Iron Ore Beneficiation Some Abstracts (256 Nos.

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Source: Scopus dated 30 January 2013
Abhilash, Pandey, B.D. Microbial processing of apatite rich low grade Indian uranium ore in bioreactor (2013) Bioresource Technology, 128, pp. 619-623. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084870571926&partnerID=40&md5=14d825947ab0cb5c489bf539ec0bf248 AFFILIATIONS: CSIR, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India ABSTRACT: Bioreactor leaching using enriched culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptosprillium ferrooxidans was investigated for the apatite rich Indian (Narwapahar) uranium ore. Bioreactor leaching of Narwapahar ore of <45m size at pH 2.0 and 10% (w/v) PD using 10% (v/v) inoculum of the bacterium at 35C (A. ferrooxidans) and 40C (L. ferrooxidans), solubilised 57% and 63% uranium in 5days, respectively; the ESCE values being 561 and 588mV. Leaching kinetics improved so much so that ~83% uranium was recovered in just 10h with 10% inoculum of A. ferrooxidans containing biogenic Fe3+; at 20% PD uranium recovery rose to 87%. Role of temperature (25-40C) was noticed with 90.3% uranium bioleaching in 10h at 40C with L. ferrooxidans as against 77% leaching with A. ferrooxidans at pH 2.0, 40C and 20% (w/v) PD. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Apatite; Bioreactor; Low-grade; Mine microbes; Uranium ores DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Chen, L., Wen, S., Xu, G., Xie, H. A novel process for titanium sand by magnetic separation and gravity concentration (2013) Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 34 (3), pp. 139150. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084869743588&partnerID=40&md5=173c003fe977c401df269afc3057165e AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China ABSTRACT: With the continuous depletion of high-grade titanium ores and the increasing demand for titanium dioxide, the low-grade titanium sand has become an important source for the production of ilmenite concentrate; however, the large-scale utilization of the sand is disappointedly scarce, due to its leanness in valuable minerals and insufficient methods available to handle such low-grade sands. A typically low-grade titanium sand was first ground and then processed by low-intensity magnetic separation (LMS) and high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) to recover titanomagnetite and ilmenite, respectively; as the TiO2 grade of the sand is low, the primary treatment of the sand by magnetic separations is effective, with 78.45% by mass weight of the sand discarded as tailings. The primary titanomagnetite concentrate was further ground and liberated to obtain a high-grade titanomagnetite concentrate through LMS reconcentration; the primary ilmenite concentrate was separated with spirals to remove the sterile limonite and magnetic gangues, and its concentrate was ground and liberated to achieve a high-grade ilmenite concentrate through HGMS refining. This novel process achieved an effective processing of the sand and obtained a high-grade ilmenite concentrate assaying 46.30% TiO2 with a high recovery of 57.88%, and a by-product of

titanomagnetite concentrate assaying as high as 54.17% Fe. 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: magnetic; sands; spirals; titanium DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Rozhan, A.N.a b , Cahyono, R.B.a c , Yasuda, N.a , Nomura, T.a , Hosokai, S.d , Purwanto, H.b , Akiyama, T.a Carbon deposition from biotar by fast pyrolysis using the chemical vapor infiltration process within porous low-grade iron ore for iron-making (2012) Energy and Fuels, 26 (12), pp. 7340-7346. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084871606004&partnerID=40&md5=cbf5960d816057cb2d7e7276fe1f5684 AFFILIATIONS: Center for Advanced Research of Energy Conversion Materials, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan; Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, JI. Grafika 2, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Energy Technology Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058569, Japan ABSTRACT: This paper presents a technology for iron-making using biomass and a low grade iron ore by implementing chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) for the tar carbonization process. In this process, tar vapor from pyrolysis of biomass was infiltrated within a porous ore and carbon deposition occurred on the pore surface. For preparation, ore sample was heated in an electric furnace to decompose combined water in the sample, creating nanosized pores. In the experiments, the traditional slow pyrolysis was compared with fast pyrolysis to determine which condition is better for maximizing carbon deposition. Tar vapor from the pyrolysis process was introduced into the porous ore and trapped inside it, where tar decomposed and carbonized within the pores. The product of this process which is a carbon-magnetite composite with close arrangement of iron ore and carbon is useful for reduction of iron by carbon and is able to lower the temperature needed for reduction of iron to occur, as compared to that in steelworks. The purpose of this research is to compare the effects of slow pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis processes on the amount of carbon deposited within iron ore by the tar carbonization process and to observe the reduction reactivity of the carbon-deposited iron ore. 2012 American Chemical Society. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Zhang, L.a , Zhai, M.a b , Wan, Y.c , Quo, J.b , Dai, Y.a , Wang, C.a , Liu, L.a Study of the Precambrian BIF-iron deposits in the North China Craton: Progresses and questions (2012) Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28 (11), pp. 3431-3445. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084870687680&partnerID=40&md5=6624f5bce76e0fb96a5b92c21dcb7e2a AFFILIATIONS: Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China

ABSTRACT: It is shown that regular patterns can be established for the distribution of BIF-iron deposits in the North China Craton (NCC). Large scale BIF-iron deposits mainly exist in some greenstone-belts areas such as Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Huoqiu-Wuyang, Wutai, western Shandong and Guyang etc; formation ages of BIF in the NCC cover a wide range from Paleoarchean to Early Paleoproterozoic, among which Late Neoarchean is the peak period (2. 52 2. 56Ga); BIF can be divided into two types, Algoma and Superior Lake. Most BIFs occurring in Neoarchean greenstone belts in the NCC belong to the former while only the Paleoproterozoic Yuanjiacun iron deposit in the Lvliang area has typical characteristics similar to Superior-type BIF. Five specific types for BIFs in the NCC can be divided on the basis of their occurrences in greenstone belts successions and their relations with rock assembly: 1) amphibolites (or hornblende plagioclase gneiss) and magnetite quartzite association; 2) amphibolites, biotite leptynite, mica quartz schist, and magnetite quartzite association; 3) biotite leptynite (or biotite quartz schist) and magnetite quartzite association; 4) biotite leptynite, sericite chlorite schist, biotite quartz schist and magnetite quartzite association; and 5) amphibolites (gneiss), marble and magnetite quartzite association. The formation era of BIFs in the NCC is in accordance with magmatic activity in Early Precambrian, but there is some deviation from the peak period of crustal growth of the NCC, due to Neoarchean intense tectonothermal events in the NCC. Most Neoarchean BIFs in the NCC formed in island arc setting while BIFs in other areas (like Guyang) might form in deep mantle plume superimposed on island arc setting. There are mainly three types for BIF-hosted high-grade iron ore, primary-deposit type, later structurehydrothermal superimposed type and ancient weathering crust type, but overall, only a small quantity of high-grade iron ore exist in the NCC and the third type, widespread in foreign countries, is rare in China. This article argues that comprehensive discriminant should take the greenstone belt development sequences into consideration when discussing the types of BIF iron deposits. Algoma-type BIFs often originate in the craton basement setting (greenstone belts) while Superior-type BIFs often form in marine sedimentary basins in the stable craton or in the passive continental margin. Large amount of geochemistry research results of BIFs in the NCC indicate that BIF iron ores lack Ce negative anomaly and their iron isotope characteristics are positive, which suggest that iron deposits formed in lowoxygen or anoxia environments, and the Eu positive anomaly may indicate that BIFs are hot water deposits. The possible mechanism may be that some elements such as Fe and Si are leached out from newly-formed mafic-ultramafic oceanic crust because of the convective circulation of seawater, and then they precipitate in the ocean floor due to changes of physicochemical conditions. The fluctuating eruption of ore-forming fluids may lead to the formation of banded structure of BIFs. However there are some problems needed to be further studied in detail such as material source, minerogenetic condition and mechanism of BIF iron deposits, causes of high-grade ore, reasons for lack of Superior-type BIF iron deposits in the NCC. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron deposit; Crustal growth; Greenstone belts; North China Craton; Ore-forming processes; Precambrian DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Li, H.a , Liu, M.b , Li, L.a , Yang, X.b , Chen, J.a , Yao, L.c , Hong, X.c , Yao, T.a Geology and geochemistry of the marble in the Gongchangling iron deposit in Liaoning Province and their metallogenic significance (2012) Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28 (11), pp. 3497-3512. Cited 1 time.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084870584129&partnerID=40&md5=6b5be5e6e4f6b79898e37fa807638513 AFFILIATIONS: MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Geological Exploration, Liaoning Bureau of Metallurgic Geological Exploration, Anshan 114002, China ABSTRACT: In the northwestern part of No. 2 mine of Gongchangling iron deposit, Liaoning Province, the magnetite-bearing dolomitic marbles which are conformitied with banded iron formation are sedimentary carbonate rocks in origin. In this paper, major element, trace element, rare earth element (REE) compositions and carbon, oxygen isotopic data of the marbles and altered rocks are presented. The marbles contain 30. 15% 34. 32% CaO, 9. 86% 11. 95% MgO, 6. 76% 15. 82% total FeO. Compared with Phanerozoic limestones, they are relatively depleted in large iron lithophile elements (LILE) and high strength field elements (HFSE), but enriched in Pb and Mn. In contrast, compared with post Archean Australia sediments (PAAS), they display lower total REE contents, more remarkable positive Eu anomalies but no significant negative Ce anomalies. The CV-PDB values (-7.0%c - 6. 0%c) and Y/Ho ratios are either different from seawater or terrigenous clastics. These features indicate that they were formed in an anoxic marine environment, and could be genetically related to submarine exhalative hydrothermal events. The sedimentation of the marbles suggests that the pH value of seawater is neutrality to weak alkaline, which is favorable for the precipitation of iron colloid. The marbles are easily deformed. Actinolitites were thus formed in response for the replacement of SiO2 that is translated when high-grade iron ores were formed from low-grade iron ores. In addition, they provide a basis of Mg for forming garnetite, chloritite and mafic amphibolite. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Carbon isotopes; Gongchangling; High-grade ores; Liaoning; Major elements; Marble; Trace elements and REEs DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Li, W.a , Jin, X.a , Cui, M.a b , Wang, C.a Characterisics of rare earth elements, trace elements and geological significations of BIF from Sijiaying in eastern Hebei (2012) Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28 (11), pp. 3670-3678. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084870589766&partnerID=40&md5=13b214f0a688296c62bd52a93879c42b AFFILIATIONS: Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Development Research Center of China Geology Survey, Beijing 100037, China ABSTRACT: Banded iron formation (BIF), consisting of alternating layers of iron bands and silicon bands, are the most important iron resource in the world. This paper briefly presents two methods of magnetite sample preparation, and focuses on the trace elements and REEs for individual Ferich band and Si-rich band. The conventional dissolving method (HF + HNO3) obtains the same effect with the HBr + HF method for the magnetite samples. For the studied samples, crustal contamination can be ruled out on the basis of the generally low concentrations of Th, Zr, Sc. Both the Fe-rich bands and the Si-rich bands display depleted light REE relative to heavy REE, combined with positive La, Y anomalies, suggesting characteristics of sea water. Meanwhile, hydrothermal fluids are identified as major sources because of the positive Eu anomalies. The absence of negative Ce anomalies indicates

relatively anoxic condition in the local water. The Fe-rich bands show total concentration of REE higher than the Si-rich bands, which may be related to the characteristics of silicon and iron sediment, the iron sediment is more likely to absorb REE. The high-grade ore has mixed source of hydrothermal and seawater, which has the same origin with the normal ore. Part of high-grade ore are strongly disturbed by the later hydrothermal fluid, even show the characteristics of hydrothermal fluids. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formation; Fe-rich bands; High-grade ore; Sirich bands; Sijiaying area DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Angerer, T.a , Hagemann, S.G.a , Danyushevsky, L.b High-grade iron ore at Windarling, Yilgarn Craton: a product of syn-orogenic deformation, hypogene hydrothermal alteration and supergene modification in an Archean BIF-basalt lithostratigraphy (2012) Mineralium Deposita, pp. 1-32. Article in Press. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084870226363&partnerID=40&md5=91167a9fd803eb4282fc4d3f80489ebc AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Ore Deposits, The University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay Campus, Geography-Geology Building, 333, Hobart, 7001, Australia ABSTRACT: Banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted iron ore deposits in the Windarling Range are located in the lower greenstone succession of the MardaDiemals greenstone belt, Southern Cross domain, Yilgarn Craton and constitute a total hematite-martite-goethite ore resource of minimum 52 Mt at 60 wt.% Fe (0.07 P). Banded iron formation is interlayered with high-Mg basalts at Windarling and precipitated during episodes of volcanic quiescence. Trace element content and the rare earth element (REE) ratios Y/Ho (42 to 45), Sm/Yb (1.5), together with positive La and Gd anomalies in 'least-altered' hematite-magnetite-metachert-BIF indicate the precipitation from Archean seawater that was fertilised by hydrothermal vent fluids with a basaltic HREE-Y signature. Hypogene iron ore in sub-greenschist facies metamorphosed BIF formed during three distinct stages: ore stage 1 was a syn- to postmetamorphic, syn-D 1, Fe-Ca-Mg-Ni-Co-P-REE metasomatism that produced local Ni-REE-rich Fe-dolomite-magnetite alteration in BIF. Hydrothermal alteration was induced by hot fluid flow controlled by brittle-ductile reactivation of BIF-basalt margins and crosscutting D 1 faults. The Ni-Co-rich content of dolomite and a shift in REE ratios in carbonate-altered BIF towards Archean mafic rock signature (Y/Ho to 31 to 40, Sm/Yb to 1 to 2 and Gd/Gd* to 1.2 to 1.4) suggest that high-Mg basalts in the Windarling Range were the primary source of introduced metals. During ore stage 2, a syn-deformational and likely acidic and oxidised fluid flow along BIF-basalt margins and within D 1 faults leached carbonate and precipitated lepidoblastic and anhedral/granoblastic hematite. High-grade magnetite-hematite ore is formed during this stage. Ore stage 3 hydrothermal specular hematite (spcH)-Fedolomite-quartz alteration was controlled by a late-orogenic, brittle, compressional/transpressional stage (D 4; the regional-scale shear-zonerelated D 3 is not preserved in Windarling). This minor event remobilised iron oxides, carbonate and quartz to form veins and breccia but did not generate significant volumes of iron ore. Ore stage 4 involved Mesozoic(?) to recent supergene oxidation and hydration in a weathering environment reaching down to depths of 100 to maximum 200 m below surface. Supergene ore formation involved goethite replacement of dolomite and quartz as well as martitisation. Important 'ground preparation' for supergene modification and upgrade were mainly the formation of steep D 1 to D 4 structures, steep

BIF/basalt margins and particularly the syn-D 1 to syn-D 2 carbonate alteration of BIF that is most susceptible to supergene dissolution. The Windarling deposits are structurally controlled, supergene-modified hydrothermal iron ore systems that share comparable physical, chemical and ore-forming characteristics to other iron ore deposits in the Yilgarn Craton (e.g. Koolyanobbing, Beebyn in the Weld Range, Mt. Gibson). However, the remarkable variety in pre-, syn- and post-deformational ore textures (relative to D 1 and D 2) has not been described elsewhere in the Yilgarn and are similar to the ore deposits in high-strain zones, such as of Brazil (Quadriltero Ferrfero or Iron Quadrangle) and Nigeria. The overall similarity of alteration stages, i.e. the sequence of hydrothermal carbonate introduction and hypogene leaching, with other greenstone belt-hosted iron ore deposits supports the interpretation that syn-orogenic BIF alteration and upgrade was crucial in the formation of hypogene-supergene iron ore deposits in the Yilgarn Craton and possibly in other Archean/Paleoproterozoic greenstone belt settings worldwide. 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formation; Geochemistry; Granite greenstone terrane; Mineral chemistry; Southern Cross domain DOCUMENT TYPE: Article in Press SOURCE: Scopus Lascelles, D.F. Banded iron formation to high-grade iron ore: A critical review of supergene enrichment models (2012) Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 59 (8), pp. 1105-1125. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084871283805&partnerID=40&md5=112dbe7b103090ff23e49388110ea37c AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: All the major worldwide direct-shipping iron ore deposits associated with banded iron formations (BIF) are characteristically deeply weathered. They extend to considerable depths below the water table and show well-preserved primary structures and textures, but characteristically most deposits contain no evidence of chert bands being present prior to weathering. Recent studies have found evidence of hydrothermal and/ or metamorphic influences in the development of certain ore deposits and new genesis models such as the supergene-modified hypogene model have been postulated for major high-grade iron ore deposits. Nevertheless, there are many high-grade deposits that show no evidence of hypogene alteration and for which a hypogene or metamorphic genesis is unreasonable that are automatically ascribed to supergene enrichment, commonly erroneously attributed to lateritic weathering in tropical environments. Laterite (sensu lato) is a soil formation in which primary textures are destroyed and is underlain by a pallid zone showing the preservation of chert and the depletion, not enrichment, of iron oxides and thus is totally incompatible with the formation of the high-grade ore deposits. Various theories and models that purported to explain the conditions under which such a uniquely BIF-related dissolution of quartz and residual accumulation of hematite could occur by supergene processes typically conflict with current understanding of groundwater hydrology, chemistry, weathering processes and soil formation.Supergene enrichment of ore is universal in the leaching of gangue minerals such as iron silicates, carbonates and apatite and supergene enrichment of BIF to low-grade ore is common in near surface environments above the water table such as ferrugenised BIF outcrops, detrital ore deposits, and some shallow ore deposits that have been subjected to prolonged exposure to fresh meteoric water. In all cases of supergene enrichment traces of the chert bands are visible and the dissolution or replacement processes

for the removal of quartz are clear, in direct contrast to the most important deep saprolite ore deposits that show no trace of chert bands.The widespread acceptance of an inappropriate and untenable supergene enrichment model inhibits search for the true origin of the ore and our ability to predict and find concealed high-grade ore deposits. 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: BIF; iron ore; supergene enrichment DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Chiume, R., Minnaar, S.H., Ngoma, I.E., Bryan, C.G., Harrison, S.T.L. Microbial colonisation in heaps for mineral bioleaching and the influence of irrigation rate (2012) Minerals Engineering, 39, pp. 156-164. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084867053338&partnerID=40&md5=4553f204d8cc6292e12eb4fada683ef0 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa ABSTRACT: Microbial colonisation is important for mineral dissolution in heap bioleaching of low grade ore. Colonisation studies to date have focused on the microbial attachment of single species to mineral concentrates in batch and flow systems. Hydrology and soil engineering studies suggest interaction between microbial colonisation and fluid flow in porous systems that result from solution-ore and microbe-mineral contacting (Wan et al.; 1994; Yarwood et al.; 2006). The effect of the irrigation rate on microbial colonisation was assessed using columns packed with acid agglomerated low grade coppercontaining ore. Continuous flow, unsaturated, aerated bed reactors were inoculated by pulse irrigation with iron and sulphur oxidising mesophilic microorganisms (10 12 cells/ton ore), followed by operation at irrigation rates of 2, 6 and 18 l/m 2/h. A novel in-bed sampling technique allowed the extraction of ore samples from the bed during the leaching process. Novel insights regarding microbial growth, interstitial and weakly and strongly attached microbial populations were obtained. Bacterial adherence and cell number retained in the ore bed increased over the 32 day leaching period. Average specific growth rates of ore-associated micro-organisms of 0.161 0.0045, 0.155 0.026 and 0.120 ( 0.00) 1/h were obtained at 2, 6 and 18 L/m 2/h respectively. Faster colonisation occurred at lower irrigation rates. At higher irrigation rates, higher detachment and cell removal were apparent, based on PLS cell numbers. The interstitial cells from the stagnant fluid in the ore bed formed the dominant contribution to the microbial population within all the heap systems. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acidophilic chemolithotrophic micro-organisms; Colonisation; Heap bioleaching; Mineral bioleaching; Shear forces; Sulphide ores DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Li, J., Wang, J., Li, B., Wang, L. The study on microwave magnetic roasting plus magnetic seperation and acid pickling to enrich Nb of low-grade niobium minerals (2012) Applied Mechanics and Materials, 182-183, pp. 17-22. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084869794979&partnerID=40&md5=fb2636f3cc7d845152a76ba9acd79c6e AFFILIATIONS: Inner Mongolia Key Laborotory for Utilization of Bayan Obo Multi-Metallic Resources, Elected State Key Laboratory, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China

ABSTRACT: In present article, the low intensity magnetic separation process was studied for the low-grade niobium minerals by microwave magnetic roasting. The influence of magnetic density, particle size of grinding and dispersant addition on the magnetic separation effect of sinter ore with the best magnetisability was investigated emphatically. The results show that the iron recovery was decreased and the iron grade increased gradually with decreasing the magnetic density and particle size of grinding. The magnetic separation result of sinter ore was optimal under the magnetic density of 80KA / m and the grinding grain-size of 33 m. Fine grinding can effectively make Fe separated from Nb, especially when the dispersant(industrial alcohol) was used in the process of magnetic separation, resulting in the improvement of the grade of iron from 57.2% to 60.5% and enrichment of Nb in the tailing ore(the grade of Nb was 5.01%). After the acid pickling of tailing ore containing Nb, the grade of Nb in the extract was improved to 12.36%, which was enriched four times more than that of low-grade niobium ore before microwave magnetic roasting. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid pickling; Low intensity magnetic separation; Magnetic roasting; Microwave; Niobium DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Liu, S.a , Wang, W.a , Yang, J.b , You, J.b Beneficiation of a low grade titanomagnetite ore in mining engineering (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 577, pp. 187-190. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084869808260&partnerID=40&md5=9c321fa2f7e2e767029a2093036a1000 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Taihe Iron Mine, Chongqing Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd, Xichang 615000, China ABSTRACT: Beneficiation of a low-grade titanomagnetite ore containing 18.52%Fe and 6.65%TiO2 was conducted by dry and wet low intensity magnetic separators. Effects of different variables, such as magnetic intensity, grinding fineness and stages of separation, were investigated in details. The ore was firstly preconcentrated by a dry low-intensity magnetic separator (DLMS) at a magnetic intensity of 2500Oe, and then ground to -0.074mm 53%, followed by a wet low-intensity magnetic separator (WLMS) to recover iron minerals. An iron concentrate assaying 49.22% Fe can be obtained at a recovery of 46.23%. The concentrate was further ground to -0.074mm 70%, followed by two stages of WLMS, and a marketable iron concentrate assaying 56.24% Fe and 9.44% TiO2 can be obtained at the recovery of 42.89% and 20.69%, separately. Tailings assaying 6.48% TiO2 with a recovery of 79.31% is subject to be further recovered. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Low-grade titanomagnetite ore; Magnetic separation; Stage grinding; Stage separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Liu, S.a , Tong, X.a , Yang, J.b , You, J.b Magnetic separation to recover iron minerals from flotation tailings (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 577, pp. 183-186. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084869855418&partnerID=40&md5=6f495906c2435d59c94bc05913a71963 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China;

Taihe Iron Mine, Chongqing Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd, Xichang 615000, China ABSTRACT: Large amount of surrounding rocks in Jianshui China has been discarded for many years, and the "rock" is characterized by Cu-Fe polymetallic constituents and of low grade. A joint process of flotation and magnetic separation was proposed to process the ore. This paper introduces the test results of flotation tailings by a wet drum separator. Results show that iron concentrate assaying 60.21-68.12% Fe at a recovery of 71.9-75.32% can be obtained, when the flotation tailings assays 33.91%Fe. At the same time, a joint process has put forward to make full utilize the "rock". (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Flotation tailings; Magnetic analysis; Separation; Wet drum separator DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Donskoi, E.a , Collings, A.F.b , Poliakov, A.a , Bruckard, W.J.c Utilisation of ultrasonic treatment for upgrading of hematitic/goethitic iron ore fines (2012) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 114-117, pp. 80-92. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084869885540&partnerID=40&md5=51327641cda667e80fc7badfad3211dd AFFILIATIONS: CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, PO Box 883, Kenmore, QLD 4069, Australia; CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Australia; CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Box 312, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic waves in pulps containing iron ore fines can start, or significantly intensify, particle cleaning, de-agglomeration or disintegration. Some softer minerals, often gangue minerals with lower iron contents such as kaolinite or ochreous goethite, disintegrate several orders of magnitude faster than the valuable iron-bearing minerals such as magnetite or hematite. This facilitates selective disintegration of the gangue minerals leaving the valuable minerals mostly unchanged. A set of experiments involving ultrasonic treatment of four Australian iron ore fine samples was undertaken using three different ultrasonic experimental setups. The effect of ultrasound duration, power and pulp density on the recoveries and grades of iron, alumina and silica was studied. The results showed that for hematitic/goethitic ores, the application of ultrasound enabled soft material of relatively low iron grade to de-agglomerate from the larger size fractions and report to the ultrafine size fractions. Modelled de-sliming of the ultrasonically treated ores showed that de-sliming following ultrasonic treatment could significantly improve the product iron grade, while desliming with a finer cut size could also improve the iron recovery compared with de-sliming identical ore that had not been pre-treated with ultrasound. It has been shown mathematically that in some scenarios it may be possible to simultaneously increase the iron grade and iron recovery in the de-slimed product if the ore has been treated with ultrasound before de-sliming. 2012 Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Beneficiation; Grade; Iron ore fines; Recovery; Ultrasound, ultrasonic DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Liu, S., Li, P., Wen, S., Liu, D. Flotation to recover copper minerals from a low-grade copper-bearing iron ore (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 549, pp. 998-1001.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084868682863&partnerID=40&md5=4e25919083c412767ba654fa6a790e95 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China ABSTRACT: Large amount of sourrounding rocks in Jianshui China has been discarded for many years, and the "rock" is characterized by Cu-Fe polymetallic constituents and of low grade. According to the results of chemical and phase analysis as well as the mineralogy, a joint pocess of flotation and magnetic separation was proposed and used to process the ore. Flotation results show that the combined processing technology is efficient in utilizing the low grade rocks. A copper concentrate assaying 20.68% Cu at the recovery of 80.11% can be obtained, when the raw material assays 0.79% Cu. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Copper-bearing iron ore; Flotation; Low grade DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wang, W.-Z.a b , Chen, L.-P.a , Yang, C.-G.c Experimental research on comprehensive recovery of iron and phosphorus from the low grade vanadium -titanium magnetite ore (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 549, pp. 478-481. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084868675656&partnerID=40&md5=956f4d2fe9a3248b7601291d85d7506d AFFILIATIONS: College of Mining Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Mining Development and Safety Technology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Liability Co.Ltd, Xuanhua, Hebei, China ABSTRACT: An experimental research on comprehensive recovery of iron and associated apatite from a low grade vanadiferous titanomagnetite ore with high phosphorus was carried out. The results showed that using the technological flowsheet of "low -intensity magnetic separation-flotation", not only the magnetite can be effectively separated, but the associated apatite in the mineral resources can also be satisfactorily recovered. An iron concentrate with a TFe grade of 64.81% and iron recovery of 58.04% and a high-quality phosphorus concentrate of 33.50% P 2O 5 with a yield of 92.18% is obtained. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Comprehensive recovery; Flotation; Low-intensity magnetic separation; Vanadium -titanium magnetite DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wang, W.a b , Chen, L.a , Yang, C.c Experimental research on the iron separation from an ultra poor iron ore (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 535-537, pp. 746-749. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084868368796&partnerID=40&md5=ca53c15f91830ccc026999ac0a94a383 AFFILIATIONS: College of Mining Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Mining Development and Safety Technology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Liability Co. Ltd, Xuanhua, Hebei, China ABSTRACT: Test was made on separating iron from a ultra-low-grade vanadium titanium magnetite ore by a process of tailing discarding at a coarser size, staged grinding and staged low intensity magnetic separation. The results show that when the raw ore is treated by permanent dry magnetic separator with low intensity magnetic separation at 12~0 mm size, qualified tailings of

about 20% yield can be discarded. The coarse concentrate is grounded in two stages. With the first stage grinding size being 45% -200 mesh and the second stage, 75% -200 mesh, and then treated by two stage low intensity magnetic separation. As a result, an iron concentrate with a TFe grade of 65.80%and an iron recovery of 47.74%can be achieved. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Extremely poor iron ore; Low-intensity magnetic separation; Stage grinding and stage separation; Tailing discarding at a coarser size DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wang, W.-Z.a b , Jia, Q.-M.a , Yang, C.-G.c Experimental research on mineral processing technique of a Brazilian specularite (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 535-537, pp. 742-745. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084868366486&partnerID=40&md5=fa42d4cef6820dc4b1fb69538498a365 AFFILIATIONS: College of Mining Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Mining Development and Safety Technology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Liability Co.Ltd, Xuanhua,Hebei, China ABSTRACT: Laboratory research on the mineral processing technique of a specularite ore from Baxi was performed, while the processes including gravity separation, low intensity magnetic separation(LIMS) -high intensity magnetic separation(HIMS)-gravity separation was adopted. The run-of-mine ore was milled till the -0.074 mm range accounts for 50% and treated through a LIMS - HIMS process, with the magnetic field strength of LIMS being 95.52 kA/m and HIMS,1.2T. As a result, an iron concentrate grading about 67.58% at a recovery of 96.21% can be obtained, which are rather good metallurgical performances. The iron concentrate with high grade also could be beneficiated by table separation, but its recovery is lower than it obtained from intensive LIMS - HIMS dressing. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: High intensity magnetic separation; Low intensity magnetic separation; Magnetic field strength; Specularite DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Jinxia, Z.a b , Yali, F.a , Fusheng, N.b , Miao, C.b , Xingguo, W.c Kyanite ore beneficiation experimental research in hebei (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 535-537, pp. 1833-1836. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084868352397&partnerID=40&md5=66a046e0fc0b538861b411f4350d4202 AFFILIATIONS: Civil and Environment Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10008, China; College of Mining Engineering, Hebei united university, Hebei Tangshan, 063009, China; Hebei Xingtai Xingguo kyanite Manufacturing Limited Company, Hebei Xingtai, 054100, China ABSTRACT: As high-grade refractories raw material,kyanite is widely used and the market demand is increasingly greater. The kyanite in Hebei is complicated,main chemical composition is SiO 2 52.87 %, A1 2O 3 21.14%. The result of investigation on mineral processing technology show that desliming has a great influence on kyanite, especially acid process, the suitable lower limit particle size for desliming is 20m. Magnetic separation process may remove iron-bearing minerals,and the iron removal rate is 87.78%.The optimum

condition for magnetic separation is magnetic field conditions 1.0T. Base on the research, we can get concentrate with a grade of A1 2O 3 58.37% and a recovery of A1 2O 3 56.02% if we adopt magnetic separation and flotation technology. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Desliming; Flotation; Kyanite; Magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Xiao, J.a b , Feng, Q.a b , Wang, Z.a , Wang, D.a Semi-industrial experimental study of preparation ferronickel by rotary kiln direct reduction on Mangshi silicate nickel ores in Yunnan (2012) Xiyou Jinshu/Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 36 (6), pp. 958-963. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084872234305&partnerID=40&md5=3ba89b75dad3859e65758e83fea348b4 AFFILIATIONS: School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Mianyang 621010, China ABSTRACT: The Mangshi silicate nickel crude ores in Yunnan contained Ni grade of 1.02%, Fe grade of 8.94%, and MgO grade of 31.11%, which belonged to the typical type of silicate nickel ore high in magnesium and low in iron. Because magnesium oxide content was rather high, according to the small test research results, in the roasting process adding CX accelerating agent and ZX addition agent by oneself research and development to improve reduction of nickel and enhance ferronickel conversion rate. Using the characteristic of both nickel and iron belonging to ferromagnetism metals and easy dissolving in oxide of iron, adding hematite as activating agent, providing activated carrier for forming ferronickel, and then improving the ferronickel product index. Semi-industrial experimental study was conducted with 1200 mm15000 mm rotary kiln to check the feasibility of separation and metallurgy combination flowsheet of direct reduction-gravity separation-magnetic separation to process Mangshi silicate nickel ores. The high-temperature zone was 1150~1200C in B sect, 950~1000C in C sect, roasting time was 90 min, dosage of coke was 20%, dosage of accelerator (CX) was 20%, dosage of additives (ZX) was 1%, dosage of hematite was 15%, after the roasting condition experiment of rotary kiln, the ferronickel product index was ideal. Under the roasting comprehensive condition, the rotary kiln 72 h continuous stable technological parameter was conducted to further check the stability of roasting condition and feasibility of technology, adopting gravity separation-magnetic separation technology recovery of ferronickel from roasting products and getting the whole technological process ferronickel product index: grade of nickel was 12.29%, content of iron was 30.05%, recovery of nickel was 90.99%. Therefore direct reduction-gravity separationmagnetic separation technology by rotary kiln had the favorable effect on processing the Mangshi silicate nickel ore type of high in magnesium and low in iron, and provided a certain guidance to process the similar silicate nickel ores. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction; Ferronickel; Gravity separation; Magnetic separation; Silicate nickel ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Wang, W.a b , Jia, Q.a , Yang, C.c Experimental study on the mineral processing of a high-clay and lean hematite (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 550-553, pp. 2831-2834. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084867297140&partnerID=40&md5=510ea4cfdaa06f47a0c8d18e70081f2f

AFFILIATIONS: College of Mining Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan,Hebei, China; Mining Development and Safety Technology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Liability Co.Ltd., Xuanhua, Hebei, China ABSTRACT: The mineral processing experimental research was carried out on a high mud content lean hematite. The results showed that using the technological flowsheet of 'stage grinding- low intensity magnetic separation for obtaining concentrate - high-intensity magnetic separation for discarding tailings-gravity separation(shaking table)',a final iron concentrate with TFe grade of 65.89%,yield of 19.35% and iron recovery of 52.32% from the raw ores with TFe grade of 24.07% was obtained, with the first stage grinding size being 50% -200 mesh and the second stage,95% -200 mesh. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: High-clay and lean hematite; High-intensity magnetic separation; Shaking table; Stage grinding DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wu, J., Wei, C., Li, X., Wang, S., Wang, M., Li, C. Selective extraction of Mo using Cyanex-272 and tributyl phosphate from low grade Ni-Mo ore leach liquor (2012) Separation and Purification Technology, 99, pp. 120-126. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866495471&partnerID=40&md5=b1b3b70fe4b33e1cc09b7538521acf2e AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China ABSTRACT: Selective extraction of Mo by Cyanex-272 and tributyl phosphate (TBP) was investigated from the leach liquor of a low grade Ni-Mo ore, which contains mainly Mo(VI), Fe(III), Ni(II) and a small quantity of other impurities. The elements in the leach liquor were divided into four groups based on the extraction mechanism of acid phosphorus extractants, and the behavior of four elements (Mo, Fe, As and V) was investigated. The separation factors of Mo to Fe, As and V were calculated separately using di-2ethylhexylphosphoric acid, 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphine acid (Cyanex-272) under the same conditions. Cyanex-272 was found to be the optimum extractant. The synergistic coefficients of Cyanex-272 and co-solvents (secondary caprylic alcohol and TBP) were calculated separately for the extraction of Mo, Fe, As and V and TBP was found to be the better choice. Several operational factors such as initial leach liquor pH, extractant concentration, co-solvent concentration and stripping reagent concentration were examined to establish suitable conditions for the effective extraction and stripping of Mo. The separation factors, Mo/Fe = 1803.61, Mo/As = 480.09 and Mo/V = 103.22, were obtained under the optimum experimental conditions of 15%(v/v) Cyanex272, 15%(v/v) TBP, initial leach liquor pH of 0.0 and organic/aqueous (O/A) phase ratio of 1.0. The theoretical number of stages required for extraction and stripping was determined from the McCabe-Thiele diagrams. Molybdenum (11.62 g/L) was extracted in five stages with an O/A ratio of 1.0, yielding a raffinate with only 0.30 g/L Mo. Three stripping stages yielded a 98.0% Mo stripping efficiency from 11.23 g/L Mo loaded organic phase, producing an enriched 55.05 g/L Mo solution that contained 0.058 g/L As and 0.023 g/L V. A high purity final MoO 3 product (99%) was obtained by re-crystallization from the stripped Mo solution. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cyanex-272; Molybdenum; Selective extraction; Synergistic extraction; Tributyl phosphate DOCUMENT TYPE: Article

SOURCE: Scopus Brusnitsyn, A.I.a , Zhukov, I.G.b Manganese deposits of the Devonian Magnitogorsk palaeovolcanic belt (Southern Urals, Russia) (2012) Ore Geology Reviews, 47, pp. 42-58. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084862228996&partnerID=40&md5=7114e02e8a77c1de2bb49f9d32cdecdf AFFILIATIONS: Department of Mineralogy, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; Institute of Mineralogy, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, 456317, Russian Federation ABSTRACT: Recent studies provide an overview on hydrothermal-volcaniclasticsedimentary manganese deposits from the Magnitigorsk palaeovolcanic belt in Southern Urals, Russia (~. 100 deposits). This report presents data on the structures of ore bodies, chemical composition, and mineralogy of manganese ores. These deposits are divided into two types with different ore-bearing band structures, chemical and mineral ore compositions, and ore component accumulation conditions. Manganese ores of the type 1 deposit are associated with jasperites. Ores from type 2 deposits are localised within thin-banded jaspers. Type 1 deposits are thought to form during hydrothermal activity in areas where hydrothermal fluids leak into the seafloor. Type 2 deposits are formed within a closed basin as hydrothermal activity decreases away from hydrothermal vents, and typically contain a greater volcaniclastic contribution. Manganese ores comprised more than 70 mineral types and form three groups of mineral assemblages: (a) minerals formed during low grade regional metamorphism (T. . 200-260. C, P. =. 2-3. kbar) that compose the main part of ore bodies, (b) mineral assemblages in segregatic and metasomatic veins filling late stage tectonic fractures, and (c) an assemblage of subsurface supergene minerals. Most of these minerals (which total approximately 38 minerals) are metamorphic silicates. The formation of metamorphic mineral assemblages is controlled by the presence of organic material (OM) in primary sediments. The conditions under which type 1 deposits formed favour the accumulation of OM. The metamorphism of these sediments is responsible for the formation of oxide-carbonate-silicate ("reduced") ores, which consist of Mn-silicates and carbonates (such as tephroite, rhodonite, caryopilite, and rhodochrosite), andradite, quartz, hematite, and hausmannite. Insignificant preserved quantities of OM were found in type 2 deposits. During the metamorphic alteration of these sediments, oxide-silicate ("oxidised") ores were formed with the dominance of braunite. 2012 Elsevier B.V.. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Hydrothermal; Magnitogorsk palaeovolcanic belt; Manganese deposits; Proximal and distal deposits; Southern Urals DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Chetty, D.a b , Gutzmer, J.a c REE redistribution during hydrothermal alteration of ores of the Kalahari Manganese Deposit (2012) Ore Geology Reviews, 47, pp. 126-135. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084862239362&partnerID=40&md5=aa056f78fa083e315a24230bf9f3a32c AFFILIATIONS: Paleoproterozoic Mineralisation Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg. Private Bag 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Mineralogy Division, Mintek. Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125, South Africa;

Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596 Freiberg, Germany ABSTRACT: The Kalahari Manganese Deposit (KMD) is the largest land-based manganese deposit, hosting approximately 80% of the world's known, mineable manganese resources. The deposit, located near Kuruman in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is one of five erosional relics of the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.2. Ga) Hotazel Formation, with sedimentary manganese ores occurring as up to 50. m thick beds interbedded with banded ironformation (BIF) and hematite lutite.The study focuses on the manganese ores of the Nchwaning-Gloria mining area of the northern KMD. In this area, pronounced mineralogical and major element alteration was imparted on the sedimentary manganese ores by a structurally-controlled hydrothermal fluid flow event. Most notable effects of hydrothermal alteration are the decomposition and leaching of Ca- and Mg-carbonate, and marked residual enrichment of manganese. On the basis of mineral assemblage, grade, texture and geochemical characteristics, three ore types were distinguished in the studied sample set, classified into least altered (LA), partially altered (PA) and advanced altered (AA) types. Advanced altered ores may be further classified into five different types, based on mineral assemblages that contain hausmannite and/or braunite as significant minerals. The rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of these fundamental ore types was studied in detail, to document REE mobility during hydrothermal alteration.Total REE concentrations in LA ores were found to be very low (14-22. ppm) and remarkably uniform, within the range typically observed for BIF. Hydrothermal alteration results in residual enrichment and a much larger scatter in REE contents. A small Ce anomaly observed in the protolith remains similar in magnitude when observed in PAAS-normalised REE plots. The data define, however, a power trend in the (Ce/Ce*) vs (Pr/Pr*) diagram. Such behaviour is interpreted in terms of a conservative system that was predominantly protolith-buffered. Local remobilisation of REE during hydrothermal alteration is attributed to the dissolution of diagenetic apatite and redistribution of hydrothermal trace minerals, including neoformed apatite, monazite and cerianite. 2011 Elsevier B.V.. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cerium anomaly; Hydrothermal alteration; Kalahari; Manganese; REE DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Sivrikaya, O.a b , Arol, A.I.b Evaluation of low grade iron ore deposit in Erzincan-Turkey for iron ore pellet concentrate production (2012) Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 48 (2), pp. 475-484. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084865406200&partnerID=40&md5=e4c25af852ce2725a10e6eef0d91eebc AFFILIATIONS: Seluk University, Mining Engineering Department, 42075 Konya, Turkey; Middle East Technical University, Mining Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT: In this study the separation possibility of gangue minerals from a low grade magnetite ore with 45% Fe from an iron ore deposit located near Erzincan-Turkey was investigated. The iron ore deposit consists of mainly magnetite mineral. Hematite is the second iron oxide found in the deposit. The gangue minerals contain mainly SiO 2 and Al2O 3 impurities. The main object of the research is to investigate the production of a concentrate suitable for iron ore pellet production. The concentrate for pellet production should have at least 65% Fe with reasonable gangue contents (SiO 2 <6.0% and Al 2O 3 <1.0%). The Davis tube and low intensity drum type

wet magnetic separators were used for upgrading the Fe content and separation of gangue impurities from the iron ore. The results showed that, in order to produce a concentrate with sufficient Fe grade (>65% Fe), the iron ore should be ground to get 45% of material by weight to be finer than 45 m. The concentrate with over 65% Fe and 90% Fe recovery could be produced with 45% Fe content from the feed material by crushing, grinding and magnetic separation operations. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron ore; Iron ore pellet; Magnetic separation; Magnetite DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Everett, J.E. Ore selection and sequencing (2012) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, 120 (3), pp. 130-136. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084864491602&partnerID=40&md5=7581213e5c4240fb6748de8cafa20cb5 AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, Australia ABSTRACT: A block model of the ore body is used to plan a mine. The first requirement is to identify ore to be extracted and discard waste, so as to meet target grade, generally in multiple analytes. Commonly, cut-off values are set for each analyte, so as to distinguish ore from waste. It will be shown that, if more than one analyte is important, this procedure is wasteful of ore and a composite cut-off function is preferable. A second requirement is to sequence the ore extraction so that the variability in ore grade is controlled: failure to do so will result either in low-quality ore being marketed, or excessive re-handling being required to blend the ore to reduce the grade variability. A third requirement is that the extraction sequence should be such as to limit the amount of movement of equipment to enhance the productivity of the equipment. The overall objective, to optimise the Net Present Value of the mined ore, is simply stated but complex in realisation, since so many factors, such as target grade, grade variability, equipment choice, equipment movement, and downstream blending all have alternatives which can be traded off against each other, and all of which contribute to the costs and benefits making up the total Net Present Value. There exist commercial packages for ore selection and mine planning. However, they are often of a black box nature (i.e. not transparent), and users are sometimes not fully aware of the criteria being applied. In particular, the treatment of quality as a multidimensional vector may be problematic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the issues involved and to suggest an alternative set of approaches, which should complement existing commercial treatment. The discussion will be illustrated specifically by reference to the mining of iron ore, but the issues are relevant to a wide variety of mining situations. 2012 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and The AusIMM. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Grade control; Mine planning; Ore selection; Ore sequencing DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, A.K. Method to establish theoretical yield-grade relation for Indian iron ore slime through quantitative mineralogy (2012) Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 29 (3), pp. 144-147. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084871415269&partnerID=40&md5=1685b2241132a7458a155618cae6833e

AFFILIATIONS: Research and Development Division, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India ABSTRACT: Conventional characterization methods are inadequate for Indian iron ore slime. As an alternative method, QEMSCAN was used to find the liberation characteristics. This method predicted low theoretical yield for a typical concentrate. This is due to predominance of a mineral phase and wide variation in its chemical composition. The database of QEMSCAN was then modified so that it recognized three broad subtypes of the major mineral phase. The new dataset is used to establish the theoretical yield-grade relation for the concentrate.This information on liberation characteristics depicts the beneficiation prospects of the slime. The proposed method will find its use in characterization of the vast reserves of low-grade Indian iron ore, which is similar to slime in its mineralogical composition and liberation characteristics. The outcome of this study helps in formulating the road map for beneficiation of the vast amount of iron ore in India that exists in the form of slime and low-grade ore. 2012, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Characterization; Iron and steel-making; Iron ore slime; Theoretical yield-grade relation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Liu, S., Tong, X., Song, B., Wen, S. Mineralogy study on a low-grade Cu-Ni-PGM sulfide ore in Jinbaoshan, China (2012) Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 29 (3), pp. 172-176. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084871433478&partnerID=40&md5=c55c45334f835151b1b637b5ea49b49f AFFILIATIONS: Mineral Processing Department, Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunan Province, China ABSTRACT: The Jinbaoshan serpentine complex is characterized by low grades Cu, Ni and platinum group metals (PGM), and little is known about the relative abundance of the valuable minerals and gangue. With the aid of modern testing instruments, such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the occurrence and distribution of Cu, Ni and platinum group minerals (PGMs) were investigated in detail. Results show that eighteen categories of PGMs are found in the ore, mainly occurring as individual minerals; the PGMs are mainly disseminated in the sulfide in inclusions or semi-inclusions; some are inlaid along with other minerals to form a coarse assemblage. The base metal sulfides (BMS), such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite, are regarded as the "carrier" of PGMs, and serpentine is the major gangue, which has negative impact on mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. 2012, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Copper/copper ores; Mineralogy; PGMs; Sulfide minerals DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Halinen, A.-K.a , Beecroft, N.J.a c , Mtt, K.a , Nurmi, P.a , Laukkanen, K.b , Kaksonen, A.H.a d , Riekkola-Vanhanen, M.b , Puhakka, J.A.a Microbial community dynamics during a demonstration-scale bioheap leaching operation (2012) Hydrometallurgy, 125-126, pp. 34-41. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863988033&partnerID=40&md5=c46774c5ae72a648cc910fa14ff99f5f AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, BO Pox 541, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland;

Talvivaara Mining Company Plc., Ahventie 4.B.47, FIN-02170 Espoo, Finland; Division of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; CSIRO Land and Water, Underwood Avenue, Floreat Park, WA 6014, Australia ABSTRACT: In the present work the microbial community of a low grade nickel ore demonstration-scale bioheap was examined under varying weather (outside air temperature between + 30 and - 39 C) and operational conditions over a period of three years in Talvivaara, Finland. After the start-up of heap irrigation, oxidation of pyrrhotite and pyrite increased the heap temperature up to 90 C. Leach liquor temperatures varied between 60 and 15 C over the operation period, affecting the progress of sulfide ore oxidation. The microbial communities were profiled by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Large temperature gradients prevailed resulting in the simultaneous presence of active mesophilic and thermophilic iron- and/or sulfur-oxidisers in the heap. As mineral oxidation progressed microbial diversity decreased and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans became increasingly dominant. The number of bacteria in the leach liquors was in the range of 10 5-10 7 cells mL - 1. After one year of bioheap operation several ore samples were drilled from the heap and A. ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus caldus, an uncultured bacterium clone H70 related organism, Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum and a bacterium related to Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans were found. Cell counts from the ore samples varied between 10 5 and 10 7 cells g - 1 ore sample. The archaeal species present in leach liquors were novel and related to uncultivated species. During the secondary leaching phase the leaching community remained steady. A. ferrooxidans dominated, and an uncultured bacterium clone H70-related organism and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans were present. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bioleach communities; Complex sulfide ore; Demonstrationscale bioheap; Mesophiles; Thermophiles DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Gao, Y.a , Kim, H.G.a , Sohn, H.Y.a , Kim, C.W.b Gaseous pre-reduction for the magnetic beneficiation of ferruginous low-grade Mn ore (2012) ISIJ International, 52 (5), pp. 759-763. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863098905&partnerID=40&md5=8be099a67cd62663624df0f4b04ecf9c AFFILIATIONS: Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea ABSTRACT: Because of intensive mining of high-grade manganese ores for a long time while leaving behind the low-grade ores, the utilization of the latter has become necessary. In this study, ferruginous low-grade manganese ore was selectively reduced by CO, which converted iron oxide to Fe 3O 4 while manganese oxide was reduced to MnO. The iron-rich component was then separated by magnetic separation. The effects of sample particle size and various reduction parameters on the efficiency of magnetic separation were studied. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the manganese content in the ore increased from around 36% to more than 44%, and almost 50% of iron was removed at a Mn loss of around 5%. 2012 ISIJ. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ferromanganese; Magnetic separation; Manganese mineral; Manganese ore; Selective reduction; Upgrading DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

Dong, F. Comprehensive utilization study of iron tailings (2012) Applied Mechanics and Materials, 178-181, pp. 791-794. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861727533&partnerID=40&md5=406b0ec3a72d3843bb9377fdf9f2ed9b AFFILIATIONS: Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China ABSTRACT: It's is very effective using high intensity magnetic separation and low intensity magnetic separation to process magnetite tailings. The best fineness for separation is -0.045mm 85%. The concentrate contains Fe 67.86% under 0.2T field intensity. Processing the tailings twice under 0.5T field intensity, the concentrate contains Fe 55.06%.The total recovery is 53.72%. The study on low-grade iron ore tailings to recover iron achieves good results in improving resource utilization. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Comprehensive utilization; High intensity magnetic separation; Iron concentrate; Iron tailings; Low intensity magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Zhang, B., Jiang, M. Study on separation of niobium and iron from low grade niobium ore (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 524-527, pp. 2044-2048. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861614704&partnerID=40&md5=a2ead3504408f8e196093df0880820ad AFFILIATIONS: School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China ABSTRACT: The separation of niobium and iron from the low grade niobium ore was researched by the technology process of reductive roasting and magnetic separation. Experiments of reductive roasting and magnetic separation were carried out in order to investigate the separation effect at different conditions of roasting temperature and addition amount of coal powders. The results show that the separation of niobium and iron can be realized, meanwhile the niobium can be enriched in the magnetic tailings. The main mineral phase of niobium in magnetic tailings changes into NbC from (Ce,Nd)NbTiO 5 when the roasting temperature exceeds 1150C. By magnetic separation after roasting with adding 37.5% coal powders at 1050C, W(T.Fe) of the reduced iron is 86.11%, the percentage metallization is 87.6%, and the yield ratio of iron is 77.4%. Meanwhile, W(Nb 2O 5) of the magnetic tailings is 7.35% which is 2.4 times higher than low grade niobium ore, and the yield ratio of niobium is 98.1%. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron; Magnetic separation; Niobium; Reductive roasting DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Deng, J.a , Wen, S.a , Bai, S.a , Xie, M.a , Shen, H.b Sulfur content reduction and iron grade improvement of V-Ti magnetite concentrate by combining reverse flotation and magnetic separation (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 524-527, pp. 1115-1123. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861623227&partnerID=40&md5=8615dacff47e10a1560c0ff25ad54bbc AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China ABSTRACT: For low-grade iron ore, smelting costs and resource wastage will be increased. Product quality of such ore is affected adversely by an excessive

amount of sulfur. This also causes environmental pollution. In accordance with the vanadium-titanium (V-Ti) magnetite concentrate properties with low iron grade and high sulfur content, the joint process of magnetic separation and flotation was carried out. Magnetic separation was conducted to increase the iron grade, while reverse flotation was used to reduce sulfur content. Results show that the feeding mainly contains titanomagnetite, hematite, and pyrite. The sulfur was primarily found in pyrite. The separation effect was influenced by the grinding fineness, magnetic intensity, collector type and dosage, and pH value. At a grinding fineness of-45 m accounting for 87%, most of the iron minerals exhibited monomer dissociation. An open-circuit experiment was carried out under the best conditions of magnetic intensity, as well as collector and modifier dosage. Good experimental results were obtained as follows: the iron grade increased to 57.17%, iron recovery was 89.94%, sulfur content decreased from 0.66% to 0.26%, reverse flotation of sulfur foam concentrate contained almost 15.68% sulfur, the upgrade ratio was about 23, and the cobalt in the sulfur concentrate was enriched 20-fold. A method for improving the comprehensive utilization level and effect of mineral resources is provided in this study. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron grade improvement; Magnetic separation; Reverse flotation; Sulfur content reduction DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Angerer, T.a , Hagemann, S.G.a , Danyushevsky, L.V.b Geochemical evolution of the banded iron formation-hosted high-grade iron ore system in the Koolyanobbing greenstone belt, Western Australia (2012) Economic Geology, 107 (4), pp. 599-644. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863335244&partnerID=40&md5=553f08fef07536124d751e26cbc01571 AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Western Australia, M006, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, GeographyGeology Building, 333, Sandy Bay Campus, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia ABSTRACT: The banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted iron ore deposits in the lower greenstone succession of the Koolyanobbing greenstone belt, 50 km north of Southern Cross in Western Australia, are a 200 Mt high-grade Fe (>58%) pre-mining resource and represents one of the most important iron ore districts in the Yilgarn craton. Four hypogene alteration (ore-forming) stages and one supergene upgrading event took place: (1) During ore stage 1, LREE-depleted, transition metal-enriched, Mg-Fe (Ca) carbonates replaced quartz in BIFs. The deposit-scale alteration was most likely induced by devolatilization of sea-floor-altered, Ca-Si-depleted mafic rocks in the vicinity of the BIF during early regional (syn-D 1), very low to low-grade metamorphism and was most strongly developed on reactivated BIF-basalt contacts. (2) Ore stage 2 involved the formation of patchy magnetite ore by a syn-D 2 to-D 4 dissolution of early carbonate. Enrichment of Fe 2O 3total in magnetite iron ore was by a factor of 2 to 2.4, and compatible trace elements in magnetite, such as Ga, V, and Al, were immobile. A subdeposit-scale ferroan talc-footprint proximal to magnetite iron ore in the largest deposit (K deposit) was associated with ore stage 2 and resulted from dissolution of magnesite due to reaction with silica in the BIF under greenschist facies conditions and potentially high fluid/rock ratio. (3) Magnetite growth, during ore stage 3, forming granular magnetite-martite ore is related to a subsequent hydrothermal event, occurring locally throughout the belt, especially in D 2b faults. (4) Ore stage 4 was associated with Fe-Ca-P-

