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T.S LE XUAN HOA Th.

S NGUYEN TH BCH NGOC









GIAO TRNH
BM
QUAT
MAY NEN








TR NG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUA T TP HO CH MINH
9/2004
3


LI NOI AU



Bm, quat, may nen la mot trong nhng mon hoc chuyen nganh quan
trong cua sinh vien nga nh Cong nghe Nhie t ien lanh. Cuon sa ch na y c
bien soan nham ap ng yeu cau cua sinh vien Trng ai hoc S pham ky
thuat ve sa ch tai lieu chuyen nganh.
Sach Bm, quat, ma y nen gom 8 chng co noi dung e cap en ca c ly
thuyet c ban ve ca c loai may bm chat long va chat kh, ca c loai ma y quat va
may ne n kh dung trong cong nghiep va dan dung, la m c s cho sinh vien
chuyen nganh Cong nghe Nhiet ien lanh hieu ro ve ca c loai bm, quat,
may nen thong dung dung trong ca c nha may nhiet ien va trong th c te.
Sach se phuc vu tot cho vie c giang day, hoc tap va nghien cu trong ca c
trng ai ho c ky thuat noi chung va Trng ai ho c S pham ky thuat thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh noi rieng.

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Muc lu c 5
MUC LUC
Trang
L i no i au 3
Muc luc 5

Chng I : M a u 9
1.1- Va i ne t ve lch s pha t trien bm, qua t, ma y nen 9
1.2- nh ngha va phan loa i 10
1.3- Ca c thong so la m viec c ba n 12
Ba i tap 15

Chng II: Kha i niem chung ve bm 18
2.1- nh ngha va phan loa i 18
2.2- Ca c thong so lam viec c ba n 19
Ba i tap 26

Chng III: Bm canh dan 31
3.1- Kha i niem chung ve bm ca nh dan 31
3.2- Bm ly tam 37
3.2.1- Kha i niem chung 37
3.2.2- Phng trnh lam vie c cua bm ly tam 38
3.2.3- Anh hng cu a ke t cau ca nh en co t ap cu a bm ly tam 40
3.2.4- Lu lng va hieu suat lu lng 45
3.2.5- ng a c tnh cua bm ly tam 46
3.2.6- ng dung ong dang trong bm ly tam 50
3.2.7- So vong quay a c trng 53
3.2.8- Hien t ng xam th c 54
3.2.9- Kiem tra bm 55
3.2.10- ieu chnh che o lam vie c cua bm 56
3.2.11- Ghep bm ly tam 58
3.2.12- L c do c tru c trong bm ly ta m - Cach khac phu c l c do c tru c 60
3.3- Bm hng tru c 65
3.3.1- Ca u tao va pha m vi s du ng 65
3.3.2- Phng trnh lam vie c 66
3.3.3- Hnh dang canh 67
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Muc lu c 6
3.3.4- ng a c tnh 69
3.3.5- ieu chnh che o lam viec 70
Ba i tap 70

Chng IV: Bm the tch 86
4.1- Kha i niem chung ve bm the tch 86
4.1.1- Kha i niem chung 86
4.1.2- Ca c tho ng so lam vie c c ban cu a bm the tch 87
4.2- Bm piston 89
4.2.1- Ca u tao, nguyen ly lam viec 89
4.2.2- Phan loa i 90
4.2.3- Ca ch tnh lu lng cu a bm piston 91
4.2.4- Chuyen ong khong on nh cu a chat long trong bm. Phng trnh
Becnuli, ca ch kha c phu c 95
4.2.5- Ap sua t cu a bm trong qua trnh hu t 98
4.2.6- Ap sua t cu a bm piston trong qua trnh ay 101
4.2.7- Vong quay gi i han cu a bm piston 103
4.2.8- ng a c tnh 103
4.3- Bm roto 105
4.3.1- Kha i niem chung 105
4.3.2- Bm banh rang 106
4.3.3- Bm tru c vt 115
4.3.4- Bm ca nh gat 118
4.3.5- Bm chan khong vo ng nc 123
4.4- Bm piston-roto 125
4.4.1- Kha i niem chung, u nh c iem, pha n loa i 125
4.4.2- Bm piston-roto hng knh 126
4.4.3- Bm piston-roto hng tru c 133
Ba i tap 136

Chng V: Quat 147
5.1- Kha i niem chung ve quat 147
5.2- Qua t ly tam 150
5.2.1- Ke t ca u va mot so chi tiet chnh 150
5.2.2- Ca c tho ng so cu a qua t ly tam 151
5.2.3- ng a c tnh cua qua t ly tam 155
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Muc lu c 7
5.2.4- ieu chnh quat 157
5.2.5- La chon qua t theo ie u kien cho tr c 160
5.2.6- Phan loa i quat va mot so chi tiet chnh cu a qua t ly tam 160
5.2.7- Anh hng cu a ta p cha t kh en s lam vie c cu a qua t 163
5.3- Qua t truc 166
5.3.1- Nh ng chu y ve qua t tru c 166
5.3.2 - Ca c phng trnh c ban cu a qua t tru c 168
5.3.3- Nh ng thong so cua qua t tru c 173
5.3.4- Qua t tru c nhieu cap 176
5.3.5- ieu kie n lam vie c cu a qua t truc 177
5.3.6- ac tnh cu a qua t tru c 177
5.3.7- ieu chnh lu lng 178

Chng VI: Kha i niem chung ma y ne n 180
6.1- Kha i niem chung 180
6.2- Nhiet ong ho c ma y nen 183

Chng VII: May ne n ca nh da n 195
7.1- Ma y nen ca nh dan ly tam 195
7.1.1- Nguyen ly lam viec cu a may ne n ly tam 195
7.1.2- Phng trnh lam vie c cua cap may ne n 196
7.1.3- Tnh toa n la i ng a c tnh 198
7.2- Ma y nen truc 201
7.2.1- Ca u tao chung cu a may nen tru c, cau tao cap 201
7.2.2- Tnh cha t, nhng thong so a c trng 202

Chng VIII: Ma y nen the tch 208
8.1- Ma y nen piston 208
8.1.1- o th cong ( hay o th ch th) 208
8.1.2- Anh hng cu a khoa ng kho ng che t 209
8.1.3- Ca ch bo tr may nen nhieu cap 210
8.2- Ma y nen roto 213
8.2.1- Ca u tao, nguyen ly lam viec 213
8.2.2- Ca c tho ng so c ba n 214
8.3- ie u chnh che o lam vie c cu a may nen 216
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Muc lu c 8
8.3.1- Yeu cau 216
8.3.2- ieu chnh ba ng ca ch thay oi so vong quay 216
8.3.3- ieu chnh ba ng tiet lu ong na p 217
8.3.4- ieu chnh ba ng ca ch m van na p 217
8.3.5- Thay o i the tch khoang khong che t 218
8.3.6- Mo t so phng pha p ieu chnh khac 219
Tai lieu tham khao 220
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Chng I.M au


9

CHNG I: M AU

1.1- VAI NET VE LCH S PHAT TRIEN BM, QUAT, MAY NEN
Bm, qua t, ma y nen thuo c loa i ca c may thuy lc va may thuy kh.
May thuy lc tho s a co t th i co xa. Guong n c la ma y thuy lc au tien.
Guong n c l i dung nang lng cua nc e keo ca c co i xay lng th c hoa c a n c va o
ong ruong, a c s dung khoang 3000 nam trc cong nguyen.
Ca c ma y hu t nc co s dung s c ngi va va t c s dung Ai Cap hang ma y
ngan nam trc co ng nguyen.
Bm piston c dung the ky th I tr c cong nguye n. Bm piston co loa i xch vo
cung c dung rong ra i Cai-ro e lay nc o sau 91,5m vao the ky th 5-6 tr c cong
nguyen.
Noi chung trc the ky th 17 ma y thuy kh ra t tho s va t loa i.
Bm piston:
Nam 1640 nha vat ly hoc ngi c la O tto Henrich a sang che ra bm piston au
tien e bm kh va nc dung trong cong nghiep.
Khoang nam 1805 nhabac ho c ng i Anh la Niu Kmen a phat minh ra bm piston
e lay nc trong cac nha may khai thac mo, dung xilanh hi ngng tu e tao lc
ca n thiet tren tru c may nh ap suat kh quyen.
Nam 1840-1850 nhaba c hoc ng i My laVortington a gia thiet c cau cu a bm hi
ma trong o piston cua bm va ong c hi c phan bo tren mo t tru c chung, s
chuyen o ng cua piston c ieu chnh nh mo t he thong phan bo hi a c bie t.
May canh dan:
Trong nhng nam 1751-1754 nha bac ho c Euler a viet ve ly thuyet c ban cua tuabin
nc no i rieng va cua ma y thuy kh canh dan noi chung, lam c s e hn 80 nam sau, va o
nam 1830 nha ba c ho c ng i Phap la Phuo c-nay-ron a che tao thanh co ng tuabin nc a u
tien vavao nam 1831 nha ba c ho c ng i Nga la Xablucop a sang che ra bm ly tam va qua t
ly tam au tien. ay chnh la nhng b c nhay ln trong lch s pha t trien ca c may nang
lng.
Bm nhieu cap:
Nha Bac ho c v ai ngi Anh la Reynolds khi nghien c u ca u ta o cu a bm nhieu ca p
a a va o nh ng thie t b nh hng canh dan xuo i va ngc. Nam 1875 a pha t minh ra
loai bm tng t nh loa i bm nhieu ca p hien a i ngay nay.


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Chng I.M au


10

May nen:
Pha t minh bm khong kh va da ng n gian cua may nen hien a i v i mot chu ky
nen gan lien vi te n tuo i cu a nha va t ly v a i ngi c la Gerike vao nam 1640.
S hoan thien may ne n the ky 18-19 a thu c ay s phat trie n cua cong nghiep
quang mo va luyen kim.
Vao cuo i the ky 18 Anh nha ba c ho c Vinkinsn a sang che ra may nen piston 2
xilanh, nha ba c hoc Uatt a che tao tha nh cong may hut kho ng kh co truyen ong
bang hi.
May nen nhieu cap co lam lanh trung gian xua t hien Phap vao khoang nhng nam
30 cu a the ky 19.
May nen nhieu cap co lam lanh trung gian gi a ca c cap nen xua t hien c vao
nam 1849 do nha ba c hoc Raten sang che ra.
Quat:
Vao nam 1831 nha ba c ho c Nga Xablucop sa ng che ra qua t ly tam au tien dung e
lam ma t ham mo va lam sa ch may.
a c bie t la 80 nam gan ay, ly thuye t ve thuy kh ong l c pha t trien ra t manh, co
nhie u tha nh tu to ln trong vie c ng dung ca c pha t minh ve lnh v c may thuy kh.
Nga y nay may thuy kh co rat nhieu loa i v i nhie u kieu dang kha c nhau c dung
trong mo i lnh v c cu a i song cu ng nh trong co ng nghiep va no ng nghiep. e ap ng nhu
ca u ve nang l ng ngay ca ng to ln cua co ng nghie p hien a i, ngay nay ng i ta a che ta o
c ca c tuabin c ln co cong suat e n 500.000 kW hoa c ln hn. So lng bm, qua t, ma y
nen cung nh tuabin cac chung loa i kha c nhau a c san xua t hang nam len e n hang trie u
chie c.

1.2- NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI
1.2.1- nh ngha
Bm la may e di chuyen dong moi cha t va tang na ng lng cu a do ng mo i cha t. Khi
bm lam viec na ng l ng ma bm nhan c t ong c se chuyen hoa thanh the nang, ong
nang va trong mo t chng m c nhat nh thanh nhiet nang cua dong moi cha t.
May e bm cha t kh, tuy thuo c vao ap suat a t c c goi la qua t, may hut kh va
may ne n kh.
Quat la may e di chuyen cha t kh vi c so tang ap c < 1,15 (c - ty so gia ap sua t
c a ra va ap sua t ca vao cu a may) hay ap sua t a t c p < 1500 mmH
2
O.
May hut kh la may lam vie c v i c > 1,15 hay a p sua t a t c p > 1500 mmH
2
O
nhng khong co lam lanh nhan ta o.
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Chng I.M au


11

May nen kh la may lam vie c v i c > 1,15 hay a p sua t a t c p > 1500 mmH
2
O va
co lam lanh nha n tao ni xay ra qua trnh nen kh.
1.2.2- Phan loai
a- Phan loai theo nguyen ta c ta c dung cua ma y vi dong moi chat trong qua trnh la m
vie c

Hnh 1.1 - S o phan loa i theo nguye n ta c ta c du ng cu a may v i dong moi cha t.
b- Phan loai theo tnh chat trao oi nang lng va cau tao
Bm co ba loa i:
1. Bm canh dan: gom
- Bm ly tam
- Bm hng tru c
- Bm hng cheo
- Bm xoay
2. Bm the tch: gom
- Bm piston
- Bm roto
- Bm piston-roto
3. Bm phun tia
Qua t ch co loa i ca nh dan gom:
1. Qua t ly tam
2. Qua t tru c
May nen co ba loa i:
1. May nen canh dan: gom
May e chuyen chat lo ng va kh
May nen
kh
Cho n c sa ch
va dung dch
Cho hon hp a t,
tro va n c
Cho cha t long co
o nh t cao
Phun tia
The tch
Phun tia
The tch
Canh da n
Phun tia
Canh da n
The tch
Canh da n Canh da n
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12

- May nen ly tam
- May nen truc
2. May nen the tch: gom
- May nen piston
- May nen roto
3. May nen phun tia

1.3 - CAC THONG SO LAM VIEC C BAN
1.3.1- Co t ap

Hnh 1.2 S o may thuy kh trong he thong

Kha nang trao o i nang lng cua may thuy kh v i dong moi cha t c the hie n
bang mc chenh le ch nang lng n v cua dong moi cha t 2 ma t tr c va sau may.
Nang lng n v tai ma t ca t A-A:

g 2
v p
z e
2
A A A
A A
o
+

+ =
Nang lng n v tai ma t ca t B-B:

g 2
v p
z e
2
B B B
B B
o
+

+ =
Trong o : z - o cao hnh ho c
p,v a p sua t va van to c cua dong chay
o - he so ieu chnh ong nang
Chenh le ch nang lng n v cu a dong moi cha t qua may thuy kh gi a A va B la :
z
A
A A
B
B
y
z
B

P
A
,v
A
P
B
,v
B
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Chng I.M au


13


g 2
v v p p
z z e
2
A A
2
B B A B
A B BA
o o
+

+ = A
Neu 0 > A
BA
e - dong mo i chat c may cap cho na ng lng, vay may la bm (chat
long hoac kh).
Neu 0 < A
BA
e - may c dong mo i cha t cap cho nang lng, vay may la ong c
thuy kh.
Vay co t ap cu a may thuy kh la nang lng n v cu a dong mo i cha t trao oi v i ma y
thuy kh. Co t ap cu a ma y thuy kh la:

g 2
v v p p
z z H
2
A A
2
B B A B
A B
o o
+

+ = (1.1)
Thanh phan the nang n v goi la cot ap tnh, ky hie u H
t
:

+ =
A B
A B t
p p
z z H (1.2)
Thanh phan ong nang n v go i la co t ap ong, ky hieu H

:

g 2
v v
H
2
A A
2
B B

o o
= (1.3)
Vay:
t
H H H + = (1.4)
1.3.2- Lu lng
nh ngha:
Lu lng la lng mo i cha t chuyen ong qua may trong mo t n v thi gian. Tuy
thuo c n v o co lu lng the tch, lu lng kho i lng, lu lng trong l ng.
Tnh bang n v the tch, ky hie u Q goi la lu lng the tch, co n v o la m
3
/s,
m
3
/h, l/s.
Tnh ba ng n v khoi lng, ky hieu M go i la lu lng kho i l ng, co n v o la
kg/s, kg/h.

Q M =

Tnh bang n v trong l ng, ky hie u G go i la lu lng trong lng, co n v o
la N/s, N/h, kG/s.
gM gQ Q G = = = (1.5)
1.3.3- Co ng suat va hieu suat
Can pha n bie t ro hai loa i cong sua t:
Cong sua t thuy lc
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Chng I.M au


14

Cong sua t tre n tru c
a- Cong suat thuy l c: ky hie u N
tl
(co n v o la W) la c na ng ma dong cha t long
trao o i vi may thuy lc trong mo t n v th i gian.
Cong sua t thuy lc c tnh bang tch cua co t ap v i lu lng tro ng lng cu a may.
QH GH N
tl
= = (1.6)
b- Cong suat lam vie c: ky hieu N (co n v o laW) la co ng suat tren truc cua ma y
khi may lam viec. Co ng suat thuy l c khac cong sua t tren tru c. Qua trnh lam viec trong ma y
ca ng hoan thie n th N va N
tl
cang t kha c nhau.
oi v i bm: N > N
tl


q

=
q
=
QH N
N
tl
(1.7)
He so q < 1 go i la hieu suat cua bm.
oi v i ong c: N < N
tl

QH N N
tl
q = q = (1.8)
He so q < 1 go i la hieu suat cua ong c thuy l c.
c- Hieu suat cua ma y thuy l c, ky hieu q ( o bang % hoac khong co n v o) dung
e a nh gia ton tha t nang lng trong qu a trnh may trao oi na ng lng v i dong mo i cha t.
T cong th c (1.7) va (1.8) ta co :

N
N
tl
B
= q (1.9)

tl

N
N
= q (1.10)
Trong ieu kien lam vie c, cac hie u suat phu thuo c va o ra t nhie u yeu to: loa i may,
kch th c va ca u tao cua ma y, loa i mo i cha t chuyen ong trong ma y, che o lam viec cu a
may, cac a c tnh cu a ma ng ma may lam vie c trong o.
e anh gia hieu nang lng cu a he tho ng chung gom co may va ong c cua no ,
ng i ta con s dung hieu sua t cua he thong q
ht
:

tl
ht
N
N
= q
Trong o N

cong sua t ien e kh i ong o ng c.


e tnh hie u sua t chung cu a may thuy l c, ng i ta anh gia thong qua cac dang to n
that.

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Chng I.M au


15

e- Ton that nang l ng trong may thuy l c: co 3 dang
Ton tha t co t ap cu a dong moi cha t chay qua may goi la ton tha t thuy l c, c anh
gia bang hie u sua t thuy l c, con go i la hieu sua t cot ap, ky hieu
H
q
Ton that do ma sa t cu a ca c bo phan c kh trong may thuy lc go i la ton tha t c kh,
c a nh gia ba ng hieu sua t c kh, ky hieu
CK
q
Ton tha t do ro r mo i chat lam giam lu lng lam vie c cu a may go i la ton that lu
lng c anh gia bang hieu sua t lu lng, ky hieu
Q
q
Hie u sua t chung cua may thuy lc la:
q = q
H
.q
Q
.q
CK
(1.11)
BAI TAP
Bai I-1
Mot may thu y l c (bm nc) tieu hao cong sua t tren tru c N = 18,9 kW, hieu sua t cu a
may q= 0,71. Xa c nh ca c thong so cu a bm: lu lng, co t ap.
Bie t ap sua t d ta i c a ra cu a bm m 8 , 50
p
2
=

va o chan khong c a va o
m
p
CK
3 =

, ng knh ong hu t D
1
= 100mm, ng knh ong ay D
2
= 75mm,o
1
= o
2
= 1 .

Hnh 1.3
Giai:
1) Cong th c tnh co t a p:
g
v v p p
H
2
2
1
2
2 1 2

+

= , bo qua o cao hnh ho c theo e bai


Hay
g
v v p p
H
CK AK
2
2
1
2
2

+

+
=
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Chng I.M au


16

Van to c v
1
, v
2
c xac nh t phng trnh lien tu c: Q = v
1
S
1
= v
2
S
2

Ta co:
2
1 1
1
4
d
Q
S
Q
v
t
= = ;
2
2 2
2
4
d
Q
S
Q
v
t
= =
Thay cac gia tr vao ta c phng trnh ng ac tnh li:

|
|
.
|

\
|
t

t
+ =
t

t
+

+
=
4 2 4 2
2
4
1
2
2
4
2
2
2
CK AK
1 , 0 . . 81 , 9 . 2
16
075 , 0 . . 81 , 9 . 2
16
Q 8 , 53
d g 2
Q 16
d g 2
Q 16 p p
H

2
3 3437 8 53 Q , , H + =
2) Cong thc tnh co ng sua t tieu hao tre n tru c:
q

=
QH
N
Hay
Q
,
Q . . ,
, . . ,
Q
N
H
379 1
10 81 9
71 0 10 9 18
3
3
= =

q
=
Ket hp 2 phng trnh co t a p, ta thu c phng trnh bac 3 theo lu lng Q:

Q
,
Q , ,
379 1
3 3437 8 53
2
= + hay 0 379 1 8 53 3 3437
3
= + , Q , Q ,
Gia i phng trnh ta thu c: Q = 0,025 m
3
/s = 25 l/s
Vay co t ap se la : m , , . , , H 95 55 025 0 3 3437 8 53
2
= + =
ap so : Q = 25 l/s ; H = 55,95 m
Bai I-2
Mot may bm n c tieu hao cong suat tren tru c N = 5,5 kW. Tnh ca c thong so : co t
ap, lu lng va hieu sua t cu a bm. Bie t a p suat d c a ra cua bm m
p
20
2
=

(co t nc)
va ap sua t chan khong ta i c a vao cu a bm m
p
CK
4 =

, toc o trong ng ong ay v = 4


m/s, ng knh o ng ay d
2
= 75mm, ng knh ong hut d
1
= 100mm.

Hnh 1.4
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Chng I.M au


17

ap so : Q = 17,65 l/s ; H = 24,56m ; N = 4,24kW ; q = 0,75
Bai I-3
Mot may bm nc co ty so 01475 0,
H
H
t

= co a p sua t ra m
p
60
2
=

; ap suat va o
m
p
CK
3
1
=

ng knh ong hu t D
1
= 200mm, ng knh ong ay D
2
= 150mm.
Xa c nh ca c thong so cu a bm: H, Q, N. Bie t hieu sua t q = 76% va Az
1-2
= 0.
ap so : H = 64m ; Q = 92 l/s ; N = 76kW
Bai I- 4
Mot bm n c a t cach be hu t A v i o cao hu t z
h
= 1,36m. He so ton tha t trong
ng o ng hu t = 4.
Tnh cac thong so cu a bm: lu lng , co t ap va cong sua t tren truc. Bie t ap sua t d
c a ra cu a bm m ,
p
86 81
2
=

va chan kho ng c a vao bm m 4 H


CK
= ;ng knh ong hu t
va ay D
1
= 300mm, D
2
= 200mm; hie u sua t cua bm q = 76%.

Hnh 1.5
ap so : Q = 820 m
3
/h ; H = 88m ; N = 259 kW.
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


18

CHNG II : KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BM

2.1- NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI
2.1.1- nh ngha
Bm la may e tao ra dong chat lo ng. Hay noi ca ch kha c, bm la may dung e di
chuyen cha t long va tang nang lng cu a dong cha t long. Khi bm lam vie c nang lng ma
bm nha n c t ong c se chuyen hoa thanh the nang, ong nang va trong mo t chng
mc nha t nh thanh nhie t nang cu a dong cha t long.
Vay bm la loai may thuy l c dung e bien o i c nang cu a ong c thanh nang
lng e va n chuyen chat long hoa c tao nen ap suat can thie t trong he thong truye n dan thuy
l c.
2.1.2- Pham vi s dung
Bm c s dung rong ra i trong nhie u lanh v c:
Trong no ng nghiep:bm la thiet b khong the thieu e th c hien thuy li hoa cha n
nuoi trong tro t.
Trong co ng nghiep: bm c s dung trong ca c cong trnh khai tha c mo, qua ng da u
hay cac co ng trnh xay dng.
Hie n nay trong ky thua t van chuyen, pha t trien xu hng du ng bm va ng ong da n
e van chuyen ca c san pham cu a nganh khai tha c mo ( quang dau), hoa cha t, nguye n
va t lie u xay dng, va o la phng tien va n chuyen thua n li va kinh te.
Trong nga nh che tao may, bm c s dung pho bie n, no la mot trong nh ng bo
phan chu yeu cu a he thong ieu khien va truyen ong thuy l c trong may.
2.1.3- Phan loai
a. Theo nguyen ly lam vie c va cau tao cua bm (tng t nh phan loa i tren)
b. Theo cong dung:
Bm cap n c no i hi ( trong ca c nha may nhiet ien)
Bm da u ( trong ca c he tho ng truyen ong thuy l c)
Bm nhien lieu
Bm c u hoa
Bm hoa cha t
c. Theo pha m vi cot ap va lu lng s dung:
Ng i ta chia bm tha nh ca c loa i: bm co co t ap cao, trung bnh hoa c thap; bm co
lu l ng ln, trung bnh hoa c nho.
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


19

Trong ky thua t co 3 loa i bm c s dung rong ra i la bm ly tam, bm hng truc va
bm piston. Bie u o phan bo pham vi s dung cu a ca c loa i bm tho ng dung tren c the
hien tren hnh 2.1
Hnh
2.1 Pham vi s dung cua ca c loa i bm thong dung
2..2 - CAC THONG SO LAM VIEC C BAN

Hnh 2.2 S o he thong bm
H,m
10000
100 10
1000
10000
10
100
Q, m
3
/h
Bm hng tru c
Bm ly tam
Bm
piston
1000
1
P
4
K
2

z
h

y
z

z
Be cha
ong ay
ong hu t
p
1
= p
a
Be hu t
Bm
ong c
AK
CK
K
1

1 1
2
3 3
4 4

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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


20

Bm bao gi cung lam vie c trong mo t he thong ng ong. e biet ro cong du ng, qua
trnh lam vie c va ca c tho ng so c ba n cua bm, ta nghien cu s o thie t b cu a mo t bm lam
vie c trong he tho ng n gian tren hnh 2.2
Khi bm lam viec, chat long t be hu t qua li cha n ra c theo ong hu t i vao bm. Sau
khi qua bm, chat lo ng c bm cap cho nang lng chay va o ong ay e len be ch a. T
be cha cha t long c phan pho i ve cac ni tie u thu. Trong he thong truyen ong thuy lc,
chat long sau khi ra khoi bm co ap sua t cao, qua bo pha n phan phoi i va o o ng c thuy l c
e thc hien ca c chuyen o ng cu a nhng c cau lam vie c.
Bm co 5 thong so lam vie c c ba n: lu lng Q, cot a p H, cong sua t N, hieu sua t q
va co t a p hu t cho phep [H
CK
]. Ta se la n l t nghie n cu ca c thong so nay.

2.2.1- Lu lng
La lng cha t long ma bm van chuyen c trong mot n v th i gian.
Tuy thuoc n v o co 3 loa i lu lng: lu lng the tch Q co n v o la m
3
/s, l/s,
m
3
/h; lu l ng khoi lng M co n v o la kg/s, kg/h, g/s; lu l ng trong lng G co
n v o la N/s, N/h, kG/s,
Lu lng cu a bm c xa c nh bang ca c dung cu o trung bnh lap tre n ong a y
nh ong Venturi, lu lng ke kieu mang chan hoa c cac dung cu o trung bnh bang thung
lng hoa c can at cuo i ong ay. Ca c loa i dung cu o nay ch xa c nh c gia tr trung
bnh cu a lu lng trong mo t n v thi gian na o o.

2.2.2- Co t ap: ky hieu H (m)
La nang l ng n v ma bm truye n c cho chat long. T s o he thong lam vie c
cu a bm (hnh 2.2), ta co:
H = e
ra
- e
vao
= e
3
- e
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ + =
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
y z H
2
2 2
h
2
3 3
h


g 2
v v p p
y H
2
2
2
3 2 3

+

+ = (2.1)
Trong o : p
2
, p
3
la ca c a p sua t tuye t oi

CK a 2
p p p = ;

AK a 3
p p p + =
p
CK
, p
AK
la tr so ap suat o c c tren chan khong ke va ap ke.
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


21

Do o :

+
=

CK AK 2 3
p p p p

Cong th c tnh co t a p cu a bm se thanh:

g 2
v v p p
y H
2
2
2
3 CK AK

+

+
+ = (2.2)
Trong he thong bm ta lay he so hieu chnh ong nang o = 1 v dong chay trong he
thong bm co tie t dien o ng nho va va n toc n c ln ng i ta thng coi la dong chay ro i va
c go i la dong chay ro i kch thc be.
Neu ng knh ong hu t va ng knh ong ay bang nhau va kho ng trch lu lng
tren ng ong ay th v
2
= v
3
va khoang cach y co the bo qua ( y ~ 0 ) th tr so co t ap co the
xa c nh ba ng ca c tr so oc c cu a ap ke va cha n kho ng ke lap mieng vao va ra cu a
bm:

+
=
CK AK
p p
H (2.3)
Khi khong co ca c so lieu o c cu the cu a bm ang lam vie c nh p
CK
, p
AK
ma
ch co ca c so lieu yeu ca u cu a he thong lam vie c nh p
1
, p
4
, z ta co the tnh co t ap ye u
ca u cua bm theo cac gia tr nang lng be hu t va be ch a nh sau:
Vie t phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho mat ca t (1-1) va (2-2):

wh
2
2 2
h
2
1 1
h
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
+ +

+ = +

(2.4)
Hay
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

wh
2
2
h
2
1 1 2
h
g 2
v
z
g 2
v p p
(2.5)
h
wh
tong to n tha t nang lng ong hut.
T ay ta thay, neu p
1
= p
a
va v
1
nho th ap suat mieng vao cu a bm p
2
< p
a
t c la p
2

pha i c o bang chan khong ke.
Phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho ma t ca t (1-1) va (2-2) con c vie t n gia n
la :
wh 2 1
h e e + = hay
wh 1 2
h e e =
Tng t ta viet phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho ma t ca t (3-3) va (4-4):

wd
2
4 4
d
2
3 3
h
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
+ +

+ = +

(2.6)
Hay
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

wd
2
4
d
2
3 4 3
h
g 2
v
z
g 2
v p p
(2.7)
h
w
tong to n tha t nang lng ong ay.
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


22

Ta thay, thng
g 2
v
2
3
nho hn
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
wd
2
4
d
h
g 2
v
z rat nhie u ne n p
3
> p
4
; neu p
4
= p
a
th
p
3
> p
a
t c la ap suat mieng ra cu a bm pha i c o bang ap ke.
Phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho ma t ca t (3-3) va (4-4) con c vie t n gia n
la :
wd 4 3
h e e + =
Thay e
2
va e
3
vao phng trnh cot ap, ta co :
( ) ( )
wh 1 wd 4 2 3
h e h e e e H + = =

w 1 4 wd wh 1 4
h e e h h e e + = + + =
Hay
w
2
1
2
4 1 4
1 4
h
g 2
v v p p
z z H +

+ =

w
2
1
2
4 1 4
h
g 2
v v p p
z H +

+ = (2.8)
h
w
= h
wh
+ h
w
to ng ton tha t na ng lng trong he thong.
T cong th c (2.4) ta thay co t ap ye u cau cu a bm dung e kha c phu c:
Chenh le ch o cao hnh ho c gi a ma t thoang be cha va be hu t, con goi la o cao
dang z
o chenh ap suat tren mat thoang be ch a va be hu t

1 4
p p

o chenh ong nang gi a be ch a va be hut
g 2
v v
2
1
2
4


Ton tha t nang lng trong he tho ng ng ong h
w
.
Cot ap cu a bm lam vie c trong mot he thong cu ng chnh la co t ap cu a he tho ng.
Ca c thanh phan z va

1 4
p p
la nhng a i lng khong thay o i oi v i mot he thong
cho trc, do o:

+ =
1 4
t
p p
z H goi la cot ap tnh cua he thong (2.9)
Con ca c so ha ng
g
v v
2
2
1
2
4

va h
w
la nh ng a i l ng thay o i theo lu l ng cu a he
thong, t c la phu thuo c van to c do ng cha t long trong ong, do o :

w
2
1
2
4
d
h
g 2
v v
H +

= - goi la cot ap ong cua he thong (2.10)


Vay: H = H
t
+ H

(2.11)
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


23

Neu bie u dien bang o th phng trnh cot ap cu a he thong (2.8) ta se c ng
cong bieu th a c tnh lam vie c cu a he thong go i la ng a c tnh cua he thong hay con go i
la ng ac tnh li.

Hnh 2.3 ng ac tnh li

2.2.3- Co ng suat va hieu suat
Theo (1.6) ta co co ng th c tnh hieu suat thuy l c cua bm la :
QH GH N
tl
= = (2.12)
- kho i lng rieng cu a cha t long, tnh bang N/m
3

Q - lu lng cua bm, m
3
/s
H - cot ap toan pha n cua bm, m
Muon tao c N
tl
( con go i la cong sua t co ch) th truc bm pha i co cong suat l n
hn, v trong khi lam viec bm phai tieu hao mo t phan nang lng e bu va o ca c to n tha t
thuy l c va ton tha t ma sat gia cac bo phan lam vie c cua bm,

q

=
q
=
QH N
N
tl
(2.13)
q < 1 la hieu sua t toan phan cua bm, %
Hie u sua t la :
N
QH
N
N
tl

= = q (2.14)
Khi chon o ng c e keo bm, ca n pha i chon co ng suat cu a ong c N
c
ln hn cong
sua t ta i tru c N e e phong trng h p qua ta i va bu vao ton tha t do truye n ong t ong c
en bm.
N
c
= k.N (2.15)
H

0
Q
H,m
Q, m
3
/s
H
t

H

= kQ
2

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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


24

k > 1 he so an toan phu thuo c tng loa i bm, ong c va co ng sua t lam viec.

2.2.4- Co t ap hut va chieu cao hut cho phep
Kha nang lam vie c cu a bm phu thuo c ra t nhieu va o qua trnh hu t cu a bm. Trong
qua trnh bm hu t chat lo ng, banh co ng ta c pha i ta o c o chenh ap nha t nh gi a mieng
hut cu a bm va ma t thoang cu a be hu t. o chenh ap na y go i la cot ap hut cu a bm, nh no
ma cha t long chay t be vao bm.

Hnh 2.4 S o l i tren ng o ng hu t

=
2 1
h
p p
H (2.16)
p
1
, p
2
- ap suat ma t thoang cu a be hu t va loi vao cu a bm
Neu p
1
= p
a
( ap sua t kh tr i) th co t ap hu t ba ng cot ap chan khong ta i lo i vao cu a
bm.

= =
2 a
CK h
p p
H H (2.17)
Thay phng trnh (2.4) vao phng trnh tren ta co :

w
2
2
h
2 1
h
h
g 2
v
z
p p
H + + =

= (2.18)
Ta thay co t ap hu t cu a bm dung e kha c phuc chieu cao hut z
h
, to n that tren ong hu t
h
w
va ta o nen ong nang can thie t cu a dong cha y mieng vao cua bm v
2
2
/2g. Suy ra co t a p
hut tuy thuoc va o tr so ap sua t tren ma t thoa ng cua be hu t ma ap suat na y la i co gii ha n
nha t nh.
Trng hp p
1
= p
a
theo co ng thc (2.18) ta tha y kha nang hu t to i a cu a bm ng v i
khi ap suat p
2
= 0 la :
z
h

2
2
p
a

1 1
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


25

O mH 10
p
H H
2
a
max CK max h
~

= =
Vay ieu kien e bm lam vie c c la :

max CK w
2
2
h h
H h
g 2
v
z H < + + = (2.19)
Th c te co t ap hu t cu a bm khi p
1
= p
a
khong bao gi a t c en 10 mH
2
O v a p
sua t mieng ra cu a bm khi nho en mo t m c nao o ba ng ap sua t hi bao hoa cu a cha t
long ta i nhie t o lam vie c th se gay ra hien tng xam thc trong bm.

Hien tng xam th c
Khi cha t lo ng mot nhie t o nhat nh se so i va bo c hi bao hoa d i mo t ap sua t
nha t nh. Ap suat nay go i la ap sua t hi ba o hoa p
bh
.
Bang ap suat hi bao hoa cu a n c:
Nhiet o, t
o
C 0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120
m ,
p
bh


0,06 0,12 O,24 0,48 0,75 2,03 4,83 10,33 20,2
Nh vay mo t nhie t o nao o , khi ap suat trong cha t long bang ap suat hi ba o hoa
p
bh
th cha t long se so i, tao nen nhieu bo t kh trong do ng chay. Ca c bo t kh na y b do ng cha y
cuon vao nhng vung co ap sua t p > p
bh
, se ngng tu lai o t ngo t thanh nhng gio t cha t long
co the tch nho hn ra t nhieu so v i the tch cua bo t kh. Do o trong do ng chay xua t hie n
nhng khoa ng trong cu c bo, thu nhng phan t cha t long xung quanh xo ti vi van to c ra t
ln, lam cho ap suat tai o o t ngo t tang len ra t cao, co khi t i ha ng ngan atmo tphe. Ap sua t
cu c bo na y co the lam ro be mat kim loa i, pha hong ca c bo phan lam vie c cua may. Hie n
tng nay go i la hien tng xam th c, thng xay ra trong cac may thuy l c co a p sua t nho ,
nhie t o cao. Nha t la ni cha t long co va n toc va ap suat thay o i o t ngo t.
Khi hien tng xam th c xay ra, dong chay b gian oan, ga y tieng o ng ba t thng
va may b rung nhieu, lu lng, co t ap va hieu sua t cu a may b giam o t ngo t. Hien tng
xam th c ke o da i se lam cac bo phan lam vie c cua may b pha hong.
e tra nh hien tng xam th c, can thoa ma n ieu kien:

>

bh 2
p p

Cho nen e tra nh hien t ng xam thc, o i v i tng loa i bm c san xua t ra, trong
ca c ta i lieu ky thua t eu co ghi cot ap chan khong cho phep [H
CK
] ng vi p
a
= 1 at va
t = 20
o
C.
ie u kien e bm co ay u kha nang hut la :
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


26

| |
CK w
2
2
h h
H h
g 2
v
z H s + + = (2.20)
Vay chie u cao hut cho phe p cua bm la :
| | | |
w
2
2
CK h
h
g 2
v
H z = (2.21)
Neu khong co gia tr [H
CK
] th [z
h
] pha i c tnh theo ieu kien khong xa y ra hie n
tng xam th c.
Ta bie t rang, ieu kien e khong xa y ra hien tng xam th c la co t ap toan phan ta i
lo i vao cua bm, ni co ap sua t nho nha t, nguy hiem nha t pha i l n hn ap sua t hi bao hoa
cu a cha t long ta i nhie t o lam vie c.
Ta co: h
p
g 2
v p
bh
2
2 2
A +

> +

(2.22)
Ah co t a p chong xam th c
Mat kha c, t cong th c (2.4), ta co:

w h
a
2
2 2
h z
p
g 2
v p

= +


Thay vao bieu th c tren ta co chieu cao hu t cho phep cu a bm la :
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A +

=
w
bh a
h
h h
p p
z (2.23)
Cot ap chong xam th c Ah c xac nh ba ng th c nghiem, no phu thuo c va o so
vong quay va lu lng cu a bm. Theo Rutnhep, ta co:

3
4
C
Q n
10 h
|
|
.
|

\
|
> A (2.24)
n so vo ng quay trong mo t phut cu a banh co ng ta c
Q lu lng tnh ba ng m
3
/s
C he so phu thuoc va o ac iem ket cau cu a bm, co gia tr thay oi trong khoang
8001000. C lay gia tr cang l n th ieu kien cho ng xam th c cua bm ca ng tot.


BAI TAP
Bai II-1
Mot may bm n c tieu hao mo t co ng sua t tren tru c N = 66 kW, hieu sua t q = 81%,
lu l ng Q = 500m
3
/h va co t a p chan khong cho phep cua bm [H
CK
] = 5,5 m
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


27

Tnh chieu cao hu t cho phep cu a bm [Z
h
], biet he so to n tha t tre n ng ong hu t

h
= 5 va ng knh ong hut va ong ay bang nhau D
1
= D
2
= 250mm.
Tnh co t ap va a p sua t ta i c a ra cua bm.

Hnh 2.5

Giai:
1) Chie u cao hu t cho phep cua bm tnh theo co ng th c:
| | | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
g
v
g
v
H Z
h
h
h
CK h
2 2
2 2
; bo qua to n tha t doc ng va lay dau =
Van to c tre n ng ong hu t c tnh theo lu lng va va n toc:
2
4
h
h
D
Q
v
t
=
Vi Q = 500m
3
/h = 0,139 m
3
/s ; D
h
= D
1
= 250mm = 0,25m thay va o:
s / m ,
, .
, .
v
h
83 2
25 0
139 0 4
2
=
t
= hay m ,
, .
,
g
v
h
4 0
81 9 2
83 2
2
2 2
= =
Vay chie u cao hut la : | | ( ) m , , . , , Z
h
1 3 4 0 5 4 0 5 5 = + =
2) T cong th c tnh cong sua t tren tru c:
q

=
QH
N hay
Q
N
H

q
=
Cot ap cu a bm la: m 2 , 39
139 , 0 . 10 . 81 , 9
81 , 0 . 10 . 66
H
3
3
= =
3) Ap sua t ta i c a vao cu a bm tnh t phng trnh Bernoulli ta i mat ca t tren ma t
thoang cu a be hu t va ma t ca t tai lo i vao bm:
g
v
g
v p
Z
p
h h
a
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
+ +

+ =


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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


28

Hay m , , . , ,
g
v
g
v
Z
p p
h h
a
5 4 4 0 5 4 0 1 3 10
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
= =


T cong th c:

+ =
2 3
2
2
2
3 2 3
p p
g 2
v v p p
y H
Vay ap suat ta i ca ra cu a bm la :
m 7 , 43 5 , 4 2 , 39
p
H
p
2 3
= + =

+ =


ap so : [Z
h
] = 3,1m ; H = 39,2m ; m ,
p
7 43
2
=


Bai II-2
Mot bm tieu hao mo t cong sua t tren tru c N = 76 kW, bm n c t be kn A co a p
sua t nho hn kh tr i m
p
CK
4 =

len be kn B co ap sua t ap ke m
p
AK
10 =

. o che nh gi a 2
be z = 40m.
Tnh lu lng va co t ap cu a bm. Biet hieu sua t cu a bm % 76 = q , to n tha t toan bo
trong he tho ng l i

= m h
w
10 , ng knh ong hu t va ong ay ba ng nhau.

Hnh 2.6

Giai:
+ Phng trnh ng a c tnh li:

+ =
W
A B A B
h
g
v v p p
z H
2
2 2

m
p p p p
CK AK A B
14 =

+
=

;
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


29

0
2
2 2
=

g
v v
A B
v ng knh ong hu t va ong ay bang nhau.
m H 64 10 0 14 40 = + + + =
+ Lu l ng:
T cong th c tnh cong sua t:
q

=
QH
N
Ta co: s / l s / m ,
. . ,
, . .
H
N
Q 92 092 0
64 10 81 9
76 0 10 76
3
3
3
= = =

q
=
ap so : H = 64m ; Q = 92 l/s.
Bai II-3
Bm ly tam a t v i o cao hu t | | m , z
h
795 3 = , ton tha t trong o ng hu t

= . m , h
wh
505 1
Ap sua t toa n phan mieng ra m 7 , 74
g 2
v p
2
3 3
= +

.
Xa c nh co t ap cu a bm va ton that tren ng ong ay. Bie t o cao gi a 2 be ch a
H
T
= 68m; ng knh ong hu t va ng knh ong ay bang nhau.

Hnh 2.7
ap so : H = 80m ;

= m , h
wh
495 10 .
Bai II-4
Xa c nh cong sua t cu a mo t ong c keo bm, lu lng Q = 400l/s co o cao hu t
z
h
= 3,5 m, ton tha t trong o ng hu t

= m , h
wh
7 0 , o cao ong a y H

= 50m, to n tha t trong
ng o ng ay

= m , h
w
8 5 , hie u sua t cu a bm q = 80 %.
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Chng II.Khai niem chung ve bm


30


Hnh 2.8

Hng dan:Tnh co ng suat cua ong c theo co ng th c sau: N
c
= k.N
B
, trong o
k = 1,05.
ap so : N
c
= 282 kW.


