x x
x x x
(
( > >


> > < <

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l 3 5 x < <
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh
( )
( )
3
3
log 35
3
log 5
x
x

>


Gii:
iu kin:
( )
0 1
0 1
log 5 0 4
a
a
a
x x
< = < =


= =


Bt phng trnh tng ng vi:
( )
3
5
log 35 3
x
x

>
( )
( )
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
4
5 1
5 6 0
35 5
4 5 2 3
0 5 1
35
0 35 5
5 6 0
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
<
>

+ <


>


< < < <


< <


<


< <

+ >


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim 2 <x <3.
Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh
( )
3
1 1
3 3
1
log log 1 1
2
x x < + (1)
Gii:
iu kin x 0 > . Bin i bt phng trnh v dng:
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122
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
2 2
0 1 1 0 3 3 3
1 1
3 3
2 2
3 3 3 3
log log 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 0(2)
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
> + >
> + > + > +
> + + >

t
0 3
1 1
x
t x t
>
= > . Khi bt phng trnh (2) c dng:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 0 3 2 2
3
0
3
2 0 2 0 1 2 0 2 0
2 1 2 1 8 9
0 1 0 0 1
1 0
t
x
t t t t t t t t t t t
t x x x
t x x
x
+ >
>
> > + > >

> > > >




< < < <
<


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim x 9 > hoc 0 x 1 < < .

Bi 4: Gii bt phng trnh
3 9 27
log log log 11 x x x + + >
Gii:
iu kin: x 0 > .
Pt
2 3
3
3 3
log log log 11 x x x + + >
3 3 3 3
3 3
6
3
1 1 1 1
log log log 11 (1 ).log 11
2 3 2 3
11 6
log 11 log 11.
6 11
log 6 3 729
x x x x
x x
x x x
+ + > + + >
> >
> > >

Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh
3 4
1 3
3
3
log log log (3 ) 3 x x x + + >
Gii:
iu kin: x 0 > .
Pt
1 1
2
1
3 4
2
3 3
3
3
log log log 3 log 3 x x x

+ + + >
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
1
3
2
log log 1 4log 3 log 3log 4log 2
1
1
2
(1 3 4)log 2 2.log 2 log 1 3
x x x x x x
x x x x
+ + + > + >

+ > > > >



Bi 6: (HDB - 2007) Gii BPT ( )
2
1
1 log
2
1
1 3 2 log
2
2
2
2
1
> + + x x x
Gii:
iu kin:
1
1
2
x x < v >
a v ( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
log ( 1)(2 1) log 1 log 1
2 2 2 ( 1)(2 1)
x
x x x
x x

+ > >


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123
( )
2
1
2
( 1)(2 1)
x
x x

>

2
3 4 1
0
( 1)(2 1)
x x
x x
+
>

( 1)( 3 1)
0
( 1)(2 1)
x x
x x
+
>

3 1
0
2 1
x
x
+
>

1 1
3 2
x s <
Kt hp iu kin:
1
1
2
1 1
3 2
x x
x

< v >

s <

1 1
3 2
x s <
Bi 7: (H A 2007) Gii bt phng trnh 3 1
3
2log (4 3) log (2 3) 2 x x + + s

Gii:
BPT tng ng

2 2
2
3 3 3
3 3
3
4 4
4
(4 3) (4 3)
log (4 3) log (2 3) 2 log 2 9
2 3 2 3
x x
x
x x
x x
x x

> >

>





+ s s s


+ +


2
3
4
8 21 9 0
x
x x

>

3
4
3
3
8
x
x

>

s s

3
3
4
x < s

Bi 8: Gii bt phng trnh:
2 3
2 3
2
log ( 1) log ( 1)
0 (1)
3 4
x x
x x
+ +
>


Li gii:
iu kin:
2
3
2
( 1) 0
1
( 1) 0
4
3 4 0
x
x
x
x
x x
+ >
>
+ >

=

(*).
BPT | |
2
2 3
(1) 2log ( 1) 3log ( 1) ( 3 4) 0 x x x x + + >
1 1
1 1 1 1
0
0
2log 3 3log 2
2 3
( 1)( 4) 0 ( 1)( 4) 0
log 2.log 3 log 2 log 3
x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + +
= =

| |

+ > + >
|

\ .

1 1 2 3
0
(log 9 log 8).log ( 1).log ( 1).( 1)( 4) 0
x x
x
x x x x
+ +
=


+ + + >

1 2 3
0
9
log .log ( 1).log ( 1).( 1)( 4) 0
8
x
x
x x x x
+
=


+ + + >

1 2 3
0
9
log .log ( 1).log ( 1).( 1)( 4) 0
8
x
x
x x x x
+
=


+ + + >

0
9
( 1 1)( 1).(2 1)( 1 1).(3 1)( 1 1).( 1)( 4) 0
8
x
x x x x x
=


+ + + + >


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124
3
0
( 1)( 4) 0 1 0 4
( 1)( 4) 0
x
x x x x x
x x x
=
+ > < < v >

+ >


Kt hp vi (*) ta c (1) c nghim 1 0 4 x x < < v > .
Ch :
trnh phc tp ta c th lm nh sau
Do
2
2
3 4 0 4
3 4 0 1 4
x x khi x
x x khi x
> >
< < <

Xt trn( )
1 1
4; log 9 log 8 0
x x
BPT x
+ +
+ > BPT c nghim ( ) 4; S = +
Xt trn( )
1 1 1
9
1;4 log 9 log 8 0 log 0
8
x x x
BPT
+ + +
< <
- Xt trn( ) ( )
1
9
1;0 log 0 1;0
8
x
BPT x
+
< e
- Xt trn( )
1
9
0;4 log 0
8
x
BPT VN
+
<
Tng t: Gii bt phng trnh
2 3
3 4
2
log ( 1) log ( 1)
0
5 6
x x
x x
+ +
>


HD:
iu kin 1 x>
BPT
3
3
3 3
3log ( 1)
2log ( 1)
log 4 log ( 1)
0 0 0 6
( 1)( 6) 6
x
x
x
x
x x x
+
+
+
> < < <
+

Bi 9: Gii bt phng trnh: ( )
2
3 1 1
3 3
1
log 5 6 log 2 log 3
2
x x x x + + > +
Gii:
iu kin: 3 x>
Phng trnh cho tng ng:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
2
3
3 3
1 1 1
log 5 6 log 2 log 3
2 2 2
x x x x

+ + > +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3 3
1 1 1
log 5 6 log 2 log 3
2 2 2
x x x x + > +
( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
log 2 3 log 2 log 3 x x x x > + (


( )( )
3 3
2
log 2 3 log
3
x
x x
x
| |
> (
|
+
\ .

( ) ( )
2
10
2
2 3 9 1
3
10
x
x
x x x
x
x

<

> >
+
>


Giao vi iu kin, ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l 10 x>
Bi 10: Gii bt phng trnh:
( )
2
4
1
4log 1 log 2
2
x
x+ s
Gii:
iu kin: 0 1 x < =
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125
BPT
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
log 1 2log log 2 1
0
log 2 2log
x x x
x x
+ +
s s
( )
2
2 2 2
log 0, : 2log log 2 0 0 1 x Do x x x s + > < <
i chiu iu kin: BPT c nghim 0 1 x < <
Bi 11: Gii bt phng trnh
2 4
0,5 2 16
log 4log 4 log x x x + s
Gii:
( )
4
16
2 4 2
0,5 2 16 0,5 2
2
2 4
0,5 2 16
2 8
5 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
4 log 0
log 4log 4 log log 4log 0
log 4log 4 log
4 log 0
8
0 log
1 2
log 2log 0 5
1 log 2
log 2log 16 8log log
0
4
0
0
x
x x x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x

>

+ s + >

+ s

>


s s


s s
+ >



s
+ s +

< s

>
>


Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
8
5
1
[1;2 ] (0; ]
4
S =

BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 1

I. Phng php:

Mc ch chnh ca phng php ny l chuyn cc bi ton cho v bt phng trnh i s quen bit c
bit l cc bt phng trnh bc 2 hoc cc h bt phng trnh.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: (H B 2006) Gii BPT
( ) ( )
2
5 5 5
log 4 144 4log 2 1 log 2 1
x x
+ < + +
Gii:
Bin i BPT
( )
2 2
5 5
4 144 4 144
log log 5.2 5 5.2 5
16 16
x x
x x
| | + +
< + < +
|
\ .

4 20.2 64 0
x x
+ <
t 2 0
x
t = >
2
20. 64 0 t t + < ( 4)( 16) 0 t t < 4 16 t < < 2 4 x < <
Bi 2: (HDB - 2007) Gii BPT
( )
2
4 2
log 8 log log 2 0
x
x x + >

Gii:
iu kin: x 0, x 1 > =
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126
a v
2 2
1 1
3log 2 log log
2 2
x
x x + = +
2
6
2 1 ( log ) t t t x
t
+ = + =
2
6 0 t t + = 3 2 t t = v =
1
8
4
x t = v =
Bi: Gii bt phng trnh:
2
4 2
(log 8 log )log 2 0
x
x x + >
x
x x
2
4 2
(log 8 log )log 2 0 + >
x
x
2
2
log 1
0
log
+
>
x
x
1
0
2
1

< s

>

.

Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh ( ) ( )
3
4 2 2
2 1 2 1 2
2 2
32
log log 9log 4log
8
x
x x
x
| |
| |
+ <
| |
\ .
\ .

Gii:
iu kin x 0 > . Bin i bt phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) | | | | ( )
1 1
3
4 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
4 3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
4 2
2 2 2 2
32
log log 9log 4log
8
log log log 8 9 log 32 log 4log
log 3log 3 9 5 2log 4log
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x

| |
| |
+ <
| |
\ .
\ .
( ( + <

+ <

t
2
log t x = ta c:
( ) ( )
2
4 2 4 2 2
2
2
3 3 9 5 2 4 13 36 0 4 9
1 1
3 log 2 3 2
8 4
2 3 3 log 2
4 8
t t t t t t t
x t x
t x
x
+ < + < < <

< < < < < <






< < < <

< <


Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l ( )
1 1
; 4;8
8 4
x
| |
e
|
\ .

Ch :
Trong v d trn cc em cn lu khi thc hin cc php bin i cho 2 ton t:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
2
2 3
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
log log log log log log 8
8 8 8 8
log log log log
x x x x
x
x x x x
( ( ( | | | | | | | |
( = = = =
( ( ( | | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .
(
( = = =
(



Bi 4: Gii bt phng trnh ( )
2
3 3
2(log ) 5log 9 3 0 x x + <
Gii:
iu kin : x 0 > .
Pt ( )
2
3 3 3
2(log ) 5 log 9 log 3 0 x x + + <
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127
( )
2 2
3 3 3 3
2
3 3
2(log ) 5 2 log 3 0 2(log ) 10 5log 3 0
2(log ) 5log 7 0
x x x x
x x
+ + < + <
<

t t =
3
log x .
Pt
7 7
2 1
2 2
3
7 7 1
2 5 7 0 1 1 log 3 3 3
2 2 3
t t t x x x

< < < < < < < < <


Theo iu kin x 0 > .
Vy: Nghim ca BPT l :
7
2
1
3
3
x < <
Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh
2 2 2
2 2 4
log log 3 5(log 3) x x x >
Gii:
iu kin:

>
>
0 3 log log
0
2
2
2
2
x x
x

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi ) 1 ( ) 3 (log 5 3 log log
2
2
2
2
2
> x x x
t
2
log t x =
BPT (1)
2
2 3 5( 3) ( 3)( 1) 5( 3) t t t t t t > + >
2
2
2
1
1
log 1 1 0
3
2
3 4 3 log 4
8 16
( 1)( 3) 5( 3)
t
x t x
t
t x
x
t t t
s

s s < s

>


< < < <

< <
+ >


Vy BPT cho c tp nghim l: ) 16 ; 8 ( ]
2
1
; 0 (
Bi 6: Gii bt phng trnh: ) 2 4 3 ( log 1 ) 2 4 3 ( log
2
3
2
9
+ + > + + + x x x x
Gii:
BPT tng ng vi ) 2 4 3 ( log 2 1 ) 2 4 3 ( log
2
9
2
9
+ + > + + + x x x x
t ( )
2
9
log (3 4 2) 0 t x x t = + + > .
BPT tr thnh:
2 2
1
1 2 2 1 0 1
2
t t t t t

+ > < < <

< s

s <

< <

>
s

< + +
> + +

< + +
> + +

1
3
1
1
3
7
1
3
7
3
1
1
9 2 4 3
1 2 4 3
1 ) 2 4 3 ( log
0 ) 2 4 3 ( log
2
2
2
9
2
9
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x

Bi 7: Gii bt phng trnh:
3
8 2
2 2
log log 1 2
log (1 2 ) log
x x
x x
+
s
+

Gii:
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128
iu kin:
0
1
x
x
>


BPT
2 2
2 2
log log (1 2 )
log (1 2 ) log
x x
x x
+
s
+

t
2
2
log
log (1 2 )
x
t
x
=
+
ta c BPT
2
1
1 1
0
0 1
t
t
t
t t t
s
s s

< s


TH 1:
2
2 2
2
log
1 1 log log (1 2 )
log (1 2 )
x
t x x
x
s s s +
+
(v1 2 1 x + > )
2
1 1
2 1 0 1
1 2 2
x x x x
x
s + s s s
+
So snh K ta c :
1
0
2
x < s
TH 2:
2
2 2
2
log
0 1 0 1 0 log log (1 2 )
log (1 2 )
x
t x x
x
< s < s < s +
+

1 1 2 1 x x x < s + >
Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l: ( )
1
0; 1;
2
| (
+

(
\

Bi 8: Gii bt phng trnh
2 4
0,5 2 16
log 4log 4 log x x x + s
Gii:
BPT
( )
4 2
16
2
2 2 2
0,5 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 4
0,5 2 16
4 log 0
4 log 0
log 2log 0
log 4log 0
log 2log 16 8log log
log 4log 4 log
0
x
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x
>

>

+ >

+ >

+ s +

+ s
>



8
5 2
2
8
0 log
1 2
5
1 log 2
0
4
0
x
x
x
x
x


s s

s s

< s

>


Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
8
5
1
[1;2 ] (0; ]
4
S =
Bi 9: Gii bt phng trnh:
5
2log log 125 1
x
x <
Gii:
iu kin :
5
0 1 2log 3log 5 0
x
x x < = <
t
5
1
log ( 0) log 5
x
t x t
t
= = =
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129
Bt phng trnh thnh:
2
3 2 3 3
2 1 0 0 1 0
2
t t
t t t
t t

< < < v < <
Vy:
1
5 5 5
5 3 5 5 5
1
log 1 log log 5
0
5
3 3
0 log log 1 log log
1 5 2 2
x x
x
x x
x

< <
< <





< < < <
< <


Bi 10: Gii bt phng trnh:
2
2 2
6 4
3
log 2 log x x
+ >
Gii:
iu kin
0
1
1
2
x
x
x

>

0 <x = 1/2 v 1
t ( )
2
log 0 t x t = =
Ta c
2
1
1 3 5 2
0 3
(1 )
0 2
t t t
t t
t

< < + +

>

+
< <

Suy ra tp nghim l :
( )
3
1 1
; 1;4 .
2 2
| |

|
\ .


BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 2

I. Phng php:

II. VD minh ho:

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh ( )
2 3
3 2 3 2
log log 8 .log log 0 x x x x + < (1)
Gii:
iu kin x 0 >
Bin i phng trnh tng ng v dng: ( )
2
3 2 3 2
log 3 log log 3log 0 x x x x + + <
t
3
log t x = khi bt phng trnh c dng: ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 log . 3log 0 f t t x t x = + + < (2)
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
3 log 12log 3 log x x x A = + = . Do f(t)=0 c nghim:
2
3
log
t
t x
=


Do (2) tng ng vi: ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 3 3 2
3 log 0 log 3 log log 0 t t x x x x < <
3 3
3 2 3 2
3 3
3 2 3 2
log 3 0 log 3 27
log log 0 log log 1 27
0 1 log 3 0 log 3 27
0 1 log log 0 log log
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
> > >

< < > >




< < < < <


< < > >


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130
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim l tp ( ) ( ) 0;1 27; +

BI TON 5: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH - DNG 3

I. Phng php:

S dng 2 n ph cho 2 biu thc m trong bt phng trnh v bin i bt phng trnh thnh bt phng
trnh tch, khi lu :

0
0
. 0
0
0
A
B
AB
A
B
>

>

>

<

<


v
0
0
. 0
0
0
A
B
AB
A
B
>

<

<

<

>




II. Bi tp p dng:

Gii bt phng trnh
3 2 3 2
log .log 2log log
4
x
x x x <
Gii:
iu kin x 0 > (*)
Vit li bt phng trnh di dng:
3 2 3 2
log .log 2log log 2 0 x x x x <
t
3
2
log
log
u x
v x
=

. Khi bt phng trnh c dng:


( )( )
3
2
3
2
2 2 0 1 2 0
log 1 1 0 3
log 2 2 0 4
3 4
1 0 3 log 1
2 0 4 log 2
uv u v u v
x u x
x v x
x
u x x
v x x
< <
> > >

< < <


< <

< < <


> > >

tho mn (*)
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim 3 <x <4.


BI TON 6: S DNG PHNG PHP NH GI

I. Phng php:

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh
( ) 2 3
1
log 2 4 log 8
1
x
x
| |
+ s +
|

\ .
(1)
Gii:
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131
iu kin:
2 0
2
1 0
x
x
x
>
>

>

(*)
Ta c nhn xt sau:
+)
( ) 2 2
2 4 4 log 2 4 log 4 2 2 x x VT + > + > = >
+)
3 3
1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 8 9
1 1
1
log 8 log 9 2 2
1
x x x
x x
VP
x
> > > s + s

| |
+ s = s
|

\ .

Do bt phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi:

2
2 0
2
2
2
VT
x
x
VP
x
= =
=

=
=


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =2.
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh
( )
2
1
1
3
3
1 1
log 1
log 2 3 1
x
x x
>
+
+

Gii:
iu kin:
2
1
1 0
1
1
0
2
2
0 2 3 1 1
0 3
1 0 1 1
2 3
3
2
2 1 0
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
>
< <

<
< <


< + =


=
< < < + =

>

< =


Ta c:
2 2
1
3
log 2 3 1 0 2 3 1 1 A x x x x = + > + <
2
3
2 3 1 1 0
2
x x x + < < <
( )
1
3
log 1 0 1 1 0 B x x x = + > + < <
T ta c bng xt du sau:
+Vi 1 x 0; VT 0; VP 0 < < < > . Bt phng trnh (1) sai
+Vi 0 x 1/ 2; VT 0; VP 0 < < > < . Bt phng trnh (1) ng
+Vi1 x 3/ 2; VT 0; VP 0 < < > < . Bt phng trnh (1) ng.
+Vi x 3/1; VT 0; VP 0 > < < . Bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi:
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
3 3
2
2 2
log 2 3 1 log 1 2 3 1 1 0
1 0
1 1 0
5 5 0 2 3 1 1
x x x x x x
x
x x
x x x x x x
+ < + + > + >
+ > > < <


> > + > +


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132
Kt hp vi trng hp ang xt ta c x 5 >
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim: ( )
1 3
0; 1; 5;
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .


PHNG PHP PHN KHONG

Bi 1: Gii
( ) ( )
2 2
5
1
4 3 1 log 8 2 6 1 0
5
x
x x x x
x
+ + + + s (1)
Gii:
iu kin:
2
2
0
0
4 3 0 1 3 1; 3
1 3
8 2 6 0
x
x
x x x x x x
x
x x
> >

+ > s v > = =


s s
>


- Vi x = 1 th (1) 0 0 1 1 0 1
5
1
log
5
s = + s + (lun ng)
- Vi x = 3 th (1)
5
1
125
27
5
5
3
0
3
1
5
3
log
3
1
5
s s s +

(loi)
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim l x =1.
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 7 12 1 14 2 24 2 log
x
x x x x
x x
| |
+ + s +
|
\ .

Gii:
iu kin:
2
2
0, 1
3
7 12 0
4
2 14 24 0
x x
x
x x
x
x x
> =
=
+ >

+ >


- Vi x = 3 bt phng trnh tr thnh bt ng thc
2 3
3
1
3 3
3 2 3
3
2
3
2
log
3
1
3
2
log 2 1
3
2
2 > > s s |
.
|

\
|


(sai)
- Vi x = 4 bt phng trnh tr thnh
2
1
2 log
2
1
2
1
log
2
1
4
2
log 2 1
4
2
2
4 4 4
= s

s s |
.
|

\
|
(ng)
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim l x =4.

PHNG PHP TNH N IU CA HM S

Bi 1: (NTA - 2000) Gii bt phng trnh: (1) 2 2) (4 log 1) (2 log
x
3
x
2
s + + +
Gii:
t f(x) = VT(1),c f(x) xc nh,lin tc vi mi R xe c:
'
2 ln2 4 ln4
( ) 0
(2 1)ln2 (4 2)ln3
x x
x x
f x = + >
+ +
vi mi R xe
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133
nn f(x) ng bin trn (*).Do :
0
(1) ( ) (0) 0
x
f x f x
x R
s
s s


Vy bt phng trnh c nghim: 0 xs .
Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh: 2 log 9 ) 2 log 3 (
2 2
> x x x
Gii:
iu kin: 0 > x
Bt phng trnh ) 1 ( 2 log ) 3 ( 3
2
> x x x
Nhn thy x = 3 khng l nghim ca bt phng trnh
TH1: Nu 3 > x BPT
3
1
log
2
3
2

>
x
x
x
Xt hm s:
x x f
2
log
2
3
) ( = ng bin trn khong ( ) + ; 0 v
3
1
) (

=
x
x
x g nghch bin trn khong ( ) + ; 3
m ( ) ( ) 3 4 4 = = g f
Vi 4 > x : Ta c
)
`

= <
= >
3 ) 4 ( ) (
3 ) 4 ( ) (
g x g
f x f
Bpt c nghim 4 > x
Vi 4 < x :Ta c
)
`

= >
= <
3 ) 4 ( ) (
3 ) 4 ( ) (
g x g
f x f
Bpt v nghim
TH 2: Nu 3 0 < < x BPT
3
1
log
2
3
2

<
x
x
x
x x f
2
log
2
3
) ( = ng bin trn khong ( ) + ; 0 v
3
1
) (

=
x
x
x g nghch bin trn khong ( ) 3 ; 0
m ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 = = g f
Vi 1 > x :Ta c
)
`

= <
= >
0 ) 1 ( ) (
0 ) 1 ( ) (
g x g
f x f
Bpt v nghim
Vi 1 < x :Ta c
)
`

= >
= <
0 ) 1 ( ) (
0 ) 1 ( ) (
g x g
f x f
Bpt c nghim 1 0 < < x
Vy Bpt c nghim

< <
>
1 0
4
x
x

Tm gi tr ln nht ca tham s m sao cho bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
5 5
1 log 1 log 4 x mx x m + + > + + c
nghim ng vi mi xeR.
Gii:
iu kin:
2
4 0 mx x m + + > ng vi x R e

2
0
2
4 0
m
m
m
>
>

A = <

(1)
( ) ( )
2 2
5
1 log 1 log 4 x mx x m + + > + + ( )
2
5 4 5 0 m x x m + > ng vi x R e
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134
2
5 5 0
3
0 10 21 0
m m
m
m m
< >
s

A s + s

(2)
T (1), (2)=> bt phng trnh ng vi x R e khi m=3

Bi tp tng hp t gii:

Bi 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. ( ) ( ) 1 log .
1 1 2
1
log 1 log . 2
5
1 5
2
25

|
|
.
|

\
|

> x
x
x b. ( ) ( ) 2 3 2 log 1 2 3 2 log
2
2
2
4
+ + > + + + x x x x
c. x
x
x
x
2
2
1 2 2
3
2
2
1
4
2
log 4
32
log 9
8
log log < |
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
d. ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x + > + + 2 log 1 2 4 4 log 2
2
1
2
2

e. ( ) ( ) 0 1 6 2 8
1
5
log 1 3 4
2
5
2
s + + + + x x
x
x
x x f. ( )
2
3
2
9
4
1
log log
|
|
.
|

\
|
> x x
s:
e. (KTQD 2001) 1 x=
Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2 2
log 2.log 2.log 4 1
x x
x> b. x x
8
1
2
8
1
log 4 1 log . 9 1 >
c. x x x x
5 3 5 3
log . log log log < d.
( )
0
8 2
1 log
2
2
1
<
+

x x
x

e.
( )
x
x
x
2 log 1
1 2
6
2
+ +
>
+
f.
( )
0
1 4 log
5
2
>

x
x

s:
f.
( )
5 4 2; x x = v e + +
Bi 3: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. ( ) ( )
3
2
1
2
1
2 1 log 1 log
2
1
x x > b. ( )
4
3
16
1 3
log . 1 3 log
4
1 4
s
|
|
.
|

\
|

x
x

c. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5 log 1 log 1 log
3
3
1
3
1
< + + + x x x d.
( )
( ) 1 log
1 2
9 6
log
2
2
2
1
+ <
+
+ +
x
x
x x

e. ( ) ( ) 7 3 log 2 1 9 log
1
2
1
1
2
1
+ > +
x x
f. ( ) 1
8
2 18
log . 2 18 log
2 4
s
(

x
x

s:
b.
1 10
0; 3;
3 3
x
( | (
e

( (
\

Bi 4: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
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135
a.
( )
( )
2
3 log
8 9 log
2
2
2
<

+
x
x x
b. ( ) 2 2 log 1 log
2
2
2
< + x x
c. 1
1
3 2
log
3
<

x
x
d. ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x + > + + 2 log 1 2 4 4 log 2
2
1
2
2

e. ( ) ( ) 2 4 3 log 1 2 4 3 log
2
3
2
9
+ + > + + + x x x x f. ( )
2 log
1
log 2 2 log
2
2
x
x
x > +
Bi 5: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. ( ) ( ) 0 3 log 7 16 4
3
2
> + x x x b. 1 log
2
1
log
2
3
2
3
4
> x x
c. 4 8 log log
2 2
s +
x
x d. x x x x
3 2 3 2
log . log 1 log log + < +
e.
( ) 1 log
1
1 3 2 log
1
3
1
2
3
1
+
>
+
x
x x
f.
3 3
log log 3 0 x x <
s:
c. (HYTH 2001)
3 13 3 13
2 2
1
0; 2 ;2
2
x
+
(
| |
e
(
|
\ .
(


Bi 6: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. ( ) 3 log
2
1
2 log 6 5 log
3
1
3
1
2
3
+ > + + x x x x b.
( ) ( )
2 3
2 2
5 11
2
log 4 11 log 4 11
0
2 5 3
x x x
x x
+ +
>


c. ( ) ( )
x
x x
x
x x
x
2
log 2 24 2 14 1
2
12 7 2
2 2
+ s |
.
|

\
|
+ + d.
( )
2
1 4
3
log log 5 0 x
(
>


e.
8 1
8
2
2log ( 2) log ( 3)
3
x x + > f.
2
3
2
4 3
log 0
5
x x
x x
+
>
+

s:
a. (GTVT 2000) 10 x> b.
( )
2;2 15 xe
Bi 7: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2 16
1
log 2.log 2
log 6
x x
x
>

b.
( ) ( )
2
1 5
5
log 6 8 2log 4 0 x x x + + <
c.
2
4 5 1
log
2 2
x
x
x
| |
s
|

\ .
d.
( )
9
log log 3 9 1
x
x
(
<


e.
( )
2
log log 4 6 1
x
x
(
s

f. ( ) 2
3
log 3 1
x x
x

>
Bi 8: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2
1
1 2 2 log
2
1
2
<
+
x x
x x
b.
2
3 3 3
log 4log 9 2log 3 x x x + >
c.
3
1
6
5
log
3

>

x
x
x
d. 1
log 1
log 1
3
2
3
>
+
+
x
x

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136
e. (HKT 1997)
( )
2
2 lg lg
2 3 lg
2
>
+
+
x
x x

s:
a.
3 33 1
6 2
x
+
< < e. VN f. ( ) 2 16 _ 18 5 log
2
3
> + x x
x

Bi 9: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. (HDB D 2007)
2 2
1 2
2
1 1
log 2 3 1 log ( 1)
2 2
x x x + + >
s:
1 1
3 2
x s <
b. (HDB A 2008)
1 2
3
2 3
log log 0
1
x
x
+ | |
>
|
+
\ .