(L)REE-Y-enriched hydrothermal fluids, possibly from a magmatic source such as the postmetamorphic Lake Seabrook granite that crops out about 10 km west of the Koolyanobbing deposits and at the southern margin of the greenstone belt. These Ca-enriched fluids interacted with distal metamorphosed mafic rock and influenced the BIF-ore system in a small number of deposits. They were channelled through regional D 4 faults and caused specularitedolomitequartz alteration, resulting in Fe grades of up to 68%. (5) Supergene upgrade (ore stage 5) by (further) gangue leaching in the weathering zone was most effective in carbonate-altered BIFs and magnetite ore. This process, together with supergene martitization and goethite replacement of magnetite, led to the formation of high-grade, locally (at K deposit) high P goethite-martite ore. At Koolyanobbing, the two geochemically distinct stages of Archean carbonate alteration clearly controlled the formation of hypogene magnetitespecularite- martite-rich ore and recent supergene modification, including the further upgrade of Fe ore. 2012 by ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Duuring, P.a , Hagemann, S.G.a , Novikova, Y.b , Cudahy, T.c , Laukamp, C.c Targeting iron ore in banded iron formations using ASTER data: Weld Range greenstone belt, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia (2012) Economic Geology, 107 (4), pp. 585-597. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863326748&partnerID=40&md5=f62ad6d798a491c874921664d5bd1eaa AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Globalspace S.A., Santiago, Chile; Western Australian Centre of Excellence for 3D Mineral Mapping, CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia ABSTRACT: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image analysis is a proven method for mapping mineral and geochemical zonation associated with a variety of ore types, including orogenic Au, porphyry Cu-(Mo), porphyry-skarn, Pb-Zn-Au, and Mn systems. Only recently has this technique been applied, in a general sense, to mineral alteration mapping and exploration for Fe ore deposits hosted by banded iron formations (BIFs). For this reason, the Archean Weld Range greenstone belt that hosts the Beebyn and Madoonga Fe ore deposits has been chosen as a case study area to test the effectiveness of ASTER imaging techniques for the identification of Fe orebodies. Banded iron formations in the Weld Range district crop out as a series of parallel, 10- to 500-m-wide, <150-m-high, ENE-trending ridges that continue along strike for up to 70 km. Individual ridges of BIFs are surrounded by mafic igneous rocks, whereas felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and granitoid intrusions are exposed as rounded lowlying mounds in the northern and eastern areas of the district. All outcrop is at least moderately weathered. Thick layers of unconsolidated alluvial and colluvial sediments dominate low-lying areas. The Beebyn and Madoonga highgrade (>55 wt % Fe) iron ore deposits host Archean hypogene magnetite and specular hematite orebodies that are locally replaced by more recently formed, supergene goethite-hematite ore within several hundred meters of the present erosion surface. A common feature of all ore types hosted by BIFs is a high Fe content relative to SiO 2. Consequently, all types of Fe ore in the Weld Range district are best identified by the ferric iron to silica index and the opaques to silica index, for the reason that these ASTER image products detect surfaces that are rich in (opaque) Fe oxide minerals and have a low silica abundance. Gabbro, dolerite, and basalt country rocks located within 20 m of high-grade Fe ore zones in BIFs are altered to hypogene Fe-

rich chlorite and, more rarely, are altered by Fe-rich talc. These hypogene alteration zones are best detected by the ferrous iron content in MgOH minerals and carbonates and the FeOH group abundance products, which identify hypogene Fe chlorite and Fe talc. This study demonstrates that integrated remote spectral sensing techniques (ASTER, airborne hyperspectral, and radiometric) used in conjunction with geophysical surveys (aeromagnetic and gravity) are useful for district-scale exploration for Fe orebodies hosted by BIFs. The spectral sensing techniques are a rapid, cost-effective, and efficient means for generating and ranking exploration targets that are located in areas with restricted physical access. 2012 by ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Wang, X.-H.a b c , Peng, J.-H.a b c , Xia, H.-Y.a b c , Zhu, H.-B.a b c , Zhang, L.-B.a b c , Liu, B.-G.a b c Microwave magnetization roasting for iron ore of Huimin in Yunnan Province (2012) Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 43 (6), pp. 2043-2047. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866551864&partnerID=40&md5=d35ac79b32d304f2b01eb14f828de3fa AFFILIATIONS: Key Lab. Breeding Base of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Cleaning Utilization in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Lab. of Microwave Energy Application and Equipment Technology, Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China ABSTRACT: Based on the fact that the iron ore in Yunnan Huimin is mainly fine-grained impregnation structure whose major iron ore of oxide ore is limonite, the oxide ore was studied, and the iron ore was sorted with the craft of magnetization roasting-low intensity magnetic separation. The effects of the microwave roasting temperature, and the amount of reducing agent, magnetic field strength on the index of separation were investigated. The results show that the preparation concentrate grade is 59.31% and recovery is 81.92% under the condition of roasting temperature of 800C, amount of reducing agent of 12%, reduction time of 12 min and magnetic field strength of 119.37 kA/cm. It confirms that the method of microwave magnetizing roast of iron ore is feasible, which provides a new way for the difficult separation of iron ore. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron ore in Huimin, Yunnan Province; Magnetic separation; Microwave magnetization roasting DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Panda, S.a c , Parhi, P.K.b , Pradhan, N.a , Mohapatra, U.B.c , Sukla, L.B.a , Park, K.H.b Extraction of copper from bacterial leach liquor of a low grade chalcopyrite test heap using LIX 984N-C (2012) Hydrometallurgy, 121-124, pp. 116-119. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861744544&partnerID=40&md5=4a1f6b0412d98e3406fa052a3b37c80a AFFILIATIONS: Bioresources Engineering Department, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), CSIR, Bhubaneswar-751013, India; Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea; North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India ABSTRACT: Low grade copper ore (ball mill spillage) obtained from Malanjkhand Copper Mine was processed through heap bioleaching at pilot scale. Bioleach

liquor (Pregnant Leach Solution) from the heap contains (g/L of) Cu (II) 0.45, Fe (III) 0.838, Zn (II) 0.006, Ni (II) 0.0014, Mn (II) 0.011 and Pb (IV) 0.004. Solvent extraction of copper from Pregnant Leach Solution was carried out using LIX 984N-C. Effect of different operational factors such as equilibrium pH (pHe), extractant concentration, strip solution concentration, phase ratio was examined to optimize the condition for selective and quantitative extraction of copper. Based on the results of extraction as well as stripping isotherm, a 6-cycle counter current simulation study (CCS) was conducted for the conformational study. The extraction of copper was quantitative in 2-stages using 1.5% (v/v) LIX 984N-C at A: O ratio of 1:2 and pH e 1.85. The CCS condition (two stages, phase ratio A:O = 1:4) obtained from the stripping isotherm study, further attributes to the enrichment (4 folds) of copper concentration in the strip solution. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Copper; Heap bioleaching; LIX 984N-C; Low grade ore; Solvent extraction DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus McBride, D.a , Cross, M.a , Gebhardt, J.E.b Heap leach modeling employing CFD technology: A 'process' heap model (2012) Minerals Engineering, 33, pp. 72-79. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861912652&partnerID=40&md5=47a9ee12318ff4bfa5ddce531f6f3695 AFFILIATIONS: School of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom; Process Engineering Resources Inc., 1945 S 1100 E Ste 100, Salt Lake City, UT 84106, United States ABSTRACT: Industrial mining through the process of heap leaching of low grade ores can be employed in the extraction of a range of base and precious metals, such as copper, gold, silver, nickel, zinc and uranium. The process involves the percolation of a leaching solution, typically cyanide, sulfuric acid or acidic ferric sulfate, through crushed ore interacting with a range of oxide and sulfide minerals. These systems involve a complex suite of interrelated fluid, gas, thermal and chemical reactions. A comprehensive computational model needs to account for variably saturated liquid and gas flow in porous media together with the transport of many species through a continually growing geometry, plus multi-phase heat and mass transfer arising from a range of phase change and gas-liquid-solid chemical reaction processes. A number of computational modeling tools employing CFD technology have been developed for the analysis of metals recovery through stockpile leaching. This contribution describes some of the technologies developed particularly to address the key challenges of modeling a full scale industrial heap. Specifically, a 'process' heap model is detailed which captures all the key phenomena of a full 3D heap but with significantly reduced simulation times, and so enables rapid analysis by engineers in an operating environment for evaluating a range of 'what if' scenarios in production planning. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Computational fluid dynamics; Leaching; Modeling; Simulation DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus He, Y., Wang, H.-J., Sun, T.-C., Hu, W.-T., Li, H.-J. Function and mechanism of assistant reducers in iron recovery by the direct reduction in tunnel kilns of hematite

(2012) Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 34 (6), pp. 625-631. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863756419&partnerID=40&md5=b94b049159252974c8b099e763dca383 AFFILIATIONS: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: Iron enrichment from refractory low-grade hematite was studied by using the method of direct reduction roasting in a tunnel kiln and magnetic separation. This study focused on the function and the mechanism of the assistant reducer NCP. Under the conditions of coal as the reducer with a mass fraction of 20%, CCO and NCP as the assistant reducers with mass fractions of 15% and 5% respectively, and roasting at 1200C for 8 h, a concentrate of the Fe grade of 92.61% with the Fe recovery of 92.38% can be produced. The mechanisms of NCP were also investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that NCP can react with quartz in the raw ore and generate natrosilite and albite, which can destroy the structure of the raw ore and induce a reaction between reducing gas and hematite to create Fe. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction process; Hematite; Roasting; Tunnel kilns DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Xiao, Y., He, Z., Chun, T., Zhu, D., Pan, J. Reduction kinetics of low grade hematite ore (2012) TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 129-135. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084860822848&partnerID=40&md5=36ba99f2bdb9038c15e2e5d15177ffbd AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China ABSTRACT: In this paper, the reduction kinetics of low grade hematite ore was calculated. Mineralogy shows that the ROM (run of mine) ore is of low grade hematite ore type, assaying 27.2 wt% Fe total and with main valuable minerals of hematite. The reduction kinetics shows that the reduction reaction rates of pellets with additive and without additive are all controlled by diffusion through the product layer. The calculated apparent activation energy of pellets with 12 wt% complex additive is 8.55 KJ/mol, dropping 62.23% compared to that of pellets without additive. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Apparent activation energy; Direct reduction; Low grade hematite; Reduction kinetics DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Yucel, O.a , Turan, A.a b , Yildirim, H.a Investigation of pyrometallurgical nickel pig iron (NPI) production process from lateritic nickel ores (2012) TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 17-23. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084860797997&partnerID=40&md5=2abcd45829c8eca224abb508385e738f AFFILIATIONS: Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Metallurgical Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey; Yalova University, Yalova Community College, 77100, Yalova, Turkey ABSTRACT: Nickel is mainly used in stainless steel production as ferronickel. In recent years, low grade ferronickel or nickel pig iron (NPI) is used in stainless steel production to reduce expenditure of nickel price. In this study, Turkey East Anatolian region lateritic nickel ores were directly

introduced carbothermal reduction to produce NPI. Firstly the raw lateritic ore that contains 0.9% Ni, 0.054% Co and 2.3% Cr was mixed with metallurgical grade coal at different stiochometric ratios. The samples were smelted at 1600-1650C temperature range in an induction furnace for 25 min. In the second experimental set, different processes times were carried out from 15 to 35 min. The raw material, obtained alloys and slags were analyzed by using XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer), XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer), AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) and EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) techniques. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Lateritic nickel ore; Nickel pig iron DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, G., Lei, T., Rao, M., Jiang, T. Effects of sodium salts-modified paigeite on dephosphorization of highphosphorus oolitic hematite during reduction (2012) TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 483-490. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084860791844&partnerID=40&md5=a891402099f9ce32216a6fcd09978b5d AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: With the rapid development of iron and steel industry, the supply of iron ores can not meet the present demand for iron and steel industry in China. Large reserves of oolitic hematite have been discovered with low iron grade (30%-45%) and high phosphorus content (0.4%1.8%). Traditional processes for utilization of this ore are characterized as either high cost or low dephosphorization. In this study, sodium salts-modified paigeite (SSMP) was added to enhance on the dephosphorization of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite by using reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation. Various parameters, including the amount of SSMP, reduction time, reduction temperature, grinding fineness and the magnetic field intensity were investigated. As a consequence, a magnetic concentrate of metallic iron powder with total iron grade of 93.2% and phosphorus content of 0.08% was obtained under the optimal conditions. The results also provide a potential avenue for the comprehensive utilization of paigeite ore. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Dephosphorization; Direct reduction; Oolitic hematite; Paigeite; Sodium salts DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Angadi, S.I.a , Jeon, H.-S.b , Mohanthy, A.a , Prakash, S.a , Das, B.a Analysis of Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separation of Low-Grade Indian Iron Ore using Statistical Technique (2012) Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia), 47 (8), pp. 11291138. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861428197&partnerID=40&md5=823b4f33f1e47d4adc06ca5a224c60c0 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar - 751 013, India; Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea ABSTRACT: The particle separation in a wet high-intensity magnetic separator depends on a number of variables. Applied magnetic field, particle size, and wash water rate play a vital role among them. Influences of these important variables were studied in detail following 3 3 full factorial designs of experiments using a laboratory/pilot-scale wet high-intensity magnetic separator (Gaustec G-340 Minimag). Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the influence of all these variables are significant (95%

confidence level) on the recovery of magnetics and the order of significance follows, particle size > magnetic field > wash water rate. The experimental results used to develop the regression models to predict yield and grade at unknown operating conditions in the study range.Investigations carried out on a wet high-intensity magnetic separator using a low-grade iron ore sample containing 49.27% Fe shows that it is possible to upgrade to 62% Fe in the concentrate with poor yield values. A "tree" procedure (generally used to evaluate the flotation performance) was followed to evaluate maximum possible yield and grade by the magnetic separator. The "tree" procedure results provide useful information about the magnetic separation competence. 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: interaction effects; iron ore fines; magnetic separation; statistical analysis; tree procedure DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Roy, S. Recovery improvement of fine magnetic particles by floc magnetic separation (2012) Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 33 (3), pp. 170179. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084856841127&partnerID=40&md5=4c2452e590583df661e63bc0adaa827e AFFILIATIONS: Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Navi Mumbai 410 208, India ABSTRACT: The performance of floc magnetic separation (FMS) has been compared with wet high-intensity magnetic separator (WHIMS). This study was performed on low-grade iron ore slime contained 59.58% Fe with 4.57% silica and 3.78% alumina. Detailed characterization data indicated that a substantial amount of the slime was below 20m in size. Beneficiation studies indicated that the FMS process is effective to recover fine hematite and goethite particles, compared with the conventional magnetic separation. In conventional magnetic separation, the extent of the fluid drag force exceeds the magnetic force exerted on ultrafine particles. Thus, ultrafine magnetic particles were usually not recovered effectively by magnetic separators, resulting in the loss of valuable ultrafine slime particles. The FMS process significantly increases the magnetic force on the ultrafine iron ore in the form of hydrophobic flocs in a magnetic field, thus the ultrafine particles can be picked up effectively as magnetic concentrates. The FMS process improved the Fe recovery from 37.35% to 79.60%. 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: beneficiation; characterization; floc magnetic separation; iron ore slime; magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Yan, S.-F., Sun, T.-C., Xu, Y. Effects of coals on direct reduction roasting of siderite ore from Jiayuguan (2012) Zhongguo Youse Jinshu Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 22 (5), pp. 1462-1467. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084864309029&partnerID=40&md5=043866eed4bd32614d9c39a7e7a24db7 AFFILIATIONS: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: In order to research effect of coal on the process of direct reduction-magnetic separation of siderite, comparative tests of two coals were conducted under conditions for different consumptions of coal, and the influence mechanisms of ash and volatility index of the two coals for direct

reduction process were investigated by means of XRD and SEM. The results show that: under conditions using the two coals, the iron grades of the products decrease according to coal consumption increasing; the recovery rate for using bituminous coal increases first and then reduces with coal dosage increasing, and the recovery rate for using stone coal increases with coal dosage increasing. In the same coal consumption, the roasting iron particles for using bituminous coal are bigger than those for using stone coals, and obviously gather to the edge of ore. It is primarily that the ash of bituminous coal is lower than that of stone coal, and the volatility of bituminous coal is higher than that of stone coal, which leads to the speed of siderite direct-reducting relatively unstable. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Coal; Direct-reducting; Siderite DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Wang, J.-M., Peng, B., Chai, L.-Y., Li, M., Peng, N. Recovery iron from zinc leaching residues by reduction roasting and magnetic separation process (2012) Zhongguo Youse Jinshu Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 22 (5), pp. 1455-1461. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084864323303&partnerID=40&md5=f62c8bc939427a2b9e3ab6ed52e5d627 AFFILIATIONS: School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China ABSTRACT: Based on the process mineralogy, the zinc ferrite was decomposed into zinc oxide and ferroferric oxide by reduction roasting, and then recovery iron by magnetic separation. The effects of roasting temperature, roasting time and usage of reducing agent on the decomposition rate of zinc ferrite and recovery rate of iron were investigated. The results show that the decomposition rate of zinc ferrite reaches 72.05% and the recovery of iron reaches 91.79% after roasted at 950C for 1 h in 10% or 5% reducing agent. The iron concentrate grade only reaches 50%. The agglomeration of particles in the process of roasting and magnetic separation leads to the lower grade. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron recovery; Magnetic separation; Reduction roasting; Zinc ferrite; Zinc leaching residue DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Li, G., Shi, T., Rao, M., Jiang, T., Zhang, Y. Beneficiation of nickeliferous laterite by reduction roasting in the presence of sodium sulfate (2012) Minerals Engineering, 32, pp. 19-26. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861129154&partnerID=40&md5=d1f588ddc955d906a3662898de0b9be0 AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: In this paper, the reduction roasting of laterite ore in the absence or presence of sodium sulfate was carried out for nickel beneficiation by wet magnetic separation. Sodium sulfate is found to be capable of enhancing the reduction of laterite ore through liberating iron and nickel from Ni/Fe substituted-lizardite, as well as increasing the size of ferronickel particles considerably. When the laterite pellets were reduced at 1100C for 60 min, the average particle size of ferronickel grains was approximately 50 m in the presence of sodium sulfate, which far exceeded the size of 5-10 m in the absence of sodium sulfate. Compared with those reduced without sodium sulfate, the Ni grade of ferronickel concentrate increased

from 2.33% to 9.48%, and the magnetic separation recovery of Ni increased from 56.97% to 83.01% with the addition of 20 wt.% sodium sulfate. Experimental evidence showed that troilite (FeS) serves as an activating agent to accelerate melt phase formation via a low melting point (985C) FeFeS eutectic. This markedly facilitated the aggregation of ferronickel particles during reduction, along with the selective enrichment of Ni by suppressing the complete metallization of Fe. 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ferronickel; Laterite; Magnetic separation; Reduction roasting; Sodium sulfate DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Dwyer, R.a , Bruckard, W.J.b , Rea, S.a , Holmes, R.J.b Bioflotation and bioflocculation review: Microorganisms relevant for mineral beneficiation (2012) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 121 (2), pp. 65-71. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084859786408&partnerID=40&md5=72106621bc435c998c29a8d7bfafb29a AFFILIATIONS: CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia; CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Box 312, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia ABSTRACT: In a world of diminishing resources, current research efforts are often directed to extending the life of existing resources and developing technology to treat resources deemed uneconomic. To this end, biotechnology has been explored as a potential low cost, environmentally benign alternative to many of the current mineral processing techniques. Microorganisms and their metabolites have been successfully applied in the leaching of metals from medium and low grade sulphide minerals for many years. Recent fundamental studies have shown that selected bacteria may also assist in the beneficiation of these minerals through bioflotation and bioflocculation. The current published research demonstrates that several bacteria and their excreted proteins and polysaccharides have a significant effect on the surface chemical properties of some minerals. As such, the bacterial cells and their metabolites can be utilised as flotation collectors and modifiers enabling selective separation. To date, these studies have primarily focused on the sulphide minerals; however, there is considerable scope to expand this research for the beneficiation of oxide minerals such as those contained in iron ores. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research on the use of microorganisms for mineral beneficiation and the potential use of genetically modified bacteria and, further, discusses the applicability of bioflotation and bioflocculation for the beneficiation of Australian iron ores. 2012 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and The AusIMM. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bioflocculation; Bioflotation; Iron ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Review SOURCE: Scopus Gholamnejad, J., Kasmaee, S. Optimum blending of iron ore from Choghart stockpiles by using goal programming (2012) Journal of Central South University of Technology (English Edition), 19 (4), pp. 1081-1085. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084862650009&partnerID=40&md5=dca664ac9843438d85c9b7e38909f874

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran ABSTRACT: Iron and steel industry is an important sector of Iran's economy. Choghart iron ore mine is an important iron ore producer of Iran steel industry. Phosphorous contained in the iron ore concentrates of Choghart mine has a detrimental effect on the steel making process, whereby this causes cracks to form in the refractory lining of blast furnaces. In the past, about 1.43 Mt of low-grade and 4.53 Mt of high-phosphorous materials had been transported to low grade and high phosphorous stockpiles, respectively, for future beneficiation. As a result of the progressive depletion of high-grade ore and establishment of beneficiation plant in Choghart, exploitation of these two stockpiles in this mine became an important issue. In this work, a linear goal programming (GP) model was developed in order to determine the optimum iron ore blend in terms of quality from low grade and high phosphorous stockpiles of Choghart mine. The model was solved by the SOLVER V. 9 program. Results show that feeding with acceptable quality (w(Fe)50% and w(P)1.2%, mass fraction) materials can be blended from stockpiles that satisfy the needs of the Choghart processing line. 2012 Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Goal programming; Processing plant; Short term production scheduling; Stockpile DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Zhu, D.-Q.a , Cui, Y.a , Hapugoda, S.b , Vining, K.b , Pan, J.a Mineralogy and crystal chemistry of a low grade nickel laterite ore (2012) Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 22 (4), pp. 907-916. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861060233&partnerID=40&md5=4b53a1914f9d8c2ac1ccf27f9d9d5623 AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Process Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial Research Organization, P.O. Box 883, Kenmore, QLD 4069, Australia ABSTRACT: To acquire understanding of Ni enrichment from laterite ore, the mineralogy and crystal chemistry of a low grade limonite type nickel laterite ore sample assaying 0.97 Ni from Indonesia were studied using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). According to EPMA results, the mineral includes 80 goethite ((Fe, Ni, Al)O(OH)) with 0.87 Ni, 15 silicate minerals with lizardite ((Mg, Fe, Ni) 3Si 2O 5(OH)) and olivine ((Mg, Fe, Ni) 2SiO 4), and 1.19 Ni, and other minor phases, such as hematite, maghemite, chromite and quartz, and no Ni was detected. The mineralogy of the laterite ore indicates that due to the complicated association of the various phases and the variable distribution of Ni, this refractory laterite ore can not be upgraded by traditional physical beneficiation processes. 2012 The Nonferrous Metals Society of China. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: crystal chemistry; goethite; lizardite; nickel laterite; nickel occurrence DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Dworzanowski, M. Maximizing the recovery of fine iron ore using magnetic separation (2012) SAIMM - Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 112 (3), pp. 197-202.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861536809&partnerID=40&md5=fc38d848f6762a283a3c464d28fabf13 AFFILIATIONS: Anglo American Mining and Technology, Anglo Research, South Africa ABSTRACT: The beneficiation of fine iron ore will increase in importance in the future because most new iron ore resources will be in the form of lower grade ore deposits that will require liberation of iron ore minerals at finer sizes. Generally this fine iron ore will be beneficiated to produce a pelletizing concentrate with very strict chemical and physical specifications. In addition, because of the increasing demand for iron ore there are now more opportunities to produce by-product iron ore from mining operations producing other commodities. In the past the associated iron ore minerals would report to final tailings but now there is potential value to be realised from by-product revenue. These by-product iron ore opportunities are almost all centred on producing pelletizing concentrate. Currently pelletizing concentrates are produced mainly by various combinations of flotation and magnetic separation. The selection of the beneficiation route will depend on ore mineralogy and considerations around plant capacity and final concentrate quality. The main economic iron minerals are magnetic, haematite being paramagnetic and magnetite being ferromagnetic. This, therefore, means that magnetic separation can be applied, in principle, to all fine iron-ore beneficiation plants. While flotation has a considerable capacity advantage over magnetic separation, the real advantage of magnetic separation over flotation in fine iron-ore beneficiation is that treatment of -10 m iron ore is possible-in flotation, the feed is deslimed at 10 m and the -10 m stream is considered to be final tailings, even though there is often a significant amount of contained iron ore. This paper describes a study around the recovery of fine magnetite in the form of a pelletizing concentrate. The study is based on an evaluation of an iron ore by-product opportunity from an iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit. Experiments were conducted to quantify the differences in magnetic separation performance with decrease in particle size treated. A mineralogical evaluation of all the test work products was undertaken to facilitate the interpretation of the test work results. These results were then used to propose an economically viable flowsheet for maximizing fine magnetite recovery using magnetic separation. The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2012. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Davis tube; Magnetic flocculation; Magnetic susceptibility; Magnetite; Pelletizing concentrate DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mukhopadhyay, J.a , Ghosh, G.b , Zimmermann, U.a , Guha, S.c , Mukherjee, T.a A 3.51Ga bimodal volcanics-BIF-ultramafic succession from Singhbhum Craton: Implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamic processes from the oldest greenstone succession of the Indian subcontinent (2012) Geological Journal, 47 (2-3), pp. 284-311. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084859392917&partnerID=40&md5=725427224d9214ea6773af11fa178ec9 AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Advanced Studies in Precambrian Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny (UGC), Department of Geology, Presidency University, Kolkata, India; Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway ABSTRACT: The Palaeoarchaean greenstone belt of the southern Iron Ore Group (SIOG) (3.51Ga) in the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India, includes low-strained

and low-greenstone grade bimodal volcanics, Banded Iron Formation (BIF) and chromiferous ultramafics as enclaves within tonalite-trondjhemitegranodiorite (TTG) granitoids, collectively referred to as the Singhbhum Granite (3.4Ga to 3.1Ga). The succession comprises, from base to top, a lower unit of massive and pillowed basalt conformably overlain by dacitic lava and pyroclastics which in turn is overlain by a major BIF unit. The ultramafics are juxtaposed with the volcanics-BIF succession along a thrust fault. The lithological association of pillow lava, subaqueous dacitic lava and pyroclastic rocks and BIF collectively, suggests that the entire succession was deposited in a deep-marine depositional setting. The ash-poor dacitic volcanic rock succession with evidences of a transition from suppressedvolatile deep-water lava flow and pyroclastics to more evolved mass-flow deposits with increasing trend of subaqueous flow transformation, records a transition from a deep-water low-height volcanic chain to a shallower subaqueous eruption in an aggradational volcanic chain. Geochemical proxies from the bimodal volcanics and ultramafics showing enrichment of La/Nb, Th/Nb, Th/La, Ba/La, Pb/Ce, depletion in Nb-Ta relative to neighbouring REE, together with tectonic discrimination criteria using Nb, Y, Zr, Ti compositions, suggest an extending oceanic arc-forearc geodynamic setting similar to many of the Phanerozoic supra-subduction zone ophiolites where ophiolite development in the extending upper plate in a relatively short time span is facilitated by slab rollback processes. The positive Eu-anomaly together with high Y/Ho values from the BIFs also suggests their deposition in close proximity to spreading centres that might have developed over a rifted arc. The bimodal volcanic rock-BIF-ultramafic succession of the SIOG with evidence of a convergent margin geodynamic setting is an important example for Palaeoarchaean plate tectonic processes operating on Earth. 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: BIF; Dacitic volcanic rocks; Geodynamics; Greenstone belt; Iron Ore Group; Palaeoarchaean; Supra-subduction zone DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Liu, X., Lu, X., Qiu, J., Wang, Z., Wu, P. Purification of low grade ca-bentonite for iron ore pellets (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 454, pp. 237-241. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863164209&partnerID=40&md5=2e553d2d25f8ffe60940484ddea8353a AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China ABSTRACT: According to the bentonites properties and mineral composition, three bentonites with 32-36% montmorillonite content(MC) from Laiyang, Shandong, China, are purified for utilizing low grade bentonite sufficiently. Research shows that the purification is effective by separating-325 mesh products from raw bentonite after soaking, stirring and rubbing in water. Firstly, the three bentonites are combined into one and soaked in water for 24h with the ratio of liquid and solid 15:1, and then, the bentonite is purified using-325 mesh sieve after stirring and rubbing in water for 1h with pulp density of 26%. Methylene blue index(MBI) of the product is 22.52g/100g, swell index(SI) is 5.5mL/2g, water absorption(WA) is 184.3%, water content(Wa.C) is 9.7%, and the indexes meet the stantard of three grade Cabentonite (TGCB) applying to iron ore pellets. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron ore pellets; Low grade Ca-bentonite; Purification DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus

Cui, B.a , Wei, D.a , Zhang, R.a , Zhang, S.b Research on improving the classification-gravity concentration technology based on an anshan-type low-grade hematite ore (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 454, pp. 256-260. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863163919&partnerID=40&md5=17bcffc37774422c9afdb3bd80ad11c6 AFFILIATIONS: College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Shenyang Meteorological Bureau, Shenyang 110168, China ABSTRACT: The beneficiation of Anshan-type low-grade hematite ores attracts more and more attention. Complicated beneficiation flow sheets are necessary to deal this type of ores. Classification-gravity concentration technology is used widely in these flow sheets because of its characteristics. In this paper, grinding characteristics and classification-gravity concentration tests were carried out based on the ore's mineralogical characteristics. When the ground size of the ore was 75%-0.071mm, through beneficiation by the flow sheet of classification-gravity concentration-middle intensity magnetic separation discarding, a satisfactory concentrate assaying 67.58% Fe, 47.51% recovery was obtained, and the iron grade and yield of the tailings were 5.93% and 39.77% respectively. The controlling of the size distribution and the behavior of finer hematite grains is important and efficiency in beneficiation of Anshan-type hematite ores. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Anshan-type low-grade hematite ore; Classification-gravity concentration; Size distribution; Technology optimization DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Bai, L., Liu, B., Hao, Y., Zhang, X., Ma, Y. Experimental study on magnetic roasting of low grade specularite (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 454, pp. 189-193. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863125326&partnerID=40&md5=0db8572eec9ae2016260de31fbadcd15 AFFILIATIONS: College of Mining Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063009, China ABSTRACT: Along with the continuously rose of the iron ore price and the Chinese iron ore quantity demanded, Iron ore self-sufficient rate has become the bottleneck of Chinese steel industry development. In order to increase Chinese ore self-sufficiency rate, the paper study the xinjiang region low grade specularite. When the crude ore grade is 35%, the mass percent of reducing agent pulverized coal is 12%, roasting temperature is 800C, roasting time is 50 min, milling fineness is 90% passing 0.074 mm and the magnetic induction is 84kA/m, after a low intensity magnetic separation, the iron concentrate can be got whose yield is 42.83%, grade is 62.04% and recovery is 79.26%. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Low intensity magnetic separation; Magnetizing roast; Specularite DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, Y.a , Jin, C.a , Wang, C.b , Tan, W.a , Sun, Z.c An iron ore beneficiation test of a region in Anshan (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 454, pp. 157-161. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863167153&partnerID=40&md5=c9dc020dd4311606166b246ff52015eb AFFILIATIONS: Resources and Civil Engineering Institute, NEU, Shenyang, China; Anshan Group, Qidashan Diaojuntai Dressing Plant, Anshan, Liaoning, China;

Shenyang Research Institute of Nonferrous Metals, Liaoling, China ABSTRACT: This test is in relation to a low-grade co-selected and mixed concentrates that produced from weak magnetic-magnetic beneficiation. Through the flotation tests step by step and control of variables to study the changes of starch's amount and inhibitor collector's amount in the impact of test results in the anti-flotation and the flotation process At the end, we received a grade of 55.65%, 57.19% recovery of iron ore products, iron ore products calcined at 800 C for 40min under the conditions you can get concentrate grade of 60.14% of the product. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Anti-flotation; Flotation step; Positive flotation; Refractory ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Yuan, Z., Liu, L., Han, Y. Wet pre-concentration of low-grade hematite in high-pressure grinding roller (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 454, pp. 363-368. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863134078&partnerID=40&md5=a4b954002c242c97c972ae98fb4083b6 AFFILIATIONS: College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang Province, 110819, China ABSTRACT: The wet pre-concentration of comminuted hematite in high-pressure grinding roller was studied, using the cylindrical ferromagnetic medium in a high gradient magnetic separator. The effects of various factors including rod diameter, rod gap and background magnetic field intensity (BMFI) on the performances of pre-concentration in different size feeds are emphatically investigated. The results showed that as the rod diameter increased, the rod gap decreased and the BMFI increased, the tailings grade and the tailings yield reduced, but the concentrates recovery raised. This variation was regardless of the feed size distribution. After the classifying preconcentration, the overall concentrate grade increases by 9.56 percentage points and the concentrate recovery is up to the 82.67% with a tailing grade of 10.68% and a tailing yield of 40.31%. Compared with the classifying preconcentration, the full size pre-concentration produced a concentrate with a lower grade only increased by 6.61 percentage points and the higher recovery of 92.32%. The tailings, with a lower yield of only 26.62% and a lower grade of 7.39%, was mainly produced from the fine feed. The coarse feed in the full size pre-concentration was not separated effectively. (2012) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: High intensity magnetic separation; High-pressure grinding roller; Low grade hematite; Preconcentration DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, Y., Zhu, T. Recovery of low grade haematite via fluidised bed magnetising roasting: Investigation of magnetic properties and liberation characteristics (2012) Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 39 (2), pp. 112-120. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084855413291&partnerID=40&md5=4153a2be294151dd7dfc953a4982ce31 AFFILIATIONS: School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China ABSTRACT: The separability of low grade haematite from Tangshan was investigated experimentally via fluidised bed magnetising roasting. To better understand the separation mechanisms, the magnetic properties of the products (magnetite or maghemite) made from reduction roasting or reduction-oxidation process were investigated. The liberation behaviour was analysed through

beneficiation results and theoretical models. It was found that several parameters such as temperature and roasting time would influence the reduction process; however, the magnetic susceptibility of the reduced sample is mainly determined by the content of the magnetic component. The beneficiation results are mainly influenced by the magnetic properties, magnetic field and grinding size. For the reduction products, i.e. low grade magnetite, the best results occurred when the applied magnetic field was 119?4 kA m21 and the particle size was 20?048 mm, with the iron grade of the concentrate being 62?5% and the recovery rate being 91?1%. The produced magnetite can be reoxidised to maghemite at temperatures below 300uC, and the concentrate grade is improved when the reduced samples are reoxidised at 200uC. For the reoxidised samples, a preferential breakage effect appeared during the grinding process, and Hsih's model with a detachment factor of 0?3 was observed to provide a good fit for their liberation characteristics. 2012 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Fluidised bed; Liberation; Low grade haematite; Maghemite; Magnetic separation; Magnetite DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Xu, C. The development of preconcentration technology in low-grade magnetite's beneficiation (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 361-363, pp. 324-327. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080555146756&partnerID=40&md5=c1e3a9c1ff6424516d0c8d475c9ffe1c AFFILIATIONS: School of Mineral Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China ABSTRACT: Exhaustion of high-grade magnetite resources and large demand for iron ore in the rapidly developing steel industry promotes the mining enterprises to exploit low-grade magnetite. Low-grade magnetite with a low content of valuable minerals is hard to be separated with the conventional separation process flow because of its high beneficiation costs. By preconcentration technology, enriching valuable minerals and discarding large amounts of gangue as soon as possible before grinding, low beneficiation costs can be achieved in low-grade magnetite's beneficiation. After continuous researches and production practices and the development of relevant efficient crushing and separating equipments, preconcentration technology has made great progress: from crushing-dry magnetic separation technology to grinding-wet magnetic separation technology, then to ultrafine crushing-wet magnetic separation technology. Now preconcentration has become an indispensable stage in low-grade magnetite's beneficiation. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Beneficiation costs; Low-grade magnetite; Magnetic separation; More crushing and less grinding; Preconcentration; Ultrafine crushing DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Kou, J., Sun, T., Li, Y., Cao, Y. Studies on the effects of particle size in direct reduction roasting of limonite ores (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 402, pp. 546-551. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.083655180791&partnerID=40&md5=2eb8febc1418656e11493aaa682a2cca AFFILIATIONS: School of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

ABSTRACT: A series of direct reduction roasting - magnetic separation tests were carried out with refractory limonite ore in two different particle size compositions. The effect of particle size in the grade and recovery of direct reduced iron (DRI) at different roasting time, temperature and reductant dosages was investigated, and the mineralogical transformations of DRI obtained at different roasting time were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). The results demonstrate that direct reduction roasting with limonite ore in large particle size (100% - 20mm) was feasible, and the reducibility of limonite ore in large particle size increased with increasing reductant dosage and roasting time. The optimum reduction roasting - magnetic separation parameters of 100% - 20mm limonite ore were proposed as the following: roasting at 1200C for 120min with 40% reductant, and milling 30min followed by low intensity magnetic separation, which resulted in the DRI with TFe grade of 90.2% and recovery of 89.3%. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction roasting; Limonite ore; Particle size; SEM DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, Y., Sun, T., Kou, J., Xu, C., Liu, Z., Guo, Q. Industry test on phosphorus removal and direct reduction of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite ore (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 402, pp. 535-541. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.083655197236&partnerID=40&md5=dc7e049c96c39ab57363a1fffb16dc21 AFFILIATIONS: State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China ABSTRACT: Industry test on phosphorus removal and direct reduction of the "Ningxiang type" high-phosphorus oolitic hematite ore has been carried out in a tunnel kiln on the basis of laboratory experiment. The iron grade and phosphorus content of the initial sample are 42.46% and 0.867%, respectively. The results showed that high-phosphorus oolitic hematite could be exploited on industrial scale, with the new process direct reduction roasting grinding - magnetic separation, and that the final concentrate with an iron grade 92.56%, iron recovery 82.77% and phosphorus content 0.089% was obtained under the optimal conditions. Besides, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope with X-ray energy dispersive spectrum (SEM-EDS) were used to analysis the mechanism of phosphorus removal and direct reduction. It was shown that oolitic structure was destroyed, and metallic iron particle coarsening was obvious, besides fluorapatite particles were dispersed in the gangue by diffusion during the reduction roasting process. The liberation of metallic iron and gangue can be achieved by grinding, so high iron grade and low phosphorus content concentrate can be obtained after magnetic separation. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction; High-phosphorus oolitic hematite; Industry test; Magnetic separation; Phosphorus removal DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Liu, J.a , Chen, J.-A.a b Experimental research on low grade copper-bearing magnetite in one area (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 347-353, pp. 157-162. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080155183817&partnerID=40&md5=845b502dd082d25edd22e022bb579b00 AFFILIATIONS: Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100038, China

ABSTRACT: Recovering valuable metal from tailings has always been one of national resource comprehensive utilization key research subjects. There are copper-bearing magnetite which contains 43.31% of iron and 0.21% of copper in some places. After grinding-low intensity magnetic separation-flotation process can get 68.87% of iron concentrate with recovery 64.39% and copper concentrate which contain copper 12.67% with recovery of 75.30%. The experiment results will provide an effective way to comprehensive utilize the resource in one area. (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chalcopyrite; Magnetite; Resource comprehensive utilization DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Santos, E.D.a , Scorzelli, R.B.a , Bertolino, L.C.b , Alves, O.C.c , Munayco, P.a Characterization of kaolin from the Capim River region - Brazil (2012) Applied Clay Science, 55, pp. 164-167. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084855441016&partnerID=40&md5=a8556fd3dba8fcbf3c0755154ba5c07e AFFILIATIONS: Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas, CBPF, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM, Avenida Pedro Calmon 900, Ilha da Cidade Universitaria, 21941-908, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Outeiro de So Joo Batista s/n, Niteri, 24020-150 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil ABSTRACT: Kaolin has been intensively used as an industrial mineral, mainly in the paper industry, as coating or filler material. In order to achieve the market requirements for this kind of use, there are several beneficiation processes that kaolin should pass, such as grain size classification, chemical bleaching and magnetic separation. In this work, mineralogical, chemical and physical characterizations were carried out in kaolin samples from the mined ore in Capim 1 deposit being commercially exploited by Par Pigmentos S/A, before and after different steps of the industrial beneficiation processes. X-ray fluorescence and brightness measurement results indicate that all kaolin samples are typified by low iron content and high brightness grade. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy data exhibit kaolinite as the main mineral phase with minor amounts of quartz. The Hinckley index (>1.06) as determined with XRD shows that all samples exhibit high structural order. From electron spin resonance and 57Fe Mssbauer spectroscopy data we obtained essential information about the chemical nature of iron impurities. Results reveal that the highest improvement in kaolin properties is obtained when previous magnetic separation is included in the beneficiation. 2011 Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: 57Fe Mssbauer spectroscopy; Characterization; Electron spin resonance; Kaolin; X-ray diffraction DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Sand, N.S.a , Trinh, Q.N.b Rana Gruber rock mechanics challenges connection with the establishment of a new main level and the transition to new mining method (2011) 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium, 7 p. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.082555164625&partnerID=40&md5=907f30774f19ef82d37cb3b11660ac9d AFFILIATIONS: Rana Gruber, Norway; SINTEF Rock Engineering, Norway

ABSTRACT: After more than 40 years of open pit mining, Rana Gruber AS started underground mining using open stope method in year 2000 at Kvannevann mine, located in the Northern Territories of Norway. The mining has been continuously improved and further developed to make it fit for the difficult rock conditions in the area and to cut operation costs. A combination of low grade iron ore with on average 33% Fe and significant rock mechanics challenges (large horizontal stress) has made the mining in the Kvannevann mine extraordinary. Because of the last year's increase of production due to the surge after iron ore, Rana Gruber AS investigated methods to increase the mining capacity and resources resulting. The investigation resulted in the decision to change over from open stope to sublevel caving - Project Sublevel Caving. The aim of the project is that it will in October year 2011 be able to produce ore from the first sublevel and to prepare the mine to produce three million tons crude ore in year 2012. The project has a budget of nearly 360 million NOK. The transition to a new mining method has resulted in many new rock mechanics challenges. The challenges due to former mining method as well as general challenges that sublevel caving as a mining method. This paper describes the mine with the changed mining method and also our analyses for one of the typical rock mechanics challenges - the displacement of the hanging wall. 2011 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Cassola, M.S.a , Pedain, K.U.b Investigation on collector optimisation in the reverse - Iron ore flotation (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 361-366. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866719776&partnerID=40&md5=67c042dad87b46ec698b2eb3d7ca95c7 AFFILIATIONS: Clariant Mining Services, Av. Naes Unidas, So Paulo, SP, Brazil; Clariant Mining Services, Industrie Park Hchst, D561, 65 926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany ABSTRACT: It's expected that the world economy will face a stable and continuous growth in the demand of ironore, reaching more than two billion tonnes per year within the next year. After decades exploiting resources with high content of iron ore, now the industry faces the challenge to exploit and beneficiate more complex ores. According to the industrial practice, the flotation technology is one of the most important and effective beneficiation processes to deal with low grade iron ores around the world. However, even with this, it is still necessary to search for new processing routes or promote the optimisation of the existing circuits. The broad application of this technology is an outcome that deeply relies on the proper selection of flotation chemicals specifically designed for each system. New collectors are in continuous development as flotation performance significantly relies upon their optimisation. The reverse iron ore flotation in Brazil, mainly constituted by haematite and quartz, uses ether amines as collector for silica minerals and caustic corn starch as depressor for haematite. The process selectivity is highly impacted by the features of the etheramine, such as: mono or di-etheramine, neutralisation degree, chain length, branched or linear chain, the flotation pH, and the size distribution of the flotation feed. This paper describes the experience obtained from laboratory and industrial trials on different ores, conducted to improve the selectivity and recovery in the reverse ironore flotation by selecting the required collector for low-grade ores. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus

Lubben, J.D.a , Jongewaard, P.K.b , Young, M.E.c Geometallurgy and ore processing of the hibbing taconite lake superior-type magnetite taconite deposit, mesabi iron range, Minnesota, USA (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 271-280. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866707786&partnerID=40&md5=0e1c4d26ab2ba4454db21f7865938f25 AFFILIATIONS: Hibbing Taconite Company, Cliff S Natural Resources, 4950 County Highway 5 North, Hibbing, MN 55746, United States; Cliff S Technical Group, Cliff S Natural Resources, 1200 West County Road 16, Forbes, MN 55738, United States; Cliffs Natural Resources, 200 Public Square, Cleveland, OH 44114, United States ABSTRACT: Hibbing Taconite is a Lake Superior-type granular magnetite taconite deposit occurring within the Biwabik Iron Formation along Minnesota's central Mesabi Iron Range. The deposit is situated on the northern margin of the Proterozoic Animikie Basin. The deposit strikes northeast, dips gently southeast, and occupies 10 km of strike length. Mining focuses on 50 m of granular cherty and laminated slaty taconite within the Lower Cherty member. Ores generally consist of a quartz, magnetite, siderite, ankerite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane, and haematite mineral assemblage. Processing is optimised by exploiting the physical and chemical variations that exist between three major ore types. Taconite ore averages 20 per cent magnetic iron (MagFe), 27 per cent weight recovery (WtRec) and produces a fi nal concentrate with 4.5 per cent silica (SiO2). Since 1976, production has totalled approximately 237 million long tons (Mlt) of pellets (8 Mlt per year rated capacity). Ore processing uses a simple fl ow sheet of autogenous grinding (<0.044 mm) followed by two phases of wet magnetic separation, fi ltering, limestone/bentonite addition, balling, and fi ring to create pellets averaging 66 per cent total iron. A Liberation Index (LIS) is used as a primary guide for ore grading and metallurgical control. Grind requirements, magnetite liberation and silica grade are closely monitored to ensure plant optimisation and product quality. A recent program of benefi ciation of lowgrade ores by in-pit crushing and dry magnetic cobbing has demonstrated that low-grade ores (<17 per cent MagFe, <25 per cent WtRec) can achieve a signifi cant metallurgical upgrade (up to 25 per cent MagFe and 40 per cent WtRec). This operation recovers 60 per cent of the total crushed volume, and has a calculated effi ciency factor (magnetic iron recovery) of 79 per cent. This paper discusses the benefi ts of this upgrading and its effects on ore blending and processing. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wei, D., Guan, Z., Gao, S., Liu, W., Han, C., Cui, B. Benefi ciation of low-grade haematite ores (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 545-555. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866701516&partnerID=40&md5=1e98cf4b91048291d8b06c7d680fbea8 AFFILIATIONS: College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China ABSTRACT: Large tonnages of low-grade haematite ores need to be treated every day in China. One of the mineralogical characteristics of these haematite ores is that the grain size of haematite is smaller than that of quartz and is not uniform in the ores. Therefore, a fl ow sheet consisting of gravity concentration, low-intensity magnetic separation, high-intensity magnetic separation and reverse fl otation is mainly used to separate haematite ores in China, to obtain acceptable benefi ciation performance and reduce the operating costs. Nowadays, whether based on mineral processing practice or

theoretical analysis, the results show that the application of the abovementioned fl ow sheet is able to take full advantage of these mineral processing methods and achieves satisfactory benefi ciation of haematite ores. For example, when the iron grade of the haematite ore is about 29 per cent Fe, a concentrate assaying 68 per cent Fe can be obtained and the recovery of iron is over 80 per cent. In the future, research work on the benefi ciation of haematite ores should focus on investigating the most feasible particle size for gravity concentration circuit feed so that the operating costs can be reduced and ultimately the separation performance can be improved. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wills, A.L.a , Jupp, K.F.a , Howard, T.J.b The product quality system at cliff s natural resources - Koolyanobbing iron ore operations (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 563-573. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866696372&partnerID=40&md5=b4aa38f1e2c1495d9f42c9c7c0020323 AFFILIATIONS: Cliff s Natural Resources Pvt Ltd., Asia Pacific Iron Ore, 1 William Street, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Ore Quality Pvt Ltd., PO Box 2579, Warwick WA 6024, Australia ABSTRACT: Cliffs Natural Resources Pty Ltd (Cliffs) operates iron ore mines in the Koolyanobbing region of Western Australia. Ore is mined from three separate hubs and trucked to Koolyanobbing. There it is crushed and screened to lump and fines finished products and railed to Esperance port for export to Asian customers. Cliffs is renowned in the marketplace for its consistent product quality. In 2010, 9 Mt of ore was exported to Asia. Over the last three years, Cliffs has systematically refurbished its product quality system (PQS), to improve efficiency of production while maintaining its high standard of product quality. Particular attention has been given to reducing inventory, which has required signifi cant modifi cations to the production process design. In redesigning the production process, emphasis was placed on maximising the application of the inherent blending in each of the production process steps and dedicated blending was only introduced where essential. Simulation modelling and statistical analysis of process capabilities were utilised to develop a system that optimises inventory, minimises rehandle, eliminates several decision-making steps and maintains a pull focus throughout the value chain. The new planning functions are now fully integrated and effectively control long-term grade variability rather than relying on long-term stockpiling. The production process design and the daily crusher blend plan are used to control short-term grade variability. With the upgrading of the planning processes the accuracy and consistency of algorithms for lump per cent and lump and fines grades became more important and an increased geometallurgical function has been added to the company. The continuous stockpile management system was upgraded to increase the effectiveness of the daily crusher blend planning process and is now the sole intervention point in the production process for grade-based decisions. Grade control systems were modified to utilise advances in software and geostatistics to deliver accurate short range planning models. The reconciliation and sampling systems have also been refurbished with an emphasis on practical application and feedback loops. Accountability and transparency are provided by management reports that are generated from a centralised data warehouse and the introduction of a corrective action system. Standardised reports are available to all stakeholders and a quarterly KPI scorecard assists the management review process. The successful rejuvenation of the PQS has culminated in operational efficiency through the

implementation of an integrated end-to-end process flow. Shareholder value is maximised through maximising recovery of the resource and minimising costs. Customer focus is maintained by reliably delivering product with acceptable and low grade variability. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Dwyer, R.a , Rea, S.a , Bruckard, W.b , Holmes, R.c Bio-beneficiation of australian iron ores - Potential applications of indigenous bacteria for flotation, flocculation and phosphorous removal (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 397-402. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866657330&partnerID=40&md5=4a1e41232e9536e0bcf159266e81369b AFFILIATIONS: CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia; CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Box 312, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia; CSIRO Minerals Down under National Research Flagship, Box 312, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia ABSTRACT: Iron ore currently mined in Australia generally requires very little beneficiation. However, depleting high-grade resources means that in the future low-grade iron ore deposits will need to be mined to meet the increasing demands of the global steel industry. Along with the increased demand, the industry faces additional pressure to reduce the environmental impact of mining and mineral processing. This has stimulated research beyond incremental improvements to conventional processing into alternative lowimpact processes, including biotechnological approaches to mineral processing. Bioflotation and bioflocculation have emerged as relatively recent technologies, in which bacteria and/or their extracellular material may be used as flotation reagents (collectors or modifiers), enabling improved selective separation of minerals. The primary advantage is the production of a selective, environmentally-benign alternative to conventional flotation reagents. A biotechnological approach may also be taken in the beneficiation of high-phosphorous iron ores utilising bacteria capable of iron reduction and phosphorous solubilisation. Samples from three iron ore deposits in Western Australia were examined for bacteria suitable for iron ore beneficiation. A number of common soil microorganisms including Pseudomonas spp, Limnobacter thiooxidans, Paenibacillus spp, and Ralstonia insidiosa were identifi ed using culture-independent molecular techniques. A number of anaerobic species belonging to the genus Clostridium were also identified in the core samples. Selected aerobic species were enriched and isolated on high nutrient media in the presence of haematite. Several of the isolated strains showed an affinity for iron ore, attaching to haematite in enrichment cultures and further demonstrated through adhesion studies. Other isolated species such as Ralstonia isidiosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri are known to solubilise rock phosphates in soils and have potential for the removal of phosphorous from Australian iron ores. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Dalstra, H.J. From banded iron formation to iron ore - Genetic models and their application in iron ore exploration in the Hamersley Province, Western Australia (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 73-82. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866656163&partnerID=40&md5=f3fe6ed35c8a1173d5aa4995dac3b33f