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Chng III. Bm canh dan

31
CHNG III: BM CANH DAN

3.1- KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BM CANH DAN
3.1.1- Khai niem chung
Trong lch s pha t trien cu a ma y thuy l c th may thuy l c canh dan ra i tng o i
muon so v i may thuy l c the tch. Nam 1640, bm piston au tien do nha ba c hoc ng i c
sang che a ra i va c dung e bm n c va kh trong cong nghiep. Nhng ma i en nam
1830 nha ba c hoc ngi Phap Phuo cnayro n m i che ta o thanh cong tuabin nc. Sau o nam
1831 va 1832 nha bac ho c ng i Nga Xablucop sang che ra bm va qua t ly tam. o la nhng
may thuy lc canh dan au tie n. Nhng hien nay may thuy lc canh dan c s dung pho
bien nhat va pham vi s dung ngay cang c m ro ng.
May thuy l c ca nh dan bao gom ca c loai bm va ong c canh dan nh: bm ly tam,
bm hng tru c, ca c loai tuabin n c
Trong ma y thuy lc ca nh dan viec trao o i nang lng gia may v i cha t long c
th c hien ba ng nang l ng thuy ong cu a do ng chat long cha y qua ma y.
3.1.2- Nguyen ly lam viec va cau tao chung
Bo phan quan tro ng va ien hnh nha t cu a bm canh dan la banh cong ta c. Ba nh cong
ta c c cau tao t cac ban canh thng co dang ma t cong go i la canh dan va cac bo phan co
nh chung. Trong banh cong ta c ca c canh dan c ghep chat v i tru c, khi lam vie c banh
cong ta c quay trong mo i trng cha t long.
Banh cong ta c cua bm quay c la nh o ng c keo ben ngoa i va trong qua trnh
o, do co ca c canh dan ma c na ng cu a ong c truye n c cho chat long, tao nen dong
chay lien tuc qua banh cong ta c. Chenh le ch nang l ng thuy ong cu a cha t long lo i ra va
lo i va o cu a banh cong ta c chnh ba ng c nang cu a bm a truyen cho chat long ( cha ke t i
ton tha t).
3.1.3- Phan loai ba nh co ng tac
Theo phng chuye n ong cu a do ng chat long t loi vao e n lo i ra cu a ca nh dan,
banh co ng ta c ca nh dan c chia thanh bon loai sau:
Banh cong ta c ly tam hoac hng tam: cha t lo ng chuye n ong qua banh cong ta c t
tam ra ngoa i hoac t ngoa i vao tam theo phng ban knh.
Banh cong ta c hng tru c: cha t long chuyen ong qua banh co ng ta c theo phng
song song v i tru c.
Banh cong ta c tam tru c hoa c tru c tam: cha t long chuye n ong qua ba nh cong tac theo
hng tam ro i chuye n sang hng tru c hoac ng c lai.
Banh cong tac hng cheo: cha t lo ng chuyen ong qua ba nh co ng ta c khong theo
hng tam cung khong theo h ng tru c ma theo hng xien (cheo).

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

32
3.1.4- Cac loai van to c ,tam giac van to c
Qu ao chuyen o ng cua cac phan t chat long qua ba nh cong ta c ca nh dan rat ph c
ta p nhng e n gian tnh toan, ng i ta gia thie t:
Dong chay qua banh cong tac bao gom ca c dong nguyen to nh nhau
Qu ao chuyen o ng tng o i cu a ca c pha n t cha t long trong banh cong ta c theo
bien da ng ca nh dan.
ie u kien e co dong chay nh gia thiet tren la :
Banh cong ta c co so canh dan nhieu vo cung va mo i canh dan mo ng vo cung ( canh
dan khong co chieu da y)
Cha t long lam vie c la cha t long ly tng.
Vi gia thie t tren, chuyen ong tuye t o i cu a mo i pha n t chat long qua ba nh cong
ta c co the phan tch thanh 2 chuyen ong ong thi: chuyen ong theo ( quay tron cung banh
cong ta c) va chuyen ong tng o i ( theo bien dang canh dan).
Chuyen ong cu a ca c phan t cha t long qua banh co ng ta c c a c trng bang ca c
van to c:
c - van to c tuyet o i
u - van to c theo (cu a chuyen ong theo), co phng tha ng go c vi ban knh
v - van to c tng o i, co phng tie p tuyen v i bien dang canh dan.
v u c + = (3.1)
Hnh 3.1 Bieu dien cac loa i van to c
Hnh 3.1 bie u th van to c cu a ca c phan t cha t long lo i vao va lo i ra cu a banh cong
ta c bm ly tam.
Ch so (1) va (2) bieu th cho chat long ba t au vao va ra kho i ba nh co ng ta c. e tie n
vie c nghien cu ca c thanh pha n van to c cu a dong chay, ta dung ca c tam gia c va n toc thay
cho cac hnh bnh hanh van to c. Ta co ca c tam giac van to c lo i vao va ra cu a banh cong
ta c:
c
2
u
1
c
1
w
1
e
|
1

o
1
|
2

o
2

u
2

w
2
R
2
R
1
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

33
Hnh 3.2 Tam giac va n toc
Khi dung tam giac van to c e bieu th ca c thong so ong ho c cua cha t long ngoa i ca c
ky hieu c , u , w ta con a vao ca c ky hieu sau:
o - go c gi a u va c
| - goc gi a w va u theo hng ng c la i, bie u th goc bo tr canh dan
|
1
goi la goc vao , |
2
goi la goc ra

u
c -hnh chieu cu a c len phng u ;
R
c - hnh chieu cu a c len phng vuong go c v i u .
Trong cac banh co ng tac ly tam hoa c hng tam phng cu a
R
c bao gi cung i qua
tam cu a banh co ng ta c goi la tha nh phan van to c hng knh.
Trong banh co ng ta c hng tru c
R
c hng theo phng tru c.
3.1.5- Phng trnh c ban cua may thuy lc canh dan
a- Phng trnh moment
Mat cat cu a mo t banh co ng ta c ca nh dan:

Hnh 3.3 Ma t ca t cua ba nh cong tac
1.Ba nh cong tac 2.a tr c (a phu )
3.Ca nh dan 4.a sau (a chnh)
5.Ra nh ca nh
u
2
c
1 R
c
1u
|
1
o
1
w
1
c
1

u
1
c
2

c
2R
c
2u
|
2
o
2
w
2
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

34
Hnh 3.4 Ca c thanh pha n van toc va tam giac van to c
ng du ng nh ly c ho c ve bien thien moment o ng lng, ta co the pha t bieu o i
vi dong cha t long chuyen o ng qua banh co ng ta c nh sau:
Bien thien moment ong lng cua kho i cha t long chuyen ong qua banh cong ta c
trong mo t n v thi gian oi v i truc quay cu a banh cong ta c th bang tong moment ngoa i
l c ta c du ng len khoi cha t long o o i v i tru c, t c la bang moment quay cua ba nh cong tac.
Xet mo t dong nguyen to trong kho i chat lo ng chuyen o ng qua ba nh cong ta c cu a
bm ly tam. Dong nguye n to co lu lng dQ, ong lng cu a no tai ma t ca t (1-1) la:
( )
1 1 1
c . dQ . c . m d K d = =
Tng t ta i ma t ca t (2-2) la :
( )
2 2 2
c . dQ . c . m d K d = =
m, - kho i l ng va kho i l ng rieng cua cha t long
c van to c thuye t oi.
Moment ong l ng cu a dong nguyen to o i vi truc quay cu a banh cong ta c ta i ma t
ca t (1-1) va (2-2) la :

1 1 1 1 1 1
cos . R . c . dQ . l . K d L d o = =

2 2 2 2 2 2
cos . R . c . dQ . l . K d L d o = =
Bien thien moment ong lng cu a dong nguyen to cha t lo ng trong mo t n v th i
gian:
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
cos R . c cos R . c . dQ . dL dL L o o = = A
V ta a gia thie t ca c dong nguyen to chay qua banh cong ta c la nh nhau, ne n bie n
thien moment ong lng cu a toan bo kho i cha t long chuye n ong qua banh cong tac bang
tong bien thien moment ong lng cu a ca c do ng nguyen to :
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos R . c cos R . c . dQ . L o o = A
c
2
l
1
l
2
R
1

R
2

2 2
1
1
u
1
c
1
w
1
e
|
1

o
1
|
2

o
2

u
2

w
2
R
2
R
1
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

35
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos R . c cos R . c . dQ . o o =
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 l
cos R . c cos R . c . Q . o o =
Q
l
lu l ng chay qua banh co ng ta c va chnh bang lu lng ly thuye t.
Goi M la moment do ngoai l c ta c dung len tru c quay, t c la moment quay cu a tru c
th: L M A =
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 l
cos R . c cos R . c . Q . M o o = (3.2)
Vay phng trnh moment quay cu a banh cong ta c co dang tong quat la :
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 l
cos R . c cos R . c . Q . M o o = (3.4)
Hang dau tren cho may bm va hang dau d i cho tuabin.
b- Phng trnh cot ap
Ta a bie t, cot ap H cua may thuy l c canh dan la nang lng n v cu a dong cha t
long trao o i vi ma y thuy l c, no chnh la co ng cu a mot n v trong lng cha t long trao
oi vi may.
Hn n a, co ng sua t thuy l c cu a ma y quan he v i cot ap la :


= =
l l l l tl
H gQ H Q N (3.5)
H
l
- cot a p cua ma y ng v i trng hp dong chay qua ma y thoa man cac gia thie t
a neu, t c la kho ng co ton tha t va banh cong ta c co so canh dan nhieu vo cu ng, co n go i la
co t a p ly thuye t vo cu ng.
Mat kha c, cong sua t tren truc quay la :
e = . M N (3.6)
Neu khong ke ti ton tha t, th cong sua t thuy l c bang cong sua t tren tru c quay, do o:
e =

. M H gQ
l l

Thay tr so cua M theo co ng th c (3.4) vao va bie n o i, ta co:

( )
g
. cos R c cos R c
H
1 1 1 2 2 2
l
e o o
=


(3.7)
Ta thay
1 1
u R = e ,
2 2
u R = e
va
u 1 1 1
c cos R = o ,
u 2 2 2
c cos R = o vao bieu th c tren, ta thu c:

( )
g
c u c u
H
u 1 1 u 2 2
l

=

(3.8)
ay la phng trnh c ban cua may thuy lc canh dan con go i la phng trnh Euler.

c- Y ngha nang lng cua phng trnh c ban
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

36
T cac tam giac van to c ta co:

u 1 1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
c u 2 u c cos c u 2 u c w + = o + =

u 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c u 2 u c cos c u 2 u c w + = o + =
T ay ta ru t ra:
( )
2
1
2
1
2
1 u 1 1
w u c
2
1
c u + =
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 u 2 2
w u c
2
1
c u + =
Thay vao phng trnh c ban ta c:
oi v i bm:
g 2
c c
g 2
w w
g 2
u u
H
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
l


oi v i ong c:
g 2
c c
g 2
w w
g 2
u u
H
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
l


So hang
g 2
c c
2
1
2
2

hay
g 2
c c
2
2
2
1

- la phan thay o i ong nang n v cua dong chay khi
i qua banh cong tac, no bieu th thanh pha n cot ap ong H
l
.
So hang
g 2
u u
2
1
2
2

hay
g 2
u u
2
2
2
1

- ty le v i so vong quay va ng knh ba nh cong tac,
no bieu th thanh pha n cot ap tnh tng o i c tao thanh do lc ly tam tac dung le n dong
chay. Trong trng hp bm hng truc R
1
= R
2
, th so ha ng nay bang khong.
So hang
g 2
w w
2
2
2
1

hay
g 2
w w
2
1
2
2

- phu thuo c o m ro ng mang dan cu a banh cong tac,
oi vi bm
2 1
w w > , ch ng to mo t phan ong nang bien thanh ap nang.
Do o, co t ap tnh la:

g 2
w w
g 2
u u
H
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
t l


Vay:
t l d l l
H H H

+ = (3.9)





3.2 - BM LY TAM
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

37
3.2.1- khai niem chung
u iem c ban cu a bm ly tam:
Bm c nhie u loa i cha t long nh n c, dau, nhien lieu, hoa cha t, ke ca ca c ho n
hp cua cha t long va cha t ran.
Pham vi s dung ln va nang sua t cao, cu the :
- Cot ap H t 10 mH
2
O en hang nga n mH
2
O
- Lu lng Q t 2 70.000 m
3
/h
- Cong sua t t 1 6000 kW
- So vong quay t 730 6000 v/ph.
Ket cau nho gon, cha c chan, lam vie c tin cay.
Hie u sua t q cu a bm tng oi cao so v i ca c loa i bm kha c: q = 0,65 0,90.
Ch tieu kinh te tot ( gia thanh tng oi re).
S o ket cau cu a mo t bm ly tam n gian bie u th tren hnh 3.5
Hnh 3.5 S o ke t cau cu a bm ly tam
Bm ly tam gom cac bo phan chu yeu sau:
1 - Ba nh cong tac 2 - Tru c bm
3 - Bo phan dan hng vao 4 - Bo phan dan hng ra ( con goi la buo ng xoan o c)
5 - Ong hu t 6 -Ong a y
Trc khi cho bm lam vie c can phai lam cho than bm trong o co banh cong ta c va
ong hu t c ien ay chat lo ng, goi la qua trnh moi bm.
6
4
2
1
3
5
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

38
Qua trnh lam viec:
Khi bm lam vie c, banh cong tac quay, ca c pha n t chat long trong banh cong ta c
di a nh hng cua lc ly tam b do n t trong ra ngoa i chuyen o ng theo ca c mang dan va i
vao ong ay vi ap sua t cao hn, o la qua trnh a y cu a bm. ong th i lo i vao cua banh
cong tac tao nen mo t vung co ap sua t chan khong, va di ta c du ng cua ap sua t be ch a
ln hn ap sua t lo i va o cua bm, cha t long be hut lien tuc b hu t va o bm theo o ng hut.
o la qua trnh hut cu a bm. Qua trnh hu t va ay cu a bm la ca c qua trnh lien tu c, tao ne n
dong chay lien tu c qua bm.
Bo phan dan h ng ra, co dang xoan o c nen goi la buong xoan oc la e dan cha t long
t banh co ng ta c ra ong a y c ie u hoa, on nh va con co ta c du ng bien mo t pha n ong
nang cu a dong chat lo ng thanh ap nang can thie t.
3.2.2- Phng trnh lam viec cua bm ly tam
a- Phng trnh c ban cua bm ly tam (phng trnh cot ap):
Bm ly tam la mo t dang cua bm canh dan, t phng trnh c ban cua may thuy l c
ca nh dan , ap dung cho bm canh dan ta co :

( )
g
c u c u
H
u 1 1 u 2 2
l

(3.10)
Trong ca c bm ly tam hien a i, a so cac banh co ng ta c co ke t cau lo i va o hoac bo
phan da n h ng vao sao cho dong cha t long lo i vao cua mang da n chuye n ong theo hng
knh, ngha la c vuong go c vi u tc la o
1
= 90
o
, e cot ap cu a bm co li nhat (c
1u
= 0).
Tam gia c van to c lo i vao la tam giac vuong, ta co :
Hnh 3.6 Tam giac va n toc loi vao cu a banh co ng ta c
Khi o phng trnh c ban cua bm ly tam co dang la :

g
c u
H
u 2 2
l
=

(3.11)
b- Cot ap thc te:
Ta a bie t, phng trnh c ban cu a bm ly tam c la p t ieu kien gia thiet ly
thuyet:
- Canh da n nhieu vo cung va mong vo cung
- Cha t long la ly tng.
u
1
c
1
w
1
|
1

o
1
= 90
o

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

39
Vi gia thiet th nha t ta co van to c phan bo eu tre n ca c ma t ca t cu a dong chay qua
ca c mang dan. V i gia thie t th hai ta bo qua ton tha t cu a do ng chay trong ca c mang dan. V
the nen co t a p tnh theo phng trnh c ban go i la cot ap ly thuye t ng v i so canh da n
nhie u vo cung (H
l
).
Th c te, canh dan co chieu day nhat nh t 2 20mm va so canh dan hu han t
6 12 canh ga y nen s phan bo va n toc khong eu tren cac ma t ca t cua dong chay, tao ne n
ca c dong xoay ca c dong quan trong ma ng dan. ieu nay the hien tren hnh (3.7)
Hnh 3.7 Phan bo va n toc trong mang dan
Mat khac, chat long co o nh t do o ga y ne n ton tha t trong dong chay. V vay cot a p
th c te nho hn co t ap H
l
.
Cot ap th c te cu a bm ly tam H c tnh theo cong thc sau:

q c =
l H Z
H . . H (3.12)
c
Z
he so ke t i anh hng cu a so canh dan hu ha n en co t ap, go i la he so co t ap;
bang ly thuyet ve dong xoay va th c nghiem, nam 1931 vien s Pro tskua a xa c nh c
Z
o i
vi bm ly tam theo cong th c sau:

2 Z
sin
Z
1 |
t
= c (3.13)
Z so canh dan cua ba nh cong tac.
Vi Z va |
2
thong thng th tr so trung bnh cua he so cot ap 8 , 0
Z
~ c .
q
H
he so ke ti to n tha t nang lng cu a dong cha t long chuye n ong qua banh cong
ta c, no phu thuoc vao ra t nhieu ye u to nh kch thc, ket ca u cu a banh cong tac va bo pha n
hng dong goi la hieu sua t cot ap cu a banh cong ta c.
Vi bm ly tam: 9 , 0 7 , 0
H
= q .
Trng h p ke t i anh h ng cua so canh dan hu han e n co t ap, ta co co t ap ly
thuyet ng vi so canh dan hu han la :

c =
l Z l
H . H (3.14)
w
max
w
min
e
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

40
Cot ap th c te cu a bm ly tam la :

g
c u
. . H
u 2 2
H Z
q c = (3.15)
oi v i bm co ket cau va so vong quay thong thng th:
|
.
|

\
|
~ o q c = q c
2
u
. cos c . . c . .
2
2 2 H Z u 2 H Z

Vay trong tnh toan ga n ung, co the xa c nh cot ap thc te cua bm ly tam theo bie u
th c:

g 2
u .
H
2
2

= (3.16)
- he so co t ap thc te .
3.2.3 Anh hng cua ket cau canh en cot ap cua bm ly tam
Hnh da ng bo tr ke t cau cu a canh dan chu ye u phu thuo c vao go c |
1
va |
2
tc la go c
vao va ra cu a canh dan. Ta xe t anh hng cu a ca c goc nay en co t a p cua bm ly tam.
a- Anh hng cua goc |
1

Goc vao |
1
la go c bo tr ca nh dan cung la go c bieu th phng cu a van to c tng o i
lo i vao cu a banh co ng ta c. Trng hp co li nhat ve co t ap cu a bm th tam gia c van to c
lo i va o la tam gia c vuong co o
1
= 90
o
. T hnh (3.6), ta tha y |
1
ch phu thuoc vao u
1
va c
1
, ta
co :

1
1
1
u
c
tg = | (3.17)
Theo phng trnh c ban cu a bm ly tam
g
c u
H
u 2 2
l
=

ta thay goc |
1
khong anh
hng trc tie p en cot a p cua bm ly tam. Nhng ne u |
1
khong thch hp se gay ra va a p
dong chay v i ca nh dan lo i vao banh cong ta c anh hng xau en hieu suat va co t ap cu a
bm.
Ng i ta thng chon |
1
= 15
o
30
o
.
b- Anh hng cua goc |
2

Ly thuye t va th c nghiem chng to ra ng tr so cu a |
2
co anh hng tr c tiep e n
phng va gia tr cu a ca c thanh pha n van to c cu a dong chay trong mang dan, do o co anh
hng quye t nh e n cot ap toa n phan H va ca c co t ap thanh phan H
t
va H

cu a bm. V va y
oi vi ba nh cong tac bm ly tam, go c |
2
co y ngha a c bie t quan trong.
Tuy theo tr so cu a |
2
, banh cong ta c co 3 ca ch bo tr canh da n:
|
2
< 90
o
: canh da n cong ve pha sau ( so v i u) go i la ba nh cong tac co canh da n ngoa t
sau ( a) loa i a thng gap bm e bm ca c cha t long nh n c, dau,
|
2
= 90
o
: canh da n hng knh lo i ra goi la banh cong ta c co canh dan h ng knh (b).
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

41
|
2
> 90
o
: ca nh dan cong ve pha tr c go i la ba nh cong ta c co ca nh dan ngoat tr c ( c)
loai b,c thng gap qua t va ma y nen e bm cac cha t kh

Hnh 3.8 Ca c cach bo tr canh dan

Hnh 3.9 Hnh dang canh da n cua banh cong tac
Ngoai ra trong th c te, ngi ta con che tao hnh dang canh dan cu a banh cong ta c ra t
a dang, hnh 3.9 bieu die n mo t so loa i canh dan co go c ra |
2
kha c nhau:
e hieu ro vai tro cua |
2
o i v i co t a p cua bm ta xet 3 banh cong ta c ly tam co :
- kch th c nh nhau
- goc vao |
1
nh nhau
- so vong quay lam viec nh nhau
- goc ra |
2
khac nhau.
w
2
a) |
2
< 90
o

c
2
b) |
2
= 90
o
c) |
2
> 90
o

|
2
c
2
u
2
u
1
|
2
w
2
u
2
u
1
|
2
|
2

u
2
u
1
w
2
c
2
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

42
Ta kha o sa t co t a p do tng loai banh cong ta c tao nen v i ca c kie u canh da n noi tren.
Khi ve ca c tam gia c van to c cho kie u ba nh cong ta c na y ta can chu y :
Ca c banh cong tac co |
1
, kch th c lo i vao, lu l ng va so vong quay lam vie c nh
nhau nen co tam gia c van to c lo i vao nh nhau.
Ca c ba nh cong ta c co ng knh ngoa i D
2
va vong quay lam viec nh nhau ne n
chung co van toc vong u
2
bang nhau.
Ta co ca c tam gia c van to c la :
Hnh 3.10 Tam gia c van to c lo i va o
Hnh 3.11 Tam gia c van to c lo i ra
T phng trnh c ba n cu a bm ly tam
g
c u
H
u 2 2
l
=

, ta thay trong ca 3 trng hp co


u
2
nh nhau nen H
l
ch phu thuo c vao c
2u
. Ta xe t s thay o i cu a co t ap H
l
trong ca 3
trng h p tren.
* Khi |
2
< 90
o

T tam gia c van to c bieu th tre n hnh a, ta co:

2 R 2 2 u 2
g cot c u c | = (3.18)
Thay vao phng trnh c ban (3.11) ta c:

g
g cot c u u
H
2 R 2 2
2
2
l
|
=

(3.19)
Ta tha y, khi 0 g cot c u c
2 R 2 2 u 2
= | = t c la :

R 2
2
2
c
u
g cot = | hoa c
2
R 2
2
u
c
arctg = |
u
1
c
1
w
1
|
1

o
1
= 90
o

c
1R
= c
2R
c
2
c
2
c
2
c
2u
< u
2
c
2R
a) b) c)
w
2
w
2
u
2
u
2
u
2
c
2u
= u
2 c
2u
= 2u
2
c
2R

w
2
c
2R
|
2
< 90
o

|
2
= 90
o

|
2
> 90
o

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

43
th H
l
= 0 ngha la bm lam vie c khong co cot ap.
Vay muo n bm lam vie c tao c co t a p th canh dan cu a banh co ng ta c pha i co
|
2
> |
2min
=
2
R 2
u
c
arctg . Va ta nha n tha y H
l
ta ng theo ty le thuan v i |
2
.
* Khi |
2
= 90
o

Lu c nay tam gia c va n to c lo i ra la tam giac vuong c bie u th tre n hnh b, ne n
2 u 2
u c = do o ta co :

g
u
g
c . u
H
2
2 u 2 2
l
= =


Thng trong bm ly tam tr so cu a c
R
thay o i ra t t t lo i vao en lo i ra cu a banh
cong ta c nen ta co :
c
2R
= c
1R
= c
1
Khi o co t a p ong la :

g 2
c c
g 2
c c
H
2
R 2
2
2
2
1
2
2
d l


T hnh b, ta co:
2
2
2
R 2
2
2
u c c = , nen:

g 2
u
H
2
2
d l
=

(3.20)
Ma co t ap tnh la :
d l l t l
H H H

= nen ta thu c:

g 2
u
g 2
u
g
u
H
2
2
2
2
2
2
t l
= =


T c la :
g 2
u
2
H
H H
2
2 l
t l d l
= = =


(3.21)
Ta tie p tuc tang |
2
len n a ta thay:
* Khi |
2
> 90
o

T hnh c, ta co c
2u
> u
2
. ta khao sat trng hp khi c
2u
= 2u
2
, lu c o :

( )
g
u 2
g
u 2 u
g
c . u
H
2
2 2 2 u 2 2
l
= = =


Nh vay H
l
= H
l
va do o H
lt
= 0 t c la khong co cot ap tnh.
Neu ta tiep tu c tang |
2
len na th c
2u
> 2u
2
lu c o H
l
> H
l
t c la co t ap o ng l n
hn cot ap toan pha n hay no i cach khac co t ap tnh co tr so am.
Trong th c te , bm kho ng the lam vie c c v i H
lt
s 0 v khi o bm kho ng co kha
nang ay cha t lo ng. Vay muon cho bm lam vie c c th go c ra |
2
cua ca nh dan trong banh
cong ta c kho ng c ln qua mot gia tr gi i han nao o, t c la :
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

44
|
2
s |
2max

Vay e cho bm lam vie c c th tr so cua goc |
2
pha i thoa man ieu kien:
|
2min
< |
2
< |
2max
(3.22)
Quan he gi a co t a p ly thuye t cu a bm va tr so cua goc |
2
c bie u th tren hnh 4.8.
ng EK ch s thay oi cu a co t ap toa n phan theo phng trnh:

g
g cot c u u
H
2 R 2 2
2
2
l
|
=

(3.23)
ng EI ch s thay oi cu a co t a p tnh theo phng trnh:

( )
g 2
g cot c
g 2
u
H
2
2 R 2
2
2
t l
|
=

(3.24)

Hnh 3.12 - Quan he gi a co t a p ly thuye t cu a bm va tr so cua goc |
2

Qua o th ta thay, go c |
2
cang ln th cot a p ly thuye t cua bm cang ln, bm co kha
nang truye n c nang cho chat lo ng cang nhieu. Nhng trong ky thua t can gia i quyet sao cho
c nang ma bm truyen cho cha t long la co l i nhat, ngha la co hieu qua cao nhat va a p
ng c ca c yeu cau lam vie c kha c nhau ve co t ap ong va co t ap tnh. Tuy kha nang lam
vie c kha c nhau cu a bm ma chon |
2
thch hp.
Bm ly tam lam vie c trong pham vi:
H
lt
= ( 0,7 0,8 )H
l

H
l
= ( 0,2 0,3 )H
l

T c la ng vi |
2
= 15
o
30
o
.
90
o

|
2
= |
2min
|
2
= |
2max
H
l
H
l
= u
2
2
/g
H
l
= 2u
2
2
/g
H
lt
H
l
|
2

H
l
= u
2
2
/2g
H
lt
= u
2
2
/2g
E I
K
D
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

45
Trong tr ng h p ac bie t |
2
= 50
o
.
3.2.4- Lu lng va hieu suat lu lng
Hnh 3.13 Lu l ng cha t long trong ba nh cong tac
Lu lng cha t lo ng chay qua banh cong ta c cu a may thuy l c canh dan no i chung va
bm ly tam no i rie ng c xa c nh theo cong thc:
b . D . . c Q
R l
t = (3.25)
b chie u rong ma ng da n ng v i ng knh D cu a ba nh co ng ta c (thng la ta i lo i
ra)
D - ng knh D cu a ba nh cong ta c
c
R
hnh chieu van to c tuyet o i len phng vuong go c v i u.
Lu lng qua banh co ng tac xem nh lu lng ly thuye t Q
l
cu a bm. Lu lng th c
te Q qua ong ay nho hn Q
l
v kho ng pha i tat ca chat lo ng sau khi ra khoi ba nh cong ta c e u
i vao ong a y ma co mo t phan nho AQ chay tr ve lo i vao ba nh cong ta c hoa c ro r ra ngoa i
qua cac khe h cua cac bo phan lo t kn A va B c bieu th tren hnh ve (3.13)
Vay: Q
l
= Q + AQ
e anh gia ton that lu lng cu a bm ng i ta dung hieu sua t lu lng q
Q
:

Q Q
Q
Q
Q
l
Q
A +
= = q (3.26)
q
Q
< 1 phu thuo c va o ke t cau va cha t lng lam vie c cu a cac bo phan lot kn.
Thng oi v i bm ly tam:
q
Q
= 0,95 0,98
Bm co lu lng cang ln th q
Q
cang cao.
3.2.5- ng ac tnh cua bm ly tam
Ca c thong so cu a bm nh H, Q, N, q thay oi theo ca c che o lam vie c cua bm v i
so vong quay n khong o i hoa c thay o i.
Q
AQ
Q
l

A
B
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

46
Ca c quan he H = f(Q), N = f(Q), q = f(Q) bieu th ac tnh lam vie c cu a bm. c
bieu dien d i dang gia i tch go i la phng trnh a c tnh. Bieu die n d i da ng o th go i la
ng ac tnh cu a bm.
Ca c ng a c tnh ng v i so vong quay lam viec khong o i ( n = const ) go i la
ng ac tnh lam viec, ng v i nhieu so vong quay (n = var) goi la ng ac tnh tong hp.
Trong 3 ng a c tnh neu tren, quan tro ng hn ca la ng a c tnh co t ap H = f(Q),
no cho ta bie t kha nang lam vie c cu a bm nen go i la ng ac tnh c ban.
T ng H = f(Q) ta co the suy ra N = f(Q) va q = f(Q).
a- ng ac tnh ly thuyet
T phng trnh c ban ta co the xay dng ng a c tnh ly thuye t cu a bm ly tam.
Theo cong th c (3.11):
g
c u
H
u 2 2
l
=


T tam gia c van to c lo i ra:





Hnh 3.14 Tam gia c van to c lo i ra
Ta co:
2 R 2 2 u 2
g cot c u c | =
Mat kha c, t cong th c lu lng ly thuye t (4.16) ta ru t ra c:
2 2
l
R
b D
Q
c
t
=
Thay cac bieu th c tren vao co ng th c cot ap ly thuye t, ta thu c:

l
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 R 2 2
2
2
l
Q .
n . g . b . D
g cot . u
g
u
g
g cot c u u
H
|
=
|
=


oi v i mo t bm cho tr c th u
2
, b
2
, D
2
la nhng a i l ng khong oi ne n phng
trnh ng a c tnh c ban ly thuye t co dang:

l 2 l
Q . g cot . b a H | =

(3.27)
a, b la nh ng hang so dng.
ng bieu dien phng trnh na y go i la ng ac tnh c ban ly thuyet. o la mo t
ng khong i qua go c toa o , he so go c cu a no tuy thuo c va o tr so go c ra cu a canh da n |
2
.
Trong trng hp tong quat o i vi ma y thuy lc, ta co 3 dang ng a c tnh ly thuye t the
hien tren hnh ve.
c
2
w
2
c
2R
|
2
< 90
o

u
2
c
2u
o
2
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

47
Hnh 3.15 ng a c tnh ly thuye t va ng a c tnh tnh toan
Neu |
2
< 90
o
th cotg |
2
> 0, ta co ng AD
Neu |
2
= 90
o
th cotg |
2
= 0, ta co ng AC
Neu |
2
> 90
o
th cotg |
2
< 0, ta co ng AB
oi vi bm ly tam, ta co |
2
< 90
o
do o ng a c tnh cu a bm ly tam la ng
nghch bien ba c nha t AD. a y la ng a c tnh c ban ly thuyet cua bm ly tam khi cha ke
t i so canh dan hu han va ton tha t.
Neu ke t i so canh dan h u ha n, ng a c tnh tr thanh ng A
/
D
/
, bieu dien:
H
l
= c
Z
.H
l

Trong o c
Z
< 1 - la he so ke t i so canh da n hu han.
Neu ke t i ton tha t lu lng q
Q
, ng a c tnh tr thanh ng A
/
D
1
/

Neu ke ti cac loa i ton tha t thuy l c cu a do ng chat lo ng qua banh cong tac, ta biet ca c
loai ton that thuy l c nay e u ty le v i bnh phng cu a van to c, t c cung la bnh
phng cu a lu lng th ng a c tnh tr thanh ng cong bac hai A
//
D
//
:
- Khi Q = Q
kte
(ng v i lu lng thch hp nhat) th h
w
co gia tr nho nhat (h
w
~ 0 ) :
q
H
= 1.
- Khi Q > Q
kte
hay Q < Q
kte
th ton tha t h
w
eu tang.
Neu ke t i ton tha t c kh th ng a c tnh dch ve pha trai va thap hn A
//
D
//
mot
chu t, o la ng A
///
D
///
- ay chnh la ng a c tnh c ban tnh toan cu a bm ly
tam.
b- ng ac tnh thc nghie m
H
Q
l

A
A
/
A
//
A
///
u
2
2
/g
Q
kte
B
C
D
D
/
D
1
/
D
//
D
///
q
Q
q
H
|
2
> 90
o

|
2
= 90
o

|
2
< 90
o
( Z )
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

48
Vie c xay dng ng ac tnh tnh toan rat ph c tap kho khan, b i vay trong ky thua t
th ng xa y dng ca c ng ac tnh bang cac so lieu o c khi khao nghiem tre n ca c ma y
cu the o la ng a c tnh th c nghiem.
S o he thong th nghiem bm ly tam bieu th tren hnh (3.16).
Hnh 3.16 - S o he thong th nghiem bm ly tam

Muon xay d ng c ca c ng a c tnh th c nghiem cu a bm ly tam th pha i cho
bm lam vie c trong mot he thong th nghiem nh hnh ve.
Trnh t tien ha nh th nghiem e xay d ng ng a c tnh gom ca c b c sau:
1. M khoa 2 ong hu t va cho bm lam vie c cho en khi so vong quay cua truc bm a t
t i tr so yeu cau, trong khi o khoa 4 ong a y va n ong ( Q = 0 ). T ca c tr so o
c luc nay ap ke A va chan khong ke C, ta suy ra co t ap H cua bm che o
khong tai
2. M dan khoa 4 o ng ay e tang lu lng cu a bm cho e n khi a t ti tr so c c
a i. Trong qua trnh thay o i lu lng, so vong quay lam vie c kho ng o i. Tai mo i v
tr m cu a khoa 4, ta o c ca c so lie u th nghiem cu a bm va o ng c ien e tnh
ra lu l ng Q, cot ap H va cong suat cu a o ng c ien N
c
.
Tai mo i iem lam vie c ta tnh c cong sua t thuy l c cua bm. So sanh cong sua t
thuy l c va cong sua t o c tren tru c cu a bm ta suy ra c hieu sua t cua bm.
Nh vay, t cac so lieu th nghiem, ta co the xay dng c cac ng a c tnh th c
nghiem cua bm ly tam H-Q, N-Q, q-Q. Ca c ng a c tnh th c nghiem cu a bm ve hnh
dang no i chung cu ng giong nh ng a c tnh tnh toan, nhng khong trung nhau ( do co mo t
so loa i ton tha t ma trong khi tnh toan ta khong anh gia het c).
oi vi bm ly tam, ngoa i 3 ng a c tnh tre n co n co them ng bieu dien quan
he co t ap chan khong cho phep vi lu lng [H
CK
] = f(Q).
ng a c tnh th c nghiem co dang nh sau:
1
2
3
4
5
C
A
1- Be hu t
2, 4- Khoa
3- Bm
5- Lu lng ke
C- Chan khong ke
A- Ap ke

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

49

Hnh 3.17 - ng a c tnh th c nghiem
Cong du ng cua ng ac tnh lam vie c cua bm:
Qua ca c ng a c tnh H-Q, q-Q, N-Q ta thay c khu vc lam vie c co l i nhat ng
vi hie u sua t cao nhat [ q
max
hoa c q = (q
max
7%)]
Qua hnh dang cua ng a c tnh ta bie t c tnh na ng lam vie c cua bm e s
dung bm cho hp ly.
ng a c tnh [H
CK
] = f(Q) e tnh toa n ong hu t va xa c nh v tr a t bm mot cach
hp ly.
c- ng ac tnh tong hp
Moi ng a c tnh lam vie c c xay dng v i mo t so vong quay lam vie c khong
oi cua bm. Neu thay oi vo ng quay lam vie c th ng ac tnh lam viec cung thay o i
theo. e bie t c nhanh chong cac tho ng so Q, H, N, q cu a bm thay o i nh the nao khi n
thay o i, ng i ta dng ng ac tnh to ng hp.
ng a c tnh tong hp cua bm la ng bie u dien ca c quan he Q-H, N-H vi ca c
so vong quay lam vie c khac nhau, tren o ca c iem lam viec cung hieu suat c no i v i
nhau thanh nh ng ng cong go i la ng cung hieu suat.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

50

Hnh 3.18 - ng a c tnh tong hp cu a bm
3.2.6 ng dung ong dang trong bm ly tam
Ta biet rang, khi so vong quay lam vie c n cu a bm thay o i th cac thong so lam vie c
kha c cu a bm cung thay o i theo.
Th c nghiem ch ng to rang, khi mot bm ly tam v i so vo ng quay thay o i t (d i
50% so vi so vo ng quay nh m c) th hieu sua t cu a bm thay o i tng oi t, co the xem
nh khong oi q = const. Ma t khac ca c tam gia c van to c eu ty le vi so vong quay, nen ca c
tam gia c van to c se ong da ng v i nhau. Do o ca c che o lam vie c kha c nhau cu a bm
trong trng hp na y xem nh ca c tr ng hp tng t.
Theo ly thuye t ve tng t, hai che o lam vie c goi la tng t nhau khi chung thoa
man 3 ie u kien tng t:
Ta xe t mot ma y mo hnh va mo t may nguyen hnh, ky hie u: ch so M - mo hnh,
N - nguyen hnh.
1. Tie u chuan tng t hnh ho c:
const
b
b
D
D
L
N
M
N
M
= = = =
2. Tie u chuan tng t ong ho c:
const
w
w
c
c
u
u
v
N
M
N
M
N
M
= = = = =
3. Tie u chuan tng t ong l c:
const
F
F
P
P
F
N
M
N
M
= = = =
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

51
Ta co the van dung cac quan he tng t nay e tm moi quan he gia Q, H, N theo so
vong quay n.
Goi H
M
, Q
M
, N
M
la co t ap, lu lng va cong suat ng vi so vong quay n
M
;
H
N
, Q
N
, N
N
la co t ap, lu lng va cong sua t ng vi so vong quay n
N
.
a - Phng trnh ong dang lu lng
Ta co phng trnh lu lng cu a bm ly tam:
b . D . . c Q
R
t =
Theo ke t ca u cua banh cong tac, b ty le v i D nen co the vie t:
b = k
1
.D
k
1
he so ty le
C
R
cung ty le v i van toc u, ne n:
n D
60
u . c
R

t
= =
- he so ty le
Thay vao bieu th c cua Q ta c:
n
60
D .
k Q
3 2
1

t
= hay k k
60 n D
Q
1
2
3
=
t
=


Khi ta co tng t hnh hoc th k = const, co tng t ong ho c th = const, do o :
const
n D
Q
3
=

hay:
N
M
3
N
M
N
M
n
n
D
D
Q
Q

|
|
.
|

\
|
=


N
M
D
D
=
L
- la tie u chua n tng t hnh ho c
Lu c o ta co : ( )
N
M
3
L
N
M
n
n
Q
Q
= (3.28)
Khi ta tnh cho ca c che o lam vie c cu a cung mo t bm th
L
= 1, phng trnh co
dang:

N
M
N
M
n
n
Q
Q
= (3.29)
b- Phng trnh ong dang cot ap
Theo phng trnh c ba n cua bm ly tam ta co:

2
u 2 2 2
2
2
u 2 2
2
u 2 2
l
u
c
n D
60 g
1
u
c
u
g
1
g
c u
H |
.
|

\
|
t
= = =


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.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

52
hay: const
u
c
60 g
1
n D
H
2
u 2
2
2 2
l
=
|
.
|

\
|
t
=


v
)
`

= = = = = const
u
c
const
u
c
u
c
const
c
c
u
u
2
u 2
N
N
M
M
N
M
N
M

Nh vay ta c:

2
N
M 2
L
2
N
M
2
N
M
N l
M l
n
n
n
n
D
D
H
H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(3.30)
Khi
L
= 1
2
N
M
N l
M l
n
n
H
H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(3.31)
c- Phng trnh ong dang cong suat
Ta co: N = QH
l

Vay:
3
N
M 5
L
N
M
3
N
M
5
N
M
N
M
N l
M l
N
M
N
M
N
M
n
n
n
n
D
D
H
H
Q
Q
N
N
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|


Khi v i cung mo t chat lo ng lam viec, ta co :
3
N
M 5
L
N
M
n
n
N
N
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (3.32)
Khi
L
= 1 :
3
N
M
N
M
n
n
N
N
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (3.33)
Trong th c te, ngoa i so vong quay lam vie c thay o i con co the gap trng hp trong
lng rieng cu a cha t long thay o i, ng knh ngoa i D cu a banh cong ta c thay o i. e a p
ng ye u ca u s dung, thng khi can giam cot ap va ta ng lu lng so v i nh m c, ng i ta
co the go t b t ng knh D ( ch trong pham vi 10%) th hieu sua t cua bm coi nh khong
oi. Ta co the xem ca c che o lam vie c cu a bm trong tr ng h p nay la cac che o lam vie c
tng t.
Goi Q
1
, H
1
, N
1
la lu lng, co t ap va cong sua t ng vi D,
1
va n
1

Q
2
, H
2
, N
2
la lu lng, co t a p va co ng sua t ng v i D,
2
va n
2
.




Ta co quan he tng t cu a mo t bm ly tam nh ba ng sau:
Ca c thong Khi thay o i Khi n thay o i Khi D thay o i Khi , n, D thay o i
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

53
so
Lu lng
Q
1 2
Q Q =
1
1
2
2
Q
n
n
Q =
1
3
2
Q
' D
' ' D
Q
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
3
1
2
2
Q
' D
' ' D
n
n
Q
|
.
|

\
|
=
Cot ap H
1
2
1
2
H H

=
1
2
1
2
2
H
n
n
H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
2
H
' D
' ' D
H
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
H
' D
' ' D
n
n
H
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Cong sua t
N
1
1
2
2
N N

=
1
3
1
2
2
N
n
n
N
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
3
2
N
' D
' ' D
N
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
5
3
1
2
1
2
2
N
' D
' ' D
n
n
N
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
3.2.7- So vong quay ac trng
e ac trng cho mo t he thong, ngi ta dung mo t may mau t ng trng ( may mo
hnh). Quy nh cu a may bm mo hnh co ca c tho ng so sau:
H
S
= 1 m co t cha t long
Q
S
= 0,075 m
3
/s
N
S
= 0,736 kW ( tng ng 1 ma lc)
q
S
hieu sua t co l i nha t
n
S
so vo ng quay a c trng, v/ph.
Ba t ky may thuy l c nao c che ta o ra cung phai tng t v i ma y mo hnh cung he
thong, cac thong so lam vie c cu a may o va cu a ma y mo hnh quan he vi nhau theo lua t
tng t, t c la :
( )
n
n
Q
Q
S
3
L
S
= (1)

2
S 2
L
S
n
n
H
H
|
.
|

\
|
= (2)

3
S 5
L
S
n
n
N
N
|
.
|

\
|
= (3)
Ket hp cong th c (1) va (2), rut
L
va cho bang nhau, ta thu c cong thc:

4
3
2
1
S
H
Q . n . 65 , 3
n = (3.34)
n so vo ng quay, v/ph
Q lu lng, m
3
/s
H co t ap, m
Ket hp cong th c (2) va (3), rut
L
tng t nh tren, ta thu c cong th c:
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

54

4
5
2
1
S
H
N . n . 167 , 1
n = (3.35)
N co ng sua t , kW
Neu n tnh theo ma l c, ta co:

4
5
2
1
S
H
N . n
n = (3.36)
Muon bie t mo t may thuy l c canh da n nao thuo c he thong cua ma y mo hnh nao,
ng i ta dung so vong quay a c trng n
S
tnh theo ca c cong thc tren e phan bie t, nen n
S

c go i la so vong quay a c trng.
V du: n
S
= 40 80 v/ph bm ly tam ty to c cham 5 , 3
D
D
o
2
=


n
S
= 140 300 v/ph bm ly tam ty to c nhanh 1 , 1 3 , 1
D
D
o
2
=
n
S
= 600 1800 v/ph bm h ng tru c 6 , 0 8 , 0
D
D
o
2
=
3.2.8- Hien tng xam thc
Ap sua t dong cha t long chay qua bm luon luon thay oi va khong bang nhau trong
tng iem rieng re tren ma t ca t cua dong chay.
Trong nhng bm thong thng, ap suat nho nha t la gan lo i vao cua ba nh cong tac
pha lom cu a canh dan, t c la cho nao van to c tng o i W va ong nang ng v i no
W
2
/2 a t c gia tr ln nha t (vung A tren hnh).