s: 1 x<
c. (HY HN 2001)
( )
2 2
2 2
log 3 1 2log 0 x x x + + s
s:
5 53
2
5 53
2
x
x


<

+
>


d. (HSP HCM A 2000)
( ) ( )
2 2
9 3
log 3 4 2 1 log 3 4 2 x x x x + + + > + +
s:
1
1
3
7
1
3
x
x

s <

< s


e.
2
9 1 3
3
log ( 3) log 2 log 2 1 x x + <
s: ( 4; 3) ( 3; 1) (0;2) (2;3)
f.
2
2 4 2
3
log log ( 4 4) log 3
2
x
x x
x
+
+ + + >


s: 2 4 x x > v <
g.
3 1
3
2log (4 3) log (2 3) 2 x x + + s
s:
3
3
4
x < s
h.
0,5 0,25 2
log 2log ( 1) log 6 0 x x + + s
s: 3 x>
i.
2 2
2 3
log ( 5 5 1) log ( 5 7) 2 x x x x + + + + s
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137
s:
5 5 5 5
1 4
2 2
x x
+
s s v s s
Bi 10: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2 0,5
31
log log 2 2
16
x
( | |
s
| (
\ .

s: 2 x>
b.
2
log (5 8 3) 2
x
x x + >
s:
1 3 3
2 5 2
x x < < v >
c. (HY HN 1997)
2
2
log 64 log 16 3
x
x
+ >
s:
3
1 1
1 4
2 2
x x < s v < s
d.
3 2
log 1
2
x
x
x
+ | |
>
|
+
\ .

s: 1 2 x < <
Bi 11: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2
2
2
2
4 3 2
6 5 5 log ) ( log 6 5 x x x x x x x x x x + + + > + +
b. 0
1 3 2
5
5
lg
<
+

+
x
x
x
x
c.
x
x x x
x
x
3
3 5
5
log
) log 2 ( log
3
log log

< +
d. ) 1 ( log log ) 1 ( log log
2
5
1 3
2
5
2
1
x x x x + > + + e.
3
log 2 log 2
x x
x x s
f. 2 2000 log 1 < +
x
g. 1
3 ) 3 9 ( log
1
3
s

x
x


s:
a.
5
;3
2
x
| (
e

(
\
b. ( ) ( ) 5;0 1;3 xe c. ( )
5
0; 1;3
5
x
| |
e
|
|
\ .
d.
12
;
5
x
| |
e
|
\ .

e.
| )
3
1
0; 2;
2
x
| |
e
|
\ .
f. ( )
3
1
0; 2000;
2000
x
| |
e +
|
\ .
g. | ) 2 ; 10 log 2
3
e
Bi 12: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. (HV 1999)
2
1
2
2 4
log
2
>

x
x
x
b.
2 2
2 2
(2 7 12) 1 ( 14 2 24 2)log
x
x x x x
x x
| |
+ + s +
|
\ .

c.
64
1
log
12
1
2 ) 6 ( log
2
1
2
2 2
3
2
+ <
+
x
x
d. 0
3
1 2
log log
2
2
1
<
+

+
x
x
x

e. 1
14
2 24
log
2
16
25
2
>

x x
x
f.
2 2
log 2.log 2.log 4 1
x x
x>
s:
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138
a. ( ) ( | 7 3 ; 2 2 ; 1 3 1 ;
2
1
+
(

+ e b. 4 x= c.
6 3
;
2 2
x
(
e
(


d. ( ) 4; xe + e. ( ) ( ) 4 ; 3 1 ; 3 e f.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 ;0,5 1;2 x

e
Bi 13: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. 2 ) 2 2 ( log ) 1 2 ( log
1
2
1 2
>
+ x x
b. (QHQT 2001) 1
2
2 3
log >
+
+
x
x
x

c.
( )
9
log log 3 9 1
x
x
s d.
4
1 log log
2
3
2
9
x
x > e. 0 9 log log log
1 2
2
1
>
x

f. 0
4 3
) 1 ( log ) 1 ( log
2
3
3
2
2
>

+ +
x x
x x
g. ) 1 1 2 ( log log log 2
3 3
2
9
+ > x x x h. 3
) 5 ( log
) 35 ( log
3
>

x
x
a
a

s:
a. ( )
2 2
2 log 5;log 3 xe + b. ( ) 1;2 xe c.
13
log 10 x> d.
4
2 0;
5
x x
| (
= v e

(
\

e. ( ) 4;10 xe f. ( ) ( ) 1;0 4; xe g. ( ) 1;4 xe h. | | 2;3 xe (vi 0 1 a < = )
Bi 14: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
( ) ( )
2 3
log 2 1 log 4 2 2
x x
+ + + s b. ) 3 (log 5 3 log log
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
> + x x x
c. 0 6 log ) 5 2 ( log ) 1 (
2
1
2
2
1
> + + + + x x x x d. 2 ) 16 18 5 ( log
2
3
> + x x
x

e. 0 5 4 log
8 4 12
2
>

x
x x
f. ) 3 ( log 5 log log
2
1
3
1 3 9
+ > + x x x
g. 2
1
2
lg 2
1
2
lg 4
2
2
2
>
+
+
+
+
x
x
x
x
h. 32
4 log
2
s
+ x
x
s:
a. ( | ;0 xe b. ( )
1
0; 8;16
2
x
| (
e

(
\
c. ( | | ) 0;2 4; xe
d. ( )
1
;1 8;
3
x
| |
e
|
\ .
e.
5 5 3
1; ;
4 4 2
x
| | | |
e
| |
\ . \ .
f. ( ) 0; xe

BT PHNG TRNH C CHA THAM S

Bi 1: (QGHN 1999) Tm m bt phng trnh
x x x
m
2 2 2
sin cos sin
3 . 3 2 > + c nghim
s: 4 ms
Bi 2: (HL 2001) Tmm bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
log 1 log 2
x m x m
x x x

> + c nghim
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139
s:
0
3
m
m
>

<


Bi 3: Cho bt phng trnh x a x
2 2
log log > +
a. Gii bt phng trnh khi 1 a=
b. Tm a bt phng trnh c nghim
1
4
x>
s:
a.
1 5
2
1
;2
2
x
+
|
e |
|

.
b.
Bi 3: (HSP HN 2001) Tm m | | 2 ; 0 e x u tha mn 5 ) 2 ( log 2 log
2
4
2
2
s + + + m x x m x x
s: 2 4 m s s
Bi 4: Tm m bt phng trnh
2
2 2 2
2 log 2 1 log 2 1 log 0
1 1 1
m m m
x x
m m m
| | | | | |
+ + + >
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ .
c nghim
duy nht
s:
32
31
m=
Bi 4: Tm m bt phng trnh x m x m x m x
2
1
2
log ) ( 3 ) 3 ( s + + c nghim duy nht
s: 2 m=
Bi 4: (H M HN 2001) Tm m hai bt phng trnh 0 2 ) 5 ( log 6 ) 5 ( log 3 ) 5 ( log
25
1
5 5
5
1
s + + + x x x
v 0 ) 35 )( ( > x m x ch c mt nghim chung duy nht
Bi 5: Tm m bt phng trnh
( )
2
log 2 1 0
m
x x m + + > nghim ng vi x
Bi 6: (HNN I 2001) Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh 2 log
2
1
log log log log
2 2
a a
a a
a
x x > +
s: Nu
2
0 1 1 a a x < < s < . Nu
2
1 a x a > >
Bi 7: Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s a bt phng trnh ( )
2
.9 1 3 1 0
x x
a a a
+
+ + > nghim ng vi
x
s: 1 a>
Bi 8: (HGTVT 2001) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x tha mn 1 x> nghim ng bt phng trnh
1 ) 1 ( log
2 2
2
< +
+
m x
m
x x
vi . 4 0 s < m
s: 3 x>
Bi 9: Vi gi tr no ca m th bt phng trnh 3 ) 2 ( log
2
2
1
> + m x x c nghim v mi nghim ca n u
thuc min xc nh ca hm s 2 log ) 1 ( log
1
3
+ =
+
x x y
x x

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140
Bi 10: Cho hai bt phng trnh ( )
3
log (35 )
3 1
log (5 )
a
a
x
x

>

, vi 0 1 a < = v
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
5 5
1 log 1 log 4 0 2 x x x m + + + + >
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m mi nghim ca (1) cng l nghim ca (2)
Bi 11: Cho hai bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
log 5 8 3 2 1
x
x x + > , vi 0 1 a < = v ( )
2 4
2 1 0 2 x x a + >
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a mi nghim ca (1) cng l nghim ca (2)
Bi 12: Vi gi tr no ca a th bt phng trnh ( ) ( )
2 1
log 2 1 log 3 0
a a
x x
+
+ + > c tha mn ng thi ti
1 x= v 4 x=
Bi 13: Tm gi tr no ca a bt phng trnh 0 3 log ) 6 ( log ) 1 5 ( log
2
5
2
1
> + + + + + +
a
a
ax x ax x c
nghim. Tm nghim
Bi 14: Gii bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
log 2 log 2 3
a a
x x x x > + + bit n c nghim
9
4
x=
CH 3: H PHNG TRNH M

BI TON 1: S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

Bi 1: (H D 2002) Gii h phng trnh:
3 2
1
2 5 4
4 2
2 2
x
x x
x
y y
y
+
=

+
=

+

Gii:
3 2 3 2
3 2
1
3 2
2 5 4 2 5 4
2 5 4 2
4 2 (2 2)2
2 5 4 0
2 2 2 2
x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
y y y y
y y y
y y y y y y
+
= =
= =



+ +
= + = = =

+ +

2
2 0 2 2
1 4 1 4 5 4 0
x x
y x x y
y y y y y y
= = = =
v

= = = v = + =

Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:
2
4
4 3.4 8
3 2 log 3
x y y
x y
+
+ =

+ =

( ; ) x y R e
Gii:
H cho tng ng vi:
3
4
1 2 1 1 2 log 2 1
3 3
4 4
4 3.4 2 4 3.4 2
1 1 2 log 1 1 2 log
x y y y y
x y y x y y
+
+ = + =


+ = + =

1 2
2 1
3
4
4
3.4 2
3
2 3 log
y
y
x y

+ =

2 1
3
4
3.4 1
2 3 log
y
x y

( )
( )
3
4
3
4
1
1 log
2
1
1 log
2
x
y

= +


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141
Vy h c nghim duy nht ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
4 4
1 1
; 1 log ; 1 log
2 2
x y
(
= +
(


Cch khc:
t
1 2 1
4 ; 3.4 ( 0; 0)
x y y
u v u v
+
= = > >
H tng ng vi
( )
( )
3
4
3
4
1
1 log
2 1
2
. 1 1 1
1 log
2
x
u v u
uv v
y

= +

+ = =


= =


=


Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh:
2
3 2 0
27 3 .9 0
x y x
x y + =


Gii:
Gii h phng trnh
2
3 2 0 (1)
27 3 .9 0 (2)
x x
x y
y
+ =


Phng trnh
2 2
2
(2) 27 3 .9 3 3
x y x y x
x y = = = , thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
2
1
1 1 1
3 2 0
2 4 2
2
y
y y x
y y
y x y
y
=

= = =

+ =


= = =


Vy h phng trnh c nghim( ) ; (1;1); (1; 1); (4;2); (4; 2) x y =

BI TON 2: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH

I. Phng php:

Phng php c s dng nhiu nht gii cc h m l vic s dng cc n ph. Tu theo dng ca h m
la chn php t n ph thch hp.
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cho cc biu thc trong h c ngha
Bc 2: La chn n ph bin i h ban u v cc h i s bit cch gii ( h bc nht 2 n, h i
xng loi I, h i xng loi II v h ng cp bc 2)
Bc 3: Gii h nhn c
Bc 4: Kt lun v nghim cho h ban u.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
2 2 2 2
1
3 2 17
2.3 3.2 8
x y
x y
+ +
+
+ =

+ =

(I)
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142
Gii:
t
3
2
x
y
u
v
=

iu kin , 0 u v> . Khi h (I) c bin i v dng:


2
2 2
1 1 9 6 1 0
3 1 9 4 17
3 3
8 6
1 6 3 8
2 2 2
3
x
y
u u
x u u v
u
y u v v
v
+ =
= = = + =


= + = =

= =


Vy h c cp nghim ( ) 1;1
Bi 2: Cho h phng trnh
1
1
3 2 2
3 2 1
x y
x y
m m
m m
+
+

+ =

+ = +


a. Tm m h c nghim duy nht.
b. Tm m nguyn nghim duy nht ca h l nghim nguyn.
Gii:
t
1
3
2
x
y
u
v
+

iu kin 3 u> v 0 v> . Khi h (I) c bin i v dng:



2
1
mu v m
u mv m
+ =

+ = +

(II). Ta c:
1
m
D=
2
1
1 m
m
= ;
2
1
u
m
D
m
=
+

2
1
2 1;
1
v
m
m m D
m
= =
2
2
1
m
m m
m
=
+

a. H c nghim duy nht khi:

2
0 1 0
1
2 1
3 3 2 1 2 1
1
1 0
0
1
u
v
D m
m
D m
u m m
D m
m m
D m
v
D m

= =
=

+
= > > s < s s

+

< v >


= >

+

Vy h c nghim khi 2 1 m s < .
b. Vi m nguyn ta c m = 2 khi h c nghim l:

1
3 0 3 3 1 1
2 1
1 2 2
x
y
u x
x
v y
y
+
= = = + =


= =
= =

Vy vi m = 2 h c nghim nguyn (0;1)
Bi 3: Cho h phng trnh
2cot sin
sin cot
9 3
9 81 2
gx y
y gx
m
+
=


a. Gii h phng trnh vi m =1
b. Tm m h c cp nghim (x;y) tho mn 0
2
y

s s
Gii:
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143
Bin i h v dng:
2
. 3
u v m
uv
+ =


Khi u, v l nghim ca phng trnh
2
( ) 2 3 0 f t t mt = = (1)
a. Vi m = 1 ta c:
sin
0; 0 2
2cot
1 3 9 3
2 3 0
3 1
9 1
y
u v
gx
t u
t t
t v
> <
= = =
=