AFFILIATIONS: Rio Tinto Exploration Pvt Ltd., 37 Belmont Avenue, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia ABSTRACT: High-grade iron ore may be derived from banded iron formation (BIF) through four fundamentally different processes: 1. syngenetic precipitation of chert free BIF, 2. residual enrichment by removal of gangue minerals from BIF to form bedded (residual) iron ore, 3. mechanical erosion of iron oxide and chert from bedded iron ore or BIF and re-deposition and upgrading as detrital iron ore, and 4. chemical removal of iron from BIF and precipitation elsewhere as a secondary (channel) iron deposit. Finally, the BIF itself may constitute iron ore if a high-grade concentrate utilised for pellets or sinters can be derived from it through mechanical (industrial) separation of iron oxide by means of crushing/milling and mineral separation. Historically, exploration for high-grade BIF hosted iron ores was focused on the residual (bedded) deposits and driven by supergene concepts. Exploration for detrital and channel type iron ores was mostly secondary to exploration for bedded deposits, but recently, a more focused exploration effort has led to the discovery of enormous moderate to low iron grade deposits in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Exploration for high-grade iron ores using syngenetic concepts has been limited, but together with exploration using hypogene concepts offers the best hope of finding concealed deposits. Exploration for BIF sources suitable for concentrate ores commenced in the 'old' iron ore provinces after the high-grade resources were depleted and has only recently gained importance in Australian BIF provinces, mainly as a result of high iron ore prices in the last decade. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Naderi, H.a , Abdollahy, M.a , Mostoufi, N.b , Koleini, M.J.a , Shojaosadati, S.A.c , Manafi, Z.d Kinetics of chemical leaching of chalcopyrite from low grade copper ore: Behavior of different size fractions (2011) International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 18 (6), pp. 638-645. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.083455172627&partnerID=40&md5=19c4dac89ec15956eec3df7677f29d74 AFFILIATIONS: Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran; School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran; Research and Development Division, Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman 7731643181, Iran ABSTRACT: The kinetics of the chemical leaching of copper from low grade ore in ferric sulfate media was investigated using the constrained least square optimization technique. The experiments were carried out for different particle sizes in both the reactor and column at constant oxidation-reduction potential (E h), pH values, and temperature. The main copper mineral was chalcopyrite. About 40% of Cu recovery is obtained after 7 d of reactor leaching at 85C using -0.5 mm size fraction, while the same recovery is obtained at 75C after 24 d. Also, about 23% of Cu recovery is obtained after 60 d of column leaching for +4 - 8 mm size fraction whereas the Cu recovery is as low as about 15% for +8 - 12.7 and +12.7 - 25 mm size fractions. A 4stage model for chalcopyrite dissolution was used to explain the observed dissolution behaviors. The results show that thick over-layers of sulphur components cause the parabolic behavior of chalcopyrite dissolution and the precipitation of Fe 3+ plays the main role in chalcopyrite passivation. In

the case of coarse particles, transformation from one stage to another takes a longer time, thus only two stages including the initial reaction on fresh surfaces and S 0 deposition are observed. 2011 University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: chalcopyrite; copper ore treatment; kinetics; leaching; particle size DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Flis, M., England, G., Thomas, T. Razorback iron ore project - A new iron district to meet the growing demand of an iron hungry world (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 615-623. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866694706&partnerID=40&md5=75c812705071d47402f615b762de9a56 AFFILIATIONS: Royal Resources Limited, PO Box 7525, Cloisters Square, WA 6850, Australia ABSTRACT: The Razorback Iron Ore Project is a high tonnage, low-grade magnetite deposit that defi nes a new iron ore district in South Australia. Known since the 1960s, the deposit has come into its own as the iron hungry world demands not only larger tonnages, but higher grade and cleaner magnetite concentrate ores that counterbalance the increasingly dirty haematite ores that are coming into production. Razorback is hosted by the Neoproterozoic Braemar Iron Formation, a tillitic unit that is part of the Adelaidean Geosyncline sedimentary sequence. At Razorback, this formation forms the southern limb of the Pualco Syncline, dipping at 42 to the north and outcropping along a prominent ridge. The formation consists of a series of alternating bedded tillitic and interbedded magnetite units that represent cycles of glacial advances and retreats. Seven cycles, resulting in seven stratigraphic members, are recognised. Members B, D, and G are the thickest, at 30 - 70 m each, and are the target of current investigations. While the bedded magnetite has the highest iron content, typically 35 per cent Fe, the tillitic unit, at typically 26 per cent Fe, has similar iron content in the ground mass but is diluted by the inclusion of iron-poor granite and metasedimentary dropstones. The mineralisation forms a simple dipping tabular body with only minor faulting, folding and intrusives. Grades, thickness, dip, and outcropping geometry remain very consistent over kilometres of strike, presenting an excellent mining proposition. Razorback differentiates itself from other Australian magnetite projects in a number of important ways. It is not a banded iron formation (BIF); it will have low crushing and grinding costs; and it is located in an infrastructure-rich area close to open-access, high capacity rail, to a selection of ports and to gas, electricity, labour and engineering services. Royal Resources has announced an Inferred Resource of 277 Mt @ 25.9 per cent Fe. The company is targeting a resource of 500 - 1000 Mt to support a 10 Mt per year concentrate production. Davis Tube Recovery work shows that the ore is capable of producing a concentrate of over 68 per cent Fe with very low deleterious elements. Metallurgical testing confi rms the ore is soft, and with near-zero initial stripping ratio the project will have a low opex. With access to existing critical infrastructure, capex will also be low, ensuring Razorback will be a highly competitive iron producer in this emergent mining district. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Everett, J.E. Ore selection and sequencing

(2011) GeoMet 2011 - 1st AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference 2011, pp. 197-204. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084857885528&partnerID=40&md5=7a5ff96461b9dacc5afaefc551847e57 AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: A block model of the orebody is used to plan a mine. The first requirement is to identify ore to be extracted, discarding waste, so as to meet target grade, generally in multiple analytes. Commonly, cut-off values are set for each analyte, so as to distinguish ore from waste. It will be shown that, if more than one analyte is important, this procedure is wasteful of ore and a composite cut-off function is preferable. A second requirement is to sequence the ore extraction so that the variability in ore grade is controlled: failure to do so will result either in low-quality ore being marketed, or excessive re-handling being required to blend the ore to reduce the grade variability. A third requirement is that the extraction sequence should be such as to control the amount of equipment movement required, enhancing the equipment productivity. The overall objective, to optimise the Net Present Value (NPV) of the mined ore, is simply stated but complex in realisation, since so many factors, such as target grade, grade variability, equipment choice, equipment movement, and downstream blending all have alternatives which can be traded off against each other, and all of which contribute to the costs and benefits making up the total NPV. There exist commercial packages for ore selection and mine planning. However, they are often of a 'black box' nature, and users are sometimes not fully aware of the criteria being applied. In particular, the treatment of quality as a multidimensional vector may be problematic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the issues involved and to suggest an alternative set of approaches, which should complement existing commercial treatments. The discussion will be illustrated specifically by reference to the mining of iron ore, but the issues are relevant to a wide variety of mining situations. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus He, Y., Wang, H., Sun, T., Hu, W., Li, H. The function and mechanism of an aidant reducer in the deep reduction process of iron ore (2011) Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 32 (12), pp. 1630-1636. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084863155285&partnerID=40&md5=33293b61542d5525c5a9792545f30a8f AFFILIATIONS: School of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: In view of the problem of large reserves of low-grade refractory ore along with low utilization, a study was conducted on refractory low-grade hematite by using deep reduction roasting-magnetic separation. The results show that under the conditions of using coal as the reducer with a dosage of 30%, JZQ-F1 as the assistant reducer with a dosage of 15%, and roasting at 1200C for 40min, the iron ore concentrate with the Fe content of 91.27% and Fe recovery of 91.04% was produced. The mechanisms of JZQ-F1 and JZQ-F2 are also investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that JZQ-F1 can promote the reduction of wustite to metallic iron and inhibit the formation of fayalite. JZQ-F2 can also inhibit the formation of fayalite and react with quartz, and thereby destroy the structure of raw mine, so that the reaction between reducing gas and hematite be easy. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aidant reducer; Deep reduction; Hematite ore; Roasting

DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Danckert, G.a , Masterman, J.b Identify, convert and sustain - Resource development in the Pilbara - The rio tinto way (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 589-595. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866649943&partnerID=40&md5=b2b75ba62dbbf87f922ba1927bc141a3 AFFILIATIONS: Resource Development, Rio Tinto Iron Ore, 152 - 158 St Georges Terrace, Perth WA 6000, Australia; 5 Year and Life-of-Mine Planning, Rio Tinto Iron Ore, 152 - 158 St Georges Terrace, Perth WA 6000, Australia ABSTRACT: The key technical theme of 'orebody knowledge' has been applied by Rio Tinto in the Pilbara iron ore precinct from 1966, when operations first started there. It forms the basis of present day application, as well as planning for the future. This paper will review how the early towns and mines commenced and how they formed the basis of Rio Tinto's early operations, on which the Pilbara precinct has been based. A profile of the last decade of Pilbara growth will be highlighted, together with the current integrated network of mines, rail and ports and the next generation of expansions. The paper will specifically describe the Rio Tinto process of significant resource evaluation, including comprehensive drilling programs and the conversion from resource to reserves. It will also describe the overall mine planning process, both from the strategic view, as well as for shortterm mine plans. The ability to innovate in resource development will be discussed. This will include not only the technical dimension of changing cut off grades, use of low grade ores and managing low grade stockpiling and beneficiation, but also the broader application of new technology and innovation in the iron ore business. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Duuring, P., Hagemann, S.G. Contrasting styles of high-grade iron mineralisation at weld range, Western Australia (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 87-92. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866702412&partnerID=40&md5=a8552c950e3b12d75ea0c4d322f1cf9e AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: Late-Archean banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted deposits in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia are less well understood compared to the larger Paleoproterozoic, Superior-type BIFhosted deposits of the Hamersley Province. The Weld Range greenstone belt, in the Murchison Domain of the Yilgarn Craton, hosts two Archean, high-grade deposits, Madoonga (68 Mt resource at 57.7 wt per cent Fe) and Beebyn (62 Mt resource at 59.6 wt per cent Fe, ASX announcement 2008). Five main types of high-grade (&gt;55 wt per cent Fe) iron mineralisation at Weld Range each display characteristic grades, tonnage, and contaminant levels, which affect exploration strategies and benefi ciation methods: 1. 'Residual' ore formed as a result of two generations of hypogene alteration of BIF. The first alteration phase replaced silica-rich bands with siderite and/or Fe-rich dolomite; the second phase involved the removal of carbonate gangue minerals and the concentration of residual Fe oxide-rich bands in the BIF via volume reduction. The product is a high-grade, high-tonnage Fe orebody, with minor contaminants. 2. Magnetite-bearing shear and fault zones cut BIF along lithological contacts.

These zones of secondary magnetite formed as a result of the addition of hypogene magnetite via the circulation of Fe-rich, hypogene hydrothermal fluids through BIF. This type of mineralisation produces narrow (lowtonnage), high-grade magnetite-rich ore zones with high levels of contaminants (eg SiO 2, Al 2O 3) due to the difficulty in mining these zones. 3. Specular haematite quartz-bearing shear and fault zones cut residual orebodies and magnetitebearing structures. They share similar characteristics to magnetite-bearing structures. 4. Goethite-haematite supergene ore zones are controlled by brittle faults that cut BIF. These faults promoted the flow of supergene fl uids through BIF and resulted in large ore zones with variable Fe grades and contaminants. 5. Detrital deposits comprise transported BIF fragments and are intensely goethite-haematite supergenealtered. These orebodies are locally extensive, with moderate Fe grades. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Koenig, R.L., Broekman, K.T. The importance of evaluating grinding performance (2011) METPLANT 2011 - Metallurgical Plant Design and Operating Strategies, pp. 100-106. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866879466&partnerID=40&md5=f5ce847e1fda71bf62b8065642d9aae4 AFFILIATIONS: Carpentaria Exploration Pty Ltd., 345 Ann Street, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia ABSTRACT: Previous papers at Metplant conferences have covered the options for crushing and grinding circuit selection. High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) may have considerable advantages over autogenous milling circuits but test work and evaluating different grinding circuits must be done to establish which circuit provides the best option. The Hawsons low grade magnetite project provides a specific example in using thorough test work, careful simulations and detail in design to allow the evaluation of grinding circuit performance. Fortunately tools are available for this evaluation and the test work for the Hawsons iron ore is detailed in this paper. The results of the test work and simulation indicates that although the Hawsons iron ore is competent in terms of autogenous milling given the medium hardness of the ore in the Drop Tests, the HPGR testing indicates that the use of HPGR is likely to use half the energy requirement. This is a characteristic of the Hawsons iron ore and is likely to be valid for other iron ores in the Braemer Iron Formation which stretches from the Hawsons lease in New South Wales to Razor Back and South Dam in South Australia. The Hawsons magnetite iron ore resource has been known from the early 1960s when CRA explored the area. However, the Pilbara region was discovered in this era and this led to development of high grade direct shipping grade hematite ores. Carpentaria Exploration (Capex) rediscovered the magnetite whilst undertaking multicommodity exploration in the Broken Hill district during 2009. The magnetite grade was found to be low at around 16% Davis Tube mass recovery (DTR) but despite this, the project provides a positive business case as a result of the following key factors:. The mineralisation is particularly soft for crushing and grinding with a Bond Work Index of 6.3. The mineralised rock fractures easily preferentially along grain boundaries. The location is close to mining infrastructure and a skilled workforce in Broken Hill, 60km to the North East. It is close to road and rail infrastructure for access to the resource. The only contaminant in concentrate is silica. The resource contains many billions of tonnes of magnetite mineralisation. The low Bond Work index is a key characteristic of the Hawsons iron ore and the use of autogenous milling and HPGR circuits is compared to other iron ores

indicating why the plant energy requirement may be just as important as iron ore grades. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Clout, J.M.F.a , Fitzgerald, B.b The roy hill project (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 3-10. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866676965&partnerID=40&md5=8d2a3ae84d23b6b62d1d08a1ca425367 AFFILIATIONS: John Clout and Inc., 41 Hardy Road, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Carbon Steel Materials, Hancock Prospecting Pvt Ltd., 28-42 Ventnor Avenue, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia ABSTRACT: The Roy Hill Project is an independent integrated port, rail and mine development in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The bankable feasibility study for the project was completed in January 2011 by Roy Hill Holdings Pty Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd. The Project will deliver 55 Mt/a of premium quality iron ore to a rapidly growing market with a mine life of over 27 years. This study is based on exploiting a 1.2 Bt bedded resource of microplaty haematite-rich Marra Mamba, from which 562 Mt of reserves has been delineated to date. A further 1.1 Bt resource of detritals and low grade bedded is proposed to be mined once the bedded high grade resource is depleted. Roy Hill lump and fine ore products will compete strongly with other Pilbara products. As a low cost producer, Roy Hill is on track to capture four per cent of the global seaborne traded iron ore market. The project decision to proceed is targeted for Q2 2011 to enable first ore on ship by Q2 2014. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wells, M.A., Ramanaidou, E.R. Occurrence and mineralogical association of phosphorus in australian bedded iron ore deposits (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 331-336. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084858632873&partnerID=40&md5=0a2ad2b74beb39cc053061ad48979a42 AFFILIATIONS: Senior Research Scientist, CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering (CESRE), 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia ABSTRACT: The various mechanisms by which phosphorus (P) occurs and is distributed within banded iron formations (BIF)-derived iron ore are examined. In unenriched, precursor BIF P occurs predominantly as discrete grains of primary apatite. In high-grade ores hosted mainly by the Brockman Iron Formation, P occurs in three main forms: 1. as secondary apatite; 2. other submicron, P-rich phases (eg Rare earth containing minerals (REE), vivianite, strengite, wavellite) present in pore networks; and 3. as P occurring with iron oxides, in particular, goethite. However, the presence of secondary P-bearing phases does not contribute signifi cantly to the total P level in iron ore, and it is P associated mainly with goethite, which represents the most common occurrence of P in these ores. No direct evidence for the replacement of Fe by P within the structure of synthetic goethite has been demonstrated. Therefore, it is most likely that in iron ores P associates with goethite in occluded form as adsorbed PO4 3- species or as discrete P-bearing minerals, such as strengite, wavellite or vivianite, in ultra-fi ne, micro-pores or within intra-domain regions of multi-domainic goethite. Such occluded P is not easily extracted with commonly used lixiviants, such as weakly alkaline leachates. Recent development of a low

temperature-alkalie/water leach extraction method has been successful in reducing not only the P content, but also amounts of Si and Al in the initial ore. Refi nement of such a method to commercial application will have enormous benefi t in realising the economic potential of large tonnages of high-P (ie >0.07 wt per cent P) bearing iron ore. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Reston, M.S.a , Baker, H.T.b , Elvish, R.D.c , Reardon, C.A.d , Young, B.J.W.d The tonkolili iron ore deposits, sierra leone (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 133-145. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866673365&partnerID=40&md5=4a21e27188d2dbfffd9973f615acdf51 AFFILIATIONS: Geology and Exploration, African Minerals Limited, 154 Wilkinson Road, Freetown, South Africa; Churchill House, SRK Consulting (UK) Limited, 17 Churchill Way, Cardiff CF10 2HH, United Kingdom; BE Enterprises, 8 Chiltern Road, Ingleside, NSW 2101, Australia; African Minerals Limited, 154 Wilkinson Road, Freetown, South Africa ABSTRACT: The Tonkolili banded iron formations (BIF), Sierra Leone, host extensive iron ore deposits which are of economic signifi cance to the seaborne iron ore trade. The deposits are dominated by a strategic JORC compliant mineral resource of 11.6 Bt grading 30.1 per cent Fe comprised of primary magnetite mineralisation in the form of a fresh metamorphosed BIF featuring a uniform mineral assemblage of quartz-magnetite ferro-silicate minerals. Pilot plant metallurgical test work has demonstrated that the production of a magnetite concentrate is achievable using the established benefi ciation techniques of magnetic separation and fl otation. The concentrates are high-grade, and suitable for blast furnace or direct reduced iron pellet feed. The major challenge facing the development of such magnetite deposits at industry competitive production rates is the signifi cant capital investment required for process plant and associated infrastructure. Two well-developed weathering zones exist within the deposits, and are associated with the progressive development of a tropical weathering profi le overprinting the primary BIF. These zones feature a near surface hard indurated duricrust up to 60 m thick, and a soft progressively developed saprolite between duricrust and fresh BIF. These zones have been found to be amenable to producing iron ore products including DSO lump and sinter fi nes from the duricrust, and concentrate from the saprolite. Mineral resources suffi cient to support commercial production of such iron ore products were defi ned by an intensive exploration program in 2010. African Minerals Limited has developed a three phase production strategy to progressively selffund the development of the Tonkolili strategic magnetite project by: commencing a Phase I 12 Mt/a DSO operation in Quarter 4 2011, increasing production in Phase II to 35 Mt/a with the commissioning of a saprolite benefi ciation plant and associated infrastructure upgrades, and developing a 45 Mt/a Phase III operation producing high-grade magnetite concentrate. The comparatively low capital and operating costs of a duricrust DSO lump and sinter fi nes operation coupled with its proximity to ground surface make it highly attractive for the generation of early cash fl ow for the Tonkolili project. Revenue from this early production may be used to selffund the subsequent development of phases requiring progressively more signifi cant benefi ciation plant and infrastructure. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus

Ionkov, K.a , Gaydardzhiev, S.a , De Araujo, A.C.b , Kokal, H.c , Pirson, A.d , Bastin, D.e Dephosphorisation of limonitic concentrate by roasting, acid leaching and magnetic separation (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 445-452. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866662822&partnerID=40&md5=c37e643e2ca5a03d9fb5e23628e824a1 AFFILIATIONS: University of Liege, Mineral Processing and Recycling - GeMME, B52, Sart Tilman, Liege 4000, Belgium; Research and Development, Voie Romaine, BP 30320, F-57283 Maizires-ls-Metz cedex, France; Global R and D - East Chicago, ArcelorMittal USA, 3001 East Columbus Drive, East Chicago, IN 46312-2939, United States; ArcelorMittal Global Research and Development, Maizires Mining and Mineral Processing, Voie Romaine, BP 30320, F-57283 Maizires-ls-Metz cedex, France; Mineral Processing and Recycling - GeMME, University of Liege, B 52, Sart Tilman, Liege 4000, Belgium ABSTRACT: The oolitic iron ore reserves in Lisakovsky, North Kazakhstan represent quite a challenging deposit both from a technological and from a resource point of view. The diffi culties in processing such types of ore are connected with the extremely fi ne dissemination of phosphorus and gangue minerals inside the oolitic formations. The goethite crystals are cemented in their structure by aluminosilicates with quartz and other gangue minerals and dissemination is so fi ne that they are not separable by physical methods. The laboratory tests performed for dephosphorisation show that the combination of alkaline roasting followed by low intensity magnetic separation and acid leaching enables the obtaining of high grade iron concentrate. The magnetic separation performed ahead of leaching is effi cient as a means of buffering the high pH by washing out the soluble salts and the excess of base and after leaching facilitates the removal of secondary liberated gangue minerals in the non-magnetic fraction. As a consequence, phosphorous content is dropped to a more acceptable level for the ferrous metallurgy and iron grade and recovery reach 61.6 and 80.8 per cent respectively. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Farrell, J.N., Miller, A.D. Use of metallurgical test data in resource evaluation for magnetite deposits (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 241-247. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866708602&partnerID=40&md5=dc0d217c28456881d32b508d5e027da8 AFFILIATIONS: Golder Pvt Ltd., 1 Havelock Street, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia ABSTRACT: Metallurgists frequently use a small number of large samples to characterise expected mill performance, with the a priori assumption that these few samples are representative of the entire deposit. Geometallurgical sampling is becoming more prevalent as a way to use many smaller samples to indicate the expected recovery as part of the Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve estimation. Recent increases in prices for iron ore, together with the potential to produce high iron and low contaminant concentrates, have resulted in a renewed interest in recovering magnetite from banded iron formation and other deposits. Geometallurgical evaluation of magnetite involves approaches to sample preparation, sample analysis and resource estimation that are different from the methods commonly used for haematite iron ore. The magnetite sampling protocol is specific to each deposit, and is typically designed around a specific metallurgical flow sheet. The sampling

protocol will typically include the use of Davis Tube analysis. The Davis Tube is a bench-scale test that is used for determining the mass magnetic recovery from a small amount of sample ground to a specifi c size. The magnetic concentrate may then be analysed and together with the mass magnetic recovery, may be used to simulate the expected mill recovery. During resource modelling, the mass magnetic recoveries and concentrate grades may be assigned to a block model using regressions with other chemical constituents, or may be estimated directly. For estimation of the concentrate grades, a weighting can be applied to account for the different mass magnetic recoveries from each sample and the impact of these differences on the concentrate estimates. This paper presents an overview of the use of metallurgical test data in resource evaluation for magnetite deposits. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Dry, M.a , Verbaan, N.b , Bourricaudy, E.b , Moran, M.c Development of a novel high-chloride circuit for the starfield resources' Ferguson Lake project (2011) TMS Annual Meeting, 1, pp. 415-424. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084861384738&partnerID=40&md5=583e4d847a36bde910bd7db8bbf7cd1c AFFILIATIONS: Arithmetek Inc., 1331 Hetherington Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada; SGS Canada Inc., 185 Concession St., Lakefield, ON, Canada; Starfield Resources Inc., 130 Adelaide Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada ABSTRACT: Starfield Resources is developing a novel circuit for the recovery of nickel, copper, cobalt, iron oxide, sulphuric acid and precious metals from the Ferguson Lake deposit in Nunavut, Canada. In this deposit, pentlandite is too finely disseminated in pyrrhotite for the production of a smelter-grade nickel concentrate at an acceptable nickel recovery, so established technology is not applicable and a novel chloride-based circuit is under development. The enabling aspect of this circuit is the hydrolysis of ferric chloride to hematite, releasing gaseous hydrochloric acid that is recycled. Conventional steps are used for separating and recovering the valuable metals from the chloride solution generated. This paper briefly outlines the circuit and presents the results of experimental work on the enabling steps, viz. the oxidation and hydrolysis of iron chloride to hematite and gaseous hydrochloric acid. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chloride; Hydrolysis; Low grade sulphides; Novel DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Goldsworthy, J.D.a , Joyce, R.M.b , Bonato, P.c , D'Hulst, A.d Discovery and geology of the McPhee Creek iron deposit, northern Pilbara, Western Australia (2011) IRON ORE 2011, Proceedings, pp. 93-101. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866701159&partnerID=40&md5=5e30e0c56a350e7c9f630852a805ca8e AFFILIATIONS: Business Development, Gascoyne Resources Ltd., PO Box 1449, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; Giralia Resources NL, PO Box 1665, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia; Atlas Iron Limited, PO Box 7071, Cloisters Square, WA 6850, Australia; Zenith Minerals Limited, PO Box 1426, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia ABSTRACT: The McPhee Creek bedded iron deposit is a recent discovery made by Giralia Resources NL (Giralia) in the northern Pilbara of Western Australia. The deposit lies 30 km north of the town of Nullagine along the southeastern margin of the East Pilbara Granite-Greenstone Terrane (EPGGT). The McPhee

Creek area is located in the Kelly Greenstone Belt in the southeastern part of the EPGGT. The Archaean aged greenstone belt consists of volcanic and sedimentary sequences including the Warrawoona Group and the Gorge Creek Group. The McPhee Creek iron ore deposit lies within banded iron formation (BIF) rocks of the Gorge Creek Group. The structure of the McPhee Creek area is dominated by a northeast trending, upright synform (Sandy Creek Syncline) and associated folding that is truncated by northeast trending faults in the east. Iron ore mineralisation is predominantly stratabound and follows the dip of the bedding - however, in some areas, particularly in the southwest of the deposit, mapped steep to moderate dips of bedding planes are at odds with underlying fl at mineralised zones in drill sections. Zones within the deposit that contain substantial thickness of iron ore correspond to areas of complex folding suggesting structural control and iron enrichment in fold hinges. Petrographic analyses confi rm mineralisation is goethite dominant and the deposit is strongly supergene enriched. Giralia initially identifi ed iron ore potential in the McPhee Creek area through the presence of a small known channel iron deposit (CID) mesa. Giralia began exploration in 2008 by re-drilling a portion of the CID (subsequently named Crescent Moon) and reported a small low-grade Inferred Mineral Resource. Target generation in the wider area utilising Geological Society of Western Australia maps and Ikonos satellite images identifi ed strongly ferruginous outcrops associated with major structures along an 8 km long range located 2.5 km to the west north-west of the Crescent Moon CID deposit. In late July 2008, a total of 62 rock chip samples were collected during a helicopter supported sampling program conducted at McPhee Creek. Samples taken from haematite-goethite enriched BIF and canga zones outcropping intermittently over the 8 km length of the western and central areas of the prominent range assayed up to 63 per cent Fe. These zones represent the discovery outcrops and surface expression of the McPhee Creek main range iron ore deposit. Follow up sampling, geological mapping, bulldozing of access tracks and ramps and reverse circulation (RC) drilling commenced in September 2009. A maiden Inferred Mineral Resource was announced by Giralia to the Australasian Securities Exchange (ASX) on 15 December 2009. The current Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource at December 2010 stands at 260 Mt grading 56.2 per cent Fe, 0.12 per cent P, 6.7 per cent SiO2, 2.3 per cent Al2O3 and 9.5 per cent LOI at a 50 per cent Fe cut-off. McPhee Creek is one of the largest iron deposits found in Archaean BIF in the northern Pilbara. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Subrat, M., Kumar, M.B., Nilima, D., Srinivas, R.D. Ore petrography of low-grade siliceous manganese ores from the Bonai-Keonjhar belt, Orissa, India: The influence of mineral-fabric on their beneficiation (2011) Mining Science and Technology, 21 (6), pp. 803-808. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084860883147&partnerID=40&md5=f25fd30a03b688fe45a71be165788a9e AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Orissa Mining Corporation, Bhubaneswar 751013, India ABSTRACT: Low grade siliceous manganese ores from the iron ore group of the Bonai-Keonjhar belt, Orissa, India are found mostly in shear zones. The ore characteristics of siliceous manganese ore samples from three different mines, viz. the Shankar (BarbilOMC lease hold area), the Sone-Patuli (Patmunda,OMMlease hold area), and the Musaghar (Roida,OMDClease hold area), were studied. These siliceous manganese ores are of three types, respectively: (i) spongy-granular; (ii) massive-mosaic; and (iii) hardmylonitized. The spongy-granular type contains granular, saccharoidal quartz and the major manganese mineral present is pyrolusite. The second type

contains well crystallized quartz and cryptomelane, while the third has cherty, fine grained quartz (mylonite) along with romanechite. All three ores were subjected to physical beneficiation under similar conditions. Both gravity and magnetic separation techniques were employed. The mineral-fabric of the ores has been correlated to the extent of their beneficiation using these physical techniques. Of these three ores only the spongy-granular type responded well to upgrading. The feed with 22%Mncontent could be upgraded to 44% with a 28% yield and a 49% recovery. The good response to beneficiation of the spongygranular sample could be due to the large euhedral crystals of pyrolusite and the friable nature of the saccharoidal quartz. This study reveals the influence of mineral-fabric on beneficiation of low grade ore, siliceous Mn ore in particular. 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of China University of Mining & Technology. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron ore group of rocks; Manganese ore; Physical beneficiation; Siliceous manganese ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Zhu, D.-Q., Chun, T.-J., Pan, J. Mechanism of action of improving reduction on low grade hematite pellets by adding nucleating agent (2011) Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 33 (11), pp. 1325-1330. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.083055184687&partnerID=40&md5=378e02791339440e4e994cbf4a63279b AFFILIATIONS: School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China ABSTRACT: The mechanism of action of nucleating agent was studied during the direct reduction of low grade hematite pellets in Central South China. The results show that the nucleating barrier is reduced by over 50% by adding a nucleating agent in the hematite pellets, which can effectively improve the nucleating of metal iron grains during the direct reduction. Because of the nucleating agent, the apparent activation energy of the hematite pellets decreases from 18.10 kJmol -1 to 10.15 kJmol -1, dropping by 43.92%. The lower the apparent activation energy, the easier the reduction reaction takes place. It is concluded that the nucleating agent can efficiently improve the direct reduction and upgrade the metallization degree of the reduced pellets. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Activation energy; Direct reduction process; Hematite; Metal grains; Nucleating agent; Nucleation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Behera, S.K., Panda, P.P., Singh, S., Pradhan, N., Sukla, L.B., Mishra, B.K. Study on reaction mechanism of bioleaching of nickel and cobalt from lateritic chromite overburdens (2011) International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 65 (7), pp. 10351042. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080053264400&partnerID=40&md5=5b50ed1622be34b31eb58951e5cc6d1f AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar 751 013, India ABSTRACT: Depletion of high-grade ores and presence of significant quantities of metals in low-grade oxide ores has enforced to utilize the overburdens (COB) and wastes (low-grade ores) generated during mining operations. The impact of ore mineralogy and mineral-microbe interaction during bioleaching could not be ignored. Seeking to the need, a systematic study was performed to establish the reaction mechanism involved for recovery of nickel and

cobalt from chromite overburden (COB), Sukinda, Orissa using pure culture of Aspergillus niger. Mineralogical analysis reveals a complete conversion of goethite into hematite phase leading to exposure of nickel particles into the micro-pores and cracks developed in the matrix which was initially found to be intertwined in the goethite lattice. As a result, it became more susceptible to attack by the fungal bio acids which in turn accelerate the dissolution rate. Organic acids like oxalic and citric acids were detected in the culture filtrate using HPLC. TEM analysis of the leached samples shows that nickel dissolute into the solution leaving a porous space in the matrix of the hematite by forming nickel oxalate or nickel citrate. Kinetics of the nickel bioleaching was studied to support the mechanism of the reaction. It was observed that the initial rate of reaction follows the chemical control dissolution reaction where as the later part fits to shrinking core model. 18% of nickel and 37.8% of cobalt was recovered from pre-treated COB at 2.5% pulp-density with 10% (v/v) fungal inoculum at 30 C within 25 days in shake flask while 32.5% of nickel and 86% of cobalt was recovered in bioreactor. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aspergillus niger; Bioleaching; Chromite overburdens; HPLC; Nickel; Oxalic acid; Reaction kinetics; TEM DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Wang, L., Li, J., Li, B., Wang, J. Extraction of niobium from the Bayan Obo tailings by "Flotation - Microwave magnetic roasting - Magnetic separation" (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 314-316, pp. 823-828. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080053048857&partnerID=40&md5=90cf0ba16fdf60d677e889c54f9d7528 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Mineralogy and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China ABSTRACT: In this paper, the method of "floatation - microwave magnetic roasting - low intensity magnetic separation" which aims to utilize the iron and Nb mineral in the Bayan Obo tailings was investigated. The results show that the method of "floatation - microwave magnetic roasting - magnetic separation" is effective and simple, and the recovery of iron and Nb in the whole process is up to 80% and 68% respectively. The step of microwave magnetic roasting is researched carefully, and the best magnetic roasting result is obtained at 650C, and the roasting time is 10min. The best result of magnetic separation is obtained at the magnetic intensity of 220KA/m. Iron ore concentrate separated by magnetic separation can be used for iron making directly because the grade can reach about 6264.4%. And the grade of Nb can reach up to 2.16%. (2011) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bayan Obo tailings; Floatation; Magnetic roasting; Magnetic separation; Microwave; Niobium DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, A.K. Characterisation of typical indian iron ore slime through quantitative mineralogy to evaluate beneficiation prospect (2011) ISIJ International, 51 (9), pp. 1392-1395. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080054053320&partnerID=40&md5=7493254a6a96c4703eb69cf6d53b840e AFFILIATIONS: Research and Development Division, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, 831 007, India ABSTRACT: The current work was taken up to predict the yield of the concentrate with 2 mass% target alumina from the available iron ore slime

material. It was found that the conventional method was not suitable for characterisation of the slime. As an alternative method, a third generation of automated mineral analysis machine named "QEMSCAN" is used to find out the liberation characteristics. However, data generated through this routine method was also inadequate for the assigned job. The routine method predicted a low yield for the concentrate. This was due to skewed distribution of mineral phases and wide variation in chemical composition of the major mineral phases. The database of this machine was then modified so that it recognises three broad subtypes of the major mineral phase. The new set of data was used to establish the yield-grade relation for the concentrate from the slime. This vital information on liberation characteristics depicted the beneficiation prospect of the slime. 2011 ISIJ. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Alumina content; Characterisation; Concentrate; Goethite; Hematite; Iron ore slime; Mineral analysis system DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Wang, W.-Z.a b , Zhang, J.-R.a , Yang, C.-G.c Experimental research on high intensity magnetic separation-reverse flotation of a low-grade specularite ore (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 304, pp. 391-394. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080052057647&partnerID=40&md5=4a27e3b6427f2bc5d52e296be8d082da AFFILIATIONS: College of Mining and Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Mining Development and Safety Technology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Liability Co.Ltd., Xuanhua, Hebei, China ABSTRACT: An iron ore contains specularite and hematite which are its main iron minerals and carbonates such as calcite which are its main gangue minerals. The ore is very apt to produce slime in the grinding process,leading to a deteriorated beneficiability. The rough iron concentrate can be obtained by using high gradient magnetic separator to discard tailings with the grinding fineness of 95% -0.074mm. Then the rough concentrate is treated by reverse flotation to produce a final concentrate with the operation recovery of 66.49% and the iron grade of 66.12%, and the total recovery of iron could reach58.70%. (2011) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Calcite; High intensity magnetic separation; Reverse flotation; Specularite DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Miura, K., Miyabayashi, K., Kawanari, M., Ashida, R. Enhancement of reduction rate of iron ore by utilizing low grade iron ore and brown coal derived carbonaceous materials (2011) ISIJ International, 51 (8), pp. 1234-1239. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080054087071&partnerID=40&md5=c318726b1a8178930bc30e59d8ebfed2 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 6158510, Japan ABSTRACT: The reduction rate of iron ore can be enhanced dramatically when iron ore/carbon composites (IOC) are prepared so as to maximize the interfacial area and to realize intimate contact between iron ore particles and carbon. An idea realizing this concept in practical blast furnace operation was proposed in this paper. Low grade iron ore that contains a large amount of goethite, FeOOH, was chosen as an iron ore, and brown coal

derivative was chosen as a thermoplastic carbonaceous material for preparing IOC sample. Goethite, FeOOH, has layered structures combined by hydrogen bonds associated with OH groups. When FeOOH is heated up to 250 to 300C, the OH groups are removed as H 2O, leaving flat pore spaces of 0.8 nm wide between 20 nm thick Fe 2O 3 layers. The pore spaces are, however, closed over 300C by the sintering of the Fe 2O 3 layers. The idea proposed is to insert the thermoplastic carbonaceous material into the pore space of 0.8 nm wide while the pore spaces are opened and to carbonize it to form carbon in the pore space below 500C. This IOC is expected to realize intimate contact between the Fe 2O 3 layers and the carbon, and to enhance the reduction rate of the Fe 2O 3 dramatically. The validity of this idea was verified by preparing IOC samples using reagent grade FeOOH and a thermoplastic resin. Then it was shown that the IOC sample prepared from a low grade iron ore, SF. Robe River, and a thermoplastic extract deriving from a brown coal can realize the idea practically. 2011 ISIJ. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Brown coal extract; Goethite; Iron ore/carbon composite; Low grade iron ore; Rapid reduction of iron ore; Thermoplastic carbon DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Liang, W., Wang, H., Fu, J.-G., He, Z.-X. High recovery of ferro-nickel from low grade nickel laterite ore (2011) Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 42 (8), pp. 2173-2177. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080054841316&partnerID=40&md5=38755610764bf4fa46c843da14d47204 AFFILIATIONS: Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Nonferrous Metals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China ABSTRACT: The process of one-step reduction roasting and magnetic separation was adopted to prepare ferro-nickel alloy from low-grade nickel laterite ore (w(Ni)=1.52%, w(Fe)=14.08%). The roasting factors including roasting temperature, time, reducing coal amount and compound additive were investigated. The results indicate that under the conditions of adding 20% reducing coal, 12% compound additive, roasting temperature and roasting in a N 2 protected atmosphere 180 min at 1200C, most of nickel and a spot of iron are selectively reduced. Then conventional magnetic separation is carried out after water quenching of the roasted ore. The content of Ni and the ratio of Fe/Ni are 10.74% and 4.5 in ferro-nickel concentrate prepared by this method, respectively. And the recovery rate of Ni is 86.23%, which indicates that a high recovery of ferro-nickel from nickel laterite ore is achieved indeed. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compound additive; Ferro-nickel; Magnetic separation; Nickel laterite ore; Selective reduction roasting DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Li, S.a , Gao, J.a , Zhang, Y.a , Shen, P.a , Chen, P.a b , Liu, R.a , Wang, Y.a Study of scale effect on the iron oxide reduction (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 284-286, pp. 1131-1136. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079960813883&partnerID=40&md5=3df7336c0e7e6596228387a4cda6247f AFFILIATIONS: Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Tian Pipe Corpopation, Tianjin, 300201, China ABSTRACT: According to the analysis of iron element purification in the current process of steel production and the study on reduction experiment of

ultrafine iron ore powder, this study first summarizes and puts forward the scale effect on reduction of iron oxide. And on this basis, a new concept is proposed, named precise reduction, which includes the pre-processingdissociation of iron oxide, preparation of ultrafine powder and the post processing-non-molten magnetic separation. Taking high phosphorus hematite, steelmaking slag and metallurgical dust as the study objects, and the better achievement shows that the low grade iron-bearing material, after precise reduction, can be transformed to the valuable resource without residue, and the process is environment friendly with low energy and material consumption, so that the zero discharge can be achieved. Not only does the steel plant be changed to be environment friendly, but also the resource is got. (2011) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Experimental study; Iron oxide; Precise reduction technique; Scale effect DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Zhu, D.a , Xiao, Y.a b , Chun, T.a , Pan, J.a An innovative process on beneficiation of superfine low grade hematite ore (2011) TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 309-318. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079960648129&partnerID=40&md5=eb3fa991f7af75fc6606057ea3e04dd8 AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China; Lianyuan Steel of Valin Group, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China ABSTRACT: An innovative process of reverse floatation-direct reduction-low intensity magnetic separation was developed to effectively beneficiate the superfine run-of-mine (ROM) ore mined from Hunan Province, China. Mineralogy was measured that the ROM ore is of superfine low grade hematite ore type, assaying 27.2wt%Fe total and with main valuable minerals of hematite occurring at size between 3 to 5m. The upgrading results show that the final iron concentrate, assaying 88.3wt%Fe total and 94.5% metallization degree was obtained at an overall iron recovery of 69.9% under the following conditions: rough concentration by grinding of ROM up to 88.7% passing 0.074 mm and reverse flotation at pH=9.4, 100 g/t starch and 200 g/t dodecylamine (DDA), and coal reducing the rough concentrate pellets containing 12% calcium containing complex additive at 1200C for 120 min, and finally magnetic separation of the reduced pellets by grinding up to 89.2% passing 0.043 mm at 0.08 T field intensity. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction; Low intensity magnetic separation; Reverse flotation; Superfine low grade hematite DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Zhang, Z.-H.a , Liu, B.-L.a , Ma, H.-Z.a , Wei, W.-Q.b , Ju, J.-T.a Behavior of iron magnetization and magnetic separation during roasting cyanide tailings (2011) ICMREE2011 - Proceedings 2011 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment, 1, art. no. 5930943, pp. 874-877. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079960585566&partnerID=40&md5=0f0f7930570e104f59e87a9480f044c6 AFFILIATIONS: School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, 710055, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Longmen Iron and Steel Group, Hancheng 715405, China ABSTRACT: Given the comprehensive utilization problems of tailings in gold smelting, the behavior of iron in the roasting process is discussed in this

paper and the optimal conditions are obtained through reduction roasting of the cyanide tailings. The results show that the amount of iron in the cyanide tailings is 35.55%, but the amount of magnetic iron is only 0.28% of all the iron. An iron ore concentrate with iron grade of 52.81% and recovery of only 20.43% can be obtained by high-intensity magnetic separation to the cyanide tailings. After being reduction roasted at the conditions of 750C,addition volume of pulverized coal 6%,1h and water cooling, the magnetic iron reached up to 84.83%. Have low-intensity magnetic separation on the roasted tailing, the iron grade of the iron ore concentrate is 64.39% and the recovery is 84.67%. 2011 IEEE. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: magnetic iron; magnetic separation; recovery; reduction; roasting; tailings DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Guo, Q.a b c , Qu, J.a b , Qi, T.a b , Wei, G.a b d , Han, B.a b Activation pretreatment of limonitic laterite ores by alkali-roasting method using sodium carbonate (2011) Minerals Engineering, 24 (8), pp. 825-832. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079957965469&partnerID=40&md5=bdc6de059740264da5bc94437dc09c7a AFFILIATIONS: National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: Activation pretreatment of Cr-containing limonitic laterite ores by Na 2CO 3 roasting to remove Cr and Al, as well as its effect on Ni and Co extraction in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), and scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/XEDS) techniques were used to characterize the laterite ores and the water leaching residues of alkali roasting and found that goethite is the major Ni-bearing mineral and chromite the minor one. Alkali-roasting pretreatment breaks the mineral lattices of the laterite, exposing their Ni and Co, which leads to higher extraction of these two metals under milder operation conditions in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process. Experimental results showed that the leaching of Cr and Al were up to 99 wt% and 80 wt%, respectively, under optimal alkali roasting and water leaching conditions. Compared with the direct pressure acid leaching of the raw laterite ores, leaching of Ni and Co increased from 79.96 wt% to 97.52 wt% and 70.02 wt% to 95.33 wt%, respectively, after alkali-roasting activation pretreatment was performed. Meanwhile, the grade of acid leaching iron residues increased from 55.31 wt% to 62.92 wt%, and these residues with low Cr content could be more suitable as the raw materials for iron-making. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Activation pretreatment; Cobalt; Cr-containing limonitic laterite ores; Nickel; Pressure acid leaching; Sodium carbonate roasting DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Nayak, P.K.a , Mohapatra, B.K.b , Singh, P.P.c , Martha, R.K.b Cobalt-bearing grunerite in the metamorphosed banded iron formation in Orissa, India (2011) Resource Geology, 61 (3), pp. 281-289.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079959556552&partnerID=40&md5=e3df0fff601851ca529d80c3dd7345d6 AFFILIATIONS: Orissa Mining Corporation Ltd, India; Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, India; Department of Geology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India ABSTRACT: Banded iron formation (BIF) comprising high grade iron ore are exposed in Gorumahisani-Sulaipat-Badampahar belt in the east of North Orissa Craton, India. The ores are multiply deformed and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies. The mineral assemblage in the BIF comprises grunerite, magnetite/martite/goethite and quartz. Relict carbonate phases are sometimes noticed within thick iron mesobands. Grunerite crystals exhibit needles to fibrous lamellae and platy form or often sheaf-like aggregates in linear and radial arrangement. Accicular grunerite also occur within intergranular space of magnetite/martite. Grunerite needles/accicules show higher reflectivity in chert mesoband and matching reflectance with that of adjacent magnetite/martite in iron mesoband. Some grunerite lamellae sinter into micron size magnetite platelets. This grunerite has high ferrous oxide and cobalt oxide content but is low in Mg- and Mn-oxide compared to the ones, reported from BIFs, of Western Australia, Nigeria, France, USA and Quebec. The protolith of this BIF is considered to be carbonate containing sediments, with high concentrations of Fe and Si but lower contents of cobalt and chromium Mg, Mn and Ni. During submarine weathering quartz, sheet silicate (greenalite) and Fe-Co-Cr (Mg-Mn-Ni)-carbonate solid solution were formed. At the outset of the regional metamorphic episode grunerite, euhedral magnetite and recrystalized quartz were developed. Magnetite was grown at the expense of carbonate and later martitized under post-metamorphic conditions. With the increasing grade of metamorphism greenalite transformed to grunerite. 2011 The Authors. Resource Geology 2011 The Society of Resource Geology. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formation; Gorumahisani-Sulaipat-Badampahar belt; Grunerite; Metamorphism; Orissa DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus McClung, C.R.a b , Viljoen, F.a A detailed mineralogical assessment of sphalerites from the Gamsberg zinc deposit, South Africa: The manganese conundrum (2011) Minerals Engineering, 24 (8), pp. 930-938. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079957951220&partnerID=40&md5=ceb9a65b51d117b91cb1d97dcdd0ef8e AFFILIATIONS: Paleoproterozoic Mineralization (PPM) Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; INV Exploration Namibia (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 4071, Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia ABSTRACT: The Gamsberg zinc deposit, located in the Northern Cape Province, represents South Africa's greatest and most important unexploited base metal resource. Yet, in spite of its size, the low zinc grade combined with the high manganese content of the sphalerite continues to prohibit development of the deposit, as the high manganese content makes the zinc concentrates unsuitable for processing by conventional smelting methods, i.e. roasting, leaching/solvent extraction and/or electrowinning. Although numerous published investigations of the Gamsberg deposit have been undertaken, few have focused on the correlation between petrography and mineral chemistry of sphalerite and their implications on mineral processing. In accordance, the aims of this investigation are to highlight the importance of conducting a detailed geometallurgical investigation, as well as provide some new constraints on the metallurgical behavior of sphalerite and zinc concentrates

from the Gamsberg deposit. Detailed analysis of sphalerite by petrographic and various microanalytical techniques reveal a marked absence of correlation between crystal morphology and mineral chemistry, necessitating a chemically based classification scheme. As such, six sphalerite populations where identified. They are: zinc-, cobalt-, iron- and manganese-rich, as well as manganese-enriched and manganese-poor. The zinc- and cobalt-rich populations display high zinc contents and low concentrations of iron and manganese, while the iron-rich population displays higher iron contents. Dominating the sphalerites of the mineralized pelitic schist is the manganese-enriched population. Of volumetrically lesser importance are the manganese-poor and rich populations. The manganese-rich population contains high levels of iron, manganese, cobalt and cadmium relative to the zinc-rich population. In contrast, the manganese-poor population displays similar concentrations of cobalt and cadmium to the zinc-rich population, with iron and manganese intermediate between the zinc- and iron-rich populations. Comparisons between the sphalerite populations and milling size fractions reveal a consistent correlation between sphalerite mineral chemistry and size fractions with the coarser-grained concentrates being economically less favorable compared to the finer-grained concentrates, which display higher zinc contents. Combined with other lines of evidence, this suggests that the sphalerites of mineralized pelitic schist exhibit extensive solid solution that will have an effect on process optimization. For instance, it suggests that milling to a finer grain size will not remove or reduce the iron and manganese content. Another concern to processing will be the variable mineral chemistry of sphalerite, which might cause some sphalerites to display a delayed response during flotation or misreport to the lead concentrate. In spite of this, using solvent extraction, the elevated manganese content of the concentrates could be controlled, while simultaneously recovering zinc and manganese for sale. Hence, the recovery of manganese metal as a by-product could potentially enhance the economics of the deposit. Alternatively, other forms of mineral processing and metal extraction must be evaluated to meet the target grades and recoveries. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Mineral processing; Non-ferrous metallic ores; Ore handling; Ore mineralogy; Sulfide ores DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mishra, R.K., Rout, P.C., Sarangi, K., Nathsarma, K.C. Solvent extraction of Fe(III) from the chloride leach liquor of low grade iron ore tailings using Aliquat 336 (2011) Hydrometallurgy, 108 (1-2), pp. 93-99. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079955578784&partnerID=40&md5=f1b855c4334349c0e3e764e196a7e141 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar-751 013, India ABSTRACT: Solvent extraction of iron (III) from the HCl leach liquor of low grade iron ore tailings was studied with Aliquat 336, a quaternary amine in kerosene. p-Nonyl phenol was used as the third phase modifier. The effect of different parameters such as equilibration time, HCl concentration, H+ concentration, Cl- concentration and extractant concentration on extraction of iron was studied. The effect of different diluents such as xylene, benzene, toluene, diphenyl ether, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, hexanol, cyclohexanol and butanol on extraction of iron was investigated. The effect of various salts such as NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, NaOOCCH3, and Na3C6H5O 72H2O in the feed solution within the concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 M on extraction of iron was studied. It was observed that extraction of iron increased from 51.82 to 97.52% and from 5.81 to 97.19% with increase in HCl and extractant

concentrations from 1.67 to 9.7 M and from 0.025 to 0.4 M, respectively. From the slope analysis study, the number of moles of H+, Cl- and Aliquat 336 associated with the extracted species was determined and the extracted species was found to be R 3NCH3FeCl4. The McCabe-Thiele plot for extraction of iron with 0.2 M Aliquat 336 illustrated 2-stages at 1:1 phase ratio and the loaded organic contained 0.338 M (18.8496 kg/m3) iron indicating 98.57% extraction. The stripping of iron from the loaded organic carried out with distilled water showed quantitative stripping in 3-stages at O:A ratio of 2:1. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aliquat 336; Iron; Solvent extraction; Stripping DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Lai, S.-S., Qin, W.-Q., Yang, C.-R., Wang, J., Zhang, Y.-S., Zhang, B., Chang, Z.-Y., Kuang, H.-H. Bioleaching of low grade copper sulfide ore (2011) Zhongguo Youse Jinshu Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 21 (6), pp. 1473-1479. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079960984443&partnerID=40&md5=cd36fa1689efa01d64d8f133e21fc9af AFFILIATIONS: School of Resource Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China ABSTRACT: A mixed culture consisting of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans was used to study technical feasibility of bioleaching of some copper sulfide ore from Ningxia. The bioleaching test was carried out in flask, small-scale column and large-scale column. The residues were analyzed by chemical analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The residues surface and element content were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum. The results show that 94.38% copper is extracted after 55 d in flask with a pulp density of 5%. 62.50% copper is extracted after 226 d in small-scale column with 2.10 kg ore, and the ore particle size is lower than 15 mm. 43.03% copper is extracted after 285 d in large-scale column with 77.85 kg ore, and the ore particle size is less than 25 mm. The copper leaching rate decreases gradually in later process, which is related with calcium sulphate and iron precipitation. In the residues calcium content is essentially the same, but the sulfur content evidently increases and gypsum is found, calcium and iron on the surface evidently increase, calcium sulphate crystallizes and iron precipitates on the ore surface, which worsen the penetrability of the ore and result in gradually dropping of copper leaching rate. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bacterial leaching; Calcium sulphate; Copper sulfide; Iron precipitation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Hallberg, K.B.a , Grail, B.M.a , Plessis, C.A.D.b c , Johnson, D.B.a Reductive dissolution of ferric iron minerals: A new approach for bioprocessing nickel laterites (2011) Minerals Engineering, 24 (7), pp. 620-624. Cited 9 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079955854560&partnerID=40&md5=c26f8fe67cb172b5794057b041f8f772 AFFILIATIONS: School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; BHP Billiton, Perth, Australia ABSTRACT: Nickel laterites represent the major ore reserves of this base metal present in the lithosphere. However, processing these ores by conventional technologies involves considerable energy or reagent expenditure