Hnh 3.19 Vu ng xay ra xam th c

Neu vung A ap sua t bang hay nho hn a p sua t hi bao hoa cua cha t long trong bm,
th se xua t hien hien tng xam th c. Hien tng nay se lan rong ra ca c vung lan can cu a
dong chay.
R
1
A
R
2
w
2
w
1
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

55
Hie n t ng xam thc co ha i khong ch v no huy hoa i kim loai ma con v may lam
vie c khi co xam th c se lam giam rat l n hieu suat.
Bm lam vie c khi co xam thc rat on, rung manh va khi cng o xam thc len cao
xua t hien s va ap se ra t co ha i cho bm.
Bien phap khac phuc:
Han che van toc cha t long trong dong chay cu a bm
ng du ng hnh dang tie n li cho dong chay va cho ma t ca t cu a banh cong ta c
S dung bm che o gan vi che o a tnh toan tr c
Mot bie n pha p quan tro ng trong vie c chong xam th c cu a ba t ky loa i bm na o o la
ca n co o cao hut thch hp, ma vi o cao hu t nay khong xay ra xam th c goi la o
cao hu t cho phep (a c tnh toa n phan bm canh da n).
3.2.9 Kiem tra bm
1. Chon bm ung yeu ca u ky thua t, d a vao ng a c tnh cu a bm, trong o ac bie t
chu y ng ac tnh c ban (H-Q).
2. Ca c thie t b va ong ho o a p sua t, o chan kho ng, o ie n can co ay u. Can lap
van mo t chieu ong hut va ong ay e de dang khi mo i va kh i o ng bm.
3. Trc khi cho bm lam vie c pha i mo i bm
4. Trc khi bm kh i ong phai kiem tra dau m trong bm va ong c, ca c mo i ghep
bulo ng, he thong ien.
5. Khi kh i ong bm, cho ong c quay o n nh ro i m i t t m khoa ong ay
(nhng v i bm a p suat thap th ngc la i, m khoa ong ay ro i mi kh i ong neu
khong ong c kho kh i ong va de b qua ta i).
6. Khi bm lam vie c, can theo doi ong ho o, chu y nghe tieng may e kp th i pha t
hien nhng bat thng e x ly kp thi.
7. Khi chuan b tat may, lam th t ong ta c ng c v i khi cho may chay: ong van
ong ay tr c, tat may sau.
8. Khi bm lam viec cha t long khong le n hoac le n t, can dng may va kiem tra la i:
Ca c van hoa c khoa ong ay va o ng hu t.
L i chan ra c co b lap kn hoac mieng ong hu t khong ung o sau can thiet
ca ch ma t thoang cu a be hu t.
Banh co ng ta c quay ng c (bm ien co the b a u day ngc pha).

3.2.10 ieu chnh che o lam viec cua bm
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

56
Hnh 3.20 iem lam viec

iem lam viec cu a bm la giao iem cu a hai ng a c tnh cua bm va cu a he thong
trong cung mo t he toa o.
Qua trnh thay o i iem lam vie c cu a bm theo mo t yeu cau nao o goi la qua trnh
ieu chnh.
Co hai phng phap ieu chnh:
a- ieu chnh bang khoa

Hnh 3.21 - ie u chnh bang khoa
ie u chnh ba ng khoa tao nen s thay o i ng ac tnh l i bang ca ch ieu chnh
(ong hoa c m) khoa ong ay e thay o i lu lng cua he thong (khong ie u chnh ong
hut v de gay ra hien t ng xam th c).
Khi m khoa hoan toan ta co iem lam viec A (H
A
, Q
A
).
Khi o ng b t khoa lai th ton that khoa se tang len (,
A
,
B
), lu lng cu a he
thong giam, ngha la ng ac tnh l i se thay oi doc hn, trong khi a c
tnh bm khong o i. Do o iem lam vie c t A chuyen e n B (H
B
, Q
B
).
Phng phap nay n gian, thuan tien nhng khong kinh te v gay them to n tha t.
H
H
A

Q
A

Q
A
H
l
- Q
H
B
- Q
H
H
A

Q
A

Q
A
H
l
- Q (,
A
)
H
B
- Q
B
H
B

Q
B

H
l
- Q (,
B
)
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

57
b- ieu chnh bang thay oi so vong quay cua truc bm

Hnh 3.22 - ie u chnh bang thay oi so vong quay
Noi dung cua phng phap na y la thay oi ng a c tnh rie ng cu a bm bang cach
thay o i so vo ng quay cu a tru c bm.
iem lam viec A(H
A
,Q
A
) ng vi so vong quay lam vie c n
A
. Khi tang so vong quay
en n
B
> n
A
th ng ac tnh cu a bm se khac i trong khi o ng a c tnh li khong
thay o i, iem lam vie c t A chuyen en B (H
B
, Q
B
).
Phng pha p nay du ng cho bm co thie t b thay oi so vong quay. Phng phap na y
kinh te hn so vi phng phap tre n. Nhng o i v i bm kho ng co thie t b thay oi so vong
quay lam vie c th phng phap tren thong dung hn.
oi khi ngi ta ke t hp ca hai phng phap tren.
c- Khu vc ieu chnh
Ta thay rang muon ieu chnh bm th phai thay o i ng ac tnh l i hoa c thay o i
ng a c tnh bm. Nhng thc te kho ng pha i co the ieu chnh iem lam vie c ve bat c
iem nao tren ng a c tnh cua bm.

Hnh 3.23 - Khu v c ie u chnh
V du: Tren hnh ve , co mo t bm lam viec trong he thong v i ca c ng a c tnh nh
a c the hien, trong o ng a c tnh cua bm co dang loi. iem T la iem gi i han chia
H
H
A

Q
A
Q
A
H
l
- Q
H
B
Q (n
A
)
B
H
B

Q
B

C
H
B
Q (n
B
>n
A
)
H
B
Q (n
C
< n
A
)
Q
C
H
C

H
Q
H
l
- Q
H
B
- Q
iemg/ha n
T
K/vc
K/vc
khong O O
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

58
ng a c tnh ra lam hai khu v c: ben phai iem T la khu v c lam viec on nh, con be n
trai iem T tuy theo v tr cu a ng a c tnh l i, bm co the lam vie c khong on nh goi la
khu vc lam viec khong on nh cua bm.
Th c nghiem chng to ra ng:
Khong the ieu chnh bm trong khu vc khong on nh.
Khi kh i ong bm, can ha thap H
l i
e iem lam vie c cua bm khong ri vao
khu v c khong o n nh.
oi v i ca c bm quan trong nh bm cao a p cap n c cho no i hi (nha may nhie t
ien), yeu cau ve ng a c tnh cua bm la khong co vung lam vie c khong on nh, t c la
ng a c tnh co dang doc ng hoa c thoa i.
V tr cu a iem gi i han T phu thuoc vao go c |
2
. Goc |
2
cang nho th khu v c lam
vie c khong o n nh cang nho.
3.2.11 - Ghep bm ly tam
Co hai cach ghep bm: ghe p song song va ghep no i tiep.
a- Ghep song song: (khi he thong co yeu cau lu lng ln hn lu lng cu a mo t
bm)
ie u kien e ca c bm ghep co the lam vie c c la:
Ca c bm pha i lam viec v i cung co t a p: H
1
= H
2
= = H
i

e xa c nh lu lng cu a bm ghep song song lam vie c trong mot he tho ng, ta ca n
xay d ng ng ac tnh chung cu a ca c bm ghep (H-Q
C
) va bie t ng a c tnh l i
(H
l i
-Q).
ng a c tnh chung cu a ca c bm ghe p song song (H-Q
C
) trong he thong c xa y
dng bang cach cong ca c lu l ng vi cung mo t co t ap (cong ca c hoanh o tren cung tung
o).
V du: Kha o sa t hai bm co ng ac tnh kha c nhau: (H
1
-Q) va (H
2
-Q) ghep song
song, ta tha y vi mo i co t ap H > H
B
trong he thong ch co bm 2 lam vie c. Khi H = H
B
ca hai
bm eu cung lam vie c nhng lu lng cua he tho ng ch bang lu lng cu a bm 2 ng v i
iem B (Q
B
= Q
2
) (hnh 3.24)
iem C la iem lam vie c cu a ca c bm ghep trong he tho ng. Khi o bm 1 lam vie c
vi
C
1
Q , bm 2 lam vie c v i
C
2
Q . Vay: Tong lu lng cu a hai bm ghep song song trong he
thong nho hn tong lu lng cu a hai bm o khi lam viec rieng re cu ng trong he tho ng o.
2 1
C
2
C
1 C
Q Q Q Q Q + < + =
(v he thong lam vie c v i nhieu bm ghep song song co cot ap l n hn do lu lng trong he
thong tang len so v i khi tng bm rieng re lam viec trong he thong).
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

59
Hnh 3.24 - Ghep song song
Nhan xet:
ie u chnh he tho ng co ca c bm ghep song song tng o i ph c ta p khi ca c bm ghe p
co ng a c tnh kha c nhau nhieu Do vay can ghe p ca c bm co ng ac tnh
gan gio ng nhau.
Ghep bm song song co hieu qua ln khi ng ac tnh cu a chung thoai (co o do c
nho) va ng a c tnh cua l i kho ng do c lam Ta can ng dung ghep song song
trong ca c he thong bm can co co t ap thay o i t khi lu lng thay o i nhieu.
So lng bm ghep song song e tang lu lng co gii han nha t nh, c xa c nh
bi ng a c tnh chung va ng ac tnh li.
b- Ghep noi tiep: (khi he thong co yeu cau co t a p ln hn cot ap cu a mo t bm)
Hnh 3.25 Ghep no i tiep

H
B

H
Q
1

Q
H
l
-Q
H
B1
-Q
B
Q
2
H
B2
-Q
H
C
-Q
1
2
C
Q
C
< Q
1
+Q
2
Q
B
= Q
2

Q
1C

Q
2C

1 2
H
B1
- Q
H
B2
- Q
H
C
- Q
H
C
= H
1C
+ H
2C
Q
H
H
li
- Q
A
1
2
H
1C
H
2C
Q
C
1
2
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

60
ie u kien ghep noi tiep:
Ca c bm ghep pha i lam viec vi lu lng nh nhau:
i 2 1
Q Q Q = = =
Cot ap lam viec khi Q = const:

i 2 1 C
H H H H + + + =
ng a c tnh chung cu a cac bm ghep (H
C
- Q) c xay dng bang ca ch cong ca c
co t a p cua rieng tng bm vi cung mo t lu lng (cong ca c tung o tren cung mo t
hoanh o)
Kha o sa t hai bm 1, 2 co ng a c tnh kha c nhau ghep no i tie p lam vie c trong mo t
he thong.
iem A (giao iem cu a ng a c tnh chung va ng a c tnh l i) la iem lam
vie c cu a ca c bm ghep trong he thong, xa c nh lu lng Q va cot ap H cua hai bm ghe p.
Khi ghep no i tiep ne n chon bm va he tho ng co ng a c tnh do c nhieu m i co hie u
qua cao, v khi thay o i lu lng t a ta ng c co t ap theo yeu cau.
Chu y: Khi ghep hai bm 1 va 2 no i tiep lien nhau can chu y la bm 2 pha i lam vie c
vi ap sua t cao hn bm 1, v va y neu khong u sc ben bm se b ho ng. Do o phai cho n
tren ng ong a y cua bm 1 iem nao co ap sua t khong ga y nguy hiem cho bm 2 e
ghep.
3.2.12 Lc doc truc trong bm ly tam cach khac phuc lc doc truc
Khi bm lam viec, ba nh cong tac cu a bm chu ta c dung cu a cac ap l c theo hng
tru c. Ta se khao sa t ca c l c nay.
Hnh 3.26 - L c do c tru c trong bm ly tam
Khi bm lam vie c, cha t long bong hu t A chuyen ong theo phng song song v i
tru c va o banh cong ta c d i ap sua t kha nho p
1
. Sau khi vao banh cong ta c, dong cha t long
ngoa t 90
o
va tr thanh tha ng goc v i tru c. Ap sua t chat long tang dan en tr so p
2
loi ra, p
1
<< p
2
. D i ta c dung cu a p
2
, mo t phan chat long ro r qua cac khe h gi a ba nh co ng ta c va
than bm B va C. Neu bo qua s quay cu a cha t lo ng trong khe h B va C th co the xem ga n
p
2
p
2
p
2
p
1 R
1
R
2
P
II

A
P
1
A

B

C

D

F

E

M

N

K

r
T

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

61
ung ap sua t trong ca c khe o bang p
2
. Do o ap l c hng tru c ta c dung len a sau cu a
banh co ng ta c hng ve pha tra i la:
( )
2 2
2 2 tr
r R . . p P t =
Va ap l c h ng tru c ta c dung len a tr c banh cong ta c, hng ve be n pha i la :
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2
1
2
2 2 ph
r R . . p R R . . p P t + t =
V p
2
>> p
1
P
tr
>> P
ph
. Do o ap l c do c truc co xu hng ay banh cong ta c ve
pha ng c v i hng chuyen o ng cua cha t long va o ba nh cong ta c.
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 ph tr I
r R . p p . P P P t = =
Hoa c: ( )
2 2
1 t I
r R . H . . P t =
Trong th c te , do s quay cu a cha t long theo cac a cua banh cong ta c trong ca c khe
h B va C nen ap sua t trong ca c khe giam dan t ngoa i vao trong (t R
2
R
1
) theo ca c
ng parabol.
Ngoai P
I
ra, con co l c h ng tru c P
II
ta c dung len banh co ng ta c theo h ng cu a dong
chay (ng c v i P
I
), P
II
xua t hie n do cha t long thay oi phng chuye n ong lo i vao cu a
banh co ng ta c (t hng truc sang hng knh), co the tnh theo nh lua t ong lng:

o
l
o II
C
g
Q .
C . m P

= =
m khoi lng chat lo ng chuyen o ng qua banh co ng ta c,
g
Q .
m
l

=
C
o
va n toc cha t long bong hut cu a banh co ng ta c.
Vay ap l c tong co ng ap dung tren mo t banh co ng ta c cu a bm la:

II I
P P P =
oi v i bm nhieu cap co so banh co ng ta c la i th tong ap l c hng truc la :
A = iP
* Neu roto cua bm bo tr tha ng ng (bm truc ng) th cong th c tnh tong ap l c
hng tru c A tren can bo sung them thanh phan tro ng lng cua roto G:
G P . i A =
Dau tuy thuo c vao s bo tr mieng vao va ra cu a bm, gay nen ca c ap l c hng
tru c cung hay ngc chieu v i trong lng G cua roto.
Tac hai cua lc hng truc
L c h ng tru c trong bm lam mon cac o chan tao ne n s sai lech cac khe h trong
bm va lam cho roto co vao than bm khi lam vie c gay anh h ng xau en hieu sua t va lam
hong bm.
Cach khac phuc
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

62
1. o i v i bm co mot ba nh cong tac:
Dung banh cong ta c co hai mieng hut.

Hnh 3.27 Banh cong ta c hai mie ng hu t
Cau tao vanh lo t kn th hai chia khe h gi a than bm va a sau cu a ba nh cong ta c
thanh hai phan. Pha n tren thong vi bong ay co a p suat
2
p p ~ , phan d i thong v i
bong hu t bang ca c lo khoan tren a sau banh cong ta c. Nh c iem cu a phng pha p
nay la lam giam hieu suat lu lng
Q
q .

Hnh 3.28 - Cau tao vanh lo t kn th hai gi a than bm va a sau
2. o i v i bm co nhieu banh cong tac:
Bo tr banh cong tac thanh ca c cap oi xng nhau.

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

63
Hnh 3.29 - Bo tr banh cong ta c thanh cac cap oi xng
Dung piston ca n bang.
Dung a ca n ba ng.

Hnh 3.30 a can bang





















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Chng III. Bm canh dan

64

Chon bm theo ieu kie n cho trc




Hnh 3.31 Cho n bm theo lu lng va co t ap cho trc

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Chng III. Bm canh dan

65
3.3- BM HNG TRUC
3.2.1- Cau tao va pham vi s dung
a- Pham vi s dung
Bm hng tru c co pham vi s dung rat rong ra i khi can lu l ng l n va cot ap thap,
cu the :
Lu lng : Q = 0,1 25 m
3
/s
Cot ap: H = 4 10 mH
2
0
a c bie t co khi H = 22 m.
b- Cau tao va nguyen ly

Hnh 3.32 - S o ket cau bm hng tru c
S o ket cau bm hng tru c
1.Bo phan dan hng vao 2.Tha n bm
3.Ba nh cong tac 4.Mc cha t long 5.Tru c bm
Ket cau cua bm hng tru c n gian va cha c cha n. No gom co phan ong va pha n
tnh.
Pha n quay (pha n o ng) gom ba nh cong tac gan lien v i truc. Banh cong ta c hnh kho i
tru co gan cac canh dan ma t cong phan bo eu xung quanh. Thng so canh da n cua banh
cong tac t 3 6 canh. Phan ng yen (phan tnh) la vo bm co da ng hnh tru rong, pha
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

66
trong co ca c canh dan h ng va bo phan tru c. Pha tre n bo phan dan h ng than bm uo n
cong e tien bo tr cac bo phan dan ong tru c bm.
Tru c cua bm hng tru c thng c no i tr c tie p v i ong c ien. Khi bm lam
vie c, banh cong tac quay trong mo i trng cha t lo ng va do co cac canh dan ma t cong dang
cong xo n (cong theo kho ng gian 3 chieu) nen cha t long c hu t vao bm va di chuye n theo
phng song song v i tru c vi lu lng ln.
3.3.2- Phng trnh lam viec
Tng t nh bm ly tam, ta co the ve tam giac va n to c loi vao va loi ra cu a banh
cong ta c bm hng tru c theo hnh ve d i ay. Trong o u
2
= u
1
= u; c
1R
= c
2R
Hnh 3.33 - Tam gia c van to c
Ta bie t phng trnh c ba n o i v i bm canh dan no i chung la :

g
c u c u
H
u 1 1 u 2 2
l

=

(3.37)
Ap dung cho bm hng tru c, ta co :
u
1
= u
2
= u
c
1u
= 0 (v loi vao ba nh cong tac, dong cha t long cha co chuyen ong quay)
Vay phng trnh c ban vie t cho bm hng tru c la :

g
c . u
H
u 2
l
=

(3.38)
Hoa c:
g 2
c c
g 2
w w
H
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
l

(3.39)
Hai phng trnh (3.37) va (3.38) la ca c phng trnh c ban cu a bm hng tru c. Va y
co t ap cu a bm hng truc tao nen do s chenh lech ve tr so cua ca c thanh phan van to c
tng o i va tuye t oi lo i ra va lo i vao cu a banh cong ta c.
|
1
|
2
o
1
o
2
w
1 w
2
c
2R
u
1
= u
2
= u
c
2u
c
2
c
1
= c
1R
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

67
So sanh phng trnh lam vie c cua bm ly tam va bm hng tru c, ta tha y co t ap cu a
bm h ng tru c khong co tha nh phan lc ly tam
g 2
u u
2
1
2
2

tham d, ma thanh phan nay o i
vi bm ly tam ra t quan tro ng v la thanh phan chu yeu e tao ne n cot ap cu a bm.
Cot ap th c te cu a bm hng truc:

g 2
u
K
1
H
2
2
H
= (3.40)

3
2
S H
n . 0244 , 0 K = - he so co t ap th c te
n
S
so vo ng quay a c trng, v/ph.
3.3.3- Hnh dang canh
Do tnh cha t a neu tren ma bm hng tru c co nhng ac iem sau:
Cot ap cu a bm hng truc khong the ln bang co t ap cu a bm ly tam.
Cot a p tnh cua bm hng truc ch do o m rong cac mang dan cu a ba nh co ng ta c
ta o nen (w
1
> w
2
).

g 2
w w
H
2
2
2
1
t l

(3.41)
Do vay ca c mang dan cu a ba nh cong ta c pha i co o m rong thch ang e ta o
nen co t ap tnh can thie t cho bm (w
1
>> w
2
). ieu na y gay nen cac ton tha t phu
them, v lc quan tnh cua do ng chay qua mang dan co van toc thay o i l n. e giam
ton tha t phu them na y, cac mang da n cu a bm hng tru c can c gia co ng chnh
xa c va co o nhan be ma t cao ( V5 V7).
T (3.38) ta thay, muon dong cha t long qua banh cong ta c cua bm hng tru c c
ca n bang on nh th canh da n pha i co ke t ca u sao cho co t ap cu a moi dong nguyen to
chat lo ng c tao ne n b i ca nh dan mo i v tr pha i nh nhau, ngha la :
const
g
c . u
H
u 2
l
= =

vi mo i ban knh R (3.42)


Muon va y, const c . u
u 2
= (3.43)
T c la , neu u tang da n t trong ra ngoa i th c
2u
cu ng pha i giam da n t trong ra ngoa i
theo hng knh cu a banh cong ta c.
T tam gia c van to c:

2 R u 2
g cot c u c | =

1 R
g cot c u | =
Suy ra ( )
2 1 R u 2
g cot g cot c c | | = (3.44)
Thay (3.44) vao (3.38) ta co:
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

68
( )
2 1 R l
g cot g cot c
g
u
H | | =

(3.45)
Hoa c ( )
2 1
R
l
g cot g cot R
g 30
c . n .
H | |
t
=

(3.46)
Trong o const
g 30
c . n .
R
=
t
( oi v i mo t bm nha t nh n = const, c
R
= const )
T bie u th c (3.46) ta thay:
1. Banh cong tac cu a bm hng tru c ch ta o c co t a p khi canh dan co ca c go c ra
ln hn go c va o ( |
2
> |
1
) tc la mat canh dan khong the la mat phang ma la ma t
cong. Tr so cu a |
1
va |
2
cang khac nhau nhie u th o cong cu a ca nh dan ca ng ln.
2. Neu hai bm lam vie c co co t a p nh nhau, bm nao co so vong quay lam viec t
hn th canh da n cua banh cong tac cu a bm o pha i co o cong ln hn.
3. ie u kien (3.43) c am bao khi:
( ) const g cot g cot . R
2 1
= | |

Hnh 3.34 - Thie t dien ma t ca t ca nh dan

Do o ca c cap tr so (|
1
, |
2
) khong co nh ma thay o i theo ban knh R, ngha la o
cong canh dan khong o ng eu mo i ni, ma pha trong sa t ba u o cong canh dan se l n
nha t va giam dan t trong ra ngoa i theo h ng knh. o cong canh dan nho nha t ng v i ba n
knh ln nha t. V o cong thay o i nh vay ne n mat canh dan la ma t cong theo 3 chieu khong
gian, t c dang xoan vo o.
3.3.4- ng ac tnh
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

69


Hnh 3.35 - ng a c tnh th c nghiem
ng a c tnh th c nghiem cua bm h ng tru c co nhng net kha c vi bm ly tam.
Tre n hnh (3.35) the hien ng a c tnh lam vie c cu a bm hng tru c co canh dan co
nh v i so vong quay kho ng o i.
Trong ca c bm hng tru c c l n thng ga p trng hp ca nh dan cu a banh cong ta c
co the thay o i c go c o bang ca c c cau c kh bo tr ben trong ba u banh cong ta c e
ieu chnh lu lng bm. Banh cong ta c nh vay goi la banh cong tac co canh dan ie u
chnh c. o i vi loa i bm nay ng a c tnh lam vie c c xay dng v i cac go c o
kha c nhau cu a ca nh dan.
So sanh ng a c tnh lam vie c cu a bm h ng tru c v i bm ly tam ta thay co nhng
iem kha c nhau:
1. ng a c tnh H Q co o doc ln hn, nha t la 2 au. khoang gi a co the co
iem uo n hoac iem gay. Cot ap ca ng tang khi lu lng cang giam va ln nha t
khi ong khoa hoan toan tren ong ay ( Q = 0), H
max
= H
Q = 0
.
2. ng a c tnh N Q cung co hnh da ng tng t nh H Q. Khi Q = 0 th
N = N
max
. Cong sua t N
max
co the vt t 1,5 2 lan cong sua t lam vie c bnh
th ng cu a bm.
ng a c tnh H Q va N Q co hai a c iem no i tren v khi lu lng trong banh
cong ta c nho th xua t hie n do ng chay h ng knh t trong ra ngoa i tao nen dong xoa y vo ng
buong cha ba nh cong ta c, dong xoa y nay co cng o l n nha t khi Q = 0. Do anh hng cu a
dong xoay ma co t a p va co ng sua t tang khi lu lng giam.
3. Pham vi lam vie c to i u cua bm hng tru c tng o i hep. Neu bm lam vie c v i
lu lng kha c lu lng nh m c khong nhieu lam ve ca hai pha ( l n hn hoa c
nho hn) th hieu sua t bm eu giam ra t nhieu.



ng a c tnh tong hp cu a bm hng truc the hien tre n hnh 3.36
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

70

Hnh 3.36 - ng a c tnh tong hp
3.3.5- ieu chnh che o lam viec
Do ca c a c iem tren cu a ng a c tnh cu a bm hng truc, kho ng nen o ng khoa
ong a y va khong ne n ieu chnh bm bang khoa. Trong bm hng truc nen dung ca c
bien phap ieu chnh khac e bm co the lam vie c v i hieu sua t tng o i cao.
Tho ng th ng co ca c phng phap ieu chnh bm hng tru c sau:
1. ie u chnh so vong quay lam vie c cu a bm, khi co kha na ng thay o i c so vong
quay lam vie c cua ong c.
2. Dung khp no i thuy l c cho phep thay o i so vong quay lam vie c cu a bm trong khi
so vong quay cu a ong c van kho ng o i.
Van ha nh va lap ra p bm hng tru c cung tng t nh o i vi bm ly tam.

BAI TAP
Bai III-1
Banh cong ta c bm ly tam co ca c kch th c chnh: 2R
1
= 100mm; 2R
2
= 250mm;
b
1
= 55mm; b
2
= 23,7mm. Lu lng Q = 72,5 l/s; n = 1450 v/ph.
Xay dng tam giac van to c c a ra va ca vao cu a da y canh cho dong nguyen to
trung bnh. Biet ca c go c at canh |
1
= 32
o
; |
2
= 23
o
.
Tnh cac va n toc thanh phan c
1u
; c
2u
va ca c go c o
1
; o
2
.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

71
Hnh 3.37
Giai:
e xay d ng tam gia c van toc, can xa c nh ca c van to c tha nh phan:
+ van to c kinh tuyen:
F
Q
c
R
=
s / m 2 , 4
055 , 0 . 1 , 0 .
10 . 5 , 72
b R 2
Q
F
Q
c
3
1 1 1
R 1
=
t
=
t
= =
s / m 9 , 3
0237 , 0 . 25 , 0 .
10 . 5 , 72
b R 2
Q
F
Q
c
3
2 2 2
R 2
=
t
=
t
= =
+ van to c vong : R . u e =
s / m , ,
.
R
n .
R . u 6 7 05 0
30
1450
30
1 1 1
=
t
=
t
= e =
s / m ,
.
R
n .
R . u 19 125 0
30
1450
30
2 2 2
=
t
=
t
= e =
T cac thong so c
1m
, u
1
, |
1
va c
2m
, u
2
, |
2
xay dng cac tam giac van to c:
+ xac nh ca c van to c thanh phan c
1u
, c
2u
va ca c go c o
1
, o
2
.
s / m 9 , 0 6 , 1 . 2 , 4 6 , 7 g cot c u c
1 R 1 1 u 1
= = | =
s / m 83 , 9 355 , 2 . 9 , 3 19 g cot c u c
2 R 2 2 u 2
= = | =
67 , 4
9 , 0
2 , 4
c
c
tg
u 1
R 1
1
= = = o '
o
55 77
1
= o
397 , 0
83 , 9
9 , 3
c
c
tg
u 2
R 2
2
= = = o '
o
40 21
2
= o
+ ve tam gia c van to c
b
2

b
1

R
1

R
2


e
|
2

R
2
R
1
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

72
Hnh 3.38
Bai III-2
Bm ly tam hut n c t 2 be co m c n c chenh nhau mot o cao a = 1m len be tre n
cung co o cao b = 5m ( so v i m c n c sa t ben di) v i lu lng Q
B
= 10 l/s, theo ca c
nhanh ng ong l = 5m; d
1
= 50mm ; d
2
= 75mm.
Xa c nh cot ap cu a bm, bie t he so ma sa t ng ong = 0,03; khong tnh ton tha t
cu c bo.

Hnh 3.39
Giai : Cot ap cu a bm:

+ + + =
e AB
h h b a H

+ + =
f AB
h h b (1)
Trong o :
AB
h - ton tha t trong nh ong t A en B

e
h - ton tha t trong nhanh e

f
h - ton tha t trong nhanh f
T he phng trnh (1) ta co:

+
e
h a

=
f
h

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
e
e e
e
Q K
gS
Q
d
l
g
v
d
l
h = = =



2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
f
f f
f
Q K
gS
Q
d
l
g
v
d
l
h = = =


Hay
2
1
2
1 f e
Q K Q K a = + (2)
Ta co: Q = Q
f
+ Q
e
hay Q
e
= Q Q
f
(3)
c
1u
u
1
|
1
o
1
c
1R
w
1
c
1 w
2
c
2R
|
2 o
2
u
2
c
2u
c
2
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

73
Thay Q
e
vao (2): ( )
2
1
2
1 f f
Q K Q Q K a = +
Rut ra: 0 2
1
2
1
= +
f
QQ K Q K a

1
2 2 QK
a Q
Q
f
+ = (4)
Hay
4
4 2 2
1 1
1
10 97 3
05 0 81 9 2
16
05 0
5
03 0
2
1
. ,
, . . , . ,
,
gS d
l
K =
t
= =
Thay cac a i lng K
1
va Q vao (4) ta co :
4 3
3
1
10 97 3 10 10 2
1
10 5
2 2 . , . . .
.
QK
a Q
Q
f

+ = + =
s / l , s / m . , . , . 26 6 10 26 6 10 26 1 10 5
3 3 3 3
= = + =


s / l , , Q Q Q
f e
74 3 26 6 10 = = =

6 2 4
4 2
6 2
10 26 6 10 97 3
075 0 81 9 2
10 10
075 0
5
03 0 5

+
t
+ = + + =

. , . . ,
, . .. , .
.
.
,
. , h h b H
f AB

m , , , 2 9 55 1 65 2 5 = + + =
ap so : H = 9,2m.
Bai III-3
Banh cong ta c bm ly tam co ban knh ngoa i R
2
= 200mm, ban knh trong
R
1
= 100mm, chieu rong ca vao b
1
= 100mm, chieu ro ng c a ra b
2
= 50mm. Go c ra cu a
ca nh |
2
= 20
o
.
Xa c nh moment va cot a p ly thuyet trong trng hp c
1u
= 0 va so canh ln vo cung.
Bie t so vong quay n = 2135 v/ph, lu lng Q = 240 l/s.
Moment va co t a p ly thuye t thay oi bao nhieu khi ta giam lu lng xuong mo t n a.
S dung hnh 3.37.
Bai III-4

Hnh 3.40
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

74
Banh co ng ta c cu a bm hng tru c co ng knh ngoa i D = 600mm va ng knh
bau d
b
= 0,2 D.
Xay d ng tam gia c van to c cho dong nguye n to trung bnh va tnh ca c va n to c thanh
phan c
m
, c
u
. Cho bie t ca c a i lng: Q = 750 l/s ; n = 730 v/ph ; w
1
= 13,25 m/s ;w
2
= 71 m/s.
Hng da n: Ban knh do ng nguyen to trung bnh:
2
r R
R
b
tb
+
=
ap so : c
1m
= c
2m
= 2,76 m/s ; c
1u
= 0,77 m/s ; c
2u
= 7,2 m/s.
Bai III-5
Mot bm nc lam viec v i so vong quay n = 1450 v/ph tieu hao co ng suat tren tru c
N = 21 kW, hie u sua t q = 0,78. o cao gi a hai m c nc H
T
= 16 m, ton tha t toan bo
h = 0,5H
T
.
Xa c nh ca c thong so cot ap, lu lng cu a bm va o cao hu t cho phep [z
h
], biet he
so chong xam th c C = 900. Nhie t o cu a n c t = 20
o
va tong ton tha t trong ong hu t
h
h
= 1/8 h. Neu ta tang so vong quay len n

= 1740 v/ph th cac ai lng Q, H, [z


h
] thay
oi bao nhieu?

Hnh 3.41
ap so : H = 24 m ; Q = 69,5 l/s ; [z
h
] = 5,62 m.
H

= 34,56 m ; Q

= 83,4 l/s ; [z
h
] = 4,33 m.
Bai III-6
Mot bm ly tam co ng knh ngoa i D
2
= 300mm, n = 1450 v/ph, lu lng
Q = 1266m
3
/h va co t ap H = 31m.
e tang lu lng va co t ap, tang ng knh ngoa i
2 2
5 1 D , D
'
= va ta ng so vong quay
n , n
'
5 1 = .
1. Tnh ca c thong so lu lng Q

,cot ap H

va cong sua t tren tru c N

, bie t hieu sua t


cu a bm q = 83%.
2. Khong thay o i ng knh ngoa i, ta thay oi so vong quay n sao cho cong sua t cu a
may ch bang cong sua t ban au.
ap so : 1) Q

= 649 m
3
/h ; H

= 157 m ; N

= 274 Kw ; 2) n

= 1150v/ph.
Bai III-7
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

75
May bm n c tie u hao mot cong suat tre n truc N = 70 kW. So vong quay
n = 960 v/ph, co t ap H = 28m.
Xa c nh so vong quay n

va lu lng Q

sao cho lu l ng nay cu a bm giam i 25%


so v i lu l ng ban au. Biet hieu sua t cu a bm q = 0,863.
ap so : n

= 720 v/ph ; Q

= 0,165 m
3
/s.
Bai III-8
Mot may bm n c co co t ap H = 15m, so vong quay n = 1450 v/ph, hie u sua t
q = 81%.
Xa c nh lu lng va cong sua t cu a bm. Bie t so vo ng quay a c trng n
s
= 146 v/ph.
ap so : Q = 41,7 l/s ; N = 7,6 kW.
Bai III-9
Bm ly tam a t tre n o cao VB = 4m, bm n c t be d i VA=2m len be kn
VC= 14m, co a p sua t d p
1
= 1,2at
Xa c nh lu lng , cot n c va co ng sua t tren tru c. Biet a p sua t p
AK
= 25mH
2
O,
ng knh ong d
1
= 100mm, d
2
= 80mm, chie u da i ong l
1
= 6m, l
2
= 60m, hieu sua t cua bm
q = 70%.
Trong luc tnh lay he so ma sa t ong
1
= 0,025;
2
= 0,028. He so can cu a l i

l
= 7 va he so can cu a khoa
K
= 8.
Xay dng ng o ap cho he thong.

Hnh 3.42
ap so : Q = 7,17 l/s; H = 27,46 m; N = 2,76 kW
Bai III-10
Trong tram th nghiem, bm 1 bm n c t be B len be A kn v i o cao h = 5m.
Trong be A co ap sua t chan khong

CK
p
= V
A
= 8m. ng ong moi nhanh co chieu da i la
l = 10m va ng knh d = 50mm. Bm 2 bm n c t be A tr ve be B cung lu lng nh
bm 1, Q= 6 l/s.
Xa c nh co t ap cu a moi bm, bie t he so ma sa t ng ong = 0,03 va tong he so to n
that cu c bo trong moi nha nh = 6,5.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

76
Tnh o cha n khong V
A
trong be A sao cho co t ap cu a 2 bm bang nhau.

Hnh 3.43
ap so : H
A
= 3m ; H
B
= 9m; V
A
=

CK
p
= 5m.
Bai III-11
N c chay trong mo t he kn gom co mo t bm va mo t bo lam nguoi co he so can =
20. To ng chieu da i cu a cac ong no i 4l = 40m, ng knh ong d = 40mm, he so ma sa t ng
ong = 0,02. iem A tren ng o ng no i v i bnh bo sung co o cao H = 6m.
1. Xac nh co t ap, cong suat cu a bm. Bie t lu lng Q = 3,76 l/s, hieu sua t cua bm
q = 0,7.
2. Xay d ng ng o ap cho he thong, xa c nh ap sua t c a vao cu a bm.
3. Xac nh o cao H nho nha t sao cho trong he thong kho ng co cha n kho ng.

Hnh 3.44
ap so : 1. H = 18,2m ; N = 0,96kW ; 2. m ,
p
V
14 1 =

; 3. H
min
= 4,6m.
Bai III-12
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang v i so vong quay n = 1600 v/ph bm
nc t be di co o cao V5m len be tre n co o cao V16m theo ng ong hu t l
1
= 10m;
d
1
= 100mm, ng ong ay l
2
= 30m; d
2
= 75mm. Biet he so ma sa t cua ca c ng ong

1
= 0,025;
2
= 0,027 va he so to n tha t cu c bo trong ca c ng o ng
1
= 2;
2
= 12.
1. Xac nh lu l ng, co t a p, cong sua t tren tru c bm v i so vong quay n = 1600 v/ph.
2. Xac nh so vong quay n
1
cu a bm e ta ng lu lng len 50%.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

77

Hnh 3.45
ng a c tnh bm v i n = 1600 v/ph
Q (l/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
H (m) 14,9 15,4 15,5 14,9 14 12,2 10,1 8 4,3
q% 0 40 65 74 75 70 61 42 22
Hng dan: Sau khi xa c nh lu lng cu a bm Q
b

, t giao iem cu a ng 1,5Q


b

vi ng a c tnh l i xa c nh he so K cu a ng parabole tng t H = KQ
2
. ng na y
ca t ng a c tnh bm ( n = 1600 v/ph ) ta i mo t iem. La y ca c thong so cu a iem na y va
giao iem cu a ng 1,5Q
b
v i ng ac tnh li e tnh so vong quay n
1
.
ap so : 1. Q
b
= 7,3 l/s ; H = 14,4 m ; N = 1,37 kW.
2. n
1
= 1900v/ph.
Bai III-13
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang v i so vong quay n = 1450 v/ph bm
nc t be A en be B theo ng ong xi phong co o dai 3l = 75 m, ng knh d = 50mm.
o che nh mc n c trong hai be Z = 8m, iem cao nhat cu a ong xi pho ng nam ca ch m c
nc be A la h = 5m.

Hnh 3.46
1. Xac nh lu lng, co t ap, cong sua t tren tru c bm. Bie t rang he so ma sat ng
ong = 0,025; khong tnh ton that cu c bo va co t ap van to c.
2. Bm a t tr c hay sau xi phong ? Ta i sao ?
3. Xac nh lu l ng trong ong xi phong neu bm khong lam vie c.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

78
4. Xa c nh co t ap chan khong iem cao nha t cu a ong xi pho ng khi bm lam viec va
bm khong lam vie c.
ng a c tnh bm v i n = 1450 v/ph
Q(l/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10
H(m)

13,2 14,2 13,2 10 4 -
q(%) - 40 60 60 40 -
ap so : 1. Q = 6 l/s ; H = 10m ; q = 60%. 2. at tr c.
3. Q = 4 l/s. 4. o chan khong khi co bm: 1m; khi khong co bm: 7,67m.
Bai III-14
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang v i so vong quay n =2900 v/ph bm
nc t be A en be B theo ng ong xi phong co o dai 2l = 20 m, ng knh d = 40mm,
he so ma sa t cua ca c ng o ng = 0,03. o chenh m c n c trong hai be a = 2m, iem cao
nha t cu a ong xi phong K ca ch mc n c be A la b = 8m.
Xa c nh so vo ng quay nho nha t cu a bm sao cho ap suat ta i iem K khong nho hn
ap sua t kh tri.


Hnh 3.47
Bang a c tnh vi so vo ng quay n = 2900 v/ph
Q(l/s) 1 2 4 6 8 10 11
H(m) 30 30 29 27 22 15 11
q(%) - 30 65 75 66 45 -
Hng dan: Xa y d ng ng a c tnh l i:
g
v
d
l
a H
2
2
+ = sau o vie t phng trnh
cho ap suat ta i iem K bang ap sua t kh tr i 0
2
= =

' '
B
K
KQ b H
p
.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

79
Trong o : K - he so a c trng ton tha t t bm en iem K;

' '
B
Q ; H - co t ap va lu lng cua bm ng v i so vong quay n

can xa c nh.
Ap dung cac cong thc tng t co t ap va lu l ng, ta se co phng trnh xa c nh so
vong quay n

.
ap so : n

= 2500 v/ph.
Bai III-15
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang v i so vong quay n =1450 v/ph bm
nc t gieng len be ch a co o cao H = 12m theo ng ong l
1
= 8m; d
1
= 100mm, l
2
= 16m;
d
2
= 75mm; v i
1
= 0,03;
2
= 0,035 ;
1
= 6 ;
2
= 10.
1.Xac nh o sa u h cu a mc nc khong o i trong gieng, biet lu lng bo sung
Q = 8 l/s.
2.Xac nh so vong quay, lu lng cua bm e nc trong gieng khong tra n ra ngoai,
khi co lu lng bo sung Q = 8 l/s.

Hnh 3.48
ng a c tnh bm v i n = 1450 v/ph
Q (l/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
H (m) 22 22,4 22,6 22,4 21,5 20 18 15 11
q% 0 37 58 71 75 74 68 56 37
ap so : 1. h = 6,13 m;
2. n

= 1260 v/ph; Q = 6,95 l/s.


Bai III-16
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong ba ng bm n c ma ch t gieng sau sang
gieng kha c theo mo t ng o ng mem tong chie u dai l = l
1
+ l
2
= 7m, d = 0,1m.
Xa c nh th i gian bm e mc n c trong gie ng ha xuong H
1
= 3m, bie t o chenh
mc n c cuo i cung gi a hai gie ng la H
2
= 4m, die n tch cu a gieng sau 6,25m
2
, he so ma sa t
ng o ng = 0,04, tong he so can cu c bo trong o ng hu t
1
= 6, trong ong ay
2
= 4.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

80

Hnh 3.49
Bang ng a c tnh
Q(l/s) 0 10 20 30 40 50
H(m) 9 10,8 10,8 9 6,5 3
Hng dan: th i gian can tm xac nh t lu lng trung bnh cua lu lng ban a u
va lu l ng cuo i:
2
2 1
Q Q
Q
tb
+
=
ap so : t = 12,4 ph.
Bai III-17
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong ba ng v i so vo ng quay n = 900 v/ph bm
nc t be d i co m c n c V = 0 qua mot gieng trung gian ro i len be ch a tren co m c
nc V = 20m.
1. Xa c nh so vong quay, cong sua t cua bm, biet lu lng Q = 60 l/s; ca c thong so
ng ong: l
0
= 10m; l
1
= 10m; l
2
= 100m; d
0
= 0,2m; d
1
= 0,2m; d
2
= 0,15m; = 0,03; o i v i
ta t ca ca c ng ong. Khong tnh ton tha t cu c bo.
2. Xac nh chieu cao hu t, bie t o chan khong cho phe p ca vao cu a bm
| | m H
CK
6 = .

Hnh 3.50

Bang ng a c tnh vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

81
Q
B
(l/s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H
B
(m) 12,5 13,25 13,5 13,25 12,5 11 9,5 7,5
q% 0 45 67 77 82 82 75 60
ap so : 1. n

= 1440v/ph ; N = 23,4 kW ; 2. | | m , z
h
25 5 = .
Bai III-18
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong ba ng v i so vo ng quay n = 900 v/ph bm
nc len cao H
T
= 6m theo ng ong co l
1
= 20m; d
1
= 0,2m, l
2
= 100m; d
2
= 0,15m; v i

1
= 0,02;
2
= 0,025.
1. Xac nh lu l ng cua bm khi lam vie c v i so vong quay n = 900 v/ph.
2. So sanh cong sua t cu a bm khi giam lu l ng i 25% bang hai ca ch: ieu chnh
bang tie t lu va thay o i so vo ng quay.