= =
=


2
6
1 ; 2
sin
5 2 6
; , 2 2
5 6
cot 0 ; 2
2 6
2
y k
x l y y k
y
k l Z y k
gx x l y y k
x l

= +


= + = = +

=

e = +


= = + = = +



= +


Vy vi m =1 h c 2 h cp nghim.
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2 4 1
2 3.2 16
x x y y
y x y
+
+ +

+ =


Gii:
Vit li h phng trnh di dng:
( )
2
2
2
2 1
1 2
2 1
4 4.4 .2 2 1
2 3.4 .2 4
x
x y y
y x y

+ =

(I)
t
2
1
4
2
x
y
u
v

iu kin
1
4
u> v 0 v> .
Khi h (I) c bin i v dng:
2 2
2
4 1(1)
4 4(2)
u uv v
v uv
+ =

(II)
gii h (II) ta c th s dng 1 trong 2 cch sau:
Cch 1:
Kh s hng t do t h ta c:
2 2
4 13 3 0 u uv v + = (3)
t u = tv, khi :
( )
2 2
3
(3) 4 13 3 0
1
4
t
v t t
t
=

+ =

=


+Vi t = 3 ta c u = 3v do :
2
(2) 8 4 v = v nghim.
+Vi
1
4
t = ta c
1
4
4
u v v u = = do :
2
(2) 4 4 1 u u = =
2
2 1
1 1 1 0 4 1
4 2 2
2 4
x
y
u x x
v y y

= = = =


= = =
=


Vy h phng trnh c 2 cp nghim (1;2) v (-1;2)
Cch 2:
Nhn xt rng nu (u;v) l nghim ca h th 0 u=
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144
T (2) ta c
2
4
3
v
u
v

= (4). Thay (4) vo (1) ta c:


4 2
2 31 16 0 v v = (5)
t
2
, 0 t v t = > ta c:
2 2
16
1
(5) 2 31 16 0 16 4
1
4 (1)
2
t
u
t t v v
v t
=
=
= = =

= =


2
2 1
1 1 0 4 1
2 2
2 4
x
y
x x
y y

= = =


= =
=


Vy h phng trnh c 2 cp nghim ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 1;2 ; 1;2 x y =
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
2 1 2
2 2
2 3.2 2
2 3 2 2
x x
x
y
y y
+

= =


Gii:
t 2
x
u= iu kin 1 u> . H c dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 3 2
2 3
2 3 2
3 1 0
1
u u y
u y u y u y
y y u
u y
u y u y
y u
=

=
+ =

=


+Vi u =y, h phng trnh tng ng vi:
2 2 2
2 1 0
1 1 1
2 2 3 2 3 2 0 1
2 2
2
2
x
x
x
y y u y u y u y
u y u u u u u x
y
y

= =


= = = = = =





= = = + = = =

=


+Vi y =1 u, h phng trnh tng vi:

( )
2
2 2
1
1
3 1 0 2 3 1 2
y u
y u
u u u u u
= =



+ = =

v nghim
Vy h c 3 cp nghim l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 0;1 , 1;2 , 1;2 x y =
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
log 3
log
2 2
9 3 2 (1)
1 1 1(2)
xy
xy
x y

+ + + =


Gii:
iu kin: 0 xy>
+Gii (1): t ( )
2
log 2
t
t xy xy = = . Khi phng trnh (1) c dng:

( )
2
log 3
2 2
9 3 2 2 3 3 2.3 3 2.3 3 0
t t t t t t
= = = (3)
t 3, 0
t
u u = > , khi phng trnh (3) c dng:
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145

2
1(1)
2 3 0 3 3 1 2
3
t
u
u u t xy
u
=
= = = =


+Gii (2): ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 x y x y x y x y xy + + + + = + + + + =
( ) ( )
2
2 3 0 x y x y + + + = (4)
t v =x +y, khi phng trnh (4) c dng:

2
1 1
2 3 0
3 3
v x y
v v
v x y
= + =
+ =

= + =


Vi x + y = 1 ta c:
1
2
x y
xy
+ =


Khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh:
2
2 0 X X + = v nghim
Vi x + y = 3, ta c:
3
2
x y
xy
+ =


Khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh :
2
1 1
3 2 0
2 2
X x
X X
X y
= =
+ =

= =

hoc
2
1
x
y
=


Vy h c 2 cp nghim (1;2) hoc (2;1)
Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh
3 1 2 3
2
2 2 3.2 (1)
3 1 1 (2)
x y y x
x xy x
+ +
+ =

+ + = +


Gii:
Phng trnh (2)
( )
2
1 0
1 1 0
0 1
3 1 0 3 1 1
3 1 0 1 3
x x
x x
x x
x x y x xy x
x y y x
> =
> + >

= >


+ = + + = +


+ = =


+Vi x = 0 thay vo (1) ta c:
2
2
8 8
2 2 3.2 8 2 12.2 2 log
11 11
y y y y y
y

+ = + = = =
+Vi
1
1 3
x
y x
>

thay y =1 3x vo (1) ta c:
3 1 3 1
2 2 3.2
x x +
+ = (3)
t
3 1
2
x
t
+
= v 1 t > nn
1
4
t >
( ) ( )
2 3 1
2 2
3 8(1)
1
(3) 6 6 1 0 2 3 8
3 8
1
log 3 8 1 2 log 3 8
3
x
t
t t t
t
t
x y
+

=
+ = + = = +
= +

(
= + = +


Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim:
2
0
8
log
11
x
y
=

hoc
( )
( )
2
2
1
log 3 8 1
3
2 log 3 8
x
y

(
= +

= +


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146
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2 2
2 1 4 1 3
2 7 6 0 1
3 3 3 0 2
x y y x y x
x xy y
+ + + + +
+ + =

+ =


Gii:
Phng trnh ( )
2
1
3
2
x y
x y
=


TH 1: Vi 2 x y = th vo ( ) ( )
2 1
2 3 3 3 0 3
y y +
=
t: 3 0
y
t = > ta c
( )
2
3 3
1 37
1 37 1 37
6
3 3 3 0 log 2log
6 6
1 27
6
t
t t y x
t

| | | |
+ +

= = =
| |
| |

+
\ . \ .
=


TH 2: Vi
3
2
x y = th vo ( ) ( )
5 3
2 2 2
2 3.3 3.3 3 0 4
y
y y
+ =
t:
2
3 0
y
u= > ta c
( )
5 3 4 2 2
3 3
1 37
4 3 3 0 3 3 0
6
1 37 1 37 3 1 37
3 log log
6 6 2 6
y
u u u u u u
y x
+
+ = = =
| | | |
+ + +
= = =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Vy nghim ca h:
3 3
3 3
1 37 3 1 37
2log log
6 2 6
1 37 1 37
log log
6 6
x x
y y
| | | |
+ +
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
v

| | | |
+ +
= =
| |

| |
\ . \ .


BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP HM S

I. Phng php:

Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cho cc biu thc trong h c ngha.
Bc 2: T h ban u chng ta xc nh c 1 phng trnh h qu theo 1 n hoc c 2 n, gii phng trnh
ny bng phng php hm s bit
Bc 3: Gii h mi nhn c

II. Bi tp p dng:

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147
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh:
1 2
2
(1 4 ).5 1 3 (1)
1
3 1 2 (2)
+ +
+ = +

x y x y x y
x y y y
x
.
Gii:
Xt (1): t t = x y. (1)
1 4
5 1 9.3
5 5
t t
t
(
| | | |
+ = +
( | |
\ . \ .
.
- Vi t > 0 VT < 10, VP > 10.
- Vi t < 0, VT > 10, VP < 10.
Phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht t = 0 hay x = y.
Thay x = y vo phng trnh (2) ta c: (2)
2
1
2 1 3 0 x x x x
x
+ = .
D thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh, chia c hai v cho x = 0 ta c:
(2)
1 1
3 2 0 x x
x x
+ = . t ( )
1
0 y x y
x
= >
Ta c phng trnh: y
2
3y +2 =0
1
2
y
y
=

. T ta tm c x.
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:
2 1
2 1
2 2 3 1
( , )
2 2 3 1
y
x
x x x
x y R
y y y

+ + = +

+ + = +


Gii:
t
1
1
u x
v y
=

.
H PT
2
2
1 3
1 3
v
u
u u
v v

+ + =

+ + =

2 2
3 1 3 1 ( ) ( )
u v
u u v v f u f v + + + = + + + = , vi
2
( ) 3 1
t
f t t t = + + +
Ta c:
2
2
1
( ) 3 ln3 0
1
t
t t
f t
t
+ +
'
= + >
+
f(t) ng bin
2 2
3
1 3 log ( 1) 0 (2)
u
u v u u u u u = + + = + + =
Xt hm s:
( )
2
3
( ) log 1 '( ) 0 = + + > g u u u u g u g(u) ng bin
M (0) 0 g = 0 u= l nghim duy nht ca (2).
Vy 1 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h PT.
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
3 1 2 3
2
2 2 3.2 (1)
3 1 1 (2)
x y y x
x xy x
+ +
+ =

+ + = +


Gii:
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148
PT (2)
2
1 0
1 0 1
0 1
(3 1) 0 3 1 1
3 1 0 1 3
x x
x x
x x
x x y x xy x
x y y x
> =
+ > >
= >

+ = + + = +


+ = =


Vi x = 0 thay vo (1):
2
2
8 8
2 2 3.2 8 2 12.2 2 log
11 11
y y y y y
y

+ = + = = =
- Vi
1
1 3
x
y x
>

thay y =1 3x vo (1) ta c:
3 1 3 1
2 2 3.2
x x +
+ = (3)
t
3 1
2
x
t
+
= . V 1 > x nn
1
4
> t
2
2
2
1
log (3 8) 1 3 8 ( )
1
3 (3) 6 6 1 0
3 8
2 log (3 8)
x t loai
t t t
t
t
y

( = + =


+ = + =

= +

= +


Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim
2
0
8
log
11
x
y
=

hoc
2
2
1
log (3 8) 1
3
2 log (3 8)
x
y

(
= +

= +


Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh
( )( )
3 2 3 2
2
3 5.6 4.2 0
2 2
x y x x y
x y y y x y x

+ =

= + +


Gii:
iu kin:
, 0 x y
x y
>

>


H phng trnh
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
3 5.6 4.2 0 3 5.6 4.2 0
(2 )( 2 ) 2 (2 )( 2 )( )
x y x x y x y x x y
x y y y x y x x y y x y x x y y

+ = + =



= + = + +



3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
3 5.6 4.2 0
3 5.6 4.2 0
(2 ) ( 2 )( ) 1 0 2 0
x y x x y
x y x x y
y x y x x y y y x


+ =
+ =



(
+ + + = =



(do 2 )( ) 1 0 y x x y y + + + = )
3 2 3 2 2 2
3 5.6 4.2 0 3 5.6 4.2 0 (1)
2 2 (2)
x y x x y x x x
y x y x

+ = + =


= =


Gii (1):
2
2 2
3
1
2 3 3
3 5.6 4.2 0 5. 4 0
2 2
3
4
2
x
x x
x x x
x

| |
=

|
\ . | | | |

+ = + =
| |

\ . \ .
| |

=
|

\ .
3
2
0
log 4
x
x
=


Vi 0 x= thay vao (2) ta c 0 y=
Vi
3
2
log 4 x= thay vao (2) ta c
3
2
1
log 4
2
y=
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149
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh l
3
2
log 4 x= ,
3
2
1
log 4
2
y=
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
2( 1)
1
x y x y
x y
e e x
e x y
+
+
+ = +

= +


Gii:
t
u x y
v x y
= +

.
H phng trnh
1 1 1 (1)
1 1 (2)
x y v v
x y u u v
e x y e u e u
e x y e v e e v u

+
= + + = + = +



= + = + =


- Nu u v > hoc u v < th (2) v nghim
- Nn (2) u v = . Th vo (1) ta c 1
u
e u = + (3) .
Xt ( ) ( )
'
1 , 1
u u
f u e u f u e = =
T BBT ca ( ) f u ta c ( ) 0 0 f u u = =
Do (3) c 1 nghim
0 0
0 0
0 0
x y x
u v
x y y
+ = =
= =

= =


Bi 6: (HDB - 2004) Gii h phng trnh
2 2
1
2 2 .
x y x
x y y x
x y
+
+ = +


Gii:
Xt PT th nht:
0
( )( 1) 0
1 0
x y
x y x y
x y
=
+ =

+ =


TH1: Thay y =x vo PT th hai
2 1
2 2 0
x x
= 2 1 1 1 x x x y = = =
TH2: Thay y =1x vo PT th hai
1
2 2 3 0
x
x

+ =
Hm s
1
( ) 2 2 3
x
f x x

= + ng bin trn R v ( ) 1 0 f = nn ( ) 0 f x = c nghim duy nht 1 0 x y = =


Vy h c hai cp nghim l ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 1; 1 1;0 x y = v
Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh
2 2
3 3 (1)
12(2)
x y
y x
x xy y
=

+ + =


Gii:
Xt phng trnh (1) di dng: 3 3
x y
x y + = + (3)
Xt hm s ( ) 3
t
f t t = + ng bin trn R.
Vy phng trnh (3) c vit di dng: ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = = . Khi h c dng:
2 2 2
2
2 2 12 3 12
x y x y x y x y
x x y x xy y x
= = = = =



= = = + + = =


Vy h phng trnh c 2 cp nghim ( ) ( ) 2;2 2; 2 v
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150
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh
2 2 3
2 2 3
x
y
x y
y x
+ = +

+ = +


Gii:
Bin i tng ng h v dng:
2 2 3
2 3 3 2 3 3
3 2 2
x
x y
y
x y
x y
x y
+ = +

+ + = + +

+ = +

(1)
Xt hm s ( ) 2 3 3
t
f t t = + + l hm ng bin trn R.
Vy phng trnh (1) c vit di dng: ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = = .
Khi h thnh:
2 2 3 2 3 (2)
x x
x y x y
x y x
= =


+ = + =

(II)
+Gii (2): Ta on c x =1 v
1
2 3 1 = . V tri l mt hm ng bin cn v tri l hm s nghch bin do
vy x =1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh ny. Khi h (II) tr thnh:
1
1
x y
x y
x
=
= =


Vy h cho c nghim x = y = 1.
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 (1)
2(2)
x y
y x xy
x y
= +

+ =


Gii:
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c:
( )( )
2 2 3 3
3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 (3)
x y x y
x y
y x x y xy y x
x y
= + + =
=

Xt hm s ( )
3
2
t
f t t = + ng bin trn R.
Vy phng trnh (3) c vit di dng: ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = = . Khi h c dng:
2 2 2
1
1 1 2 2 2
x y x y x y x y
x x y x y x
= = = = =


= = = + = =


Vy h c 2 cp nghim ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 1;1 1; 1 x y = v
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh sau
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
8
1
2
2 4 3 2 1
3 7
2 2
2 2
y
x
x y
y x
x y
+
+
+

+ + =


Gii:
iu kin: , 0 x y>
Phng trnh ( )
( )
( )
2
2
4 1 1
1 2 3 2 3 4 3
y x
x y
+ +
+ = +
Xt hm s : ( ) ( )
2
1
2 3 0
t
f t t t
+
= + > th ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 : 4 f x f y =
Ta c ( )
2
1
2
' 2.2 ln2 0 0
2
t
f t t t
t
+
= + > >
( ) f t l hm ng bin trn ( ) 0;+
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151
Nu
( ) ( )
( )
4
4 4
, 0
f x f y
x y
x y
=

>


Phng trnh ( )
( )
2
1
2 2 3 7
x y
x y
+ +
+ + =
t : u x y = + th ( )
2
1
2 3 7 5
u
u
+
+ =
Hm ( )
2
1
2 3
u
f u u
+
= + l hm tng
Li c: ( ) 1 7 f = nn 1 u= l nghim duy nht ca ( ) ( ) 5 1 6 x y + =
T ( ) ( )
4
4
5
4 & 6
1 1
5
x
x y
x y
y

=


+ =


Vy nghim ca h l
4 1
;
5 5
| |
|
\ .

Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh sau ( )
x x y
y y z
z z x
e e y
e e z I
e e x


Gii:
Nhn xt:
H c nghim 0 x y z = = = ta cm h c nghim duy nht. tht vy:
Nu 0 x= th ( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
y
y y z
e y
I
e e z


Xt hm s : ( ) ( ) ( ) 1, ' 1, ' 0 0
y y
f y e y f y e f y y

= + = + = =
Bng bin thin
Y 0 +
( ) f ' y
+ 0 -
( ) f y
0
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra hm s c nghim duy nht y 0 = th vo ( ) 2 ta c1
z
e z = .
Tng t vi z = 0
Nu 0 , 0 x y z = =
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152
H ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
.
.
1
.
1
x
x
y
x x y
z
y y z y
z
z z x
x
z
x
ye
e f y
e
e e e y
ze
I e e e z e f z
e
e e e x
xe
e f x
e

= =


=

= = =



=

= =


Xt hm s ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
, '
1
1
t t
t
t
t
e e t
te
f t f t
e
e

= =



Vi t 0 = , ta cm 1 0
t
e t >
( ) ( ) 1; ' 1
t t
f t e t f t e = =
Suy ra ( ) ' 0 0 f t t > =
( )
0 0 0 0
lim lim lim .lim 1
1 1
t
t
t t
t t t t
te t
f t e
e e

= = =


Bng bin thin:

T 0 +
( ) f ' t
+ +
( ) f t


T suy ra:
Nu x y > th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z x
f x f y e e z x f z f x y z > > > > >
Nh vy x y y z x > > > > v l
Khi h tr thnh 1 0
x
e x = > nn pt v nghim
Vy h c nghim duy nht 0 x y z = = =

BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP NH GI

I. Phng php:

Nhiu bi ton bng cch nh gi tinh t da trn cc:
+Tam thc bc hai
+Tnh cht hm s m
+Bt ng thc
+..
Ta c th nhanh chng ch ra c nghim ca h hoc bin i h v dng n gin hn.

II. Bi tp p dng:

1

1
+
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153
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2
1 1
1
2 3 2 2 3
2.3 1
x y x y
x y

+ = +


Gii:
t
2
2
1
x
u
v y
=

iu kin u 0 > v
1
3
v> .
H c dng:
2(1)
1(2)
u v u v
uv
+ + =

(I)
Bin i (1) v dng: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2 2 2 2 4 4 u v u v u v u v u v u v uv = + + + = + + > + > =
Khi h tng ng vi:
2
2 2
2 2
1
2 0
2 1 0 0
1
1 0 1
3 1
1
x
y
u v
x x
u v u v
y y
uv

=
= = =

= = =

= =
=

=


Vy h c 2 cp nghim ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 0;1 0; 1 x y = v

CH 4: H BT PHNG TRNH M

BI TON 1: S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

I. Phng php:

Da vo cc php ton bin i tng ng cho cc bt ng thc trong h bt phng trnh, ta c th tm
c nghim ca h. Php ton thng c s dng l:
A B
A C B D
C D
+
>
+ > +

>


Vic la chn phng php bin i tng ng gii h bt phng trnh m thng c thc hin theo
cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cc biu thc ca h c ngha
Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i tng chuyn h v 1 bt phng trnh i s bit cch gii.
Bc 3: Kim tra tnh hp l cho nghim tm c, t a ra li kt lun cho h.
Vi h bt phng trnh m cha tham s thng c thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cc biu thc ca h c ngha
Bc 2: Thc hin cc php bin i tng ng ( phng php th c s dng kh nhiu trong php bin
i tng ng ) nhn c t h 1 bt phng trnh 1 n cha tham s.
Bc 3: Gii v bin lun theo tham s bt phng trnh nhn c.
Bc 4: Kim tra tnh hp l cho nghim tm c, t a ra kt lun cho h.
Ch : i vi h bt phng trnh m 1 n thng c gii tng bt phng trnh ca h, ri kt hp cc tp
nghim tm c a ra kt lun v nghim cho h bt phng trnh.

II. Bi tp p dng:

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154
Bi 1: Gii h bt phng trnh
2 2
2 1 2 2
2
2 9.2 2 (1)
2 5 4 3(2)
x x x x
x x x
+ + +

< +


Gii:
Gii (1):
2 2 2 2
2 2
2.2 9.2 4.2 0 2.2 9 4.2 0
x x x x x x x x +
+ = + =
t
2
2
x x
t

= iu kin
4
1
2
t > . Khi phng trnh c dng:
2
2
2 2
4
4
2 9 0 2 9 4 0 2 4
1
(1)
2
1
2 2 0 (3)
2
x x
t
t t t
t t
x
x x x x
x

+ = + = =

=
= =

=


Gii (2):
( )
2
2
2
2
5
5
1
2 5 0
2
2
4 3 0 1 3
14 5
1
2 5 0 5 5 2
14
2
4 3 2 5
2
5 5 24 28 0
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x


<

s <
<

+ > s s

s < >

>


>



+ >
< <


+ <

(4)
Kt hp (3) v (4) ta c nghim ca h l x =2.

BI TON 2: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH

I. Phng php:

Vic la chn t n ph thch hp cho h phng trnh m, ta c th chuyn h v cc h i s bit cch
gii. C th ta thng thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cho cc biu thc ca h c ngha.
Bc 2: La chn n ph cho h v iu kin cho cc n ph.
Bc 3: Gii h nhn c t suy ra nghim x; y
Bc 4: Kim tra tnh hp l cho nghim tm c, t a ra li kt lun cho h.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii h bt phng trnh
( )
2
2
2 2
3
2 2 2 1
log 2 2 0
x y
x y

(I)
Gii:
t
2
2
x
y
u
v
=

; u, v <0. Khi h (I) c dng:


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155
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3
2 1
2 1 2 1(1)
log 0 ; 1(2)
log 0
u v
u v u v
u v u v u v
u v


=
= =



s = s
s


Gii (1) ta bin i:
( )
2
2 2 2
1 0
1
2 3(3) 2 1
v
v
u v v u v
> >



= + =


Gii (2) bng cch thay (3) vo (2) ta c:

2
3 3 3
2 3 0 2 log
2 2 2
2 3 1
1 2 0 1 1 2 2
y
y
v
v y
v
v y

+ = = = =



+ s


s s s s s s


Vy nghim ca h l l cc cp s (x;y) tho mn h:
( )
2
2
3
log ;1 2
2
1 2
y y
x y

= s s

= +



BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP IU KIN CN V

I. Phng php:

Trong phn ny chng ta s dng phng php cn v bit gii cc h bt phng trnh cha du tr
tuyt i.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 1
x y y
y x x
m
m
+
+
+ + s

+ + s


Gii:
Trc ht cn 1 0 1 m m > >
t:
2
2
x
y
u
v
=

, iu kin u, v > 0. H c bin i v dng:


( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 (1)
2 1
2 1
1 (2)
u v m
u v v m
u v u m
v u m

+ + s + + + s


+ + + s
+ + s

(I)
iu kn cn: Gi s h c nghim ( )
0 0
u ;v suy ra ( )
0 0
u ;v cng l nghim ca h. Vy h c nghim duy
nht th iu kin cn l
0 0
u v = .
Khi : ( )
2
2 2
0 0 0 0
1 2 2 1 0 u u m u u m + + s + + s (1)
Ta cn (1) phi c nghim duy nht
1
0
2
m A = =
Vy iu kin cn h c nghim duy nht l
1
2
m=
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156
iu kin : Vi
1
2
m= h c dng:
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
u v
v u

+ + s

+ + s

(II)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0
2 2 1
2 2 0
2 2 2
u v u v u u v v
u v u v
+ + + + + s + + + + s
| | | |
+ + + s = =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Nhn xt rng
1
2
u v = = tho mn h (II) suy ra x y 1 = =
Vy h c nghim duy nht khi
1
2
m=

BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP NH GI

I. Phng php:

Nhiu bt phng trnh nh gi tinh t da trn:
+Tam thc bc 2
+Cc bt ng thc c bn nh: Csi, Bunhiacpxki
+Tnh cht tr tuyt i

Ta c th nhanh chng ch ra c nghim ca n.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii h bt phng trnh
2 1 2 2 (1)
2 2 2 2 1(2)
x y y y
x y y y
+
+

+ s

+ =

(I)
Gii:
iu kin:
( )
2 1
1 2 0 2 1 0
2 2 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 1
y
y y
y x x y y x
y
x
+
s
> s s


> > > >

(*)
Gii (1):
(*)
2 1
1 2
2 1 0
2
1 2 0
x
y
x
y
y
x y
=

+ s = =

(3)
Thay (3) vo (2) thy tho mn. Vy h c nghim duy nht x =y =0.
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2
3
2 3 log 5
4
2
3 5 (1)
4 1 3 8(2)
x x
y
y y y

+
=

+ + s


Gii:
Gii (1) ta c:
( )
( )
2
3
3
2 3 log 5
4 log 5 1
5 3 3 5 4 1 3
x x
y
y y

+
= > = + > s (3)
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157
Gii (2) vi 3 ys ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2
4 1 3 8 3 0 3 0 y y y y y y + + + s + s s s (4)
T (3) v (4) suy ra y = 3, khi h thnh:
2
1
1; 3 2 3 0
3
3; 3 3
3
x
x y x x
x
x y y
y
=
= = =

=

= = =

=


Vy h phng trnh c 2 cp nghim ( ) 1; 3 hoc( ) 3; 3 .

Bi tp tng hp t gii:

Bi 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
( )

= + +
= + +

0 1 4 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
x y x x y x
xy
y
x
x
b.
( )
( )

= +
= +

0 6 8
1 3 .
4
4
4
4
y x
x y
y x
y x

c.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

= + + +
= + +
4 2 1 2 2 3
4 2 1 2 2 3
x y
y x
d.

=
+
=
4
2 3
9 9 .
3
1
2
1
y
x
x
y x
y
x
y

e.
( )

=
=

y
y
y
x
x
y
y
x
1 2
3
5
2
3 . 3 3
2 . 2 2
f.

=
= +

3
3
3
3 . 5 5
5
y x
y x
y x
y x

Bi 2: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.

=
=
7 2 3
77 2 3
2
2
y
x
y x
b.

=
=
+ +
19 3 2
6 3 . 2 2 . 3
1 1 y x
y x
c.

=
=

|
.
|

\
|

+
1 3
3
5
4
y x
y x
x
y
x y

d.
3 2 3
4 128
5 1
x y
x y
+

=

e.
2
( ) 1
5 125
4 1
x y
x y
+

=

f.
2 2 12
5
x y
x y
+ =

+ =


Bi 3: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
3 2 3 2
2
3 5.6 4.2 0
( 2 )( 2 )
x y x x y
x y y y x y x

+ =

= + +

b.
2
2
2
1
8
1
2
( )
2 4 3(2 )
3 7
2
2 2
y
x
x y
y x
x y
+
+
+

+ + =


c.
2 2
sin
sin
3 8 3 1 6 2 2 1 8
x y
x
e
y
x y y y

+ + = + +

d.
( )
( )
2 1 2 2 1
3 2
1 4 5 1 2
4 1 ln 2 0
x y x y x y
y x y x
+ +

+ = +

+ + + + =


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158
e.

< <
+ = +
=

4
5
,
) 2 ( 3 1 10
sin
sin
4 6

y x
y x
y
x
e
y x
f.

= + +
=
12
2 2
2 2
y xy x
x y
y x

g.

= +
=
25 4
2 2
y x
y x
x y
h.
2 2
1
2 2
x y x
x y y x
x y
+
+ = +


i.
5
3 .2 1152
log ( ) 2
x y
x y

+ =

k.
3
3
3.2 972
log ( ) 3
x y
x y
=


l.
1
3 2
3 9 18
y
y
x
x

+ =

+ =

m.
4
1 log
4096
y
y x
x
= +


s:
h. 1 1, 0 x y x y = = v = =
i. ( ) ( ) ; 2;7 x y = k. (5;2) l.
3
2
;log 4
3
| |
|
\ .
m. ( )
1
16;3 , ; 2
64
| |

|
\ .