and consequently is less cost-effective than extracting nickel from sulfide ores. Biological options, using metal-complexing organic acids and mineral acids generated by fungi and bacteria, have been investigated but generally found to be ineffective in terms of extraction dynamics or yields. We have examined the possibility of using bacteria that can bring about the reductive dissolution of ferric iron minerals and thereby facilitate the extraction of nickel from a lateritic ore at relatively low (<30-45 C) temperatures. Four species of iron-reducing acidophilic bacteria were screened for their abilities to solubilise nickel from a limonitic laterite ore in which the major iron mineral present was goethite. One of these (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) was selected for further study only the basis of it being able to use a cost-effective energy source (elemental sulfur) to mediate the dissolution of goethite at mildly acidic conditions (pH < 2). Cultures were set up in 2 L bioreactors, maintained at pH 1.8 (0.1) and 30 C, and initially aerated (to promote growth of the bacteria on sulfur) and then switched to anaerobic conditions when nickel laterite ore (crushed to <6 mm, with a nickel grade of 0.5%) was added. Over 70% of the nickel present in the ore was solubilised within 14 days, and solubilised metals remained in solution due to the low pH of the leachate. In contrast, only 10% of the nickel was solubilised (by non-reductive acid dissolution) when the cultures were continuously aerated. The results suggest that biological processing of limonitic nickel laterites is technically feasible and, more generically, that reductive dissolution can be used to bioprocess ferric oxide mineral ores. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; Bioleaching; Goethite; Laterites; Nickel; Reduction DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Guo, W.W.a , Li, Z.-X.b , Dentith, M.C.c Magnetic petrophysical results from the hamersley basin and their implications for interpretation of magnetic surveys (2011) Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58 (4), pp. 317-333. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079957874329&partnerID=40&md5=18d13098526f455b5e1122da03ad7d5e AFFILIATIONS: School of Information and Communication Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton QLD 4702, Australia; The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia; Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: An extensive magnetic petrophysical investigation was carried out in the Hamersley Basin in Western Australia; which hosts large high-grade iron-ore deposits derived from banded iron formations (BIFs). Based on our new results, as well as those from previous studies, we demonstrate that the bulk susceptibility of BIF units has a bimodal distribution caused by the presence of chert-rich and magnetite-rich bands. The mean bulk susceptibility (MBS) of magnetite-rich bands is more than 10 times higher than that of chert-rich bands. Measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in BIF units show this to vary between 1.06 and 2.76. The natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) carried by iron ores varies with different deposits, and even within individual deposits. NRM measurements on nonore units defined a northwesterly upward regional magnetic overprint (3108/-278) present in the Fortescue and Hamersley Groups, and also in the lower Wyloo Group. Modelling of aeromagnetic data over the Hamersley Range demonstrates that the effects of AMS and NRM are significant and must be accounted for. The effects of AMS

and NRM on magnetic anomalies due to BIFs depend on the volume fraction of magnetite-rich members in a BIF unit. Forward modelling of magnetic and gravity responses, using petrophysical results summarised in this study, over a mined hematite ore deposit in Tom Price indicates that TMI variations are expected to be significantly reduced in areas of mineralisation. However, magnetic data alone are not a reliable indicator of the presence of mineralisation because of other causes of reduced magnetism in BIFs. 2011 Geological Society of Australia. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: AMS; Banded iron formation; Hamersley Basin; Hematite ore; Magnetic modelling; Magnetic petrophysics; NRM DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Harris, C.T., Peacey, J.G., Pickles, C.A. Selective sulphidation of a nickeliferous lateritic ore (2011) Minerals Engineering, 24 (7), pp. 651-660. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079955810390&partnerID=40&md5=be71aa5b03d473ae257402e4f22e79be AFFILIATIONS: Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University at Kingston, 25 Union St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada ABSTRACT: The processing of nickeliferous laterites to produce nickel metal is both complex and energy intensive. Since most laterites are found in less developed regions, the capital costs for the infrastructure can exceed those for the process itself. The low temperature sulphidation of lateritic ores to produce an intermediate nickel concentrate, for further processing, offers a number of potential advantages, such as lower energy consumption and a relatively simple flowsheet. In this research, the sulphidation of a nickeliferous lateritic ore was investigated between the temperatures of 4501000 C and sulphur additions of between 25 and 900 kg of sulphur per tonne of ore. The experiments showed that the nickel oxide can be selectively sulphidized to a nickel-iron sulphide. It was found that both the grade and the sulphidation degree largely depended upon the temperature and the sulphur additions, with temperatures above 550 C exhibiting the highest recoveries and grades. A DTA/TGA with mass spectrometer was used to further elucidate the nature of the phase transformations that occur upon heating of the ore in the presence of sulphur. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Extractive metallurgy; Mineral processing; Pyrometallurgy DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Singh, V., Ghosh, T.K., Ramamurthy, Y., Tathavadkar, V. Beneficiation and agglomeration process to utilize low-grade ferruginous manganese ore fines (2011) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 99 (1-4), pp. 84-86. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079956099407&partnerID=40&md5=437234f85fed249ffa82207c824ec702 AFFILIATIONS: Research and Development, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, 831001, India ABSTRACT: Characterisation, beneficiation and agglomeration studies were carried out to develop a utilization strategy for typical Indian low grade manganese ore fines. The major mineral phases found are pyrolusite, hematite, goethite, clay, feldspar and quartz. QEMSCAN and Sink-Float studies suggested that 40% of manganese minerals are in liberated form, whereas 30% are locked with iron minerals. Classification followed by two-stage high intensity magnetic separation (1.7 & 1.1 Tesla) process can recover 35-40% material of ferromanganese grade with 47-49% Mn recovery. The recovered material was briquetted adding molasses (7%), cement (3%) and bentonite (1%) to use in the submerged arc furnace for metallurgical applications. A cost effective

process flow sheet has been developed to utilize these fines. 2011 Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Agglomeration; Magnetic separation; Manganese fines DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Wang, G.-J., Zhu, Y.-Q., Wang, Z.-H., Yang, L., Wang, X.-H., Huang, Z.-Y., Zhou, J.-H., Cen, K.-F. Investigation on upgrading iron ore utilized by circulating fluidized bed roasting and magnetic separation (2011) Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao (Gongxue Ban)/Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 45 (5), pp. 885-889. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079959787600&partnerID=40&md5=9da073be64e748510b56b175ab59da07 AFFILIATIONS: State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China ABSTRACT: The low-grade iron ore has typically characterisic of disseminated fine granularity, complex components and difficult purification in China. Therefore, a new process of integrated circulating fluidized bed (CFB) roasting with magnetic separation was employed to upgrade the low-grade iron ore. Under the reducing atmosphere condition with 10% CO and N2 balanced, the Xinjiang's low-grade iron ore, which was below 1 mm diameter, 9.63% by grade orginally, was roasted at 850C for 10 minutes, to obtain highly magnetic magnetite After grinding, 75% less than 0.074 mm in diameter, and wet type magnetic seperation at 71.66 kA/m, 46.25% iron ore grading was obtained with iron recovery around 25.52%. The results verifies that using the way of CFB roasting-magnetic separation process can improve the quality of the iron ore, reduce roasting time, improve the production cycle. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: CFB; Low grade iron ore; Magnetic separation; Roast DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Liu, S., Cao, Y., Tong, X., Li, P. Beneficiation of a fine-sized cassiteritebearing magnetite ore (2011) Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 28 (2), pp. 88-93. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079958148237&partnerID=40&md5=ae8c1da4eaa1a9f230b25ec3327840ce AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China ABSTRACT: A low-grade cassiterite-magnetite ore from Sichuan province, China, is finely disseminated, assaying 0.39% Sn and 23.20% Fe, respectively. Mineralogy studies show that the fine-sized cassiterite is mainly disseminated in iron minerals and gangue. Moreover, the embedded size of cassiterite is very fine and must be ground to -0.01 mm to achieve a degree of liberation of about 90%. Therefore, fine grinding needs to be conducted to get a high quality tin concentrate and a great loss of tin cannot be avoided when treating the ore by gravity concentration. Based on the above facts, a two-stage separation, with a low intensity magnetic separator and a shaking table, was selected to test the ore. Compared with other similar plants, a relatively good separation has been achieved. Three acceptable products for smelters were obtained as following: iron concentrate assaying 61.69% Fe with a recovery of 75.09%, tin concentrate assaying 27.21 % Sn with a recovery of 56.97% and a sulfur concentrate assaying 40.86% S with a recovery of 32.03%, respectively. Copyright 2011, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cassiterite-magnetite ore; Low-intensity magnetic separation; Mineralogy; Shaking table separation

DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Sakthivel, R., Jayasankar, K., Das, S.K., Das, B., Mishra, B.K. Effect of planetary ball milling on phase transformation of a silica-rich iron ore (2011) Powder Technology, 208 (3), pp. 747-751. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079952737042&partnerID=40&md5=667ee203f3616dcdf8997b99b993c1d6 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Council of scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar-751 013, India ABSTRACT: The phase transformation of a silica-rich iron ore during planetary milling has been studied. A mixture of silica-rich low grade iron ore and iron powder (4.75wt.%) was subjected to high energy ball milling and the resulting products were characterized at various milling times. The major constituents of the silica-rich iron ore are hematite (54.2%) and quartz (44.6%). Upon milling, these phases have undergone phase transformation to form fayalite (Fe 2SiO 4) as the major phase along with unreacted quartz as the minor phase. X-ray and Mssbauer spectroscopy studies confirmed the formation of fayalite phase. It was observed that the optimal constitution of the product, in which fayalite is the major phase, could be attained within 15h of milling. 2011 Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Fayalite; Low grade iron ore; Quartz; Reaction milling DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Abhilash, Pandey, B.D. Role of ferric ions in bioleaching of uranium from low tenor Indian ore (2011) Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 50 (2), pp. 102-112. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079955103750&partnerID=40&md5=a0edb278adbcf5b04a2ff4b70e0c23df AFFILIATIONS: National Metallurgical Laboratory (CSIR), Jamshedpur 831007, India ABSTRACT: The role of biogenic ferric ions in leaching of uranium by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans from a low grade ore of Turamdih mines, India, has been investigated. Using the enriched culture of bacterial isolate containing mainly A. ferrooxidans from the source mine water, biorecovery of 98% uranium at 20% (w/v) pulp density, pH 1.7 and 35uC temperature using <76 m particles in 40 days was obtained. The effect of temperature on bioleaching of uranium showed higher recovery at 35uC. The uranium dissolution was facilitated by iron(III) available in the leach liquor because of bacterial oxidation of pyrite and chemical dissolution of magnetite present in the ore under acidic conditions. The biogenically generated Fe(III) ions enhanced uranium dissolution from the uraninite ore. The bioleaching of uranium appeared to follow a chemical control kinetic model with the reaction of lixiviant, Fe(III) and acid on the surface of the solid in the temperature range 25-35uC. Phase identification by XRD and the study of surface morphology of the ore and the residue by SEM study corroborated the above mechanism of uranium leaching. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; Bioleaching; Ferric ions; Kinetics; Silicate ore; Uranium DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Li, J.a , Li, B.W.b , Zhang, B.W.b , Wang, L.b Study on process of microwave magnetizing roast for low-grade hematite (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 201-203, pp. 1816-1820.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079952731479&partnerID=40&md5=99660d8dfec56137263c36236c96e92e AFFILIATIONS: College of Material Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Industry, No.49, Ai Min Road, Xin Cheng District, Hohhot, 010051, China; Institute of Mineralogy and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, No.7,aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou, 014010, China ABSTRACT: The microwave magnetic roasting process of low-grade hematite under low temperature was studied experimentally. The effects of roasting temperature, carbon content and roasting time on the reduction and magnetic separation were investigated. It shows that the best percent reduction is 10.96%(near to theoretical value 11.11%)which can be obtained under the condition of roasting temperature of 650C, carbon content of 1.0% and roasting time of 10 minute. The results of magnetic separation show that the best magnetic separation grade for the sintered ore occurs at 570 instead of 650C owing to the sintering of ore powders at high temperature of 650C. Further ball-milling and magnetic separation of this concentrate produces two kind of final concentrate, one of which is in grade 65.6% with the recovery being 45.3%, and the other is in grade 63.4% with the recovery being 62.6%. After the magnetic separation, concentrate ore meets the iron-smelting requirements because of its low S and P content and high grade. This magnetic process results in the enrichment of RE and Nb in tailing ore, which can be reused for the extraction of Rare Earth and Nb. (2011) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Hematite; Magnetic roasting; Magnetic separation; Microwave DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, S.Q.a , Gao, J.T.a , Chen, P.Y.a b , Shen, P.a , Zhang, Y.T.a , Liu, R.Z.a , Wang, Y.G.a Experimental research of new technology on the precise reduction of micronsized iron oxide (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 201-203, pp. 1763-1769. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079952725806&partnerID=40&md5=5ed8b11253939b13d931e5b4baaa51ed AFFILIATIONS: Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No.30, Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100083, China; Tian Pipe Corporation, Tianjin 300201, China ABSTRACT: This study puts forward the technology of the precise reduction of micron-sized iron oxide: at lower temperature (&lt;1000C), the high purity metallic iron can be reduced, separated and extract from iron ore, slag, the iron oxide in the dust which are in micron size. Precise reduction experiments are planned for high phosphorus hematite in Enshi, magnetite in Kazuo and the steel dust of a factory, in order to do the study on their reduction characteristics. According to the L 16 (2 15) orthogonal test on high phosphorus hematite and magnetite, the result shows that: in the atmosphere of pure H 2 or 100% CO, the micron-grade mineral powder can be reduced at the condition of 650850 C; compared with the conventional particle size powder, the reduction temperature lowers about 300350 C in the same reduction degree. According to the L 8 (2 7) orthogonal test on steel dust, the result shows that: by pure H 2 or 100% CO, the average metallization rate can reach 95% at the temperature of 9001000 C; the product of reduction keeps power state and its interparticle sintering does not occur, which means that it is reasonable to separate iron from other

impurity elements through the physical method in the non-melting state. (2011) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron ore; Micron-sized; Precise reduction; Steelmaking dust DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Yang, C.a b , Qin, W.a b , Lai, S.a b , Wang, J.a b , Zhang, Y.a b , Jiao, F.a b , Ren, L.a b , Zhuang, T.a b , Chang, Z.a Bioleaching of a low grade nickel-copper-cobalt sulfide ore (2011) Hydrometallurgy, 106 (1-2), pp. 32-37. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079551560955&partnerID=40&md5=4ae7c94c95e3983ca3f1d32f7f5f72c1 AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: The bioleaching behavior of copper and nickel from a low-grade nickel, copper, and cobalt-bearing sulfide ore was investigated. A recovery of 94% Ni, 62% Co and 70% Cu was achieved in 68 days of flask leaching including 18 days of acid pre-leaching and 50 days of bioleaching. However, a recovery of 46% Ni, 39% Co and 13% Cu was achieved in 139 days of column leaching including 19 days of acid pre-leaching and 120 days of bioleaching which indicates that nickel and cobalt have the same leaching behavior. Potassium, sodium and iron(III) ions in the leach solution formed jarosite within the ore bed with some nickel and copper ions incorporated into the jarosite precipitates thereby diminishing the overall metal recovery. Magnesium was preferentially leached by acid from the gangue minerals leaving a magnesium depleted silicate skeleton, but discrepancies in the residue analysis indicate that magnesium re-deposits into the silicate skeleton during bioleaching. 2010 Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bioleaching; Jarosite; Magnesium silicate; Nickel-bearing sulfide ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Su, H.-F.a , L, Y.-J.a , Cui, Q.-Y.a , Wang, F.a , L, X.-Y.b , Wen, Y.-X.a Leaching kinetics of pyrolusite by macromolecular caramel of molasses alcohol wastewater (2011) Gao Xiao Hua Xue Gong Cheng Xue Bao/Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 25 (1), pp. 43-48. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079953214607&partnerID=40&md5=7bb33ebc4fb1a57c603845b208b42935 AFFILIATIONS: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Educational Administration Department, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China ABSTRACT: In order to study using the macromolecular caramel in the molasses alcohol wastewater to leaching the manganese from a low grade pyrolusite, the shrinking core model was used to investigate the kinetics of the manganese reductive leaching process in dilute sulfate acid. Since the salvage of only the macromolecular caramel from the molasses alcohol wastewater is very difficult, in this study the synthesized caramel was used to simulate it. The effects of reaction temperature, the concentrations of H 2SO 4 and caramel and the particle size of the pyrolusite on the leaching rate were studied. The results show that the leaching rate of manganese increases with the increase of reaction temperature, the concentrations of H 2SO 4 and caramel

and decreases with the increase of the pyrolusite particle size. The kinetic equation for the manganese reductive leaching process was presented, from which the apparent activation energy of the leaching process was obtained to be 56.27 kJ mol -1 and the reaction orders for the concentration of H 2SO 4 and caramel are 0.64 and 0.83, respectively. It may be concluded that, using the synthesized caramel, the reductive leaching process of manganese from pyrolusite is controlled by the diffusion through the ash/inert layer, and the insoluble oxide minerals (hematite, quartz, kaolinite, etc.) associated with pyrolusite may act as the ash/inert layer. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Caramel; Kinetics; Leaching; Molasses alcohol wastewater; Pyrolusite DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Chen, Y.a b , Mariba, E.R.M.a , Van Dyk, L.a , Potgieter, J.H.a c A review of non-conventional metals extracting technologies from ore and waste (2011) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 98 (1-2), pp. 1-7. Cited 5 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.078650523709&partnerID=40&md5=284de6426e8488103a6ce6fa652f10b7 AFFILIATIONS: School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa; Process and Environmental Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Campus, Oxford Road, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: In recent years several kinds of gas phase methods/techniques, utilizing organic ligands, have been developed to recover metals from low grade ore or slag, for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste, as well as solution purification. These methods include, extraction of metals in fluidized bed reactors using organic chelating compounds such as the SERVO process, and metal extraction by supercritical fluid extraction with CO 2 (SFC), followed by a potential method to recycle the metal and regenerate the ligand. These methods are hydrogen reduction, electrochemical separation and acid stripping. This review looks at the extraction of metals by organic ligands, and a brief introduction to the advantages and disadvantages of these two techniques (SERVO and SFC) is presented. A comparison of metal extraction using the two techniques is presented; some conventional methods are discussed, as well as the problems they present. Selected results of the extraction of iron by a gasified ligand in a fluidized reactor are shown to illustrate the potential application and success of this approach. Kinetic models governing such gas-solid state reactions are discussed, and possible ways to recycle the ligand(s) and recover metals in their pure (reduced) state highlighted. Finally, some ideas and suggestions for improvements in the research that had been carried out to date, as well as further future developments deserving attention, are suggested in the conclusion. 2010 Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Extraction; Metals; Mineral processing; Organic ligands; Waste treatment DOCUMENT TYPE: Review SOURCE: Scopus Yang, J., Ma, S., Liu, P., Wang, G., Su, X., Mo, W. Hydrometallurgical treatment of low grade zinc oxide ore (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 158, pp. 140-144. Cited 2 times.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.078650945172&partnerID=40&md5=9d70e01d8e20f1126442a1c339ba0c2c AFFILIATIONS: School of Resources and Metallurgy, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China ABSTRACT: In this research, a leaching study was carried out to assess the effect of several parameters on zinc extraction in a low grade complex zinc oxide ore in which the grade of Zn is 13 wt.%, and 52.8% of Zn is contained in siderite, 34.63% in limonite and 11.55% in smithsonite. The influencing parameters investigated include sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and liquid to solid ratio (L/S). The results show that over 90% of Zn can be extracted from the low grade complex zinc oxide ore when the leaching process is operated in 2M sulfuric acid at 60C for 2.5h with a liquid to solid ratio of 6:1. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Leaching; Low grade; Sulfuric acid; Zinc oxide ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Ma, S., Yang, J., Wang, G., Mo, W., Su, X. Alkaline leaching of low grade complex zinc oxide ore (2011) Advanced Materials Research, 158, pp. 12-17. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.078650926157&partnerID=40&md5=1c36f176c9c82e4bdfe6622d18d0a958 AFFILIATIONS: School of Resources and Metallurgy, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China ABSTRACT: Alkaline leaching is an important way for treating low grade metal oxide ore, which has some advantages such as low corrosion and low pollution compared to acidic leaching. In order to recover the zinc from a low grade complex zinc oxide ore in which the grade of Zn and Fe are 13 wt.% and 40.2 wt.%, respectively, and 52.8% of Zn is contained in siderite, 34.63% in limonite and 11.55% in smithsonite, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of this type of ore by alkaline leaching method. In this study, ammonia-ammonium chloride and ammonia-ammonium carbonate were used as the leaching reagents. The effects of alkaline concentration, leaching time, leaching temperature and liquid to solid ratio (L/S) were studied, respectively. The results show that 43.15% of initial Zn content was extracted adopting ammonia-ammonium chloride as the leaching reagent in 4.5M at 30C for 3h with a liquid to solid ratio of 4:1, while 43.07% of Zn recovery was achieved employing ammonia-ammonium carbonate as the leaching reagent at 5M, 30C and 4:1(L/S). The low leaching rate of Zn is probably attributed to that the zinc contained in siderite was not extracted completely because Zn and Fe exist as isomorphism in siderite. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Alkaline leaching; Low grade; Zinc oxide ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Ahmed, H.A.M. Dry versus wet upgrading of nepheline syenite ores [Wzbogacanie na sucho i na mokro sjenitw nefelinowych] (2011) Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 46, pp. 107-118. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.078649431541&partnerID=40&md5=042b0095d1b35f2f1634bdbf9de03390 AFFILIATIONS: Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT: Under strict specifications regarding its iron, alumina, and alkali contents, nephelyine synite has a wide range of applications as filler, pigment and extender besides its usage in glass and ceramic industries. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has huge nepheline syenite deposits in SAWDA

mountain. Unfortunately, the ore is of low grade as to its high iron content (7.68% Fe 2O 3) and low alumina (17.38% Al 2O 3), and thus cannot be used in any of the previously mentioned industries as mined. This paper aims at investigating the amenability of processing the ore to meet market specifications. In the investigation two different technologies, dry and wet, are considered. The first is magnetic separation as a dry upgrading technique while the second is flotation as the wet upgrading technique. In applying magnetic separation technique the cross belt dings magnetic separator was used. The main studied variables were applied field intensity, separator belt speed, feed rate, and feed size, while the collector dosages were tested for upgrading the ore by flotation technology in a Denver D-12 flotation cell. The obtained results showed that magnetic separation can never produce nepheline concentrates having Fe 2O 3 less than 0.85%. It was also found that at optimum flotation conditions the nepheline concentrates have Fe 2O 3 content not less than 0.40%. However, combining the two techniques i.e. applying flotation under optimum conditions for cleaning of the previously obtained magnetic concentrate resulted in a final concentrate of 0.09% Fe 2O 3 with Al 2O 3 content of 23.58%. The produced concentrate can be used in many industrial applications, especially in glass and ceramics production. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Flotation; Glass and ceramics; Magnetic separation; Nepheline syenite DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kivinen, V.a , Krogerus, H.b , Daavittila, J.a Upgrading of MN /FE ratio of low-grade manganese ore for ferromanganese production (2010) Proceedings of the 12th International Ferroalloys Congress: Sustainable Future, pp. 467-476. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866117873&partnerID=40&md5=ecedc566499108289330bd90cfe4761d AFFILIATIONS: Outotec Oyj, Finland; Outotec Research Oy, Finland ABSTRACT: The Mn /Fe ratio is crucial in producing the commercial ferromanganese grade in a submerged electric furnace. Huge amounts of lowgrade manganese ores are located in many countries around the world. These deposits are only partially used in ferromanganese production. The ores contain large quantities of iron and thus the Mn /Fe ratio is low, 3-4. Iron appears partially in ore as individual hematite and goethite grains and the remainder of it is in the manganese grains. The laboratory tests showed that the Mn /Fe ratio increased up to 11 when the pre-reduction of ore was performed in a laboratory rotary kiln at about 800C. The pre-reduction was performed in a reducing gas atmosphere and with solid carbon. The product from the kiln contained individual magnetite grains, which were separated after grinding by a magnetic separation method. The non-magnetic fraction requires pelletizing and sintering in a separate process step to produce durable and porous pellets, which are excellent raw material for ferromanganese smelting. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Naud, C.P., Shapiro, M.D. Implementation of the first commercial scale DC smelter for ferronickel production from low grade laterite ores-technology building blocks and lessens learned (2010) SIAMM - Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 110 (12), pp. 725-732. Cited 1 time.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079952323016&partnerID=40&md5=a4f1a80878952ba4603ec7f87ed59d2c AFFILIATIONS: Bateman Engineering Projects, Pyrometallurgy Technologies, South Africa ABSTRACT: Mechel, a large, integrated steel, stainless steel, and ferroalloy producer in Russia is committed to upgrading its facilities to world class pyrometallurgical process and environmental practice. Yuzhural Nickel currently uses shaft furnaces to produce a matte containing iron, nickel and traces of cobalt. This rather old technology is thermally inefficient and is characterized by high operating costs. Mechel has investigated suitable equipment and processes to upgrade the plant, and awarded a contract for the construction of a 12 MW DC smelter, located near the town of Orsk, to Bateman Engineering Projects in June 2008. The selection of DC furnace technology for laterite smelting can be considered as a strategic highlight for the pyrometallurgical treatment of low-grade lateritic ores, and could be the first industrial-scale implementation of this technology. This project has been designed to achieve multiple goals including the demonstration of the process and associated equipment technology at commercial scale, to confirm the scale-up design parameters of the forthcoming 2 90 MW, twin electrode DC furnaces, and to prove the environmental emission superiority of closed furnaces. It also provides a valuable operator training platform. This paper deals with the process design, key technology building blocks and design features which have been incorporated to produce a pyrometallurgical vessel capable of (i) resisting slag superheat and chemical aggressiveness, (ii) process fine material without pre-agglomeration, (iii) achieve high nickel recoveries and (iv) being tolerant to the variations in chemical composition of laterite ore. The approach to increasing campaign lives between partial and complete rebuilds, through the use of composite furnace module (CFM) technology originally developed and patented by the University of Melbourne, is also followed in more detail. Unfortunately, results from hot commissioning and lessons learned from initial operation are not available because the project completion has been delayed due to the worldwide downturn in demand for commodities. The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2010. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Copper cooler technology; Corrosive slag; DC furnace; Ferronickel laterite smelting DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Von Kruger, P.a , Silva, C.A.a , Vieira, C.B.a , Araujo, F.G.S.a , Seshadri, V.b Relevant aspects related to production of iron nickel alloys (pig iron containing nickel) in mini blast furnaces (2010) Proceedings of the 12th International Ferroalloys Congress: Sustainable Future, pp. 671-680. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866103209&partnerID=40&md5=5a37c8c63d1312ce187de4b95764411e AFFILIATIONS: REDEMAT, UFOP-Federal University of Ouro, Preto, Brazil; UFMG, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil ABSTRACT: The production of nickel alloys in blast furnaces and reverberatory furnaces has been used in the past. However nowadays efficient production of low cost ferronickel alloys is normally carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Recently, production of iron nickel alloys in blast furnace has been started in China, because of high demand at that time, combined with inability to meet the same by the existing installations in that country. This work aims to identify factors, conditions, limitations and the economic feasibility of production of iron nickel alloys in blast furnaces. In order

to assess the feasibility a "technology of reference" for the manufacture of those alloys in blast furnaces has been developed and it is reported in this work. Additionally, raw material and operating conditions are. Typical conditions prevailing in Brazil for the production of nickel containing pig iron with the technology based on Brazilian mini blast furnaces for pig iron production as well as the possibility of using nickel containing mining rejects and low grade nickel ores in the burden material are considered. Taking all this into account a cost comparison should be possible between electric furnace and blast furnace routes. The particular conditions under which iron nickel alloys production in a mini blast furnace is economically feasible have been discussed. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Naud, C.P., Shapiro, M.D. Implementation of the first commercial scale dc smelter for ferronickel production from low grade laterite ores-technology BUILDING BLOCKS and LESSONS LEARNED (2010) Proceedings of the 12th International Ferroalloys Congress: Sustainable Future, pp. 839-848. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866134170&partnerID=40&md5=18403b983bd2b723e5f3513e3841730d AFFILIATIONS: Bateman Engineering Projects, Pyrometallurgical Technologies, P.O. Box 25937, East Rand, 1462, South Africa ABSTRACT: Mechel, a large, integrated steel, stainless steel, and ferroalloy producer in Russia is committed to upgrading its facilities to world class pyrometallurgical process and environmental practice. Yuzhural Nickel currently uses shaft furnaces to produce a matte containing iron, nickel and traces of cobalt. This rather old technology is thermally inefficient and is characterised by high operating costs. Mechel has investigated suitable equipment and processes to upgrade the plant, and awarded a contract for the construction of a 12 MW DC smelter, located near the town of Orsk, to Bateman Engineering Projects in June 2008. The selection of DC Furnace technology for laterite smelting can be considered as a strategic highlight for the pyrometallurgical treatment of low-grade lateritic ores, and could be the first industrial-scale implementation of this technology. This project has been designed to achieve multiple goals including the demonstration of the process and associated equipment technology at commercial scale, to confirm the scale up design parameters of the forthcoming 2 x 90 MW, twin electrode DC furnaces, and to prove the environmental emission superiority of closed furnaces. It also provides a valuable operator training platform. This paper deals with the process design, key technology building blocks and design features which have been incorporated to produce a pyrometallurgical vessel capable of (i) resisting slag superheat and chemical aggressiveness, (ii) process fine material without pre-Agglomeration, (iii) achieve high nickel recoveries and (iv) being tolerant to the variations in chemical composition of laterite ore. The approach to increasing campaign lives between partial and complete rebuilds, through the use Composite Furnace Module (CFM) technology originally developed and patented by the University of Melbourne, is also followed in more detail. Unfortunately, results from hot commissioning and lessons learned from initial operation are not available because the project completion has been delayed due to the worldwide downturn in demand for commodities. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Everett, J.E.

Simulation modeling of an iron ore operation to enable informed planning (2010) Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 5, pp. 101-114. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.079954468135&partnerID=40&md5=a50a04768124ea7cd94f832c703c0467 AFFILIATIONS: University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia ABSTRACT: An iron ore mining company, operating in Western Australia, trucks ore from three geographically isolated sources to a crusher, where it is blended before and during crushing. The company prides itself on its key performance indicator: the relatively low inter-shipment grade variability of its products. The company has been considering alternative production process designs for all stages from mining to ship loading to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Currently product grade variability is well controlled and it is important not to jeopardize the company's reputation for grade reliability. However, the company needs to identify potential efficiencies, reduced costs, and alternative product control systems for potential future expansions. Many process design options from mine face to ship loading must be compared and evaluated, with emphasis on maintaining or improving on current grade variability in final shipments. Pilot studies are infeasible, while complex interactions, competing goals, and numerous system configurations make theoretical analysis unmanageable. Real system trials require strong prior probability of success, particularly where product variability to customers is concerned. Simulation studies provide a suitable method to evaluate and compare process design alternatives. This paper describes successful simulation modeling of grade variability. The work provides users with easily run Excel models, tailor-made for specific process designs, using Visual Basic macros and graphical output, to explore the implications of decision parameter choice, under a range of possible operating conditions and ore variability. The models have been designed in modular form for the user to interconnect, simulating different configurations of the mine to ship system, to help make informed decisions as to potential system modification. Construction of input mine grade data is a major first step. Meaningful results require input data maintain the correlations, present in the real production environment, between the mineral components, production linkages, and across time. Mining data from real operations are therefore used, with the means and variability adjusted to match potential development proposals. The studies simulate only short-term variability. Long-term variability should not be controlled by the process design but rather by longer-term ore extraction plans and ultimately resource availability. It is therefore necessary to filter out medium and long-term variations from the production data before use in the simulation model. A Fourier transform technique to do this is described. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Decision support; Industry; Information systems; Mining; Simulation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kapure, G.a , Ra, C.B.a , Tathavadkar, V.a , Raj, K.S.b Process for effective utilization of low grade chromite overburden (2010) Proceedings of the 12th International Ferroalloys Congress: Sustainable Future, pp. 377-382. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084866060199&partnerID=40&md5=d23844d8c855baabe869e87bf16af71b AFFILIATIONS: Research and Development, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India; Ferro Alloys and Minerals Division, Tata Steel Limited, Bamnipal, India

ABSTRACT: In India, 5 million t of chromite overburden is generated each year in addition to the 140 million t that has already been accumulated over the several years of mining. Up to now, this ore has not been commercially exploited due to low percentage (0.6-0.8%) of nickel present. In this study the reduction kinetics of chromite overburden is investigated at high temperatures (1000-1400 0C) with aim to develop a process for cost effective utilization of the overburden. Chromite overburden predominantly consists of iron oxide and chromite minerals along with minor constituents such as silicates and nickel oxides. The overburden samples from Sukinda chromite mines, India are used in the current study. The effect of various critical parameters such as temperature, time, reductant and lime flux on the reduction behaviour is examined. It is observed that the Fe recovery to metal increases with increase in temperature. It is also observed that about 80% of the total Fe, Cr and Ni values are recovered in the form of metal nuggets at 1400 0C and clear slag metal separation was achieved during reduction at optimized flux conditions. The results of bench scale experiments are discussed in this paper. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Umadevi, T., Deodhar, A.V., Mahapatra, P.C., Prabhu, M., Ranjan, M. Influence of coating granulation process on iron ore sinter quality and productivity (2010) Steel Research International, 81 (9), pp. 716-723. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077956571043&partnerID=40&md5=05fedbd074f767db1fe47b786f06533a AFFILIATIONS: JSW Steel Limited, Torangallu, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT: For better blast furnace performance, there has always been a need for better quality raw materials like sinter, lump ore, and pellets. Among these raw materials the usage of sinter in blast furnace is at higher side compared to other iron bearing materials. As the quality of sinter product improves, its usage in blast furnaces also increases. Iron ore fines are the main source for sinter making. To improve the sinter properties it is necessary to provide good quality of iron ore fines. Due to depletion of high grade iron ore resources, goethite and limonitic ore content in iron ore fines is expected to increase gradually. Usually limonitic and goethite ore are associated with higher alumina and LOI. The conventional sintering process is one of the well established processes for high quality hematite ore. It does not fully respond to the low grade iron ore associated with goethite and limonite. This has led to deterioration in sinter properties and productivity. In recent years the improvement in the quasi-particle structure with the granulation process is an effective method for improving sinter quality and productivity. To improve the sinter quality and productivity for low grade iron ore fines, different granulation processes like the conventional one, and other two advanced granulation processes like coke breeze, and flux & coke breeze coating granulation were studied in detail by conducting laboratory pot grate sintering experiments. From the test results it was found that sinter productivity, physical and metallurgical properties of the sinter improved with flux & coke breeze coating granulation process compared to conventional and coke breeze coating granulation process. Proper selection of the granulation time is very important to achieve the desired sinter properties. In the present work detailed laboratory experiments have been carried out by varying the coating time from 30s to 110s to study the influence of flux & coke breeze coating granulation time on mineralogy, productivity, physical, and metallurgical properties of sinter. With a coating granulation time of 50s, higher productivity, higher yield, and

stronger sinter (higher T.I) with lower RDI and-5mm size sinter were achieved. 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Coke breeze; Fluxes; Granulation; Granulation time; Microstructure; Permeability; Productivity; Sinter properties; Sintering DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mishra, R.K., Rout, P.C., Sarangi, K., Nathsarma, K.C. A comparative study on extraction of Fe(III) from chloride leach liquor using TBP, Cyanex 921 and Cyanex 923 (2010) Hydrometallurgy, 104 (2), pp. 298-303. Cited 6 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.078049449800&partnerID=40&md5=0ddc433db73af0f06c5d8b3d4f6319af AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar-751 013, India ABSTRACT: A comparative study on extraction of Fe(III) from the HCl leach liquor of low grade iron ore tailings has been carried out using Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), Cyanex 921 and Cyanex 923 in distilled kerosene. The percentage extraction of iron increased with increasing HCl and extractant concentrations. The extracted species in each case was found to be HFeCl4S. The extraction isotherms for the above extractants indicated quantitative extraction of Fe(III) in 3-stages at O:A ratio of 3:2 with TBP, and in 2stages at O:A ratio of 1:1 with Cyanex 921 and Cyanex 923. The stripping studies of the loaded organic phases were carried out with 0.4 M HCl. The stripping isotherms indicated 2-stages at O:A ratio of 5:2 for TBP, and 3stages at O:A ratio of 2:3 for Cyanex 921 and Cyanex 923. From the extraction studies, the extraction efficiency of the extractants for Fe(III) was in the order TBP &lt; Cyanex 921 &lt; Cyanex 923. Although Cyanex 923 was found to be the best extractant, the percentage stripping of Fe from the loaded Cyanex 923 was the least. The stripping of Cyanex 923 was 94.9%, but with TBP and Cyanex 921, it was 99.8% and &gt; 99.9%, respectively. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cyanex 921; Cyanex 923; Iron; Solvent extraction; TBP DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Ge, X.L.a , Xiao, S.J.b , Haarberg, G.M.b , Seetharaman, S.a Salt extraction process-novel route for metal extraction Part 3electrochemical behaviours of metal ions(Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn) in molten (CaCl 2-)NaCl-KCl salt system (2010) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 119 (3), pp. 163-170. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077956200849&partnerID=40&md5=9fbcafee02de5a54093f9c7e3bb40214 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvgen 23, SE 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Materials Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ABSTRACT: The present work is Part 3 of a novel salt extraction process towards the extraction of metal values from slag, low-grade ores, etc. The electrochemical behaviour of different metal ions, Cr(III), Cr(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mg(II) and Mn(II) was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 827C in (CaCl 2-)NaCl-KCl system with a tungsten or glassy carbon electrode. The deposition process of Cr(III) species was found to be consisted of two electrochemical steps, while, in the case of other species, the deposition only involves one step. The deposition potentials and diffusion coefficients were determined from the cyclic voltammetrys. Electrodeposition of chromium

was performed using a two-electrode cell under constant voltage, and pure dendrite and nodular-like crystals of chromium were obtained. The present study provides a good understanding of the electrochemical behaviour of these metal ions in molten salts, and thus is helpful to this novel salt process for the recovery of metal values from slag or other materials. 2010 Maney Publishing. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Electrochemistry; Molten salts; Voltammetry DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Guarin Jr., C.P., Angerer, T., Maund, N.H., Cowan, D.R., Hagemann, S.G. The K deeps magnetite mineralisation at Koolyanobbing, Western Australia (2010) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, 119 (3), pp. 143-153. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.080054711794&partnerID=40&md5=251ecce2394804bc1a3543cc6478ab73 AFFILIATIONS: 32 Woodlake Boulevard, Western Australia, Australia ABSTRACT: K Deposit (Dowd's Hill), at Koolyanobbing, Western Australia, hosts enriched magnetite mineralisation below the presently mined goethite-hematite ore zone. Two highly magnetic bodies which are elongated NW-SE and dip to the NE, appear to reflect the geophysical signature of this deeper mineralisation. Magnetic modelling indicates significant remanent magnetisation with Koenigsberger ratios (Q ratios) around 15, directed shallow down. The NW anomaly is overlain by a ridge of uneconomic BIF and the present waste dump, whereas the SE body was partly exposed during ongoing mining of overlying hematite-goethite ore. Sections of the magnetite mineralisation (about 45-69 wt-%Fe) in this SE anomaly were intersected previously by diamond drill holes and further evaluated by reverse circulation (RC) drilling. Review of the historic drill cores identified potential magnetite enrichment, with grades and mineralogy that might be amenable to beneficiation. The following magnetite mineralisation assemblages are recognised from cores, RC drill cuttings and pit mapping of the SE magnetic body: higher-grade magnetite-hematitegoethite and magnetitepyrite, and lower-grade, recrystallised magnetitequartz (BIF), magnetite-carbonate, magnetite-talc, and minor magnetite-bearing mafic schist. Disseminated specular hematite is locally present in the assemblages. Talc-schist and massive pyrite occur along the footwall contact. Magnetic susceptibility measured from core and drill chips within the magnetite-enriched zones reveals an apparent susceptibility values range of 02 to 13 SI. Results from Satmagan and Davis Tube Recovery analysis show that the magnetite content in these mineralised zones correlates well with existing geophysical data and magnetic susceptibility measurements. 2010 The Austratasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formation; Koolyanobbing Western Australia; Magnetite mineralisation; Yilgarn craton DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Angerer, T., Hagemann, S.G. The BIF-hosted high-grade iron ore deposits in the archean koolyanobbing greenstone belt, Western Australia: Structural control on synorogenic- and weathering-related magnetite-, hematite-, and goethite-rich iron ore (2010) Economic Geology, 105 (5), pp. 917-945. Cited 11 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084865183502&partnerID=40&md5=cb066198a8c4708323f7d782f6d56e6a

AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Western Australia, M006, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: The Koolyanobbing banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted iron ore deposits (total premining resources 150 million metric tons (Mt), indicated reserves 32 Mt) are located in the Mesoarchean lower succession BIF of the Koolyanobbing greenstone belt, Younami terrane, Yilgarn craton in Western Australia. In the Koolyanobbing greenstone belt a deformation sequence that broadly correlates with the proposed deformation history of most greenstones belts within the Southern Cross domain includes: D 1 structures (mainly small-scale F 1a and F 1b folds, formed in a north-south to northwestsoutheast compressional regime), a ductile to brittle deformation sequence, D 2 to D 4 (generated during east-west compression) and, a late-stage brittle segmentation of BIF and reactivation of faults, attributed to D 5. The formation of the seven known medium- (45-58 wt % Fe) to high-grade (58-68 wt % Fe) magnetite-,martite-, specularite-, and goethite-bearing orebodies can be subdivided into four Archean stages and one weathering-related upgrade from the Permian and/or Mesozoic to recent times. The Archean ore-forming stages comprise: (1) early Fe-Mg Ca metasomatism causing local ferroan carbonate and ferroan talc alteration of the metamorphosed quartz-magnetite BIF protolith; (2) sequential syn-D 2a (coaxial) to syn-D 4 (transpressional) tight folding-driven removal of carbonate, quartz and minor ferroan talc by solution and mechanical transfer, producing residual enrichment of medium- to high-grade magnetite ore; (3) magnetite mineralization in syn-D 2b and syn-D 4 breccias and fractures, forming medium-grade ore zones, or overprint magnetite in BIF and first-stage magnetite ore; and (4) mineralization of hydrothermal specularite and locally associated ferroan dolomite-quartz alteration, and local oxidation of magnetite in and near brittle D 4 faults, fractures, and reactivated F 1 and F 2a fold cores. Modern weathering-related leaching of carbonate (and minor quartz), pseudomorphic goethite replacement of existing iron oxides and gangue, and coeval or subsequent to oxidation in the vadose zone formed goethitemartite ore with local relics of specularite or magnetite and/or kenomagnetite. The intensity and localization of this supergene modification is, in most deposits at Koolyanobbing, controlled by existing hypogene magnetite, specularite-rich medium- to high-grade ore zones and/or carbonate-altered BIF at depth. The existence of high-grade ore below the weathering horizons suggests the possibility of further concealed magnetite- and/or specularite-rich orebodies within the deposits and region. 2010 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kim, B.-S.a , Jeong, S.-B.a , Kim, Y.-H.b , Kim, H.-S.a Oxidative roasting of low grade zinc sulfide concentrate from gagok mine in Korea (2010) Materials Transactions, 51 (8), pp. 1481-1485. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077956687248&partnerID=40&md5=54f8f7f5c5a8da75b5dcbd44ea587a64 AFFILIATIONS: Minerals and Materials Processing Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea; Research and Development Team, Korea Resources Corporation, Seoul, South Korea ABSTRACT: A new process for utilizing low grade zinc sulfide concentrate containing a large amount of iron as a zinc and iron resource has been developed in Korea. The process largely consists of oxidative roasting and reduction-volatilization processes. In this process, zinc is recovered as

zinc oxide form in the gas phase and iron is concentrated as partially reduced iron oxide compounds in the residue phase. In the present work, a kinetic study on the oxidative roasting of low grade zinc sulfide concentrate rich in iron obtained after several mineral separation processes at Gagok mine in Korea was experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out to understand the oxidative roasting process of the zinc concentrate over a temperature range of 998 to 1073 K under air using a thermogravimetric method. The oxidative roasting rate of the zinc concentrate was found to be relatively fast under the whole temperature range and almost 95% of sulfur contained in the concentrate was removed after the oxidative roasting at 1073 K for 20 min. Sulfur removal ratio as a function of time has been analyzed by using a spherical shrinking-core model. 2010 The Japan Institute of Metals. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Oxidative roasting; Shrinking-core model; Zinc; Zinc sulfide concentrate DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Gao, L., Chen, Y. A study on the rare earth ore containing scandium by high gradient magnetic separation (2010) Journal of Rare Earths, 28 (4), pp. 622-626. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077956312747&partnerID=40&md5=9794bdf241c2ccbeed5e653d40fd7d65 AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China ABSTRACT: Scandium (Sc) concentration from the rare earth ore by high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) was determined on the basis of Sc content, geophysical parameter determination and the magnetic analyses of the ore. Based on the condition experiments, expanding experiments were carried out. The results showed that the ore had a Sc grade of 48.90 g/t, and after removing iron by low-intensity magnetic separation, a Sc concentrate of 314.89 g/t grade and with 77.53 recovery was obtained by one-stage roughingone-stage cleaning of high gradient magnetic separation. Most of the rare earth elements were enriched in the Sc concentrate, and some could be comprehensively recovered during Sc extraction. It was therefore concluded that most of the rare earth elements in the weakly magnetic minerals could be effectively enriched by high gradient magnetic separation. 2010 The Chinese Society of Rare Earths. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: high gradient magnetic separation; rare earths; scandium DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Phillips, G.N.a b , Powell, R.a Formation of gold deposits: A metamorphic devolatilization model (2010) Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 28 (6), pp. 689-718. Cited 12 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077955080859&partnerID=40&md5=f22665ffbeb6bf3f7008899d3b5efe1e AFFILIATIONS: School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Phillipsgold Pty Ltd, PO Box 3, Central Park, VIC 3145, Australia ABSTRACT: A metamorphic devolatilization model can explain the enrichment, segregation, timing, distribution and character of many goldfields such as those found in Archean greenstone belts, slate-belts and other gold-only provinces. In this genetic model, hydrated and carbonated greenschist facies rocks, particularly metabasic rocks, are devolatilized primarily across the greenschist-amphibolite facies boundary in an orogenic setting. Devolatilization operates on the scale of individual mineral grains,

extracting not just H2O and CO2 but also S and, in turn, Au. Elevated gold in solution is achieved by complexing with reduced S, and by H2CO3 weak acid buffering near the optimal fluid pH for gold solubility (the buffering is more important than being at the point of maximum gold solubility). Low salinity ensures low base metal concentrations in the auriferous metamorphic fluid. Migration of this fluid upwards is via shear zones and/or into hydraulic fracture zones in rocks of low tensile strength. The geometry of the shear zones dictates the kilometre-scale fluid migration paths and the degree of fluid focusing into small enough volumes to form economic accumulations of gold. Deposition of gold from solution necessitates breakdown of the gold-thiosulphide complex and is especially facilitated by fluid reduction in contact with reduced carbon-bearing host rocks and/or by sulphidation of wallrocks to generate iron-bearing sulphide and precipitated gold. As such, black slate, carbon seams, banded iron formation, tholeiitic basalt, magnetite-bearing diorite and differentiated tholeiitic dolerite sills are some of the important hosts to major goldfields. Gold deposition is accompanied by carbonation, sulphidation and muscovite/biotite alteration where the host rock is of suitable bulk composition. The correlation of major gold deposits with rock type, even when the gold is primarily in veins, argues for rock-dominated depositional systems, not fluid-dominated ones. As a consequence, a general role in gold deposition for fluid mixing, temperature decrease and/or fluid pressure decrease and boiling is unlikely, although such effects may be involved locally. Several geological features that are recorded at gold-only deposits today reflect subsequent modifications superimposed upon the products of this generic metamorphic devolatilization process. Overprinting by higher-grade metamorphism and deformation, and/or (palaeo)-weathering may provide many of the most-obvious features of goldfields including their mineralogy, geochemistry, geometry, small-scale timing features, geophysical response and even mesoscopic gold distribution. 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Alteration; Archean; Devolatilization; Fluids; Gold; Metamorphism DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Escobar, B., Buccicardi, S., Morales, G., Wiertz, J. Biooxidation of ferrous iron and sulphide at low temperatures: Implications on acid mine drainage and bioleaching of sulphide minerals (2010) Hydrometallurgy, 104 (3-4), pp. 454-458. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077957820269&partnerID=40&md5=f4f31fd5335670c53e03426f4aef0c5e AFFILIATIONS: Centro de Estudios Hidro/Electrometalrgicos, Departamentos de Ingenieria Quimica y Biotecnologia e Ingenieria de Minas, Universidad de Chile, Tupper 2069, Fono 56-2-9784687, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT: Chilean copper production has been growing in the last 20 years reaching an annual production of 5,557,000 tons of Cu in 2007. For each ton of copper produced, about 200 tons of sterile and low grade ore and 100 tons of tailings are discharged in the environment. Most of these wastes contain significant amounts of sulphide minerals, mainly pyrite, that once submitted to weathering, may produce acid mine drainage. On the other hand, copper high prices raised the interest for processing the low grade ore deposited in large dumps by leaching. An important part of these mining wastes and low grade ores is located in the Andes, where the mean temperature is usually 5 C or less. The rate at which bioleaching reactions occur is directly related to the temperature at which the microorganisms (bacteria and archaea) develop. A temperature decrease causes both a decrease on the chemical reactions rates and a decrease or inhibition on microbial growth. The results

for microorganism isolation from an old tailing deposit, exposed at low temperatures (5 C) during most of the winter are presented in this work. Initially the isolated microorganisms showed a limited capacity in oxidizing Fe(II) sulfate (3 g L-1) at pH 1.6, and tetrathionate (0.01 M), with an initial pH of 4.0 at 5 C. However, after successive cultures, microorganisms showed a low capacity to oxidize both substrates, as well as the sulphide contained in the tailing samples. The terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (tRFLP) of the isolated cells grown in basal medium containing Fe(II) showed a nearly pure culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The present study indicates that, even at very low temperatures, microorganisms play an important role in the acid mine drainage generation and also during the oxidation and leaching of sulphide ores. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid mine drainage; Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; Bioleaching; Low temperatures; RISCs DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Xia, X.-H., Yuan, J.-Z., Xi, G.-Q., Liang, Z.-P. Geochemistry of complex rocks and characteristics of Daxigou iron-phosphorite deposits, Xinjiang (2010) Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Diqiu Kexue Ban)/Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 40 (4), pp. 879-885. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077956959550&partnerID=40&md5=5bc8a4cb42ff20e52ced60dfdaea54fb AFFILIATIONS: Research Institute, China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072754, China ABSTRACT: The Daxigou huge iron-phosphorite deposit, with low-grade, is located at basic-ultra basic complexes in the southern Kuruktag faulted uplift of the north margin of Tarim platform. Based on the geological feature, geochemical compositions, trace elements, rare earth elements (REES) of ore-bearing anorthosite mass as well as characters of the Daxigou deposit, the iron-phosphorite mineralization has been discussed. It is suggested that ore-bearing lithofacies belong to the alkaline series, major and trace elements in complex are not inconsistent with each other. Such incompatible elements as Ba, Sr, Zr and P are obviously enriched, but the compatible elements Cr, Co and Ni are depleted. Contents of REE are relatively higher, and LREE highly enriched. There is no obvious Eu abnormality. The magma of complex rocks was originated from deep crust. In the late period of magmatism, large amounts of magnetite and apatite crystallized and formed ore body in some local section. By analysing the present exploitation situation of low grade endogenetic iron-phosphorite deposit in North China, it can be concluded that the Daxigou iron-phosphorite deposit will have a good comprehensive utilization perspective. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Basic complex rocks; Daxigou iron-phosphorite deposit; Geochemistry; Geological characteristics of deposit DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Watling, H.R.a , Watkin, E.L.J.b , Ralph, D.E.c The resilience and versatility of acidophiles that contribute to the bioassisted extraction of metals from mineral sulphides (2010) Environmental Technology, 31 (8-9), pp. 915-933. Cited 6 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077953704207&partnerID=40&md5=9ff1250b0056f44dd7a829ed90bfd6a1 AFFILIATIONS: Parker Centre for Integrated Hydrometallurgy Solutions, CSIRO Minerals Down under Flagship, P.O. Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia;