Hnh 3.51
Bang ng a c tnh vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph
Q
B
(l/s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H
B
(m) 12,5 13,4 13,6 13,4 13 11,6 9,7 7,5
q% 0 45 67 78 81 79 74 60
ap so : 1. Q
B
= 47 l/s. 2. N = 5,6kW (tiet lu) ; N = 3,9 kW ( thay o i n)
Bai III-19
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang bm nc len o cao H
T
= 15m. Bm
a t o cao hu t h
h
= 4m. ng knh ong hu t d
h
= 100mm va ng knh ong a y
d

= 80mm, tong he so to n tha t tren ng ong hu t


h
= 6 va tren ng ong ay

= 22
( cha ke he so ton that cu a khoa).
Xa c nh lu lng ln nha t theo o cao hut a cho, gia tr he so ca n cu a khoa v i lu
lng ln nha t va cong suat cu a bm.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

82

Hnh 3.52
Bang ng a c tnh
Q
B
(l/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
H
B
(m) 45 47,5 49 48 47 44,7 40,5 35,5 29,5 23 15
[H
CK
}(m) 35 33 33 30 27,5 25 23 20,5 17,5 14 10
q% - - 60 65 68 69,5 70 69,5 68 65 60
Hng dan: Giao iem cua ng a c tnh o chan khong cho phep [H
CK
] = f(Q) v i
ng bieu die n o chan khong tr c c a bm chnh la iem tng ng v i a i lng lu
lng ln nha t.
o cha n khong tr c c a bm la ham cu a lu lng c bieu th theo cong thc:

g
v
h z
p
h
h h
CK
2
2
+ + =


Trong o :
g
v
h
h
h h
2
2
= - to ng ton tha t trong ng ong hut.
ap so : Q = 16 l/s ;
K
= 4,6 ; N = 6,85 kW.
Bai III-20
Bm cu hoa co ng ac tnh cho trong bang v i n = 3000 v/ph, bm nc len o
cao H
T
= 16m. Xa c nh co ng sua t va lu lng cua bm, bie t ng knh ong no i mem
d
1
= 100mm, l
1
= 6m (
1
= 0,025;
1
= 4), d
2
= 90mm, l
2
= 40m (
2
= 0,035;
2
= 10). Vo i
phun cuo i ong mem co ng knh d = 40mm, he so ton tha t = 0,08.
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

83

Hnh 3.53
Hng da n: Co t ap cu a bm:

g
v
h H H
T
2
2
+ + =


Trong o : Eh tong ton tha t

g
v
2
2
- co t ap van to c cua dong chay ra kho i vo i phun.
Bang ng a c tnh vi n = 3000 v/ph
Q
B
(l/s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
H
B
(m) 140 140 136 130 121 110 98 83
q% 0 34 55 68 75 77 73 65
ap so : Q = 32,2 l/s ; N = 40,6 kW.
Bai III-21
Bm ly tam bm n c t be A len hai be B va C co o cao h
B
= 20m; h
C
= 25m v i
lu lng trong mo i nha nh Q
B
= Q
C
= Q = 4 l/s. ng ong AK co chie u da i l
1
= 100m,
d
1
= 75mm; ng ong KC va KB co o da i l
2
= l
3
= 50m va d
2
= d
3
= 50mm. He so ma sa t
ng o ng = 0,025.
Xa c nh he so ca n cu a khoa sao cho am bao lu lng trong hai nhanh bang nhau
va cong sua t hu ch cu a bm.

Hnh 3.54
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

84
ap so : = 23,6 ; N
B
= 2,8 kW.
Bai III-22
Bm ly tam bm n c theo he thong ng ong (l = 5m, d
1
= 70mm) en iem A chia
lam hai nhanh co ng knh ong d = 50mm va co o dai 2l o i v i mo i nhanh. Lu lng
trong nhanh phai Q = 10 l/s ; o cao h = 1m.
Xa c nh cong suat tre n truc bm. Bie t hieu sua t q = 0,8; he so ma sa t ng ong
= 0,03 va he so ca n trong ong hu t
h
= 4.

Hnh 3.55
ap so : N = 4 kW.
Bai III-23
Bm h ng tru c co lu lng Q = 14400 m
3
/h, co t ap H = 21,8 m, n = 585 v/ph, hie u
sua t q = 80%, co t ap d tr chong xam th c Ah
1
= 10 m.
Tnh cong sua t tren truc bm va chieu cao hut cho phe p neu tang lu lng le n 25%.
Cho ton that trong ng o ng hu t h
h
= 2m va nhie t o nc t = 20
o
C.
ap so : N = 2100 kW ; [z
h
] = -9 m.
Bai III-24
Bm hng tru c co lu lng Q =1300 m
3
/h, n = 580 v/ph.

Hnh 3.57
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Chng III. Bm canh dan

85
1. Xa c nh ng knh ngoai, ng knh bau cu a bm, bie t van to c thanh pha n
c
m
= 3,28 m/s; ty so d
b
/D = 0,5.
2. Xa c nh co t n c th c va cong sua t cu a bm, bie t goc o
1
= 90
o
; |
2
= 23
o
40 cu a
dong nguyen to trung bnh D
tb
= (D + d
b
)/2 ; q = 84% ; q
CK
= 97,6%.
ap so : 1) D = 450 mm ; d
b
= 225 mm.
2) H = 2,5 m ; N = 10,52 kW.
Bai III-25
Bm hng tru c lam viec trong mot tram bm co co t ap H = 12,3m, lu lng
Q = 15 m
3
/s, n = 250v/ph va he so xam thc o = 0,615. Sau khi xay dng lai tram lu lng
ta ng len Q = 19,6 m
3
/s.
Xa c nh cong sua t, co t ap d tr chong xam thc Ah cu a bm trong ieu kien mi,
bie t hieu sua t cua bm q = 0,8.
Hng da n:Cot ap d tr chong xam thc c xac nh theo co ng th c:
H
h A
= o

ap so : N = 5060 kW ; Ah = 12,7 m.

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 86
CHNG IV : BM THE TCH

4.1- KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BM THE TCH
4.1.1- Khai niem chung
May thuy lc the tch noi chung bao gom : bm the tch va ong c thuy lc the tch.
Bm the tch ay chat long bang ap suat thuy tnh, con ong c thuy lc the tch th bien ap
nang cua dong chat long thanh c nang cua no.
Ve nguyen tac, bat ky may thuy lc the tch nao cung co the lam viec thuan nghch
tc la lam c ca 2 nhiem vu: bm va ong c.
a- Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec
(nghien cu s o lam viec cua mot bm the tch kieu piston co chuyen ong tnh
tien)







Hnh 4.1 - S o lam viec cua mot bm the tch kieu piston
Khi piston 1 sang trai, the tch buong lam viec a tang len, ap suat ay giam, ne n
chat long t ong hut 3 qua van mot chieu 4 vao xilanh 2. Khi piston 1 sang phai, di ap lc P
cua piston, chat long trong xilanh b nen vi ap suat p qua van mot chieu 6 vao ong ay 5.
Phan the tch buong lam viec thay oi e hut va ay chat long goi la the tch lam viec.
b- Phan loai bm the tch
Bm the tch gom nhieu loai.
Theo cong dung, co the chia lam hai loai:
Bm nc va cac loai chat long khac.
Bm dau dung trong cac he thong truyen ong.
Theo ket cau va dang chuyen ong, co the chia ra 3 loai chu yeu:
Bm piston (chuyen ong tnh tien)
Bm piston-roto (va co chuyen ong tnh tien va co chuyen ong quay)
Bm roto (chuyen ong quay)
P
p
1 2
3
4
a
5
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 87
4.1.2- Cac tho ng so lam viec c ban cua bm the tch
Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm the tch co mot so ac iem khac vi cac
thong so cua bm canh dan.
Theo nguyen ly, ap suat cua chat long trong may thuy lc the tch ch phu thuoc tai
trong ngoai. Neu buong lam viec hoan toan kn, th lu lng cua may khong phu thuoc vao
ap suat, con ap suat co the tang len bao nhieu cung c tuy thuoc vao ap suat phu tai va
cong suat cua bm. Khi o lu lng cua may thuy lc the tch ch phu thuoc vao van toc
chuyen ong cua piston. Neu van toc piston khong thay oi th lu lng cung khong thay
oi.
Nhng thc te, buong lam viec khong the tuyet oi kn vi moi tr so ap suat. Khi
tang tai trong lam viec tang en mc nao o se xuat hien s chay ro chat long, neu tiep tuc
tang tai trong na th lu l ng cua may se hoan toan mat mat do ro r. Ngoai ra, ap suat lam
viec con b han che bi sc ben cua may.
Do vay, e am bao s lam viec bnh thng cua may, phai han che ap suat lam viec
toi a bang cach dung van an toan (van se t ong thai chat long e giam ap suat lam viec
khi tai trong qua ln.
a- Lu lng
Lu lng ly thuyet Q
l
(lu lng cha ke ti s chay ro ) bang to ng cua the tch lam
viec cua may trong mot n v thi gian:
Q
l
= q
l
.n (4.1)
q
l
- lu lng rieng cua may (trong mot chu ky), no cu ng chnh la the tch lam viec
cua may trong mot chu ky.
n - so chu ky lam viec cua may trong mot n v thi gian (thng bang so vong quay
cua truc may).
Q
l
la lu lng tnh trong ca qua trnh trong mot n v thi gian nen co n goi la lu
lng trung bnh ly thuyet. Khac vi may thuy lc canh dan, lu lng tc thi cua may thu y
lc the tch thay oi theo thi gian, ke ca khi may lam viec on nh.
b- Ap suat
Ta biet, cot ap cua ma y thuy lc the tch c tao ne n chu yeu bi s thay oi ap suat
tnh cua chat long khi chuyen o ng qua may. Do o, trong may thuy lc the tch thng dung
ap suat e bieu th kha nang tai cua may.
Cot ap H va ap suat p lien he vi nhau bang cong thc c ban cua thuy tnh hoc:

=
p
H (4.2)
- trong lng rieng cua chat long lam viec.
Ap suat trong buong lam viec co lien quan en lc tac dung hoac moment quay cua
may.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 88
* oi vi may thuy lc the tch co chuyen ong tnh tien, ap suat lam viec p tac dung
len piston tao nen ap lc P:
P = p.F (4.3)
F - dien tch lam viec cua mat piston.
* oi vi may thuy lc the tch co chuye n o ng quay, ap sua t lam viec p tac dung le n
roto tao nen mot moment quay M:
M = k
M
.p (4.4)
k
M
- la hang so oi vi mot may nhat nh phu thuoc vao ket cau va kch thc may,
goi la he so moment
He so k
M
co the suy t cong thc tnh cong suat ly thuyet. Neu khong ke ti ton that,
ta co: N = N
l

N
l
= Q
l
H (4.5)
Thay H = p/ vao (4.5), ta c: N
l
= Q
l
.p (4.6)
Mat khac: N
l
= eM , nen p
Q
M
l
e
= (4.7)
So sanh (4.4) va (4.7), ta co:
t
=
t
=
e
=
2
q
n 2
n q Q
k
l l l
M
(4.8)
k
M
thc te < k
M
ly thuyet va phu thuoc vao hieu suat q.
Moment quay M theo (4.7) la trng hp ly thuyet (cha ke ti ton that), trong trng
hp ke ti ton that th moment quay cua bm c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
pQ = qMe ;
Hay p
k
p
Q
M
M
q
=
qe
= (4.9)
c - Hieu suat va cong suat
Hieu suat toan phan cua may thuy lc xac nh theo cong thc chung:

H C Q
q q q = q (4.10)
oi vi bm the tch, ton that thuy lc tng oi nho (v ong nang nho) ne n
thng cho q
H
= 1. Do o:

C Q
q q = q (4.11)
Cong suat lam viec cua bm thng c xac nh bang cac thong so thuy lc:

q
=
q

=
pQ QH
N (4.12)

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 89
4.2- BM PISTON
4.2.1- Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec

Hnh 4.2 Cau tao va nguye n ly lam viec cua bm piston tac dung n
Bm piston c keo bi ong c, chuyen ong quay cua truc ong c c bien oi
thanh chuye n o ng tnh tien cua piston 1 trong xilanh 2 nh he thong thanh truyen tay quay
vi hanh trnh S = 2R (R- chieu dai tay quay)
Hai iem B
1
, B
2
cua piston tng oi vi hai v tr C
1
, C
2
cua tay quay. Khi trong
buong lam viec 5 cha ay chat long, neu tay quay t v tr C
2
quay theo chieu mui ten th
piston di chuyen t B
2
ve pha trai. The tch buong 5 tang dan, ap suat p trong o giam i va
be hn ap suat mat thoang be cha p
a
(p < p
a
). Do o chat long t be hut qua van hut 6 vao
buong lam viec 5, trong khi o van ay 4 ong. Khi piston chuyen ong t B
2
B
1
bm thc
hien qua trnh hut . Khi tay quay en v tr C
1
(piston en v tr B
1
) th qua trnh hut cua bm
ket thuc.
Sau o , tay quay tiep tuc quay t C
1
C
2
, piston oi chieu chuyen o ng t B
1
B
2
.
The tch buong lam viec giam dan, ap suat chat long tang len, van hut 6 b ong, van ay 4
m chat long chay vao ong ay. Qua trnh piston di chuyen t B
1
B
2
goi la qua trnh ay.
Nh vay, c mot vong quay cua tay quay th bm thc hien c 2 qua trnh hut, ay
lien nhau. Neu tay quay tiep tuc quay th bm lai lap lai qua trnh hut va ay nh cu. Do o
qua trnh hut va ay cua bm piston gian oan va xen ke vi nhau. Mot qua trnh hut va ay
ke tiep nhau goi la mot chu ky lam viec cua bm.
Kha nang t hut cua bm piston:
Khac vi bm ly tam, bm piston kho ng can phai moi, bm co the t hut c.
Goi W
0
la the tch khong kh ong hut va buong lam viec (khi piston B
2
). Ne u
piston di chuyen en B
1
th khong kh gian ra vi the tch ln hn, bang W
0
+ FS (FS - the
tch xilanh). Cho rang khong kh gian n oan nhiet, th ap suat khong kh luc bay gi trong
buong lam viec la p < p
a
:
T
9
8
S = 2R

p
a
B
2
B
1
O

C
2
C
1

1 2 3 4 5
6
7
10
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 90

a
0
0
a
p
FS W
W
p p <
+
=
Do p < p
a
nen chat long t be hut chay vao ong hut va dang len c mot o cao:

=
p p
h
a
(cha ke ti ton that)
Neu piston tiep tuc lam viec, chat long t be hut se dang dan theo ong hut va ie n
ay bm. Khi o xem nh bm a t moi xong.
u iem cua bm piston:
Co the tao nen ap suat ln.
Cau tao n gian.
Khuyet iem:
Chuyen ong cua chat long qua bm khong eu. Do o lu lng cua bm dao o ng.
Ket cau cua bm tng oi cong kenh.
Khi ap suat nho hoac trung bnh, thng du ng bm ly tam co li the hn. Khi can ap
suat cao hoac rat cao (t 200 at tr len) va lu lng tng oi nho th bm piston chiem u
the.
4.2.2- Phan loai
a - Theo hnh dang piston: 2 loai
Bm piston a: piston co dang hnh a, mat xung quanh cua piston tiep xuc vi thanh
nen boi la piston giap thanh.
Bm piston tru: piston co dang tru vi ng knh tng oi nho, mat xung quanh
khong tiep xuc vi tha nh.
b- Theo so lan tac dung:








Hnh 4.3 Bm piston tac dung hai pha
A
D
B
1
2
4
3
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 91
Bm tac dung n hay con goi bm tac dung mot chieu. Trong loai bm nay, chat
long lam viec ve mot pha cua piston. Mot chu ky lam viec cua piston ch co mot
qua trnh hut va mot qua trnh ay noi tiep nhau.
Bm tac dung kep, hay con goi bm tac dung 2 chieu. Trong loai bm nay, piston lam
viec ca hai pha, do o co hai buong lam viec A va B, 2 van hut 1, 4 va 2 van ay 2,3.
Trong mot chu ky lam viec cua bm co 2 qua trnh hut va 2 qua trnh ay (khi buong
A hut th buong B ay va ngc lai).
Bm tac dung nhieu lan: co 2 loai
- Bm tac dung 3 lan: Trong mot chu ky lam viec (mot vong quay cua truc bm)
loai bm nay co 3 qua trnh hut va 3 qua trnh ay. No chnh la do 3 bm tac
dung n ghep lai vi nhau, cac piston c dan o ng bang mot truc khuyu, co
chung mot ong hut va mot ong ay. e co dao o ng lu lng nho nhat, cac
tay quay c bo tr lech nhau 1 goc 120
o
.
- Bm tac dung 4 lan: no cung la do 2 bm tac dung kep ghep lai vi nhau. Tay
quay cua 2 bm at lech nhau 1 goc 90
o
.
c- Theo ap suat:
Bm ap suat thap : p < 10 at
Bm ap suat trung bnh: p = 10 20 at
Bm ap suat cao : p > 20 at
d- Theo lu lng:
Lu lng nho : Q < 15 m
3
/h
Lu lng trung bnh : Q = 15 60 m
3
/h
Lu lng ln : Q > 60 m
3
/h
4.2.3- Cach tnh lu lng cua bm piston
a-Lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh
oi vi bm tac dung n, the tch lam viec trong mot chu ky la:
q = FS (4.13)
oi vi bm tac dung kep:
q = S(2F - f) (4.14)
Trong o:
4
D
F
2
t
= - dien tch lam viec cua mat piston
D - ng knh piston

4
d
f
2
t
= - dien tch mat cat can piston
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 92
d - ng knh can piston
S - hanh trnh cua piston
Vay theo (4.1), lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh cua bm piston tac dung n la:

60
FSn
60
qn
Q
l
= = m
3
/s (4.15)
Cua bm tac dung kep la:

60
Sn
) f F 2 ( Q
l
= m
3
/s (4.16)
n - so vong quay trong mot phut cua truc bm.
b- Lu lng trung bnh thc
Lu lng trung bnh thc bao gi cung nho hn lu lng ly thuyet a tnh tren v
nhng nguye n nhan sau:
o Bo phan lot kn cua bm va cac van khong the am bao tuyet oi kn khi bm lam
viec.
o S ong m cham cua van hut va van ay trong qua trnh hut va ay ke tiep nhau.
o Khong kh lot vao bm.
V vay lu lng thc trung bnh cua bm piston la:

l Q
Q Q q = (4.17)
q
Q
- hieu suat lu lng cua bm phu thuoc vao cac nguye n nhan ke tren.
o q
Q
= 0,85 0,90 - oi vi bm nho (co ng knh piston D < 150mm)
o q
Q
= 0,90 0,95 - oi vi bm va (D ~ 150 300mm)
o q
Q
= 0,95 0,98 - oi vi bm ln (D > 300mm)
c- Lu lng tc thi
Theo ly thuyet thuy lc, ta co the xac nh lu lng cua bm piston tac dung n tai
mot thi iem bat ky:
Q = Fv (4.18)
v - van toc tc thi cua do ng chat long trong bm, cung chnh la van toc tc thi cua
piston.
Vay: s bien oi lu lng cua bm phu thuoc vao s thay oi cua van toc piston.
Khao sat chuyen ong cua piston cua bm truyen dan bang c cau thanh truyen tay quay
theo hnh ve , goi:
F - dien tch cua piston
- goc quay cua tay quay
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 93
R - ban knh quay (chieu dai) cua tay quay
l - chieu dai cua thanh truyen
x - khoang cach t mat lam viec cua piston en v tr gii han B
2
.
Neu chieu dai cua thanh truye n ln hn chieu dai cua tay quay nhie u, thng > 10 lan
(R/l s 0,1) khi o co the xem nh:
x = C
2
T = R - Rcos
x = R(1 - cos) (4.19)
Trong o: = e.t (e - van toc goc , t - thi gian)
Van toc tc thi cua piston la:

dt
d
sin R
dt
dx
v

= =
Do o: e = sin R v (4.29)
Lu lng tc thi cua bm tac dung n la:
e = sin R F Q (4.21)
Ta thay, lu lng tc thi cua bm piston dao ong theo ham sin va at gia tr cc
ai (Q
max
) khi = t/2 , cc tieu (Q
min
= 0) khi = 0.
Hnh 4.4 - S o dao ong lu l ng cua bm piston tac dung n
Bang cach lap luan tng t nh tren, ta co the ve c bieu o lu l ng tc thi
Q = f() cua bm piston co tac dung kep.
Hnh 4.5 - S o dao ong lu l ng cua bm piston tac dung ke p
(rad)
t
t/2

Q
max
Q
0
Q

FeR
Q
pha co can pha khong can
2FeR (2F-f)eR
2t 3t/2
Q
max
Hanh trnh lui Hanh trnh tien

t
t/2

Q
max
Q
0

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 94
Qua bieu o lu lng Q = f() cua bm piston tac dung n va kep, ta thay lu lng
cua bm dao ong trong pham vi ln. e co lu lng eu hn (dao ong t hn), ngi ta
dung bm piston co tac dung 3 lan hoac 4 lan. Bieu o lu lng cua bm tac dung 3 lan
hoac 4 lan co the xay dng bang cach cong cac bieu o lu lng cua cac bm n va cac
bm kep:
Hnh 4.6 - S o dao ong lu l ng cua bm piston tac dung 3 lan va 4 lan
Qua cac bieu o lu lng, ta thay bm piston tac dung 3 lan co lu lng eu
nhat.Thc te bm co tac dung ln hn 4 lan t c che tao.
e anh gia mc o khong eu cua lu lng bm piston, ngi ta dung he so khong
eu ve lu lng

Q
Q
max
= (4.22)
* oi vi bm tac dung n:

60
n 2
FR Q
max
t
= khi 1
2
sin ,
60
n 2
,
2
=
t t
= e
t
=
Trong tr ng h p tong quat Q c tnh nh sau:

60
n
R 2 F
2
dx ) x ( f
Q
0
=
t
=
}
t
(4.23)
trong o : e = sin FR ) x ( f
Nhng v t t 2t lu lng bang 0. Do o Q cho ca chu ky se la:

60
n
R 2 F Q =
Vay he so lu lng khong eu cua bm piston tac dung n la:
14 , 3
60
n
FR
60
n 2
FR
= t =
t
=
Q
max
Q
min


2t

t
0

Q


0

t
2t

Q
max
Q
min
Q
Q
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 95
* Bm tac dung kep va bm tac dung bo n lan co: 57 , 1
2
=
t
=
* Bm tac dung 3 lan: 05 , 1
3
=
t
=
Vay bm tac dung 3 lan co nho nhat, ieu nay phu hp vi nhan xet qua cac bieu
o lu lng.
4.2.4- Chuyen ong kho ng on nh cua chat long trong bm. Phng trnh Bernoulli,
cach khac phuc
a- Phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong chat long trong bm
Chuyen ong khong on nh:
Ta biet rang, van toc chuyen ong cua chat long trong bm phu thuoc van toc chuyen
ong cua piston v = f(t), co gia toc 0
dt
dv
= .
Chat long chuyen ong co gia toc thay oi theo thi gian doc theo dong chay. Gia toc
nay co the (+) hoac (-)
|
.
|

\
|
>< 0
dt
dv
. Nh vay khoi chat long co khoi lng m chuyen ong
trong bm se chu tac dung cua mot lc quan tnh la:

dt
dv
m I
qt
= (4.24)
(dau (-) bie u th lc quan tnh ngc chieu vi gia toc).
Lc quan tnh tac dung len dong chay trong bm co anh hng khong tot e n bm,
ng o ng va cac bo phan khac.
Theo (4.24), ta thay neu tai mot thi iem nao o, khoi chat long ang chuyen ong
co gia toc cung chie u vi chieu chuyen ong, th luc o lc quan tnh se tac du ng ngc lai
chieu chuye n o ng. Luc nay lc quan tnh ong vai tro mot lc can tang them oi vi dong
chat long.
Nhng ne u gia toc ngc chie u chuyen ong, th lc quan tnh se tac dung cu ng chie u
voi chieu chuyen ong, luc o khoi chat long c bo xung them mot so nang lng. Nang
lng nay co tac dung khac phuc nhng lc can khac.
V van toc piston thay oi co chu ky nen gia toc dv/dt cung thay oi co chu ky ca ve
phng dien tr so tuyet oi, do o lc quan tnh sinh ra trong bm piston chnh la mot tai
trong ong co chu ky, tac ong vao ca c bo phan cua bm va he tho ng.
Vay do ng chay trong bm piston la dong khong on nh. Do vay trong phng trnh
nang lng cua dong chay khong on nh phai co thanh phan cua lc quan tnh.
Phng trnh Bernoulli:
Xet dong nguyen to chat long chuyen ong trong bm t mat cat 1 en mat cat 2 bat
ky nao o. V do ng khong on nh nen bie n thien nang lng n v toan phan t mat cat 1
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 96
en 2 cua dong chay la e khac phuc lc can va ngoai ra con e khac phuc lc quan tnh
xuat hien tren oan 1-2.
Neu m = 1/g la khoi lng cua mot n v tro ng lng chat long th lc quan tnh tac
dung len no la :
t
v
g
1
c
c
.
Do o ta co the viet phng trnh chuyen ong cua dong nguye n to cua chuyen ong
chat long trong bm piston la:
0
t
v
g
1
t g 2
v p
z
S
2
=
c
c
+
c
co
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
c
c
(4.25)
Trong o: co/cS - bien thie n cua nang lng do sc can doc theo dong chay,
v - van toc trung bnh cua dong chay.
Tch phan phng trnh (4.25) ta se c pt Bernouli cho toan dong khong on nh
trong bm piston:
}
= c
c
c
+ E + +

+ const S
t
v
g
1
h
g 2
v p
z
2
(4.26)
Thanh phan
}
c
c
c
S
t
v
g
1
xuat hien do co lc quan tnh trong dong chay, thanh phan
nay cung c bieu th bang cot chat long, do vay ne n c goi la cot ap quan tnh, ky hie u
h
qt
:
}
c
c
c
= S
t
v
g
1
h
qt
(4.27)
Cot ap quan tnh co the gay ra hien t ng xam thc va lam h hong cac thiet b cua
bm va he thong. V vay can phai nghie n cu cac quy luat bien thien cua ap suat tai buong
cong tac cua bm trong qua trnh lam viec.
b- Cach khac phuc chuyen ong khong on nh cua chat long trong bm piston
Tac hai cua chuyen ong khong on nh trong bm:
Lam tang ton that thuy lc
Gay chan ong
Neu bm lam viec trong he thong ong dai co the xuat hien va ap thuy lc lam hong
cac bo phan cua bm va he thong.
Trng hp he thong nhieu bm cung lam viec, co the xuat hien hie n tng cong
hng bie n o dao ong cua ap suat.
Bien phap khac phuc chuyen ong khong on nh: 3 bien phap
1. Dung bm tac dung hai chieu (bm tac dung kep).
2. Dung bn ghep. Nh phan tren ta thay, he so khong eu ve lu lng cua cac bm
piston ghep nho hn cua bm tac dung n rat nhieu.
3. Dung bnh khong kh e ieu hoa lu lng va ap suat. Bnh khong kh ieu hoa lu
lng va ap suat (goi tat la bnh ieu hoa ) co ket cau rat n gian. o chnh la
nhng bnh cha kn at ngay sat tren ong hut va o ng ay.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 97
Bnh ieu hoa lap tren ong hut goi la bnh ieu hoa hut, bnh ieu hoa lap tren ong
ay goi la bnh ieu hoa ay.
Bnh ieu hoa hut: nguyen ly lam viec nh sau:










Hnh 4.7 - Bnh ie u hoa hut
Trong cac qua trnh lam viec cua bm, mot phan chat long c tch luy lai trong bnh
ieu hoa. Neu kch thc bnh u ln th dao ong chat long trong bnh se nho. Hn na tren
mat thoang cua chat long trong bnh luon luon co khong kh va co ap suat chan khong. V the
ma chat long chay t ong hut len bnh mot cach lien tuc va co the xem nh do ng chay o n
nh. Chuye n o ng khong on nh ch xuat hie n tren mot oan t bnh cha en mat piston.
Do o lc quan tnh trong ong hut ch xuat hien tren mot oan ngan t bnh ieu hoa en
bm giam c ton that nang lng trong ong hut.
at bnh ieu hoa tren ong hut cho phep:
Tang them c chieu cao hut cua bm.
Tang so vong quay lam viec cua bm.
Giam c dao ong ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut.
Bnh ieu hoa ay: bnh ieu hoa ay lam viec nh sau:






Hnh 4.8 - Bnh ie u hoa ay
z
h
BH ay

p > p
a
p
x
x
S
p
x
la ap suat chan khong < p
a

BH hut

p
a
z
h
p
x
x

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 98
Trong qua trnh ay mot phan lu l ng cua bm (phan ln hn lu lng trung bnh)
c tch luy lai trong bnh, mc chat long se dang len, nen khoi khong kh phan tre n cua
bnh, tao nen ap suat ln. Khi van ay ong nh co ap suat ln cua khoi khong kh b nen
trong bnh, nen chat long c tiep tuc ay ra ong ay, v vay dao ong cua lu lng va ap
suat trong ong ay c giam i, dong chay ieu hoa hn.
Cung nh bnh ie u hoa hut, bnh ieu hoa ay co tac dung lam giam lc quan tnh
trong ong ay cua bm piston. Lc quan tnh ch con xuat hien tren mot oan ngan t bm
en bnh ie u hoa.
e bnh ieu hoa ay co tac dung, can phai bao am thng xuyen mot lng khong
kh can thiet nhat nh trong bnh.
4.2.5- Ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut
Ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut co anh hng ln en kha nang hut va ieu kien
lam viec cua bm.










Hnh 4.9 - S o ng ong hut
e tm ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut, ta van dung phng trnh Bernoulli cho
dong chat long khong on nh:

}
= c
c
c
+ E + +

+ const S
t
v
g
1
h
g 2
v p
z
2

Viet phng trnh Bernoulli cho 2 mat cat a-a va b-b, lay mat chuan tai a-a, z = 0 va
cho rang mat cat a-a u ln e v
a
~ 0:

qt h
2
1 x 1 x
h
a
h h
g 2
v p
z
p
+ E + +

+ =

(4.28)
Trong phng trnh:
p
x1
- ap suat buong lam viec trong qua trnh hut.
z
h
p
a
p
x1
x b
b
a a
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 99
v
x1
- van toc chat long trong buong lam viec, cung chnh la van toc cua piston.
h
h
- tong ton that cot ap tren toan bo chieu dai ong hut. Trong tr ng hp tong quat
(ong hut co nhieu oan noi vi nh ng ng knh khac nhau) ta co:
h
h
=

= =
+ +
m
1 i
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
n
1 i
1 vh
g 2
v
d
l
g 2
v
h (4.29)
Trong o:
, , - cac he so ton tha t ng ong va cuc bo.
v
i
- van toc cua chat long trong cac oan ong noi tng ng tre n ong hut co die n
tch mat cat la f
i
.

1
1 1
f
F
v v = (4.30)
l
i
, d
i
- chieu dai va ng knh cac oan ong noi cua ong hut.
Thay v
i
theo v
x1
ta co the viet h
h
nh sau:
h
h
=
h
2
1 x
vh
T
g 2
v
h + (4.31)
Vi:

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
1 i
m
1 i
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
1 h
f
F
d
l
f
F
T (4.32)
T
h
- goi la he so ton that tng ng cua ong hut.
h
vh
- ton that nang lng tai van hut.
h
qth
- cot ap quan tnh tren ong hut.
Theo cong thc cot ap quan tnh ta co:

}
+
c
c
c
=
x L
0
1 x
qth
h
l
t
v
g
1
h
L
h
- goi la chieu dai tng ng cua ong hut.
V van toc v
x1
ch phu thuoc thi gian, nen:
dt
dv
t
v
1 x 1 x
=
c
c

va
dt
dv
g
x L
h
1 x h
qth

+
=
Trong tr ng h p tong quat th:

dt
dv
g
x L
h
1 x h
qth

|
|
.
|

\
| +
= (4.33)
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 100
vi:

=
=
m
1 i
1
1
h
l
f
F
L (4.34)
Thay (4.31), (4.33) vao (4.26) va bien oi, ta co ap suat trong buong lam viec cua
bm oi vi tr ng hp to ng quat la:
( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
| +
+ + + +

=
dt
dv
g
x L
g 2
v
T 1 h z
p p
1 x h
2
1 x
h vh h
a 1 x
(4.35)
T pt (4.35) ta thay, oi vi nhng so hang trong ngoac vuong, tr cot ap quan tnh
dt
dv
g
x L
1 x h

+
la ai lng oi dau, con lai la nhng ai lng dng (+). V the nen ap suat
buong lam viec trong qua trnh hut p
x1
(ne u h
qt
> 0) se nho hn ap suat mat thoang be hut
p
a
: p
x1
< p
a
.
Neu p
x1
< p
bh
th se sinh ra s gian oan cua dong chat long trong bm, chat long co
the tach ri khoi piston, lam giam lu lng cua bm. Ngoai ra con gay ra hien tng xam
thc trong bm, lamhong cac bo phan cua bm.
Muon cho p
x1
ln th can co ap sua t p
a
ln va cac so hang trong ngoac vuong nho:
o z
h
nen chon trong pham vi cang nho cang tot, trong thc te z
h
s 4 5m. Neu bm co
bo phan lot kn bao am, co the cho n z
h
< 0 (at bm di mat thoang cua be hut).
o ( ) > + 0
g 2
v
T 1
2
1 x
h
e tang kha nang hut can chon sao cho cang nho cang tot, tc la
giam en mc toi thieu ton that cuc bo va chon ong hut ngan nhat trong pham vi co
the. Nhan to anh hng quan trong en ton that la van toc chuyen ong cua piston.
o h
vh
: luc bat au m khoa rat ln. Can lam van nhe va tang dien tch mat cat thoat cua
chat long.
o L
h
nho khi ng knh ong hut ln va chieu dai ong hut nho.
o Tr so cua gia toc dv/dt phu thuoc van toc piston, khi vong quay cua bm cang ln th
gia toc sinh ra l c quan tnh cang ln. Vay muon giam cot ap quan tnh e tang kha
nang hut cua bm, phai chon ong hut ngan nhat va co ng knh ln; so vong quay
cua truc bm khong c qua ln: n = 100 200 v/ph.
Qua s phan tch tren, ta thay: ap suat trong qua trnh hut cua bm p
x1
min khi piston
mi bat au chuyen o ng (x = 0) va p
x1
max khi x = S (cuoi hanh trnh). Do o, ie u kien lam
viec bnh thng cua bm khong co hien tng xam thc trong qua trnh hut la:

|
|
.
|

\
|
A +

>
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
h .
p p
bh
0 x
1 x

Tc la: ( ) h .
p
h h z
p
bh
max qt vh h
a
A +

> + +

(4.36)
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 101
( ) 0
g 2
v
. T 1
2
1 x
h
= + khi x = 0 va v
x1
=0
oi vi bm piston c truye n dan bang c cau thanh truyen tay quay th; x = 0 co:
R .
g
L
h
2
h
max qt
e =
Do o: h .
p
R .
g
L
h z
p
bh 2 h
vh h
a
A +

>
(

e + +

(4.37)
4.2.6- Ap suat cua bm piston trong qua trnh ay
Tng t nh oi vi qua trnh hut, ta viet pt Bernoulli cho do ng chay khong on nh
gia 2 mat cat b-b va c-c, lay b-b lam mat chuan (z
b
= 0; z
c
= z

; p
c
, v
c
- ap suat va van toc
dong chay tai ni can cung cap chat long).
Ta co:

+ + +

+ = +

qtd d
2
c c
d
2
2 x 2 x
h h
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
(4.38)









Hnh 4.10 - S o ng o ng ay
Trong o:
p
x2
, v
x2
- ap suat va van toc chat long trong buong co ng tac tai thi iem ang xet
trong qua trnh ay.
h

- tong to n that cot ap tren toan bo chieu dai ong ay, xac nh gio ng nh trong
qua trnh hut:
h

=
d
2
2 x
vd
T
g 2
v
h + (4.39)
T

- he so ton that tng ng cua ong ay, xac nh tng t T


h
theo (4.32).
h
v
- ton that nang lng tai van ay.
z


c
c
b b
S-x
S
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 102
H
qt
- cot ap quan tnh tren ong ay (t b-b en c-c) xac nh theo cong thc sau:
(tng t qua trnh hut)

dt
dv
g
x S L
h
2 x d
qtd

|
|
.
|

\
| +
= (4.40)
L

- chieu dai tng ng cua ong ay, xac nh tng t L


h
;
S - la hanh trnh piston.
Thay cac gia tr vao va bien oi, ta c ap suat trong buong lam viec cua bm piston
trong qua trnh ay la:
( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
| +
+ + + +

=
dt
dv
g
x S L
g 2
v
1 T h z
p p
2 x d
2
2 x
d vd d
c 2 x
(4.41)
Trong (4.41) ta thay:

2 x
p
trong qua trnh ay la tong cua

c
p
va cac o cao bieu th
bi cac so hang trong ngoac vuong. Phan tch tng t nh oi vi qua trnh hut, ta thay: p
x2

co gia tr ln nhat khi piston bat au ay (x = S) va min khi x = 0. Nh ng luc o gia toc cua
piston trong bm co tr so am (-) va tr so cot ap quan tnh la max:
( )
max qt vd d
c
min
2 x
h h z
p p
+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

(4.42)
Ro rang la khi R .
g
S L
h
2 d
max qt
e
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= th trong buong cong tac cua bm co the xuat
hien chan khong O mH 3 , 10
p
2
2 x
<
|
|
.
|

\
|

va xay ra xam thc


|
|
.
|

\
|

bh 2 x
p p
.
Do o, ieu kien bao am bm piston lam vie c bnh thng ( khong gay ra xam thc)
trong qua trnh ay la:

|
|
.
|

\
|
A +

>
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
h .
p p
bh
0 x
2 x
(4.43)
oi vi bm piston c truyen dan bang c cau thanh truye n tay quay:
h .
p
R .
g
S L
h z
p
bh 2 d
vd d
c
A +

>
(

e
+
+ +

(4.44)
Vay muon chong hien tng xam thc trong qua trnh ay can co nhng bien phap
sau:
o Giam chieu dai ong ay (ne n giam cac oan nam ngang)
o Tang dien tch mat cat ong ay (bien phap nay n gian va co hieu qua tot).
o Giam dien tch ma t cat piston (F), ban knh tay quay ( R) va so vong quay lam viec.

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 103
4.2.7- Vo ng quay gii han cua bm piston
Mot trong cac yeu to quan trong anh hng en ieu kien e khong xay ra hie n tng
xam thc la so vong quay lam viec cua bm. Do o can xac nh so vong quay lam viec gii
han cua bm n
max
.
Giai pt (4.37), thay
60
n . 2t
= e , trong ieu kien co xam thc ta co:

|
|
.
|

\
|
A

=
vh h
bh a
h
) 1 max(
h z h .
p p
R L
895
n (4.45)
895 - la so hang thu c khi ta nhan 30
2
vi g va chia cho t
2
= 9,86. Tc la:
895
86 , 9
81 , 9 900
=


Tng t nh tren ta tnh c so vong quay gii han cho phep cua bm trong qua
trnh ay n
max(2)
t ieu kien (4.45):

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + A

=
vd d
bh c
d
) 2 max(
h z h .
p p
R L
895
n (4.46)
So vo ng quay cho phep [n] cua bm piston kho ng c ln hn tr so be nhat cua
n
max(1)
va n
max(2)
:
[n] s n
max(1),(2)

Vi bm nc, thng [n] = 100 200 v/ph.
So vong quay cho phe p [n] phai giam khi nhiet o chat long trong bm tang. Neu bm
lam viec vi so [n] co nh th khi nhiet o tang th se phai giam chieu cao hut (z
h
)
4.2.8- ng ac tnh
a- ng ac tnh lam viec c ban cua bm piston H = f(Q) vi 2 so vong quay lam
viec khac nhau n
2
> n
1










Hnh 4.11 - ng ac tnh ly thuyet
D
R
B
G
H
L
n
2
>
n
n
1
Q C A
O
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 104
Theo ly thuyet cua may thuy lc the tch, cot ap khong phu thuoc lu l ng. Ne n
ng ac tnh ly thuyet cua bm c bieu dien bang cac ng AB va CD song song truc
OH. Nhng ng ac tnh thc nghiem th khong hoan toan nh vay. Chu ng c bieu die n
bang cac ng AG va CR, khi cot ap (ap suat) cua bm tang len th lu lng co giam i.
ieu nay de hie u v khi ap suat tang th ton that lu lng (do chat long ro r qua bo phan
lam kn) tang, lam giam lu lng thc cua bm.
Neu ap suat lam viec qua ln th lu l ng cua bm co the mat mat hoan toan v ro r,
hoac van an toan c m e xa chat long ve be hut. Ap suat va lu l ng luc nay c bie u
dien bang oan GL, iem L ng vi thi iem van an toan c m. S chenh lech gia
ng ac tnh cot ap ly thuyet va thc nghiem cang nhieu khi n cang ln, v khi o ton that
lu lng tang khong phai ch do ro r ma con do s o ng m cua cac van ay va hut khong
kp thi lam giam lu lng thc cua bm.
b- ng ac tnh lam viec Q = f(H), N = f(H), q = f(H) ng vi n = const.







Hnh 4.12 - ng ac tnh lam viec
oi vi may thuy lc the tch co n = const, thng bieu dien cac thong so lam viec
theo H v khi lu l ng Q khong oi th viec ieu chnh che o lam viec cua loai may nay
thng c thc hien bang cach thay oi ap suat lam viec. Khi ap suat lam viec cua bm
khong oi (H = const), ne u so vong quay n tang th lu lng Q, cong suat N va hieu suat lu
lng cung tang.
c- ng ac tnh q = f(n) ; Q = f(n) ; N = f(n) khi H = const.