H PHNG TRNH C CHA THAM S
Bi 1: Xc nh a h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
| | 2
2 2
2 | |
1
x
x y x a
x y
+ = + +

+ =


Gii:
H c tnh chn i vi n x. do nu gi ( )
0 0
x ;y l mt nghim ca h th ( )
0 0
x ;y cng l mt nghim
ca h.
nghim ca h duy nht th ta cn c:
0 0 0
x x x 0 = =
Th
0
x vo h ta c:
0 0
2
0 0
1 1 0
1 2 1
y a a y a
y a y
= + = =



= = =


iu kin :
Vi a = 0, ta c h: ( )
2
2 2
2
1
1
x
x y x
x y

+ = +

+ =


T ng thc:
2 2
1
1
1
x
x y
y
s

+ =

s


T ( ) ( )
( )
2
0 1 0
1 2 2 1 1
1 1 1
x x
x x x
x x x x v
x y y
> >

+ = + >

s s s


Suy ra pt (1) c nghim
1
0
y
x
=

nghim ny l duy nht nn gi tr tha .


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159
Vi a = 2 ta c h :
2
2 2
2 2

1
x
x y x
x y

+ = + +

+ =


Nhn thy h ny c hai nghim ( ) ( ) 1;0 ; 1;0 nn a =2 khng tha
Tng t:
Bi 1: Gii v bin lun theo k h phng trnh:
log (3 ) 2
log (3 ) 2
x
y
x ky
y kx
+ =

+ =


Bi 2: Cho h phng trnh:
2
1
2
1
x y
a a
x y b b

+ =

+ = +

, tm a h c nghim vi [0,1] moi be


Bi 3: Cho h phng trnh:
2 2
2
( 1) ( 1) 2
1
a y
x b
a bxy x y
+ + + =

+ + =

,
tm a h phng trnh c nghim vi mi gi tr b.
Bi 4: Tm a h bt phng trnh sau c nghim
1
2
2
2 3
log
1
2
( 1) 0
( 2 3) 1
x
x
x a x a
x x
| |
|
+ \ .
+ + s

+ >


Bi 5: Gii v bin lun theo tham s
2
1
:
2 .4 2
x y xy
x y a
a
a
+
+ =



CH 4: H PHNG TRNH LGARIT

BI TON 1: S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG

I. Phng php:

Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cho cc biu thc trong h c ngha
Bc 2: S dng cc php th nhn c t h 1 phng trnh theo n x hoc y (i khi c th l theo c 2
n x, y)
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh nhn c bng cc phng php bit i vi phng trnh cha cn thc
Bc 4: Kt lun v nghim cho h phng trnh.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
( )
3
3 4
1 3 (1)
log 1(2)
y
x
x
x
y x


+ =

+ =


Gii:
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160
iu kin:
1 0
4 0 0 4
0
x
x x
x
+ >

> < s

>


T phng trnh (2) tac:
3
3
1 log
3 log
3 3
1 log 3 3
3
x y
x
y x
x

= = = = (3)
Th (3) vo (1) ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
3 3 4
1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1
2 0
2
4 2 3 0
3 0 4 2
x
x x x x x
x x
x
x
x x x y
x x x x

+ = + = + = +
> >

= = =

= =


Vy h phng trnh c 1 cp nghim (3;0).
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
4 2
log 2 log 2 1
x y
x y x y
=

+ =


Gii:
iu kin:
2 0
2 0
x y
x y
+ >

>

(*)
T phng trnh th nht ca h ly lgarit c s 2 hai v ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
log 4 log 2 log 2 log 2 1
log 2 1 log 2
x y x y x y
x y x y
= + + =
+ =

Th vo phng trnh th hai ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 3 2 3 2
2
1 log 2 log 2.log 2 1 1 log 2 log 2 0
log 2 0 2 1
x y x y x y
x y x y
= + =
= =

Vy ta c h mi:
2 2
3
2 2 4 2
4
2 1 1 2 1
2
x
x y x y
x y x y
y

+ = =


= =

=

tho mn iu kin (*)


Vy h phng trnh c 1 nghim.
Bi 3: (H A 2009) Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
2 2
log ( ) 1 log ( )
3 81
x y xy
x y xy
+
+ = +


Gii:
iu kin: 0 xy>
H phng trnh tng ng

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
4
log ( ) log 2 log ( )
2
4
3 3
x y xy
x y xy
x y xy
x y xy
+
+ = +
+ =


+ =


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161
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 0
2 2 4
4
x y x x x y
y y x y xy
x y xy

= = = =
v

= = + =
+ =


Bi 4: (H B 2005) Gii h phng trnh:
2 3
9 3
1 2 1
3log (9 ) log 3.
x y
x y

+ =


Gii:
Vi iu kin
1
0 2
x
y
>

< s


Ta c h tng ng
3 3 3
1 2 1
1 2 1
3
log (3 ) log 1 log 1
x y
x y
x
x y
y

+ =

+ =


| |
= =

|
\ .

1 2 1
1 2 1
y x
x y
x x x y
=
+ =


+ = =


Xt 1 2 1 x x + = ( ) 1 2 x s s ta c
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 x x x x x x x x + + = = = v =
Nghim ca h l
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
= =
v

= =


Bi 5: (H A 2004) Gii h phng trnh
1 4
4
2 2
1
log ( ) log 1
25
y x
y
x y

+ =


Gii:
iu kin 0, y y x > >
H phng trnh tng ng
1 4
4 4
4
2 2
2 2
1
log ( ) log 1
log ( ) log 1
25
25
y x
y x y
y
x y
x y

=
+ =



+ =

+ =

4
2 2 2 2
log 1 4
25 25
y y
y x y x
x y x y

= =




+ = + =


2 2 2
4 4
3 3
25 9
x x
y y
x y x

= =




+ = =

4 4 3
3 3 4
y y x
x x y
= = =
v

= = =


Bi 6: (HDB - 2002) Gii h phng trnh
4 2
4 3 0
log log 0
x y
x y
+ =


Gii:
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162
iu kin
4
4
0
0 1
log 0 1
log 0
x
y x
x y
x
>

> >


> >

>



H phng trnh
4 2
4 2
4 3 0
4 3
log log
log log 0
x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
=


=
=


2 2
4 3 4 3
4 3 0
x y x y
x y y y
= =


= + =

1 9
1 3
x x
y y
= =
v

= =


Bi 7: (HDB - 2002) Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
3 2
3 2
log 2 3 5 3
log 2 3 5 3
x
y
x x x y
y y y x

+ =

+ =


Gii:
iu kn 0, 1, 0, 1 x x y y > = > =
( )
( )
3 2
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2 3 2
log 2 3 5 3
2 3 5 2 3 5 0
2 3 5 2 3 5 0 log 2 3 5 3
x
y
x x x y
x x x y x x x y
y y y x y y y x y y y x

+ =
+ = =



+ = = + =


2 2
2 2 2 2
( )( 1) 0 2( ) 3( ) 5( ) 0
4( ) 8( ) 0 4( ) 3( ) 5( ) 0
x y x y x y x y y x
x y x y x y x y x y
+ + = =



+ + = + + + =

2 2
1 2
2 8 16 0 8 8 13 0
x y y x x
y x x x x
= = =
v

= = + + =


Bi 8: (H D 2010) Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
2
4 2 0
( , )
2log ( 2) log 0
x x y
x y
x y
+ + =


Gii:
iu kin 2, 0 x y > >
H phng trnh
2
2
2
4 2 0 (1)
2log ( 2) log 0 (2)
x x y
x y
+ + =


(2)
2 2
2
( 2)
2
y x
x y
y x
=
=

=


Vi
2
0( )
2(1) 4 2 2 0
3
x loai
y x x x x
x
=
= + + =

=


Vi
2
2
4 2 2 0
2 (1) 1( )
5 4 0
4
x x x
y x x loai
x x
x
+ + =

= =
+ =

=


x =3; y =1 hoc x =4; y = 2
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163
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh:
( ) 2 8
2 2 2 2
log 3log 2
1 3
x y x y
x y x y

+ = +

+ + =

.
Gii :
iu kin: 0, 0 x y x y + > >
2 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
log 3log (2 ) 2
1 3 1 3
x y x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y

+ = + + = +


+ + = + + =



t:
u x y
v x y
= +

ta c h: 2 2 2 2
2( ) 2 4
2 2
3 3
2 2
u v u v u v uv
u v u v
uv uv

= > + = +


+ + + +
= =



2
2 4 (1)
( ) 2 2
3(2)
2
u v uv
u v uv
uv

+ = +


+ +
=

. Th (1) vo (2) ta c:
2
8 9 3 8 9 (3 ) 0 uv uv uv uv uv uv uv + + = + + = + = .
Kt hp (1) ta c:
0
4, 0
4
uv
u v
u v
=
= =

+ =

(v u>v). T ta c: x =2; y =2.(T/m)


Vy nghim ca h l: ( ) ( ) ; 2; 2 x y =
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 4
log 2log 3
16
x y
x y
+ =

+ =


Gii:

iu kin: 0, 0 x y > >
2 2 3 2
2 2 2 2
2
8
(1) log log 3 log ( . ) log 2 . 8 x y xy xy x
y
+ = = = =
Thay vo (2) ta c
4 8 4 4 4
4
64
16 16 64 0 8 8 y y y y y
y
+ = + = = = (v 0 y> )
Vi
4
8 8 y x = =
Vy h c nghim duy nht
4
8 2 2
8 2 2
x
y

= =

= =


Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh:

= +
= +

y x y x
y x
x y
) ( log . 3
27
5
3 ). (
5

Gii:
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164
iu kin: 0 x y + >
H cho
3
5
( ) 3
27
( ) 5
x y
x y
x y
x y

+ =

+ =


3
3
5
5 3
27
( ) 5
x y
x y
x y
x y

+ =



3
3
3
3
5 3
( ) 5
x y
x y
x y
x y

+ =


3
3 0
( ) 5
x y
x y
x y

=

+ =


3
3
(2 3) 125
y x
x
=


3
2 3 5
y x
x
=


4
1
x
y
=

tha mn iu kin
Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2
2
2
3 2
2010
2009
2010
3log ( 2 6) 2log ( 2) 1
y x
x
y
x y x y

+
=

+ + = + + +


Gii:
iu kin 0, 0 x y > >
( )
3 3
2log log
3
3
1 2 2 2 0 log 1 3
xy xy
xy xy y
x
= = = =
(2) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
4 4
2 log 4 4 log 2 6 2 9 x y x xy x y + = + + =
Gii h (1), (2) ta c nghim ca h: ( ( )
( )
6
; 3; 3 6;
2
x y
| |
= v
|
|
\ .

Bi 13: (H B 2010) Gii h phng trnh: ( )
2
2
log (3 1)
,
4 2 3
x x
y x
x y R
y
=

+ =


Gii:
H phng trnh
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 3 3
4 2 3 3(4 2 ) (2 1) 2.4 2 1 0
x x x
x x x x x x x
y y y
y
+ + +
= = =




+ = + = + + =


2 1
2 1
1
3
3
1
1 1
(2 1) 2 0 2
2
2 2
x
x
x x x
y x
y
y
+ +
= = =





= | |
+ = =
|

\ .

Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh sau:
( )
( )
( )
log 6 4 2

log 6 4 2
x
x
x y
I
y x
+ =

+ =


Gii:
iu kin:
, 0
, 1
x y
x y
>


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165
H ( )
( )
( )
2
2
6 4 1
6 4 2
x y x
I
y x y
+ =


+ =


H tr thnh h i xng: ( ) ( ) 1 2 ta c: ( )( ) 2 0
2 0
x y
x y x y
x y
=
+ =

+ =


Vi x y = th vo( )
2
1 10 0 10 x x x = = .
Vy nghim h l: 10 x y = =
Vi 2 y x = th vo( )
( )
( )
2
4 2
1 2 8 0
2
x y loai
x x
x loai
= =
=

=

.
Vy nghim ca h l ( ) 10;10

BI TON 2: S DNG PHNG PHP T N PH

I. Phng php:

Phng php c s dng nhiu nht gii cc h lgarit l vic s dng cc n ph. Tu theo dng ca h
m la chn php t n ph thch hp.
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cho cc biu thc ca h c ngha.
Bc 2: La chn n ph bin i h ban u v cc h i s bit cch gii (h i xng loi I, loi II v
h ng cp bc hai)
Bc 3: Gii h nhn c
Bc 4: Kt lun v nghim cho h ban u.

II. Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh :
2
1 2
1 2
2log ( 2 2) log ( 2 1) 6
log ( 5) log ( 4) =1
x y
x y
xy x y x x
y x
+
+
+ + + + =

+ +

, ( , ) x ye .
Gii:
iu kin:
2
2 2 0, 2 1 0, 5 0, 4 0
( )
0 1 1, 0 2 1
xy x y x x y x
I
x y
+ + > + > + > + >

< = < + =


1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2log [(1 )( 2)] 2log (1 ) 6 log ( 2) log (1 ) 2 0(1)
( )
log ( 5) log ( 4) =1 log ( 5) log ( 4) =1(2).
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y x
I
y x y x
+ +
+ +
+ + = + + =



+ + + +



t
2
log (1 )
y
x t
+
= th (1) tr thnh:
2
1
2 0 ( 1) 0 1. t t t
t
+ = = =
Vi 1 t = ta c: 1 2 1(3). x y y x = + = Th vo (2) ta c:
2
1 1 1
4 4
log ( 4) log ( 4)=1 log 1 1 2 0
4 4
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x x

+ +
+ + = = + =
+ +

0
2
x
x
=

. Suy ra:
1
1
y
y
=

.
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166
+Kim tra thy ch c 2, 1 x y = = tho mn iu kin trn.
Vy h c nghim duy nht 2, 1 x y = = .
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
( ) ( )
3 3
4 32
log 1 log
x y
y x
x y x y
+

= +


Gii:
iu kin:
0
0
; 0
x y
x y
x y
>

+ >


Bin i h phng trnh v dng:
( )
2 2 2 2
3
2 5
2 5 (1)
log 1 3 (2)
x y
x y
y x
y x
x y x y
| |
| |
+ =
+ = |
|
\ .
\ .

= =


Gii (1): t
1 x y
t
y x t
= = . Khi (1) c dng:
2
2
2
1
2 5 2 5 2 0
1
2
2
t
x y
t t t
y x t t
=
=
| |

+ = + =
|

= =
\ .