School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia; School of Chemical and Mathematical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia ABSTRACT: In this paper, a brief outline is presented on acidic ferric ion oxidation of mineral sulphides for the extraction of metals in both stirred tank reactors for mineral concentrates and heaps for low-grade ores. The identities and capabilities of the relatively few acidophiles that assist the oxidative processes are summarized and their responses to selected extremes in their growth environments described. Individually, the organisms adapt to the presence of high concentrations of heavy metals and other elements in the bioleaching environment, tolerate a wide range of acidities and can recover from prolonged exposure to temperatures significantly above their preferred temperatures for growth. However, the presence of chloride in their acidic environment presents a significant physiological challenge. Species that exhibit a chemotactic response and attachment to sulphide surfaces, where they can create their own micro-environments, would be favoured in both heap bioreactors with low availability of energy substrates and physically aggressive, agitated continuous stirred-tank reactor environments treating concentrates. 2010 Taylor & Francis. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: acidophiles; bioleaching; iron oxidation; metals extraction; sulphur oxidation DOCUMENT TYPE: Review SOURCE: Scopus Cao, Z.-C., Sun, T.-C., Yang, H.-F., Wang, J.-J., Wu, X.-D. Recovery of iron and nickel from nickel laterite ore by direct reduction roasting and magnetic separation (2010) Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 32 (6), pp. 708-712. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077954379680&partnerID=40&md5=0c62451cea478f77f2912915ddc0acf4 AFFILIATIONS: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for High-efficient Ming and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: By adding a flux and using a direct reduction roasting and magnetic separation method, iron and nickel enrichment from refractory low-grade nickel laterite ore, in which nickel is mainly contained in silicates, was studied. Better technical indicators were obtained by adding the flux. The optimal conditions are coal as the reducer with a dosage of 15%, KD-2 as the flux with a dosage of 20%, and roasting at 1200C for 40min. A concentrate of the Ni content of 10.83% and the Fe content of 52.87%, with the Ni recovery of 82.15% and the Fe recovery of 54.59%, was produced under the optimal conditions. The action mechanisms of KD-2 and coal were also investigated by XRD and TEM. The results show that KD-2 can react with quartz and silicates containing Ni, leading to releasing Ni from the quartz and silicates. An overdosage of coal in the reduction roasting process can result in the formation of pure iron, in company with a decrease in nickel recovery. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction; Flux; Nickel laterite; Nickel silicate; Roasting DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Ge, X.L., Seetharaman, S. The salt extraction process - A novel route for metal extraction Part 2 Cu/Fe extraction from copper oxide and sulphides

(2010) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 119 (2), pp. 93-100. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077953804744&partnerID=40&md5=6f62d30f7a7fc1dc6c183b40c4d146f9 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvgen 23, SE 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT: The present work is Part 2 of a novel salt extraction process towards the extraction of metal values from slag, low grade ores, etc. The authors describe the extraction of copper/iron from CuO, Cu 2S and CuFeS 2, which provides a green process route to treat the copper ore including both oxides and sulphides. The dissolution properties were investigated with respect to process parameters such as weight ratio of flux/copper ore and temperature. The highest extraction ratio is found at 92% in dissolution of Cu 2S, and residue of salt melt was confirmed to be mainly Al 2O 3. A cell voltage between 16 and 22 V is introduced for electrolysis, and the cathode products are proved to be pure Cu for electrolysis of CuO/Cu 2S, and Cu/Fe mixture for CuFeS 2 by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Some sulphur and iron chloride were found to volatilise and were deposited in the low temperature zone. Yield of copper has been estimated to be 523% during electrolysis of Cu 2S. 2010 Maney Publishing. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Copper oxide; Copper sulphides; Electrolysis; Molten salts DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Simate, G.S.a , Ndlovu, S.a , Walubita, L.F.b The fungal and chemolithotrophic leaching of nickel laterites - Challenges and opportunities (2010) Hydrometallurgy, 103 (1-4), pp. 150-157. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077955228283&partnerID=40&md5=6aa5272c5089b2426d9a56112c7ba3fb AFFILIATIONS: School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; TTI, Texas A and M University System, College Station, TX 77843, United States ABSTRACT: Nickel is an important metal in human life and in the industry. In recent years, the world nickel demand has been driven by soaring steel production, particularly in China. With the rapid growing demand for nickel coupled with the depletion of high grade sulphide reserves, low-grade nickel ores, which cannot be economically processed by conventional metallurgical processes, become increasingly important sources of nickel. Laterite ore, which is often considered as a low-grade nickel ore, contains several kinds of metal elements including nickel, cobalt, iron, silicon, aluminium, and chromium; and thus, constitutes an alternative source of nickel. The nickel present in nickel laterites is not usually present as discrete minerals, but as cations substituted within manganese oxides, goethite, and/or clays. Because of this, it is difficult to upgrade the ore by beneficiation. As a result, nickel laterites are traditionally processed using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. In recent years, microbiological leaching has been found to be a promising novel technology for recovering valuable minerals from traditionally difficult-to-process ores. Microbial leaching of low-grade ores offers many advantages over other conventional methods due to its relative simplicity, requiring mild operating conditions, low capital costs, low energy input, relatively unskilled labour requirements, and being environmentally friendly. Because of the importance of microbial leaching,

recent advances in microbial assisted leaching of nickel laterites are discussed in this paper with emphasis on fungal (chemoorganotrophic) and chemolithotrophic microorganisms. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chemolithotrophic; Chemoorganotrophic; Fungal; Microbial leaching; Microorganisms; Nickel laterites DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Xiong, S.-A.a b , Chun, T.-J.a , Zhu, D.-Q.a , Pan, J.a A study on beneficiation of low grade high-phosphorus iron ore (2010) TMS Annual Meeting, 1, pp. 429-436. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077952346141&partnerID=40&md5=38ba3dced886c0f1a3463d60458e32f5 AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; Chengchao Iron Ore Mine WISCO Minerals, Hubei, China ABSTRACT: In this paper, the process of the reduction roasting-magnetic separation-acid leaching of low grade high-phosphorus iron ores was developed. The focus has been on the optimization of the process parameters of acid leaching of rougher concentrate which was obtained by reduction roasting-magnetic separation of ROM ores. Effects of various factors on upgrading iron and dephosphorization were discussed in acid leaching to remove phosphorus. The result showed that the iron ore concentrate, assaying 62.35% iron and 0.20% phosphorus content were achieved at the overall iron recovery of 90.54% and dephosphorization of 87.42% under the conditions of leaching for 2 hours, at 2.5 mass ratio of liquid-to-solid, 50Kg/t sulfuric acid and 500 r/min agitating speed after the ROM ore with 47.28% iron and 1.59% phosphorus content was upgraded by reduction roasting-magnetic separation. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid leaching; Dephosphorization; High-phosphorus iron ore; Reduction roasting-magnetic separation; Upgrading iron DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Hu, B.a , Huang, Z.-C.a , Wu, K.a , Lv, L.-L.a , Peng, H.b Research on magnetic roasting-separation of coal-containing limonite pellets by microwave heating (2010) TMS Annual Meeting, 1, pp. 403-410. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077952389103&partnerID=40&md5=ff931a25fdc1340de8350ab91bb4151a AFFILIATIONS: School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Changsha SYNO-THERM Co., Ltd., Changsha 410013, China ABSTRACT: It is difficult to obtain ideal indexes of limonite ore by traditional physical processes. In this investigation, the limonite with TFe of 48.92% is studied. The experimental results show the conventional heating requires a long reduction time, easily leads to cold center and over reduction, and even forms fayalite. Magnetic roasting-separation of limonite by microwave heating under the conditions of output power l.Okw at 35min achieves the concentrate of iron content 61.15% and recovery of 88.35% while the concentrate of iron content 60.55% and recovery of 74.06% is obtained under the optimal conditions for 60min at 800 following conventional heating. The whole pellet is heated simultaneously, which gives priority to heat coal particles and iron minerals, and accelerates the transformation of limonite into magnetite. Meanwhile, gangue minerals remain lower temperature due to their weak microwave absorbing capacity, and thus it greatly restrains the formation of fayalite. Limonite, a typical low-grade iron ore, has

characteristics of low grade (37%55%), complex components and difficult for beneficiation [1, 2]. Liu Wei-qiang had obtained concentrate grade 51.38%Fe and 55.07%Fe employed respectively by low and high intensity magnetic separation and gravitation-flocculation followed high intensity magnetic separation on a limonite in Yunnan [3]. Huang Wan-fu had also achieved the grade of iron concentrate 53.39% by an integrated technique of both wet highintensity magnetic separation and vibration high gradient magnetic separation based on a limonite [4]. Hu Ding-bao studied the process of high intensity magnetic separation-reverse flotation and reduction roasting-separation on a limonite, which concluded that the iron concentrate grade could respectively reach 56.01% and 60.40% [5]. The above results indicated that, it is difficult to improve the iron grade only by physical separation methods, but it could greatly improve the grade of TFe by magnetic roasting-separation process. However, there is still no mature technology for mass production due to the complexity of ore itself, which leads to difficult recycle, high energy consumption and less profit. Zhang Han-quan did some researches on reduction roasting-magnetic separation in resistance furnace for a refractory hematite-limonite mix. The results had shown that it could raise the grade of iron concentrate to 60.00% and recovery 93.27%, but it is hard to get a higher grade of iron concentrate because of difficult separation from the fine grain size and tight connection of silica and iron oxides [6]. Li Guangtao adopted reduction roasting-low intensity magnetic separation-reverse flotation process on a high phosphorus hematite limonite, and finally claimed that the iron grade and recovery is 60.92% and 72.74% respectively [7]. M.A.Youssef studied magnetic roasting-separating process on a monolitic limonite, using H2 and CO as reductant, with the optimal product iron grade and recovery is respectively 59.60% and 90.00% [8]. Christoph Feilmayr made a detailed study about reduction of limonite in the roasting process in fluidized bed and material change behavior, and found that limonite has faster reduction speed than other types, and thus put forward that the phaseboundary reaction is the rate determining step in reduction process [9]. In this experiment, it compares the differences between resistance furnace heating magnetic roasting and microwave heating magnetic roasting of coalcontaining limonite pellets, and draws the main attention to the latter. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Coal-containing pellet; Limonite; Magnetic roasting; Magnetic separation; Microwave heating DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, G., Rao, M., Jiang, T., Zhang, Y., Li, Q. A novel process for preparing ferronickel powder from laterite ores (2010) TMS Annual Meeting, 1, pp. 489-496. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077952405631&partnerID=40&md5=0bb435a0040d267d9a4a14d8b2a28e6d AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: The conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes for nickel recovery from laterite ores are characterized as either great energy consumption or low efficiency. In this paper, a novel process of reduction roasting with addition of composite additive followed by magnetic separation was developed to process the ores. The effects of the reduction time, roasting temperature, additives, grinding fineness and magnetic field intensity were investigated. A ferronickel powder with 6.5% to 8.0% nickel content, and 80% to 86% total iron grade was obtained from a sample of laterite ore with 1.58% nickel and 22.07% iron; the recovery of nickel and iron is 80%91% and 60%74% respectively The reduction behaviors and the

function of composite additive were primarily involved. It was shown that composite additive not only promoted growth and aggregation of metallic iron grain but also reacted with gangues of the laterite to transform non-magnetic substances, which were easily removed by low intensity magnetic separation. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Composite additive; Direct reduction; Ferronickel; Laterite ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, G., Xie, C., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Jiang, T. Influence of additives on dephosphorization of oolitic hematite by direct reduction process (2010) TMS Annual Meeting, 1, pp. 505-513. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077952415158&partnerID=40&md5=c1410ec380bee333b1db360f41e17b8e AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: Worldwide steel consumption has intensified the demand for iron ore. Although large reserves of high phosphorus content hematite resources have been found in China, the traditional separation methods are ineffective due to the high phosphorus content (0.4 to 1.8%), low total iron grade (35 to 50%), and the finely disseminated iron-oxide grains of these ores. An additive added direct reduction and magnetic separation process was developed on the basis of a mineralogical investigation of oolitic hematite ore. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying the additives and the principal reduction roasting and magnetic separation operating parameters. Application of the optimum additives and process parameters to an ore sample with total iron grade of 48.96% and phosphorous content of 1.61% yielded a metallic iron concentrate with total iron grade of 93.84% and phosphorous content of 0.083%. The corresponding the iron recovery was 93.0% and dephosphorization reached 97.82%. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction; Oolitic hematite; Phosphorus removal DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Li, G., Sun, N., Zeng, J., Zhu, Z., Jiang, T. Reduction roasting and Fe-Al separation of high iron content gibbsite-type bauxite ores (2010) TMS Light Metals, pp. 133-137. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077952412981&partnerID=40&md5=ba5a068d5497b4f62da33cdf3d5299fa AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: Large reserves of high-iron content gibbsite-type bauxite ores have been found in China, which are characterized as relatively high iron oxides content, but low alumina content and A/S ratio. Aluminiferous minerals and ferrous minerals are fine or superfine in size, and conjoint and substituted with each other; therefore, physical beneficiation is not feasible due to extremely difficult liberation. In this study, reduction roasting and separation of iron and alumina had been investigated. The influences of reduction time, roasting temperature and magnetic separation were involved. The results indicate that a metallic iron concentrate with 93.3% total iron grade and non-magnetic product with 40% alumina content were obtained when a sample with 31.22% total iron grade and 26.35% alumina was processed. Metallic iron concentrate can be used as steelmaking burden, and alumina can be extracted from the non-magnetic product further. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Alumina; Gibbsite bauxite; Iron; Reduction roasting

DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Jiang, T., Yang, L., Guo, Y. Study on magnetic-gravity combination separation and acid leaching of a high phosphorus fine hematite (2010) TMS Annual Meeting, 3, pp. 463-471. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077952398743&partnerID=40&md5=e5c04eadf8c46065ab882ea2d55e995e AFFILIATIONS: School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: Process mineralogy of an Inner Mongolia iron ore was investigated. The results indicated that the iron ores mainly include hematite, a few magnetite and limonite and the gangues mainly are quartz, secondly Montmorillonite, Spessartite and so on. The dissemination size of primary valuable minerals was fine and uneven distributed. In this work, a method was developed to solve the problem of low recovery of magnetic-gravity separation combined process. An iron concentrate with 61.18% Fe grade and 65.84% recovery could be obtained by low-intensity magnetic separation-Highintensity separation-screening classification-gravity separation combined process. However, the content of phosphorus was highly to 0.510%. The iron concentrate was leached by acid to remove the phosphorus, the content of phosphorus of final iron concentrate was decreased to 0.117%. The iron grade of leached concentrate was increased to 62.93% and total iron recovery of that was reached 64.16%. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid leaching; Fine hematite; Magnetic-screening classification-gravity combination separation; Stage grinding DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus van Hille, R.P., van Zyl, A.W., Spurr, N.R.L., Harrison, S.T.L. Investigating heap bioleaching: Effect of feed iron concentration on bioleaching performance (2010) Minerals Engineering, 23 (6), pp. 518-525. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077950025974&partnerID=40&md5=23459816e51f6c51bd2a8ef94a5c3a40 AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa ABSTRACT: This paper describes an investigation into the effect of iron concentration in the leach solution on the bioleaching of a low grade copper ore, where chalcopyrite was the dominant copper sulphide. The concentration of dissolved iron is primarily controlled by pH and the relative proportion of ferric to ferrous iron, with significant jarosite precipitation occurring above pH 1.8 in a highly oxidised system. The solution pH may be increased by the dissolution of acid soluble gangue and when iron oxidation is significantly higher than sulphur oxidation. The study was approached using two experimental systems. In the former, the leach solution was recycled through an ore bed of low aspect (reactor height divided by diameter) ratio for a portion of the experiment. During the recycle phase, no acid was added to the system and acid consumption by gangue material led to a pH increase (1.6-2.2). The resulting jarosite precipitation reduced soluble iron from 2.5 g/l to less than 250 mg/l. Copper recovery decreased, but not in proportion to the decrease in iron. This was partly attributed to adsorption on, or entrainment within, the jarosites. To study the effect of reduced iron concentration on leach performance under more controlled conditions, bioleaching was performed in packed bed column reactors with feed iron concentrations ranging from 5 g/l to 200 mg/l. Observations indicated an

initial decreased rate of copper liberation with reduced iron concentration in the feed. The relationship between available Fe3+ concentration and copper liberation was not proportional. However, with time, the liberation of copper became independent of iron concentration in the percolation liquor. Further, the specific rate of copper liberation was consistently below the theoretical value on a basis of ferric iron concentration. The highest values of copper liberation were reported at the lowest iron concentrations. In summary, while increased iron concentration in solution may enhance the initial rate of leaching, mineral availability appears to dominate CuFeS2 leach kinetics through the majority of the leach. Furthermore, high iron concentrations in solution aggravate jarosite formation with concomitant retention of copper in the ore bed. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bioleaching; Hydrometallurgy; Reaction kinetics; Sulphide ores DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kim, J.a , Dodbiba, G.a , Tanno, H.b , Okaya, K.a , Matsuo, S.a , Fujita, T.a Calcination of low-grade laterite for concentration of Ni by magnetic separation (2010) Minerals Engineering, 23 (4), pp. 282-288. Cited 17 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.076449087315&partnerID=40&md5=eeff4b2ae98ab057308c1ae53ff4f9a1 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Eng. Bldg. 4, Room 234, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Eriez Magnetics Japan Co., Ltd., 5-6-2, Tekko-dori, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0025, Japan ABSTRACT: With the continuous depletion of high-grade nickel ores such as millerite and niccolite, nickeliferous laterites have become the major source for the production of nickel metal. However, only 42% of the world's production of nickel comes from laterites, since the concentration of Ni is relatively low (ca. 2 wt.%). In addition, other metals, such as magnesium, iron and silicon can be found in laterite, which make the concentration of nickel even more difficult. In this study, a low-grade nickeliferous laterite ore was first calcinated and then processed by using a wet magnetic separator in order to recover nickel. Since, the ore contains both Ni and Fe, the calcination of laterite is effective in altering the crystalline structure of Fe species and therefore its magnetic properties, which in turn enable the selective concentration of nickel by magnetic separation that is an easy and environmentally-friendly technique. The experimental results have indicated the importance of carefully controlling: (1) the calcination temperature; (2) the pulp density and (3) applied magnetic field strength. The main finding of this work was that magnetic separation is effective in recovering 48% of nickel from laterite, increasing the Ni grade in the recovered product from 1.5% to 2.9%, when prior to the separation the ore was calcinated at 500 C for 1 h. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Calcination; Hematite; Laterite ore; Magnetic separation; Magnetite; Nickel DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Bodycoat, F.M. Stratigraphic and structural setting of iron mineralisation at E Deposit (East), Area C, Hamersley Province, Western Australia (2010) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, 119 (1), pp. 49-55.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.078651081775&partnerID=40&md5=6daf43671dac8257b5fa14d6d8d99821 AFFILIATIONS: Resource Evaluation Group, BHP Billiton Iron Ore, Cloisters Square, Perth, WA, Australia ABSTRACT: E Deposit is located at Area C iron ore operations in the central region of the Hamersley Province, Western Australia. It is hosted by the Marra Mamba Iron Formation, the lowermost unit of the Archaean to Lower Proterozoic Hamersley Group. Mineralisation at E Deposit East is contained within the Mount Newman Member of the Marra Mamba Iron Formation and extends into the lower West Angela Member of the overlying Wittenoom Formation. Use of a combination of geological and geophysical techniques has enabled the geological setting of the deposit to be better understood. Interpretation of detailed mine face mapping, downhole geophysics, geochemistry, geological logging and photography has identified D2-related thrust faulting with substantial south-over-north displacement. Similarly, in-pit mapping at the nearby C Deposit has revealed intense localised D2 deformation including overturning and thrust faulting. The interpreted structure illustrates that iron ore deposits in the central Hamersley Province can be intensely deformed; and they require detailed geological investigation using technical data from mapping and drilling to create robust grade-models for the mining operation. 2010 Maney Publishing. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Geochemistry; Geological interpretation; Geophysics; Structural setting DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Escobar, B., Buccicardi, S., Morales, G., Wiertz, J. Bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron and RISCs at low temperatures: Their effect on acid mine drainage and bioleaching of sulphide minerals (2009) Advanced Materials Research, 71-73, pp. 433-436. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.072449143084&partnerID=40&md5=976c74909fa17f352e7f6acff1535538 AFFILIATIONS: Centro de Estudios Hidro/Electrometalrgicos, Departamentos de Ingenieria Quimica Y Biotecnologia e Ingenieria de Minas, Universidad de Chile, Tupper 2069, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT: Chilean copper production has been growing in the last 20 years reaching an annual production of 5,557,000 tons of Cu in 2007. For each ton of copper produced, about 200 tons of sterile and low grade ore and 100 tons of tailings are discharged in the environment. Most of these wastes contain significant amounts of sulphide minerals, mainly pyrite, and once submitted to weathering, may produce acid mine drainage. On the other hand, the high price of copper raised the interest for processing by leaching the low grade ore deposited in large dumps. An important part of these mining wastes and low grade ores is located in the Andes, where the mean temperature is usually 5C or less. The rate at which bioleaching reactions occur is directly related to the temperature at which the microorganisms (bacteria and archaea) develop. A temperature decrease causes both a decrease of the rate of the involved chemical reactions and a decrease or inhibition of microbial growth. In this work we present the results of the isolation of microorganisms from an old tailing deposit, exposed at low temperatures (5C) during most of the winter. The isolated microorganisms initially showed a low capacity to oxidize 3g/L Fe(II) sulfate at pH 1.6, and tetrathionate 0.01 M, with an initial pH 4 both at 5C. However, after successive cultures, microorganisms showed a slow capacity to oxidize both substrates, as well as the sulphide contained in the tailings samples. The terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (tRFLP) of the isolated cells grown in basal medium containing Fe(II) showed a nearly pure culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The

present study indicates that, even at very low temperatures, microorganisms play an important role in the generation of acid mine drainage and in the oxidation and leaching of sulphide ores. (2009) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid mine drainage; At. Ferrooxidans; Bioleaching; Low temperatures; RISCs DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Soto, P.a , Meneses, C.a , Contador, Y.b , Galleguillos, P.b , Demergasso, C.b , Sern, M.a Characterization of oxidizing activity of a microbial community in an industrial bioleaching heap (2009) Advanced Materials Research, 71-73, pp. 59-62. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.072449157890&partnerID=40&md5=39eeaace9bdf5a3c0e42796aaece4c80 AFFILIATIONS: Departamento de Ingeniera de Sistemas Y Computacin, Universidad Catlica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile; Centro de Biotecnologa, Universidad Catlica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile ABSTRACT: In order to explore new options to optimize the low-grade copper ore bioleaching process, it is important to understand the kinetics of microbial oxidation at industrial level. This work studies the changes of iron and sulfur oxidation rates of microbial communities in solution from an industrial low grade copper bioleaching heap process at Escondida Mine in Chile. Pregnant leach solution (PLS) samples were analyzed periodically to determine physico-chemical parameters. The total numbers of the different microorganism species in industrial samples were determined by Real Time PCR. In addition, Most Probable Number assays (MPN) were performed for iron and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms. Kinetics incubation tests of PLS in the presence of iron or sulfur were performed to study the iron and sulfur oxidation, in total, 102 oxidation profile tests were obtained. Based on the oxidation profiles obtained, the tests were divided into four groups, labeled as fast, normal, stepped shape, and incomplete. The grouping system was established by considering oxidation time and rates, during the initial oxidation stages and accounted for any lag phase. A data mining technique, called decision trees was used to analyze the data and to generate rules that represented patterns in the data. Strong correlations were found between the predominant microorganisms and the behavior of the oxidation tests. Preliminary results indicate that the magnitude order of MPN of the iron oxidizing microorganisms is an important factor in the microbial oxidizing activity, followed by the predominant specie within the microbial population, PLS temperature and Eh. (2009) Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ferrous-iron oxidation kinetics; Heap bioleaching; Redox potential DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Jayasankar, K., Mohapatra, S., Routray, S.K., Gumaste, J.L., Mukherjee, P.S. Thermal plasma processing for the production of pig iron from various sources (2009) High Temperature Materials and Processes, 28 (1-2), pp. 1-8. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077249091822&partnerID=40&md5=2b07c8842fd26c8c5b1d5d90caf01c6d AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India ABSTRACT: Thermal plasma technology is emerging as one of the eco-friendly routes for processing fine wastes from metallurgical and allied industries.

In the thermal plasma process, high density of ionic charges makes the uniform heat transfer to the fine material. Availability of very high temperature, high energy flux and plasma state condition in the plasma arc allows the reactions to be completed in short duration. The present paper deals with the use of thermal plasma technology for the production of pig iron from various ore sources. Firstly, the most important application of using iron ore fines has been discussed and some of the results are presented for recovery of iron to the extent of 95% from low grade iron ore fines. Secondly, pig iron obtained from secondary sources i.e ilmenite and red mud (waste generated from aluminum industry) by thermal plasma has been discussed and results are presented. Finally the need for proper development of an integrated technology for the use of different raw material sources for making pig iron is emphasized in the context of utilization of low grade and off grade iron ores. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ilmenite; Plasma smelting; Red mud DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Sun, X.-L.a b , Chen, B.-Z.b , Yang, X.-Y.b , Liu, Y.-Y.b Technological conditions and kinetics of leaching copper from complex copper oxide ore (2009) Journal of Central South University of Technology (English Edition), 16 (6), pp. 936-941. Cited 6 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.073349126376&partnerID=40&md5=60e59285625d29bad1bb3a527c741d11 AFFILIATIONS: School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; School of Physics Science and Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China ABSTRACT: The kinetic behavior of leaching copper from low grade copper oxide ore was investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, H 2SO 4 concentration, particle size of crude ore and agitation rate on the leaching efficiency of copper were also evaluated. And the kinetic equations of the leaching process were obtained. The results show that the leaching process can be described with a reaction model of shrinking core. The reaction can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the dissolution of free copper oxide and copper oxide wrapped by hematite-limonite ore. At this stage, the leaching efficiency is very fast (leaching efficiency is larger than 60%). The second stage is the leaching of diffluent copper oxides, whose apparent activation energy is 43.26 kJ/mol. During this process, the chemical reaction is the control step, and the reaction order of H 2SO 4 is 0.433 84. The third stage is the leaching of copper oxide wrapped by hematite-limonite and silicate ore with apparent activation energy of 16.08 kJ/mol, which belongs to the mixed control. 2009 Central South University Press and Springer Berlin Heidelberg. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Activation energy; Copper oxide ore; H 2SO 4 ; Kinetics; Leaching DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Piret, N.L. Will today's needs promote copper concentrate hydroprocessing? Update and perspectives (2009) World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL, 62 (6), pp. 344-365. Cited 1 time.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.073949140252&partnerID=40&md5=76c4de4213d69a0368cc3c8068071a77 AFFILIATIONS: Im Licht 12, 47279 Disburg, Germany ABSTRACT: In the hydrometallurgical production of copper, the bulk of the electrowon copper, with about 21 % of total primary copper production, mainly originates from oxide ores, whereas sulfide ores as a source, predominantly in the form of secondary sulfides, represent about 33 % of the total electrowon copper production, primarily on the basis of heap bioleaching and ferric sulfate leaching processes. Although hydrometallurgy presents knowingly a number of important advantages over pyrometallurgy, hydroprocessing of chalcopyrite-based copper concentrates today accounts only for one tenth of the copper produced hydrometallurgically from sulfide sources, i.e. about 3 % of the total electrowon copper, despite of the large number of processes developed and proposed. The current state of hydrometallurgical processing of copper concentrates is reviewed. The different processes are classified and evaluated. Despite of obvious differences of these processes, they are characterized by common features, amongst others, the capability of low capacity operation, the ability to cope with impurities and low grade feeds, the absence of gaseous emissions, the very low fossil fuel consumption, but the elevated power consumption, the generation of large quantities of wet solid residues and, in general, the complexity of precious metals recovery schemes. These features, being markedly different from the ones of copper smelting, it is examined herein whether the characteristics of hydroprocessing of copper concentrates will fit better today's needs, thereby promoting the application of hydrometallurgical processes for chalcopyrite concentrates. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: CO2-emissions - Perspectives; Copper concentrates; Development state; Energy requirements; Hydroprocessing DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Srivastava, U., Kawatra, S.K. Strategies for processing low-grade iron ore minerals (2009) Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 30 (4), pp. 361371. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.070349469496&partnerID=40&md5=4d370667dd79fd0b1894d0d663fcbbe8 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Sustainable Iron and Steelmaking Center (ASISC), Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, United States ABSTRACT: The conventional routes for making iron and steel require that the ore be upgraded through a series of physical separation processes in sequence. The unit operations involved include crushing, grinding, separation, dewatering, pelletization, blast furnace processing, and basic oxygen furnace processing. This complex sequence is not cost effective for many low-grade ores that are resistant to physical concentration. For example, many ores contain iron oxide in a nonmagnetic form and are so finegrained that it is uneconomical to grind them to a fine enough size to separate the iron oxides from the gangue. Exploitation of these iron minerals needs to take a different approach, using fewer process steps than are required for conventional ironmaking. Results are presented showing that it is possible to produce metallic iron directly from low-grade ores. The metal is in a form that can be easily separated to produce a high-grade iron product, and the iron recovery is greater than can be achieved from difficult-to-process ores by conventional means. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron extraction; Pyrometallurgy DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

Iron nuggets;

Iron ore;

Low-grade ore;

Kato, M.a , Hirai, S.a , Suzuki, S.a , Okada, Y.a , Yamamoto, Y.b Scientific research for iron and slag samples from simulated tatara iron making using of specularite ore raw material (2009) Tetsu-To-Hagane/Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 95 (6), pp. 473-482. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.068849116023&partnerID=40&md5=83ef085aaa13a07285eccce9438171ae AFFILIATIONS: Masashi Institute of Technology, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagayaku, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan; Society for Study of Nichinan-Tatara, Japan ABSTRACT: Synopsis: The iron making experiments were carried out by the society for study of Nichinan-tatara. In these experiments for a smelting, a simulated Tatara iron making furnace and a raw material of specularite ore produced from Mt. Sentsu-zan in Tattori were used. Iron lunp after the smelting process was refined by a smith process. Iron lump and slag from the smelting process and the refining process, specularite ore and clay as a furnace material were observed by a microscope and an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). Concentration of carbon and sulfur in iron lump, specularite ore and clay were determined by a carbon and sulfur analyzer with a combustion infrared absorption method. Concentration of many trace elements in iron lump, slag, specularite ore and clay were determined by a neutron activation analysis (NAA). Concentration sulfur in iron lump from the 1st iron smelting experiment was high of about 0.86%. Specularite ore used in the 1st iron smelting experiment was low grade quality and pyrite ore with high concentration of sulfur was included in specularite ore. The existence of non metallic inclusions were observed in iron lump after iron making and iron lump after smithing by optical microscope. The existence of sulfur was confirmed to these non metallic inclusions by the EPMA analysis. It was clarified that the sulfide existed in iron lump from these results. It turned out that these sulfide originated in pyrite by XRD. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: EPMA; Neutron activation analysis (NAA); Pyrite; Specularite; Tatara iron making; XRD DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Roy, S., Das, A. Nature of low-grade Indian iron ores and the prospects of their enrichment through gravity separation (2009) Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 26 (3), pp. 141-150. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.069549120264&partnerID=40&md5=2b8ebd8ee97ad83c1ac881307aaf0634 AFFILIATIONS: MNP Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India ABSTRACT: Soft laminated iron ore (SLO) having a higher hematite content and Martite goethite iron ore (MGO) having a higher goethite content were subjected to detailed characterization and beneficiation. The present research was designed to investigate if these abundant, low-grade ores can be enriched adequately using standard industry techniques. No significant enrichment of the ores using jigging operation on the coarse (-3,200 +595 m) size fraction could be achieved. Good liberation was only attained in the 150 to 300 pm particle size range in both cases. Desliming enriches the ground

ores significantly. The effect of the feed size on the separation efficiencies of the ground ores were studied using flowing-film concentration on a Wilfley table. Better enrichment is obtained in the case of 150-pm sized feed by tabling. The grade of SLO is improved from 56.14% to 66.51% Fe, while the Fe content of MGO is enriched from 55.16% to 65.83%. Substantial rejection of alumina and silica is also achieved. Due to the friable nature of MGO and the higher goethite content in it, the loss of Fe in the form of ultrafines is greater in this case compared to that of SLO. Copyright 2009, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Comminution; Desliming; Gravity concentration; Iron ore; Liberation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Halinen, A.-K., Rahunen, N., Kaksonen, A.H., Puhakka, J.A. Heap bioleaching of a complex sulfide ore. Part I: Effect of pH on metal extraction and microbial composition in pH controlled columns (2009) Hydrometallurgy, 98 (1-2), pp. 92-100. Cited 15 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.067349116546&partnerID=40&md5=060bc6bb9f05ba533ff244bd82a190ad AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, BO Pox 541, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland ABSTRACT: The effect of pH on the bioleaching of a low-grade, black schist ore from Finland containing pyrrhotite, pyrite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and other mineral sulfides was studied using columns containing 9.0 kg of agglomerated ore that was irrigated with nutrient supplemented surface water from the deposit at ambient temperature. Iron and sulfur-oxidizing enriched culture was used to inoculate the columns. Iron oxidation and metal leaching increased with decreasing pH. At pH 1.5, 59% Ni was bioleached after 140 days together with 59% Zn, 13% Cu and 16% Co. In comparison, at pH 3.0 only 15% Ni, 10% Zn, 5% Cu and 0.5% Co were leached; while at pH 2, 53% Ni was bioleached after 230 days. Based on an optimization between the leaching of metals, the acid consumption, the concentration of soluble iron and the dissolution of other gangue minerals, leaching at pH of 2.0 were recommended for this heap bioleaching application. The microbial composition as determined by a combination of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)-sequencing approach was not significantly affected by pH. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans were the dominant species in all the leach liquors. In addition, L. ferriphilum was detected for the first time in extracted leach residue liquor after 300 days of bioleaching. Sulfobacillus thermotolerans, A. caldus, A. thiooxidans and some unknown species were found to lesser extent. Archaeal species were also present in all leach liquors. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; Bioleaching; Complex sulfide ore; Leptospirillum ferrooxidans; Microbial composition; pH DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Halinen, A.-K., Rahunen, N., Kaksonen, A.H., Puhakka, J.A. Heap bioleaching of a complex sulfide ore: Part II. Effect of temperature on base metal extraction and bacterial compositions (2009) Hydrometallurgy, 98 (1-2), pp. 101-107. Cited 9 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.067349245561&partnerID=40&md5=dbb3f441f597e5652439e489b0d5bf28 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, BO Pox 541, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland

ABSTRACT: The effect of low to moderate temperatures (7 to 50 C) on the bioleaching of a low-grade, multi-metal black schist ore from Finland in which pentlandite was the main valuable mineral, was studied using columns at set temperatures. The iron and sulfur-oxidizing microbial culture used were enriched from the ore deposit water samples. At 7 C and 21 C, the leach liquor redox potential stabilized to 500-600 mV, whereas at 35 C and at 50 C it varied between 300 and 500 mV. Microbial iron oxidation started after a lag phase of 20 days at 7 C and after 60 days of operation, total iron and Fetot/Fe2+-ratio were higher in the 7 C column leach liquor than at other temperatures. At 50 C, all dissolved iron remained in ferrous form and did not indicate microbial activity. Highest bioleaching recoveries of Ni (26%), Zn (18%) and Co (6%) were obtained after 140 days at 21 C. At 50 C, bioleaching decreased due to the lack of ferric ion. The microbial composition, as measured by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)-sequencing approach, was affected by temperature. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was the most common species in the leach liquor at 7 C; while at 35 C Leptospirillum ferrooxidans dominated and at 50 C, Sulfobacillus thermotolerans was the most common organism. Total liquid-phase cell counts were higher at 7 C than at other temperatures. Thus the boreal ore deposit enrichment culture was composed of microorganisms capable of being active over a wide temperature range. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; Bioleaching; Complex schist ore; Leptospirillum ferrooxidans; Pentlandite; Sulfobacillus thermotolerans; Temperature DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Deschnes, G.a , Xia, C.a , Fulton, M.a , Cabri, L.J.b , Price, J.a Evaluation of leaching parameters for a refractory gold ore containing aurostibite and antimony minerals: Part I - Central zone (2009) Minerals Engineering, 22 (9-10), pp. 799-808. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.067349208812&partnerID=40&md5=0fa104ad4e8a6d4375e096f586e0074d AFFILIATIONS: CANMET Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources, 555 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ont., K1A 0G1, Canada; Cabri Consulting Inc., 122-99 Fifth Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. K1S 5P5, Canada ABSTRACT: A cyanidation study was conducted on a mild refractory gold ore sample from the Central zone of Clarence Stream Property, owned by Freewest Resources Canada, to develop a leaching strategy to extract gold. Gold, at a grade of 8.00 g/t, is present as native gold, electrum and aurostibite. The ore also contains 2.8% pyrrhotite, together with several antimony minerals (0.8% berthierite and gudmundite, 0.18% native antimony and stibnite). It also exhibits weak preg-robbing properties with 0.16% organic carbon. Aurostibite, a gold antimony compound, is particularly known to be insoluble in cyanide solution. The antimony dissolves in cyanide solution to form antimonates, which retards gold dissolution. Industrial practice of extracting gold from aurostibite generally consists of producing a flotation concentrate, which is leached in a pipe reactor at low alkalinity and high oxygen pressure with about 20 g/L cyanide. The proposed new approach is efficient and allows the extraction of gold directly from an ore at atmospheric pressure and a low cyanide concentration at pH 10.5. The effects of grinding, pre-treatment, lead nitrate, kerosene and cyanide concentrations have been investigated. The maximum gold extraction obtained on the ore was 87.9% using 800 ppm NaCN, 500 g/t lead nitrate, 30 g/t kerosene, DO (dissolved oxygen) 10 ppm and pH 10.5 in 168 h. The associated cyanide consumption was 1.3 kg/t. The additions of lead nitrate and kerosene

increased gold extraction. In comparison to a P80 of 74 m, a P80 of 30 m significantly increased gold extraction. Gold in solid solution in gudmundite and arsenopyrite was believed to be responsible for the un-leached fraction until mineralogical analysis of hydroseparation concentrates of leach residues showed that most of the un-leached gold occurs as aurostibite, either as locked grains in sulphides/sulpharsenides or as grains with passivation rims of an Au-Sb-O phase. Coarse gold was also found. Gold extraction was not sensitive to cyanide concentration from 250 to 1200 ppm NaCN and high pH was detrimental. Decreasing the cyanide concentration reduced the cyanide consumption from 1.39 to 0.85 kg/t. The removal of coarse gold using a Knelson concentrator and a Mosley table prior to leaching increased the gold extraction to 90.4% (leach residue at 0.77 g/t). Crown Copyright 2009. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aurostibite; Cyanide; Freewest; Gold; Hydroseparation; Lead nitrate; Stibnite; Sulphide DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Qiu, J.a , Lu, X.-J.a , Li, Q.-J.b , Du, F.-F.a , Sun, L.-J.a Study on mineralogy characteristics and magnetic separation of whenshang low grade iron ore (2009) Kuangwu Yanshi/ Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 29 (2), pp. 1217. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.070249088005&partnerID=40&md5=74e2c221b64f06a3444f6f78fb0fbbdc AFFILIATIONS: College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, SUST, Qingdao 266510, China; Sinosteel Corporation of Fuquan Mining Co., Ltd., Whenshang 272516, China ABSTRACT: Such methods as grinding, magnetic tube experiments, magnetic separation amplified experiments, optimum technical process and indices of magnetic separation were exercised to develop and use the low-grade magnetite ore in Wenshang of Shandong Province. It was showed that the dissemination size of magnetite ore was fine with the particle size of most magnetite ore between 0. 02 and 0. 05 millimeter, and mainly distributed in the gangue of hornblende and quartz. Magnetic tube experiments of grinding showed that single liberation degree of magnetite ore was low after primary grinding, so it was difficult to obtain qualified iron concentration through one- stage magnetic separation. Magnetic separation amplified experiments indicated that rough concentration was obtained after one-stage roughing, through controlling the content of minus 200 mesh of 58. 64% (the content of minus 325 mesh of 46. 41%) after primary grinding, and the final iron concentration grade of 66. 20% and the recovery of 70. 58% were obtained after reconcentration and two-stage re-concentration for rough concentration, through controlling the content of minus 325 mesh of 98. 5% after grinding rough concentration. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Low grade iron ore; Magnetic separation; Mineralogy characteristics DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Dash, B., Das, B. Adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using a low grade iron ore as an effective adsorbent (2009) Adsorption Science and Technology, 27 (5), pp. 479-491. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.076649125532&partnerID=40&md5=79b79e340baafa23b3021c7dbe26e5f4

AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar-751013, India ABSTRACT: The use of banded hematite quartzite (BHQ), a low-grade iron ore, as an adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studies of BHQ ore showed the presence of hematite and quartz as the major mineral phases, while FT-IR studies showed the presence of Si-OH and Fe-OH sites capable of exhibiting strong adsorption properties. SEM/EDS studies indicated that the particles of the materials were relatively fine and contained Fe, Si and O, together with trace amounts of Al. Batch adsorption studies demonstrated that BHQ exhibits a significant capacity towards the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The parameters of the adsorption process investigated in this study included the effect of agitation time, initial Pb(II) ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto BHQ increased as the pH of the aqueous medium increased from 1.8 to 6.5. Maximum removal of Pb(II) ions (99.8%) from aqueous solutions with an initial Pb(II) ion content of 10 mg/ occurred at pH 5.0. The sorptions data for Pb(II) ions were correlated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, thereby allowing an analysis of the equilibrium data obtained at room temperature. The Langmuir isotherm indicated monolayer formation on the adsorbent surface. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Darban, A.K.a , Shojaosadati, A.b , Yaraghi, A.c Recovery of metal from low grade oxide minerals by using Aspergillus niger (2009) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 118 (2), pp. 73-77. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.067649194998&partnerID=40&md5=dbe16d8248422de5600b564d35146adf AFFILIATIONS: Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal al Ahmad Ave., Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemicals Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Mining Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT: In this study, the feasibility of zinc recovery from a mining residue is shown by employing Aspergillus niger. Different mediums such as sucrose, molasses, potato peels and sawdust passed through sieve no. 16 were tested. Moreover, although it is clear that the citric and oxalic acid generated by fungi could be an important leaching agent acting in the solubilisation of the used minerals, other products of metabolism could be involved. Maximum solubilisation of 49, 2-3 and 6% were achieved for zinc, lead and iron respectively for the case of bioleaching when Aspergillus niger grown on a glucose medium. The relatively high recovery of zinc and low recovery of iron and lead could be due to selectivity of zinc for leaching by Aspergillus niger. However, further research is required to increase the recovery of zinc from low grade zinc minerals. It is obvious that the bioleaching process represents a lower ecological potential risk and that even with a lower final yield, the economical cost of such a process would be more attractive. 2009 Institute of Materials. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aspergillus niger; Low grade ores; Recovery; Zinc DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Upadhyay, R.K.a , Roy, S.b , Venkatesh, A.S.b , Rao, M.V.S.a , Banerjee, P.K.a Relevance of geological aspects and ore mineralogy in selecting beneficiation methods for processing of eastern Indian iron ores

(2009) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 118 (1), pp. 49-59. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.067649188805&partnerID=40&md5=95d5483540572acb290708c4b36a5014 AFFILIATIONS: Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India; Department of Applied Geology, Indian School, Mines University, Dhanbad 826004, India ABSTRACT: Geological aspects, particularly mineralogy and ore genesis of different iron ores have important roles to play in understanding their behaviour during processing and decide suitable beneficiation method for particular type of ore so to produce desired quality end products. The implications of different geological aspects and mineralogical characteristics specific to ore types in mineral beneficiation have been outlined in this paper. Experiments indicated that iron ores, such as massive hard ores, laminated hard ores, fine powdery ore and blue dust ore, do not require complicated processing, however at the other end; sub grade ores, such as flaky, friable, shaly, ochrous, powdery, lateritic and goethitic ores having low iron and high alumina content, require specific beneficiation treatments before their use as direct or as agglomerates in the blast furnace feed. While processing, different ore types need treatment differently for their up gradation. Hence, in addition to the conventional methods of processing such as crushing, screening and washing, advanced beneficiation techniques using concepts of gravity and magnetic separation have found their specific applications for beneficiation of different types of ores, based upon their physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics. Geological setup of the deposits and mode of occurrences of different ore types, physical, chemical and mineralogical characterisation and extensive beneficiation experiments conducted on Indian iron ores have established that quality of lumps can substantially be up graded through simple processing and log washing. On the other hand, for fines ores, Jigging has been found to be the best suitable method. Slime beneficiation requires combination of processes and treatment through hydrocyclones, multigravity separation, magnetic separation and sink float methods, etc. These applications would help not only to recover more values from the inferior grades of iron ores but also to conserve and preserve the natural resources too. 2009 Institute of Materials. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Beneficiation; Blue dust; Flaky/friable ore; Geological aspects; Indian iron ores; Iron ore deposit; Ore mineralogy DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Moreno, T.a , Amato, F.a , Querol, X.a , Alastuey, A.a , Elvira, J.a , Gibbons, W.b Bedrock controls on the mineralogy and chemistry of PM10 extracted from Australian desert sediments (2009) Environmental Geology, 57 (2), pp. 411-420. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.060449102913&partnerID=40&md5=419bbc90bd457bf453ab87e2be0686f4 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, C/Lluis Sol i Sabars s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain; AP 23075, Barcelona 08080, Spain ABSTRACT: Given the relevance of desert aerosols to environmental issues such as dust storms, climate change and human health effects, we provide a demonstration of how the bedrock geology of an arid area influences the mineralogy and geochemistry of even the finest particulate matter (i.e., the inhalable fraction &lt;10 m in size: PM10). PM10 samples extracted from

desert sediments at geologically contrasting off-road sites in central and southeastern Australia (granitic, high grade metamorphic, quartzitic sandstone) were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The "granitic" PM10 are highly alkali feldspathic and illitic, with a wide range of accessory minerals including rutile (TiO2), monazite [(Ce, La, Nd, Th, Y) PO4], xenotime (YPO4), apatite [Ca 5(PO4)3 (F, OH, Cl)], hematite (Fe 3O4), zircon (ZrSiO4) and thorite (ThSiO 4). This mineralogy is reflected in the geochemistry which shows notable enrichments in rare earth elements (REE) and most high field strength elements (both held in the accessory minerals), and higher than normal levels of low (&lt;2.0) ionic potential elements (Na, K, Li, Cs, Rb: held in alkali feldspar and illite). The "metamorphic" resuspended PM10 define a mineralogy clearly influenced by local exposures of pelitic and calc-silicate schists (sillimanite, muscovite, calcite, Caamphibole), a dominance of monazite over other REE-bearing phases, and a geochemistry distinguished by enrichments in alkaline earth metals (Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr) and depletion in heavy REE. The "quartzite" PM10, derived from rocks already recycled by Precambrian erosion and sedimentary transport, show a sedimentologically mature mineralogy of mostly quartz and kaolinite, detrital accessory ilmenite, rutile, monazite and hematite, and the strongest geochemical depletion (especially K, Rb, Cs, Na, Ca, Mg, Ba). 2008 Springer-Verlag. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Australian desert dust; Geochemistry; Mineralogy; PM10; Resuspension DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Levandowski, J., Kalkreuth, W. Chemical and petrographical characterization of feed coal, fly ash and bottom ash from the Figueira Power Plant, Paran, Brazil (2009) International Journal of Coal Geology, 77 (3-4), pp. 269-281. Cited 16 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058249085965&partnerID=40&md5=dec93b3d6c160bd4fe737b707d11392b AFFILIATIONS: Instituto de Geocincias, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study is the petrographic and chemical characterization of the coal at the Figueira Power Plant, Paran, Brazil, prior and after the beneficiation process and the chemical characterization of fly and bottom ashes generated in the combustion process. Petrographic characterization was carried out through maceral analysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements. Chemical characterization included proximate analysis, determination of calorific value and sulphur content, ultimate analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis, and determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content. Vitrinite reflectance analyses indicate a high volatile B/C bituminous coal (0.61 to 0.73% Rrandom). Maceral analyses show predominance of the vitrinite maceral group (51.6 to 70.9 vol.%, m.m.f). Except of the Run of mine (ROM) coal sample, the average calorific value of the coals is 5205 kcal/kg and ash yields range from 21.4 to 38.1 wt.%. The mineralogical composition (X-ray diffraction) of coals includes kaolinite, quartz, plagioclase and pyrite, whereas fly and bottom ashes are composed by mullite, ettringite, quartz, magnetite, and hematite. Analyses of major elements from coal, fly and bottom ashes indicate a high SiO 2, Al 2O 3, and Fe 2O 3 content. Trace elements analysis of in-situ and ROM coals by ICP-MS and ICP-

AES show highest concentration in Zn and As. Most of the toxic elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn are significantly reduced by coal beneficiation. Considering the spatial distribution of trace elements in the beneficiated coal samples, which were collected over a period of three months, there appears to be little variation in Cd and Zn concentrations, whereas trace elements such as As, Mo, and Pb show a larger variation. In the fly and bottom ashes, the highest concentrations of trace elements were determined for Zn and As. When compared with trace element concentrations in the feed coal, fly ashes show a significant enrichment in most trace elements (As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, and Zn), suggesting a predominantly volatile nature for these elements. In contrast, Sn is distributed evenly within the different ash types, whereas U shows depleted concentration in both bottom and fly ash samples. According to the International Classification of in-seam coals the Cambu coals are of para/ortho bituminous rank of low grade (except for the ROM sample), and are characterized by the predominance of vitrinite macerals. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ashes; Chemistry; Coal; Combustion; Energy; Petrography DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus De Michelis, I.a , Ferella, F.a , Beolchini, F.b , Vegli, F.a Reducing acid leaching of manganiferous ore: Effect of the iron removal operation on solid waste disposal (2009) Waste Management, 29 (1), pp. 128-135. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.055549115972&partnerID=40&md5=c56f6713a1ecf6840c9c15050c331a02 AFFILIATIONS: University of L'Aquila, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Monteluco di Roio, 67040 L'Aquila, Italy; Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Marine Sciences, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy ABSTRACT: The process of reducing acid leaching of manganiferous ore is aimed at the extraction of manganese from low grade manganese ores. This work is focused on the iron removal operation. The following items have been considered in order to investigate the effect of the main operating conditions on solid waste disposal and on the process costs: (i) type and quantity of the base agent used for iron precipitation, (ii) effective need of leaching waste separation prior to the iron removal operation, (iii) presence of a second leaching stage with the roasted ore, which might also act as a preliminary iron removal step, and (iv) effect of tailings washing on the solid waste classification. Different base compounds have been tested, including CaO, CaCO3, NaOH, and Na2CO3. The latter gave the best results concerning both the precipitation process kinetics and the reagent consumption. The filtration of the liquor leach prior to iron removal was not necessary, implying significant savings in capital costs. A reduction of chemical consumption and an increase of manganese concentration in the solution were obtained by introducing secondary leaching tests with the previously roasted ore; this additional step was introduced without a significant decrease of global manganese extraction yield. Finally, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests carried out on the leaching solid waste showed: (i) a reduction of arsenic mobility in the presence of iron precipitates, and (ii) the need for a washing step in order to produce a waste that is classifiable as not dangerous, taking into consideration the existing Environmental National Laws. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

Zhang, J.-L., Cai, H.-T. Enrichment of boron in low-grade paigeite (2009) Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 31 (1), pp. 36-40. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.061949136597&partnerID=40&md5=c339e010e79e4a9d2cef38ef84020db0 AFFILIATIONS: School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: The enrichment of boron in refractory low-grade paigeite was researched by the technology of reductive roasting, magnetic separation, and fine ore direct-to-furnace. Carbon was matched according to the chemical equivalent of C/O = 1 (atom ratio). Roasting experiments were carried out in a muffle furnace in order to investigated the changes of paigeite grade and recovery in the range of 500 to 1450C. The result shows that iron grains increase with raising roasting temperature. The grade of ore concentrate powder can be reached 14.29% at 1200C, which can meet the challenges of the paigeite chemical industry ((B2O3) 12%). Over 1200C the boron recovery can be reached 14.29%. Little changes in boron grade and recovery take place when the roasting temperature is more than 1350C. It is concluded that the roasting temperature is determined in the range of 1200 to 1350C, which can not only satisfy high boron recovery, but also meet the requirement of boron grade in the paigeite chemical industry. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Boron ore concentrate powder; Paigeite; Reductive roasting; Roasting temperature DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Duoqiang, L.a , Jikun, W.b , Yunhua, W.c , Jibo, J.d , Fan, W.d Recovery of silver and zinc by acid pressure oxidative leaching of silverbearing low-grade complex sulfide ores (2008) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 89 (1-4), pp. 60-64. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.056549088525&partnerID=40&md5=9e2eb026806518a5e25cdd0c9fee7d1c AFFILIATIONS: Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China; Technology Center of Yunnan Metallurgy Group Co., Ltd, Kunming650031, China; Kunming Institute of Precious Metals, Kunming650221, China; Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650093, China ABSTRACT: Rich silver-bearing low-grade complex sulfide ores can be found in great supply in China's Yunnan Province. The beneficiation experiment showed that it would be very difficult to separate Ag (Zn or Pb) minerals with traditional ore beneficiation methods. In the present work, acid pressure oxidative leaching of such complex sulfide ores in sulfate medium added sodium iodine and at the temperature ranging from 90 to 170 C was studied to search for silver recovery alternatives. The Lab-scale experiments were conducted in a 2-L autoclave to investigate the influences of temperature, acidity, sodium iodide addition, oxygen pressure, oxygen flow rate on recovery of silver and zinc. The experimental results obtained show that under optimum conditions, recovery yield of silver and zinc reaches 71.5% and 41.29%, respectively. Crown Copyright 2008. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid pressure oxidative leaching; Cyanidation; Lead-zinciron sulfide ores; Silver DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Zhu, D.-Q., Zhai, Y., Pan, J., Cui, Y., Tang, Y.-Y., Xu, D.-L.