Hnh 4.13 - ng ac tnh lam viec thay oi theo n
K
2
-
K
1
-
n
1
= const
n
2
= const
Q
Q
n
N
Q
q
N,Q,q
H
q
Q
N
N,Q,q
n = const
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 105
d- ng ac tnh xam thc cua bm piston theo hai so vong quay khac nhau n
1
= n
2
:
ng ac tnh xam thc cho ta biet kha nang lam viec bnh th ng (khong xay ra xam thc)
cua bm ng vi so vong quay khong oi.
Cac iem K
1
, K
2
la cac iem gii han pham vi lam viec an toan cua bm ng vi
cac tr so ap suat chan khong gii han AH = H
CK
. Neu o chan kho ng trong bm vt qua cac
tr so gii han th
bm se lam viec trong tnh trang b xam thc.
T ng ac tnh xam thc, ta co the xac nh chieu cao hut cho phe p cua bm theo
cong thc:
| | | |
h
2
2
CK h
h
g 2
v
H z E = (4.47)

4.3- BM ROTO
4.3.1- Khai niem chung
Cac loai bm roto ra i vao khoang cuoi the ky trc, sm hn bm piston roto.
Trong 60 nam tr lai ay, chung c dung rong rai trong cac nganh che tao may va ong
lc.
Bm roto co nhieu loai, nhieu kie u khac nhau. Nhng chung ta ch nghien cu cac
loai pho bien sau ay:
Bm banh rang
Bm truc vt
Bm canh gat
Bm chan khong vong nc
Trong cac loai bm nay (tr bm chan khong vong nc) e u co the bien thanh ong
c thuy lc, neu ta nap vao chung dong chat long co ap suat u ln.
Trong bm roto, bo phan lam viec chnh trc tiep trao oi ap nang vi dong chat long
qua may la bo phan co chuyen ong quay nh banh rang, truc quay co canh gat, goi chung
la roto. Roto co chuyen ong tron eu tao ra dong chay tng oi eu. Lu lng va ap suat
cua dong chay trong cac may roto dao ong t hn so vi dong chay trong cac may thuy lc
piston.
Ap suat lam viec trong cac bm roto th ng cao hn so vi cac bm canh dan nhng
thap hn so vi cac bm piston, thong th ng la 20 150 at.
u iem chung cua bm roto la:
Ket cau n gian
Kch thc nho, gon nhe
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 106
Co tuoi ben cao
Lam viec chac chan, tin cay
Co the lam viec vi so vong quay ln
Cong suat tren 1 v trong lng l n
Co ch tieu kinh te tot (re)
Cac u iem chu yeu tren ay lam cho cac bm roto c s dung rong rai trong cac
nganh che tao may va ong lc ng vi cac ieu kien ky thuat phu hp, v du nh trong cac
he thong truyen ong va truyen lc bang dau hoac trong cac bo phan ie u khien bang cac c
cau thuy lc.
4.3.2- Bm banh rang
a - Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec

Hnh 4.14 S o cau tao bm banh rang
Cau tao cua bm co t 2 banh rang tr len an khp vi nhau, co the an khp ngoai
hoac an khp trong. So rang thng gap Z = 8 12 rang.
S o ket cau cua 1 bm banh rang n gian nhat thng co 2 banh rang nh hnh ve .
Banh rang chu ong 1 gan lien tren truc chnh cua bm an kh p vi banh rang b
ong 2, ca 2 banh rang e u at trong vo bm 3. Khoang trong A gia vo bm, mieng ong hut
4 va 2 banh rang goi la bong hut; khoang tro ng B gia vo bm, mie ng o ng ay va 2 banh
rang goi la bong ay. Khi bm lam viec banh rang chu o ng quay, ke o banh rang b ong
quay theo chieu mui te n (nh hnh ve), chat long cha ay trong cac ranh a gia cac rang
ngoai vung an khp c chuyen t bong hut qua bong ay vong theo vo bm ( theo chieu
chuyen ong cua banh rang). V the tch cha chat long trong bo ng ay giam khi cac rang
cua cap banh rang vao khp, nen chat long b che n ep va do n vao ong ay 5 vi ap suat cao.
Qua trnh nay goi la qua trnh ay cua bm. ong thi vi qua trnh ay th trong bong hut
xay ra qua trnh hut nh sau: khi cac rang ra khp, the tch cha chat long tang, ap suat chat
long giam xuong thap hn ap suat tren mat thoang cua be hut lam cho chat long chay qua
ong hut 4 vao bm. Qua trnh hut va ay chat long xay ra o ng thi va lien tuc.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 107
* Ne u trong bm khong co khe h th ap suat chat long ch tang khi nao no c
chuyen e n bong ay. Vay ap suat do bm tao ne n ch phu thuoc vao ap suat phu tai (ap suat
trong ong ay).
* Nhng thc te bao gi cung co khe h:
- gia nh rang vi vo bm;
- gia mat au banh rang vi vo bm;
- gia cac mat rang.
Do o chat long c tang ap suat sm hn trc khi en bong ay. Chnh cac khe h
gay nen to n that lu l ng trong bm banh rang (chat long theo khe h chay ngc tr ve
bong hut) han che kha nang tang ap suat lam viec cua bm. Neu ap suat phu tai cao qua mc
th co the lu lng cua bm hoan toan b ton that. V vay, e han che ap suat lam viec toi
a, ngi ta bo tr van an toan 6 tren ong ay.
b - Lu lng trung bnh cua bm banh rang

Hnh 4.15 - S o an khp cua cac rang
Lu lng trung bnh cua bm banh rang tnh theo cong thc:
n . q Q = (4.48)
Trong o: q - lu lng rieng cua bm trong 1 chu ky;
n - so chu ky trong 1 n v thi gian.
Tnh lu lng rie ng q:
Gia s the tch cua 1 ranh bang the tch cua 1 rang.
Goi a la the tch cua 1 rang:
b . h .
2
t
a ~
Trong o:
t- bc cua rang;
Z
D .
t
t
= ;
D - ng knh vong lan;
h - chieu cao an khp; m 2 h = ; m- moun cua banh rang;
Z - so rang;
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 108
b - chieu dai rang (chieu rong rang).
Vay: mb 2
Z 2
D .
a
t
~
Khi 2 banh rang quay 1 vong, the tch chat long c chuyen qua bm t bong ay
en bong hut la Za 2 .
Vay lu lng cua bm vi so vong quay n trong 1 n v thi gian la:
Dmbn . 2 Zan 2 Q
l
t = = (4.49)
Neu so rang cua banh rang khong nh nhau th lay so rang Z
1
cua banh rang chu ong
e tnh.
oi vi banh rang co so rang nho Z = 6 12 th the tch cua ranh l n hn the tch cua
rang, khi o trong cong thc tren ngi ta thay t bang he so 3,5. Ta co:
Dmbn 7 Q
l
= (4.50)
Ma
Z
d
m = , nen lu lng co the tnh theo cong thc sau:
bn
Z
D
7 Q
2
l
= (4.51)
c - Momen quay va lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang - Dao ong lu lng
1. Momen quay cua bm banh rang:

Hnh 4.16 - S o xac nh moment quay cua cac banh rang
P tam an khp
A iem an khp;
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 109
R
o
- ban knh vong tro n c s;
R - ban knh vong lan;
R
2
- ban knh vong au nh rang.
Trong qua trnh bm banh rang lam viec, cap banh rang quay va an khp vi nhau tai
iem an khp A. Pha tren iem A thong vi bo ng ay co ap suat bong ay p
2
, trong khi o
pha di iem A thong vi bong hut se co ap suat tai bong hut p
1
. Di tac dung cua o
chenh ap p = p
2
- p
1,
tren truc quay cua

banh rang chu ong va banh rang b ong chu
momen quay M
1
va M
2
tac ong len O
1
va O
2
.
Goi x- khoang cach t A den O
1
;
y- khoang cach t A den O
2
.
* oi vi banh rang chu o ng:
Ta biet ap lc tac dung cac mat rang oi dien th can bang (triet tieu) nhau, neu ap
suat tac dung len cac mat oi dien bang nhau. Nh vay oi vi cac rang ngoai vung an
khp th thoa man ieu nay, co n oi vi cac rang tai vung an kh p ta thay:
Xet ranh rang cua banh rang chu o ng: ap suat tai A
1
A
1
va A
2
A
2
can bang (eu co
ap suat hut) con oan A
1
A
1
chu ap suat ay, oan A
2
A
2
chu ap suat hut. Nh vay tai ranh
rang nay chu tac dung cua o chenh ap p = Ap = p
2
- p
1

Vay banh rang chu ong chu 1 ap lc la: P
1
= p.dtch tac dung = p.(A
1
A
1
.b)
= p.(R
2
- x).b
* oi vi banh rang b ong: tng t ta xet 2 mat oi B
1
B
1
va B
2
B
2

oan B
2
B
2
: ap suat ay ; oan B
1
B
1
: ap suat hut
Nh vay tai tren phan die n tch B
1
B
1
cung chu o chenh ap p = p
2
- p
1

Vay banh rang b ong chu ap lc la: P
2
= p.(B
1
B
1
.b) = p.(R
2
-y).b
Moment quay do cac ap lc P
1
va P
2
gay ne n tren banh rang chu ong va banh rang
b ong la: b .
2
x R
. p
2
x R
. b ). x R .( p . P M
2 2
2 2
2 1 1

=
+
= = (4.52)
Tng t: b .
2
y R
. p
2
y R
. b ). y R .( p . P M
2 2
2 2
2 2 2

=
+
= = (4.53)
Moment tong cong M tac dung len cac truc cua bm banh rang se la:
2 1
M M M + =
Hay: ( ) | |
2 2 2
2
y x R 2
2
b . p
M + = (4.54)
* Ta se xac nh gia tr
2 2
y x +
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 110

Hnh 4.17 - iem an khp va tam an khp
Goi l - la khang cach t iem an khp A en tam an khp P.
Ta co: ( )
2 2 2
k c R x + + =
( )
2 2 2
k c R y + =
Vay: ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
l R 2 l 2 R 2 k c 2 R 2 k 2 c 2 R 2 y x = + = + + = + + = +
Thay vao phng trnh moment ta co:
( )
2 2 2
2
l R R . b . p M = (4.55)
oi vi banh rang thong thng th m R R
2
+ = ; nen:
( )
2 2
l m Rm 2 . b . p M + = (4.56)
T bieu thc tren ta thay: M phu thuoc vao khoang cach l.
Khi l = l
max
th moment co tr so nho nhat:
( )
2
max
2
min
l m Rm 2 . b . p M + = (4.57)
Khi l = 0 th moment co tr so ln nhat:
( )
2
max
m Rm 2 . b . p M + =
Theo cong thc tren ta co the xac nh c tr so cua moment tc thi tac du ng le n
truc bm. S dao o ng cua moment quay anh hng xau en sc ben va ieu kien lam viec
cua bm. Ta biet tr so M ty le vi cong suat tren truc bm, ma cong suat lai anh hng en
ap suat va lu lng cua bm, do o s dao o ng cua moment quay M gay nen s dao ong
lu lng va ap sua t.
2. Lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang- Dao ong lu lng
Ta biet:
Cong suat tren truc cua bm tai thi iem truc bm co moment quay tc thi M la:
e = . M N ; e = const - van toc goc cua truc bm.
y
x

P

A

O
2
O
1
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 111
Mat khac cong suat bm phu thuoc lu lng tc thi Q:
Q . p H . Q . N = = ;
p = const - chenh lech ap suat bong ay va bong hut.
Suy ra: Q . p . M = e
Hay:
( )
( ) e + =
e +
=
e
= . b . l m Rm 2
p
. l m Rm 2 . b . p
p
. M
Q
2 2
2 2

Vay: ( ) e + = . b . l m Rm 2 Q
2 2
(4.58)
Suy ra: lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang thay oi phu thuoc khoang cach l tng
t nh moment.
Khi l = 0, bm co lu l ng ln nhat:
( ) e + = . b . m Rm 2 Q
2
max
(4.59)
Khi l = l
max
, bm co lu lng nho nhat:
( ) e + = . b . l m Rm 2 Q
2
max
2
min
(4.60)
Vay: Lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang thay oi mot cach co chu ky t Q
min
en
Q
max
Bien o dao ong cua bm banh rang phu thuoc khoang cach l va do o phu thuoc so
rang va he so trung khp cua cap banh rang.
oi vi bm banh rang thang co the xac nh bien o dao ong lu l ng A theo cong
thc gan ung sau:
b R .
Z
A
2
o
2
2
2
e c
t
= (4.61)
c - he so trung khp;
Z - so rang;
b - chieu dai rang ( chieu rong banh rang);
e - van toc goc cua banh rang chu o ng;

o
R - ban knh vo ng c s.
e anh gia mc o dao ong lu lng cua bm banh rang, ta tnh he so dao ong
lu lng:
tb
min max
Q
Q Q
= o (4.62)
He so dao ong lu lng cua bm banh rang tru co the tnh theo cong thc gan ung:

Z
cos
25 , 1
2
o
= o (4.63)
o - goc an khp cua cap banh rang; oi vi banh rang tieu chuan o = 20
o
.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 112
Nh vay o phu thuoc vao so rang Z.
So vi cac loai bm piston va piston roto, th bm banh rang co he so dao ong lu
lng nho hn nhieu.
Bieu o dao o ng lu lng va ap suat cua bm banh rang co so rang Z = 10 va Z
=12.


Hnh 4.18 - Bieu o dao o ng lu l ng va ap suat
Dao ong lu l ng gay ra dao o ng ap suat, a nh hng xau en s lam viec cua bm
va cua he thong truye n ong thuy lc.
d - Cach khac phuc mot so nhc iem cua bm banh rang
1. Hien tng dao ong lu lng
Co mot so bien phap:
Dung banh rang co so rang ln.
Nhc iem la phai tang ng knh banh rang.
Dung banh rang nghieng: banh rang nghieng toan bo chieu dai tiep xuc khong vao
va ra khp cung mot luc ma vao va ra khp t t nen lu l ng cua bm e u hn (
dao ong t hn) va bm lam viec em hn. He so dao ong lu lng cua bm banh
rang nghieng nho hn so vi bm banh rang thang; no tuy thuoc vao goc nghieng cua
rang. Nhc iem cua banh rang nghieng la khi lam viec xuat hien l c chieu truc P
a
.
Goc nghieng | va ap suat lam viec cua bm cang ln th lc chieu truc cang ln, gay
h hong o truc va oi hoi bm phai co ket cau phc tap e khac phuc lc o. Trong
ky thuat thng dung bm banh rang nghieng co | = 20
o
30
o
va ap suat p = 3 5 at.
Dung banh rang ch V:
Banh rang ch V co ay u u iem cua banh rang nghie ng nhng ay lc chie u
truc t kh. V vay dung banh rang ch V phat huy c u iem cua banh rang
nghieng bang cach tang | cua rang co the ti 35
o
en 45
o
. Do o no co ap suat lam
viec cao hn p = 20 40 at.
Nhc iem co ket cau phc tap, che tao at tien.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 113
e khac phuc nhc iem nay cua banh rang ch V, ngi ta dung 2 cap banh rang
nghieng bo tr oi xng tren cung 1 truc.


Hnh 4.19 - Banh rang ch V
2. Hien tng chat long b nen chan rang khi bm lam viec
* Khi 1 cap rang vao khp * Khi 2 cap rang vao khp

Hnh 4.20 - Chat long b nen chan rang
Khi bm lam viec, mot phan chat long b gi lai chan rang khi cac rang an khp vi
nhau. Neu gia cac mat rang khi an khp khong co khe h th phan chat long nay b nen lai.
Khi cap banh rang sap ket thuc qua trnh vao khp th ap suat cua chat long nay ln nhat v
the tch cha chung nho nhat. Nhng khi cap rang ra khp th the tch o ln dan, ap suat
giam, xuat hien ap suat chan khong. Ket qua la co mot phan mat rang khi vao khp va ra
khp chu them tai trong phu oi dau gay anh hng xau en sc be n cua rang, banh rang va
o truc (o truc b mon khong eu). Ngoai ra chat long trong cac the tch b nen nong len va khi
ap suat giam chat long boc hi, sui bot gay hien tng xam thc va ne u chat long la dau de
b bien chat (oxy hoa).
Bien phap khac phuc:
Lam cac ranh thoat tren thanh vo bm pha trong ngang v tr an khp cua 2 banh
rang. Cac ranh nay co the thong vi bong hut hoac bong a y. Cac chat long b nen se
i qua cac ranh nay ma ve bong hut hoac bong ay, do o khong gay nen tai trong
phu. Neu ranh thong vi bo ng hut th ton that lu lng tang,hieu suat lu lng giam
khoang 7%.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 114

Hnh 4.21 - Ket cau ranh thoat trong banh ran g
Khoan cac lo thoat hng knh chan rang
Cac lo nay thong vi cac ranh tren truc dan chat long en bong hut hoac bong ay.
Hai bien phap nay oi hoi ket cau phc tap, che tao kho, lam giam o kn cua cac the
tch lam viec do o hieu suat giam.

Hnh 4.22 - Ket cau loi thoat hng knh chan rang
Dung banh rang nghieng hoac ch V: la bien phap tot v s vao va ra khp cua cac
cap rang c thc hien t t nen chat long chan rang khong b bao kn trong khu
vc b ne n ( vu ng an kh p). Muon the banh rang phai co goc an khp | va chie u
rong b phu hp sao cho khi au nay cua cap rang bat au ra khp th au kia van
vung vao khp.
3. Hien tng ton that va cach khac phuc
Trong bm banh rang co 2 loai ton that:
Ton that c kh: do masat tren cac be ma t lam viec cua cac chi tiet trong bm.
Ton that lu lng: do cac the tch lam viec khong kn (dan en ro r) va do chat long
khong ien ay the tch cac ranh rang, do b dong chay ngc (chat long chay trong
khe h gia vong nh rang va thanh vo bm ngc vi chie u quay cua banh rang v
ap suat bong ay ln hn ap suat bong hut).
Bien phap lam cho chat long ien ay cac ranh rang:
o Tao ap suat thch hp trong bong hut, khong e ap suat bong hut nho hn ap
suat do lc ly tam sinh ra khi banh rang quay, bang cach at bm thap hn
mc chat long trong be hut hoac tang ap sua t mat thoang cua be hut.
o Hnh dang va kch thc cua ng dan chat long vao bo ng hut phai hp ly .
Van toc cua chat long vao bong hut khong nen qua 2 3 m/s. ng dan e n
bong hut co ket cau hnh loa, mot canh m ro ng dan cho bang be rong cua
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 115
banh rang mieng bong hut, va cung tron cua bong hut khong nen nho qua
1/8 toan bo vong bao banh rang.

Hnh 4.23 - Ket cau ng dan chat long vao bong hut
o Han che van toc lam viec cua banh rang. Van toc vong au nh rang khong
nen qua 6 8 m/s, v co the gay hien tng xam thc.
4.3.3 - Bm truc vt
Bm truc vt c s dung nhieu trong cong nghiep v co u iem c ban nh sau:
Lu lng ie u hoa, t dao ong hn lu lng cua cac may thu y lc banh rang, ke ca
banh rang nghieng.
Hieu suat tng oi cao.
Ket cau nho gon, chac chan, lam viec tin cay, khong on.
Co the lam viec vi so vong quay ln va ap suat cao.
Ngi ta a san xuat bm truc vt co so vong quay n = 18000 vg/ph va p = 200 at.
Moment quan tnh nho nhat so vi tat ca cac loai may thuy lc the tch khac co cung
cong suat. Do o may lam viec co o nhay cao.
Pham vi s dung ro ng rai: Q = 3 12000 l/ph ; N = 1 1500 kw.
Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
Bo phan chu yeu cua may thuy lc truc vt gom 2 hoac 3 truc vt an khp vi nhau at
trong mot vo may co nh co loi dan chat long vao va ra. Khe h gia cac truc vt va vo may
rat nho. Truc vt th ng co 1 hoac 2 moi ren va bien dang ren thng co 3 loai: ren ch nhat,
ren hnh thang, va ren sicloit.
Bm va ong c co ket cau giong nhau va co the lam viec thuan nghch. e tien, ta
nghien cu cac loai bm truc vt trc, sau o ta suy ra ong c.
a- Bm 2 truc vt
Cau tao:
Truc vt chu ong 1 co ren ch nhat, chieu ren phai an khp vi truc vt b ong 2 co
chieu ren trai. Cuoi 2 truc vt co lap 2 banh rang 3 cung an khp vi nhau. Cac truc vt c
nh v bang cac o truc at trong vo bm 4. Vo bm co bong hut A va bong ay B. Khe h
gia cac truc vt va vo bm rat nho.

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 116

Hnh 4.24 - S o cau ta o cua bm hai truc vt
Nguyen ly lam viec cua bm truc vt
Chat long bong hut A ien ay ranh ren v tr a, khi truc vt quay 1 vong, than ren
b cua truc vt kia an khp vi ranh ren a va ay khoi chat long trong o t v tr a en v tr a
va t a khi truc vt quay 1 vong na tiep theo th lai chuyen en a. C nh the chat long
c chuyen t bong hut en bong ay.
Bm 2 truc vt ren vuong ( hoac hnh thang) tren co nhc iem la kho bao am kn
the tch lam viec, do o ton that lu lng va ton that thuy lc nhie u, ton that c kh ln, hie u
suat c kh thap. V vay, bm 2 truc vt co ren ch nhat ( hoac hnh thang) co ap suat va lu
lng lam viec han che: p = 100 at , Q = 20 40 l/ph.
Bm truc vt cu ng nh bm banh rang nghie ng, khi lam viec phat sinh tai trong hng
truc, tac dung len o truc, lam giam tuoi tho bm. e lam giam tai trong hng truc, ngi ta
lam ranh hoac dung cac truc vt co 2 phan ren ngc chieu nhau.
C moi vo ng quay th truc vt chuyen c 1 khoi chat long co the tch bang the tch
ranh ren trong mot bc ren t. Neu goi F la dien tch mat cat ngang cua ranh ren, ta co lu
lng ly thuyet rie ng cua bm truc vt la:
q
l
= F.t (4.63)
* Vay lu lng ly thuyet Q
l
may bm trong mot giay la:

60
t . F . n
60
q . n
Q
l
l
= = (4.64)
Dien tch F co the xac nh gan ung nh sau:

( )
4
d D .
F
2 2
t
= (4.65)
Trong o: D, d - ng knh cua nh va chan ren truc vt.
* Lu lng thc te trong mot giay cua bm 2 truc vt la:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 117
( )
2 2 Q
Q l
d D
240
. n . t .
. Q Q
t q
= q = (4.66)
Trong o:
Q
q - hieu suat lu lng cua bm 2 truc vt, thng
Q
q = 0,75 0,85.
b - Bm 3 truc vt

Hnh 4.25 - S o cau ta o cua bm ba truc vt

Ket cau va nguyen ly lam viec cua bm 3 truc vt noi chung tng t bm 2 truc vt.
Ch khac la truc vt chu ong 1 an kh p vi 2 truc vt b ong 2 va than bm 3 co 2 lan vo e
tan nhiet c tot hn. Tren hnh ve la mat cat ngang cua bm 3 truc vt sicloit an khp nhau.
Ta thay so vi 2 truc vt, th bm 3 truc vt co the tch lam viec c lam kn tot hn, do o
hieu suat lu lng ln hn; goc nang cua moi ren co the lam ln, dan e n hieu suat c kh
cung cao hn. Nh vay bm 3 truc vt co hieu suat va tnh nang lam viec cao hn bm 2 truc
vt, co the at ti cac tr so gii han.
* Lu lng cua bm 3 truc vt: tng t nh bm 2 truc vt, xac nh theo cong thc
gan ung:

5 , 14
. n . d
Q
Q
3
q
= (4.67)
Trong o:
Q - lu lng thc te cua bm trong 1 phut;
n - so vong quay cua bm trong 1 phut;

Q
q - hieu suat lu lng; q
Q
= 0,80 0,95;
d - ng knh chan ren cua truc vt chu ong.



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Chng IV: Bm the tch 118
4.3.4 - Bm canh gat
a. Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec

Hnh 4.26 - S o cau ta o cua bm canh gat
Bm gom 1 vo hnh tru 1 trong o co roto 2. Tam cua vo va roto lech nhau 1 khoang
e. Khi roto quay, cac ban phang nay trt trong cac ranh cua roto va gat chat long, ne n goi la
canh gat. Phan khong gian gii han bi vo bm va roto goi la the tch lam viec.
Hnh ve la s o ket cau cua bm canh gat n gian nhat ( co 2 canh gat). Nh lc
ay cua lo so 4 cac canh gat 3 luon luon ty sat vao thanh vo bm. Gia s khi bm lam viec
quay theo chieu mui ten, the tch cha chat long t A en C tang, ap suat trong chat long
giam, do o chat long b hut vao bm. Khi canh gat di chuyen t C en B, no lam giam the
tch cha chat long, do o lam tang ap suat va ay chat long vao ong ay.
e chat long khong chay ngc t bong ay ve lai bo ng hut va khong b chet trong
cac the tch lam viec th v tr cua cac canh gat va cua roto phai bo tr sao cho khi canh gat
nay bat au gat chat long ( v tr I) th canh gat kia cung va thoi khong gat chat long na (
v tr II). Do o lu lng bm khong eu, nho nhat khi canh gat v tr I va l n nhat khi
canh gat v tr C-C. e cho lu lng bm eu hn, ngi ta tang so canh gat trong bm (t
4 en 12 canh).
Tren hnh ve la s o ket cau cua bm 6 canh gat. Cac g chan AB, CD ngan khong
cho chat long t buong ay ngc ve buong hut, g chan AB phai co chieu dai thch hp sao
cho khi mot canh gat bat au vao v tr A th canh gat trc no phai va en v tr B.
Cac bm khao sat tren, trong mot chu ky lam viec (1 vong quay cua roto) thc hien
c 1 lan ay va 1 lan hut, nen goi la bm tac dung n.
e giam bt tai trong tren o truc va nang cao ap suat lam viec, ngi ta du ng bm
canh gat tac dung kep. Bm tac dung kep ch khac bm tac dung n vo bm. Mat trong
cua vo bm khong phai la mat tru, tam cua roto trung vi tam cua vo, bm co 2 bong hut va
2 bong ay bo tr oi xng vi tam vo.
* oi vi bm tac dung n:
Ap suat lam viec p s 20 at
Lu lng lam viec t 5 150 l/s
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 119
So vong quay lam viec n = 1000 2000 vg/ph
* oi vi bm tac dung kep:
Ap suat lam viec p s 70 at
Lu lng lam viec t 5 200 l/s
Hieu suat cua bm canh gat noi chung : q = 0,5 0,8.
Tuy vay bm co u iem la ket cau nho gon, n gian, co kha nang ieu chnh c
lu lng.
b - Lu lng, cach ieu chnh lu lng

Hnh 4.27 - S o xac nh lu lng
Goi: R - khoang cach t O
2
cua roto en mat tiep suc cua vo bm;
r - ban knh mat lam viec cua vo bm;
h - chieu dai mat lam viec cua canh gat;
b - chieu rong canh gat;
C - trong tam phan lam viec cua canh gat;
- goc quay cua roto ke t ng tam thang ng AB.
Ta cac nh mot so thong so hnh hoc va ong hoc cua bm.
V goc | rat nho co the coi cos| = 1, ta co:
h = e + EO
2
; ma EO
2
= e.cos(EO
2
O
1
) = e.cos(180
o
- ) = -e.cos
nen h = e - ecos
= e.(1 - cos)
Van toc trt tng oi cua canh gat trong ranh:
e = = sin . . e
dt
dh
v
Trong o:
dt
d
= e - van toc goc cua roto
Van toc vong cua trong tam phan la m viec cua canh gat:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 120
e = . C O u
2

Trong o: h 5 , 0 R C O
2
= ; vi | = + = cos e cos r EO DE R
2

h 5 , 0 cos e cos r C O
2
| =
( ) | = cos 1 e 5 , 0 cos e cos r
Neu coi cos| ~ 1 th ta co:
( ) + = cos 1 e 5 , 0 r C O
2

Hay: ( ) | | + e = cos 1 e 5 , 0 r u (4.68)
Lu lng tc thi:
Neu khong ke ti anh hng cua chieu day canh gat, ta co:
h . b . u Q
o
=


( ) | | ( ) e + =

cos 1 . b . . e . cos 1 . e 5 , 0 r Q
o
(4.69)
T cong thc tren ta thay lu lng tc thi cua bm thay oi theo goc quay cua roto:
Khi = 90
o
va = 270
o
th
o
Q

= Q
min
= (r-0,5e).e.b.e (4.70)
Khi = 180
o
th
o
Q

= Q
max
= 2.r.e.b.e (4.71)
(mot canh gat ch lam viec vi t gia tr 90
o
en 270
o
con t 270
o
en 90
o
canh gat kia lam
viec, quay theo chieu kim ong ho)
He so dao ong lu lng:
= 2
Q
Q
min
max
~ (4.72)
Ta thay oi vi bm 2 canh gat lu lng tc thi thay oi kha nhieu.
oi vi bm nhieu ca nh gat, v du: khi Z = 6 th:
= 07 , 1
Q
Q
min
max
= => lu lng eu hn (4.73)
Lu lng trung bnh:
* Lu lng trung bnh trong mot vong quay q (lu lng rie ng)
Goi q
o
- lu lng rieng cua bm khi cha ke ti anh hng chieu day canh gat;
q - lng giam lu lng rieng do anh hng cua chieu day canh gat trong
mot
vong quay.
Ta co: q = q
o
- q
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 121
Neu so canh gat Z u ln, ta co the s dung bieu thc sau:
q = 2eb(2tr - oZ) ; o - chieu day canh gat.

* Neu goi n la so vong quay cua bm trong mot phut, th lu lng trung bnh ly
thuyet cua bm trong mot giay la:

60
q . n
Q
l
=
( ) Z . r . 2
30
b . e . n
Q
l
o t = (4.74)
Vay: lu lng thc te cua bm canh gat tac dung n la:
( ) Z . r . 2
30
. b . e . n
Q
Q
o t
q
= (4.75)
Thng
Q
q = 0,8 0,9
ieu chnh lu lng
u iem cua bm canh gat tac dung n la co the ieu chnh c lu lng khi so
vong quay lam viec cua roto khong oi.
Tng t nh bm piston - roto hng knh, lu lng cua bm canh gat co the ieu
chnh bang cach thay oi tr so cua o lech tam e. Ngoai ra, neu thay oi dau cua e th con co
the ao chieu lam viec cua bm.

Hnh 4.28 - ie u chnh lu l ng bang thay oi o lech tam
Tren hnh ve la s o ieu chnh bm canh gat. Khi co v tr tng oi cua roto trong
vo bm nh tren hnh a) th chat long c chuyen t A ti B vi e = e
max
th Q = Q
max
. Khi
ay vo bm sang phai, e giam dan, lu lng giam dan va cho en khi e = 0 th Q = 0. Mac
du roto van quay vi van toc goc va chieu quay khong thay oi. Neu tiep tuc ay vo bm
sang phai th e oi dau, chieu chuyen ong cua chat long thay oi t B en A va khi lu
lng cua bm ln nhat th e = e
max
.
c - Lc tac dung len canh gat
Hnh ve trong tr ng h p = 180
o
.

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 122

Hnh 4.29 - Lc tac dung len canh gat
Tren canh gat co nhng lc tac dung sau:
* Lc ly tam, bang tch so cua khoi lng canh gat m vi gia toc ly tam a
n
(at khoi
tam, cach tam quay mot quang ):

n l
a . m P =
V

2 2 2 2
n
. cos . e
2
h
r .
2
h
cos . e cos . r .
2
h
R . a e
|
.
|

\
|
= e
|
.
|

\
|
| = e
|
.
|

\
|
= e =
Nen:
|
.
|

\
|
e = cos . e
2
h
r . . m P
2
l

Thay h = e(1 - cos ) vao bieu thc tren, ta co:
( )
(

e = cos 1 . e .
2
1
cos . e r . . m P
2
l

( ) | | + e = cos 1 e 5 , 0 r . m
2
(4.76)
Ta thay lc ly tam thay oi theo goc quay cua roto.
Khi = 180
o
th
2
max l
. r . m P e =

Vay lc ly tam luon luon ay canh gat ve pha thanh vo bm.
* Lc quan tnh P
q
do gia toc chuyen ong tng oi a cua canh gat trong ranh roto
tao nen:
a . m P
q
=
V e = = cos . . e
dt
h d
a
2
2
2

Nen e = cos . . e . m P
2
q
(4.77)
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 123
Tr so va dau cua P
q
thay oi theo goc quay cua roto. Khi = 0 90
o
va
= 270
o
360
o
th P
q
ke o canh gat ve tam (ngc chieu lc ly tam). Khi = 90
o
180
o
va
= 180
o
270
o
thi P
q
lai cung chieu vi P
l
ay canh gat ve pha vo bm.
Khi = 180
o
th
2
max q
. e . m P e = (4.78)
* Neu cac au ranh pha trong cua roto thong vi bong ay th canh gat con chu 1 ap
lc ay P
p
ve pha thanh vo bm do o chenh ap suat cua bm p = p
2
- p
1
gay ra:
o = . b . p P
p
; o - chieu day canh gat.
Ngoai ra tren canh gat con co lc quan tnh Coriolit (do gia toc Coriolit) va lc masat
(gia canh gat va ranh roto) tac dung. Lc quan tnh Coriolit co phng thang goc vi canh
gat, v the no lam tang lc masat gia canh gat va ranh roto.
Ta thay tong cac lc tac dung len canh gat co tr so ln nhat P
max
khi = 180
o
. Neu bo
qua lc masat, ta co lc tong cong ln nhat P
max
tac dung len canh gat la:

max q max l p max
P P P P + + =

2 2
. e . m . r . m . b . p e + e + o =
( ) e r . m . b . p
2
+ e + o = (4.79)
Lc
max
P la nguyen nhan gay ra s mai mon au lam viec cua canh gat va mat lam
viec cua vo bm lam bm chong hong. Ngoai ra
max
P con phu thuoc vao chieu day cua canh
gat o. e han che
max
P ngi ta lam canh gat co chieu day khong qua 3mm.
4.3.5 - Bm chan khong vong nc
a- Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec

Hnh 4.30 - S o cau ta o bm chan khong vo ng nc
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 124
Trong ky thuat nhieu khi phai tao chan khong. Loai bm chan khong n gian nhat la
bm chan khong co vong nc.
Bm gom co mot vo hnh tru tron 1 trong o co roto 2. Tre n roto co gan co nh cac
canh gat. Tam cua vo va roto lech nhau mot khoang e. Trong vo 1 co nc. Khi roto quay cac
canh gat khuay nc va di tac dung cua lc ly tam, nc tao thanh 1 hnh vanh khan bao
quanh vo lam kn bm. mat ben cua vo bm co mieng hut a thong vi mieng ay b thong
vi ong ay. Hnh dang va v tr cua mieng hut va mieng ay nh tren hnh ve. Khi bm lam
viec th vong nc phai choan toan bo mat cat AB. Khi canh gat quay theo chieu mui ten t
AB e n CD, the tch cha khong kh gia roto va vong nc tang, ap suat tai o giam, khong
kh b hut vao bm qua mieng hut. T CD en AB the tch khong kh gia roto va vong nc
giam, khong kh b canh gat nen lai vi ap suat cao hn bong hut va b ay qua mieng ay
vao ong ay.
Khi roto quay nh vay, ap suat mieng hut cua bm giam dan tao nen o chan khong
ngay cang cao trong ong hut.
Nguye n ly lam viec cua bm chan kho ng vo ng nc cung la nguye n ly lam viec cua
bm canh gat tac dung n. Ve ket cau, bm chan kho ng vo ng nc khac vi bm canh gat
cho cac canh gat khong trt trong cac ranh cua roto va khong ty vao thanh vo bm v buong
lam viec c lam kn bang vong nc.
b - Lu lng khong kh do bm chan khong vong nc hut
Gia thiet rang vong nc co chie u day kho ng oi, ngha la ng gii han trong cua
vong nc la ng tro n, ong tam vi vo bm, th s o lam viec cua bm chan khong vong
nc giong het bm canh gat tac dung n co ng knh vo bm bang ng knh trong cua
vong nc.
Do o cong thc tnh lu lng trung bnh cua bm chan khong vong nc co the suy
ra t cong thc tnh lu lng cua bm cah gat tac dung n, ch khac la thay ban knh vo
bm canh gat ( r ) bang ng knh trong cua vong nc:
( ) Z . ) e r .( 2
30
. b . e . n
Q
o
Q
o + t
q
= (4.80)
Trong o:
n - so vong quay cua roto (vg/ph)
e - o lech tam cua roto va vo bm;
b - chieu rong cua canh gat;
o - chieu day cua canh gat;
Z - so canh gat;
r
o
- ban knh truc roto ( r
o
= d
o
/2 )

Q
q - hieu suat lu lng cua bm chan khong vo ng nc ;
Q
q = 0,7 0,8.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 125
c- Lng nc can thie t trong bm
e cho bm chan khong lam viec c bnh thng can phai luon luon duy tr trong
bm mot the tch nc V, sao cho khi bm lam viec no lam kn c mat AB. Ngha la vong
nc thng xuyen co the tch bang the tch cua khoi tru rong ma ng knh ngoai bang
ng knh roto (ke ca canh gat) va ng knh trong bang ng knh cua truc roto:
( )
(

o
t
= l . . Z d d
4
b V
2
o
2
(4.81)
Trong o: Z.o.l - the tch cac canh gat cua roto.
Thc te, khi bm lam viec mat trong cua vong nc khong hoan toan tron va ong
tam vi vo bm (v roto at lech tam vi vo bm) nen khong the tranh khoi mot phan nc b
canh gat gat qua mieng ay ra khoi bm. V the nen can phai bo sung nc cho bm e lam
kn. Lu l ng nc bo sung nay thong thng khoang 0,25 0,3 m
3
/h. Lng nc bo sung
nay con co tac dung lam nguoi bm.

4.4- BM PISTON-ROTO
4.4.1- Khai niem chung, u nhc iem, phan loai
Bm kieu piston-roto la loai bm the tch mi ra i va bat au c s dung nhieu
vao nhng nam 1925 1935, khi ma truyen ong thuy lc bat au c ng du ng ro ng rai
trong cac nganh che tao may cong cu, may bay va tau thuy.
ac iem cua bm piston-roto:
Tao c ap suat cao vi lu lng khong l n lam;
Co kha nang thay oi lu lng mot cach de dang, trong khi van gi nguye n ap suat
va so vong quay lam viec ( ap suat lam viec khong phu thuoc vao lu l ng va so
vong quay);
Hieu suat tng oi cao;
Pham vi ieu chnh ln;
So vong quay lam viec tng oi ln nen co kha nang noi trc tiep vi cac ong c
ien thong thng.
Bm va ong c piston-roto co ket cau hoan toan nh nhau, tr nhng trng hp ac
biet. Trong thc te bm piston-roto nao cung co the lam viec nh mot ong c neu dan vao
no mot dong chat long co ap suat u ln.
Bm piston-roto co the chia lam 2 loai:
Bm piston-roto hng knh
Bm piston-roto hng truc

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 126
4.4.2 - Bm piston - roto hng knh
a - Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec


Hnh 4.31 - S o cau ta o bm piston-roto hng knh
May gom co 2 phan; phan quay (roto) 1 at lech tam trong phan co nh (stato) 2.
Roto la mot khoi tru tron, trong o cac xilanh va piston tru 3 khong co can phan bo eu theo
hng knh (kie u bo tr hnh sao). Do s bo tr lech tam nay mot khoang e nen khi roto quay,
cac piston quay theo roto va ong thi chuyen ong tnh tien trong cac xilanh.
Trong bm qua trnh hut c thc hien khi cac piston chuyen o ng hng ra khoi
tam roto; chat long c hut qua roto vao cac xilanh nh co lo dan a vao bong hut A. Khi
piston b thanh stato ep, chuyen ong hng ve tam th chat long b nen vao bong ay B va
chay ra ngoai theo lo dan b tren stato, thc hien qua trnh ay cua bm. Bong hut A va bong
ay B la 2 ranh hnh ban nguyet c ngan cach nhau bang mot vach bo tr gia stato trong
truc phan phoi 4 va c thong ra ngoai bi 2 lo dan a, b. Trng hp nay ng vi khi roto
quay theo chieu kim ong ho . Neu roto quay ngc chieu kim o ng ho th bong hut la B va
bong ay la A.
e bm lam viec c bnh thng, khi roto quay cac au piston phai luon luon ty
vao thanh stato, do o nhieu khi phai dung bm phu goi la bm cap e ay chat long vao
bong hut vi ap suat u e ay piston ty vao thanh stato trong qua trnh hut.
b- Phng trnh chuyen ong cua piston:
(la c s cho viec tnh toan lu lng va lc tac dung trong bm)
Tren hnh ve la s o nguyen ly chuyen ong cua bm piston-roto hng knh, cung
la nguyen ly chuyen ong cua c cau thanh truyen tay quay trong o tay quay L co nh, con
xilanh th quay tron quanh tam O
2
vi van toc goc khong oi, va iem A cua piston th quay
quanh O
1
vi ban knh r.

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 127

Hnh 4.32 - S o nguyen ly chuyen ong cua bm piston-roto hng knh
Trong bm piston-roto hng knh th thanh truyen r c thay bang mot vanh stato co
tam trung vi O
1
. Khi roto quay quanh O
2
th o ng thi piston cung thc hien c chuye n
ong tnh tien trong xilanh.
Ta xet thi iem ban au, piston v tr A. Khi roto quay theo chieu kim ong ho th
piston co chuyen ong hng vao tam. Sau khoang thi gian t, piston quay theo roto c
mot goc en v tr C, va khi o piston a chuyen ong tnh tien tng oi oi vi xilanh
mot oan la x:
R e r x + =
Ma o + = cos r cos e R
Suy ra ) cos r cos e ( ) e r ( x o + + =
Ta can bien oi e a goc o ve goc , ta co:
T hnh ve, suy ra: = o sin e sin r
Hay = o sin
r
e
sin
Va
|
.
|

\
|
= o = o
2
2
2
sin
r
e
1 sin 1 cos
Khai trien bieu thc coso theo nh thc Newton va bo cac so hang bac 3 tr i, ta co:

|
.
|

\
|
= o
2
2
sin
r
e
2
1
1 cos
Thay vao bieu thc cua R ta co:

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
sin
r
e
2
1
e
r
cos e R
Thay vao bieu thc cua x ta co:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 128

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
sin
r
e
2
1
e
r
cos e e r x
Rut gon lai, ta co phng trnh chuyen ong cua piston trong bm piston-roto hng
knh:

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
sin
r
e
2
1
cos 1 e x (4.82)
Ta co the xac nh c van toc chuyen ong cua piston t phng trnh tre n.
Van toc chuyen ong tng oi cua piston trong xilanh:

|
.
|

\
|
+ e = = 2 sin
r
e
2
1
sin . . e
dt
dx
v (4.83)
V so hang th 2 rat be so vi so hang th 1 nen co the bo qua va tnh v theo cong
thc sau:
e = sin . . e v (4.84)
Vay van toc tng oi v phu thuoc vao va co tr so ln nhat la:
e = . e v
max
(4.85)
Tr so trung bnh cua v trong qua trnh piston chuye n ong vao tam:
e
t
=
t
e
=
}
t
. e
2
d . sin . . e
v
0
tb
(4.86)
S dao o ng van toc tng oi v c anh gia bang ty so:

2 v
v
tb
max
t
= (4.87)
Van toc cua au piston theo vanh stato:
e = . R v
d


|
.
|

\
|
+ e =
2
d
sin
r
e
2
1
e
r
cos . e v (4.88)
Vay: Van toc chuyen ong cua piston luon luon thay oi trong qua trnh roto quay.
c - Lu lng
1.Lu lng trung bnh
Lu lng cua bm piston-roto phu thuoc vao kch thc xilanh, so xilanh va so vong
quay cua roto.
Trong mot vong quay cua roto, lng chat long ma mot piston co ng knh la d ay
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 129
c la: e 2 .
4
d .
2
t

Neu bm co Z piston th lu lng ly thuyet cua bm trong mot chu ky lam viec (lu
lng rieng) la:
Z . e 2 .
4
d .
q
2
l
t
= (4.89)
Vay lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh cua bm vi so vong quay n trong mot n v thi
gian: n . Z . e 2 .
4
d .
n . q Q
2
l l
t
= = (4.90)
2.Lu lng tc thi
Lu lng tc thi do moi piston tao nen thay oi theo thi gian va ty le thuan vi van
toc tng oi cua piston trong xilanh:
v .
4
d .
q
2
t
=

(4.91)
Thay bieu thc cua v vao bieu thc tre n , ta co:

|
.
|

\
|
+ e
t
=

2 sin
r
e
2
1
sin . e . .
4
d .
q
2

e
t
=

sin . . e .
4
d .
q
2
(4.92)
Lu lng tc thi cua bm c xac nh bang tong lu l ng tc thi do cac piston
buong ay tao nen. Neu toan bo so piston cua bm la Z va so lng piston co buong ay
la (m+1) th ta co lu lng tc thi cua bm la:
)] ma sin( ... ) a sin( .[sin . e .
4
d .
Q
2
+ + + + + e
t
=


Trong o: a - la goc gia hai truc cua piston lien nhau tam;
Z
2
a
t
=
Vay: ) ia ( sin . . e .
4
d .
Q
m
0 i
2
+ e
t
=

=

(4.93)
Ta thay, lu lng tc thi thay oi theo goc quay cua roto.
Ta co the tm c tr so goc quay ng vi gia tr cc ai Q
max
bang cach lay ao
ham bieu thc tren theo va cho bang khong, ta co:
0 ) ma cos( ... ) a cos( cos = + + + + +
Hay: 0 ma sin . sin ma cos . cos ... a sin . sin a cos . cos cos = + + +
Rut ra: 0 ) ma sin ... a .(sin sin ) ma cos ... a 2 cos a cos 1 .( cos = + + + + + +

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 130
Suy ra:
ma sin ... a sin
ma cos ... a cos 1
tg
+ +
+ + +
= (4.94)
Goc ng vi Q = Q
max
goi la goc dao ong cua bm


Khi = 0 th

Q = Q
min

e anh gia mc o dao ong khong eu cua bm, ta co he so khong eu ve lu
lng:

Q
Q
max
= (4.95)
Ngoai ra con dung he so dao ong lu lng e anh gia s dao ong lu l ng:
Q
Q Q
min max

= o (4.96)
Q
Q
min
= o (4.97)
Thc nghiem chng to, khi so piston (Z) cua bm ln th o nho. Va o cua bm co Z le
bao gi cung nho hn cua bm co Z chan.
S dao ong cua lu lng co anh h ng en s dao ong cua ap suat trong he thong
ma bm lam viec. Tuy nhien so vi bm piston th he so dao ong lu lng cua bm piston-
roto nho hn nhie u.
e ieu chnh lu lng cua bm piston-roto ngi ta dung cach thay oi o lech tam
e tng t nh bm canh gat (Q ty le bac nhat vi e):
e = 0 th Q = 0
e = e
max
th Q = Q
max

Vay lu lng cua may ng vi o lech tam e la:

max
max
e
e
. Q Q = (4.98)
Ky hieu:
max
e
e
= c goi la he so ieu chnh (4.99)
Ta co:
max
Q . Q c = (4.100)
3. Moment quay
Ap suat lam viec gay nen cac lc tac dung len cac bo phan cua bm. Ta can nghie n
cu cac l c tac dung e tnh c cong suat yeu cau cua bm, ong thi thay c nguyen
nhan gay h hong cac bo phan lam viec chnh e co bien phap ngan nga h hong va s
dung bm tot.