+Vi x = 2y
2 2
1 2
(2) 4 3
1 2(1)
y x
y y
y x
= =
=

= =


+Vi y = 2x
2 2
(2) 4 3 x y = v nghim
Vy h phng trnh c 1 cp nghim (2;1)
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
2
log 2 2
2
2 2
2 log
2
log ( ) 2log
x
x
y y
xy x y x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

+ =


Gii:
iu kin
0
0
x
xy x y
>

+ >


T phng trnh th hai ca h ta c( ) ( ) 1 0 x x y x y + = = th vo phng trnh u ta c:
( )
2
log 2 2
2
2 log 1
2
x
x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .
.
t
2
log 2
t
t x x = =
Phng trnh ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 2 ( 1) 2 2 1 2 2
t t t t
t t t
+ +
+ = + + = + -
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
'
2 2 ln1 1 0
t t
f t t f x t R = + = + > e nn ( ) f t l hm s ng bin trn R
nn (*) tng ng ( )
2
2
1 2 1 0 1 2 t t t t x + = = = =
Vy h c nghim ( ) ( ) , 2; 2 x y =
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167
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh
2 2
3
log (3 ) log ( 2 ) 3
( )
4 2.4 20
x y x y
x
x y x y
x y x xy y
x R
+ +
+ +
+ + + + =

+ =


Gii:
iu kin:
0 1
0 3 1
x y
x y
< + =

< + =


Phng trnh (1)
2
3 3
log (3 ) log ( ) 3 log (3 ) 2log ( ) 3 (3)
x y x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y
+ + + +
+ + + = + + + =
t log (3 )
x y
t x y
+
= +
Phng trnh (3) tr thnh
2
1
2
3 3 2 0
2
t
t t t
t t
=
+ = + =

=


- Vi 1 t = ta c log (3 ) 1 3 0
x y
x y x y x y x
+
+ = + = + = thay vo (2) ta c
0
4
4 2.4 20 4 18 log 18
y y
y + = = = (tha mn)
- Vi 2 t = ta c ( )
2
log (3 ) 2 3 ( ) 4
x y
x y x y x y
+
+ = + = + thay vo (2) ta c
(2)
2 3
1
2( ) 2( )
2 2 20 2 2 20 (5)
x x y
x y x y x y x y
+
+
+ + + +
+ = + =
+Thay (4) vo (5) ta c
2
( )
2( ) 2( )
2 2 20 2 2 20 (6)
x y
x y x y x y x y
+
+ + + +
+ = + =
t
( )
2
x y
u
+
= phng trnh (6) tr thnh
2
5( )
20 0
4
u loai
u u
u
=
+ =

=


Vi 4 u= ta c2 4 2 3 4
x y
x y x y
+
= + = + =
Ta c h
2 1
3 4 1
x y x
x y y
+ = =


+ = =


Vy h c nghim ( )
4
; (0;log 18);(1;1) x y =
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh:
3
2 1
3 3
2log 2 4
2.log log 2
x
x x
y
y y
+
=

= +

( , ). x ye
Gii:
iu kin: 0 y> .

t
3
log ; 2 ( 0)
x
a y b b = = >
H cho tng ng vi
2
1
2 0 2 4 2 4
2 2 2 10 8 0 4
4
a
b b a a b
ab a b a a a
b
=

= < = =




= + + = =



Vi
4
4
a
b
=

ta c
3
log 4 81
2 2 4
x
y y
x
= =


= =


Vy h c nghim duy nht ( ; ) (2;81). x y =
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168
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh :
2
3 1
2
2 2 2
2.log log 1
log (log 1).log 3
y x
y x
=


Gii:
iu kin
0
0
x
y
>

>


H phng trnh
( )
2
2 3 2
3 2
2
3 2 2
2
2.log log 1
2.log log 1
log
log log 1 log 1
log 3
y x
y x
y
y x x

=
=


= =


t
2
3
log
log
a x
b y
=

khi HPT tr thnh:


2
2. 1
1
b a
b a
=


( )
2 2
1 2. 1 1 2 1 0
0 1 1
a a a a a
b b a b a
= = + =


= = =

2
3
log 1 2
log 0 1
x x
y y
= =


= =

(tha mn)
Vy h c nghim duy nht: ( ) ( ) ; 2;1 x y =
Bi 7: (HCT 2001) Xc nh mi gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh sau c 2 nghim phn bit:
2
3
3 3
2
2
2 5
log ( 1) log ( 1) log 4 (1)
log ( 2 5) log 2 5 (2)
x x
x x
x x m
+
+ >

+ = =


Gii:
Ta c:
( )
3 3 3 3
1 2log ( 1) 2log( 1) 2log 2 log ( 1) log ( 1)
1 2( 1)
1 3
2( 1) 0
x x x x
x x
x
x
+ > + >
+ >
< <

>


t
2
2
log ( 2 5) t x x = + th (2) tr thnh:
2
5 5 0
m
t t t m
t
= =
Ta c:
2
2 2
' 0, x (1,3)
( 2 5)ln2
x
t
x x

= > e
+
2
2
log ( 2 5) ( ) t x x f x = + = ng bin trn (1;3).
Li do: ( ) t f x = ng bin trn (1, 3) nn 1 3 2 3 x t < < < <
Vy h c 2 nghim phn bit
2
2 3
5
t
t t m
< <

c 2 nghim phn bit.


Xem hn s:
2
( ) 5 y f t t t = = trn (2, 3).
Bng bin thin:
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169

Da vo bng bin thin ta c p s
25
; 6
4
m
| |
e
|
\ .

Bi 8: (HTS 2001) Gii h phng trnh:
2
3 2
3 2
2log (6 3 2 ) log ( 6 9) 6
log (5 ) log ( 2) 1
x y
x y
y xy x x x
y x


+ + + =

+ =


Gii:
Gii h phng trnh:
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2
3 2
2log 6 3 2 log 6 9 6 (1)
log 5 log ( 2) 1 (2)
x y
x y
y xy x x x
y x

+ + + =

+ =


iu kin:
0 3 1
0 2 1
2 3
6 3 2 0
2
2
2
6 9 0
1
5 0
2 0
x
y
x
y xy x
x
y
x x
y
y
x
< =

< =
< <

+ >
=


<
+ >


=
>

+ >


Ta c ( ) ( ) | | ( )
2
3 2 3 2
(1) 2log 2 )(3 log 3 6 2 log (2 ) 1 2log 3 6
x y x y
y x x y x

+ = + + =
(v 2 0 3 0 y v x > > )
( ) log (2 ) log 3 2 (*)
3 2
y x
x y
+ =


t log (2 )
3
t y
x
=

th (*) tr thnht:
2
1
2 2 1 0 t t t
t
+ = + = (v t =0 khng l nghim)
Do phng trnh (1) log (2 ) 1 3 2 1
3
y x y y x
x
= = =


Th 1 y x = vo (2) ta c:
log (6 ) log ( 2) 1
3 3
x x
x x
+ =

( )
log (6 ) log ( 2) log (3 ) log (6 ) log ( 2)(3 )
3 3 3 3 3
0
2
6 ( 2)(3 ) 5 0 1
5
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x y
x loai
= + + = +

=
= + = =


Vy h phng trnh c 1 nghim
0
1
x
y
=



Bi tp t gii c hng dn:
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170

Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh sau :
2
2
2
4 .log 4
log 2 4
y
y
x
x

+ =


HD:
t:
2
2
2 0, log
y
u v x

= > =
H phng trnh
4
1
2 4;
4 2
uv
u v x y
u v
=
= = = =

+ =



BI TON 3: S DNG PHNG PHP HM S

I. Phng php

Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t iu kin cho 2 biu thc ca h c ngha
Bc 2: T h ban u chng ta xc nh c 1 phng trnh h qu theo 1 n hoc theo c 2 n, gii phng
trnh ny bng phng php hm s bit.
Bc 3: Gii h mi nhn c.

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
2 3
2 3
log 3 1 log
log 3 1 log
x y
y x

+ = +

+ = +


Gii:
iu kin ; 0 x y> .
Bin i tng ng h v dng:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3
2 3 3 2
log 3 2 1 log log 3 2 1 log
log 3 2 1 log 2 1 log log 3
x y x y
y x x y
+ = + + = +


+ = + + = +


(I)
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3
log 3 2log log 3 2log x x y y + + = + + (1)
Xt hm s: ( ) ( )
2 3
log 3 2log f t t t = + +
Min xc nh ( ) 0; D= + .
o hm ( )
( )
1 2
0,
3 ln2 .ln3
f t t D
t t
= + > e
+
hm s lun ng bin.
Vy phng trnh (1) c vit di dng: ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = =
Khi h (I) tr thmh:
( ) ( )
2 3
log 3 2 1 log (2)
x y
x x
=

+ = +

(II)
Gii (2):
( )
2 2
3 3 3 2
21 log log log 2.log
3 2 3 4.2 3 4.2
x x x
x x x
+
+ = + = + =
( )
3
3 3 3
log 2
log 4 1 log 4 log 4 2
3 4. 3 4. 3. 4 x x x x x x

+ = + = + = (3)
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171
Xt hm s ( )
3 3
1 log 4 log 4
3. g x x x

= +
Min xc nh ( ) 0; D= +
o hm: ( ) ( )
3 3
log 4 1 log 4
3 3
' 1 log 4 . 3log 4. 0 g x x x x D

= < e hm s lun nghch bin
Vy phng trnh (3) nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht
Nhn xt rng nu x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh bi khi :
3 3
1 log 4 1 log 4
1 3.1 4 4 4

+ = = ng
Khi h (II) tr thnh: 1
1
x y
x y
x
=
= =


Vy h cho c nghim duy nht (1;1)
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
3 ln(2 1) (1)
3 ln(2 1) (2)
x x x y
y y y x
+ + + =

+ + + =


Gii:
iu kin:
1 1
;
2 2
x y > >
Ly ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 f x f y =
Vi ( ) ( )
2
4 ln 2 1 f t t t t = + + +
1
( )
2
t > f ng bin x =y
( ) ( )
2
4 ln 2 1 0 g x x x x = + + + = ; g(x) ng bin
x =0 l nghim duy nht. Th li tha mn
Vy h c nghim duy nht x =y =0
Bi 3: Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:
| | | |
4
(2 1) ln( 1) ln =(2 1) ln( 1) ln (1)
1 2 ( 1)( 1) 1 0 (2)
x x x y y y
y y x m x
+ + + +

+ + + =


Gii:
iu kin
0
0
x
y
>

>


t ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 ln 1 ln (2 1) ln
x
f x x x x x
x
+
= + + = + (


Gi
1 2
; x x e [0;+) vi
1 2
x x >
Ta c :
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1 2 1 0
( ) ( ) 1 1
ln ln 0
x x
f x f x x x
x x
+ > + >

> + +
`
> >

)
: f(x) l hm s tng
T phng trnh (1) x =y
(2)
4
1 2 ( 1)( 1) 1 0 x x x m x + + + =
4
1 1
2 0
1 1
x x
m
x x

+ =
+ +

t
4
1
1
x
X
x

=
+
0 X <1
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172
Vy h c nghim khi phng trnh: X
2
2X +m =0 c nghim 0 1 X s <
t ( )
2
2 ( ) 2 2 f X X X f X X = = suy ra h c nghim 1 0 m < s
Tng t:
Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4
2 1 ln ln 1 2 1 ln 1 0 (1)
1 2 1 2 0 (2)
x x x y y y
y y x m x
+ + + = ( (

+ + =


t 1 x t = + , h phng trnh tr thnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4
2 1 ln 1 ln 2 1 ln 1 ln (1)
1 2 1 1 1 0 (2)
t t t y y y
y y t m t
+ + + = + + + ( (

+ + + =


iu kin: 1, 1 y t > >
Xt hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ln 1 ln f x x x t = + + + (

ng bin trn ( ) 0;+ . T(1) ( ) ( ) f t f y t y = =
bn c gii tip 1 0 0 1 m m < s s <
Bi 4: (HDB - 2006) Gii h phng trnh
2 2
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
12 20 0.
x y x y
x xy y
+ + =

+ =


Gii:
Xt PT th nht ( ) ( ) ln 1 ln 1 x x y y + = +
t ( ) ( ) ln 1 ( 1) f t t t t = + >
1
( ) 1
1 1
t
f t
t t

' = =
+ +

- Nu 1 t 0 < < th ( ) 0 f t > , Nu t 0 > th ( ) 0 f t <
PT thnh ( ) ( ) f x f y =
- Xt
2 2
x 12xy 20y 0 x 10y + = = hoc x = 2y
Nu y = 0 th x =0 tha h PT
Nu y 0 > th x =10y hay x =2y u cho 0, 0 x y > >
Nu 1 0 y < < th x =10y hay x =2y u cho 0, 0 x y < <
Vy ( ) 1 0 y y > = th x,y cng du v tnh cht n iu ca hm s trn cc khong ( ) 1;0 ,(0; ) + khi
phng trnh u ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = =
H cho thnh
1, 0
10 2
y y
x y x y
x y
> =

= v =

v nghim
Vy h c nghim duy nht ( 0; 0 x y = = )
Bi 5: (H D 2006) CM vi mi 0 a> h sau c nghim duy nht
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
x y
e e x y
y x a
= + +


Gii:
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173
Bin i
ln(1 ) ln(1 ) 0
x a x
e e x a x
y x a
+
+ + + + =

= +


Xt hm s
( ) ln(1 ) ln(1 ), 1
x a x
f x e e x a x x
+
= + + + + >
( ) ( 1) 0
(1 )(1 )
x a
a
f x e e
x x a
' = + >
+ + +
(v a 0 > vx 1 > )
1
lim ( ) , lim ( )
x
t
f x f x
+

+
= + = , f(x) lin tc trn ( 1; ) + .
T hai kt qu trn, ( ) 0 f x = c nghim x
0
trn ( 1; ) +
Do ( ) 0, 1 f x x ' > > nn ( ) 0 f x = c khng qu 1 nghim
Kt lun ( ) 0 f x = c nghim duy nht x
0
v HPT c nghim duy nht.(
0 0
x x ;y x a = = + )
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh :

( )
( )
2 2
2
2
3 2
2010
2009 1
2010
3log ( 2 6) 2log ( 2) 1 2
y x
x
y
x y x y

+
=

+ + = + + +


Gii:

iu kin:
2 6 0
2 0
x y
x y
+ + >

+ + >


Ly loga c s 2009 ca phng trnh (1) ta c
2 2 2 2
2009 2009
log ( 2010) log ( 2010) x x y y + + = + +
Xt hm s
2009
( ) log ( 2010), 0 f t t t t = + + > hin nhin l mt hm ng bin ng bin
t suy ra
2 2
, x y x y x y = = =
TH 1: Vi x y = th vo (2) v ta c: ( ) ( )
3 2
3log 2 2log 1 6 x x t + = + =
a pt v dng
1 8
1
9 9
t t
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

Phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht 1 t = (bn c t cm)
7 x y = =
TH 2: Vi x y = th vo (2) c phng trnh ( )
3
log 6 1 3 3 y y x + = = =

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:
Bi 1: (HDB 2007) Chng minh rng h
2
2
2007 (1)
1
2007 (2)
1
x
x
y
e
y
x
e
x
=

c ng hai nghim
0
0
x
y
>
>


HD:
T 0; 0 1; 1
x y
x y e e > > > >
Ly (1) (2) (3): ( ) ( ) f x f y = ,
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174
Vi ( ) ( )
2
( 1)
1
t
t
f t e t f t
t
= >

ng bin t >1 x =y
( ) ( )
2
2007 0 0
1
x
x
g x e g x
x
= + = >


kt hp tnh lin tc ca hm s pcm


BI TON 4: S DNG PHNG PHP NH GI

I. Phng php:

II. Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: (HTN 1997) Gii h phng trnh
( )( )
2 2
2 2
log log 1 (1)
1(2)
x y
e e y x xy
x y
= +

+ =


Gii:
iu kin x; y 0 >
Gii (1) ta c nhn xt sau:
- Nu
2 2
log log x y x y > > , khi :
( )
( )
1
1
0
0
VT
VP
>

<

(1) v nghim
- Nu
2 2
log log x y x y < < , khi :
( )
( )
1
1
0
0
VT
VP
<

>

(1) v nghim
- Vy x y = l nghim ca (1)
Khi h c dng:
2 2 2
1
1
1 2 1 2
2
x y
x y x y
x y
x
x y x
=
= =

= =

=
+ = =


Vy h c 1 cp nghim
1 1
;
2 2
| |
|
\ .
.
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2
log 1
log 1 1
x y
x y x y
xy x y
+ +
+ = +

+ = +


Gii:
iu kin:
0
0
1 0
1 0
0 2 1
x y
x y
xy
xy
x y
+ >
+ >
+ >

+ >

< + + =


T phng trnh th nht ca h vi vic s dng n ph t x y 0 = + > , ta c:
2
log 1 t t =
t
2
log 2
u
u t t = = khi phng trnh c dng:
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175
2
2
log 0 0 1
2 1
1 log 1 2
Bernoulli u
t u x y
u
u t x y
= = + =
= +

= = + =


+Vi x + y = 1 h c dng:
( )
3
1
1 1 0; 1
log 1 0 1 1 0 1; 0
x y
x y x y x y
xy xy xy x y
+ = + = + = = =


+ = + = = = =


+Vi x + y = 2 h c dng:
( )
4
2
2 2
log 1 1 1 4 3
x y
x y x y
xy xy xy
+ = + = + =


+ = + = =


Khi x; y l nghim ca phng trnh:
2
2 3 0 t t + = v nghim
Vy h c 2 cp nghim (0;1) v (1;0)
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh:
( )( ) ( )
2 2
3 3
2 2
2 2
log log . *
4
y x y x x xy y
x y

= +

+ =


Gii:
iu kin: x >0 ; y >0 .
Ta c :
2
2 2 2
3
0
2 4
y
x xy y x y
| |
+ = + >
|
\ .
y x, >0
Xt x >y
3 3
2 2
VT(*) 0
log log
VP(*) 0
x y
>
<

<

(*) v nghim nn h v nghim.


Xt x <y
3 3
2 2
VT(*) 0
log log
VP(*) 0
x y
<
>

>

(*) v nghim nn h v nghim.


Khi x =y h cho ta
2 2
0 0
2 2 4 x y
=

= =

x =y = 2 (do x, y >0).
Vy h c nghim duy nht ( )
( )
; 2; 2 x y =

Bi tp t gii c hng dn:
Bi 1: (HDB - 2002) Tm k h BPT sau c nghim
( )
3
3
2
2 2
1 3 0
1 1
log log 1 1
2 3
x x k
x x

<

+ s


HD:
Xt BPT ta c
( )
3
2
2 2
1 1
log log 1 1
2 3
x x + s

- Gii xong c 1 2 x s s
- Xt BPT
3
1 3 0 x x k <
3
( ) 1 3 k f x x x > =
- Xt 1 1 x s s , ( )
3
( ) 1 3 k f x x x > =
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2
2 3
2 2
2 3
log (1 3 1 tan 2 log (1 tan )
log (1 3 1 tan 2 log (1 tan )
x y
y x

+ = +

= +


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176
HD:
Nu mt trong ba s x, y, z bng 1
Gi s x = 1 th 1 ln y y y =
Xt ( ) 1 ln f y y y y =
( ) ( ) ln ; 0 1 f y y f y y = = = v ( ) 1 0 f =
Nu 0 1 y < < th ( ) 0 f y > suy ra ( ) 0 f y >
Nu 1 y> th ( ) 0 f y < suy ra ( ) 0 f y <
Vy y = 1 l nghim duy nht


Bi tp tng hp t gii:

Bi 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.

= +
= +
= +
z x z z
y z y y
x y x x
) 6 ( log . 6 2
) 6 ( log . 6 2
) 6 ( log . 6 2
3
2
3
2
3
2
b.
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
x
z
x x x y
y y y y z
z z z x
+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =


c.
2 3
2 3
log 1 3sin log (3cos )
log 1 3cos log (3sin )
x y
y x

+ =

+ =

d.
( )
3 2 3
3
3 3 2
2 1
log log 3
1 2
y x
x x y y
x y
x
y x
=

| | | |
+ =
| |

\ .
\ .

e.
2
2log
log log
4 3
y
x y
x
xy x
y y
=

= +

f.
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
lg 1 3lg2
lg lg lg3
x y
x y x y

+ = +

+ =



Bi 2: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
( ) ( )
3 3
4 32
log 1 log
x y
y x
x y x y
+

+ = +

b.
3 3
log log
3 3
2 27
log log 1
y x
x y
y x
+ =


c.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
log 3 5 log 3 5 4
log 3 5 .log 3 5 4
x y
x y
x y y x
x y y x
+ + + =

+ + =

d.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 4 4 2
4 2 2 4
log log log log
log log log log
x y
x x
=


e.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 4
2
4 4 4
log log 2 1 log 3
log 1 log 4 2 2 4 log 1
x y x x y
x
xy y y x
y

+ + = +

+ + + =

f.
( )
( )
3
3
log 2 log
2 2
4 2
3 3 12
xy
xy
x y x y

= +

+ + + =


s: a. (2;1) b.
1
3
9
9 1
3
x
x
y
x

=
v

=

e. (HM 1999)
x
y

vi 0 > ty hoc
2
1
x
y
=


f. (1;3), (3;1)
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177
Bi 3: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
2.log 2 2 log 2 1 6
log 5 log 4 1
x y
x y
xy x y x x
y x
+
+

+ + + + =

+ + =

b.
( )
( )

= +
+ =
0 lg . lg lg
lg lg lg
2
2 2 2
y x y x
xy y x

c.
( )
2 2 2
7
log log 2 log 3
log 1
x y
x y
+ = +

+ =

d.

=
= +
1 log log
4
4 4
log log
8 8
y x
y x
x y

e.
( )
( ) ( )

= + +
= + +
+ +
3
8
1 log 2 log
14 2
2 1
x y
y xy x
y x
f.

=
=
9 log log . 5
8 log log . 5
4
3
2
2
4 2
y x
y x

s:
d.(TCKT 2001)
1
8
2
1 2
8
x
x
y
x

=
v

=


Bi 4: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
( )
( )

= +
= +
2 2 3 log
2 2 3 log
x y
y x
y
x
b.
( )

= +

= +
1 log
4 3
3 . 1 1
3
y x
x
x
x
y

c.

= +
=
0 2
0 log log
2
1
2
3
3
2
3
y y x
y x
d.
( )

=
= +
8
5 log log 2
xy
y x
x y

e.
( )( )

= +
+ =
16
2 log log
3 3
2 2
y x
xy x y y x
f.
( ) ( )

=
=
3 lg 4 lg
lg lg
3 4
4 3
y x
y x

s:
a. ( ) ( ) ; 5;5 x y = d. ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 4;2 , 2;4 x y =
Bi 5: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
( )

= +
= +
y y y
y x
x
81 3 . 12 2
3 log
2
3
b.

=
=
2 log
4 log
2
1
2
y
x
xy

c.
4 2
2 2
log log 0
5 4 0
x y
x y
=

+ =

d.
3 3 3
log log 1 log 2
5
x y
x y
+ = +

+ =


e.
2 2
lg lg 1
29
x y
x y
+ =

+ =

f.
( )
5
log
2
log 3
4
.
log 1
y
y
x
y x
yx x
y


Bi 6: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.

=
+ =
2
log . 2
log log
4 3
x xy
y y
y x
x
y
b.

= +
=
2 lg lg
1
2 2
y x
xy

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178
c.
4 4 4
log log 1 log 9
20 0
x y
x y
+ = +

+ =

d.
log log 2
3 2 3
x y
y x
x y
+ =

+ + =


s: d. 2 x y = =
Bi 7: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.
log log
2 2 3
y x
x y
xy y

+ =

b.
( 1) ln
( 1) ln
( 1) ln
x y y y
y z z z
z x x x
=


c.
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 3
2 2
2 3
log 1 3 1 log 1 2
log 1 3 1 log 1 2
x y
y x

+ = +

+ = +

d.
2
4
2 2 1
1 6log (1)
2 2 (2)
x x
x y
y y
+
= +

= +


s:
a.
2
3
log
2
x y = =
b. Nu x = 1 theo trn y, z = 1 h cho
ln
1
ln
( 1)
ln
( 1)
y y
x
y
z z
y
z
x x
z
x

h v nghim
d. ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 1;1 4;32 x y = v
Bi 8: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a.

= +
+ = +
3
2
) ( log
2 log 2 log log
27
3 3 3
y x
y x
b.

= +
= +
16
3 log 2 log
4 4
2 2
y x
y x

c.

=
=
x y
y x
2
2
2
3
2 2
log 8 log
2 log log log 5
d.

=
= + +
3
3 ) ( log ) ( log
2 2
xy
y x y x

e.

+ = +
+ = +
3
2
log log 12 log
2
3
log log 3 log
3 3 3
2 2 2
y
y x x
x
y y x
f.

=
=
6
7
log log
2 ) ( log
4
y x
y x
x
x

g.

= +
= +
5 , 0 ) 2 1 3 ( log
7 , 1 lg ) 1 ( log
2
3
x x
x
x
h.

=
= +
1 lg 3
3 lg 2
2
x y
x y

i.

= +
=
+
3 ) 23 ( log
2 log
1
y
y
x
x
k.

=
= +
2 lg lg lg
1 ) ( lg
2
x y
y x
l.

= +
=
2 2 2 2
2
) (lg
2
5
lg lg a y x
a xy

s:
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179
a. ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 3;6 , 6;3 x y = b.
( )
4
2 2; 8 c.
3
3
32
2 2;
2
| |
|
\ .

d. ( )
3 3 7
3;1 ;
7 3
| |
v
|
|
\ .
e. ( ) 1;2 f. ( ) 5;2 g.
3 5 9 29
;
2 2
| |
+
|
|
\ .

h.
( )
10;4 i. ( ) 2;4 k. ( )
10 20
10;20 ;
3 3
| |
v
|
\ .
l.
3 3
1 1
; ; a a
a a
| | | |
v
| |
\ . \ .

Bi 9: Gii cc h bt phng trnh sau

a.
2 2
2 2
3
2
log log 0
3 5 9 0
3
x x
x
x x
<

+ + >

b.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1 log2 log 2 1 1 log 7.2 12
log 2 2
x x
x
x
x
+

+ + < + +

+ >


c.
( )
( )
1
1 lg2 lg(2 1) lg(7.2 12)
log 2 2
x x
x
x
x
+
+ + < +

+ >

d.
2 2
1 1
1 1
log (1 2 ) log (1 2 ) 4
log (1 2 ) log (1 2 ) 2
x y
x y
y y x x
y x
+
+
+ + + + =

+ + + =


e.
2 2
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
12 20 0
x y x y
x xy y
+ + =

+ =


s: d.
2 2
;
5 5
| |

|
\ .
e. (0;0)

H PHNG TRNH LOGA C CHA THAM S
Bi 1: Cho h

= +
=
0
0 log log
2
1
2
3
3
2
3
ay y x
y x
(a l tham s)
a. Gii h khi 2 a=
b. Tm a h c nghim
s: 0 a>
Bi 2: Cho h

= + +
= + + +
4 ) ( log ). ( log
4 ) ( log ) ( log
bx ay by ax
bx ay by ax
y x
y x

a. Gii h khi 3, 5 a b = =
b. Gii v bin lun khi 0, 0 a b > >
Bi 3: Cho h

= + +
= + + +
4 ) sin cos ( log ). sin cos ( log
4 ) sin cos ( log ) sin cos ( log


x y y x
x y y x
y x
y x

a. Gii h khi
4

=
b. Cho 0;
2

| |
e
|
\ .
bin lun h
Gio vin: Nguyn Thnh Long Email: Loinguyen1310@gmail.com
D: 01694 013 498

180
Bi 3: Xc nh a h c nghim

= + +
=
1 ) ( log ) ( log
2 2
2 2
y x y x
a y x
( ) 0 1 a < =

Bi 4: Gii v bin lun h ( )
log (3 ) 2
log (3 ) 2
x
y
x ky
k R
y kx
+ =

+ =


LI KT:

Ti hi vng rng ti liu ny s c ch cho tt c cac bn hc sinh, cng nh cc bn ng nghip,
ti liu di v c tham kho thm mt s ti liu nn khng th trnh c nhng sai st, rt mong cc
bn lng th
Gp theo a ch Email: Loinguyen1310@gmail.com hoc a ch: Nguyn Thnh Long
S nh 15 Khu ph 6 Phng ngc tro Th x bm sn Thnh ph thanh ha


V mt ngy mai ti sng, cc em hy c ln, chc cc em hc tt v t kt qu cao cho thn i

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