Beneficiation of super microfine low-grade hematite ore by coal-based direct reduction-magnetic concentration process (2008) Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 39 (6), pp. 1132-1138. Cited 8 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058949088662&partnerID=40&md5=7c40b103f5ef29852b7fe312f8c52e5b AFFILIATIONS: School of Resources Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China ABSTRACT: Coal-based direct reduction-magnetic concentration, a new process on up-grading of super microfine refractory hematite was developed. With adoption of the coal-based direct reduction and milling-magnetic separation, the concentrate with high grade and metallization degree was produced. This work provides a theory basis for utilization of low grade iron ore. Under the optimize conditions of reduction temperatures, duration and C/Fe mass ratio, the reduced ore with 93.72% metallization degree is produced. After three stages grinding-magnetic separation, the concentrate with 69.54% Fe tot, 98.01% metallization degree and low content of impurities are obtained. The iron concentrate with high metallization degree produced by this process is a superior burden for making steel in converters. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Coal-based direct reduction; Low grade hematite ore; Magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Breuer, H., Horn, A. Efficient and low cost upgrading of iron ore lump and fines (2008) ANNALS - 3rd International Meeting on Ironmaking and 2nd International Symposium on Iron Ore, pp. 396-407. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.062549100011&partnerID=40&md5=f9ed0e2e72268486620d80a8e2e3bee3 ABSTRACT: Mineral processing is characterized by a constant adaptation to changing raw materials and market conditions. It is the link between the mined raw material and a marketable product. As a lot of high grade reserves are exploited, a steady deterioration of raw material quality can be observed. At the same time, the customers requirements for product purity and consistent quality increase. Over the last years beneficiation techniques for iron ore are becoming more important in order to achieve a maximized utilization of ore resources and to produce competitive products according to international standards. Allmineral has been engaged in hematite iron ore beneficiation with its gravity separators since the mid ninties. The delivery of jigs started for the upgrading of iron ore for its utilization in a Direct Reduction Plant in Australia. Since then, various other installations with jigs for lump and fines as well as upstream separators for fines are in operation in Brazil, Australia, India and South Africa. Low grade run of mine and/or dump ores are being processed with alljig- and allflux-separators as the core equipment. The lecture describes the technology in use, the characteristics of various iron ores and the product qualities achieved. The data presented show the specific advantages of jig application on iron ore upgrading due to the possible high gravity cuts and the easy and low cost operation. The allflux- technology provides the big advantage of high capacities and a two step process, both in a single unit. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Gravity separation; Iron ore; Jig; Upstream classifier DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Mukhopadhyay, J.a b , Gutzmer, J.a c , Beukes, N.J.a , Hayashi, K.-I.c

Stratabound magnetite deposits from the eastern outcrop belt of the Archaean Iron Ore Group, Singhbhum craton, India (2008) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, 117 (4), pp. 175-186. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.070350241652&partnerID=40&md5=df6500fa9529319d080b797a1da65baa AFFILIATIONS: Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Geology, Presidency College, Kolkata 700073, India; Department of Geology, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan ABSTRACT: Most high-grade banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted iron ores are composed almost exclusively of microplaty haematite and martite-textured haematite, i.e. pseudomorphs of haematite after magnetite. Goethite abounds only where haematite-rich iron ores are affected by geologically recent lateritic weathering. Magnetite and kenomagnetite occur usually only as small, irregular remnants enclosed in martite. Although low-grade magnetitecarbonate ores have been discovered in spatial association with high-grade iron ore bodies, high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores composed predominantly of magnetite have as yet only been reported from the Iron Quadrangle in Minas Gerais (Brazil). In this contribution, the authors describe such magnetiterich high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores from the Gorumahishani deposit in the state of Orissa, India. The high-grade magnetite ores occur as stratabound bodies hosted by a single prominent BIF unit of the Mesoarchaean Iron Ore Group (IOG). The ores are composed of an interlocking xenotopic mosaic of fine-grained magnetite, accompanied by trace amounts of Fe-rich talc, sulphides and carbonaceous matter. The occurrence of the magnetite ores is very similar to that of economically significant microplaty haematite-martite ore bodies hosted by the same BIF from other parts of the IOG; both are regarded as being of hydrothermal-metasomatic origin, formed at the expense of the iron formation protolith. The abundance of magnetite, combined with the presence of sulphides, carbonaceous matter, and a marked enrichment of Ni, Co and Zn are attributes that differentiate the magnetite-rich ores from haematite-martite counterparts. These differences are tentatively attributed to differences in hydrothermal fluid composition. Based on the available evidence, it is suggested that magmatic-hydrothermal fluids derived from closely associated mafic intrusives were instrumental in the formation of the magnetite orebodies of the Gorumahishani deposit. The abundance of magnetite and the presence of sulphides and carbonaceous matter indicate that the hydrothermal fluid was mildly reducing, rather than oxidising as proposed for haematite-rich assemblages. The abundance of martite in the coexisting haematite-martite orebodies of other parts of the IOG may be used to speculate that the formation of massive magnetite bodies may have been an essential intermediate stage during the hydrothermal formation of high-grade iron ore deposits of the IOG. 2008 Institute of Materials. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bif; India; Iron ore; Iron ore group; Magnetite; Singhbhum craton DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kuleshevich, L.V., Gor'kovets, V.Ya. Mineralogy of the Precambrian southern Kostomuksha gold prospect in Karelia (2008) Geology of Ore Deposits, 50 (7), pp. 599-608. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058749110720&partnerID=40&md5=e699a873ce678e5e3a546d59574999ea

AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Geology, Karelian Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya ul. 11, Petrozavodsk 185610, Russian Federation ABSTRACT: The southern Kostomuksha gold-sulfide prospect with a grade of 0.230 g/t Au belongs to the gold-pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite mineral type and is localized in the metasomatically altered shear zone at the southern flank of the Kostomuksha iron deposit. The Au-bearing pyrite ore is commonly characterized by a low grade (0.02-1.0 g/t Au). The grade of Au-bearing mineralization composed of arsenopyrite, loellingite, and electrum (4.2815.31 wt % Ag and up to 0.99-2.16 wt % Hg) is higher; pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, maldonite, aurostibite, and native bismuth are additional components of this mineral assemblage. The ore mineralization is hosted in the near-latitudinal shear zone close to the contact between the folded and metamorphosed banded iron formation (BIF) and hlleflinta. The early stage of collision-related HP-HT metamorphism resulted in the formation of a garnet-amphibole-biotite assemblage (T = 680-750C) and microcline. After an abrupt drop m pressure, metasomatic alteration and ore mineralization took place. The ore-forming process started at 510-440C with deposition of arsenopyrite. Galena and electrum were formed at a lower temperature. The temperature continued to decline down to the stage of ore oxidation and deposition of colloform marcasite. Ore minerals precipitated from acid chloride aqueous solutions admixed with methane at the initial stage and from diluted aqueous solutions at the final stage. The character of wall-rock alteration and the gain of K, Rb, and B show that the ore-forming process postdated the emplacement of potassium granite. The occurrence of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Ni and other heterogeneous elements indicates a complex metamorphic-metasomatic source and an additional supply of Au, As, Bi, Sb, and Te under conditions of sulfur deficiency. The gold mineralization at the southern Kostomuksha prospect is classified as gold-sulfide (arsenopyrite) ore type related to shear zones in the BIF. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2008. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kahn, H., Sant'Agostino, L.M., L Tassinari, M.M.M., Ulsen, C., Braz, A.B. Apatite from alkaline complexes - geological aspects, behaviour in mineral processing and characterisation techniques (2008) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 507-514. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049168190&partnerID=40&md5=e3c6bc86a042ca9bfe3ea3d12358c84d AFFILIATIONS: Escola Politcnica da Universidade de So Paulo, Departamento de Engenharia de Minas e de Petrleo, 2373 Av Prof Mello Moraes, So Paulo 05508-030, Brazil ABSTRACT: Several mineral resources have been recognised to alkaline igneous rocks. In general, these mineralisations present low P grades, so a complex concentration process is required to achieve commercial grade concentrates. This process is guided not only by the ore characteristics, such as apatite grain size and liberation degree, gangue minerals and slimes content, but also by different apatite varieties, iron oxi-hydroxide surface coating and roughness. The main techniques applied to apatite and phosphate ore characterisation, such as optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface techniques and magnetic separation are discussed, aiming to evaluate distinct apatite varieties and their technological behaviour. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus

Van Staden, P.J., Gericke, M., Craven, P.M. Minerals biotechnology: Trends, opportunities and challenges (2008) Hydrometallurgy 2008: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, pp. 6-13. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.056449097691&partnerID=40&md5=baa9c2070ec771ee18cfbe8c597b4a03 AFFILIATIONS: Mintek, 200 Malibongwe Drive, Randburg, Gauteng, South Africa ABSTRACT: Bio-oxidation is a well-established technology for the preoxidation of refractory gold-bearing concentrates in agitated reactors, as well as for the heap leaching of crushed secondary copper sulphide ores. Smelting seems set to remain the economically-preferred route, in the shortto medium term, for the processing of clean, high grade copper concentrates. However, bioleaching offers one hydrometallurgical alternative for base metal recovery in cases where, for example (a) only a very low grade flotation concentrate can be produced at an acceptable recovery, (b) penalty elements in the concentrate eliminate the smelting option, (c) geographical location or road, rail and/or harbour logistics prevent the economic transport of the concentrate to a smelter, or (d) authorities require local value-addition. The flexibility and economics of direct agitated bioleaching could be greatly enhanced if control could be exercised over the extent to which the intermediate elemental sulfur, formed during base metal sulphide oxidation, is oxidized to sulfate. Furthermore, since bioleaching produces large quantities of gypsum residues from neutralization with lime and limestone, maximising the density of the gypsum residues deserves specific attention during the process design of an agitated bioleach process. Indirect bioleaching can provide a relatively low-energy processing option with virtually perfect and self-regulating acid and iron balances for concentrates of secondary copper sulphides, or of chalcopyrite concentrate that leaches under low redox potential at moderate temperature. That is provided a suitable configuration is chosen for the bacterial ferrous iron oxidation step so that it can tolerate iron precipitation. Whether copper heap bioleaching is possible on ore in which chalcopyrite and pyrite are the major minerals depends on the reactivity of the pyrite to reach sufficiently high temperatures for acceptable leach kinetics as well as the feasibility of simultaneously finding an economic combination of crush size for liberation, acid consumption at temperature, heap height, and permeability to irrigation liquor and air. Temperatures of the order of 80C and above are more readily achievable in heaps with lift heights greater than the normal 4 to 8 m, and pyrrhotite provides a more favorable heat source than pyrite. More refined laboratory scale test procedures and data interpretation is needed for predicting the acid consumption during commercial scale heap leaching. This requirement is more critical where high temperature heap bioleaching needs to be considered due to the greater acid-gangue reaction at higher temperature. Operator-advisory software is now available for the administration of a large number of cells under various stages of heap leaching that require countercurrent leaching and manipulation of the irrigation and aeration rates to maximize heat accumulation within the operating range of the drippers/sprinklers while also controlling the copper tenor in the liquor feed to solvent extraction. As more challenging ore-types are being explored, classification or dense medium separation steps may more frequently be incorporated into heap bioleaching circuits for either the separate treatment of different classification products or the treatment of only a concentrated portion of the ore mined. Some of the uranium ores currently being explored will almost certainly be exploited by heap leaching. The employment of microbial oxidation activity in uranium ore heaps is suggested as a means of

maintaining a high redox potential for the leaching of reduced uranium minerals in such heaps. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Erin Ersundu, A., Solak, N., Aydin, S. The investigation of domestic iron ores for sponge iron production (2008) TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 473-478. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.052649163027&partnerID=40&md5=02b16780a332884184401369b141897d AFFILIATIONS: Istanbul Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: In the present work, three different domestic iron ores; Sivas Divrii B Head high grade hematite lump ore, Malatya-Hekimhan- Hasanelebi medium and low grade magnetite lump ores reduced with Soma-Kisrakdere lignite coal to investigate their suitability for sponge iron production. A laboratory scale box furnace was used to carry out the reduction experiments. In the experimental studies different operation parameters were selected being Cfix/Fetot. ratio, temperature in the range of 1100-1250C and time, to determine their effects on metallization. Metallization degree up to 90 % was found in the reduction experiments realized by using Sivas Divrigi B Head high grade hematite lump ore, whereas for Malatya-Hekimhan-Hasanelebi medium and low grade magnetite lump ores 60-65 % metallization degrees were obtained. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: EAF; Iron ores; Metallization; Reduction; Sponge iron DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Arabaci, A.a , Erin Ersundu, A.b , Aydin, S.b Reduction behavior of lignite and coke fine containing composite pellets (2008) TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 115-120. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.052649167344&partnerID=40&md5=ca8b454aaddb272189a7fd2c38656354 AFFILIATIONS: Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the reduction behavior of composite pellets consisting two different types of iron oxide fines (high and low grade) and coke or lignite fines as reducing agents. The reduction experiments were carried out under isothermal conditions and constant flow of nitrogen gas in the temperature range of 900 - 1100C. The variables investigated are the reduction temperature, Cfix/Fe 3O4 ratio, reduction time and reductant type. In the experiments carried out with Sivas Divrigi A head magnetite ores (high grade) at a temperature of 1100C, for 40 minutes and on the condition that C fix/Fe3O4 ratio is 0.2, in which lignite and coke fines were used as reductant, degree of reduction was obtained as 91% and 86%, respectively. Whereas, in the experiments realized with Malatya-Hekimhan-Hasanelebi magnetite ores (low grade) on the same conditions by using lignite as the reductant, around 60% degree of reduction was found. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Coke fines; Composite pellet; Lignite; Reduction DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Roy, S.a , Das, A.a , Venkatesh, A.S.b

A comparative mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of iron ores from two indian precambrian deposits and krivoy rog deposit, Ukraine: Implications for the upgrading of lean grade oreore (2008) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, 117 (3), pp. 125-147. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.070350238659&partnerID=40&md5=f9f31e7e0243376aba3b0ca0df915ddc AFFILIATIONS: National Metallurgical Laboratory, MNP Division, Jamshedpur 831 007, India; Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad 826 004, India ABSTRACT: Iron ores from two important Precambrian belts in India are studied in detail. The first of these is the Jilling-Langalota deposit, hosted by banded iron formations along with generations of shales, tuffs belonging to Iron Ore Group of Eastern India and is hosted in the Singhbhum-North Orissa Craton. The second group of ores is from the Chitradurga basin in Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India. These form part of the Archaean greenstone belts and show a typical oxide- carbonate-sulphide association. The JillingLangalota deposit contains considerable amounts of blue dust that is absent in the Chitradurga deposit. Comparisons are made between the Indian iron ores and those of the Krivoy Rog province of the Central Ukrainian Shield. The Indian iron ores are relatively richer in Fe and contain higher amounts of alumina and phosphorous compared with those of the Krivoy Rog deposit. The Indian iron ore samples contain porous and friable oxides and hydroxides of iron with kaolinite, gibbsite and quartz. In contrast, the ores from Krivoy Rog are massive with negligible clay and a higher quartz content leading to very low alumina and very high silica contents in the ores and slime. The Indian ores and slimes are manganiferous in nature with high alumina, which is deleterious to processing and is due to the presence of intercalated tuffaceous shales and clay. The Eastern Indian iron ore deposits could have been formed due to enrichment of the primary ore by gradual removal of silica. It is believed that the massive ores result from direct precipitation while powdery blue dust is formed owing to circulating fluids, which leach away the silica from the protore. The host rock is exhalatic banded iron formation and the ubiquitous presence of intercalated tuffaceous shales point towards a genesis that could have involved Fe leaching from sea floor volcanogenic rocks. The nature of these ores along with the parting shale is responsible for production of large amounts of alumina rich slime during mining and handling. The detailed mineralogical characterisation studies aided by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, physical parameters and chemical characteristics have indicated the presence of various mineral phases and established the nature of ironbearing and gangue assemblages of the bulk ores and slime samples from the three iron ore deposits. These in turn are useful in understanding the amenability of the ores and slimes for beneficiation and waste utilisation. 2008 Institute of Materials11. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Archaean iron ore group; Banded iron formation; India; Iron ore slime; Low grade iron ores; Mineralogical characterisation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Su, H., Wen, Y., Wang, F., Sun, Y., Tong, Z. Reductive leaching of manganese from low-grade manganese ore in H 2SO 4 using cane molasses as reductant (2008) Hydrometallurgy, 93 (3-4), pp. 136-139. Cited 12 times.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.045049083325&partnerID=40&md5=f1cfbcb36b7916f49291a8ed2da23d98 AFFILIATIONS: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China ABSTRACT: Manganese extraction from a low-grade ore was investigated using cane molasses as a reducing agent in dilute sulfuric acid medium. The effects of concentrations of cane molasses and sulfuric acid, leaching temperature as well as reaction time were discussed. The results showed that high manganese recovery with low Fe and Al extraction yield could be obtained by analyzing the leaching efficiencies of Mn, Fe and Al during the leaching process. The optimal leaching condition was determined as 1.9 mol/L H 2SO 4 and 60.0 g/L cane molasses for 120 min at 90 C while using particles smaller than 0.147 mm. The leaching efficiencies were 97.0% for Mn, whereas 21.5% for Al and 32.4% for Fe, respectively. 2008. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cane molasses; Manganese ores; Reductive leaching; Sulfuric acid leaching DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Roy, S.a , Das, A.a b Characterization and processing of low-grade iron ore slime from the jilling area of India (2008) Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 29 (3), pp. 213231. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.045849120249&partnerID=40&md5=e5f5d5350fab86256c86618e794ececb AFFILIATIONS: National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India; National Metallurgical Laboratory, Burmamines, Jamshedpur 831 007, India ABSTRACT: Detailed characterization followed by beneficiation of low-grade iron ore slime from Jilling Langalota deposit, India, was studied. The work involved separating the gangue minerals viz. quartz and kaolinite to form iron-bearing minerals, mostly hematite and goethite, as identified using XRD analysis to produce a suitable concentrate for downstream processing. The feed slime sample assayed 37.86% total Fe, 19.08% silica, and 14.4% alumina. Detailed characterization data indicated that a substantial amount of the sample was below 20m in size. The finer fraction contained larger amount of gangue while the coarser fraction was richer in iron. Considering the characterization data, two flowsheets were conceptualized for the beneficiation of the slime sample with two- and four-stage processing, respectively. In the two-stage operation, the grade of the slime could be improved to 60.26% Fe, 4.45% silica, and 3.98% alumina with an overall yield of about 20%. The results from the four-stage operation showed that it is possible to upgrade the iron value to 66.97% with a yield of 14.4% while reducing the silica and alumina content down to 1.7% and 1.52%, respectively. A simple flowsheet has been suggested to improve the yield substantially for the production of sinter/pellet grade concentrate from this slime. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Classification; Gravity concentration; Iron ores; Magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Stadelhofer, J.W., Kaiser, H.-P., Wedig, M.J. Iron ore - The export asset of Western Australia (2008) World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL, 61 (3), pp. 152-161. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.046449120328&partnerID=40&md5=e0beef517f705c4d0a639925114caa33

AFFILIATIONS: Coal and Minerals GmbH, Breite Strae 29-31, 40213 Dsseldorf, Germany ABSTRACT: The world's iron ore production has dramatically increased during the past decade and further growth is predicted towards a new global production peak of 1.7 bn t; the five major iron ore producing countries, namely Brazil, China, Australia, India and Russia have expanded their production by almost 450 Mt/a (million metric tons) since 2002. The voracious Chinese appetite for iron ore has triggered a global price hike, which, in turn, is causing intensive development of new iron ore mining capacities in China and abroad. The majority of Chinese iron ore reserves are of low grade; thus, external Chinese iron ore mining equity investments and imports to China will remain the major source of Chinese iron ore supplies. The Chinese focus is directed towards Western Australia due to the well established iron ore deposits and the relatively short transport distance. The export-oriented Western Australian iron ore industry is dominated by BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto; however, there are some new iron ore producers adding fresh iron ore mining capacity to the portfolio of existing producers. Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) is slated for initial production in May 2008 at a rate of approximately 55 Mt/a using a new open cut technology with Wirtgen miners. Furthermore, a number of junior Australian mining companies are now scrambling to commence or ramp up iron ore production. Optimistic forecasts are estimating a total new iron ore production capacity in the Midwest (Mt Gibson, Murchison, Gindalbie and Midwest) of about 60 Mt/a. However, the growing export potential is adversely affected by limited port capacities in the Midwest; in the northern Pilbara area Fortescue is slated for commissioning a new port at Port Hedland/Anderson Point with two berths. As a bottom line, the diverse picture of new iron ore production in Western Australia provides ample confidence that the growing iron ore demand especially from the Asian region can be met in the near and long-term future. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chinese steel and iron ore circumstances; Dynamic industry; Export; Increasing mine capacity; Iron ore; Junior producers; Major producers; Port capacities; Price evolution; Western australian ore provinces DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mousavi, S.M.a b , Yaghmaei, S.a , Vossoughi, M.a , Roostaazad, R.a , Jafari, A.c , Ebrahimi, M.d , Chabok, O.H.d , Turunen, I.b The effects of Fe(II) and Fe(III) concentration and initial pH on microbial leaching of low-grade sphalerite ore in a column reactor (2008) Bioresource Technology, 99 (8), pp. 2840-2845. Cited 11 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.038849126953&partnerID=40&md5=25c1843ec7e7be997832ab5914be079a AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland; Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT: In this study the effects of initial concentration of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions as well as initial pH on the bioleaching of a low-grade sphalerite ore in a leaching column over a period of 120 days with and without bacteria were investigated. Four different modifications of medium were used as column feed solutions to investigate the effects of initial concentration of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions on zinc extraction. The experiments

were carried out using a bench-scale, column leaching reactor, which was inoculated with mesophilic iron oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, initially isolated from the Sarcheshmeh chalcopyrite concentrate (Kerman, Iran). The effluent solutions were periodically analyzed for Zn, total Fe, Fe(II) and Fe(III) concentrations as well as pH values. Bacterial population was measured in the solution (free cells). Maximum zinc recovery in the column was achieved about 76% using medium free of initial ferrous ion and 11.4 g/L of ferric ion (medium 2) at pH 1.5. The extent of leaching of sphalerite ore with bacteria was significantly higher than that without bacteria (control) in the presence of ferrous ions. Fe(III) had a strong influence in zinc extraction, and did not adversely affect the growth of the bacteria population. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bioleaching; Column reactor; Ferrous and ferric ions; Low-grade sphalerite; Zinc extraction DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Yang, J.a , Cai, T.-J.b , Wang, Q.-H.a , Wang, Q.c Comparison of heavy metals extraction from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash in direct and indirect bioleaching using Aspergillus niger (2008) Beijing Linye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 30 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 267-271. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.047549085367&partnerID=40&md5=a35ca6ba4d6042f6bf6ef6315174b0e8 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China ABSTRACT: The content of certain metals, which could be recycled, in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash is similar to that in some low-grade ores. The metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) extraction from MSWI fly ash in direct bioleaching (Aspergillus niger grew in medium with fly ash) and indirect bioleaching (leaching fly ash using fermented suspension by A. niger) was investigated at 2% and 5% (w/v) fly ash densities using A. niger. The results indicate that the bio-produced organic acids by A. niger extracted metals in solid phase from fly ash. The metals extraction efficiency in direct and indirect bioleaching decreased with the increase of fly ash density. At the high fly ash density (5%), the metals extraction in indirect bioleaching was markedly higher than that in direct bioleaching, due to the high heavy metals toxicities to fungi in direct bioleaching and the avoidance of fungi from the heavy metals toxicities of fly ash in indirect bioleaching. The treatment period of indirect bioleaching was 1/3 shorter than that of direct bioleaching. In contrast, at the low fly ash density (2%), the metals leaching yield of indirect bioleaching (after 12 d including organic acids production period and leaching period) was lower than that of direct bioleaching (after 18 d), except for Cu and Cr. The indirect bioleaching method detoxified fly ash at high pulp density in short time, and the direct bioleaching method was appropriate for the treatment of fly ash at lower concentration. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aspergillus niger; Direct bioleaching; Heavy metal; Indirect bioleaching; MSWI fly ash DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Suresh, N.a , Kumar, S.a , Banerjee, P.K.b Characterisation and beneficiation of low-grade Indian iron ore fines

(2007) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 401-408. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049152077&partnerID=40&md5=d0b37129e0b2fd9ea3c773ed775b269e AFFILIATIONS: Department of Fuel and Mineral Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India; Raw Materials and Coke Making Research, R and D, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur 831007, India ABSTRACT: Indian iron ores with less than 62 per cent Fe are currently unexploited, except for a few sectors which export them to foreign countries. It is anticipated that by 2012 the country's domestic steel production is likely to rise to the tune of 60 million tonnes per annum. To meet this requirement, it is necessary to utilise not only the existing high-grade deposits but it is also necessary to look into exploiting the leftover iron ores of lower grades. Hence, reserves with Fe content 62 per cent and below (particularly the ores with &lt;50 per cent Fe) need to be upgraded using simple beneficiation techniques by setting up mini plants at the mine site itself. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to beneficiate three different types of low-grade iron ores selected from three different parts (states) of the country. In the paper, alternative routes for beneficiation and effective utilisation have been tested using different techniques in the laboratory in an attempt to match their (Al 2O 3/SiO 2) ratio after thorough characterisation and liberation studies. The paper also encompasses the geological formations, occurrences and distribution of Indian iron ores as well as highlighting the problems associated with the fines, possible metallurgical routes, and their market segregation from the perspective of end users. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Grres, G.a , Hindstrm, R.b Some experiences with modern dewatering technologies in fine iron ore application (2007) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 283-287. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049170539&partnerID=40&md5=5dd6ab238b6c3374e934d6cb744dc5f6 AFFILIATIONS: Mining and Metallurgy, Larox Corporation, Larox GmbH, 101-109 Eschweilerstr, Alsdorf D-52477, Germany; Larox Corporation, 18 B Sinikalliontie, Espoo 02630, Finland ABSTRACT: The demand for iron ore has increased dramatically in the last years and is forecast to remain on a stable high production level for years to come. It's expected that the world economy is facing a stable continuous growth of iron ore to two billion tonnes and more over the next decades (Beddows, 2007). Furthermore it is expected that the existing and known highgrade ore resources will decline, and the iron ore industry will be forced to implement more and more advanced beneficiation plants. As a consequence of the more complex beneficiation requirements, there will be a need for modern solutions for iron ore dewatering that are reliable mechanically as well as cost effective and with high capacity per unit at the same time. Conventional vacuum filtration methods have been the most prevalent in fine iron ore dewatering. Product quality needs, lower ore grades, complex mineralogy and energy costs have resulted in iron ore producers seeking better solutions for dewatering, in particular pelletising feed. New advanced filtration methods have been introduced to the market. This paper describes how these modern methods are answering the needs of the industry. Performance of advanced dewatering technologies (pressure filtration and ceramic capillary action

filtration) for iron ore applications has been studied, and the findings are based on both industrial and pilot scale experiences on different materials. For example, the results show that the cake moisture content of iron ore pelletising feed can be optimised more effectively by using modern filtration technologies. By selecting the most suitable and adjustable equipment, the effects of variations of feed material on downstream processes can be minimised and the possibilities of processing more difficult raw materials to high-quality pellets are better. The Larox Corporation develops, designs and manufactures industrial filters and is a leading technology company in its field. Larox is a full service solution provider in filtration for separating solids from liquids. As such, this paper compares the new developments in this market area with the prevailing known vacuum filtration technology, but focuses on a comparison between capillary action filters and rotary vacuum disc filters (RVDF). The trade name Ceramec is used to differentiate the Larox filter from the generic term. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Roy, S.a , Das, A.a , Venkatesh, A.S.b Characterisation of iron ore from the jilling area of eastern india with a view to beneficiation (2007) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 179-186. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049178574&partnerID=40&md5=6ca9b62ad67f79469472cc59bb236e41 AFFILIATIONS: MNP Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831 00, India; Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826 004, India ABSTRACT: The Precambrian iron ore of Singhbhum-North Orissa region of eastern India occurs as part of the horseshoe-shaped broad synclinorium knownas the Iron Ore Group (IOG) of rocks, which hosts the most important iron ore deposits in India. The Jiiling-Langalota iron ore deposits are part of the IOG. Detailed mineralogical characterisation of different ore types has been carried out using transmitted and reflected light microscopy. Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have also been used with a view to test the amenability of these ore types for beneficiation requirements. It has been observed that haematite, martite and goethite are the main iron-bearing minerals. Kaolinite and quartz are the major gangue mineral phases. Considerable mineralogical, textural and compositional variations have been observed among the different ore types. Characterisation data reveals that the massive and hard-laminated ores are of higher grade with very few interlocking textures having haematite and martite as major mineral constitutents. The soft-laminated lateritic and friable ores are relatively low-grade varieties containing various proportions of impurities with complex interlocking textures. The soft-laminated and lateritic ores are porous in nature and contain friable oxide and hydroxides of iron along with kaolinite, gibbsite and quartz. The occurrence of kaolinite, gibbsite and hydrated oxides along the cavities and weaker mineral planes of haematite and martite has been observed. The friable nature and high alumina content of these ores are attributed to these secondary phases. The nature of these ores is responsible for producing large amounts of alumina-rich slime during mining and handling operations. Suitable beneficiation schemes have been recommended for each type based on detailed characterisation investigations on these ores. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus

Chaudhary, P.N., Minj, R.K., Goel, R.P. Development of a process for dephosphorisation of high carbon ferromanganese (2007) Innovations In The Ferro Alloy Industry - Proceedings of the XI International Conference on Innovations in the Ferro Alloy Industry, Infacon XI, pp. 288-296. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084857712345&partnerID=40&md5=8a63ed8a0b06ae582ecae95a499a5d71 AFFILIATIONS: National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India ABSTRACT: The bulk of high carbon ferromanganese produced in India continue to have more than 0.35% phosphorus since they are produced by carbothermic reduction process. The low phosphorus manganese ores are depleting fast and ferromanganese manufacturers will have no option but to use medium and low grade ores having high phosphorus content resulting in high phosphorus in the product. A systematic study was taken up at NML to solve this problem. Initially, a thermodynamic analysis was carried out for which Ba-P-O ternary predominance diagrams were constructed at several temperatures to predict the most suitable conditions for selective removal of phosphorus from high carbon ferromanganese. These conditions required a usage of a flux having a high level of basicity, moderate oxygen potential as well as low melting temperature. The experimental results showed that it was possible to remove phosphorus from high carbon liquid ferromanganese from 0.56% to 0.18% using BaCO 3 based fluxes at the rate of 16-wt% of the ferromanganese charged. However, the Mn loss varied in the range of 2-5%. The objective of the subsequent study carried out at the laboratory scale was to optimize the flux consumption as well as minimize the Mn loss with effective dephosphorization by using BaO based calcined pellets instead of BaCO 3 based powders. It was felt that the handling of pellets under plant conditions would be easier and also eliminate the loss of flux as a dust, which occurs when powder is added. These pellets were forced towards the bottom of the melt for better efficiency. For this purpose, a plunging system was designed and fabricated in-house that helped in reducing the flux consumption to less than 5% and also improved the kinetics of the process. The desired results were achieved within 10 minutes of the addition of the flux. The know-how is ready for transfer to interested parties and authors are willing to conduct large scale trials with them. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Bruckard, W.J.a , McCallum, D.A.b Treatment of sulfide tailings from base metal and gold operations - A source of saleable by-products and sustainable waste management (2007) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 85-91. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049161572&partnerID=40&md5=f7af25b517ec49070a3c3dfd2c55b504 AFFILIATIONS: High Temperature Processing, Centre for Sustainable Resource Processing, CSIRO Minerals Box 312, Clayton, VIC 3169; CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton, VIC 3169 ABSTRACT: With depth, many gold ores become sulfidic with minerals such as pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite becoming prevalent. In addition, many underground gold mines use tailings backfill to bind and store the waste. In these cases, acid mine drainage (AMD) can become an issue. One approach to the control of AMD is desulfurisation whereby the sulfide minerals are removed prior to disposal. Four sulfide tailings samples, representing different ore types and gold and base metal operations, were selected for assessment and testing using simple physical beneficiation techniques. The

aim was to determine the extent to which mineral processing methods were suitable for separating sulfides from non-sulfides and for extracting potentially marketable by-products from the tailings. In order to streamline the testing procedure a simple diagnostic separation technique was developed to enable quick screening of bulk sulfide tailings for suitability for reprocessing. The testing procedure involved detailed characterisation and a sequential set of testing regimes based on simple unit processes including water washing, classification, gravity concentration, magnetic separation and bulk flotation. The preliminary test results indicate each unit process can play an important part in producing effective sulfide/non-sulfide separations and in generating useful by-products from the tailings. Potential valuable products identified include coarse, benign silica sands, bulk iron sulfide products rich in pyrite and/or pyrrhotite, high-grade iron products (magnetite) low in silica, low-volume bulk sulfide concentrates and low-grade molybdenite and talc products. The work presented shows how sulfide tailings can be viewed as a resource rather than a waste stream, and identifies a pathway for developing a more sustainable approach to the environmental management of sulfide tailings for the future. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Deschnes, G.a , Xia, C.a , Fulton, M.a , Cabri, L.J.b , Price, J.a Leaching of a refractory gold ore sample from the central zone, clarence stream property, New Brunswick, Canada (2007) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 195-203. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049139163&partnerID=40&md5=b1251a0e7f4d54ac61d190bc0095413c AFFILIATIONS: CANMET, Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources Canada, 555 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0G1, Canada; Cabri Consulting Inc., 122-99 Fifth Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1S 5P5, Canada ABSTRACT: A cyanidation study was conducted on a mild refractory gold ore sample from the Central zone of Clarence Stream Property, owned by Freewest Resources Canada, to develop a leaching strategy to extract gold. Gold, at a grade of 8.00 g/t, is present as native gold, electrum and aurostibite. The ore also contains 2.8 per cent pyrrhotite, together with several antimony minerals (0.8 per cent berthierite and gudmundite, 0.18 per cent native antimony and stibnite). It also exhibits weak preg-robbing properties with 0.16 per cent organic carbon. Aurostibite, a gold antimony compound, is particularly known to be insoluble in cyanide solution. The antimony dissolves in cyanide solution to form antimonates, which retards gold dissolution. Industrial practice of extracting gold from aurostibite generally consists of producing a flotation concentrate, which is leached in a pipe reactor at low alkalinity and high oxygen pressure with about 20 g/L cyanide. The proposed new approach is efficient and allows the extraction of gold directly from an ore at atmospheric pressure and a low cyanide concentration at pH 10.5. The effects of grinding, pretreatment, lead nitrate, kerosene and cyanide concentrations have been investigated. The maximum gold extraction obtained on the ore was 87.9 per cent using 800 ppm NaCN, 500 g/t lead nitrate, 30 g/t kerosene, DO 10 ppm and pH 10.5 in 168 hours. The associated cyanide consumption was 1.3 kg/t. The additions of lead nitrate and kerosene increased gold extraction. In comparison to a P80 of 74 m, a P80 of 30 m significantly increased gold extraction. Gold in solid solution in gudmundite and arsenopyrite was believed to be responsible for the unleached fraction until mineralogical analysis of hydroseparation concentrates of leach residues showed that most of the unleached gold occurs as aurostibite, either as locked grains in sulfides/sulfarsenides or as

grains with passivation rims of an Au-Sb-O phase. Coarse gold was also found. Gold extraction was not sensitive to cyanide concentration from 250 ppm to 1200 ppm NaCN and high pH was detrimental. Decreasing the cyanide concentration reduced the cyanide consumption to 0.85 kg/t. The removal of coarse gold using a Knelson concentrator and a Mosley table prior to leaching increased the gold extraction to 90.4 per cent (leach residue at 0.77 g/t). DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus tyriakov, I., Lovs, M. Biological purification of silicate minerals (2007) Biohydrometallurgy: From the Single Cell to the Environment, IBS 2007, 20-21, pp. 126-129. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.055749106976&partnerID=40&md5=0e1976de050af4e0315f89c9085c811d AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Koice, Slovakia ABSTRACT: Bioleaching is technology applicable to iron extraction from lowgrade non-metallic raw materials. Bioleaching of quartz sands and feldspars involves the action of heterotrophic bacteria. Impurities include fine grained limonite, goethite, hematite or mica were removed by the reductive dissolution of Fe3+ in linked with the silicate mineral destruction. Heterotrophic bacteria produced organic acids that are able to solubilize Fe oxide and silicates but require organic carbon as a source of energy. Molasses is a relatively inexpensive carbon source used for various industrial fermentations and contains also other nutrients that accounted for the enhancement of iron dissolution in this study. The admixture of pigments in molasses coloured the samples, but the discoloration could be removed by the addition of NaClO following the bioleaching step. The feasibility of the bioleaching treatment has to be tested specifically to each type of silicate raw materials. The Fe content in the quartz sands and feldspar samples by the biological leaching decreased as much as 60% and by subsequent using of electromagnetic separation of feldspars, the decrease of Fe content in 74% was achieved. However, the application of magnetic separation of quartz sands after bioleaching resulted in total iron removal of 93 % and in such combined way prepared product contained 0.024 % of Fe2CO3. Achieved results on iron removal point to the fact that combination of leaching and magnetic separation enables to obtain product usable in glass and ceramic industry. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bacillus; Bioleaching; Feldspars; Iron; Kaolin; Quartz sands DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus tyriakova, I., Lovs, M. Biological purification of silicate minerals (2007) Advanced Materials Research, 20-21, pp. 126-129. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077951654474&partnerID=40&md5=d1ac519152cd5ab14c2a986033d71799 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Koice, Slovakia ABSTRACT: Bioleaching is technology applicable to iron extraction from lowgrade non-metallic raw materials. Bioleaching of quartz sands and feldspars involves the action of heterotrophic bacteria. Impurities include fine grained limonite, goethite, hematite or mica were removed by the reductive dissolution of Fe3+ in linked with the silicate mineral destruction. Heterotrophic bacteria produced organic acids that are able to solubilize Fe oxide and silicates but require organic carbon as a source of energy. Molasses is a relatively inexpensive carbon source used for various industrial fermentations and contains also other nutrients that accounted for

the enhancement of iron dissolution in this study. The admixture of pigments in molasses coloured the samples, but the discoloration could be removed by the addition of NaClO following the bioleaching step. The feasibility of the bioleaching treatment has to be tested specifically to each type of silicate raw materials. The Fe content in the quartz sands and feldspar samples by the biological leaching decreased as much as 60% and by subsequent using of electromagnetic separation of feldspars, the decrease of Fe content in 74% was achieved. However, the application of magnetic separation of quartz sands after bioleaching resulted in total iron removal of 93 % and in such combined way prepared product contained 0.024 % of Fe203. Achieved results on iron removal point to the fact that combination of leaching and magnetic separation enables to obtain product usable in glass and ceramic industry. 2007 Trans Tech Publications. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bacillus; Bioleaching; Feldspars; Iron; Kaolin; Quartz sands DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Wang, L., Sato, D., Fujita, T. Preliminary study of phosphorus recovery from steelmaking slag by magnetic separation (2007) Proceedings - European Metallurgical Conference, EMC 2007, 2, pp. 811820. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.084871521969&partnerID=40&md5=eccee751e6a0d9733c6d6cf182d937e9 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Geosystem Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan ABSTRACT: In steelmaking process, phosphorus rarely contained in iron ore is removed in high temperature converter and concentrated into steelmaking slag. It is considered to recover phosphorus from steelmaking slag to be another alternative resource. In this study, the mineralogical property of steelmaking slag was investigated, and attempt was made to recover phosphorus from steelmaking slag by magnetic separation. Steelmaking slags with different phosphorus content were used. After these slag samples were observed by mineralogical study, they were ground. Next, the characteristics of magnetic separation on these steelmaking slags were compared. As a result, magnetic separation (the applied magnetic field was 0.5 T) was able to increase the P2O5 grade of the low phosphorus content slag by 1.32 %, whereas the P2O 5 grade of the high phosphorus content slag couldn't be increased because they couldn't be separated by magnetic separation. It is found the high phosphorus content slag couldn't be fully liberated until they were ground to particle size 1-2 m. It is necessary to search for effective liberation or pretreatment methods to make phosphorus recovery from steelmaking slag feasible. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Magnetic separation; Phosphorus; Slag DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Ribeiro-Rodrigues, L.C.a , de Oliveira, C.G.b , Friedrich, G.c The Archean BIF-hosted Cuiab Gold deposit, Quadriltero Ferrfero, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2007) Ore Geology Reviews, 32 (3-4), pp. 543-570. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.035848968177&partnerID=40&md5=cea0a87ea6f0338a2245401cbd27a785 AFFILIATIONS: Centro Universitrio de Caratinga, Unidade III, Fazenda Experimental de Caratinga, BR-116, km 526, Caratinga-MG, 35 300-970, Brazil;

Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade de Braslia, Campus Asa Norte, Braslia, DF 31270-901, Brazil; Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, Aachen University of Technology, Wllnerstrasse 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany ABSTRACT: The Cuiab Gold Deposit is located in the northern part of the Quadriltero Ferrfero, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The region constitutes an Archean granite-greenstone terrane composed of a basement complex (ca. 3.2 Ga), the Rio das Velhas Supergroup greenstone sequence, and related granitoids (3.0-2.7 Ga), which are overlain by the Proterozoic supracrustal sequences of the Minas (&lt; 2.6-2.1 Ga) and Espinhao (1.7 Ga) supergroups. The stratigraphy of the Cuiab area is part of the Nova Lima Group, which forms the lower part of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup. The lithological succession of the mine area comprises, from bottom to top, lower mafic metavolcanics intercalated with carbonaceous metasedimentary rocks, the goldbearing Cuiab-Banded Iron Formation (BIF), upper mafic metavolcanics and volcanoclastics and metasedimentary rocks. The metamorphism reached the greenschist facies. Tectonic structures of the deposit area are genetically related to deformation phases D 1, D 2, D 3, which took place under crustal compression representing one progressive deformational event (E n). The bulk of the economic-grade gold mineralization is related to six main ore shoots, contained within the Cuiab BIF horizon, which range in thickness between 1 and 6 m. The BIF-hosted gold orebodies (&gt; 4 ppm Au) represent sulfide-rich segments of the Cuiab BIF, which grade laterally into non-economic mineralized or barren iron formation. Transitions from sulfide-rich to sulfide-poor BIF are indicated by decreasing gold grades from over 60 ppm to values below the fire assay detection limit in sulfide-poor portions. The deposit is "gold-only", and shows a characteristic association of Au with Ag, As, Sb and low base-metal contents. The gold is fine grained (up to 60 m), and is generally associated with sulfide layers, occurring as inclusions, in fractures or along grain boundaries of pyrite, the predominant sulfide mineral (&gt; 90 vol.%). Gold is characterized by an average fineness of 0.840 and a large range of fineness (0.759 to 0.941). The country rocks to the mineralized BIF show strong sericite, carbonate and chlorite alteration, typical of greenschist facies metamorphic conditions. Textures observed on microscopic to mine scales indicate that the mineralized Cuiab BIF is the result of sulfidation involving pervasive replacement of Fe-carbonates (siderite-ankerite) by Fe-sulfides. Gold mineralization at Cuiab shows various features reported for Archean gold-lode deposits including the: (1) association of gold mineralization with Fe-rich host rocks; (2) strong structural control of the gold orebodies, showing remarkable down-plunge continuity (&gt; 3 km) relative to strike length and width (up to 20 m); (3) epigenetic nature of the mineralization, with sulfidation as the major wallrock alteration and directly associated with gold deposition; (4) geochemical signature, with mineralization showing consistent metal associations (Au-AgAs-Sb and low base metal), which is compatible with metamorphic fluids. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formation; Brazil, Archean; Cuiab; Orogenic gold; Quadriltero Ferrfero DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Lascelles, D.F. Black smokers and density currents: A uniformitarian model for the genesis of banded iron-formations (2007) Ore Geology Reviews, 32 (1-2), pp. 381-411. Cited 14 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034548167108&partnerID=40&md5=fb6cd43681205f99e21f612bcf8d5b48

AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: Banded iron-formations (BIFs) were comparatively abundant and widespread marine sedimentary rocks in the Archean and Lower Proterozoic eras, but thereafter they appear to be restricted to the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic eras, although there are indications of similar rocks forming at present. BIFs are important as the major source of iron ore for industry and have also been used to support hypotheses regarding the evolution of life, oceans, and the atmosphere in the Archean and Proterozoic. They apparently formed in deep water and consisted of a semi-regular alternation of quartz (chert) and iron-rich minerals with little or no terrigenous sediment and low (< 1 wt.%) alumina content, in contrast to Proterozoic to Phanerozoic oolitic ironstones (Clinton-Minette style) that formed in shelf environments, were comparatively small and rare and contain abundant iron aluminosilicates and hydroxides but little or no chert. Although ooliths may be locally abundant in granular iron-formations (GIFs) they differ from the Clinton-Minette style oolitic ironstones that formed in shelf seas during periods of slow sedimentation. A common mode of origin for marine deep-water iron-formations is proposed, in which hot fluids, consisting of marine and connate water leaching iron, silica and other elements from mafic and ultramafic rocks associated with mantle plumes or mid-oceanic ridges and active spreading centres are released into the ocean at underwater hot springs (black smokers). On contact with cold marine water, the least soluble elements are precipitated in the form of colloidal hydrous silicates (clay minerals) and hydroxides close to the hydrothermal vent. The hydrothermal fluids are high in silica and low in alumina causing the precipitation of alumina-poor iron silicates (nontronite) that dissociate into iron hydroxide and amorphous silica during diagenesis. The amorphous silica is typically entrapped by iron oxide laminae to form bands of chert. Breaches of the iron oxide laminae permitted the escape of the gelatinous amorphous silica during compaction and dewatering leaving a chert-free residue as the protore of non-hydrothermal sedimentary high-grade iron ore. The rapid deposition and abundant included water formed unstable mounds and chimneys around the vents. Slumping of the mounds caused by compaction, dewatering, gravity sliding, and seismic events produced turbidity currents forming proximal fans of GIF, but colloidal particles remained suspended in longer-lived density flows to deposit the ultra fine-grained BIF over vast areas of the ocean floor. Episodes of density current deposition were separated by intervals of slow pelagic sedimentation and silicification of the sea floor. The density currents commonly caused minor erosion of the sea floor with rip-out clasts incorporated in the new layers. The iron-rich hydrothermal fluids triggered the precipitation of dissolved ferrous iron accumulated by anoxic weathering to produce the huge deposits of BIF in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic until the rise in atmospheric oxygen stopped the accumulation of ferrous iron in the oceans leaving only the hydrothermal source for later deposits. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron-formation; Black smokers; Iron ore; Precambrian environments; Turbidites DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Muoz, J.A.a , Dreisinger, D.B.b , Cooper, W.C.b , Young, S.K.c Silver-catalyzed bioleaching of low-grade copper ores. Part II: Stirred tank tests (2007) Hydrometallurgy, 88 (1-4), pp. 19-34. Cited 11 times.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034447255916&partnerID=40&md5=98fdc1394bdee1701d9057878305422e AFFILIATIONS: Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniera Metalrgica, Facultad de Ciencias Qumicas, Universidad Complutense, 28015 Madrid, Spain; Department of Metals and Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada; Versitech Inc., 1438 W. San Lucas Drive, Tucson, AZ 85704-1122, United States ABSTRACT: A study of the effect of different variables (inoculation, aeration, silver complexants, [Ag], [Fe 3+], temperature and chemical activation stage) on the silver-catalyzed bioleaching of two different lowgrade copper ores has been carried out in stirred tanks. The catalyzed bioleaching process was greatly affected by bacterial activity. Aeration and the use of different complexing agents (thiosulfate and thiosulfate plus cupric ions) did not enhance but also did not inhibit the copper kinetics in the silver-catalyzed process. On the contrary, the presence of 5 g/L Cl inhibited the catalytic effect of silver. The effect of silver concentration was tested on two different low-grade copper ores in the range between 10 and 500 mg Ag/kg for the lower K-ore and between 1.4 and 35.7 g Ag/kg Cu for the PVD ore, the former with a higher content of copper. Silver catalysis was effective for both ores but the PVD ore was basically unaffected by silver concentration in the range studied. Maximum copper extractions and copper dissolution rates were obtained with a very small amount of silver (3.6 g Ag/kg Cu). In all cases, the copper recovery was at least twice that in the absence of silver ( 30%). High ferric concentrations have been tested in the absence and in the presence of silver. The presence of silver was essential to improve the copper extraction from chalcopyrite in acidic ferric sulfate solutions. However, bioleaching experiments conducted with silver and 1 g/L Fe 3+ produced lower copper extractions (20%) compared to experiments where ferric iron was absent (55%). The copper dissolution in the silver-catalyzed lower K-ore bioleaching is temperature dependent, with an optimum temperature around 35 C. The activation energies of the copper dissolution process were 109.7 and 20 kJ/mol in the ranges of temperature between 15 and 28 C and 28 and 45 C respectively. The chemical activation stage establishes optimum conditions that promote higher copper extractions in the presence of silver. 2007. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chalcopyrite; Low-grade copper ores; Silver catalysis; Stirred tanks DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Turrer, H.D.G.a , Araujo, A.C.b , Papini, R.M.b , Peres, A.E.C.a Iron ore flotation in the presence of polyacrylamides (2007) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 116 (2), pp. 81-84. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034547129426&partnerID=40&md5=f58f2f07ddba03beae9702b004b754dc AFFILIATIONS: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Rua Espirito Santo, 35/206 Centro, Belo Horizonte MG 30160 030, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Mining Engineering, Rua Espirito Santo, 35/702 Centro, Belo Horizonte MG 30160 030, Brazil ABSTRACT: Flotation is an important process used in the concentration of iron ores. One of the challenges for process engineers is the low metallurgical recovery associated mainly with the fines fraction. In this work, the use of synthetic flocculants in iron ore reverse cationic flotation was

investigated. The flocculants utilised were Polyacrylamides of high molecular weight and different ionic degrees. Bench scale flotation tests were performed to compare the flotation performance with and without addition of Polyacrylamides. It was observed that cationic and non-ionic Polyacrylamides cause a significant increase in the metallurgical recovery. The anionic flocculant did not improve the flotation performance. An adverse effect was a slight increase in the silica content of the concentrate. Flotation with Polyacrylamides was influenced by the hydrodynamic conditions of the pulp, such as agitation and the weight percentage of solids in the flocculant conditioning and flotation stages. 2007 The AusIMM. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Iron ore flotation; Low grade ore; Polyacrylamides DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Otake, T.a , Wesolowski, D.J.b , Anovitz, L.M.b c , Allard, L.F.b , Ohmoto, H.a Experimental evidence for non-redox transformations between magnetite and hematite under H 2-rich hydrothermal conditions (2007) Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 257 (1-2), pp. 60-70. Cited 10 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034247163617&partnerID=40&md5=d4bf3b8789e4a3e3a51fada80f256aab AFFILIATIONS: Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States ABSTRACT: Transformations of magnetite (Fe IIFe 2 IIIO 4) to hematite (Fe 2 IIIO 3) (and vice versa) have been thought by many scientists and engineers to require molecular O 2 and/or H 2. Thus, the presence of magnetite and/or hematite in rocks has been linked to a specific oxidation environment. However, the availability of reductants or oxidants in many geologic and industrial environments appears to have been too low to account for the transformations of iron oxides through redox reactions. Here, we report the results of hydrothermal experiments in mildly acidic and H 2-rich aqueous solutions at 150 C, which demonstrate that transformations of magnetite to hematite, and hematite to magnetite, occur rapidly without involving molecular O 2 or H 2:Fe 3O 4(Mt) + 2H (aq) + Fe 2O 3(Hm) + Fe (aq) 2+ + H 2OThe transformation products are chemically and structurally homogeneous, and typically occur as euhedral single crystals much larger than the precursor minerals. This suggests that, in addition to the expected release of aqueous ferrous species to solution, the transformations involve release of aqueous ferric species from the precursor oxides to the solution, which reprecipitate without being reduced by H 2. These redox-independent transformations may have been responsible for the formation of some iron oxides in natural systems, such as high-grade hematite ores that developed from Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), hematite-rich deposits formed on Mars, corrosion products in power plants and other industrial systems. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: banded iron formations; corrosion; hematite; iron ore deposits; magnetite; non-redox transformation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Belykh, V.I.a , Dunai, E.I.b , Lugovaya, I.P.c