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Chng IV: Bm the tch 131

Hnh 4.33 - S o tnh moment quay
T hnh ve ta thay: khi roto quay, vanh stato tac dung len au piston mot lc N hng
tam O
1
, e p chat long trong xi lanh . Neu ap suat trong xi lanh la p th ap lc tac du ng le n
piston la P (theo phng cua truc piston):

4
d .
. p P
2
t
= ; d - ng knh piston. (4.101)
Lc P nh nhau oi vi moi piston trong buong ay.
Phan tch N thanh 2 thanh phan:
- P co phng song song truc piston;
- T co phng vuo ng goc vi truc piston goi la lc vong.
Lc P tao nen ap suat p trong xilanh, neu bo qua lc ma sat gia piston va xilanh th
P = P. Thanh phan lc vong T tao nen moment can tren truc roto cua bm.
T hnh ve, ta co:
o = tg . P T

o
=
cos
P
N
Ta a co:
|
.
|

\
|
= o
2
2
sin
r
e
1 cos

o
o
= o =
cos
sin
. P tg . P T
Vi: = o sin
r
e
sin
Thay vao phng trnh T:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 132

=
2
2
2
sin
r
e
1
sin
r
e
. P T (4.102)
V
2
sin << sin va
2
2
r
e
la so hang nho, co the bo qua.
Do o: = sin .
r
e
. P T (4.103)
Vay: lc vong T thay oi theo goc quay
= 0 th T = 0
= 90
o
th T = T
max

= 90
o
180
o
T giam t T
max
en T
min
= 0
Moment quay tao nen bi lc vong T tac dung len mot piston la:
R . T M = (4.104)

|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
2
2
sin
r
e
2
1
e
r
cos e .
sin
r
e
1
sin
r
e
. P
M (4.105)

Neu 0 sin
r
e
2
2
2
~ va 0 sin
r
e
2
1
2
~ (v la cac ai lng vo cung be bac cao)
Ta co:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
e
r
cos . sin
r
e
. P M
2
(4.106)
Moment quay cua roto bang tong moment cua cac piston co trong bong ay khi bm
lam viec:

= R . T M (4.107)
Nhan xet:
+ Moment quay M thay oi theo mot cach co chu ky.
+ Tr cc tieu cua M phu thuoc vao Z:
VD: Z = 5; M
min
= 0,94 M
TB

Z = 7; M
min
= 0,96 M
TB

Z = 9; M
min
= 0,98 M
TB

+ Tng t dao o ng lu lng, moment quay dao o ng cang t neu Z cang ln.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 133
+ M ty le thuan vi o lech tam e; M cang ln khi e cang ln; M = 0 khi e = 0. Do vay
co the ie u chnh c moment quay M bang cach thay oi o lech tam e trong khi ap suat p
khong oi. ay la phng phap chu yeu e ieu chnh bm piston-roto hng knh:
M
max
e
max

M e
Vay:


max max
max
M . M
e
e
M c = = (4.108)
Trong o : c - he so ie u chnh cua may.
4.4.3 - Bm piston - roto hng truc
a - Cau tao va phan loai
1.Cau tao

Hnh 4.34 - S o cau ta o bm piston-roto hng truc
Nguye n ly lam viec cua may nay cung tng t nh bm piston-roto hng knh,
nhng ket cau co hi khac.
Trong bm piston-roto hng truc, cac lo xilanh phan bo eu tren roto 1 nhng khong
theo hng knh ma song song vi nhau theo hng truc roto. Piston 2 trong xilanh luon luo n
c ay ty mot au vao a co nh at nghieng 3 bang cac loo at trong xilanh. Khi roto
quay, cac piston quay theo. V mot ay piston luo n luo n phai ty vao mat a nghieng nen cac
piston cung ong thi chuye n ong tnh tien tng oi vi xilanh. Cac lo xilanh mat cuoi
roto c lap sat vi mot nap co nh 4. Ben trong nap nay co hai ranh hnh vong cung 5
c ngan cach nhau bi hai g 6, hai ranh nay c thong vi hai lo e dan chat long ra vao
a, b. Khi roto quay theo chieu mui ten th ranh 5 ben trai la bong hut A, ranh ben phai la
bong ay B.
2.Phan loai
Bm piston-roto hng truc co the chia lam 2 loai:
Bm piston-roto hng truc co a nghie ng
Bm piston-roto hng truc co roto bo tr nghie ng.
e thc hien chuyen ong tng oi cua cac pistion trong xilanh th roto quay tron va
a nghieng co nh hoac ngc lai. Nhng e viec phan phoi chat long c tien li, ket cau
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 134
bm n gian th th ng roto chuyen ong quay va a nghieng co nh.
S ieu chnh bm piston-roto hng truc c thc hien bang cach thay oi goc
nghieng cua a so vi ng tam cua truc roto.
3.u iem:
Cac bong hut va ay co ieu kien bo tr rieng biet tren a phan phoi, nen co the che
tao vi kch thc ln ma khong lam tang kch thc chung cua may. Do o cho phep
nang cao so vong quay e tang lu lng. V the cac loai bm piston-roto hng truc
co trong lng tren mot n v cong suat nho hn 2 e n 3 lan so vi bm piston-roto
hng knh.
Moment quan tnh tng oi nho . ie u nay co y ngha quan tro ng khi s dung may
lam ong c.
Bm piston-roto hng truc co hieu suat lu lng cao q
Q
= 0,96 0,98. Do vay hie u
suat chung cao q = 0,95.
b.- Phng trnh chuyen ong


Hnh 4.35 - S o nguyen ly chuyen ong cua piston
Nguye n ly chuyen ong cua piston trong xilanh cua bm piston-roto hng truc cung
theo nguyen ly chuyen ong cua thanh truyen tay quay.
Piston 2 va xilanh 1 cung chuyen ong quanh truc cua bm, nhng tay quay 4 quay
xung quanh truc cua no (trong ket cau cu the cua may tay quay 4 chnh la a nghieng). Nh
co mat phang quay cua tay quay(a nghieng) bo tr nghieng mot goc so vi truc cua bm
nen tao ra c chuyen o ng tng oi gia piston va xilanh vi hanh trnh S. Vay ch can
piston va xilanh quay hoac a nghieng quay.
Gia s khi a nghieng quay t A en B, ta c quang ng chuye n ong x cua
piston trong xilanh la:
= = sin ). ' OB OA ( sin '. B ' A x
= sin ). cos OB OA (
= = sin ) cos 1 .( R sin ). cos R R (
Trong o: R - ban knh quay cua tay quay (a nghieng)
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 135
Van toc chuyen o ng tng oi cua piston la:
e = = sin . sin . . R
dt
dx
v
Vay: van toc v cua piston trong may hng truc cung thay oi theo mot cach tuan
hoan.
c - Lu lng:
1.Lu lng trung bnh:
The tch chat long ma mot piston chuyen c trong mot vong quay cua roto la:
S .
4
d .
2
t
; S- hanh trnh cua piston; d - ng knh cua xilanh.
Neu may co Z piston th lu lng cua bm trong mot vo ng quay la:
Z . S .
4
d .
q
2
t
= (4.109)
Vay lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh cua bm vi so vong quay n trong mot n v thi
gian la:
n . Z . S .
4
d .
n . q Q
2
l
t
= = (4.110)
Ma: = = sin . D tg . D S
X

Trong o:
X
D - ng knh cua roto tre n o phan bo cac xilanh;
D- ng knh cua a nghieng.
Cuoi cung bieu thc cua Q
l
co the c viet di dang:

t
=
t
= sin . D . n . Z .
4
d .
tg . D . n . S .
4
d .
Q
2
X
2
l
(4.111)
2.Lu lng tc thi:
Lu lng tc thi do moi piston tao nen thay oi theo thi gian, phu thuoc van toc
tng oi v cua piston trong xilanh:
v .
4
d .
q
2
t
=

(4.112)
e
t
=

sin . sin . . R .
4
d .
q
2
(4.113)
Lu lng tc thi cua bm (do tat ca moi piston tao nen) tai thi iem nao o:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 136
)] ma sin( ... ) a sin( .[sin sin . . R .
4
d .
Q
2
+ + + + + e
t
=


Hoac: ) ia ( sin . sin . . R .
4
d .
Q
m
0 i
2
+ e
t
=

=

(4.114)
Trong o: a - goc gia 2 piston ; a=2t/4
o th lu lng tc thi cua loai may piston-roto hng truc:


Hnh 4.36 - o th dao ong lu lng
Cac cong thc ve he so khong eu va he so dao ong lu l ng cua bm piston-roto
hng truc tng t nh cua may hng knh, v lu lng tc thi cua 2 loai may nay eu co
ay u cac tnh chat nh nhau. oi vi bm piston-roto hng truc , viec ieu chnh lu lng
c tien hanh bang cach thay oi goc nghieng cua a.
Chu y: oi vi trng hp piston khong noi vi a nghieng bang khp cau ma ch
tiep xuc hoac ty vao a nghieng khi may lam viec th cac cong thc tnh toan tren van
ung.
BAI TAP
Bai IV.1
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban cua bm piston tac du ng n theo cac ieu kien sau:
Lu lng cua bm Q
b
= 5 m
3
/h, ap suat cua chat long lam viec p = 20at, so vong quay cua
truc ong c dan ong bm n
c
= 150v/ph.
Giai:

Hnh 4.37
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 137
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm piston la ng knh piston, ng knh can piston va
hanh trnh piston.
ng knh piston cua bm co the xac nh t cong thc tnh lu lng cua bm
(5.15):

240
n K D
240
Sn D
60
FSn
60
qn
Q
S
3 2
l
t
=
t
= = =
Trong o: F dien tch mat piston;
S hanh trnh piston;
n so vong quay cua truc o ng c;
D ng knh piston;

D
S
K
S
= - he so ty le.
K
S
chon tuy theo ap suat cua chat long lam viec va van toc quay cua truc ong c.
He so K
S
ln chon cho bm cao ap va co so vong quay nho, he so K
S
nho chon cho bm thap
ap va co so vong quay ln. Thong thng K
S
co gia tr trong khoang 1,5 3, co the lay K
S
<
1,5 hoac K
S
> 3 tuy theo ieu kie n lam viec cua bm.
T cong thc tren suy ra ng knh piston cua bm:
3
Q S
b
3
S
ltb
n K
Q
25 , 4
n K
Q 240
D
q
=
t
=
Hieu suat q
Q
trong khi tnh toan co the chon s bo theo lu lng cua bm:
Q < 15 m
3
/h chon q
Q
= 0,85 0,9
Q = 15 60 m
3
/h chon q
Q
= 0,90 0,95
Q > 60 m
3
/h chon q
Q
= 0,95 0,98
Bm thiet ke co Q = 5m
3
/h < 15m
3
/h, v vay ta chon q
Q
= 0,85. Bm co ap suat
p = 20at thuoc loai bm thap ap, nen ta chon K
S
= 1,5.
ng knh piston co gia tr la:
cm 25 , 8
85 , 0 . 150 . 5 , 1
1390
25 , 4 D
3
= =
(trong cong thc tren ta thay Q
b
= 1390 cm
3
/s = 5m
3
/h).
Lay tron ng knh theo tieu chuan, D = 80mm; ta xac nh hanh trnh S sao cho bao
am c lu lng cua bm:

2
D
q 4
S
t
=
Lu lng rie ng cua bm:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 138
vg / cm 655
150 . 85 , 0 . 60
10 . 5
n .
Q
q
3
6
Q
b
b
= =
q
=
Vay: mm 130 cm 0 , 13
8 . 14 , 3
655 . 4
D
q 4
S
2 2
= = =
t
=
ng knh can piston xac nh theo ty so
D
d
K
d
= chon theo ap suat , ta co bang sau:
p 15 at 15 < p 50 at 50 < p 80 100 at
35 , 0 3 , 0
D
d
= 5 , 0
D
d
= 7 , 0
D
d
=
Chon K
d
= 0,5 ; vay d = 0,5.80 = 40mm.
Cong suat cua bm:
kW 73 , 2 W 10 . 73 , 2
3600
5 . 10 . 81 , 9 . 20
Q . p N
3
4
b b
= = = =
(trong o p tnh bang N/m
2
, Q
b
tnh bang m
3
/s)
Cong suat cua ong c:
kW 56 , 3
95 , 0 . 85 , 0
73 , 2 N
N
ck Q
b
dc
= =
q q
=
Bai IV.2
Xac nh cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm piston tac dung n cho biet:
ng knh piston D = 145mm, hanh trnh piston S = 450mm, cong suat tren truc ong
c N
c
= 56,8 kW, so vong quay lam viec cua ong c n
c
= 75 v/ph. Hieu suat cua bm
q
Q
= 0,98; q
ck
= 0,96
Giai:
Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm la lu lng Q
b
, ap suat cua chat long lam viec
p, cong suat cua bm N
b
. Theo ieu kie n bai toan ta co:
Lu lng rie ng cua bm:
vg / cm 7400 45
4
5 , 14 . 14 , 3
S
4
D .
S . F q
3
2 2
b
= =
t
= =
Lu lng cua bm:
s / m 10 . 08 , 9 ph / l 545 98 , 0 . 75 . 4 , 7 . n . q Q
3 3
Q b b

= = = q =
Cong suat cua bm:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 139
kW 5 , 53 96 , 0 . 98 , 0 . 8 , 56 . . N N
ck Q dc b
= = q q =
Ap suat cua chat long lam viec:
at 60 m / N 10 . 892 , 5
10 . 08 , 9
10 . 5 , 53
Q
N
p
2 6
3
3
b
b
= = = =


Bai IV.3
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm banh rang cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Q = 60 l/ph, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 20 at, so vong quay
cua truc bm n = 1450 v/ph , so rang cua moi banh rang Z = 14. Hie u suat thiet ke q
Q
= 0,92
; q
ck
= 0,85.
Giai:
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm banh rang la: moun cua banh rang m, ng knh
vong lan D, ng knh vong au nh D
2
, ng knh vong tron c s D
o
, chieu cao cua
rang h, chieu rong cua banh rang b, khoang cach gia hai tam banh rang L, ng knh ong
hut va ong ay d.

Hnh 4.38
Moun cua banh rang c xac nh bang nhieu phng phap khac nhau, ta xet mot
trong cac phng phap o.
Xuat phat t bieu thc tnh gan ung lu lng cua bm, ta co:
ph / cm ; n . Z . b . m . . 7 Dmbn 7 Q
3 2 3
Q Q
q = q =
Trong o: D- ng knh vong lan, c xac nh theo m va Z bang : D = m.Z
b - chieu rong tng oi cua banh rang ;
mZ
b
b = c chon phu
thuoc vao ap suat p cua chat long lam viec nh sau:
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 140
p (at) 10 25 70
b
1 0,65 0,7 0,5 0,4 0,25
T bieu thc tnh lu lng tren ta xac nh c moun m:
cm ;
n Z b 7
Q
m
3
2
Q
q
=
Trong o: Q tnh bang cm
3
/ph ; n v/ph.
Cac kch thc khac cua banh rang c xac nh theo m va Z nh sau:
D
2
= m(Z + 2)
D
o
= mZcoso
o
; o
o
la goc an khp cua thc ren, thong thng o
o
= 20
o
.
h = 2m
b = bmZ
L = mZ
ng knh cua ong hut va ong ay c xac nh theo lu lng chat long qua bm
va van toc cho phep cua dong chat long trong ng ong:
mm ,
v
Q
6 , 4 d =
Trong o: Q- tnh bang l/ph ; v- bang m/s.
oi vi ong hut v
h
1,5 2 m/s
oi vi ong ay v

3 5 m/s
Thay so vao cac bieu thc tren ta xac nh c cac kch thc c ban cua bm:
+ Moun cua banh rang:
mm 8 , 3 cm 38 , 0
1450 . 14 . 6 , 0 . 92 , 0 . 7
10 . 60
m
3
2
3
= = =
Trong o:Q = 60 l/ph = 60.10
3
cm
3
/ph ; q
Q
= 0,92 ; b = 0,6 ; Z = 14 ; n = 1450v/ph.
Ta lay tron gia tr tnh toan cua m va lay m = 4mm, khi o b co gia tr bang:
51 , 0
1450 . 4 , 0 . 14 . 92 , 0 . 7
10 . 60
n m Z 7
Q
b
3 2
3
3 2
Q
= =
q
=
+ Chieu rong cua banh rang: b = 0,51.4,14 = 28,5mm
+ ng knh vong lan: D = m.Z = 4.14 = 56mm
+ ng knh vong au nh rang: D
2
= 4(14+2) = 64mm
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 141
+ ng knh vong tron c s: D
o
= 4.14.cos20
o
= 52,5mm
+ Khoang cach tam gia 2 banh rang: L = 4.14 = 56mm
+ Chieu cao cua rang: h = 2.4 = 8mm
+ ng knh cua ong hut: mm 3 , 25
2
60
6 , 4 d
h
= =
Ta lay tron gia tr d
h
tnh toan va lay d
h
= 25mm
+ ng knh cua ong ay: mm 8 , 17
4
60
6 , 4 d
d
= =
Ta lay tron gia tr d

tnh toan va lay d

= 20mm
+ Cong suat cua bm: kW 9 , 1
10 . 60
10 . 60 . 10 . 81 , 9 . 20
Q . p N
3
3 4
= = =


+ Cong suat cua ong c dan ong bm: kW 5 , 2
85 , 0 . 92 , 0
9 , 1 N
N
ck Q
dc
= =
q q
=
Bai IV.4
Xac nh cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm hai banh rang va he so dao o ng lu
lng cua bm, cho biet: moun cua banh rang m = 4,5mm, so rang cua moi banh rang
Z = 13, chieu rong tng oi cua banh rang b = 0,86 ; goc an khp cua thc ren o
o
= 20
o
, ap
suat cua chat long lam viec p = 3,3at ; so vong quay lam viec cua truc bm n = 1450 v/ph ;
hieu suat cua bm q
Q
= 0,65 ; q
ck
= 0,645.
Giai:
Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm hai banh rang la lu lng cua bm Q, ap suat
cua chat long lam viec p, cong suat N va hieu suat q.
Lu lng trung bnh cua bm co the xac nh theo cong thc tng t nh tren, con
gia tr chnh xac hn c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
Q
ltb
= 2tnbm
2
(Z+sin
2
o
o
)
Lu lng cc ai va cc tieu cua bm c xac nh theo co ng thc a cho trong ly
thuyet. He so dao ong lu lng cua bm:

ltb
min l max l
Q
Q
Q Q
= o
Thay cac gia tr cu a Q
lmax
, Q
lmin
, Q
ltb
vao bieu thc o
Q
ta co bieu thc sau:

o
2
o
2
Q
sin Z
cos 47 , 2
o +
o
= o
+ Lu lng ly thuyet bang:
Q
ltb
= 2tnbm
2
(Z+sin
2
o
o
) = 2.3,14.1450.0,45
2
.(13+0,117)
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 142
= 121000 cm
3
/ph = 121 l/ph.
Trong o: n = 1450 v/ph
b = b mZ = 0,86.4,5.13 = 50mm = 5 cm
m = 0,45 cm
Z = 13
sin
2
o
o
= sin
2
20
o
= 0,117.
+ Lu lng thc trung bnh cua bm:
Q
tb
= Q
ltb
q
Q
=121.0,65 = 78,6 l/ph
Bai IV.5
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm canh gat tac dung n theo cac
so lieu sau:
Lu lng cua bm Q = 100 l/ph, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 30 at, so vo ng quay
cua truc bm n = 960 v/ph , hieu suat lu lng va hieu suat c kh q
Q
= 0,90 ; q
ck
= 0,96.


Hnh 4.39
Giai:
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm canh gat la: ban knh roto r, ban knh trong cua stato
(ban knh vong h ng) R, o lech tam gia roto va stato e, chieu rong cua canh gat b va
chieu cao cua canh gat h.
Ban knh trong cua stato xac nh t bieu thc tnh lu lng cua bm:
Q =2ebnq
Q
(2tR - oZ) ; l/ph
Ta suy ra:
Q
Q
neb 4
Z ebn 2 Q
R
q t
q o +
= (*)
Neu bo qua chieu day canh gat o th ta co bieu thc tnh R nh sau:

Q
neb 4
Q
R
q t
= (**)
Trong trng h p khong oi hoi o chnh xac cao th ta co the tnh R theo cong thc
(**).
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 143
Neu trong ieu kien ra cua bai toan khong cho trc cac gia tr e, b, o, Z ta co the
chon cac gia tr o trong gii han sau:
e = 2 10 mmb = 10 40 mm
o = 2,0 2,5 mm Z = 7 16
+ Theo ieu kien ra cua bai toan va chon e = 4 mm; b = 25 mm; o = 2,3 mm; Z = 12 ta
tnh c ban knh trong cua stato theo cong thc (*) la:
mm 97 cm 7 , 9
9 , 0 . 5 , 2 . 4 , 0 . 960 . 14 , 3 . 4
9 , 0 . 960 . 12 . 23 , 0 . 5 , 2 . 4 , 0 . 2 10 . 100
neb 4
Z ebn 2 Q
R
3
Q
Q
= =
+
=
q t
q o +
=
Lay chan R = 100mm, khi o ta co gia tr b bang:

( ) ( )
mm 1 , 24 cm 41 , 2
12 . 23 , 0 10 . 14 , 3 . 2 . 9 , 0 . 960 . 4 , 0 . 2
10 . 100
Z R 2 en 2
Q
b
3
Q
= =

=
o t q
=
+ Ban knh cua roto:
r = R e = 100 4 = 96 mm
+ Chieu cao phan lam viec cua canh gat:
h
lv
= 2e = 8 mm
+ Chieu cao cua canh gat: ta co h
lv
= 0,4h, nen:
mm 20
4 , 0
8
4 , 0
h
h
lv
= = =
+ Cong suat cua bm:
kW 9 , 4
60 . 1000
10 . 100 . 10 . 81 , 9 . 30
1000
pQ
N
3 4
= = =


+ Cong suat tren truc bm ( cong suat ong c):
kW 66 , 5
96 , 0 . 9 , 0
9 , 4 N
N
ck Q
dc
= =
q q
= .
Bai IV.6

Hnh 4.40
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 144
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston roto hng knh theo cac
so lieu sau: lu lng cua bm Q = 40 l/ph, ap suat cua chat long lam viec p = 100 at,so vong
quay cua truc bm n = 960 v/ph, hie u suat cua bm q
ck
= q
Q
= 0,95 ; so day piston i = 1, so
piston cua day z = 7.
Giai:
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm piston-roto hng knh la ng knh piston d, chieu
dai piston l, ng knh stato D
s
, ng knh truc roto D
r
, ng knh truc roto D
o
, ng knh
may D
M
, ng knh ranh phan phoi d
o
va chieu day vach ngan b (hnh ve).
ng knh piston c xac nh theo lu lng cua bm. T cong thc (7.9):
n . Z . e 2 .
4
d .
n . q Q
2
l l
t
= =
Ta suy ra:
ezni
Q 2
d
l
t
=
ng knh piston a xac nh c lay tron theo tieu chuan. e giam ng suat tiep
xuc, ng knh piston thng co gia tr trong khoang d = 10 25 mm. Khi xac nh ng
knh d chon e trong khoang 3 10 mm. Trong trng hp au bai khong cho so day piston i
va so piston trong day z, ta co the chon z = 3; 5; 7 va i s 3.
Chieu dai piston l = 2 (e + d), o dai phan piston nam trong xilanh l
o
= (1,5 2)d, khe
h gia piston va xilanh S = 0,015 0,035 mm.
ng knh trong cua stato D
s
= D
r
+ 2e
ng knh roto D
r
= D
M
+ 4(e + d)
ng knh may truc D
M
= 1,5 D
o

ng knh truc roto D
o
= = (4,5 5)d
Truc roto co t 2 en 4 ranh phan phoi chat long doc theo truc, ng knh ranh la d
o

xac nh theo cong thc:

kv
Q 4
d
l
o
t
=
Trong o: k so ranh phan phoi
v van toc trung bnh cua do ng chay.
oi vi bm t hut v = 5 6 m/s.
Chieu rong vach ngan b = d
k
+ 0,6 cm, ng knh lo trong may ( lo dan chat long
vao xilanh) d
k
= ( 0,65 0,7)d.
- Xac nh lu lng ly thuyet cua bm:
42
95 , 0
40 Q
Q
Q
b
bl
= =
q
= l/ph
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 145
- ng knh cua xilanh (piston):
mm 25 cm 5 , 2
960 . 7 . 6 , 0 . 14 , 3
42000 . 2
d = = =
Trong o: e chon bang 6mm = 0,6cm
- Chieu dai piston : l = 2(e + d) = 2(6 + 25) = 62mm
- ng knh truc roto: D
o
= (4,5 5).25 = 112,5mm
Lay D
o
= 120mm
- ng knh may truc D
M
= 1,5 D
o
= 1,5.120 = 180mm
- ng knh roto D
r
= D
M
+ 4(e + d) = 180 + 4(6 + 25) = 304mm
- ng knh trong cua stato D
s
= D
r
+ 2e = 304 + 2.6 = 316mm
- Truc roto co t 2 ranh phan phoi chat long, ng knh ranh d
o
xac nh theo cong
thc:
mm 11 cm 1 , 1
60 . 300 . 2 . 14 , 3
42000 . 4
kv
Q 4
d
l
o
= = =
t
=
Trong o v = 3m/s = 300 cm/s.
- ng knh lo trong cua may ( lo dan chat long vao xilanh)
d
k
= ( 0,65 0,7)d = (0,65 0,7).25 = 162 175mm
Lay d
k
= 170mm.
- Chieu ro ng vach ngan b = d
k
+ 0,6 cm = 170 + 6 = 176mm
- Cong suat cua bm:
kW 54 , 6
60 . 1000
10 . 40 . 10 . 81 , 9 . 100
1000
pQ
N
3 4
= = =


- Cong suat cua ong c:
kW 26 , 7
95 , 0 . 95 , 0
54 , 6
.
N
N
ck Q
dc
= =
q q
= .
Bai IV.7
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung n cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Q
b
= 0,6 m
3
/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 200 at, so vo ng quay
cua truc ong c n
c
= 195 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke q
Qb
= 0,85 ; q
ckb
= 0,95.
ap so: Chon K
S
= 4 ; khi o D = 25mm;
d = 20 mm ; S = 123 mm ; N
b
= 3,27 kW ;
N
c
= 4,04 kW.
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Chng IV: Bm the tch 146
Bai IV.8
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung kep cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Q
b
= 16 m
3
/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 3 at, so vong quay
cua truc ong c n
c
= 45 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke q
Qb
= 0,9 ; q
ckb
= 0,98.
Hng dan: Cong thc tnh ng knh suy ra t cong thc tnh lu lng cua bm, ta
co cong thc sau:

3
Q S
2
d
b
. n . K .
2
K
1
Q
. 36 , 3 D
q
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
ap so: D = 150mm ; d = 50 mm ; S = 200 mm ; N
c
= 1,73 kW.
Bai IV.9
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung ba cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Q
b
= 30 m
3
/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 22 at, so vong quay
cua truc ong c n
c
= 105 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke q
Q
= 0,9 ; q
ck
= 0,95.
Hng dan: ng knh cua bm piston tac dung ba (co 3 xi lanh) xac nh tng t
nh ng knh cua bm piston tac dung n. Lu lng cua moi xi lanh bang 1/3 lu lng
cua bm.
ap so: D = 120mm ; d = 60 mm ; S = 157 mm ; N
b
= 17,6 kW ; N
c
= 20,5 kW.
Bai IV.10
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung bon co hai xi
lanh tac dung kep cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Q
b
= 20 m
3
/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 5 at, so vong quay
cua truc ong c n
c
= 203 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke q
Q
= 0,9 ; q
ck
= 0,95.
Hng dan: ng knh cua bm piston tac dung bon (co 2 xi lanh tac dung kep) xac
nh tng t nh ng knh cua bm piston tac dung kep. Lu lng cua moi xi lanh bang
1/2 lu lng cua bm.
ap so: D = 80mm ; d = 40 mm ; S = 108 mm ;
N
b
= 13,6 kW ; N
c
= 14,2 kW.
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Chng V: Quat 147
CHNG V: QUAT

5.1- KHA I NIEM CHUNG VE MAY QUA T
5.1.1 - Khai niem chung
Quat thuoc loai may co canh. Chung c dung e bien c nang cua ong c thanh nang
lng e di chuyen moi chat va tao cho no mot ap nang can thiet.
Quat bao gi cung lam viec trong he tho ng . He thong bao gom bnh cha, ng ong hut
va ng o ng ay. Quat cung vi o ng c ke o no c goi la thiet b quat.
oi vi quat, do ap suat sau no kho ng ln hn ap suat trc no la bao nhieu nen s nen
cua moi chat co the bo qua va viec tnh toan quat cung c tien hanh tng t nh v i bm.
5.1.2 - Cac tho ng so a c trng
Cac thong so ac trng cho s lam viec cua quat la: nang sua t (lu lng), cot ap, co ng
suat va hieu suat.
a- Nang suat
La lng moi chat do quat quat c trong mot n v thi gian. Nang suat con c goi
la lu lng.
Neu lng moi chat c o bang n v trong lng (kG/s, N/s,) th c goi la nang
suat trong lng, ky hieu la G.
Neu lng moi chat c o bang n v the tch (m
3
/s, m
3
/h, l/s,) th goi la nang suat
the tch, ky hieu la Q.
Gia G va Q co moi lien he:
G = .Q (5.1)
Thay trong lng rieng bang the tch rieng 0 (nuy) ta co:
0 =

= G
G
Q (5.2)
b- Cot a p
Cot ap cua quat la lng nang l ng do quat cung cap cho 1kg moi chat khi moi chat nay
chuyen o ng qua chung. Cot ap c ky hieu la H.
Ve mat hnh hoc, cot ap cua quat c xem nh chieu cao ma lng chat long co the
nang len c do nang lng ma chung nhan c va c o bang mmH
2
O.
e hieu ro thanh phan cua cot ap H, ta xet hnh ve sau:
p
I
- ap suat tren mat chat long trong bnh hut
p
1
- ap suat trc au vao quat
v
1
- van toc chat long au vao
p
2
- ap suat au ra quat
v
2
- van toc chat long au ra
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Chng V: Quat 148
y - khoang cach gia hai iem o cua ong ho chan kho ng ke va ong ho ap ke
p
II
- ap suat tren mat chat long trong bnh cha
Hnh 5.1 S o he thong cua may quat
Gia s: e
1
- nang lng rie ng cua chat long trc quat
e
1
- nang lng rieng cua chat long sau quat
T nh ngha ve cot ap, ta co:

1 2
e e H =
Theo phng trnh Becnulli, ta co:

1
2
1 1
1
z
g 2
v p
e + +

= va y z
g 2
v p
e
2
2
2 2
2
+ + +

=
Suy ra: y
g 2
v v p p
H
2
1
2
2 1 2
+

= (5.3)
oi vi thiet dien I-I va II-II, ta co:

+ +

+ =

1
2
1 1
1
I
h
g 2
v p
z
p
(5.4)
oi vi thiet dien III-III va IV-IV, ta co:

+ = +

2
II
2
2
2 2
h
p
z
g 2
v p
(5.5)
T (5.4) va (5.5), ta c:

+ +

= h z
p p
H
I II
(5.6)
Trong o:

+ =
2 1
h h h - tong ton tha t tren toan bo ng ong

1
h -to n that tren ng ong hut
p
2
p
1
p
II
IV
IV
III III
II
II y
z
1
p
I
I
I
z
2
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Chng V: Quat 149

2
h -to n that tren ng ong ay
z = z
1
+ z
2
+ y
T (5.6) ta thay: cot ap c dung e vt hieu so ap lc gia hai bnh, nang chat long
len mot khoang cach gia hai bnh Z va thang tr lc tren cac ng ong Eh.
oi vi quat, do ap suat kh trc va sau quat kho ng khac nhau la may va ty tro ng cua
kh nho, ta co the cho ai lng:

=
= +

=
h H
0 z
p p
H
I II
t

ngha la cot ap do quat sinh ra ch dung e thang tr lc tre n ng o ng.
c- Cong suat va hieu suat
Trong thi gian quat lam viec, moi chat c nhan t quat mot so nang lng. Nang
lng cung cap lien tuc cho dong chay nay do ong c truyen cho truc cua quat.
Cong suat do ong c truyen qua truc quat goi la cong suat tren tru c.
Nang lng truyen cho dong chat long c goi la nang lng hu ch. Nang lng hu
ch trong mot n v thi gian goi la cong suat hu ch.
Cong suat hu ch la:
H . Q . H . G N = = ; W (5.7)
Trong o: - c o bang N/m
3
G- c o bang N/s
Hay
102
H . Q .
102
H . G
N

= = ; kGm/s (5.8)
Trong o: - c o bang kG/m
3
G- c o bang kG/s
Hieu suat la:
dc
N
N
= q - hieu suat toan phan. (5.9)
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Chng V: Quat 150
5.2 - QUAT LY TAM
5.2.1- Ket cau va mo t so chi tiet chnh
Quat ly tam c dung e van chuyen chat kh va tao nen ap suat toan phan khong qua
1500kG/m
2
(khi = 1,2 kg/m
3
) va co he so tang ap c < 1,15. Do ap suat be nh va y, s nen khong
anh hng nhieu en s lam viec cua may va tnh b nen cua kh co the bo qua. Bi vay cac c s
ly thuyet cua quat cung giong nh bm va ch khac nhau rat t ve ket cau.

Hnh 5.2 S o ket cau cua quat
1 Truc 6 Thanh truyen ong
2 a chnh ( a sau) 7 Vo quat
3 Canh dan 8 Be quat
4 a phu (a trc) 9 O
5 Mang canh 10, 11 Ong ra, ong vao
Ket cau:
Banh cong tac cua quat c tao bi truc 1, c gan chat vi a chnh 2. Cac canh dan lam
viec 3 c gan chat vi a chnh 2 va a trc 4. a nay am bao o cng can thiet cua mang
canh 5; 6 la thanh truyen ong cua quat. Vo quat 7 c gan vi be 8 tren o co o 9 mang truc
quat co banh cong tac 10 va 11 la nap kep cua ong vao va ong ra.
Banh cong tac co canh dan cong ve pha trc se co ap lc cao hn banh cong tac co canh
thang hoac cong ve pha sau khi co cung so vong quay song hieu suat thuy lc se thap hn. Trong
quat thng dung banh cong tac co canh cong pha trc hoac thang.
Cuoi ong dan ra thng dung oan ong chuyen tiep co dang loa e tiep tuc tang ap kh sau
khi ra khoi vo.



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Chng V: Quat 151
Nguyen ly:
Dong kh i vao banh cong tac qua ong vao theo hng doc truc, sau o se quay 1 goc 90
o

va chuyen ong trong ranh canh t tam ra ngoai. Sau khi ra khoi banh cong tac, dong kh i vao vo
xoan oc va i ra ong ra.

Hnh 5.3 S o nguyen ly va tnh toan
5.2.2 - Cac thong so cua quat ly tam
a - Ap suat quat
Ta biet rang, ieu kien e may quat co the lam viec trong he thong ong dan, phu thuoc rat
ln vao tnh chat sau: chat kh (hoac chat lo ng) phai thoa man nh luat bao toan nang lng.

Hnh 5.4 S o he thong quat khoi
H
o

p
2
, c
2

k

2 2
p
1
, c
1
1
1

o

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Chng V: Quat 152
Xet trng hp: quat va ong dan nh trong hnh ve, quat quat khoi t noi hi qua ong khoi
vao moi trng xung quanh.
Viet phng trnh Bernoulli cho mat cat 1-2, ta co:

+ + +

= + +

h . g H . g
2
c p
H . g
2
c p
0
2
2
k
2
2
1
k
1

Vi:
p
1
, p
2
- ap suat tnh tuyet oi tai au va cuo i cua dong kh 1-2

k
- khoi lng rieng trung bnh cua kh tren oan 1-2
c
1
, c
2
- van toc tuyet oi cua kh mat cat 1-1 va 2-2
H - cot ap ma quat at c
Eh - tieu hao cot ap tren oan 1-2
H
o
- o cao t truc quat en mieng ong khoi
Ma ta bie t:
p
1
= p
1t
+ p
o
; p
2
= p
2t
+ p
o
-
o
gH
o

Vi p
1t
, p
2t
- ap suat tnh (d )

o
- khoi lng rieng cua kh quyen trung bnh theo o cao cua ong khoi.
Sau khi bien oi ta c:

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

1 H h
g 2
c c
g .
p p
H
k
0
0
2
1
2
2
k
t 1 t 2
(5.10)
Bieu thc
|
|
.
|

\
|

k
0
0
H c goi la sc hut t nhien cua he.
Do s phu thuoc vao ty so
o
/
k
; sc hut t nhien co the dng (+) hay am (-). Neu
o
>
k
va H
o
> 0, th sc hut t nhien se dng (+) va no se lam giam co t ap ma quat can thiet.

Khi H
o
> 0 va
o
<
k
, sc hut t nhien am (-) va lam tang cot ap can thiet va cong suat
tren truc quat.
Khi
o
=
k
vi moi gia tr H
o
, ta co sc hut t nhien bang khong, luc o quat lam viec vi
cot ap:

= h
g 2
c c
g .
p p
H
2
1
2
2
k
t 1 t 2
(5.11)
Trong cac thiet b noi hi hien ai cua cac tram nhiet ien, v co hieu so nhiet ien cu a kh
quyen va cua khoi ln va v o cao cua ong khoi ln (t 350 400m) nen sc hut t nhien cua he
xuat hien rat ln.
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Chng V: Quat 153
e tnh toan ap suat ma quat at c mot cach nhanh chong ngi ta s dung phng pha p
he so ap suat toan phan.
Ta bieu dien thanh phan van toc c
2u
theo he so xoan
2
=
2
u 2
u
c
loi ra va s dung
phng trnh c ban cua may ly tam , ta co:

2
2 2
u 2 2
l
u .
g
1
g
c . u
H = =

(5.12)
anh gia mat mat nang lng trong quat bang cach tnh hieu suat thuy lc:

2
2 2 tl l tl
u . .
g
1
H . H q = q =

(5.13)

2
2 2 tl
u . . . H . g . p q = = (5.14)
S dung he so ap suat toan phan:

2
2
u .
p
p

= (5.15)
Ta co:
2
2
u . . p p = (5.16)
Hay
2 tl
. p q = (5.17)
e tien tnh toan ap suat toan phan vi 3 loai canh khac nhau, ta co the s dung bang
di ay:
|
2

2
q p
> 90
o
1,1 1,6 0,60 0,75 0,66 1,2
= 90
o
0,85 0,95 0,65 0,8 0,60 0,76
< 90
o
0,50 0,80 0,70 0,90 0,35 0,72

Neu dong kh loi vao cua quat co cac thong so la p
1t
, c
1
va loi ra p
2t
, c
2
th ap suat
toan phan ma quat at c la:

2
c c
. p p p
2
1
2
2
t 1 t 2

+ = (5.18)
b - Lu lng cua quat ly tam
e so sanh quat lam viec vi cac chat kh co nhiet o khac nhau, khoi lng rieng va a p
suat khac nhau, lu lng c tnh theo m
3
tieu chuan, ngha la o nang suat theo ieu kien tieu
chuan cua khong kh sach (p = 760 mmHg va t = 0
o
C ). Khi o, trong lng rieng cua khong kh
tnh bang
o
= 1,293 kG/m
3
.
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Chng V: Quat 154
Lu lng tnh theo m
3
tieu chuan co the bieu dien:

0
0
G
Q

= , m
tc
3
/s hoac m
tc
3
/h (5.19)
G - lu lng trong lng tnh theo kG/s hoac kG/h
S lien he gia lu lng Q
o
va lu lng thc te c tnh theo cong thc:

0
0
Q Q

= (5.20)
Lu lng cu a quat co the tnh theo ieu kien bnh thng ( p = 760 mmHg , t = 20
o
C ,
= 50% - o am tng oi cua khong kh).
/
/
Q Q

= , m
3
/s , m
3
/h (5.21)
oi vi khong kh: = 1,2 kG/m
3

Vay:
2 , 1
Q Q
/

= (5.22)
c - Cong suat va hieu suat cua quat
Trong mot so trng hp, ac trng cua quat khong phai la ap suat toan phan ma la ap suat
tnh p
t
va tng ng vi no la cot ap tnh H
t
. Trong nhng trng hp o ngi ta anh gia hieu
qua nang lng cua quat bang hieu suat tnh q
t
.

N
p . Q
N
H . Q . g .
t t
t
=

= q (5.23)
Vay: Hieu suat tnh la ty so gia cong suat co ch e tao thanh ap suat tnh vi cong suat ma
ong c truyen cho truc cua quat. V va y q
t
< q. Thng q
t
= (0,7 0,8) q.
Cong suat can thiet cua quat c tnh theo cong thc:

q

=
H . Q . g .
N (5.24)
Hieu suat toan phan thng lay trong khoang q = 0,75 0,92.
Cong suat cua ong c e keo quat c tnh theo cong thc sau:
N
c
=
td
.
H . Q . g .
. m
q q

(5.25)
m - he so d tr cua cong suat; m = 1,05 1,2 ; cong suat cang nho can chon m cang ln.
N
c
=
td
.
p . Q
. m
q q

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Chng V: Quat 155
q
td
- hieu suat truyen ong; khi noi trc tiep truc ong c vi truc quat q
t
= 1; khi truyen
bang cua-roa hnh nem q
t
= 0,9 0,95.
5.2.3 - ng ac tnh cua quat ly tam
Cac ng ac tnh cua quat c xay dng trc tiep t thc nghiem vi so vong quay
khong oi va oi vi khong kh co = 1,2 kg/m
3
.
oi vi cac ng ac tnh c xay dng vi ieu kien chuan p = 760 mmHg, t = 20
o
va
= 50%, khi tnh toan tren thc te ch co lu lng, cot ap va hieu sua t la khong thay oi, con a p
suat va cong suat tren truc thay oi ty le thuan vi khoi lng rieng cua kh, tc la:

2 , 1
p p
o

= va
2 , 1
N N
o

= (5.26)
Ve mat hnh dang cac ng ac tnh cua quat khac cac ng ac tnh cua bm do cau tao
cua bm va quat khac nhau. ac biet mot so quat th ng ac tnh co dang yen nga do goc |
2

be khi ty so D
2
/D
1
be.

Hnh 5.5 ng ac tnh cua mot so loai quat ly tam
1 - quat CTA N
o
8 2 - quat U6-46 N
o
4 3 - quat BPH N
o
4








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Chng V: Quat 156
* ng ac tnh co th nguyen khi n = const

Hnh 5.7 ng ac tnh khi n = const
* ng ac tnh co th nguyen khi n thay oi n = var cua quat BBA N
o
11

Hnh 5.8 - ng ac tnh co th nguyen khi n thay oi n = var
Trong khi thiet ke quat, ng ac tnh khong th nguyen c s dung rat rong rai. ng
ac tnh nay chung cho ca mot ho cac may co kch thc hnh hoc tng t. ng ac tnh khong
th nguyen rat tien dung e tnh kch thc lam viec cua quat t nhng so lieu cho trc nh:
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Chng V: Quat 157
D
2
- ng knh banh cong tac
n - so vong quay lam viec, vg/ph.
Luc o ta co:
Q k Q
Q
= Trong o:
2
2
2 Q
u D 785 , o k =
H k H
H
=
2
2 H
u k =

t H t
H k H =
N k N
N
=
3
2
2
2 N
u D . . 785 , 0 k =
p k p
p
=
2
2 p
u . k =
q = q
60
n D .
u
2
2
t
=
* ng ac tnh khong th nguyen cua quat U4 - 76

Hnh 5.9 - ng ac tnh khong th nguyen
5.2.4- ieu chnh quat
e ieu chnh lu lng quat, co 3 phng phap sau:
ieu chnh bang cach thay oi so vong quay
ieu chnh bang tiet lu loi vao va ra cua quat
ieu chnh bang cac thiet b nh hng ca vao.
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Chng V: Quat 158
a - ieu chnh bang cach thay oi so vong quay
ay thay oi so vong quay cua quat bang cach thay oi so vong quay cua ong c keo
no, hoac khi so vong quay cua ong c khong oi th lap them bo phan thay oi toc o. Trong ca
hai trng hp nay, thiet b quat phc tap va at them, v vay cach ieu chnh nay ch dung oi vi
quat ln.
Trong mot so trng hp, e moi quat ngi ta dung ong c ien . Loai ong c nay c
ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien tr trong mach cua roto cho phep ieu chnh eu an so vong
quay.
Trong giai oan hien nay, e ieu chnh quat bang cach thay oi so vong quay, ngi ta
thng dung ong c truyen dan co thiet b bien toc. Phng phap nay dung rat kinh te.
b - ieu chnh bang tiet lu
Phng phap nay c s dung kha rong rai v n gian. Cach ieu chnh tng t nh trong
bm.
c - ieu chnh bang cac thie t b nh hng ca vao
Ta thay rang nang lng rieng ma quat cung cap cho dong kh phan ln la do ieu kien
ca vao cua banh cong tac. S xoan cua dong kh vao banh cong tac anh hng en cot ap va vi
mot ng ac tnh li nhat nh, no se lam thay oi lu lng cua may. Do vay co the ieu chnh
quat bang cach tac dung len dong kh vao quat bang cac thiet b a c biet. Co hai loai thiet b nh
hng: loai hng truc va loai hng knh.
1. Thiet b nh hng hng truc: (dung trong trng hp dong chay loi vao banh cong
tac la hng truc)

Hnh 5.10 - Thiet b nh hng hng truc
Canh dan vi cac truc hng knh ong thi quay nh mot thiet b ac biet. Mot trong cac v
tr ac trng cua no la ng vi v tr canh dan mat phang chnh phng (m hoan toan) va luc ay
dong loi vao banh cong tac se i theo hng truc, lu lng luc nay la ln nhat Q
max
. Mot v tr
ac trng khac ung vi trng hp cac canh dan na y ong hoan toan, ngha la Q = 0. Cac v tr
trung gian cho ta cac gia tr ieu chnh.
Thiet b nay tien li khi dong chat kh i va o quat theo hng doc truc.
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Chng V: Quat 159
2. Thiet b nh hng hng knh: (dung trong trng hp dong chay loi vao banh cong
tac la hng knh)

Hnh 5.11 - Thiet b nh hng hng knh
ay mang li canh hnh tru tron, cac canh dan co dang elip tru co truc song song vi truc
roto cua may, mang li nay se gay ra s oi hng cua dong khoi mat phang chnh phng. S
lech dong c ieu chnh bang goc lech gia mat phang trung bnh cua cac canh vi mat phang
chnh phng (la mat phang i qua truc quay cua canh). T hnh ve ta thay, thiet b ieu chnh
hng knh oi hoi dong vao phai co hng knh.
Thiet b ieu chnh at ngay cua vao banh cong ta c cang gan cang tot, co nh vay hieu
qua ieu chnh mi cao.
Tren hnh 5.12 la ng a c tnh cua cot ap, cong suat khi n = const, ng vi 3 v tr khac
nhau cua thie t b nh hng ca vao la H
1
, H
2
, H
3
va N
1
, N
2
, N
3
. Khi quat lam viec vi ng ac
tnh li cho trc, ta co 3 iem tng ng A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, cho ta nhng gia tr tng ng cua lu lng
Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
va cong suat la N
1
, N
2
, N
3
. Ta xac nh c cac iem I, II, III. Noi chung ta c ng
thay oi cong suat khi ieu chnh bang thiet b nh hng hng knh.

Hnh 5.12 o th thay oi cong suat khi ieu chnh bang thiet b nh hng
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Chng V: Quat 160
Phng phap nay c dung rong rai trong tat ca cac loai quat nhat la cac loai quat ln.
Neu cac thiet b nh hng c thiet ke va gia cong tot, goc ngoat cua cac canh quat hng be th
ton that do ieu chnh se t va phng phap ieu chnh nay co u viet hn so vi ieu chnh bang
tiet lu.
5.2.5 - La chon quat theo ieu kien cho trc
e la chon quat, ngi ta cho trc nang suat Q va ap suat p. Cac ai lng nay c vho
trong ieu kien lam viec cua quat. Cac tham so ac tnh c cho theo ieu kien tieu chuan, ngha
la t = 20
o
C, ap suat kh quyen p
o
= 760mmHg va o am tng oi 50%.
Viec la chon quat theo cam nang c tien hanh vi o d tr 5% ve lu lng va 10% ve
ap suat, ngha la:
Q
K
= 1,05.Q va p
K
= 1,1. p.

K
(5.27)
ay Q
K
, p
K
,
K
- thong so trong ieu kien chuan a cho.
T cac gia tr cua Q
K
, p
K
ta la chon loai quat can thiet. Phng phap nay cho phep ta xac
nh loai quat, kch thc quat cung nh so vong quay.
e at hang mua cac loai quat, th ngoai loai quat, kch thc va so vong quay, can phai biet
cac tham so phu khac nh: cac thong so c dung lam c s e chon quat, chieu quay cua roto, v
tr cua ong hut va ong ay, loai ong c c dung e keo,
Viec xac nh q va N trong ie u kien lam viec va tnh toan cac kch thc hnh hoc cua no
co the tien hanh theo cac ac tnh khong th nguyen va s o kh ong cua loai quat a chon.
5.2.6- Phan loai quat va mot so chi tiet chnh cua quat ly tam
a- Phan loai quat: Thng ngi ta phan loai quat theo cac tieu chuan sau:
1.Theo a p suat do quat tao nen:
o Quat ap suat thap: Co ap suat toan phan ( hieu so cac ap suat toan phan tiet dien ra
va tiet dien vao) di 100 kG/m
2

o Quat ap suat trung bnh: co ap suat toan phan t 100 200 kG/m
2

o Quat co ap suat cao: ap suat toan phan t 300 1200 kG/m
2

2. Theo hng quay cua banh cong tac:
o Quat co hng quay ben phai: khi banh cong tac quay theo chieu kim ong ho
o Quat co hng quay ben trai: khi banh cong tac quay ngc chieu kim ong ho
3. Theo so pha ong hut:
o Quat mot pha hut
o Quat hai pha hut
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Chng V: Quat 161
4. Theo so vong quay ac trng n
S
:
o Quat co so vong quay ac trng be: n
S
< 25 vg/ph
o Quat co so vong quay ac trng trung bnh: n
S
= 25 50 vg/ph
o Quat co so vong quay ac trng ln: n
S
> 50 80 vg/ph
Ngoai ra, ngi ta con phan loai quat theo s o ket cau, theo tnh nang lam viec,
b - Mot so chi tiet cua quat ly tam
Cach a dong kh vao banh cong tac co anh hng rat ln en hieu qua, en qua trnh lam
viec cua quat ly tam.
Neu phan va o cua quat tot, co ket cau ung se lam cho dong kh phan bo eu an tai thiet
dien vao cua banh cong tac va am bao cho no co phu tai eu an. Do vay, mot trong nhng bo
phan quan trong cua quat la:
1. Ong vao
Hnh 5.13 Cac loai ong vao
loi vao cua quat co at ong vao. Hnh dang khac nhau cua no c the hien hnh 5.13.
Hnh dang hnh hoc cua ong vao phai am bao e ton that nang lng cho vao la be nhat. ie u
nay c am bao khi ong vao co hnh dang eu an (khong gap khuc).
Con khi at quat vao he thong cac ng ong e quat khong kh oi khi oi hoi phai at
loi vao cac hop va ong co cau tao ac biet. Nhng chi tiet nay pha huy tnh oi xng cua dong
cho vao va s eu an cua phu tai cua banh cong tac dan en giam hieu suat.
Cac hop vao c s dung trong trng hp hut t hai pha. Do co hop vao, cac palie (o bac
) cua quat truc c at ngoai ng khoi ( cac quat khoi) . ieu nay rat quan trong khi van
chuyen cac kh nong va viec kiem tra lap rap cac palie cung de dang hn.
oi khi cac hop vao cung c lap quat co hop hut mot pha, khi o roto se c lap tren
2 goi, chieu rong banh cong tac tang va toc o vong quay cung tang.
5
4
3
2
1
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Chng V: Quat 162
Trong trng hp do lap rap phai uon cong cac ng ong trc quat, th cung nen at hop
vao. Neu ca vao co thiet b ieu chnh th tien nhat nen at no trong hop vao.
Hop vao phai co dien tch ln. ai lng tng oi
=
O
O
=
O
H
H
i 1,75 2,25 (5.28)
Trong o: O
H
- tiet dien cua hop; O
O
- dien tch tiet dien vao cua banh cong tac
Hnh 5.14 Hop vao
Goc at o
H
cua hop vao tot nhat khi o
H
= 90
o
.





2.a phu
Hnh 5.15 a phu
Hop vao
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Chng V: Quat 163
Hnh dang cua a phu co anh hng rat ln en ton that nang lng cua dong trong banh
cong tac. Ton that se t nhat khi hnh da ng a phu eu an va canh vao nghieng.
3. Chieu rong banh cong tac
Chieu rong banh cong tac tang th chieu dai cac lu tuyen ta ng, dan en giam o cong cu a
goc ngoat, ton that nang lng se giam.
4.Vo quat
Vo quat thng co dang xoan oc va trong mot so t trng hp co dang ong tang ap vong.
Trong vo xoan oc, khong phai luc nao toc o ra cua kh sau quat cung giam cho en khi
bang toc o cua dong trong ng ong. Trong trng hp nh vay, cho ra cua quat ngi ta at
them ong tang ap hnh con.
Ong ra xoan oc thng co dang li. Kinh nghiem cho thay, li se lam tang tieng on khi
quat lam viec va co the lam giam hieu suat cua no.
Ong tang ap hnh con cho ra sau ong xoan oc co dang oi xng vi goc loe en 25
o
ve
pha banh cong tac.
Hnh 5.16 Vo quat

5.2.7- Anh hng tap chat kh en s lam viec cua quat
Trong mot so trng hp, chat kh do quat van chuyen co cha cac hat cng nho. V du nh
khi van chuyen kh nen, hut khong kh co bui, cac thiet b quat khoi.
Khi lam viec vi loa i kh co tap chat nay, banh cong tac can co sc chong tot oi vi s bao
mon cua cac hat cng co trong dong chay. V vay, banh cong tac va may- cua no phai c che
tao t nhng vat lieu cng, chong mai mon tot. So canh cua banh cong tac can chon t, khoang t 6
8 canh e thao ri va sa cha nhanh.
Ta can xet anh hng cua cac hat cng cha trong chat kh en cac thong so lam viec cu a
quat. Nong o cac hat cng trong chat kh c ac trng bang he so nong o khoi lng :

K
C
M
M
= (5.29)
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Chng V: Quat 164
Trong o:
C
M -khoi lng hat cng co trong chat kh dch chuyen trong mot giay, kg/s

K
M -khoi lng chat kh sach cua tap chat dch chuyen c trong mot giay, kg/s
* Thc nghie m cho thay rang khi tap chat co nho va kch thc cu a hat bui nho th cot ap
va lu lng qua t cu ng bang nh khi lam viec vi kh sach. Ch co khoi lng rieng , ap suat p va
cong suat N la thay oi.
Khoi lng rieng cua hon hp:

hh
K C
hh
Q
M M +
= (5.30)
Khoi lng rieng cua kh sach:

hh
K
K
Q
M
= (5.31)
Ta co ty so cac khoi lng rieng:

K
K C
K
hh
M
M M +
=

(5.32)
Suy ra: + =

1
K
hh

Tc la: ( ) + = 1
K hh
(5.33)
Ty so ap suat va cong suat cua quat lam viec vi tap chat va vi kh sach la:
+ =

= 1
gH
gH
p
p
K
hh
hh K
hh hh
K
hh

Hay ( ) + = 1 p p
K hh
(5.34)
+ =

= 1
Q gH
Q gH
N
N
K
hh
hh hh K
hh hh hh
K
hh

Hay ( ) + = 1 N N
K hh
(5.35)
* Con neu quat van chuyen tap chat co nhng hat cng co kch thc ln, th thanh pha n
nam ngang cua van toc trong dong chay khong u e gi hat cng trang thai l lng na. Xay ra
s va ap cac hat cng vao be mat, sinh ra them ton that nang lng phu na e thang lc ma sat
cua cac hat cng vi be mat. Luc o, ton that nang lng trong banh cong tac tai ong vao va ra cu a
quat se tang len, ap lc do quat tao nen giam va cong suat se tang.
e tnh ap suat va cong suat cua tap chat trong trng hp nay, ngoi ta dung cong thc ban
thc nghiem cua Kalinukin:
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Chng V: Quat 165
( ) =
p K hh
k 1 p p (5.36)
( ) + =
N K hh
k 1 N N (5.37)
Cac he so ieu chnh k
p
va k
N
c xa c nh bang thc nghiem. Khi kch thc cua cac hat
cng hu c khoang t 0,5 3 mm th:
k
p
= 0,1 0,45 ; k
N
= 1,5 1,7
Hieu suat cua quat khi van chuyen tap chat la:

( )
( ) +

q =
+

= = q
N
p
K
N K
p K hh
hh
hh hh
hh
k 1
. k 1
k 1 N
k 1 . p . Q
N
p . Q
(5.38)
Vay cong suat tren truc may khi van chuyen hon hp la:

hh
hh hh
hh
p . Q
N
q
= (5.39)
Ta thay, quat dung e van chuyen hon hp lam viec rat nang ne (v du: quat khoi trong cac
nha may nhiet ien). Bot than va tro se lam canh quat chong b h hong. Quat h hong cang nhanh
neu canh cang mong, so vong quay cang ln va kch thc cac hat cng cang ln. Thi gian lam
viec cua quat khoi con phu thuoc vao hnh dang canh. V du: quat co canh dan nghieng ve pha sau
se t b h hong hn so vi quat co canh dan nghieng ve pha trc trong cung mot ieu kien lam
viec.
Cac bien phap chnh e giam s h hong cua quat khoi:
o Giam so vong quay.
o Tang chieu day cua canh en 8 mm.
o Han them tren be mat canh mot mieng kim loai cng chong mon.
o Dung cac tam mong e bao ve.
o Bao ve tng xoan oc bang nhng tam kim loai ac biet day 10 12 mm.
o Cai tien cac thiet b loc tro.
o Chon hnh dang thch hp cho canh quat.
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Chng V: Quat 166
5.3 - QUAT TRUC
5.3.1 - Nhng chu y ve quat tru c
Trong cac loai may truc, cu the la quat truc, s truyen nang lng t quat cho dong chay
xay ra nh s giup cua banh cong tac co nhng canh dan cong-xo n c gan cha t vi ong lot.
V banh cong tac cua may khi quay c gi theo hng truc, con canh dan cua no c gan
chac di mot goc nghieng oi vi mat phang quay, nen banh cong tac van chuyen chat long
( hay chat kh) doc theo tru c. V vay nen dong chay co b xoan mot phan.
e khao sat qua trnh lam viec cu a may truc, ngi ta s dung thuyet mang profin canh
(mang bien dang canh).

Hnh 5.17 S o nguyen ly ket cau cua quat truc
Cat vong banh cong tac theo mat phang tru bang ban knh r va trai mat phang nay ra
cung cac thiet dien canh dan, ta thu c mang profin phang cua quat truc.

Hnh 5.18 Mang profin canh dan
Cac gia tr c ban, ac trng hnh hoc cua mang la:
t - bc cua canh dan, o theo hng chuyen ong cua mang;
b - o dai day cung cua thiet dien canh dan;
B - chieu rong cua mang, o song song vi truc quay;
|
1
,|
2
- goc ca vao va ra cua canh dan, goc gia day cung canh dan va truc mang.

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Chng V: Quat 167
Co mot so khai niem c ban sau:
a - Mat o cua mang: ky hieu b la ty so gia day cung va bc canh dan.

t
b
b = (5.40)
b - B c tng oi cua canh dan: ky hieu t la ai lng nghch ao cua mat o.
t =
b
t
b
1
= (5.41)
Khi xay dng s o van toc ca vao va ra, ta a vao ca c thong so ong hoc c ban cua
dong chay qua mang.

Hnh 5.19 S o van toc cua mang
u
1
, w
1
,c
1
va u
2
,w
2
, c
2
tng ng vi van toc dch chuyen, van toc tng oi, van toc tuyet
oi ca vao va ca ra.
|
1
, |
2
- goc vao va goc ra.
i
1
- goc tien cua canh dan cua ca vao ( goc gia tiep tuyen cua ng trung bnh cua
mang vi van toc tng oi ca vao).
i
2
- goc tien cua canh dan cua ca ra
i

- goc tien cua canh dan cua mang (goc gia day cung cua mang va vec-t van toc
tng oi trung bnh w

).
T s o van toc nay, ta suy ra: mang profin lam thay oi gia tr va hng cua van toc
tng oi va tuyet oi.
ieu khac biet ac trng cua quat truc la s xoan cua dong chay (c
2u
> c
1u
) va s hien
dien cua s lu lai cua dong chay loi ra (o = 0).


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Chng V: Quat 168
5.3.2 - Cac phng trnh c ba n cua quat tru c
a- Phng trnh lien tu c
T nh luat bao toan khoi lng dm = 0 hay m = const ; m
1
= m
2

Ma m = .Q = .S.c
Trong o:
S - thiet dien mat cat cua dong chay
c - van toc tuyet oi cua dong chat long.
Ta co phng trnh dang:

1
.S
1
c
1a
=
2
.S
2
.c
2a
(5.42)
Ta ng dung phng trnh nay vao ranh gia cac canh, khi xet 1 canh dan co o da i Ar
(xem hnh 5.17)
Trong oan Ar, ta co the gia thiet rang van toc la khong oi. Dien tch cua mat cat cua
ca vao va ra la bang nhau, tc la:
S
1
= S
2
= t.Ar
Trong phng trnh tren, cac vec t c
1a
va c
2a
tng ng vuong goc vi cac thiet dien mat
cat S
1
va S
2
. V vay, khi ta gia thiet rang S
1
va S
2
vuong goc vi truc cua may, tc la co the coi
c
1a
va c
2a
la nhng thanh phan chieu truc cua van toc tuyet oi.
T hnh ve ta co:
a 2 a 2 a 1 a 1
w c ; w c = =
Tc la: phng trnh lien tuc co the c viet sau khi gian c S
1
va S
2
la :

a 2 2 a 1 1
c . c . =
Hoac:
a 2 2 a 1 1
w . w . = (5.43)
oi vi chat long khong nen c
1
=
2
, ta c:

a a 2 a 1 a a 2 a 1
w w w ; c c c = = = = (5.44)
a - Phng trnh nang lng
1.Phng trnh nang lng cua chuyen ong tng oi
Trong chuyen o ng tng oi cua dong moi chat qua banh cong tac cua quat truc nang
lng khong c truyen cho dong chay. ay ch xay ra s bien oi ong nang thanh the
nang. Qua trnh nay gay ra s tan mat nang lng cua dong chay. Khi thay oi ong nang rieng
cua chuyen ong tng oi t
2
w
2
1
en
2
w
2
2
th xay ra s thay oi lien tuc ap suat va khoi lng
rieng, va phng trnh nang lng co the viet:

}
A +

=
2
1
2
2
2
1
L
dp
2
w
2
w
; (5.45)
oi vi quat ( )
}
=

2
1
1 2 p
T T C
dp

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Chng V: Quat 169
Trong o: AL - nang lng a chuyen thanh nhiet nang.
S thay oi the nang c bieu th bang tch phan phan ben phai cua bieu thc tre n, co
the tnh c trong trng hp khi a biet ro moi quan he gia va p, tc la khi a biet c
qua trnh nhiet ong ranh gia cac canh dan. quat, qua trnh nhiet ong la ang nhiet, con
may nen truc la qua trnh a bien.
2.Nang lng ma mang canh dan a cung cho dong cha y, co the tnh c theo phng
trnh c ban cua may ly tam, ma o u
2
= u
1
= u:
( )
u u 1 u 2 l
c . u c c u L A = = (5.46)
T s o van toc, suy ra

1 a 1 1 u 1
2 a 2 2 u 2
g cot c u c
g cot c u c
| =
| =
(5.47)
The (5.47) vao (5.46), co s dung bieu thc (5.44):
( )
2 1 a l
g cot g cot c . u L | | = (5.48)
3.Phng trnh nang lng cua chuyen ong tuyet oi qua mang li canh dan cua quat
truc co the viet: ( ) ( ) q
2
c c
T T . C g cot g cot . c . u
2
1
2
2
1 2 p 2 1 a
+

+ = | | (5.49)
q - mat ma t nang lng vao moi trng ben ngoai.
c - Phng trnh ong lng
Phng trnh o ng lng dung e tnh lc tng tac gia dong chay va cac canh dan cua
quat truc.

Hnh 5.20 S o lc tac dung len mang canh
Gia s oan ca nh chieu dai Ar tac dung len dong chay mot lc P ( hnh 5.17 va hnh 5.20)
Cac hnh chieu cua lc nay:
P
a
- chieu len truc cua quat;
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Chng V: Quat 170
P
u
- chieu len truc cua mang.
Ta xet dong chay khi co chuyen o ng tng oi vi o day bang mot bc cua mang.
Ta viet phng trnh ong lng tren truc cua quat va tru c cua mang canh dan e xac
nh cac lc thanh phan P
a
va P
u
.
* Xac nh P
a
: Viet phng trnh tren truc cua quat :
Qua thiet dien 1-1, lng chat long chay qua trong mot giay:
m = Ar.t.w
1a
.
1

Theo hng truc cua may co ong l ng bang:
k
1
= m.w
1a
= Ar.t.w
1a
.
1
.w
1a

Tng t oi vi thiet dien 2-2
k
2
= m.w
2a
= Ar.t.w
2a
.
2
.w
2a

Neu p
1
va p
2
la ap sua t cac thiet dien 1-1 va 2-2 cua do ng chay, th ap lc gay ra bi
chung tng ng se la: Ar.t. p
1
va Ar.t. p
2
.
Xung lng cua ca c l c ngoai ta c dung len dong theo hng van to c ban au bang s thay
oi ong lng cua dong, v vay, ta co phng trnh can bang nh sau:
P
1
+ P
a
- P
2
= k
1
-k
2

Thay vao ta c:
P
a
+ Ar.t. p
1
- Ar.t. p
2
= -(Ar.t.w
2a
2
.
2
- Ar.t.w
1a
2
.
1
)
Dau (-) pha phai cua ang thc noi len rang: s thay oi ong lng cua the tch chat
long ang xet gay ra lc tac du ng len canh dan theo hng ngc vi P
a
. Suy ra:
P
a
= Ar.t( p
2
- p
1
) + Ar.t(w
2a
2
.
2
- w
1a
2
.
1
) (5.50)
oi vi chat long khong nen c va theo phng trnh (5.44),
1
=
2
, w
1a
= w
2a
ta co:
P
a
= Ar.t( p
2
- p
1
) (5.51)
Mang profin, ma dch chuyen chat long khong nen c, khong la m thay oi van toc truc
cua dong cha y; lc doc tru c tac dung len dong cha y phan tan e tang ap suat.
* Xac nh P
u
: ta viet phng trnh ong l ng tren truc cua mang:
ong l ng trong cac thiet dien la:
k
1
= m.w
1a
= Ar.t.w
1a
.
1
.w
1u

k
2
= m.w
2a
= Ar.t.w
2a
.
2
.w
2u

Phng trnh can bang co dang:
P
u
= - (Ar.t.w
2a
.
2
.w
2u
- Ar.t.w
1a
.
1
.w
1u
)
T o suy ra:
P
u
= Ar.t(w
1a
.
1
.w
1u
- w
2a
.
2
.w
2u
)
S dung bieu thc (3.4) w
1a
.
1
= w
2a
.
2
ta co:
P
u
= Ar.t.w
1a
.
1
(w
1u
- w
2u
) (5.52)
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Chng V: Quat 171
Lc tong hp, thu c bang cach cong hnh hoc 2 lc P
a
va P
u

d- Phng trnh lu so
Bieu thc chung cho qua trnh tuan hoan la:

}
o = I
S
dS . cos . c ; o - goc (c,dS)
ta co the s dung de dang bie u thc nay oi vi profin cua mang.
Tren hnh 5.20, ta xet vong kn 1-1-2-2-1, ta tng tng rang: qua trnh tuan hoan chnh
la tong cua cac tch phan sau:

} } } }
+ = I
1
2
2
2
u 2
2
1
1
1
u 1
wdS dt w wdS dt w
w - van toc tng oi cua dong chay.
V hai ng 1-2 va 2-1 ve phng dien hnh hoc la nh nhau va van toc tai nhng iem
tng ng bang nhau, nen tch phan th 2 va th 4 b triet tieu. Suy ra:
( )
}
= I dt w w
u 2 u 1

Ma W
1u
va W
2u
la khong oi tnh trung bnh theo bc canh dan, nen:
( ) t . w w
u 2 u 1
= I (5.53)
e- Thuyet Giukopxki
Lc nang canh (vi l = 1; l- chieu dai canh) chuyen ong trong khong gian vo han, c
xac nh bang thuyet Giukopxki.
I = . w . P
y
(5.54)
Trong o:
w - van toc tng oi cua dong chay
I - lu so tuan hoan theo vong kn bao trum canh da n.
* Canh dan c cach ly khong thay oi cac thong so cua dong chay: van toc tng oi
trc canh dan va sau no bang nhau.
* Mang canh dan, nh ta thay hnh 5.19, thay oi gia tr va h ng cua van toc tng oi
(
2 1
w w = ).
o chnh la s khac biet ro rang gia canh dan co lap va mang canh dan.
Thuyet Giukopxki cho canh dan cua mang la:

I = w . . P
y
(5.55)
P
y
- lc nang canh
T hnh 5.19, ta thay rang w

la vec-t van toc trung bnh:


( )
2 1
w w
2
1
w + =


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Chng V: Quat 172
Trong trng hp chay qua mang la chat kh co khoi lng rieng , th trong phng trnh
(5.55) co the cho rang la khoi lng rie ng trung bnh so hoc ca ra va ca vao:

2
2 1
+
=
Va ta thay rang hng cua P
y
vuong goc vi vec-t w

(hnh 5.20).
f- Cac he so kh ong l c ho c
Ngi ta thng dung mot phng phap kha pho bien e tnh toan lc tac dung len mang
canh dan t cach tnh lc ta c dung len canh dan co lap, ta co the viet:

2
w
. b . . C P
2
w
. b . C P
2
x x
2
y y

=
=
(5.56)
Trong o:
C
y
,C
x
- he so cua l c nang va cua lc tng tac mat chnh dien canh dan,
b - o dai day cung canh dan,
- khoi lng rieng cua do ng.
P
y
, P
x
- lc nang va lc tng tac mat chnh dien cua dong chay va profin cua
mang.
He so C
x
ch co the xac nh bang thc nghiem. Gia tr gan u ng cua C
y
co the tnh gan
ung bang ly thuyet, con gia tr chnh xac th bang thc nghiem.
* Xac nh C
y
gan ung bang thc nghiem:
T (5.55) va phng trnh au cua (5.56), ta c:

2
w
. b . . C w . .
2
y

= I
Suy ra:
2
w
. b . C
2
y

= I
Phng trnh nay cung vi phng trnh (5.53) cho phep ta xac nh c C
y

=
w
w w
b
t
2 C
u 2 u 1
y

T hnh 5.19 ta co:


| =
|
=
|
= = sin w
g cot
w
g cot
w
w w
2
u 2
1
u 1
a 2 a 1

Hay:

| | = sin g cot
w
w
1
u 1

Va

| | = sin g cot
w
w
2
u 2

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Chng V: Quat 173
V vay: ( )

| | | = sin g cot g cot
b
t
2 C
2 1 y
(5.57)
ang thc nay cho phep ta tnh he so C
y
theo cac thong so a biet cho trc cua mang
profin.
Cac gia tr chnh xa c C
y
va C
x
co the xac nh c bang phng phap thoi cac mang
canh dan co kch thc khac nhau vi nhng goc tien khac nhau; thc hie n o van toc, khoi
lng rie ng va cac lc Py, P
x
, sau o tnh C
y
va C
x
theo phng trnh (5.56). Ket qua cua qua
trnh thoi c bieu die n bang phng phap o th.
5.3.3- Cac tho ng so cua quat tru c
a- Ap suat
Cot ap ly thuyet ma banh co ng tac cua quat tru c at c, co the c tnh theo phng
trnh Euler:

g
c u c u
H
u 1 1 u 2 2
l

=


ay co the gia thiet u
1
= u
2
= u. Vi ieu kien nay ta co:
( )
u 1 u 2 l
c c
g
u
H =
oi vi quat ta a vao he so tieu hao :
=
u
c
a
(5.58)
He so nay c xac nh lu lng the tch chay qua mot n v dien tch cua thiet dien
cat cua mang canh dan.
T tam giac van toc, ta co:
1 a 1 1 u 1
g cot c u c | =
2 a 2 1 u 2
g cot c u c | =
Vi ieu kien c
1a
= c
2a
= c
a
ta c:
( ) ( )
2 1
2
2 1 a l
g cot g cot
g
u
g cot g cot c
g
u
H | | = | | = (5.59)
Ap suat ly thuyet ma banh cong tac at c:
( )
2 1
2
l l
g cot g cot u H g p | | = = (5.60)
T ap suat ly thuyet ta co the tnh c ap suat thc te:
( )
m 2 1
2
l m
g cot g cot u p p q | | = q = (5.61)
Vi: q
m
- hieu suat cua mang canh dan cua quat truc.


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Chng V: Quat 174
b- Hieu suat
1.Hieu suat cua mang canh dan: q
m

q
m
=
l
p
p
p p
p
=
A +
(5.62)
Trong o:
p va p
l
- ap suat thc te va ap suat ly thuyet gia tang c trong ma ng,
Ap - ma t mat a p suat trong mang.
Neu mang tang ap suat t p
1
en p
2
, th:
q
m
=
p p p
p p
1 2
1 2
A +

(5.63)
2.Tnh hieu suat ma ng theo ca c thanh phan l c
oi vi chat long khong nen c, t phng trnh nang lng cua chuye n o ng tng
oi, ta co:

}
A +

=
2
1
2
2
2
1
L
dp
2
w
2
w

Suy ra:
2
w w
p p p
2
2
2
1
1 2

= A + (5.64)
T s o van toc loi vao va ra, ta co:

2
u 1
2
a
2
1
w w w + =

2
u 2
2
a
2
2
w w w + =
=> ( )( )
u 2 u 1 u 2 u 1
2
u 2
2
u 1
2
2
2
1
w w w w w w w w + = =
Ma:

| = = + g cot w 2 w 2 w w
a u u 2 u 1

Vay: ( )

| = g cot w w w 2 w w
a u 2 u 1
2
2
2
1

Hay: ( )

| =

g cot w w w
2
w w
a u 2 u 1
2
2
2
1
(5.65)
Trong o: |

- goc gia vec-t

w va tru c mang.
S dung bieu thc (5.64) va bieu thc (5.65), ta c:
( )

| = A + g cot w w w p p p
a u 2 u 1 1 2
(5.66)
Hay:

|
A
= A + g cot
r . t
P
p p p
u
1 2

Trong o: ( )
u 2 u 1 a u
w w . w . . t . r P A =
Hay ( )
r . t
P
w w . w .
u
u 2 u 1 a
A
=
T (5.61) ta co:
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Chng V: Quat 175

r . t
P
p p
a
1 2
A
= (5.67)
Suy ra: q
m
=

|
=
|
A
A
g cot . P
P
g cot
r . t
P
r . t
P
u
a
u
a
(5.68)
3.Tnh hieu suat cua mang theo tnh nang ng c

Hnh 5.21 S o tnh hieu suat cua mang
T hnh 5.21, ta co:



| + | =
| | =
sin . P cos . P P
sin . P cos . P P
y x u
x y a
(5.69)
The (5.69) vao (5.68) ong thi chia ca t va mau cho P
y
.cos|

, ta co:
q
m
=

| +
|
g cot . 1
tg . 1
(5.70)
Trong o:
y
x
P
P
= - tnh nang ngc cua mang.
oi vi canh dan quat truc = 0,02 0,04.
Vi = 0,03 va |
m
= 25
o
45
o
th q
m
= 0,9 0,94.
e tang hieu suat cua mang quat truc can s dung loai profin co gia tr cang nho cang
tot.
4.Hieu suat c kh: tnh en ton that nang lng do ma sat dam, o bi va do ma sat a.
q
CK
= 0,94 0,98

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Chng V: Quat 176
5.Hieu suat thu y lc cua cap: q
tl
=
l
c
p
p

Trong o:
p
c
- ap suat c tao thanh bi cap
( )

A A + q | | = p p . g cot g cot . . u . p
KT p 2 1
2
c
(5.71)
EAp - mat mat ap suat khi cung va khi thai;
q
p
- hieu suat cot ap;
Ap
KT
- lng ap suat tang c trong qua trnh thai do xay ra hieu ng khuyech
tan.
oi vi quat truc: q
TL
= 0,75 0,92
6.Hieu suat toan phan cua cap q = q
TL
. q
CK
= 0,70 0,90
c- Cong suat
Cong suat tren truc cua quat la:
q

=
1000
H . Q .
N (5.72)
5.3.4- Quat tru c nhie u cap

Hnh 5.22 S o quat truc nhieu cap
Phan tch cong thc (5.60): ( )
2 1
2
l
g cot g cot u p | | = , co the thay rang ap suat c
tao nen bi 1 banh cong tac quat truc b gii han bi cac yeu to van toc va hnh ho c. Trong cac
may truc hien ai cua cac thiet b van tai, ngi ta s dung van toc au ca c canh dan cua banh
cong tac rat cao, en 400m/s. Nhng du co nh vay, trong nhieu trng hp van khong am bao
ap suat can thiet. Khi o ngi ta s dung may nhieu cap.
Quat truc nhieu cap co mot so vong ong truc c at tre n mot truc chung (hnh 5.22).
C gia hai banh cong tac c at mot thiet b nh hng.
Cong dung cua no :
o Van lai dong ra t banh cong tac.
o Cho dong mot hng can thiet e trao oi nang l ng tch cc cap sau.
o Bien oi mot phan cot ap ong thanh the nang.
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Chng V: Quat 177
Thiet b nh h ng c lam t nhng tam cong eu co chieu day bien oi, co sc can
mat trc nho. So cap ap suat trong may truc co khi len e n 20 cap.
5.3.5- ieu kien lam vie c cua quat truc
Cac thanh phan cua canh dan cua qua t truc, nhng khoang cach khac nhau ca ch tam,
quay vi nhng van toc khac nhau. V vay, canh dan vi chieu rong khong oi va cac goc ra vao
khong oi tao nen cot ap thay oi theo chie u dai cua canh dan. ieu nay dan en s di chuyen
hng knh cua cac phan t chat long trong dong chay cua banh cong tac va s thao dan lam
giam hieu suat cua quat.
Hien tng di chuyen hng knh nay ac biet ro trong cac cap cua quat truc co o dai
canh dan ln. V vay cac cap cua quat truc co o dai canh dan ln thng c thiet ke t ieu
kien khong co s di chuyen hng knh cua dong chat long.
Ta biet rang: trong cac loai may truc, neu bo qua lc nht cua dong, th ieu kien can
bang hng knh c the hien bang ang thc:
r.c
u
= const (5.73)
Cong thc nay co gia tr thc te rat ln. ieu kien e khong co s chuyen o ng hng
knh ch thc hien c khi khong co s thay oi cua qua trnh tuan hoan theo chieu dai canh
dan. Trong trng h p nay, moi mot phan t cua dong chay chuye n ong theo mat tru tron cua
ban knh tng ng.
Phng trnh (5.73) la luan e quan trong nhat trong thuyet Giuko pxki. Thc hie n c
bieu thc nay trong quat truc cho phep tang rat nhieu hieu suat cua may.
Anh hng cua ieu kien (5.73) len hnh dang ket cau cua canh the hien cho canh da n
co dang cong xoan oc vi nhng goc |
1
, |
2
thay oi theo chieu dai canh dan. Nhng canh dan
loai nay c s dung rat rong rai, ac biet nhng may o ng lot co ng knh tng oi nho.
Trong nh ng may ong lot co ng knh tng oi ln, canh dan c lam khong cong,
nhng day cung giam t trong ra ngoai.
5.3.6- a c tnh cua quat tru c

Hnh 5.23 ng ac tnh cua mot so loai quat truc
1. Quat thuoc seri Y-12 N
o
16 2. Quat thuoc seri BC
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Chng V: Quat 178
Tng t nh nhng may ly tam, ac tnh cua may truc (quat truc) cho ta moi quan he
gia cot ap (ap suat), cong suat tren truc va hieu suat vi lu lng.
ng ac tnh thng c xay dng bang cach th vi so vong quay khong oi va c
tnh vi nhng so vong quay khac nhau theo cong thc ty le.
Dang ng ac tnh c xac nh nh ket cau va cac tnh chat thuy kh ong hoc cua
may.
* ng ac tnh quat truc khi n = const
Khac vi may ly tam, ng ac tnh cot ap cua may truc thng co dang yen nga. Mat
khac nhng may cot ap thap, th ng gap dang nghieng cua loai ng ac tnh nay.

Hnh 5.24 ng ac tnh cua quat truc cot ap thap
Dang ye n nga tren ng ac tnh giai thch s giam cua lc nang canh khi co lu l ng
nho va goc tien ta ng va giai thch s hien dien cua dong th cap.
ng ac tnh cong suat cua quat truc cho thay s giam cong suat khi tang Q hoac gan
nh nam ngang (hnh 5.24). V vay khi ong quat truc cho phep m hoan toan van tre n ong hut,
tc la co chu tai trong.
ng ac tnh hieu suat cua quat truc co canh dan lam viec c gan chat vi ong lot
co cc ai bieu hien ro. Khi che o lam viec b lech khoi v tr toi u, hieu suat thay oi ot
ngot.
Phan lam viec cua ng ac tnh c thanh lap phan on nh cua no (ben phai iem
B tre n hnh 5.24). Gia tr cc ai cho phep thap nhat cua hieu suat khoang 0,9 q
max
.
5.3.7 ieu chnh lu l ng
ieu chnh lu lng cua quat truc co the c tien hanh bang cach thay oi so vong
quay, thay oi goc quay cua canh dan lam viec bang thiet b hng dong cua vao va bang tiet
lu.
Cach th nhat co hieu qua hn ca.
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Chng V: Quat 179
ieu chnh bang tiet lu ac biet khong kinh te, v lu lng b giam trong khi cong suat
khong oi hoac tang. V vay tieu hao nang lng tren mot n v the tch chat long khi ieu
chnh bang phng phap nay tang.
Khi ieu chnh quat bang goc quay canh dan cua banh cong tac hay bang thiet b hng
dong cua vao tiet kiem rat ln nang lng trong qua trnh truyen o ng. Khi ieu chnh bang
goc quay canh dan hoac thiet b hng dong rat tien li trong viec s dung ng ac tnh ieu
chnh tieu chuan.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 180
CHNG VI: KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE MAY NEN

6.1- KHAI NIEM CHUNG
6.1.1-nh ngha
May nen la may e nen kh vi c so tang ap c > 1,15 va co lam lanh nhan tao ni xay ra
qua trnh nen kh.
Cong dung cua may nen la nen kh va di chuyen kh nen en ni tieu thu theo he thong ong
dan.
May nen dung e thao kh t bnh chan khong va nen chung en ap suat kh quyen hoac ap
suat ln hn, c goi la bm chan khong.
Cac thong so c ban ac trng cho s lam viec cua may nen la: lu lng the tch Q (thng
c tnh trong ieu kien hut), ap suat au p
1
va ap suat cuoi p
2
hoac he so tang ap c = p
2
/p
1
,
so vong quay n va cong suat N tren truc cua may nen.
6.1.2-Phan loai may nen
* Theo nguyen ly lam viec co the chia may nen ra lam 3 loai:
o May nen the tch.
o May nen canh dan.
o May nen phun tia.
* Theo ket cau
May nen the tch co 2 loai:
o May nen piston.
o May nen roto.
May nen canh dan co 2 loai:
o May nen ly tam.
o May nen truc.
Ngoai ra con co the chia may nen ra thanh tng nhom theo dang chat kh lam viec, theo
dang truyen dan,
6.1.3- S o ket cau mot so may nen ien hnh
* May nen piston ( mot piston vi mot cap nen)
Vi chuyen ong tnh tien len xuong cua piston, cac qua trnh sau c thc hien: Dan n,
Hut, Nen, ay. Phng phap tac dung cua may nen piston da vao s thai kh bang piston, cho
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 181
phep xay dng c nhng ket cau vi ng knh va hanh trnh piston nho, co ap suat l n khi lu
lng be.

Hnh 6.1 May nen piston
* May nen roto dang tam phang:

Hnh 6.2 May nen roto dang tam phang
1. Vo 2. Roto
3. Cac tam phang 4. Ong hut
5. Ong ay
Khi roto 2 quay, trong cac ranh doc cua roto, cac tam phang 3 co the t do di chuyen, kh
c ien a y trong khoang khong gian gia cac canh c mang t ong hut 4 en ong ay 5 va
c thai ra he thong ong dan.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 182
Truc roto cua may nen co the noi vi truc cua ong c khi ong mot cach trc tiep khong
can bo truyen ong. ieu nay lam cho may gian tien, de dung va lam giam khoi lng cua may.
* May nen ly tam:

Hnh 6.3 May nen ly tam

Nguyen ly lam viec tng t nh bm ly tam. Truc cua may nen ly tam noi vi truc cu a
ong c khi ong (ong c ien hoac tuabin hi nc) hoac trc tiep, hoac qua truyen dan c hoc
e tang so vong quay cua truc may nen nham giam kch thc cua may nen va giam khoi lng
cung nh giam gia may.
* May nen truc:

Hnh 6.4 May nen truc
1. Canh dan cong tac (canh dan ong) 2. Roto 3. Canh dan hng dong
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 183
Ket cau gom roto co gan canh dan lam viec, vo co gan canh da n hng dong co nh. Kh
c hut vao ong hut, chuyen ong doc truc va ong thi b nen trong cac cap nen cua canh dan.
Qua ong ay kh c ay vao he thong ong dan en ni tieu thu.
e khi ong may nen truc dung ong c ien, tuabin hi nc hoac tuabin kh.

6.2 - NHIET ONG HOC MAY NEN
6.2.1- Qua trnh nen kh
a- Phng trnh c ban
Ly thuyet n gian nhat cua may nen da tren thuyet nhiet ong hoc kh ly tng thoa man
phng trnh:
p = .R.T (6.1)
Khi ap suat cuoi cua qua trnh nen kh ln hn 10
6
N/m
2
co the dung phng trnh trang thai
kh thc:
p = Z..R.T (6.2)
Z - he so nen c, gia tr thc nghiem cua no phu thuoc vao cac ai lng khong th nguyen p/p
gh

va T/T
gh
.
b- Cac qua trnh nhiet ong c ban c s dung trong thuyet may nen
Khi ket hp s dung nh luat th nhat cua nhiet ong hoc va phng trnh trang thai kh ly
tng, ta thu c cac phng trnh cua qua trnh nen va dan n xay ra trong may nen:
* Qua trnh a bien: const
p
n
=

hay const pv
n
= (6.3)
* Qua trnh oan nhiet: const
p
k
=

hay const pv
k
= (6.4)
* Qua trnh ang nhiet: const
p
=

hay const pv = (6.5)


Qua trnh a bien la dang tong quat cua qua trnh nhiet ong hoc xay ra trong may nen phu
thuoc vao ieu kien ben ngoai va ben trong vi ch so n = 1,15 1,8.
Qua trnh oan nhiet la qua trnh khong co trao oi nhiet vi moi trng ben ngoai; trong
qua trnh nay co the co s tao nhiet lng ben trong do cong cua ma sat kh va s tao xoay. Qua
trnh oan nhiet mot cach nghiem ngat khong the thu c trong may nen v khong the cach ly
nhiet mot cach hoan toan dong kh vi moi trng ben ngoai.
Qua trnh ang nhiet a c trng cho tra ng thai ang nhiet do khong co s trao oi nhiet vi
moi trng ben ngoai va khong co s tao nang lng ben trong di anh hng cua ma sat kh
trong dong chay. Trong cac may nen thc, qua trnh ang nhiet khong the xay ra c.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 184
c- o th T-S va p-v
* o th T-S: Cac qua trnh a neu tren rat tien bieu th bang o th tren truc T-S.


Hnh 6.5 o th T-S
ay ta a ra nhng dang c ban cua qua trnh nen:
o Qua trnh a bien n < k ac trng cho may nen co qua trnh lam lanh manh bang
nc (hnh 6.5 a) ( may nen the tch).
o Qua trnh a bien n > k ac trng cho cac ma y nen co qua trnh lam lanh yeu bang
nc hoac lam la nh bang khong kh (hnh 6.5 b) (may nen canh dan)
Qua trnh ang entropi vi S = const (hnh 6.5 c)
Qua trnh ang nhiet vi T = const (hnh 6.5 d)
* Cac qua trnh c, d trong may nen la khong the thc hien c v:
o S tao thanh nhiet lng do cong cua ma sat kh ben trong xuat hien qua ln.
o Khong the lam c ket cau he thong lanh cua may nen e cho he thong nay am
bao c qua trnh nen kh vi nhie t o khong oi.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 185
Do vay trong thuyet may nen, hai qua trnh nay ch s dung e anh gia hieu suat nang
lng cua may nen.
Qua trnh nen trong cac trng hp tren la ng 1-2. Trong trng hp a,b qua trnh nen
(ap suat tang) dan theo s thay oi entropi va tang nhiet o cua kh; v vay entanpi tang.
Trong qua trnh nen a bien vi n < k:
- ng 1-2 la qua trnh nen xay ra vung lam viec (trong xilanh, trong ranh cua banh
cong tac va vo) cua may nen;
- ng 2-3 la qua trnh lam lanh ang ap cua kh nen ang ra khoi may nen, qua
trnh nay xay ra bo phan lam lanh cua may nen va trong mang li ong dan.
Theo nh luat bao toan nang lng: cong ma may nen cung cho dong kh trong cac qua
trnh nen va dan n kh (khong ke ti ton that c kh), bang tong nhiet lng lay c t kh trong
cac qua trnh nen va qua trnh lam lanh ang ap.
Ta s dung nh ngha c ban cua entropi trong qua trnh nhiet ong c ban:

T
dQ
dS =
oi vi ng 1-2 va 2-3, ta co:

}
=

2
1
2 1
TdS Q va
}
=

3
2
3 2
TdS Q
Bieu thc di dau tch phan la nhng phan to dien tch cua cac qua trnh nen va lam lanh,
c bieu dien tren o th T-S. Suy ra, lng nang lng n v c cung cho kh e thc hien qua
trnh nen va dan n kh bang tong cua cac dien tch 1-2-5-6 va 2-3-4-5.
Khi nen kh theo a bien vi n > k, thng ac trng cho may nen vi s lam lanh bang
khong kh hoac bang nc cng o thap, dien tch 1-2-6-5 trong qua trnh nen a bien 1-2 la lng
nhiet c tao thanh trong dong chay do ma sat kh va s tao xoay.
Nang lng cung cho may nen, dung e chi ph cho cac qua trnh cua may nen (nen va da n
n) va cho cong cua ma sat kh trong dong chay. Cong cua cac qua trnh may nen bang dien tch 1-
2-3-4-5. Suy ra, nang lng toan phan ma may nen a chi ph (khong ke nang lng a san ra e
khac phuc ton that c kh va ton that lu lng), c bieu th bang dien tch 2-3-4-6 (hnh b).
Neu qua trnh trong may nen xay ra theo ang entropi 1-2 th s hao ton nang lng
toan phan bang dien tch1-2-3-4-5, tc la nho hn mot dien tch 2-2-6-5. Suy ra, s tang nang
lng, ma may nen hao ton, khi chuyen t qua trnh ang entropi sang qua trnh a bien thc vi n
> k, gay nen s tang tieu thu nang lng bang dien tch 2-2-6-5. Ro rang, dien tch 1-2-2 la nang
lng hao ph phu trong qua trnh nen va qua trnh dan n mot the tch, xuat hien do ket qua cu a
qua trnh lam nong kh trong khi a1t va tao xoay.
oi vi cac qua trnh ang entropi va ang nhiet tren o th T-S (hnh c, d) th s minh hoa
tren cung c s dung.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 186
Nang lng hao ton trong qua trnh nen ang nhiet la nho nhat (hnh d), bieu th bang dien
tch 1-2-4-5.
* o th p-v: trong mot so trng hp cac qua trnh cua may nen tien nhat la bie u th tren o
th pv.