Physicochemical formation conditions of banded iron formations and high-grade iron ores in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly: Evidence from isotopic data (2007) Geology of Ore Deposits, 49 (2), pp. 147-159. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034248671679&partnerID=40&md5=5ee80fb412f0f3297df822774e98d383 AFFILIATIONS: Main Directorate of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of Belgorod oblast, Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, ul. Kommunisticheskaya 102, Belgorod 308000, Russian Federation; OAO Belgorodgeologiya, ul. Zaslonova 181, Belgorod 308017, Russian Federation; Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Ore Formation, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Palladina 34, Kiev 03142, Ukraine ABSTRACT: The oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of minerals from banded iron formations (BIFs) and high-grade ore in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) were determined in order to estimate the temperature of regional metamorphism and the nature of rock-and ore-forming solutions. Magnetite and hematite of primary sedimentary or diagenetic origin have 18O within the range from +2 to 6. During metamorphism, primary iron oxides, silicates, and carbonates were involved in thermal dissociation and other reactions to form magnetite with 18O = +6 to +11. As follows from a low 18O av = -3.5 of mushketovite (magnetite pseudomorphs after hematite) in high-grade ore, this mineral was formed as a product of hematite reduction by organic matter. The comparison of 18O of iron oxides, siderite, and quartz from BIFs formed at different stages of the evolution of the Kursk protogeosyncline revealed specific sedimentation (diagenesis) conditions and metamorphism of the BIFs belonging to the Kursk and Oskol groups. BIF of the Oskol Group is distinguished by a high 18O of magnetite compared to other Proterozoic BIFs. Martite ore differs from host BIF by a low 18O = -0.2 to -5.9. This implies that oxygen from infiltration water was incorporated into the magnetite lattice during the martite formation. Surface water penetrated to a significant depth through tectonic faults and fractures. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2007. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Akcil, A.a , Ciftci, H.a , Deveci, H.b Role and contribution of pure and mixed cultures of mesophiles in bioleaching of a pyritic chalcopyrite concentrate (2007) Minerals Engineering, 20 (3), pp. 310-318. Cited 21 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033846807708&partnerID=40&md5=021e3a8651c913d40d0134055887f581 AFFILIATIONS: BIOMIN Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Isparta, TR 32260, Turkey; Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, TR 61080, Turkey ABSTRACT: This study compares the capacity of pure and mixed cultures of mesophilic bacteria for bioleaching of a low grade, pyritic chalcopyrite concentrate. In pure culture form, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was found to have a higher bioleaching capacity than Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans with the capability of the latter to bioleach copper being very limited. Mixed cultures, MixA (At. ferrooxidans, L. ferrooxidans and At. thiooxidans) and MixB (L. ferrooxidans and At. thiooxidans) were shown to perform better than the pure cultures with the highest extraction of copper (62.1% Cu) being achieved by MixA. Copper bioleaching performances of the cultures were observed to agree with their respective growth pattern. The results also indicated that the increase in

the pulp density (1-5% wt/vol) adversely affected bioleaching process regardless of the pure and mixed cultures used having led to the decrease in the extent of final copper extraction i.e. 50.3% Cu recovery at 1% wt/vol for At. ferrooxidans compared with 38.6% Cu at 5% wt/vol. This study underlines the importance of mixed cultures and, iron and sulphur-oxidising activity of a bacterial culture to efficiently oxidise chalcopyrite. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bacteria; Bioleaching; Biotechnology; Copper; Hydrometallurgy; Sulphide ores DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Roy, S.a , Das, A.a c , Mohanty, M.K.b Feasibility of producing pellet grade concentrate by beneficiation of iron ore slime in India (2007) Separation Science and Technology, 42 (14), pp. 3271-3287. Cited 7 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.036048982924&partnerID=40&md5=1b1da1ed41c753ff76b0ef4b5467f857 AFFILIATIONS: MNP Division, NML Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India; Dept. of Mining and Mineral Resources Engineering, SIU, Carbondale, IL, United States; MNP Division, NML Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831007, India ABSTRACT: Beneficiation of low grade iron ore slime from Chitradurga, India was studied with a view to produce pellet grade fines. The slime sample had a feed grade of 49.86% total Fe, 7.93% Al2O3, and 10.19% SiO2. Kaolinite and quartz was found to be the main gangue minerals and they formed porous and friable oxide and hydroxide of iron. Over 54% of the materials in the slime were less than 20 micron and this size fraction contained higher percentage of gangue minerals. Liberation of free gangue minerals was observed to be substantial in all size classes. Beneficiation studies indicated that excellent rejection of silica and alumina could be obtained through physical separation. The low grade slime could be enriched to 66.36% Fe with 1.75% silica, and 1.44% alumina. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Beneficiation; Characterization; Flowsheet development; Iron ore slime; Pellet grade DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Al-Wakeel, M.I.a , Abd El-Rahman, M.K.b Beneficiation of low grade Ghorabi iron ore, Bahariya Oasis, Egypt: A case study (2006) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 115 (4), pp. 177-182. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034547288143&partnerID=40&md5=4847d09f0c872fb9bdc09d2c0911e9f1 AFFILIATIONS: Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT: The Ghorabi iron ore is composed mainly of goethite, hematite and quartz minerals. Chemically, four-fifths of the ore (80-65%) are iron oxides (44-10%, 34-30%Fe) and silica (36-81%). The size distribution of the ore indicates that iron is concentrated in the fine fraction (>38% in fraction 53 m) while silica is concentrated in the coarse fraction (>40% in fraction +53 m). Conditioning of the ore with sodium silicate increases the iron and

therefore reduces the silica in the fine fraction (-53 m), and attritioning increases the fines (-53 m) from 24 to 40-78% and iron from 38-64 to 46-20% in the fine fraction. In the present study the ore beneficiation is conducted by screening, attritioning, classification and magnetic separation. In the flowsheet, the optimised conditions are considered. The flowsheet includes crushing, grinding, attritioning with sodium silicate and screening into two size fractions, coarse -250+53 m and fine -53 m. The coarse fraction (+53 m) is subjected to dry, low intensity magnetic separation, while the fine fraction is passed to a hydrocyclone. The overflow is rich in iron but the underflow is subjected to wet, high intensity magnetic separation. The final concentrate is represented by the magnetic fractions in addition to the hydrocyclone overflow, while the tail is represented by the nonmagnetic fractions. The obtained concentrate is of high grade (53-22%Fe) and good recovery (83-00%) and suitable for blast furnace. 2006 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and the AusIMM. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Attrition; Baharlya oasis; Classification; Egypt; Ghorabi iron ore; Magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kumari, E.J., Lahiri, A., Jha, A. Selective separation of rare-earth oxides from titaniferous ores during the production of high-grade synthetic rutile (2006) 2006 TMS Fall Extraction and Processing Division: Sohn International Symposium, 1, pp. 595-611. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033846076242&partnerID=40&md5=46ef7c22bb3c795a046eeca5f0772482 AFFILIATIONS: Institute for Materials Research, Houldsworth Building, University of Leeds, Clarendon Road, Leeds, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: The demand for the titanium dioxide pigments and the shortage of higher-grade titaniferous ores with low radioactivity and zircon sands worldwide has encouraged the development of new techniques for the beneficiation of lesser grade titaniferous ores. The inferior quality ores are invariably richer in radio-active and lanthanide oxides, which severely interfere with the fluidized bed chlorination reaction (FBCR), in which ultra-high purity titanium tetrachloride is distilled off for pigment manufacture. However the present beneficiation techniques require high quality ilmenite ores and are not suitable for upgrading lower grade ilmenite ores which do posses trace metals in the form of lanthanides and actinides as Al-phosphates and zirconium silicates, respectively. The presence of mineral hosts, zircon sand and monazite in ilmenite and anatase also increase in chlorine gas consumption in the FBCR and contribute to a larger volume of hazardous waste production, which must be neutralised at a significant cost before being disposed off safely. In view of the problems described for lanthanide (Ce, Nd etc) and actinide (Th, U) trace impurities in titaniferous ores, an alternative route, which is flexible and more accommodating for processing difficult ores, is discussed. In the new process, which may be used for richer grades of ores too, the ore is roasted in air with sodium carbonate below 950C to promote the formation of water-soluble sodium ferrite and insoluble sodium titanate phases. In this investigation, the high-temperature roasting process and the ensuing hydrometallurgical leaching steps have been analysed in the context of selective separation of lanthanide and actinide minerals from the main titaniferous mineral structures. Evidences for the selective separation are presented based on the chemical (XRD, XRF, AA) and microstructural analysis (SEM, EDX, EPMA) of roasted mass and the leached product. The efficiency of selective separation is also reported based on the chemicals analysis and the particle size of the

materials derived after leaching. The paper highlights the various thermodynamic aspects of reaction equilibrium in the Fe-Ti-O-Na system, and the effect of Eh-pH diagram in the determination of pH required for the better control of the removal of iron and sodium. Two different types of Ti ores, namely ilmenite and anatase, their crystal structure and the phase transformation will also be explained on the basis of wet chemical analysis, XRF, XRD, EPMA and SEM-EDX studies. The method developed examines the technological feasibility of the selective separation process. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Anatase; Catalytic aeration; Ilmenite; Selective separation; Soda-ash roasting DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Upadhyay, R.K., Venkatesh, A.S. Current strategies and future challenges on exploration, beneficiation and value addition of iron ore resources with special emphasis on iron ores from Eastern India (2006) Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, 115 (4), pp. 187-195. Cited 8 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033846450728&partnerID=40&md5=effb2963c7b1fc8a5773f53660bdbd06 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India ABSTRACT: Eighty per cent of the world's steelmaking is through the blast furnace route and hence the role of iron ore as a raw material and its quality become very critical to achieve steel with the best quality from hot metal. The world's iron ore resource base has been estimated at 180 000 million tonnes (MT), while the reserves are 79 000 MT. India ranks the sixth among producers of iron ore, with a 6200 MT reserve base. The majority of Indian iron ore deposits occur in the eastern, central and southern parts of India in the regions of Jharkhand, Orissa, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and Goa. Among these provinces, the iron ores of Eastern India are of high quality and present in large quantities. Indian iron ore resources consist of both hematitic (10 052 MT) and magnetite (3408 MT) varieties. Major ore types are hard, flaky/friable, lateritic and blue dust or powdery ores. The ratio of lumps and fines in the deposits is 50: 50, but the high grade lumpy variety is rare and constitutes <10% of the total reserves. India's iron ore production has just doubled in the last 5 years, achieving a total of 154 MT in 2005-06 compared with 86 MT in 2001-02. The Indian iron ores in general and Eastern Indian iron ores in particular consist of various impurities in the forms of Al, P and Si, and this poses major beneficiation problems especially in fines processing. The presence of these elements along with sulphur adversely affects the quality of iron ores and has a great bearing on performance of blast furnaces. Reduction of the alumina content in iron ore by 1% improves blast furnace performance by 3%, reduces reduction degradation index (RDI) by 6 points, lowers the coke rate by 14 kg per tonne of hot metal and increases sinter productivity by 10-15%. The presence of phosphorus and sulphur increases surface cracking during steel processing. High alkali contents lead to a lowering of the mechanical strength of coke and sinter, imbalances in the furnace operation and a reduction in furnace productivity. The Indian iron ore industry is going to face major challenges in the near future, as the production trend of iron ore worldwide is swinging up every year owing to the iron ore boom in recent years. It calls for mineral conservation and prevention of mineral losses in terms of wastes/slimes. This needs to be achieved through detailed exploration work, mine planning techniques, scientific exploitation and mineral beneficiation processes. For optimum utilisation of mineral resources, total beneficiation of iron ores,

mineral rejects and wastes need to be augmented. In addition, alternative processes for ironmaking, such as COREX, ROMELT and HISMELT, need to be introduced by the major producers. This paper addresses the importance of quality raw materials in achieving benchmark iron- and steelmaking while maintaining the cost effectiveness. Emphasis has been given on the value addition of the subgrade and marginal-grade ores for mineral conservation and prevention of losses. 2006 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and The AsuIMM. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Beneficiation; Blue dust; Flaky ore; Hematite; Lateritic ore; Magnetite; Massive hard ore; Value addition DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Watson, J.H.P.a , Beharrell, P.A.b Extracting values from mine dumps and tailings (2006) Minerals Engineering, 19 (15), pp. 1580-1587. Cited 22 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033750886236&partnerID=40&md5=03d15ac5a5acea410d686f2277e043d2 AFFILIATIONS: University of Southampton, School of Physics and Astronomy, Highfield Campus, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; Cryo-Technica International Limited, 168 Barrier Point Road, Docklands, London E16 2SE, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: The mineral processing industry is the largest user of magnetic separation. This market is largely made up of low-gradient separators using iron circuits. The Superconducting High Gradient Magnetic Separators (SHGMS), originally developed at English China Clays, has resulted in approximately 30 large machines using liquid helium, with separation channels of 0.5-1 m diameter, distributed throughout the world. The recently developed so-called Dry Superconducting Magnetic Separators with two stage coolers used between 8 and 12 kW replace the liquid helium. These machines are lighter and much more mobile than the liquid helium machines and show promise for the upgrading of many low grade ores. There is a continual pressure in the mineral industry to cut costs or increase efficiency and this applies particularly to the metal industry. This pressure comes from at least two quarters and these are the discovery and use of replacement materials and the use of lower grade ores having lower concentrations of value and with a smaller liberation size. This paper considers a few examples of where superconducting separators can be used to concentrate low grade minerals from mine dumps which exist across the world. Often the gangue materials are coated with small quantities of magnetite which saturates at less than 2 T but with 6 T available from SHGMS, there is a large difference in magnetic moment between the gangue materials and the value to be concentrated. This paper discusses the concentration of uranium and gold from the leached residues from Witwatersrand, South Africa, dumps from other regions of South Africa for the concentration of platinum group metals, concentration of V, Pb and Zn from dumps of 8 million tonnes in Zambia. The recovery of titanium from mining dumps in China is also a real possibility as described below. The recovery of U and Au from Olympic Dam, Australia, the extraction of Au from slag at Zalau, Romania, the extraction of tungsten and tin from mining dumps in England are interesting possibilities. Mining dumps exist throughout the world and can be exploited whenever the economics are suitable. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Extracting value; High gradient magnetic separation; Metals; Mine dumps; Slimes DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

Lascelles, D.F. The genesis of the hope downs iron ore deposit, Hamersley Province, Western Australia (2006) Economic Geology, 101 (7), pp. 1359-1376. Cited 5 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.034249774291&partnerID=40&md5=bbf391d98d99b9380f83adbce966208b AFFILIATIONS: Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia ABSTRACT: The banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted Hope Downs high-grade hematite ore deposits are situated within the Marra Mamba Iron Formation with subsidiary deposits in the Brockman Iron Formation of the Archean to Proterozoic Hamersley Group of Western Australia. The main orebody extends to 260 m below the surface and is unusually rich in martite (pseudomorphous hematite after magnetite) and poor in limonite and goethite compared to other ore deposits of the Marra Mamba Iron Formation. The high-grade hematite ore is mainly within the Newman Member but also occurs in parts of the Nammuldi Member together with low-grade limonitic ore that becomes high grade after calcining. Karst erosion of the overlying Wittenoom Formation has produced steep-sided buried valleys adjacent to the in situ orebodies that contain thick deposits (<160 m) of goethitic and sideritic sediments, including remnants of Robe Pisolite Formation, bedded siderite, hematite gravels, red ochreous detrital material, and enriched scree deposits that are additional sources of ore. The ore consists of low phosphorous martite- limonitegoethite derived from chert-free BIF by supergene weathering. No evidence of the complete carbonate replacement of chert has been found at Hope Downs nor were any traces of preexisting chert bands seen in the ore, despite the abundance of chert bands in BIF elsewhere. A variety of textures and composition shown by cherty BIF adjacent to the orebodies is described from which the origin of the chert-free BIF is inferred, including sedimentary structures consistent with density-current deposition. A model is prese nted for the origin of the host iron formation and the ore deposits, in which density currents transported reworked iron silicates and hydroxides in colloidal suspension onto an unstable sea floor. The amorphous silica produced during diagenesis of Al-poor iron silicates formed the characteristic chert bands of BIF but some of the hydrous amorphous silica was lost prior to lithification to form chert-free BIF. Weathering of the chert-free BIF produced the high-grade hematite ore that is exposed today. 2006 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mousavi, S.M.a b , Yaghmaei, S.a , Vossoughi, M.a , Jafari, A.b , Roostaazad, R.a Zinc extraction from Iranian low-grade complex zinc-lead ore by two native microorganisms: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus (2006) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 80 (2-4), pp. 238-243. Cited 12 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033747122288&partnerID=40&md5=d165150779892ee0c93644da03b8e57c AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland ABSTRACT: A mesophilic iron oxidizing bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, has been isolated (33 C) from a typical, chalcopyrite concentrate of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine in the region of Kerman located in

the south of Iran. In addition, a thermophilic iron oxidizing bacterium, Sulfobacillus, has been isolated (60 C) from the sphalerite concentrate of Kooshk lead and zinc mine near the city of Yazd in the center point of Iran. Variation of pH, ferrous and ferric concentration on time and effects of some factors such as temperature, cell growth, initial ferrous concentration and pH on bioleaching of low-grade complex zinc-lead ore were investigated. The results obtained from bioleaching experiments indicate that the efficiency of zinc extraction is dependent on all of the mentioned variables; especially the temperature and initial Fe(II) concentration have more effect than other factors for these microorganisms. In addition, results show that the maximum zinc recovery was achieved using a thermophilic culture. Zinc dissolution reached 58% with Sulfobacillus while it was 51% with A. ferrooxidans at pH = 1.5, initial Fe(II) concentration = 7 and 9 g/L for A. ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus, respectively, after 30 days. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: bioleaching; low-grade ore; sulfide mineral; zinc recovery DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Lopez Juarez, A.a , Rivera Santillan, R.E.a b , Gutierrez Arenas, N.a Microbiological leaching of chalcopyrite: An environmentally sound approach to processing a sulphide copper concentrate (2006) International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 26 (1-3), pp. 254265. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033646238678&partnerID=40&md5=f86e477adcde14a957e1e38d598dca00 AFFILIATIONS: Departamento de Ingenieria Metalurgica, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico; Faculty of Chemistry, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico ABSTRACT: Mineral sulphides are the main source of copper, from which this metal is recovered by pyrometallurgical processing after a flotation procedure. These processes generate high emissions of SO2 gases, which, in many cases, are discharged into the environment. The bioleaching method had been successfully used in copper recovery from low grade and secondary sulphide ores. Only recently, has it begun to be used to recover copper from its original concentrates because it is an environmentally and economically attractive alternative for copper recovery. In this paper, the results obtained by bioleaching tests of a flotation concentrate using mesophile bacteria and thermophiles with two different catalytic ions are presented. At high temperatures (thermophiles), the extraction reaches 95% in 10 days, while at low temperatures (mesophile bacteria) the extraction only reaches 42% in about 3 months of experimentation. Copyright 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bioleaching; Catalytic ions; Chalcopyrite; Mesophile microorganisms; Thermophiles DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Majumder, T., Venkatesh, A.S., Kumar, V., Upadhyay, R.K. Mineralogical characterisation of Iron ores from Noamundi, India with special emphasis on beneficiation of iron ore fines (2005) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 227-231. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049142539&partnerID=40&md5=c8a410c9d8fd17a366d373bd2874a70e

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826 004, India ABSTRACT: The enormous iron ore deposits of eastern India are part of the volcano-sedimentary basins containing iron and to some extent manganese deposits that belong to the Iron Ore Group (IOG) of Archaean Singhbhum Craton, occurring as western and eastern limbs of a broad synclinorium. The eastern iron basin contains typically huge amounts of blue dust and powdery ores. There is a remarkable difference between the western flank ores and the eastern flank ores and the present study is part of the eastern flank ores from Noamundi. Demand for sintered fines as blast furnace feed coupled with the higher export price for lumpy ores that produce enormous amounts of fines during processing has created a situation whereby both primary and secondary fines, such as classifier fines, are being increasingly used as sintered feed for blast furnace. Systematic mineralogical and geochemical characterisation indicates that in many cases the ROM and classifier fines have to be processed to increase their Fe content and at the same time reduce their Al, Si and P contents. The fines which are already at micron sizes are amenable for beneficiation using the Mozley mineral separator and sink float test. It was observed that beneficiation was better and significantly greater by the sink float method than the Mozley mineral separator. Mineralogical and chemical studies of the fines reveal that around 80 per cent of alumina bearing minerals (gibbsite, clay and silicates) are present in the liberated form. Microscopic studies confirmed that the iron minerals are well liberated by controlled grinding to -300 mesh sizes with the beneficiation of iron ore fines and low-grade ores carried out using the Mozley mineral separator and sink float test. Beneficiation using the Mozley mineral separator increased the grade of concentrate with increasing flow rate of water as well as increase in amplitude of oscillation of the tray, but not very significantly with the increase in slope of the tray. In this method, though, iron concentration improved from 47 to 63 per cent with a recovery of around 67 per cent. It is not suitable for industry scale operation as only a small quantity of ores can be handled at a time. Beneficiation using the sink float test produced a better result with the Fe content increasing from 47 - 49 per cent to 66 - 68 per cent with a recovery of approximately 58 per cent. Initial feed A1 2O 3, SiO 2 and Fe contents of 9.85 per cent, 15.3 per cent and 49.8 per cent respectively were beneficiated to 2.13 per cent Al 2O 3, 1.5 per cent SiO 2 and 67.5 per cent Fe in the concentrate, with a recovery of 54.1 per cent. In contrast, using the Mozley table resulted in beneficiable contents 66.3 per cent Fe, 3.01 per cent alumina and 2.05 per cent silica. The combined alumina and silica content for the Mozley Table was &gt;5 per cent, which exceeds the industry requirement of &lt;5 per cent with a silica:alumina ratio of around 2:1. The silica:alumina ratio after using the Mozley table was 2:3. The concentrate of fines after the sink float method shows a near absence of goethite along with removal of clay, shales and quartz. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Cope, I.L.a , Wilkinson, J.J.a , Herrington, R.J.b , Harris, C.J.c Geology and mineralogy of the Pic de Fon iron oxide deposit, simandou range, republic of Guinea, West Africa (2005) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 43-48. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049166791&partnerID=40&md5=8bedeb9b2d7637b03320ba6ed351509e

AFFILIATIONS: Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Rio Iron Ore, Castlemead, Lower Castle Street, Bristol BS99 1FS, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: The Pic de Fon iron oxide deposit is a potential major new source of iron ore, located at the southern end of the Simandou range in eastern Guinea on the West African Craton. The deposit is hosted by banded iron formations (BIFs) within a supracrustal sequence, which lies unconformably upon a crystalline basement. The host BIFs and shales have been metamorphosed up to staurolite-grade itabirite and phyllite respectively. Stratigraphic relationships are obscured by polyphase deformation, although the sequence appears to comprise a lower phyllite(-minor quartzite) unit and transitional phyllite-iron formation overlain by three itabirite units. It is the itabirite units, selectively enriched to iron grades in excess of 65 per cent Fe (with low deleterious elements), that constitute the Pic de Fon deposit. Samples acquired from exploration diamond drill holes and outcrop across the deposit have been collected to investigate the Pic de Fon lithologies and iron-rich material types. Initial research techniques have included geological mapping, reflected light microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and ICP-AES geochemistry. The aim is to develop a model for deposit genesis that may assist future exploration and deposit exploitation planning. Results to date have identified a variety of hematite textures, which include recrystallised trellis, interlobate and granoblastic hematite after magnetite. In addition, fine-grained bladed to acicular microplaty hematite appears to both replace itabirite banding and infill porosity. Field relationships indicate a structural control of microplaty hematite development. Geochemistry and XRD results suggest a loss of silica with negligible iron addition during the conversion of itabirite to ore grade mineralisation. The enrichment process(es) is also accompanied by a gradual increase in K, Mg, Na, (Ca and Al). DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Lobato, L.M.a , Figueiredo e Silva, R.C.a , Rosire, C.A.a , Zucchetti, M.b , Baars, F.J.c , Pimentel, M.d , Rios, F.J.e , Seoane, J.C.S.f , Monteiro, A.M.g Hydrothermal origin for the iron mineralisation, carajas province, Par State, Brazil (2005) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 99-110. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049183760&partnerID=40&md5=cce33808cd5e71c09b7f341f298221ee AFFILIATIONS: Centro de Pesquisas Professor Manoel Teixeira da Costa, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CPMTC-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270901, Brazil; Companhia de Pesquisas e Recursos Minerals (CPRM), Brazil; Roots Rock Ltda., Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade de Braslia (UnB), Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comisso Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CDTN-CNEN), Brazil; Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD/GAJAN), Brazil

ABSTRACT: Jaspilites and underlying basalt contacts of the Archaean volcanosedimentary Gro Par Group, Carajs, host giant iron mineralisation in the ~100-km long, E-W trending Carajs fold. Preliminary, unpublished geochronological data point to a Palaeoproterozoic mineralisation event. Geochemically, jaspilites are typical volcanogenic banded iron formations. Basalts exhibit evidence of spilitic seawater interaction. Iron-associated hydrothermal alteration of mafic rocks was induced by fluid infiltration in amygdales, with development of chlorite- and hematite-dominated zones. In the case of jaspilites, iron mineralisation encompasses: partial replacement of jaspilitic microcrystalline hematite by blasts of martitic magnetite; jasper recrystallisation, producing fine-grained, hematite-free granoblastic quartz; martite recrystallisation, forming lobatesubhedral hematite; pervasive porosity development by quartz-chert leaching; incipient cavity filling by microlamellar hematite; and advanced filling by coarser, euhedral and comb-textured, tabularshaped hematite. Peak hydrothermal ore textures indicate typical epithermal-crust conditions, supported by preliminary fluid-inclusion calculations at 160 - 200C. Such temperatures and extreme fluid-to-rock ratios during alteration must have exceeded the ambient metamorphic conditions, with the infiltrating fluid relatively hot and capable of leaching SiO 2. Therefore, mineralisation developed over exhumed, Archaean, brittly deformed rocks, with mineral associations representative of very low- to low-grade metamorphism. Considering that chlorite (talc) abounds in mafic rocks; hydrothermal albite is developed; dolomite fills veins and vugs; the typical rare-earth-element (REE) pattern of jaspilites is significantly modified in higher-grade hard hematite ores (higher LREE); pyrite, copper sulfide minerals and rare gold occur in association with carbonate-quartz-rich alteration zones, it is suggested that an alkaline, H 2O-Fe-CO 2 mineralising fluid dominated, also containing species like SCuAu. Peak-mineralising conditions are likely to have resulted from a single, evolving fluid, via incipient- through advanced-stage alteration phases. The porous, high-grade soft hematite-type ore (SH), rich in microlamellar and anhedral hematite, must have derived from interaction with this relatively hot SiO 2-Teaching fluid, whereas the high-grade massive hard hematite-type ore (MH) developed due to closer fluid-rock temperature equilibrium conditions, attained by mineral reactions, with relative increase in the Fe/ cations ratios allowing the precipitation of subhedral-tabular hematite that partially cements the soft-hematite ore. SH and MH hematite ore types must thus reflect intermediate and high fluid:rock ratios, respectively. Since the N5 deposit is to date understood to contain the largest amount of the MH ore, its units are interpreted as the loci of the highest fluid:rock ratios in the district. Preliminary mineralogical information regarding the S11 deposit of the Serra Sul (south range) implies higher-temperature conditions. The near-equant grain size and the granoblastic intergrain relationship, coupled with the presence of riebeckite, augitic pyroxene and garnet, suggest hornfels textures. The data collected, though still relatively sparse, permit the speculation that the immense driving force for the Carajs world-class iron deposits was a relatively shallow, igneous-related hydrothermal system. If such a model is correct, then the Carajs Palaeoproterozoic iron deposits could represent an end-member of the iron oxide-copper-gold hydrothermal system in the province. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Okabe, T.H.a , Matsuoka, R.b , Takeda, O.b Recycling titanium and other reactive metal scraps by utilizing chloride wastes

(2005) REWAS'04 - Global Symposium on Recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology, pp. 893-902. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.032044439128&partnerID=40&md5=cb20cace2908b5241c48e0fc6a957599 AFFILIATIONS: International Research Center for Sustainable Materials, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguroku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan ABSTRACT: A new recycling process for titanium and other reactive metal scraps, utilizing the chloride wastes generated from the Kroll process was investigated. Iron chlorides (e.g., FeCl 2, FeCl 3) and metallic titanium (Ti) were allowed to react at temperatures between 700 and 1300 K, and chlorine in the iron chlorides was extracted as TiCl 4 gas. It was found that iron chloride wastes can be utilized as a chlorine source for TiCl 4 production, and this process can also be applied to titanium scrap treatment. The investigation of the recycling process of chloride wastes may be useful because it has the potential for improving the chlorine cycle in the Kroll process. The technique for chlorine recovery from chloride wastes is important especially when treating low-grade titanium ore, which will become an essential resource for the titanium industry in the future. This recycling process which utilizes chloride scrap can also be extended to other reactive metals such as rare earth metals and tantalum. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chlorides; Chlorination; Iron chloride; Recycling; Titanium; Waste Minimization DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Zhang, Z., Zhang, G., Gao, L., Chen, X. Study on scandium separation from rare earth ore in Yunnan Province (2005) Journal of Rare Earths, 23 (SUPPL. 3), pp. 531-535. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.033646725795&partnerID=40&md5=19c2d1618f6f549a59675fc1b60ded75 AFFILIATIONS: College of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China ABSTRACT: Chemical components, main mineral content and mineral composition of rare earth ore in Yunnan Province was measured by the analysis of the spectrum and the chemical components. The study shows that main metals mineral in the rare earth ore are magnetite, tatanomagnetite, limonite; less metals mineral are ilmenite, hematite; some minim minerals were iron pyrites, zircon, scheelite, and so on. Main nonmetals mineral are quartz, feldspar (plagioclase, K-feldspar); less nonmetals mineral are hopfnerite, biotite, titanite; some minim minerals are kaolinite and dolomite. Ilmenite has the highest content of Sc as 175 gt-1, next is titanite as 81.2 gt-1. Based on this result, A new method of extracting Sc is put forward. The technological flowsheet of separating Sc of low-intensity magnetic separation, tabing, gravity concentrate, high-gradient magnetic separation, and electrostatic separation was prepared. Amplified experiment obtained Sc concentrate with Sc content of 148.54 gt-1, the yield of 7.92%, recovery of 69.20%, at the same time, a Fe concentrate with the grade of 63.88% and the yield of 5.91% is obtained. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Electrostatic separation; Extracting Sc; Gravity concentrate; Magnetic separation; Rare earths DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Hatton, R.

Computer simulations to enable continuous blending to two plants at Sishen mine from the medium-term point of view (2005) Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 281-289. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.058049190583&partnerID=40&md5=fe9992083a2e1bbc573eeb657bdcd9dd AFFILIATIONS: Development Technician, Kumba Resources Limited, Sishen Iron Ore Mine, Private Bag X506, Kathu 8446, South Africa ABSTRACT: Sishen uses a state-of-the-art tracking system to track material from its position in blast blocks through various stockpiles and crushers. Qualities are blended directly to the crusher as opposed to blending from stockpiles. This poses an interesting challenge to the planning department to simulate these conditions. The software used in these simulations are Whittle 4X and Maximiser for long-term planning, Xpac for medium-term planning and Mine Works Planner for short-term planning. Geological models and mine design layouts utilise Surpac. Sishen introduced Xpac a number of years ago; the system has developed and changed over the years. With the Sishen Expansion Project (SEP), which aims to utilise low-grade material, major changes to the planning process have to occur. SEP requires that the mine have two different plants, which utilise two different ROM feeds and have different beneficiation curves. Xpac is used to produce a rolling 18-month plan, which is as close to actual operations as possible. In order to do this, the simulations have to take into account the plants beneficiation curves, stockpile movements, hauling distance and equipment needs. On top of this, the schedule has to continually consider specifications for Fe and the contaminants. Plant yields also have to be kept within a certain bandwidth. Xpac is used to simulate the above parameters, as well as generate the raw data required to produce a mine budget. The paper will also show how the 18month planning process and subsequent planning processes are measured and aligned. Xpac has proved to be an excellent tool to achieve these goals. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Zhou, H.a b , Zheng, S.a , Zhang, Y.a Leaching of a low-grade niobium-tantalum ore by highly concentrated caustic potash solution (2005) Hydrometallurgy, 80 (1-2), pp. 83-89. Cited 6 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.027344461072&partnerID=40&md5=8db50a531efcaa4db4c3b6efe45d9047 AFFILIATIONS: Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China ABSTRACT: The recovery of niobium and tantalum from a low-grade niobiumtantalum ore by using highly concentrated caustic potash as an alternative to hydrofluoric acid has been investigated. Experiments on the leaching behavior of niobium and tantalum, as well as other associated impurities, such as titanium, iron, manganese, silicon, and aluminum were carried out. The effect of various parameters including leaching temperature, KOH concentration, leaching time, alkali-to-ore mass ratio and particle size on the agitation leaching was examined. When finely ground ore (- 61 m) reacted with KOH solution (84 wt.%) in a mass ratio of alkali-to-ore of 7 : 1 at 300 C for 60 min, almost complete extraction of both niobium and tantalum was achieved while the extraction of titanium was 85% and the extraction of other impurities in the ore was less than 35%. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Highly concentrated medium; tantalum ore DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

KOH;

Leaching;

Niobium-

Kumar, T.V.V.a b , Rao, D.S.a b , Rao, S.S.a b , More, P.a c , Reddy, Y.S.a c , Prabhakar, S.a b , Raju, G.B.a b Beneficiation of iron ore fines by conventional flotation, flotation column and dual extraction column - A pilot scale study (2005) Powder Handling and Processing, 17 (2), pp. 88-93. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.020444388376&partnerID=40&md5=d9c38b715cce104e36806bd8a66dfdbb AFFILIATIONS: National Metallurgical Laboratory, Madras Centre, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai - 600 113, India; Sociedade de Fomento Industrial Limited, Margao - 403 601, Goa, India ABSTRACT: Goa state in India is endowed with large deposits of low-grade iron ores, geologically formed from lower Dharwar super group of Archaean rocks. Petrological studies have revealed that silica and alumina are the main gangue minerals where alumina exists as fine clay and adherent material interspersed in the ore body and in some cases both silica and alumina interlocked with iron ore particles. Efficiency of conventional flotation, column flotation and dual extraction column for separation of gangue was studied on a pilot scale at Greater Ferromet Beneficiation Plant of M/s. Sociedade De Fomento Industrial Ltd., Goa. Reverse flotation process was adopted wherein gangue minerals silica and alumina were floated using cationic amine collector. Sodium hydroxide and starch were used to regulate the slurry pH and to depress iron ore, respectively. Various iron ore samples drawn from different mines and their mixtures were subjected to the test work. Results of pilot scale tests clearly indicate the superiority of flotation column vis--vis conventional cells and dual extraction column. Iron ore concentrate assaying 67% Fe and 2% SiO 2 and Al 2O 3 with a recovery of 85-90% could be obtained by single stage flotation column operation. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Satrio, A.M., Triatmanto, H., Setyadi, G. Integrating iron and steelmaking technology with Indonesian domestic resources (2005) SEAISI Quarterly (South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute), 34 (1), pp. 10-15. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.017044367803&partnerID=40&md5=1fc94627ebe625b4c9ff69117ee6d69d AFFILIATIONS: Technology Planning Division, PT Krakatau Steel, Indonesia ABSTRACT: Indonesia has large amount of resources (iron ore, coal, and natural gas) that are spread among the islands which considerably as low grade quality of iron ore and coal. So far, these resources have not been used optimally because of the previous available technology limitation. In a view that the current iron and steelmaking technology development, the opportunity of using Indonesian domestic resources become more open and hopefully more competitive in term of production cost. The current available ironmaking technology that can be used i.e. blast furnace, direct reduction, and direct smelting, and steelmaking technology i.e. basic oxygen furnace and electric arch furnace were evaluated. The study was conducted to obtain the best route for iron and steel production by using those domestic resources in term of technological and economical aspects. The results of the study indicate that subject to location, capacity and process route, for the ironmaking plant capacity about 0.80 millions ton per year3/4to produce

liquid steel3/4direct smelting with fines ore as raw material and bituminous coal as reducing agent has the lowest production cost. For metallic iron production with Indonesian iron ore and current natural gas price, direct reduction process results the lowest production cost. For steelmaking processes, the solids iron product prefer to be fed into electric arch furnace and for liquid iron product prefer to be fed into basic oxygen furnace. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct Reduction; Direct Smelting; Domestic Resources; Ironmaking; Low Grade; Mini Blast Furnace; Steelmaking DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Ellefmo, S.L., Ludvigsen, E. Bringing Norwegian mine into world of bits and bytes -possibilities and pitfalls (2005) Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 15 (SPEC. ISS. 1), pp. 254-257. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077955478519&partnerID=40&md5=fb8513dc6d6a548d8a88df1f2ba23cf1 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway ABSTRACT: Rana Gruber AS is a mining company situated in northern Norway, just south of the artic circle. The hematite/magnetite ore is low grade, steeply dipping and intensively folded. The company excavates about 1. 2 million tonnes of ore annually. The mining method is sublevel stoping. The final products are a hematite concentrate and different magnetite-products. The bits and bytes based methods and systems implemented for production planning and controlling are presented in the paper. Focus is on geological modelling, utilisation of variations in the deposit and associated uncertainty accumulating throughout the value chain. The methods and systems enable the mining department in greater extent than before, to deliver fragmented ore according to the specifications given by the processing plant. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Minings geological variations; Uncertainty DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Rashchi, F., Dashti, A., Arabpour-Yazdi, M., Abdizadeh, H. Anglesite flotation: A study for lead recovery from zinc leach residue (2005) Minerals Engineering, 18 (2 SPEC. ISS.), pp. 205-212. Cited 14 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.015744397653&partnerID=40&md5=bf5e6a0acccd5919a78a8d025bae6033 AFFILIATIONS: Dept. of Metall. and Mat. Eng., Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4563, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT: The recovery of lead from zinc leach residues (as PbSO 4) by flotation is of interest in the zinc plants. Therefore, at the first stage of the present study, anglesite flotation behavior and its surface characteristics have been investigated. The interaction of natural and sulfidized anglesite with potassium amyl xanthate (KAX), Aerofloat and Aerophine have been investigated as a function of concentrations of amyl xanthate, Aerofloat, Aerophine, and sodium sulphide as well as pH through micro-flotation studies. Flotation recovery is affected by pH, collector concentration, and sulfidization degree. Sulfidization reduced the collector consumption roughly 8 times for the collectors studied. At the second stage, the recovery of lead from a zinc leach residue of an oxidic ore was investigated through batch flotation studies. The residue was leached with water before sulfidization to eliminate its soluble compounds. The highest zinc elimination occurred at low pH. At the sulfidization-flotation stage,

the effect of different parameters such as sodium sulfide, KAX, and sodium silicate concentration as well as pH were studied. The lead recovery was significantly affected by the sodium sulfide concentration. The sulfide consumption for the leach residue was 3 times more than that for the pure anglesite. De-sliming and cleaning increased the grade of lead in the concentrate. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Flotation collectors; Froth flotation; Mineral processing; Oxide ores; Waste processing DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus IPCS Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides: Human health aspects (2004) IPCS Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, (61), pp. 140. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.07244220052&partnerID=40&md5=f2f67f58497a9515e8ab7a17019067a1 ABSTRACT: This CICAD on hydrogen cyanide and cyanides (human health aspects) was prepared by Prof. Fina Petrova Simeonova and Dr Lawrence Fishbein, based principally on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry toxicological profile for cyanide (ATSDR, 1997) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives document on cyanogenic glycosides (JECFA, 1993). The source documents and a description of their review processes are presented in Appendix 1. A comprehensive literature search of several online databases was performed in October 2002 to identify any relevant references published subsequent to those cited in the source documents. This CICAD was first discussed at the 10th Final Review Board meeting, held in Monks Wood, United Kingdom, on 16-19 September 2002. Following revision, it was discussed again and approved as an international assessment at the 11th Final Review Board meeting, held in Varna, Bulgaria, on 8-11 September 2003. Participants at the 10th and 11th Final Review Board meetings are listed in Appendices 2 and 3. The drafts discussed at these meetings were peer reviewed before the meetings; information on the peer review process is presented in Appendix 4. The International Chemical Safety Cards on hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, calcium cyanide, cyanogen, cyanogen chloride, acetone cyanohydrin, and potassium ferricyanide, produced by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS, 1999a,b, 2000b, 2001, 2002a,b,c,d), have also been reproduced in this document. Cyanides comprise a wide range of compounds of varying degrees of chemical complexity, all of which contain a CN moiety, to which humans are exposed in gas, liquid, and solid form from a broad range of natural and anthropogenic sources. While many chemical forms of cyanide are used in industrial application or are present in the environment, the cyanide anion CN- is the primary toxic agent, regardless of origin. Hydrogen cyanide is a colourless or pale blue liquid or gas with a faint bitter almond-like odour. Hydrogen cyanide is used primarily in the production of substances such as adiponitrile, methyl methacrylate, chelating agents, cyanuric chloride, methionine and its hydroxylated analogues, and sodium and potassium cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is also used as a fumigant in ships, railroad cars, large buildings, grain silos, and flour mills, as well as in the fumigation of peas and seeds in vacuum chambers. Other cyanides, such as sodium and potassium cyanide, are solid or crystalline hygroscopic salts widely used in ore extracting processes for the recovery of gold and silver, electroplating, case-hardening of steel, base metal flotation, metal degreasing, dyeing, printing, and photography. They are also widely used in the synthesis of organic and inorganic chemicals (e.g., nitriles, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and amines; heavy metal cyanides) and in the production of chelating agents. Anthropogenic sources of cyanide release to

the environment are diverse. Releases to air include chemical manufacturing and processing industries, such as metallurgical industries and metal plating, and extraction of gold and silver from low-grade ores. Other sources include volatilization from cyanide wastes disposed of in landfills and waste ponds, emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, including vehicle emissions, fumigation operations, and the production of coke or other coal carbonization procedures. Hydrogen cyanide is formed during the incomplete combustion of nitrogen-containing polymers, such as certain plastics, polyurethanes, and wool. Hydrogen cyanide is present in cigarette smoke. Non-point sources of cyanide released to water can result from runoff from cyanide-containing anti-caking salts used on roads, migration from landfills, and agricultural and atmospheric fallout and washout. Point sources of releases to water include discharges from gold mining plants, wastewater treatment works, iron and steel production, and organic chemical industries. Principal natural sources of cyanides are over 2000 plant species, including fruits and vegetables, that contain cyanogenic glycosides, which can release cyanide on hydrolysis when ingested. Among them, cassava (tapioca, manioc) and sorghum are staple foods for hundreds of millions of people in many tropical countries. Known cyanogenic glycosides in plants include amygdalin, linamarin, prunasin, dhurrin, lotaustralin, and taxiphyllin. Hydrogen cyanide is released into the atmosphere from natural biogenic processes from higher plants, bacteria, and fungi. In air, cyanide is present as gaseous hydrogen cyanide, with a small amount present in fine dust particles. Cyanides have the potential to be transported over long distances from their respective emission sources. The majority of the population is exposed to very low levels of cyanide in the general environment. There are, however, specific subgroups with higher potential for exposure. These include individuals involved in large-scale processing of cassava and those consuming significant quantities of improperly prepared foods containing cyanogenic glycosides, such as cassava, speciality foods such as apricot pits, and bitter almonds. Other subgroups with greatest potential for exposure include those in the vicinity of accidental or intended releases from point sources, active and passive smokers, and firerelated smoke inhalation victims. Workers may be exposed to cyanides during fumigation operations and the production and use of cyanides in many industrial processes - for example, electroplating, case-hardening of steel, and extraction of gold and silver from ores. Cyanides are well absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract or skin and rapidly absorbed via the respiratory tract. Once absorbed, cyanide is rapidly and ubiquitously distributed throughout the body, although the highest levels are typically found in the liver, lungs, blood, and brain. There is no accumulation of cyanide in the blood or tissues following chronic or repeated exposure. Approximately 80% of absorbed cyanide is metabolized to thiocyanate in the liver by the mitochondrial sulfur transferase enzyme rhodanese and other sulfur transferases. Thiocyanate is excreted in the urine. Minor pathways for cyanide detoxification involve reaction with cystine to produce aminothiazoline- and iminothiazolidinecarboxylic acids and combination with hydroxycobalamin (vitamin B12a) to form cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12); these end-products are also excreted in the urine. The principal features of the toxicity profile for cyanide are its high acute toxicity by all routes of administration, with a very steep and rate-dependent dose-effect curve, and chronic toxicity, probably mediated through the main metabolite and detoxification product, thiocyanate. The toxic effects of cyanide ion in humans and animals are generally similar and are believed to result from inactivation of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration and consequent histotoxic anoxia. The primary targets of cyanide toxicity in humans and animals are the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous

systems. The endocrine system is also a potential target for long-term toxicity, as a function of continued exposure to thiocyanate, which prevents the uptake of iodine in the thyroid and acts as a goitrogenic agent. In humans, whereas slight effects occur at exposure levels of 20-40 mg/m3, 50-60 mg/m3 can be tolerated without immediate or late effects for 20 min to 1 h, 120-150 mg/m3 may lead to death after 0.5-1 h, 150 mg/m3 is likely to be fatal within 30 min, 200 mg/m3 is likely fatal after 10 min, and 300 mg/m3 is immediately fatal. The lowest reported oral lethal dose for humans is 0.54 mg/kg body weight, and the average absorbed dose at the time of death has been estimated at 1.4 mg/kg body weight (calculated as hydrogen cyanide). Sequelae after severe acute intoxications may include neuropsychiatric manifestations and Parkinson-type disease. Cyanide from tobacco smoke has been implicated as a contributing factor in tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Longterm exposure to lower concentrations of cyanide in occupational settings can result in a variety of symptoms related to central nervous system effects. Long-term consumption of cassava containing high levels of cyanogenic glycosides has been associated with tropical ataxic neuropathy, spastic paraparesis, and, in areas with low iodine intake, development of hypothyroidism, goitre, and cretinism. While exposure to cyanide has been crudely estimated to be 15-50 mg/day in endemic areas in some such cases, owing to the limitations of data on exposure and potential impact of confounders such as malnutrition, low protein content of the diet, vitamin deficiencies, and iodine status, the available data do not provide meaningful information on dose-response for cyanide. DOCUMENT TYPE: Review SOURCE: Scopus Pagnanelli, F.a , Furlani, G.a , Valentini, P.a , Vegli, F.b , Toro, L.a Leaching of low-grade manganese ores by using nitric acid and glucose: Optimization of the operating conditions (2004) Hydrometallurgy, 75 (1-4), pp. 157-167. Cited 11 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.07544238481&partnerID=40&md5=cc68f7467f4314ce9d4d60ee86432e41 AFFILIATIONS: Dipartimento di Chimica, Facolt di S.M.F.N., Univ. degli Studi La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Univ. degli Studi di L'Aquila, 67040 Monteluco di Roio, L'Aquila, Italy ABSTRACT: Manganese extraction from low-grade ores was investigated by using glucose as a reducing agent in dilute nitric acid medium. Ore characterisation by X-ray and SEM denoted that manganese is present as a mixed oxide Mn7O 13 (6MnO2MnO) surrounding and joining together aluminosilicate fragments. The effects of temperature, particle size, glucose and nitric acid concentrations were investigated and compared with previous results using H2SO4. The operating conditions of leaching were optimised to obtain maximum manganese extraction and purity by performing sequential factorial designs and evaluating the statistical significance of the different factors by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimised conditions are 90C, stoichiometric nitric acid, -20% below stoichiometric glucose and 295-417 m size fraction. The stoichiometric reagent concentrations were evaluated according to the following reaction assuming all manganese in the ore as Mn(IV): C6H12O6+12MnO2+24H +=6CO2+12Mn2++18H2O Optimised leaching conditions with HNO3 give up to 99% manganese extraction, &lt;0.05% iron dissolution and reduced reagent consumption compared to previous tests using H2SO4. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Glucose; Leaching; Manganese ores; Nitric acid DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

Da Silva, G.a b Relative importance of diffusion and reaction control during the bacterial and ferric sulphate leaching of zinc sulphide (2004) Hydrometallurgy, 73 (3-4), pp. 313-324. Cited 23 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.01942451893&partnerID=40&md5=876c9641a32b24768eed7fb639ec7502 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; BHP Billiton, Newcastle Technology Centre, Vale Street, Shortland, NSW 2308, Australia ABSTRACT: A study has been undertaken on the bacterial and ferric sulphate leaching of sphalerite, with the aim of observing the relative importance of both diffusion and reaction control, across a range of operating conditions. To facilitate this kinetic analysis a mixed-control rate equation was developed based upon the shrinking particle and shrinking core models, featuring both an intrinsic rate of zinc extraction and a product layer diffusion coefficient. The ferric sulphate oxidation of a pure sphalerite sample was first studied, and the process was found to be mainly controlled by surface diffusion, thought to be due to formation of the elemental sulphur product layer. The mesophilic bacterial oxidation of a high-grade zinc ore was studied at 35 C, and the process was observed to be controlled by both chemical reaction and diffusion. However, during the mesophilic bacterial oxidation of a low-grade zinc ore at 25 C, diffusion was found to be rate limiting. It was proposed that this diffusion resistance arises from an unreacted layer of gangue material. 2004 Pubished by Elsevier B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Diffusion; Reaction control; Zinc sulphide DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus El Habaak, G.H. Pan-African skarn deposits related to banded iron formation, Um Nar area, central Eastern Desert, Egypt (2004) Journal of African Earth Sciences, 38 (2), pp. 199-221. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.01342289074&partnerID=40&md5=1437139da3439ca59618431d6c0b7199 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt ABSTRACT: The Neoproterozoic Um Nar banded iron formation (BIF) is hosted in low to medium-grade, dominantly continental to submarine, metamorphosed sedimentary sequence. Geologic, mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion and geochemical studies suggest that Fe-skarns were developed during thermal, low-pressure regional metamorphism of calcareous-rich Neoproterozoic BIF. The skarn zone is identified by the presence of andradite, diopside, amphiboles and epidote, together with variable amounts of magnetite and hematite. Calcite, chlorite and apatite occur also in lesser amounts. Two stages of skarn formation and ore development have been recognized. The early prograde stage dominated by anhydrous minerals, whereas the second (later) stage contains retrograde hydrous minerals. The garnet-pyroxene chemistry, widespread occurrence of epidote and magnetite and the absence of hedenbergite and pyrrhotite suggest that the Um Nar skarns were formed under oxidizing conditions. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the mineralized skarn zone show sloping LREE and flat HREE with positive Eu anomaly. It is indicated that the calc-silicate minerals of the Um Nar skarns developed through water-rock exchange or during infiltration metasomatism from two fluid sources, involving mainly magmatic hydrothermal fluids mixed with surface waters. Fluid inclusions data suggest that the mineralizing

fluids had temperatures ranging from 258 to 524 C and salinities in the range of 8.2-30.2 wt.% NaCl equiv. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formation; Egypt; Fluid inclusions; Lowpressure metamorphism; Pan-African; Skarn DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Akil, A., ifti, H. Effect of sulphur and iron-oxidizing bacteria on metal recovery in leaching of Kure piritic copper ore [Kre piritli bakir cevherinin liinde slfr ve demir oksidasyonu yapan bakterilerin metal kazanimina etkisi] (2003) Yerbilimleri, (28), pp. 145-154. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.01642464876&partnerID=40&md5=fe8f3be0cc40b1c015d72b8ec84f9579 AFFILIATIONS: Suleyman Demirel niversitesi, Muhendislik-Mimarlik Fakltesi, Maden Muhendisligi Blumu, Isparta 32260, Turkey ABSTRACT: Recently, chemical recovery of metallic values from low-grade sulphur-bearing ores or concentrates has been replaced by biological treatment; an important recovery process from the environmental and economical respects. Bioleaching has been utilized in several countries to recover metals from sulphide ores with commercial success. In Turkey, there are also some copper and gold-bearing sulphides appropriate for bioleaching process. In this study, the copper recovery from pyritic copper ores in Kre copper mine is investigated with acidophilic bacteria (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans). As a result of laboratory tests, the highest copper recovery was obtained by Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Approximately 54% copper recovery was determined after 24 days (576 hours) bioleaching tests. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acidophilic bacteria; Bioleaching; Biotechnology; Copper; Environment; Sulphidic ores DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Purwanto, H.a , Jeyadevan, B.a , Takahashi, R.b , Yagi, J.-I.c Recovery of Magnetite from Leached Laterite-residue by Magnetic Separation (2003) ISIJ International, 43 (12), pp. 1919-1926. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.01242352425&partnerID=40&md5=e907df6cb106ade6efdc413e0f448bb3 AFFILIATIONS: Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; Grad. Sch. of Intl. Culture Studies, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan; Inst. Multidisc. Res. for Adv. Mat., Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan ABSTRACT: In order to improve the grade of iron, upgrading of laterite ore was conducted using wet low intensity magnetic separator. The ore was treated through selective reduction followed by sulphuric acid leaching to recover nickel while iron remained in residual solid. The Vibrating Sample Magnetometer measured the magnetic properties of the ore, as a fundamental of magnetic separation. Magnetic separation was carried out using a Davis Tube Tester. The effect of pretreatments on the magnetization and magnetic separation were investigated. The results showed that the ore has similar magnetic property with goethite. The heating of the ore at 673 K did not improve significantly on its properties whether goethite changes to magnetite. However, the reduction treatment increased the magnetic properties of the ore due to the formation of magnetite. The magnetic susceptibilities of the original, heated and reduction treated laterite ores were 2.3610-5,

2.1810 -5 and 2 35710-5 emu/g, respectively. The correlation between magnetite content and magnetization of the magnetic concentrate was showed in a linier equation, which could be used for the prediction of magnetite content in the sample based on its magnetization. Magnetic separation was applied only to recover iron from the laterite ore after being treated by the selective reduction in which magnetite was produced. About 93.9 % of magnetite was upgraded from the laterite ore with 90 % of recovery was obtained. The relatively high iron content in the magnetic concentrate indicated a potential use as raw material for iron making. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ironmaking; Laterite ore; Magnetic separation; Magnetization; Reduction DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Spier, C.A.a , de Oliveira, S.M.B.b , Rosire, C.A.c Geology and geochemistry of the guas Claras and Pico Iron Mines, Quadriltero Ferrfero, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2003) Mineralium Deposita, 38 (6), pp. 751-774. Cited 18 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00141954871&partnerID=40&md5=cd7fdc7e170a2647efbdad05e033cd37 AFFILIATIONS: Mineracoes Brasileiras Reunidas-MBR, Av. de Ligao 3580, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil; Instituto de Geocincias, Cidade Universitra, Universidade de So Paulo, Rua do Lago 562, So Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil ABSTRACT: The guas Claras and Pico Mines are two world-class iron-ore mines hosted within the Lower-Proterozoic banded iron-formations (locally known as itabirites) of the Minas Supergroup located in the Quadriltero Ferrifero district, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The guas Claras orebody consists of a 2,500m-long roughly tabular-shaped lens hosted within the dolomitic itabirite of the Cau Formation. Dolomitic itabirite is the protore of the soft high-grade iron ore, which is the main ore type of the guas Claras orebody, representing about 85% of the 284 Mt mined since 1973, with the remaining 15% comprising hard high-grade ore. Hematite is the main constituent of the iron ores. It occurs as martite, granular hematite and locally as specularite. Magnetite appears subordinately as relicts within martite and hematite crystals. Gangue minerals are very rare. These consist of dolomite, chlorite, talc, and apatite, and are especially common in contact with the protore. This virtual absence of gangue minerals is reflected in the chemistry of ores that are characterized by very high Fe contents (an average of 68.2% Fe). The Pico orebody is a continuous 3,000-m-long body of a lenticular shape hosted within siliceous itabirite, which is the protore of the soft high- and lowgrade ores at the Pico Mine. The soft high-grade ores, together with the lowgrade ores, called iron-rich itabirite, are the main types of ore, and respectively represent approximately 51 and 29% of the reserves. The remaining 20% consists of hard high-grade ore. The iron oxide mineralogy is the same as that of the guas Claras Mine, but in different proportions. Gangue minerals are very rare in the high-grade ores, but are slightly more common in the iron-rich itabirite. Quartz is the dominant gangue mineral, and is found with minor quantities of chlorite. The chemistry of the high-grade ores is characterized by high Fe contents (an average of 67.0%) and low P, Al 2O 3, and SiO 2, which are concentrated in the fines. Iron-rich itabirites average 58.6% Fe and 13.5% SiO 2. The genesis of the soft high-grade ores and iron-rich itabirites is related to supergene processes. Leaching of the gangue minerals by groundwater promoted the residual iron enrichment of the itabirites. This process was favored by the tropical climate and topographic

situation. The original composition of the itabirites and the presence of structures controlling the circulation of the groundwater have influenced the degree of iron enrichment. The hard high-grade ores are of a hypogene origin. Their genesis is attributed to hydrothermal solutions that leached the gangue minerals and filled the spaces with hematite. This process remains a source of debate and is not yet fully understood. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: guas Claras; Banded iron-formation; Iron ore; Itabirite; Pico; Quadriltero Ferrfero DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Shumskaya, L.G., Yusupov, T.S. Chemical processing of low-grade bauxites on the basis of activation grinding. Part I: Development of deferrization method for bauxites of the Bokson deposit (2003) Journal of Mining Science, 39 (5), pp. 508-513. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.03543109720&partnerID=40&md5=92d245301cd73ec0b1a7faeb90f2047d AFFILIATIONS: U. Inst. Geol., Geophys./Mineral., Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation ABSTRACT: The process of leaching iron oxides from bauxites of the Bokson deposit by hydrochloric acid solutions is investigated. It is shown that iron extraction into solution depends considerably on the temperature and concentration of acid. The optimum parameters are established for the production of iron-free concentrates from bauxites, including the use of fine grinding. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid leaching; Activation grinding; Bauxites; Deferrization DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Webb, A.D.a , Dickens, G.R.a b , Oliver, N.H.S.a From banded iron-formation to iron ore: Geochemical and mineralogical constraints from across the Hamersley Province, Western Australia (2003) Chemical Geology, 197 (1-4), pp. 215-251. Cited 29 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00037800329&partnerID=40&md5=f8cc8ee229f494eca2cc7b1439ca07fb AFFILIATIONS: Economic Geology Research Unit, School of Earth Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Department of Earth Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States ABSTRACT: Several major iron ore deposits occur in deformed regions of the Hamersley Province, Western Australia, where banded iron-formation (BIF) of the Dales Gorge Member has been converted to martite and microplaty hematite. The genesis of these high-grade hematite ores remains controversial, in part because no study has systematically documented variations on the chemistry and mineralogy of stratigraphically equivalent rocks from undeformed regions into the deposits. In this study, we examine the powder colour, chemistry and mineralogy of 177 samples of the Dales Gorge Member and surrounding shales from the type section near Wittenoom and the Mt. Whaleback mine near Newman. Profound chemical and mineralogical changes suggest that after early diagenesis, low-grade metamorphism converted clays in black shales to stilpnomelane and talc. Coincident with or following these changes, reduced metamorphic fluids altered phyllosilicates and K-feldspar in these rocks to clinochlore and muscovite around Mt. Whaleback. These metamorphic fluids did not significantly affect BIF. However, subsequent acidic and oxidizing fluids around Mt. Whaleback converted magnetite to martite and dissolved carbonates

and silicates from BIF. In black shales, these fluids also dissolved quartz and converted clinochlore and muscovite to hematite and kaolinite, respectively. Late in the paragenetic sequence, BIF or altered BIF was converted to highly porous high-grade hematite ore by the dissolution of Si, a process not requiring iron addition. Our observations in and around Mt. Whaleback suggest that BIF was oxidized prior to silica removal so we infer that the bulk of this oxidation was related to ore formation. However, regionally, this sequence is probably more complicated because rocks previously described at Mt. Tom Price show a stage involving carbonate replacement of silica prior to oxidation that is not evident at Mt. Whaleback. Also, the oxidation stage could (at least in part) have formed by weathering sometime since the Proterozoic. In any case, (1) no single process can produce all of the altered rocks at Mt. Whaleback, (2) oxidation of magnetite to hematite can occur independently of silica removal or replacement and (3) the main mineralization event postdates metamorphism. A model explaining the differences between these two deposits requires either a local carbonate addition step at Mt. Tom Price, or the complete removal (by oxidation) of previous carbonate-magnetite bearing ore at Mt. Whaleback. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron-formation; Chemistry; Dales Gorge Member; Hamersley Province; Iron ore genesis; Mineralogy DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Miller, D.J. Integration of beneficiation process into iron ore resource utilisation (2003) Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 112 (APRIL), pp. C2-C9. Cited 3 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00042943069&partnerID=40&md5=8ac853756c1626956dfc18a2bdbdf384 AFFILIATIONS: BHP Billiton Iron Ore, PO Box 7122, Cloisters Square Perth, WA 6850, Australia ABSTRACT: This paper describes the technical development of the Newman beneficiation plant over its 23 years of operation and how this development relates to the mine ore reserves of high grade and low grade ore. It also discusses the importance of the beneficiation product grades in the overall blending of shippable products from a range of mines to optimise overall ore resource utilisation. Also discussed is the importance of the ore reserve reconciliations in resource utilisation. Data are provided on the capacity and quality improvement results of the plant upgrade, carried out in 1999. This shows how the original capacity upgrade targets have been exceeded and the additional quality benefits that have been obtained from this capacity. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Beneficiation; Contact ore; Ore reserves; Physical properties; Product grade control DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kamali, M., Mulligan, C.N. Recovery of metals from low-grade ores by Aspergillus niger (2002) Conference Proceedings - Joint 2002 CSCE/ASCE International Conference on Environmental Engineering - An International Perspective on Environmental Engineering, pp. 991-1003. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.023844509571&partnerID=40&md5=19bcce2be40ede7be003921b0a3b3639 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, ER 303-31, Montreal, Que. H3G 1M8, Canada

ABSTRACT: The main concern of this study is to develop a feasible and economical technique to microbially recover metals from oxide low-grade ores. Owing to the significant quantities of metals that are embodied in low grade ores and mining residues, these are considered new sources of metals. On the other hand, they potentially endanger the environment, as the metals they contain may be released to the environment in a hazardous form. Hence, mining industries are seeking an efficient technique to handle these ores. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques are either very expensive, energy intensive or have a negative impact on the environment. For these reasons, biohydrometallurgical techniques are coming into perspective. In this study, by employing Aspergillus niger, the feasibility of recovery of metals from a mining residue is shown. A. niger exhibits good potential in generating a variety of organic acids effective for metal solubilization. Organic acid effectiveness was enhanced when sulphuric acid was added to the medium. Different agricultural wastes such as potato peels were tested. In addition to this, different auxiliary processes were tried in order to either elevate the efficiency or reduce costs. Finally, maximum solubilization of 68%, 46% and 34% were achieved for copper, zinc and nickel, respectively. Also iron codissolution was minimized as only 7% removal occurred. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aspergillus niger; Bioleaching; Heavy metals; Low-grade ores; Mining residues DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Sahoo, R.N., Naik, P.K., Das, S.C. Leaching of manganese from low-grade manganese ore using oxalic acid as reductant in sulphuric acid solution (2001) Hydrometallurgy, 62 (3), pp. 157-163. Cited 42 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00035545670&partnerID=40&md5=3fa0fa6ade5f2528be5a11e78828cdc7 AFFILIATIONS: Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar 751013, Orissa, India ABSTRACT: Leaching studies of low-grade Joda manganese ore containing 24.7% Mn and 28.4% Fe were carried out at high temperature and atmospheric pressure using oxalic acid as reductant in sulphuric acid medium. The experiments were designed according to 24 full factorial design, and regression equations for extraction of manganese, iron and aluminum were determined from the data. All the significant main and interaction effects on extraction of Mn, Fe and Al have positive effect, except oxalic acid concentration and time interaction for extraction of Al. Oxalic acid concentration has strongest effect on extraction of Mn, whereas temperature and time have strongest effect on extraction of Fe and Al, respectively. 98.4% Mn and 8.7% Fe were extracted from -150+105 m ore with 30.6 g/l oxalic acid, 0.543 M sulphuric acid concentration at 85 C in 105 min. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Factorial design and optimization; Leaching; Manganese ore; Oxalic acid DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Sandvik, K.L., Malvik, T. A century of processing of fine-grained ores in Norway (2001) International Mining and Minerals, 3 (47), pp. 3-8. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00035504492&partnerID=40&md5=bd25c8ef98619b5addccc31110d75ae3 AFFILIATIONS: Mineral Processing, Trondheim, Norway ABSTRACT: Norway's largest iron ore deposits have generally been of low grade, ie 33-35% Fe, and of a finite grain size. For most of the nineteenth

century, therefore, large-scale utilisation was out of the question. However, the developments in fine-particle processing and electromagnetic technology that took place after 1870 made the deposits attractive to foreign investors because the supply of direct-smelting ores was limited and the mines at Rana and Sydvaranger became pioneers in the use of fine-particle processing technology. The plants were re-equipped after World War II, and then, in efforts to combat competition from the abundant supplies of direct-smelting ores emanating from, in particular, Brazil and Australia from the 1970s onwards, further expansions of mill capacity and a change to pellet production were followed by specialisation in the production of magnetite for solid-state direct reduction. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Rane, K.S., Verenkar, V.M.S., Sawant, P.Y. Ferrite grade iron oxides from ore rejects (2001) Bulletin of Materials Science, 24 (3), pp. 331-338. Cited 9 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00035365584&partnerID=40&md5=3efcd1e203053e1863d64d977b5eaf0a AFFILIATIONS: Department of Chemistry, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India ABSTRACT: Iron oxyhydroxides and hydroxides were synthesized from chemically beneficiated high SiO2/Al2O3 low-grade iron ore (5749% Fe2O3) rejects and heated to get iron oxides of 96-9973% purity. The infrared band positions, isothermal weight loss and thermogravimetric and chemical analysis established the chemical formulas of iron-oxyhydroxides as -FeOOH03H2O; FeOOH02H2O and amorphous FeOOH. The thermal products of all these were Fe2O3 excepting that of -FeOOH03H2O which gave mainly -Fe2O3 and some admixture of -Fe2O3. The hydrazinated iron hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, on the other hand, decomposed autocatalytically to mainly -Fe2O3. Hydrazine method modifies the thermal decomposition path of the hydroxides. The saturation magnetization, Js, values were found to be in the range 60-71 emu g-1 which are close to the reported values for -Fe2O3. Mechanism of the Fe2O3 formation by hydrazine method is discussed. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chemical beneficiation; Ferrite; Iron hydroxide; Iron oxyhydroxide; Ore rejects DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Vasan, S.S., Modak, J.M., Natarajan, K.A. Some recent advances in the bioprocessing of bauxite (2001) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 62 (1-4), pp. 173-186. Cited 16 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00035341247&partnerID=40&md5=bc467f3b12cdbb8f8d248242c8f3a8e4 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India ABSTRACT: This paper describes some of the important microbiological and engineering challenges in scaling up biobeneficiation of bauxite. A soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa was recently shown to selectively remove calcium and iron impurities from low grade bauxite (< 50% A1), for abrasive and refractory applications, respectively. An industrial scale formulation of Bromfield medium (called ISF-2), based on cane sugar and tap/mine water, is developed to successfully culture P. polymyxa under septic conditions. The culture is found to be efficient in removing calcium from bauxite ore, carried out as cascade operations in total recycle slurry reactors. In cascade leaching experiments with pre-grown culture, calcium removal was observed to occur solely by indirect mechanism in an initial rapid phase

lasting few minutes, followed by a gradual phase comprising of direct attack as well as indirect mechanisms. An alternative mechanism of indirect leaching is proposed based on solubilisation of accessible calcium in the culture metabolite, up to a saturation solubility limit. The saturation solubility theory gives an explanation for the need to perform cascade experiments, and also successfully predicts the possibility of pulse leaching experiments. Some of these recent advances are likely to enable successful commercialisation of bauxite biobeneficiation. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bauxite; Biobeneficiation; Bioleaching; Bromfield medium; Cascade; Paenibacillus polymyxa; Solubilisation mechanism; Solubility limit DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Schnell, H.A., Corpus, E. Cluff Lake mill operations- A historical review (2000) CIM Bulletin, 93 (1045), pp. 81-88. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00034473049&partnerID=40&md5=813d73acda6043e63e6478d176e22452 AFFILIATIONS: Cogema Resources Inc., Saskatoon, Saskathcewan, Canada ABSTRACT: The Cluff Lake operation (Fig. 1) started uranium production in 1980 and has produced over 50 million pounds of uranium concentrate since that time. The plant started with high-grade ore (+30% U) processing and went through a series of modifications to its present operating status: Phase 1 High-grade ore (+30% U) processing with acid leach and iron cake precipitation followed by direct yellowcake precipitation. Lower-grade ore was concentrated in a gravity circuit to +30% U. Phase 1 1/2 - Reprocessing the Phase 1 gravity tails (+1% U) in an acid leach circuit with solvent extraction purification prior to yellowcake precipitation. Reprocessing of the Phase 1 leach tails (58 g/t Au) to recover gold in a cyanide/CIP circuit followed by additional uranium recovery, destruction and recycling of cyanide by volatilization. Phase 2 - Lower-grade ore (0.5% to 1% U) at an increased tonnage with an acid leach, CCD, SX circuit as is found in the existing plant. This paper will review the various processing circuits used during the phases of Cluff Lake mill's first uranium production to its present operation. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: "D" orebody; Acid-leaching; Cluff Lake mill; Cyanide volatilization; Gold; High-grade ore; Low-grade ore; Processing cicuits; Uranium DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Klein, C.a , Ladeira, E.A.b c Geochemistry and petrology of some Proterozoic banded iron-formations of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2000) Economic Geology, 95 (2), pp. 405-427. Cited 30 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00034033228&partnerID=40&md5=b7af0a1dd98a28d3dfe768fbf0aee0ec AFFILIATIONS: Dept. of Earth and Planet. Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Instituto de Geocincias, Museu de Histria Natural, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Rua Muzambinho, 355, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ABSTRACT: This study presents detailed geochemical and petrologic data for 16 samples collected from four different iron-formations in the Early Proterozoic Minas Supergroup of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero. These banded

iron-formation samples represent the best preserved, unweathered, and least altered iron-formation precursors to the major hematite-rich ore deposits of the region. Since the 17th century, the Quadrilatero Ferrifero has been recognized as a major gold- and iron-rich province, which has resulted in it being the best-studied Precambrian region in Brazil. The banded ironformations, locally known as itabirites, and associated rocks, including dolomites, all are part of the Proterozoic Minas Supergroup with a minimum Pb/Pb age determined on the dolomites of 2.4 Ga. The samples were obtained from fresh outcrops in the field, from fresh exposures in open pit mines or from deep diamond drill cores in four localities: the Santuario da Serra da Piedade, and the open pit iron ore mines of Pico do Itabirito, Aguas Claras, and Mutuca. All these have hematite as the only or principal iron oxide; maghemite was found in only one sample. This is in contrast to the common occurrence of magnetite as a major iron oxide in many Archean and Early Proterozoic iron-formations. Although all four localities have been affected by low-grade metamorphism and complex tectonics, none of the assemblages studied show any metamorphic reaction between the oxides and quartz, or between the oxides and carbonates and/or quartz to form metamorphic iron-rich silicates. All of the samples studied (except one that contains maghemite) consist of quartz-hematite, quartz-hematite-carbonate, or hematite-carbonate. It is unknown whether all or only part of the hematite represents a primary phase. In view of the deep lateritic conditions in much of Brazil it is likely that not all of the hematite reflects a primary Fe 3+-rich oxide or hydroxide phase, but that some of the hematite is a secondary oxidation product. The overall major oxide bulk chemistry of these four iron-formations is very similar to that of most Archean and Proterozoic iron-formations studied except with respect to their very high Fe 2O 3 (due to hematite) and correspondingly very low FeO contents. Many of the REE patterns of the ironformation samples show a considerable depletion in light REE, a small negative Ce anomaly and a positive Eu anomaly. Such positive Eu anomalies are common in most Archean and Proterozoic iron-formations and are considered to reflect the result of deep-ocean hydrothermal input into an otherwise highly seawater-dominated systems. Such a hydrothermal origin is corroborated when the sum of the REE is plotted against Co + Ni + Cu with the resulting data points clustering in the hydrothermal deposits for metalliferous ocean bottom sediments. The carbon isotope compositions of the carbonate-containing ironformations range from 13C of -1.055 to -5.083, which coincides with a range of values for other Proterozoic iron-formations of South Africa (Kuruman iron-formation sequence). DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mertins, E. Iron ore concentration [Die Sortierung von Eisenerzen] (2000) Aufbereitungs-Technik/Mineral Processing, 41 (6), pp. 259-270. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00033690026&partnerID=40&md5=1abaab5457d97e7c95071dd58aa00236 AFFILIATIONS: Res. Ctr. for Iron Ore Beneficiation, Liebenburg, Germany ABSTRACT: Worldwide more than 1 000 m tonnes of iron ore are mined each year. Prior to smelting in the blast furnace or use in direct reduction operations, these ores have to be processed by methods of varying complexity. To produce sinterfeed, the as-mined ore is crushed, classified, deslimed and dewatered at preparation plants, some of which process up to 50 million t per year of high-grade ore containing >60 percent by weight iron per year. The ore is concentrated if it is low in iron or contains components that are detrimental to smelting and the subsequent steel-making process such as phosphorus,

alkalis and sulphur. Depending on the original material, gravimetric methods, magnetic separation and flotation can be used to concentrate the ore. The article provides a brief explanation of the individual processes, discusses the techniques for the concentration of different ore types and examines the quality requirements laid down by the steel industry. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Tang, H., Zhang, S., Guo, X., Du, B. Magnetic concentration of Mn and Fe in manganese-containing low grade iron ore (1999) Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 21 (4), pp. 327-330. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.077949769384&partnerID=40&md5=0bbf1c1be4feb806f2d0e45ebb5b2141 AFFILIATIONS: Metallurgy School, UST Beijing, Beijing 100083, China ABSTRACT: The microstructure of the carbon-containing pellet of manganesecontaining iron ore after direct reduction has been studied. On the basis of the microstructure, two kinds of magnetic separation experiments were conducted: the wet and the dry. The result shows: The dry magnetic separation is suitable to concentrate iron. The best iron grade of the magnetic concentrate could reach 82%; The wet magnetic separation is suitable to concentrate manganese. The quality of the nonmagnetic concentrate could meet the requirement of metallurgy industry. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Direct reduction; Lean ore/iron manganese ore; Magnetic separation DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Chernet, T. Mineralogical and textural constraints on mineral processing of the Koivusaarenneva ilmenite ore, Klvi, western Finland (1999) International Journal of Mineral Processing, 57 (2), pp. 153-165. Cited 5 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00032824933&partnerID=40&md5=9757e2f52b6fffbee99ff8b16b2c7606 AFFILIATIONS: Geological Survey of Finland, FIN-02151, Espoo, Finland ABSTRACT: Mineralogical studies and laboratory tests were conducted on the Klvi ilmenite ore sample to determine its performance at various mineral processing stages. Mineral separation procedures were designed on the basis of the physical and chemical properties, grain sizes, the relative proportions, compositions, and textures of the minerals. Laboratory tests confirmed that these factors affect the separation process, grade and recovery of the products. The ore sample studied is composed mainly of ilmenite, magnetite, plagioclase, hornblende and sulphides in varying proportions. The ore minerals rarely exceed 1 mm in diameter. The grain boundary relationships are generally simple, but one phase may occur as inclusions in the other, commonly ilmenite in hornblende. The sample contains about 23% ilmenite (12% TiO2). However, the recoverable ilmenite is only about 19% (10% TiO2), due to the ilmenite inclusions and exsolutions in silicates and magnetite, and due to the TiO2 bound in solid solution in these minerals. Microscopical observation revealed that the middling particles are usually plagioclase and ilmenite, and that the slime is mainly composed of hornblende and ilmenite. Hornblende tends to float with ilmenite probably because it is an iron-rich mineral and contains ilmenite and magnetite inclusions. Depressing hornblende in flotation resulted in low recovery of ilmenite. A high intensity magnetic separator (HIMS) was therefore used and

an ilmenite preconcentrate was produced by removing large amounts of hornblende, sulphides, other gangue minerals, and slime. Flotation after HIMS resulted in high recovery of ilmenite with a TiO2 content of commercial grade (44-45.6%). Taking into account the unrecoverable ilmenite (about 17%), 72.775% recovery in laboratory batch tests, which corresponds to about 87.8-90% of the recoverable ilmenite is acceptable. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Flotation; Grinding; Ilmenite; Klvi; Magnetic separations; Textural constraints DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Youssef, M.A.a , Morsi, M.B.b Reduction roast and magnetic separation of oxidized iron ores for the production of blast furnace feed (1998) Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 37 (5), pp. 419-428. Cited 5 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00032305538&partnerID=40&md5=c3213b007feb1ed11387b41dea06f543 AFFILIATIONS: Mineral Processing Laboratory, Ctrl. Metall. R. and D. Institute, P.O. Box 87 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; Pyrometallurgical Laboratory, Ctrl. Metall. R. and D. Institute, P.O. Box 87 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT: Low grade oolitic iron ore from the Aswan locality, assaying 45.23% Fe and 23.93% insoluble residue, was tested for concentration using reduction roasting and subsequent low intensity magnetic separation for the production of blast furnace feed. The ore is a low grade, high phosphorus, and high alumina oolitic hematite. Fine grinding of the ore was found to be imperative due to the fine dissemination characteristics of the ore. The application of reduction roasting-low intensity magnetic separation process for high grade concentrate production and minimum hot metal costs was investigated. The studies included the use of gaseous reductants such as H2 or CO, and the different parameters affecting the process were verified. Optimization of the process was demonstrated on a bench scale. Quality magnetic concentrates assaying 59.6% FE with recoveries of about 90% were obtained from a run of mine ore assaying 45.23% Fe. 1998 Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Holland-Batt, A.B. Gravity separation: A revitalized technology (1998) Mining Engineering, 50 (9), pp. 43-48. Cited 5 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00032162758&partnerID=40&md5=01b05c5db902db0401b5edc0e0aaf29e AFFILIATIONS: Hazen Research, 4601 Indiana St., Golden, CO 80403, United States ABSTRACT: The coverage that can be achieved in a brief article is necessarily limited. The emphasis has been placed on new or upgraded technologies. From the evidence, gravity separation is in a healthier state than at any time in the past 70 years. Mine operators increasingly have to contend with low-grade and difficult ores, and a new generation of high performance separators is already available to assist them in this task. Research efforts underway will provide improved and more reliable models of the complex phenomena underlying apparently simple concentration processes. These models will enable designers and manufacturers to build separators that are better suited to the feedstocks of the future. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

Du Plessis, G.a , Jonck, G.J.b , Kruger, R.a Potential low-grade iron ore deposits in metamorphosed banded iron formations, Northern Province, South Africa (1997) Mineralium Deposita, 32 (4), pp. 362-370. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00030831487&partnerID=40&md5=78b85e9bd067adb1b91d768a4e908189 AFFILIATIONS: Geol., Iron Ore Business, Iscor Ltd., PO Box 450, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Pilot Plant, Iscor Ltd., PO Box 450, Pretoria 0001, South Africa ABSTRACT: Exploitation of low-grade iron ore would be quite unique in a South African context as South Africa is well endowed with high-grade iron ore resources. Low-grade iron ore, defined as containing between 20 and 47% iron, is thought to be the primary iron-bearing lithology from which most highgrade ore deposits formed, through different processes of enrichment. The low-grade iron ores in the Northern Province represent meta-banded iron formations (BIFs), with an average iron content of about 36%. The main ironbearing mineral is magnetite. The Northern Province ores have to be milled to sizes smaller than 150 m in order to liberate the iron minerals from the host rock, and beneficiation is accomplished through a series of magnetic separation processes. Irrespective of the in situ quality of the ore, final concentrates of exceptionally good quality with more than 69% iron and very low contaminant levels can be produced. This, combined with mass yields of between 40 and 50% and iron recoveries greater than 80%, are excellent for this type of iron ore deposit. The beneficiation products are suitable for use in iron- and steel-making processes. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Xiong, Da-He Development and commercial test of slon-2000 vertical ring and pulsating high-gradient magnetic separator (1997) Magnetic and Electrical Separation, 8 (2), pp. 89-100. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00030821090&partnerID=40&md5=f7b0ad6686fde889a22da94764773c0c AFFILIATIONS: Ganzhou Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Research Inst, Ganzhou, China ABSTRACT: Slon-2000 vertical ring and pulsating high-gradient magnetic separator is an efficient industrial equipment for processing weakly magnetic minerals. It has been recently developed at the Ganzhou Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Research Institute. A six-month commercial testwork to process low-grade hematite ore was completed in Chong Changeling Mineral Processing Plant in 1995. Compared with WHIMS-2000 wet high-intensity magnetic separator, the grade of the concentrate is by 7.21% higher the grade of the tailings lower by 5.41% and the iron recovery higher by 7.36%. Particularly, the matrix is always clean so that the matrix clogging usual in the WHIMS2000 machine has been overcome. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kulik, D.A.a , Chernovsky, M.I.b Fractal properties of multi-order folding as a tool for exploration of lowgrade banded iron ores in the Krivoy Rog basin (Ukraine) (1996) International Journal of Earth Sciences, 85 (1), pp. 3-11. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.053349175796&partnerID=40&md5=1e05ab74945ca1b003b52be48011ac33 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Metallogeny, State Scientific Centre for Environmental Radiogeochemistry, 34 Palladin Prosp., UA-252680 Kyiv, Ukraine;

Geological Department, Mining-Ore Deposit Institute, UA-324027 Krivoy Rog, Ukraine ABSTRACT: The low-grade Palaeoproterozoic stratabound banded iron ores of the Krivoy Rog basin (Ukraine) underwent strong tectonometamorphic deformation into superimposed folds of several orders, with amplitudes from centimetres to hundreds of metres. The across-strike sections of bed surfaces defining the low-grade ore bodies resemble self-similar fractal curves; hence, a fractal geometrical model was developed in order to quantify the complexity and sinuosity of bed contours. Two different methods of measurement (polygonal approximation and two-dimensional grid cell counting) were used for 5-8 different scales. Factual similarity dimension D and other model parameters have been estimated by means of linear regression and compared for both measurement methods. From the fractal model a sinuosity coefficient of contours of the folded bed surfaces Ks and a coeffcient of degree of exploration of iron ore bodies Ke were constructed. It is pointed out that parameters of the model can be used for determination of the optimal exploration length scales. Springer-Verlag 1996. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formations; Fractal geometry; Iron ores; Prospecting and exploration; Structural geology DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Nasr, M.I., Youssef, M.A. Optimization of magnetizing reduction and magnetic separation of iron ores by experimental design (1996) ISIJ International, 36 (6), pp. 631-639. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00030367444&partnerID=40&md5=7dd5c355f24aff86ed4b38cfd90b0674 AFFILIATIONS: Central Metallurgical Research, Development Institute, CMRDI, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT: An experimental design of magnetizing reduction and magnetic separation of Egyptian low grade iron ore has been conducted using a data developed from applying the conventional single-factor experimentation in order to get the real optimum conditions of the processing. A model has been developed for magnetizing reduction to describe the relationship between the extent of reduction and the reduction temperature, time and reducing gas flow rate, whereas another model for magnetic separation process was deduced correlating the ore size and reduction time to the iron recovery in the magnetic concentrate. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Experimental design; Factorial design; Gaseous reduction; Iron ores; Magnetic separation; Magnetizing reduction DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Slimane, R.B.a b , Stuart, R.W.a , Hepworth, M.T.a Preparation and testing of value-added sulfur sorbent pellets from in situ mined Minnesota manganese deposits (1996) Energy and Fuels, 10 (6), pp. 1250-1256. Cited 2 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00030283375&partnerID=40&md5=6953bb6d1f5b67413826560937e44eff AFFILIATIONS: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455-0220, United States; Institute of Gas Technology, 1700 S. Mount Prospect Rd., Des Plaines, IL 60018, United States ABSTRACT: The U.S. Bureau of Mines is developing an in situ leach mining process that would selectively extract manganese from low-grade oxide ores in the Cuyuna range deposits of central Minnesota. Aqueous sulfur dioxide

solutions are used to leach the manganese contained in core samples, and the resulting sulfate stream contains about 28 g of Mn/L. The practical feasibility of manganese recovery by oxidation and selective precipitation of iron (major impurity) from the leach solution, followed by manganese precipitation in the form of carbonate, was established. To ensure the economic feasibility of this advanced mining process, it would be desirable to develop a manganese-based product having a potential market value of at least $1.00/lb. Such potential exists in the area of a regenerable sorbent for the desulfurization of coal-derived fuel gases at high temperatures (&gt;500 C). For these reasons, a number of pellet formulations consisting of the manganese carbonate product, alundum, and bentonite are prepared and subjected to screening tests in a thermogravimetric apparatus. The effectiveness (in terms of sulfur capacity, extent of reaction, and kinetics) of these pellet formulations in removing sulfur from hot H2S-H2 gas mixtures is evaluated and then compared to that of a leading Mn-based sulfur sorbent. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Lottermoser, B.G., Ashley, P.M. Geochemistry and exploration significance of ironstones and barite-rich rocks in the Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup, Olary Block, South Australia (1996) Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 57 (1-3), pp. 57-73. Cited 16 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00030427189&partnerID=40&md5=c725d09bab92cac5181bd93afb94af12 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia ABSTRACT: The Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup in the Olary Block, South Australia, contains a number of occurrences of ironstones and barite-rich rocks. The barite-rich rocks are present as lenticular horizons, which grade laterally and vertically into quartz-magnetite hematite and magnetitehematite rich iron-formations with enclosing quartz-albite rocks. The stacking of these iron-formations and barite-rich rocks are interpreted as facies changes in the original sedimentary environment, competing volcanogenic and chemical sedimentation and multiple hydrothermal fluid events resulting in the deposition of different hydrothermal products. Epigenetic ironstones may have formed by replacement of iron-formations and associated rocks due to oxidizing, saline hydrothermal fluids causing Fe3+, Cu and Au remobilization during and/or after prograde metamorphism. Bariterich rocks, ironstones and iron-formations are characterized by exceptionally low Pb and Zn values, however, scattered elevated Cu and Au concentrations point to a potential for stratabound Cu-Au mineralization. Localized manganiferous iron-formations are characterized by the presence of Fe-Mn garnet, F-apatite, Mn-grunerite and Mn-fayalite and elevated concentrations of As, Au, Mn, P, U and Zn. They represent pure chemical precipitates from high-temperature hydrothermal fluids and thus have mineralogical and geochemical characteristics similar to those of banded iron-formations associated with stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag sulfides in the adjacent Broken Hill Block. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Australia; Barite; Exploration; Geochemistry; Ironformations; Proterozoic DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Amer, A.M.a , Ibrahim, I.A.b Leaching of a low grade Egyptian chromite ore (1996) Hydrometallurgy, 43 (1-3), pp. 307-316. Cited 13 times.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00030286413&partnerID=40&md5=cb3838015f8990939a1acc50e095df8a AFFILIATIONS: Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; Ctrl. Metallurgical RandD Institute, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT: Hydrometallurgical processing of low grade chromite (Barramiya, Egypt) is attained through leaching with sodium hydroxide of mechanically activated chromite ores under relatively high temperature (240C) in the presence of oxygen pressure (10 bar). The effects of temperature, grinding time, leaching time and oxygen partial pressure on chromium extraction were studied. The residual black sludge has a high iron content and nearly negligible chromium and sodium contents, which minimize disposal problems. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Kulik, D.A.a , Chernovsky, M.I.b Fractal properties of multi-order folding as a tool for exploration of lowgrade banded iron ores in the Krivoy Rog basin (Ukraine) (1996) Geologische Rundschau, 85 (1), pp. 3-11. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.03342946929&partnerID=40&md5=29243b78e28c728c34f18f60205369f2 AFFILIATIONS: Department of Metallogeny, State Sci. Ctr. Environ. R., 34 Palladin Prosp., UA-252680 Kyiv, Ukraine; Geological Department, Mining-Ore Deposit Institute, UA-324027 Krivoy Rog, Ukraine ABSTRACT: The low-grade Palaeoproterozoic strata-bound banded iron ores of the Krivoy Rog basin (Ukraine) underwent strong tectonometamorphic deformation into superimposed folds of several orders, with amplitudes from centimetres to hundreds of metres. The across-strike sections of bed surfaces defining the low-grade ore bodies resemble self-similar fractal curves; hence, a fractal geometrical model was developed in order to quantify the complexity and sinuosity of bed contours. Two different methods of measurement (polygonal approximation and two-dimensional grid cell counting) were used for 5-8 different scales. Factual similarity dimension D and other model parameters have been estimated by means of linear regression and compared for both measurement methods. From the fractal model a sinuosity coefficient of contours of the folded bed surfaces K5 and a coeffcient of degree of exploration of iron ore bodies Ke were constructed. It is pointed out that parameters of the model can be used for determination of the optimal exploration length scales. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Banded iron formations; Fractal geometry; Iron ores; Prospecting and exploration; Structural geology DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Donati, E., Pogliani, C., Curutchet, G. Copper recovery from Argentinian ores by bioleaching with thiobacillus ferrooxidans [Recuperacion de cobre de minerales argentinos por biolixiviacion con thiobacillus ferrooxidans] (1996) Informacion Tecnologica, 7 (2), pp. 121-124. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00029754377&partnerID=40&md5=804e330e7f93714fc39b0eeb249e9d50 AFFILIATIONS: Univ Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina ABSTRACT: The possibility of copper recovery of three argentinian low-grade ores -with and without iron added- by bioleaching with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, has been studied. After 30 days, the percentages of extraction were 16, 43 and 73% in systems without iron added for ores from Las Aguilas,

Bajo La Alumbrera and Pachon respectively. There was no copper extraction in sterile system for Las Aguilas ore while 15 and 19 were the percentages of copper extraction in sterile systems for Bajo La Alumbrera and Pachon, respectively. The addition of iron was only effective for the copper extraction in Las Aguilas bioleaching, in which 57% extraction was reached. In the sterile system there was no copper extraction. These copper recoveries can be correlated with the mineralogical species of copper which are present in the different ores. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Marabini, A.M., Belardi, G., Spaziani, E. Beneficiation of talc from the Valmalenco mine, Italy (1995) Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 12 (3), pp. 143-148. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00029354954&partnerID=40&md5=12de216bad24dd2f6d12823c8f7dbcb5 AFFILIATIONS: Instituto per il Trattamento Dei, Minerali, Rome, Italy ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to investigate the possible application of integrated circuits to the concentration of talc from the Valmalenco mine, located in northern Italy. The investigation was aimed at producing a high-grade product (low in impurities such as iron and carbonate) that would be suitable for industrial applications. Because of the presence of accessory minerals, the talc concentrate from this ore is not, at the present time, suitable for industrial applications. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Batarseh, Kareem I., Stiller, Alfred H. Modeling the role of bacteria in leaching of low-grade ores (1994) AIChE Journal, 40 (10), pp. 1741-1756. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00028518268&partnerID=40&md5=09d1ac609c2656a810eb3903e0a33578 AFFILIATIONS: West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, United States ABSTRACT: A robustious structural model is developed to describe the role of bacteria in the leaching process of low-grade ores under conditions controlled by intraparticle diffusion. The main impetus behind developing this model is to provide an insight into such systems, together with a suitable framework for interpreting experimental data. The model is derived in detail with respect to reaction chemistry and the role of bacteria in catalyzing these reactions, specifically the synergism of chemistry, physics and biology in determining the overall behavior of the system. The model is used to simulate the atmospheric oxidation of iron disulfide contained in porous solids in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (T. ferrooxidans). The experimental data are predicted well by the model, which demonstrates its applicability and supports the view that the rate of intraparticle diffusion is the controlling mechanism for this system. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Schmidt, P.W., Clark, D.A. Palaeomagnetism and magnetic anisotropy of Proterozoic banded-iron formations and iron ores of the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia (1994) Precambrian Research, 69 (1-4), pp. 133-155. Cited 20 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00028595092&partnerID=40&md5=a241cc8833771770f197afe397d6fd52 AFFILIATIONS: CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining, P.O. Box 136, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia

ABSTRACT: Rock magnetic properties and palaeomagnetism of weakly metamorphosed banded-iron formations (BIFs) of the Palaeoproterozoic Hamersley Group, Western Australia, and Proterozoic BIF-derived iron ores have been investigated. The BIF units sampled here are slightly younger than 2500 Ma. At Paraburdoo, Mount Tom Price and Mount Newman iron ore formation was completed before 1850 Ma. Sampling was mainly from the Mount Tom Price and Paraburdoo mining areas and for the first time a palaeomagnetic fold test on fresh (unweathered and unaltered) BIF samples has allowed the nature of the remanence of the BIFs to be defined. The remanence of the BIFs is carried by late diagenetic/low-grade metamorphic magnetite after primary haematite. This remanence is pre-folding and is unlikely to be greatly affected by the high anisotropy because the palaeofield inclination was demonstrably low. Determination of palaeofield directions from measured remanence directions is complicated by self-demagnetization effects in strongly magnetic, highly anisotropic BIF specimens. We present a method for correcting measured directions for the effects of self-demagnetization and anisotropy. For typical BIFs, the effect of magnetic anisotropy on measured remanence inclinations and inferred palaeolatitudes is minor for low palaeolatitudes, but can lead to large errors in calculated palaeopoles for intermediate to moderately steep palaeolatitudes. Anisotropy also causes cones of confidence to be underestimated, due to compression of the range of inclinations. In principle, deflection of post-folding remanence towards the bedding plane by high magnetic anisotropy can produce an apparent syn-folding signature, with best agreement between directions from different fold limbs after partial unfolding. Thus high anisotropy cannot only bias estimated palaeofield directions and cause underestimation of errors, but can also mislead interpretation of the time of remanence acquisition. The anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) probably yields an upper limit to the anisotropy of the chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) carried by the BIFs. Therefore, from the anisotropy of ARM, a maximum inclination deflection of 9 is suggested for the sampled BIFs. This corresponds to less than 5 change of palaeolatitude. The palaeomagnetic pole position calculated for BIFs at Paraburdoo is 40.9S, 225.0E (dp=2.9, dm=5.8) after tilt correction, but without correction for anisotropy. Other pole positions reported include that from flat-lying BIFs from Wittenoom at 36.4S, 218.9E (dp=4.6, dm=9.1), from Mount Tom Price iron ore at 37.4S, 220.3E (dp=5.7, dm=11.3) and from Paraburdoo ore at 36.4S, 209.9E (dp=4.7, dm=8.8). The poles from the BIFs, the Paraburdoo ore and the part of the Tom Price deposit that was sampled in this study are indistinguishable from each other and from the Mount Jope Volcanics overprint pole. The magnetization of the BIFs was probably acquired during burial metamorphism of the Hamersley Group, soon before the main folding and uplift event in the southern part of the Hamersley Province. This tectonic event exposed magnetite-rich BIFs to near-surface oxidizing conditions, producing extensive martite-goethite orebodies and also appears to have produced the syn-folding overprint magnetization recorded by the Mount Jope Volcanics of the underlying Fortescue Group. Ages of magnetization are tentatively interpreted as 2200100 Ma for the BIFs, 2000100 Ma for the supergene enrichment of BIF to martite-goethite ore, recorded by the Parabudoo and Mount Tom Price orebodies, and 1950100 Ma for the metamorphic martite-microplaty haematite ore, recorded as an overprint by the Tom Price orebody and as the only surviving magnetization of the Mount Newman orebody. 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Mcke, A.a , Annor, A.b

Examples and genetic significance of the formation of iron oxides in the Nigerian banded iron-formations (1993) Mineralium Deposita, 28 (2), pp. 136-145. Cited 13 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00027505198&partnerID=40&md5=e4e51887825253fc1ada8cbc8da7bb17 AFFILIATIONS: Mineralogisch-Petrologisches Institut der Georg-AugustUniversitt Gttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, Gttingen, W-3400, Germany; Department of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria ABSTRACT: Ore microscopic studies reveal two main parageneses in the banded iron-formations of Nigeria. In the low-grade metamorphic schist belts of northern Nigeria, a magnetitic paragenesis comprising magnetite, silicates (grunerite and garnet), and quartz is developed. Magnetite which sometimes contains carbonate inclusions is markedly martitized. In contrast, the higher-grade metamorphic terrains of central Nigeria exhibit a different paragenesis consisting of hematite (including specularite) and quartz. Here, minerals of the magnetitic paragenesis only occur as relics. The protolith of these banded iron-formation occurrences envisioned as carbonate-containing sediments, with high concentrations of Fe and Si, and lower contents of Ca, Mg, Al (and also Mn where they are associated with gondite) underwent both submarine weathering and metamorphic changes in their evolution. During submarine weathering, sheet silicates and porphyroblasts of Fe-Mn-(Mg-Ca)carbonate solid solutions, were formed. At the outset of a regional metamorphic episode, grunerite, garnet and porphyroblastic magnetite were developed. Magnetite formed at the expense of carbonate and sheetsilicates but was later martitized under post-metamorphic conditions. In the course of a later heterogeneous tectono-metamorphic event, martitized magnetite was transformed as follows: under low-grade metamorphism, as observed in the northern Nigerian schist belts, recrystallization into coarse-grained martite occurred, while at the higher grades of metamorphism in central Nigeria, recrystallization into hematite and, ultimately, specularite, took place. This relationship between magnetite and hematite has also been observed in many other banded iron-formations from different parts of the world, thus underscoring its widespread significance. Magnetite crystallizes first at the expense of carbonate and silicate minerals and hematite is subsequently derived from it directly or generally through martitization. This metamorphic phenomenon contradicts the common assumption that magnetite and hematite in banded iron-formations are invariably the products of direct precipitation from solution, in response to changes in environmental Eh/pH or different (reducing/oxidizing) diagenetic alterations of precipitated ferric hydroxide. 1993 Springer-Verlag. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Harvey, T.J., Yen, W.T., Paterson, J.G. Selective zinc extraction from complex copper/zinc sulphide concentrates by pressure oxidation (1992) Minerals Engineering, 5 (9), pp. 975-992. Cited 4 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.038249009431&partnerID=40&md5=792c8e7bdaf297718d80b11aecac9ee1 AFFILIATIONS: Queen's University, Mining Engineering Department, Goodwin Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada ABSTRACT: Currently the world demand for non-ferrous metals can still be met by simple ores treated in a conventional manner. However, mineral resources are finite and as these reserves become depleted, attention must be focused on utilizing the more complex sulphide deposits. Frequently complex sulphide ores exhibit poor metallurgical response to conventional froth flotation.

Since hydrometallurgical processes can tolerate lower metal grades and higher impurity levels than can conventional pyrometallurgical processes, treatment of bulk flotation concentrates is conducive to hydrometallurgical methods. The application of bulk flotation results in a simplified milling flowsheet and is capable of producing higher metal recoveries and revenues with respect to conventional smelter contracts. The primary objective was to develop hydrometallurgical process conditions which would enable selective pressure leaching of copper/zinc bulk flotation concentrates to extract zinc producing a zinc electrolytic solution. The upgraded leach residue containing the unreacted copper sulphide and precious metals would be treatable by conventional copper smelting. Zinc was selectively extracted from several complex Cu/Zn concentrates by utilizing various combinations of temperature and oxygen concentration in the pressure leaching process. A bulk concentrate grading 12.2% Cu, 3.8% Pb, 22.2% Zn, 1.4 g/t Au and 184 g/t Ag was pressure leached at 210C with a 50% oxygen concentration at an over-pressure of 689 KPa with a retention time of 180 minutes. Extractions of zinc, and copper from the concentrate were 99%, and 0.32% respectively. The grade of the residue produced was approximately: 26% copper, 8.8% lead, 0.5% zinc, 435 g/t silver, 3.5 g/t gold and 42% iron. Similar results were also obtained from two bulk concentrates of different ore deposits. 1992. AUTHOR KEYWORDS: chalcopyrite; extraction; hydrometallurgical; Oxidation; oxygen concentration; pyrite; pyrometallurgical; selective dissoluion; sphalerite DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Pretorius, A.I., Van Reenen, D.D., Barton Jr, J.M. BIF-hosted gold mineralization at the Fumani mine, Sutherland greenstone belt, South Africa (1988) South African Journal of Geology, 91 (4), pp. 429-438. Cited 5 times. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00024223275&partnerID=40&md5=6e37823d26d6408c0e1e7415f932c249 AFFILIATIONS: Dept of Geology, Rand Afrikaans Univ, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2000, Republic of South Africa ABSTRACT: The Fumani gold mine is situated in the Archaean mafic-ultramafic unit of the Sutherland greenstone belt in South Africa. The ore zone occurs in a metamorphosed and sheared banded iron-formation consisting of layers of garnet + biotite + amphibole alternating with quartz-rich layers. Gold is associated with As-rich arsenopyrite formed at 400-250C. Mineralization is probably epigenetic, post-peak metamorphism and might have been introduced along shear zones during late retrograde metamorphism or hydrothermal activity. The mineralizing solutions were possibly derived from the dehydration of greenstone successions due to thrusting of high-over low-grade metamorphic rocks during the Limpopo orogeny at approximately 2700-2670 Ma ago. -Authors SOURCE: Scopus Zavoianu, N., Ciofrangeanu, D., Komarniczky, Emilia, Careja, Voichita, Greeu, Adina, Sarbu, Leonora, Halalau, Maria, Turcu, Dorina Research Conducted and Results Obtained in Reclaiming Useful Elements Contained in Low-Grade Ores and Secondary Resources. [CERCETARI SI REZULTATE OBTINUTE IN VALORIFICAREA ELEMENTELOR UTILE CONTINUTE IN MINEREURI SARACE SI RESURSE MINERALE] (1984) Mine, petrol si gaze, 35 (4), pp. 168-174. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00021413152&partnerID=40&md5=d8a028400e330eb7f73c7e6952e3ddc7

AFFILIATIONS: I. C. I. T. P. L. C. I. M., Deva, Rom, I. C. I. T. P. L. C. I. M. , Deva, Rom ABSTRACT: The authors present the results of research work done in the field of iron recovery from the tailings resulting from sideritic ferrous ores, copper ore flotation, metallurgical slags flotation and from low-grade dump ores. Also discussed is copper and precious metals recovery from tailings dams. DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus Hanna, H.Shafick, Anazia, Ibezim J. BENEFICIATION OF LOW GRADE BIRMINGHAM IRON ORES TO RECOVER ENRICHED IRON CONCENTRATES. (1983) Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, 13 p. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00020876777&partnerID=40&md5=6652f9a4549d2331853666c030efee14 DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Abu Rashid, A.R., Smith, M.R. DEVELOPMENT OF A SELECTIVE FLOCCULATION-FROTH FLOTATION PROCESS TO BENEFICIATE A NON-MAGNETIC IRON ORE OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA. (1983) pp. IX. 1. 1-IX. 1. 20. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.018144453752&partnerID=40&md5=b340eefc00b433720eadf8f687880596 AFFILIATIONS: Ministry for Mineral Resources, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Ministry for Mineral Resources, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT: Within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are found significant deposits of iron ores, in particular in the north western Wadi Sawawin area. The deposits are of relatively low grade (42% Fe) and rather fine grained. Beneficiation tests explored the merits of magnetic and gravity separation as well as flotation. A technically feasible process has been developed for the beneficiation of Sawawin ore comprising selective flocculation and reverse anionic flotation. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus Dong Jian-Ling FLOWSHEET AND FLOTATION PROCESS IMPROVEMENT FOR QIDASHAN IRON ORE CONCENTRATOR. (1983) pp. VI. 3. 1-VI. 3. 10. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00020875259&partnerID=40&md5=9c66ab377933af24f696f2d40e9f40eb AFFILIATIONS: Maanshan Mining Research Inst, China, Maanshan Mining Research Inst, China ABSTRACT: Qidashan (China) iron ore concentrator consists of two sections: magnetic roasting in shaft furnaces followed by magnetic separation and a flotation plant. Because of the low grade of the produced concentrate and the difficulties in dewatering and filtrating the sticky froth-concentrate caused by using the direct flotation in alkaline pulp, some modifications were made on the plant. These are described. Through preliminary tests a principal flowsheet of low and high intensity magnetic separation followed by flotation was chosen on the basis of the ore properties and the existing equipment. A modified synthesis sodium sulfonate with good collectivity has been developed and used as flotation collector. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus

Bhatia, M., Ramanujam, M., Hohman, E.H. BENEFICIATION OF LOW GRADE BAUXITE. (1978) Indian J Technol, 16 (2), pp. 76-78. Cited 1 time. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00017929801&partnerID=40&md5=87440466011ff4e37185f9d626ba7498 ABSTRACT: Bauxite containing 37. 9%Al//2O//3, 33. 2%Fe//2O//3 and 10. 1%SiO//2 has been enriched to a grade assaying 84. 4%Al//2O//3 by roasting with liquified petroleum gas as the reducing agent, followed by wet magnetic separation and flotation with an overall Al//2O//3 recovery of 71%. Variables like temperatures, residence period inside the furnace and volume of gas per unit weight of bauxite for roasting have been optimized and the optimum quantity of collector for flotation has been determined. The iron present in the ore is recovered to the extent of 83. 6% as Fe//3O//4 in the magnetic fraction. SOURCE: Scopus YASHIMA S, MATAKAWA K, AWANO O PLANT EXPERIMENTS IN TREATMENT OF LOW-GRADE IRON ORE BY VIBRATING, MAGNETIC SEPARATOR (1969) J Mining Met Inst Jap, 85 (979), pp. 923-928. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.00014595661&partnerID=40&md5=777616bbbf9701bd0d15daad58465c65 ABSTRACT: Since 1964 low-grade iron ore is concentrated at Kamaishi mine by title technique. Apparatus, consisting of shaking feeder and drum- type magnetic sepeartor, immersed in water, is described. The influence of feed rate, the revolution rate of the drum, the inclination and the shaking rate of the feeder and its stroke length on the separation results are investigated and results data are tabulated. SOURCE: Scopus