Hnh 6.6 o th p-v
ng 1-2, qua trnh nen a bien vi n < k;
ng 2-3, qua trnh lam lanh, qua trnh nay mot cach ly thuyet xay ra theo ng ang ap
p = const, nhng thc te co lech khoi ng ang ap.
ng 1-2, bieu th qua trnh nen ang entropi;
ng 1-2, bieu th qua trnh nen ang nhiet;
ng 1-2, bieu th qua trnh nen a bien vi n > k.
6.2.2- Phng trnh nang lng (cong nen)
a- Cong nen cua qua trnh a bien
Nang lng L, hao ton trong qua trnh cua may nen, khi nen va dan n 1kg khoi lng kh,
c bieu dien bang dien tch tren o th p-v la dien tch gii han bi cac ng ang ap vi ap suat
au p
1
va ap suat cuoi p
2
, ng nen a bien va truc toa o (hnh 6.6).
oi vi qua trnh a bien, ta co:

}
+ =
2
1
1 1 2 2
v p v p pdv L ; (6.6)
(dau tr trc dau tch phan bieu th p,v nghch bien).
T phng trnh nen a bien
n
1 1
n
v . p v . p = , ta co:
n
n
1 1
v
v . p
p =
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 187
Thay vao phng trnh (6.6), ta c:

}
+ =
2
1
1 1 2 2
n
n
1 1
v . p v . p
v
dv
v . p L
Ta tien hanh bien oi nh sau:

} }
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
= =

+

2
1
2
1
1 n
1
1 n
2
1 n
n
n
v
1
v
1
1 n
1
1 n
v
dv v
v
dv

So hang th nhat trong phng trnh (6.6) se la:
( )
} }

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

2
1
2
1
1 1 2 2
1 n
1
n
1 1
1 n
2
n
2 2
n
n
1 1
v p v p
1 n
1
v
v p
v
v p
1 n
1
v
dv
v p pdv
Vay bieu thc nang lng cua qua trnh a bien la:
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
v p v p
1 n
n
v p v p v p v p
1 n
1
L

= +

=

|
|
.
|

\
|

= 1
v p
v p
v p
1 n
n
1 1
2 2
1 1

Ta co the s dung cac cong thc cua nhiet ong hoc sau:

2
1
n
1
2
p
p
v
v
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
hay
n
1
1
2
n
1
2
1
1
2
p
p
p
p
v
v

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Nh vay:
n
1 n
1
2
n
1
1
1
2
n
1
1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
v p
v p


|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Hay:
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

1
p
p
v p
1 n
n
L
n
1 n
1
2
1 1
(6.7)
Moi lien he gia ap suat va nhiet o trong qua trnh a bien c xac nh bang ty so:

1 n
n
1
2
1
2
T
T
p
p

|
|
.
|

\
|
= (6.8)
V vay:
|
|
.
|

\
|

= 1
T
T
v p
1 n
n
L
1
2
1 1
(6.9)
Ket hp phng trnh trang thai
1 1 1
RT v p = ta c:
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 188
( )
1 2
T T R
1 n
n
L

= (6.10)
b- Cong nen cua qua trnh ang entropi (ang nhiet)
Phng trnh a bien va ang entropi (6.3) va (6.4) hoan toan tng t, ch khac ch so. V
vay oi vi qua trnh ang entropi ta co the viet phng trnh:

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

1
p
p
v p
1 k
k
L
k
1 k
1
2
1 1 de
(6.11)
Neu ap dung ty so:
k
1 k
1
de 2
1
2
T
T
p
p

|
|
.
|

\
|
= (6.12)
Ta co:
|
|
.
|

\
|

= 1
T
T
v p
1 k
k
L
1
de 2
1 1 de
(6.13)
Hay: ( )
1 de 2 de
T T R
1 k
k
L

= (6.14)
Ma ta a biet
v p
C C R = va
v
p
C
C
k = . Do o phng trnh (6.14) co the viet la:
( )
1 de 2 1 de 2 p de
i i T T C L = = (6.15)
Phng trnh nay bieu dien cong cua qua trnh ang entropi cua may nen theo entanpi au
va cuoi cua kh b nen.
c- Cong nen cua qua trnh ang nhiet
T o th p-v, ta co:

2 2 1 1
v p v p pv = =
Thay vao phng trnh (6.6), ta co:

}
=
2
1
dn
pdv L
Ma oi vi qua trnh ang nhiet, thoa man bieu thc:

v
v p
p v p pv
1 1
1 1
= =
Suy ra:
}
= = = = =
2
1 1
2
1 1
2
1
1 1
1
2
1 1
2
1
1 1 1 1 dn
p
p
ln v p
v
v
ln v p
v
v
ln v p v ln v p
v
dv
v p L
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 189
Hay ta co:
1
2
1 1 dn
p
p
ln v p L = (6.16)
Ta co nhan xet rang: cac bieu thc a viet tren cho phep ta xac nh c tieu hao nang
lng e duy tr cac qua trnh cua may nen, nhng khong cho ta biet s phan bo nang lng a tieu
hao cho s thay oi cua cac thong so rieng re cua qua trnh .
e xac nh c s phan bo nang lng cho s thay oi cua cac thong so, ta s dung ieu
kien bao toan nang lng: nang lng tieu hao trong cac qua trnh cua may nen dung e thay oi
entanpi, ong nang cua kh va e khac phuc mat mat vao moi trng ben ngoai.
ieu kien nay co the viet dang tong quat nhat o la phng trnh can bang nang lng
cua cac qua trnh cua may nen:
q
2
c
i L
2
c
i
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ + = + + (6.17)
Hay la: ( ) q
2
c c
T T C q
2
c c
i i L
2
1
2
2
1 2 p
2
1
2
2
1 2
+

+ = +

+ = (6.18)
* Trong ly thuyet va tnh toan may nen con s dung cac thong so ham:
Neu mot dong kh ang entropi co nhiet o T va van toc C c ham mot cach hoan toan,
tc la ong nang cua no c bien thanh nhiet lng va nhiet o cua kh tang len en T
*
, th
T
*
c goi la nhiet o ham.
Luc o can bang nang lng la:

-
= + T C
2
c
T C
p
2
p

=>
p
2
C 2
c
T T + =
-
(6.19)
Vay: nang lng rieng cua qua trnh ang entropi c bieu dien theo nhiet o ham la:
( )
- - - -
= =
1 2 1 2 p de
i i T T C L (6.20)
Ap suat ham c xac nh theo cong thc:

1 k
k
T
T
p p

-
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (6.21)
6.2.3- Cong suat cua may nen

CK o
. . 1000
L . Q .
N
q q

= ; kw (6.22)
Trong o:
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 190
- khoi lng rieng cua kh luc vao may nen (kg/m
3
)
Q- lu lng the tch cua may nen (m
3
/s)
L- nang lng rieng cua qua trnh cua may nen (J/kg)
o
q - hieu suat the tch, khi tnh en mat mat the tch kh do s do r qua cac vach lam kn

CK
q - hieu suat c kh do khac phuc ma sat c kh va truyen dan cua cac c cau c hoc phu
(v du: bm dau, qua t, bm cua he thong lanh,)
6.2.4- Hieu suat cua may nen
Hieu qua cua may nen khong the anh gia bang hieu suat nang lng thong thng, tc la:
ty so gia nang lng ma kh nhan c vi nang lng b tieu hao e duy tr qua trnh cua may
nen.
Theo phng trnh (6.18):
+ Nang lng b tieu hao la:
( ) q
2
c c
T T C L
2
1
2
2
1 2 p
+

+ =
Vi ieu kien: c
1
= c
2
(ta gia thiet van toc kh khong oi)
( ) q T T C L
1 2 p
+ =
+ Nang lng ma kh nhan c trong qua trnh cu a may nen:
( )
1 2 p
T T C q L =
Hieu suat nang lng cua may nen la:

( )
( ) q T T C
T T C
1 2 p
1 2 p
+

= q (6.23)
Khi ng dung bieu thc nay oi vi qua trnh ang nhiet cua may nen vi T
1
= T
2
, ta c q
= 0.
Ma nh trc ay ta a chng minh, rang trong tat ca cac qua trnh co the xay ra c trong
may nen, th qua trnh ang nhiet la qua trnh co tieu hao nang lng t nhat tc la qua trnh kinh te
nhat. Nhng theo (6.23) ta lai thu c q = 0.
Vay nguyen nhan la au?
Ta a biet: trong qua trnh ang nhiet cua may nen C
p
(T
2
- T
1
) = 0, suy ra entanpi cua kh,
khi ta so sanh no nh la n v o nang lng, la khong oi. Ma oi vi cac qua trnh nen kh, khi
entanpi c bao toan gia tr cua entanpi, qua trnh cua may nen se chuyen sang mc the nang mi,
tng ng vi ap suat p
2
cao hn va no cho phep kh co the thc hien c cong khi da n en a p
suat ban au.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 191
Suy ra, anh gia nang lng ma kh nhan c trong qua trnh cua may nen bang s thay
oi entanpi la khong co y ngha, v vay khi bao toan entanpi khong oi th kha nang thc hien cong
cua kh c tang len. T ay co the noi rang: khong cho phe p anh gia s hoan thien cua may nen
bang gia tr cua hieu suat nang lng thong thng.
* S hoan thien cua may nen c anh gia bang hieu suat nhiet ong tng oi. o la
hieu suat ang nhiet q
n
va hieu suat ang entropi q
e
.
o Neu qua trnh a bien thc xay ra vi ch so n, vi nang lng rie ng L, th ta co:
q
n
=
L
L
dn
(6.24)
q
e
=
L
L
de
(6.25)
o q
n
dung e anh gia may nen co qua trnh lam lanh manh bang nc (v du: may
nen piston va roto). oi vi loai may nen nay, qua trnh ang nhie t co nang lng
rieng nho nhat va la qua trnh chuan cua may.
o Nhng loai may nen co lam lanh yeu (v du: may nen ly tam va may nen truc) c
anh gia nh q
e
. Co ngha la oi vi nhng loai may nay, qua trnh ang entropi la
qua trnh chuan va hoan thien nhat.
* Moi lien he gia hieu suat ang entropi tng oi vi cac thong so ham cua qua trnh.
T (6.1) va (6.11):
p = .R.T

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

1
p
p
v p
1 k
k
L
k
1 k
1
2
1 1 de

Ta co:
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

-
-
-

-
-
-
k
1 k
1
2
1 p
k
1 k
1
2
1 de
p
p
T C 1
p
p
RT
1 k
k
L
Qua trnh thc la a bien va co bieu thc (6.18):
( ) q
2
c c
T T C L
2
1
2
2
1 2 p
+

+ =
Khi viet theo thong so ham vi ieu kien q = 0, ta co:
( )
1 2 p
T T C L = (6.26)
T hai bieu thc nay ta co:
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 192
q
e
=
L
L
de
=
1
T
T
1
p
p
1
2
k
1 k
1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
-
-

-
-
(6.27)
* Cong thc dung e tnh hieu suat ang nhiet tng oi, e anh gia may nen the tch 1
cap co lam la nh manh bang nc thu c t (6.16) va (6.26):

1
2
1 1 dn
p
p
ln v p L =
( )
1 2 p
T T C L =
Vay: q
n
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
T
T
C
p
p
ln R
1
2
p
1
2
(6.28)
( ay s dung thong so ham khong co y ngha v m au va ket thuc qua trnh nen van toc dong
kh khong ang ke).
6.2.5- Lam lanh trung gian va nen nhieu cap
Ap suat ma may nen ta o c khi lam viec trong s o cong nghe san xuat at ti nhng
gia tr rat ln. Mat khac, e tao c ap suat cao trong mot cap cua may nen gap kho khan.
Nguyen nhan:
Trong may nen the tch: la s tang qua mc nhiet o cuoi qua trnh nen, gay nen
s khong the thiet ke mot may nen co the lay nhiet lng t kh nen u manh.
Trong may nen canh dan: la khong cho phep van toc canh dan qua ln, v canh dan
c lam t nhng vat lieu co o ben xac nh.
V vay: e tang ap suat trong qua trnh nen ngi ta thng dung:
Lam lanh kh trong qua trnh nen
Tien hanh nen kh nhng cap noi tiep, ong thi thc hien giam nhiet o kh
thiet b lanh c at gia cac cap.
S o chung cua may nen co cac cap nen:
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 193

Hnh 6.7 S o nen nhieu cap
1,2 Thiet b lanh 3,4,5 Cap may nen
S dung may nen co cap vi s lam lanh kh nhng thiet b lanh (TBL) gia cac cap a
lai tiet kiem ln nang lng phai tieu hao e dan ong may nen. ieu nay thay ro tren o th T-S
va p-v cua may nen 2 cap:

Hnh 6.8 o th T-S va p-v khi nen hai cap

Neu qua trnh nen tien hanh trong 1 cap, th ng nen c bieu th bang ng a bien co
n > k : 1-2. Khi nen cung trong khoang a p suat ay, 2 cap c bieu th bang ng gap khuc 1-
2-1-2, c tao bi 2 ng a bien 1-2 va 1-2 va mot ng ang ap 2-1, la qua trnh
lam lanh thiet b lanh gi a cap vi ap suat cap p
c
= const. Trong 2 o th, nang lng tiet kiem
c t qua trnh nen 2 cap co lam lanh gia cap c bieu dien bang dien tch c gach ngang
1-2-2-2.
Trong may nen hien ai, ngi ta s dung:
1. Lam lanh may nen bang cach a nc vao khoang c lam ac biet trong vo uc
goi la lam lanh trong . Phng phap nay lam tot mot cach ang ke ieu kien tra dau m
cua may nen piston. Con bang phng phap nay muon tiet kiem nang lng va a qua
trnh nen ve ang nhiet khong thc hien c. Nguyen nhan la ieu kien trao oi nhiet
gia cac dong kh va nc lanh gap kho khan.
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Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen 194
2. Lam lanh trong thiet b lanh c at gia hai cap rieng re goi la lam lanh ngoai.
Vi phng phap nay s dung thiet b lanh dang ong co be mat tiep xuc ln co the thu
c tiet kiem nang lng tieu hao 1 phan. Trong cac may nen ly tam, cac thiet b lanh
thng c phan bo gia cac nhom cap e lam n gian ket cau cua thiet b.
3. Lam lanh lien hp la ket hp ca lam lanh trong va lam lanh ngoai. Phng pha p nay co
tnh hieu qua ln nhat va c s dung rat rong rai mac du ket cau phc tap va tang gia
thiet b.
4. Lam lanh bang s phun nc lanh vao dong kh trc cap th nhat cua may nen. Vi
phng phap nay nhiet lng kh c tieu hao tng phan e lam bay hi nc lam lanh
va nhiet o cuoi qua trnh nen b giam kha nhieu. Nhc iem cua phng phap nay la
lam am kh do o trong mot so trng hp khong the dung c.
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Chng VII: May nen canh dan 195
CHNG VII: MAY NEN CANH DAN

7.1- MA Y NEN CA NH DA N LY TAM
7.1.1- Nguyen ly lam vie c cua may nen ly tam

Hnh 7.1 S o nguyen ly cua cap may nen ly tam
1.a chnh 5.Ong tang ap
2.Canh dan 6.Ranh canh h ng quay
3.a phu 7.Ranh canh h ng ngc
4.Truc 8.oan vao
Tren s o la hnh ve n gian cua banh cong tac cua may nen ly tam. Kh i vao banh
cong tac theo hng truc (nh hnh ve) sau o quay 1 goc 90
o
va i vao ranh canh. Ranh canh
c tao nen bi a chnh 1, cac canh dan 2 va a phu 3.
Canh dan trong khi quay a truyen cho kh mot chuyen ong quay. ay lc ly tam xuat
hien va ay cac phan t kh chuyen o ng t trong ra ngoai va nh vay kh b nen lai. Chuyen
ong tng oi cua dong kh trong may ne n ly tam theo ng xoan oc. Sau khi ra khoi banh
cong tac, kh b nen i vao ong tang ap 5 nam bao quanh banh cong tac. ay ong nang bien
thanh the nang, tc la ap lc tnh cua khong kh nen tang. Ong tang ap co the co canh h ng
hoac khong co canh hng. Trong o ng nay kh nen cung chuyen ong theo ng xoan oc.
Nh co cac canh quat h ng quay 6 va canh quat hng ngc 7, kh nen c a vao
banh cong tac qua tang sau. cac canh dan nay dong cung b xoan theo chuyen ong xoan oc.
oan vao 8 am bao cho kh nen vao banh cong ta c tang sau c eu.
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Chng VII: May nen canh dan 196
Tang (hay cap) may ne n bao gom: banh cong tac, ong tang ap, cac canh nh hng xuoi
va ngc.
7.1.2- Phng trnh lam vie c cua cap may nen

Hnh 7.2 S o chuyen ong cua dong kh trong cap nen

Khi cho dong kh chay qua ranh canh cua cap, trang thai cua no b thay oi do co s trao
oi nang lng gia dong kh va banh cong tac, do ma sat kh, do s tao thanh xoay va do co
trao oi nhiet vi moi trng ben ngoai may nen.
* Ta viet phng trnh can bang cua dong kh tre n oan 1-2(J/kg):
Nang lng cua kh tai mat cat 1 ca vao banh cong tac trong kenh gia canh dan:

1 p
2
1
1
T C
2
c
L + =
Nang lng ma cac canh dan cong tac a truyen cho kh theo phng trnh Euler:

u 1 1 u 2 2
c u c u L =
Nang lng cua kh thiet die n ra gia cac ranh canh dan:

2 p
2
2
2
T C
2
c
L + =
Neu qua banh cong tac, nhiet lng c truyen t kh ra moi trng ben ngoai la q, th
phng trnh can bang nang l ng la:

2 1
L q L L = +
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Chng VII: May nen canh dan 197
Hay: ( ) = + + q c u c u T C
2
c
u 1 1 u 2 2 1 p
2
1
2 p
2
2
T C
2
c
+
Suy ra, nhiet o ne n cuoi cung banh co ng tac la:
( ) | |
p
u 1 1 u 2 2
2
2
2
1
p
1 de 2
C
q
c u c u 2 c c
C 2
1
T T + + = (7.1)
Khi gia s qua trnh la ang entropi, ta c:
( ) | |
u 1 1 u 2 2
2
2
2
1
p
1 de 2
c u c u 2 c c
C 2
1
T T + + = (7.2)
Ngoai ra khi nen ang entro pi ta co:

k
1 k
1
2
1
de 2
p
p
T
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
T (7.2) suy ra:
( ) | |
1 k
k
u 1 1 u 2 2
2
2
2
1
1 p
1 2
c u c u 2 c c
T C 2
1
1 p p

+ + = (7.3)
Phng trnh (7.2) va (7.3) lien he cac yeu to nhiet ong T, p va C
p
vi cac kch thc
hnh hoc, so vong quay va dang canh dan banh cong tac cua may nen. Cac phng trnh nay
khong c khang nh qua cac th nghiem v qua trnh nen thc trong banh co ng tac khong phai
la ang entropi.
Van toc ln cua dong kh gia cac ranh canh cua cap gay nen nhng mat mat ang ke
do ma sat va tao xoay va s chuyen hoa mot phan nang lng cua do ng kh thanh nhiet lng.
ieu nay dan en qua trnh nen thc co dang qua trnh a bien vi ch so n:
pv
n
= const
Ngoai ra s tan nhiet t dong kh trong banh co ng tac va moi trng ben ngoai kho ng
ang ke. oi vi qua trnh nen trong trng hp nay co the cho q = 0 va:

1 n
n
1
2
1
2
T
T
p
p

|
|
.
|

\
|
= (7.4)
Vi n = 1,5 1,62
Trong thc te tnh toan va anh gia cap cua may nen canh dan ly tam co lam lanh ye u,
ngi ta s dung hieu suat ang entropi (q
e
= L
e
/L)
T hai cong thc (7.1) va (7.4) vi q = 0 va khi s dung bie u thc q
e
qua cap nen vi cac
qua trnh ang entropi va a bien, ta c:
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Chng VII: May nen canh dan 198
( ) | |
1 n
n
u 1 1 u 2 2
2
2
2
1
1 p
de
1 2
c u c u 2 c c
T C 2
1 p p

+
q
+ = (7.5)
q
e
= 0,8 0,9
Phng trnh (7.5) co the s dung e tnh toan ap suat cuoi trong banh cong tac cua cap
may nen.
* Thiet b nh hn
Trong cac thiet b nh hng cua banh cong tac, nang lng khong c truyen cho
dong kh t ben ngoai. ay ch xay ra s bien oi ong nang tha nh the nang hoac ngc lai.
Neu gia s rang s trao oi nhiet vi moi tr ng ben ngoai la kho ng co, khi can bang
nang lng cua dong tren oan 3-4 se la:

2
c
T C
2
c
T C
2
4
4 p
2
3
3 p
+ = + (7.6)
T ay suy ra:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
3
2
4
3 p
2
3
3
4
c
c
1
T C 2
c
1
T
T
(7.7)
T nh luat: R.c
u
= const, suy ra:

4
3
3
4
R
R
c
c
= ;
4 3
R , R - cac ban knh.
Ta co:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
4
2
3
3 p
2
3
3
4
R
R
1
T C 2
c
1
T
T
(7.8)
Gia s qua trnh la a bien ta co:
1 n
n
3
4
3
4
T
T
p
p

|
|
.
|

\
|
= ; suy ra:

1 n
n
2
4
2
3
3 p
2
3
3 4
R
R
1
T C 2
c
1 p p

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = (7.9)
Ch so n phu thuoc vao ie u kien lam la nh va oi vi ket cau may nen thng n = 1,5.
7.1.3- Tnh toan lai ng ac tnh
a- Khi thay oi so vong quay: (ng dung ong dang)
Cho ng ac tnh cua may nen vi so vong quay n
a
. Yeu cau dng lai ng ac tnh
vi so vo ng quay n
b
nho hn hoac ln hn n
a
, khi thanh phan kh va cac tho ng so ban au kho ng
oi.
Lu lng cua may nen c xac nh theo phng trnh lien tuc bang gia tr cua van toc
tuyet oi, ma van toc nay theo ieu kien o ng dang ong hoc ty le vi va n toc vong, suy ra la ty
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Chng VII: May nen canh dan 199
le vi so vong quay. V vay vi he so nen khong ln lam, e tnh toan lai lu lng co the s
dung cong thc ong dang thong thng:

a
b
a b
n
n
. Q Q = (7.10)
Tnh toan lu lng theo (7.10) khong c chnh xac lam, mc o sai cang ln khi he so
tang ap cang ln.
T phng trnh can bang nang lng cua qua trnh trong may nen (lien he the nang c
cung cho canh dan vi nang lng cua dong kh trong may ne n), suy ra trong qua trnh ang
entro pi:

2
k
1 k
a
n 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
c


n - so vong quay cua truc may nen.
V vay, oi vi 2 so vo ng quay n
a
va n
b
, co the chap nhan moi lien he sau:

2
b
2
a
k
1 k
b
k
1 k
a
n
n
1
1
=
c
c

(7.11)
Suy ra, he so tang ap vi so vong quay n
b
:

1 k
k
k
1 k
a
2
a
b
b
1
n
n
1

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = c (7.12)
oi vi may nen khong kh cong thc (7.12) co the viet gan ung nh sau:
( )
3
3
a
2
a
b
b
1
n
n
1
(
(

c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ ~ c (7.13)
Theo nhng gia tr cua lu l ng a tnh toan tng ng vi c
b
, ta se tnh ap suat p
b
= p
1
.
c
b
va xay dng ng ac tnh cho che o ng vi n
b
.
e n gian va vi chu y rang cong suat cua may ne n ty le vi khoi l ng rie ng cua kh,
th cong suat cua che o b c tnh theo cong thc gan ung nh sau:

a
3
a
b
a
b
b
N
n
n
N
|
|
.
|

\
|

= (7.14)
b- Khi thay oi tnh chat vat ly cua kh
Tnh chat vat ly cua kh s dung trong bai toan ang xet c ac trng bang cac gia tr
R, k = C
p
/C
v
, v.
ng ac tnh a cho cua may nen vi nhiet o va ap suat ban au la T
2a
va p
1a
, lam
viec vi so vong quay n
a
vi kh co cac hang so la R
a
, k
a
, v
a
.
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Chng VII: May nen canh dan 200
Yeu cau tnh toan lai ng ac tnh lam viec cua may nen khi so vong quay khong oi,
nhng kh co cac ha ng so R
b
, k
b
, v
b
va cac thong so ban au la T
2b
va p
1b
.
Trng h p thng gap nhat la may nen lam viec vi kh 2 phan t. V vay ta gia s
k
a
= k
b
= 1,41.
Anh h ng cua so Re loai tr va v vay anh hng cua o nht khi tnh toan co the bo
qua.
ieu kien tng t cho ta he so lu lng la khong oi. V vay:

b 1
b 1
a 1
a 1
u
c
u
c
= hay
b 1 a 1
c c =
T o suy ra:
b 1 1 a 1 1
c S c S = hay
b 1 a 1
Q Q =
S thay oi cac hang so kh va nhiet o au khong anh hng en lu lng the tch cua
may nen.
Gia s nang lng rieng cua cac qua trnh trong may nen la ang entropi, khong phu
thuoc vao ieu kien ban au, co the viet:

|
|
.
|

\
|
c

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c


1 T R
1 k
k
1 T R
1 k
k
k
1 k
b b 1 b
k
1 k
a a 1 a

T ay suy ra:

1 k
k
k
1 k
b
b 1 b
a 1 a
b
1
T R
T R
1

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c + = c (7.15)
Hoac dang gian c khi k = 1,41:
( )
3
3
a
b 1 b
a 1 a
b
1
T R
T R
1
(

c + = c (7.16)
Khi chon tren ng ac tnh a cho gia tr p
a
vi Q
a
bat ky va xac nh c
a
= p
a
/p
1a
theo
(7.16), ta tnh c:

b 1
b
b
p
p
= c
T o suy ra:
b 1 b b
p p c =
Va t gia tr p
b
a nhan c ta dng ng ac tnh ap suat can tm.
Tnh toan ng ac tnh cong suat c tien hanh tng t nh tr ng hp tren .


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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 201
7.2- MA Y NEN TRU C
7.2.1- Cau tao chung cua may nen truc, cau ta o cap

Hnh 7.3 S o cau tao chung cua may nen truc
1. Canh dan lam viec 2. Roto trong 3. Canh dan nh hng

Khac vi may nen ly tam, may nen truc kh nen chuyen ong doc theo truc.
Roto 1 co dang trong. Tren roto co gan cac canh dan lam viec 3. Cac canh dan nh
hng co nh 4 c gan tre n than may 2. Nhng canh dan nay cung c gan trc cap th
nhat va sau cap sau cung.
Kh co cac thong so ban au p
1
, T
1
, C
1
i vao ong vao cua may nen, sau khi i qua tat ca
cac cap, chung se i qua ong tang ap, sau o i qua ong ay en ni tieu thu .
ong vao co cac canh hng do ng lam cho do ng hi ngoat ve pha quay cua roto hoac
ve pha ngc lai tuy theo tnh chat cua tng ta ng. Trong mot so may nen, bo vao kho ng co.
Trong cac ranh tang ap cua cac canh dan ong, nang lng cua dong se tang, tc la ap
suat va van toc tang.
Khi dong kh chuyen ong qua cac ca nh dan ong xuat hien lc P = P
x
+ P
y
. Lc nay co
hng ngc vi hng quay cua banh cong tac va tao ra cong nen.
Con trong cac ranh cua canh nh h ng ch co s bien ong nang thanh the nang va
giup cho dong kh co mot h ng nhat nh trc khi vao day canh o ng sau.






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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 202
Ca u tao cap may nen tru c

Hnh 7.4 S o cau tao ca p may nen truc
May nen tru c c tao bi mot so ca p ap suat. Moi cap gom mot vanh quay cac canh dan
lam viec va mot vanh co nh cac canh dan hng dong tao thanh mang canh dan. Cac canh da n
lam viec c gan chat vao cac a hay gan chat vao roto trong, con cac canh dan hng dong
c gan chat vao vo cua may nen.
Cap au cua may nen co the c lam co canh dan hng hoac khong co chung. Con cap
cuoi cung luon luon co canh dan h ng dong ra, muc ch cua no la e van dong va lam giam
mat ma t nang lng ca ra.
7.2.2- Tnh chat, nh ng thong so ac trng
a- Nang lng banh cong tac truyen cho dong kh
Ta chia cap bang mat phang tru co o day Ar nh hnh ve (hnh 7.4). Trong gii han o
dai cua cap nguyen to, cac tam giac van toc khong thay oi.

Hnh 7.5 S o mang pro fin canh cua may nen tru c
1.Canh dan lam viec 2.Canh dan nh hng
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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 203
Ban knh cua cap nguyen to r = const, nang lng ma cac canh dan cong tac cua may nen
truc truyen cho do ng kh, khi u
1
= u
2
= u c xac nh theo co ng thc:
( )
u u 1 u 2 l
c . u c c u L A = = (7.17)
Khi s dung phng trnh lien tuc va bieu thc hnh hoc gia cac tam giac van toc, ta co:

1 a 1 1 u 1
g cot c u c | =

2 a 2 2 u 2
g cot c u c | =

2 a 2 1 a 1
c c = hay
2
1
a 1
a 2
c
c

=
Ta thu c:

|
|
.
|

\
|
|

| =
2
2
1
1 a 1 l
g cot g cot c . u L (7.18)
Cho gan u ng
1
~
2
, ta co:
( )
2 1 a 1 l
g cot g cot c . u L | | = (7.19)
Neu gia thiet rang qua trnh trong banh cong tac xay ra khong co mat mat th nang l ng
a cung cho kh c xac nh theo (7.18), (7.19).
Ma ta a biet, s gia tang nang lng c xac nh bang hieu so entanpi cua dong ham:

- -
=
1 2 l
i i L
Suy ra: ( )
- -
= | |
1 2 2 1 a
i i g cot g cot c . u (7.20)
Phng trnh nay cho ta moi lien he gia cac thong so hnh hoc va nhiet ong hoc.
b- Hieu suat co ch cua cap nguyen to
* Nang lng ma may nen cung cap cho dong kh e:
Tang ap suat
Thay oi ong nang cua dong kh
Khac phuc mat mat vao moi trng ben ngoai.
Do o, phng trnh nang lng cua do ng kh co dang:

} }
+

+ +

=
2
1
3
2
dh
2
2
2
3
rt
2
1
2
2
l
l
2
c c dp
l
2
c c dp
L (7.21)
vi:
c dh rt
l l l = + mat mat nang lng cua cap, gom mat ma t nang lng ranh cong tac
rt
l va
thiet b nh hng
dh
l .
Phng trnh cuoi cung a ve dang:

}
+

=
3
1
c
2
1
2
3
l
l
2
c c dp
L
* Nang lng thc ma dong kh nhan c ca p cua may nen la:
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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 204

}

+

= =
3
1
2
1
2
3
c l
2
c c dp
l L L (7.22)
S hoan thien kh ong cua cap c anh gia bang ty so L/L
l
, c goi la hieu suat co
ch noi (c ky hie u bang ch so i)

}
}
+

= = q
3
1
c
2
1
2
3
3
1
2
1
2
3
l
i
l
2
c c dp
2
c c dp
L
L
(7.23)
Neu qua trnh cua cap xay ra theo a bien, th nang lng rieng thc c tnh theo bieu
thc a biet:

2
c c
1
p
p
RT
1 n
n
L
2
1
2
3
n
1 n
1
3
1

+
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=


Luc o hie u suat co ch no i cua cap c tnh theo bieu thc (7.23), c goi la hieu suat
co ch noi a bien, ky hieu q
b
.
* e anh gia s hoan thien cua may nen co lam lanh ye u ngi ta s dung hie u suat
ang entropi.
oi vi cap cua may nen truc ngi ta dung hie u sua t noi ang entropi, c tnh theo
cac thong so ham bang bieu thc sau:

1
T
T
1
p
p
1
3
k
1 k
1
3
ide

|
|
.
|

\
|
= q
-
-

-
-
(7.24)

- -
- -

= q
1 3
de 1 de 3
ide
i i
i i
(7.25)
Cac gia tr
ide
q va
idb
q cua cap may nen truc khac nhau khong qua 0,5%, v vay s dung
ide
q trong thc te la cho phep.
oi vi nh ng cap cua may nen tru c lam viec on nh, nen khong kh, he so tang ap
c = 1,1 1,3 ta co:
q
ie
= 0,85 0,95
c- He so hoat tnh cua cap
Cac cap cua may nen truc c ac trng bi he so hoat tnh.
He so hoat tnh the hien kha nang at c cot ap tnh cua banh cong tac. He so hoat
tnh c xac nh bang ty so gia cot ap tnh ly thuyet vi cot ap ly thuyet toan phan at c
bi canh dan cua banh cong tac. Goi la he so hoat tnh ta co:
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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 205

( )
( )
u 1 u 2
2
1
2
2
u 1 u 2
l
t l
l
t l
c c u
2
c c
c c u
L
L
H
H

|
|
.
|

\
|


= = =


T tam giac van toc, ta co:

2
a 1
2
u 1
2
1
c c c + = ;
2
a 2
2
u 2
2
2
c c c + =
V:
a 2 a 1
c c =
Vay: ( )( )
u 2 u 1 u 2 u 1
2
u 2
2
u 1
2
1
2
2
c c c c c c c c + = =
Ta thu c dang n gian nhat cua he so hoat tnh la:

u 2
c c
1
u 2 u 1
+
= (7.26)
Cac cap cua may nen truc thng co he so hoat tnh = 0,5 1,0
Ta se xet s ac biet cua mang cap co he so hoat tnh la 0,5; 1,0; 0,75.
- Cap co = 0,5

Hnh 7.6 Mang canh cua cap co = 0,5
T (7.26) suy ra:

u 2 u 1
c u c = va
u 1 u 2
c u c =
Tam giac va n toc thoa man ieu kien nay the hien tren hnh 7.6. T o ta co ty so:

2
a
2
u 2
2
1
c c w + = va
2
a
2
u 1
2
2
c c w + =
Mang canh dan cong tac lam tang o xoan cua dong
2
u 1
2
u 2
c c > suy ra 0 c c
2
u 2
2
u 1
< va
0 w w
2
1
2
2
< . T o suy ra:
2
1
2
2
w w < .
Bat ang thc nay cho ta thay rang : cac kenh gia canh dan cua banh cong tac cua cap
co = 0,5 la khuech tan.
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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 206
- nhng ong khuech tan xay ra s giam van toc tng oi va co s bien ong nang
cua chuyen ong tng oi thanh the nang.
- He so hoat tnh = 0,5 cho ta moi quan he gia cac thanh phan van toc va dang cua
ranh canh sao cho mat mat nang lng trong cap la t. ieu nay giai thch ve s s
dung cap co = 0,5 loai may nen truc on nh.
* Cap co = 1,0
T phng trnh (7.26) ap dung cho trng hp nay ta co:
0 c c
u 2 u 1
= + hay
u 2 u 1
c c = hay
u 2 u 1
c c =
Tam giac va n toc ng vi trng hp nay c bieu dien tren hnh 7.7

Hnh 7.7 Mang canh cua cap co = 1,0
T tam giac van toc ta co cac ty so hnh hoc sau:
( )
2
u 1
2
a
2
1
c u c w + + =
( )
2
u 2
2
a
2
2
c u c w + =
T o suy ra
1 2
w w <

u 1
2
2
2
1
c . u 4 w w =
V vay: s tang nang lng trong qua trnh nen banh cong tac cua cap khong co s mat
mat la:

u 1
2
2
2
1
c . u 2
2
w w
=


T tam giac van toc tre n hnh 13.5 vi ieu kien
u 2 u 1
c c = , suy ra:

2 1
c c = hay
2
c c
2
1
2
2

=> ong nang khong oi
Vay: nang lng ma kh nhan c t banh cong tac chuyen hoa hoan toan thanh the
nang.
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Chng VII:May nen canh dan 207
Trong cap co = 1,0 (100% hoat tnh) nang lng nhan c cap ch co dang the
nang (ap suat). Qua trnh ne n xay ra gia cac ranh canh cua banh cong tac.
Trong tr ng h p nay, cac ranh canh hng dong khong lam thay oi gia tr cua van toc
tuyet oi nhng ch lam thay oi hng cua no tng ng vi goc o
1
vao
2
.
* Cap co loi vao va loi ra hng tru c ( = 0,75)
Ta xet trng hp khi do ng kh c cho vao cap va i ra khoi no vao ca p sau theo hng
truc, tc la:

Hnh 7.8 Mang canh cua cap co = 0,75

Dong kh i vao cap theo h ng truc ne n 0 c
u 1
=
Gia s rang : u 5 , 0 c
u 2
= thay vao ta co:
75 , 0 25 , 0 1
u 2
u 5 , 0
1
u 2
c c
1
u 2 u 1
= = =
+
=
Suy ra, ranh canh banh cong tac xay ra s tang ap suat do ket qua cua s giam ong
nang cua chuyen o ng tng oi.
Nang lng do s tang ap neu cha tnh e n ma t mat nang lng ta co:

2
2
2
a
2 2
a
2
2
2
1
u
8
3
2
4
u
c u c
2
w w
=
+
=


Thiet b nh hng cua cap co = 0,75 co tnh cua ong khuech tan, v vay ay xay ra
s giam van toc cua chuyen ong tuyet oi t
1 3 2
c c c = . Ket qua cua ieu nay la s tang ap
suat tng ng vi s giam ong nang cua chuye n ong tuyet oi.

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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 208
CHNG VIII: MAY NEN THE TCH

8.1- MAY NEN PISTON
8.1.1- o th cong ( hay o th ch th)

Hnh 8.1 - S o may nen va o th ch th
v
th
- the tch thai v
ch
- the tch chet
v
dn
- the tch dan n v
h
- the tch hut
v
lv
- the tch lam viec

Ta se theo doi trnh t lam viec cua may nen di s giup cua o th p = f(v), v-the
tch cha trong xilanh c gii han bi piston, no phu thuoc vao v tr cua piston.
Khi piston dch chuyen t pha phai sang pha trai, piston nen kh nam trong xilanh. Van
hut (hay con goi la van nap) ong trong suot thi gian qua trnh nen kh. Con van ay ong en
khi nao hieu so gia ap suat trong xilanh va ap suat trong ong ay thang c lc ay cua lo so.
Khi ieu nay xay ra, van ay m va piston se thai kh vao ong ay. Qua trnh tang ap suat bieu
dien tren o th la ng 1-2, con qua trnh thai kh la ng 2-3.
Neu p
2
la ap suat trong xilanh khi thai kh, th the tch kh thai c vi ap suat p
2
la v
th
.
Khi nen, nhiet o kh tang, nhng nc lanh khong lay c mot cach hoan toan lng
nhiet do qua trnh nen kh thai ra. Do vay ng nen la ng a bien: pv
n
= const.
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 209
Con ng 2-3, theo ly thuyet la ng ang ap p
2
= const. Nhng thc te do anh hng
cua quan tnh cua khoi kh, do tac ong cua khoa va cua lo so, ap suat cua kh thai khong gi
c khong oi.
Khi piston en v tr can trai, no khong thai c toan bo kh, va mot phan cua kh v
ch

van con lai trong xilanh (v
ch
- goi la the tch chet hay the tch co hai).
Vao au hanh trnh cua piston sang phai, khoa ay ong lai va mot phan kh con lai
khoang khong chet v
ch
se dan n theo ng 3-4. ng dan n la ng a bien co ch so n
p
,
co phng trnh:
const v . p
p
n
= (8.1)
Qua trnh dan n tiep tuc en khi ap suat trong xilanh giam en p
1
< p
0
, p
0
- ap suat
trong khoang khong ma kh c hut vao.
Di anh hng cua hieu so ap suat p
0
- p
1
, khoa hut m va piston dch chuyen sang
phai, va se xay ra s hut kh vao xilanh.
Ap suat p
1
luon luon nho hn p
0
v co s can tr cua tuyen hut. Qua trnh hut c bieu
dien bang ng ang ap 4-1.
Hnh 8.1 la o th ch th ly thuyet cua may nen.
o th ch th thc co khac so vi o th ly thuyet (chu yeu ng hut va ng ay).
8.1.2- Anh hng cua khoang khong chet
Xilanh cua may nen luon c lam co khoang khong gian chet. ieu nay can thiet e
tranh s va ap cua piston vao nap may khi hanh trnh cua no en iem cuoi.
Khoang khong gian co hai thng c anh gia bang so phan tram so vi the tch lam
viec cua xilanh va c goi la the tch tng oi cua khoang khong chet:
a =
lv
ch
v
v
(8.2)
Trong cac loai may nen 1 cap hien ai a = 0.025 0,06 (khi khoa c phan bo nap).
Trong khi nen nhieu cap, cac khoa c phan bo be mat sn cua xilanh a ~ 0,2.
* S hien dien cua khoang khong chet dan en: qua trnh hut khong bat au tai thi
iem bat au cua hanh trnh ngc cua piston, ma thi iem cuoi cua qua trnh dan n (tai
iem 4). Suy ra, the tch hut v
h
ma thc te piston hut c nho hn the tch lam viec cua xilanh
v
h
< v
lv
.
The tch cua khoang khong chet co anh hng xau en s thai cua may nen. Khi tang
gia tr tng oi cua khoang chet co the dan en ang thc:
1 1 a
p
n
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 210
va lu lng tnh theo bieu thc sau se bang 0:
n . v . . . 1 a 1 Q
lv K T
n
1
l
p

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c = (8.3)
Trong o:

T
- he so nhiet, tnh anh hng cua s lam nong kh khi hut t be mat cua khoa va
thanh xilanh;

K
- he so kn, tnh anh hng cua s ro r qua khoa va cac vanh em cua piston va
xilanh.
ieu nay thay ro tren hnh 8.2:

Hnh 8.2 o th ch th khi thay oi khoang khong chet

Khi tang v
ch
, truc toa o p dch chuyen sang trai, ng nen a bien phan bo rong hn va
en mot gia tr gii han nao o cua v
ch
iem 2 se trung vao iem 3. The tch thai bang khong,
luc o ng nen va ng dan n trung nhau, may nen khong hut , khong thai.
Khoang khong co hai anh hng en s thai cang ln khi he so tang ap cang ln, v vay
gia tr tng oi cua khoang khong chet c chon cang nho khi he so tang ap cang ln .
8.1.3- Cach bo tr may nen nhieu cap
May nen nhieu cap c lam theo 2 cach chnh:
loai co piston dang vi sai va mot so cap nen trong mot xilanh
loai co nhieu cap nen trong cac xilanh rieng re.
Ta xet mot so trng hp.

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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 211
a- May nen 2 cap co piston vi sai tac dung 2 hng
Trong may nen loai nay cac cap nen c bo tr theo 2 ben cua piston. Nguyen ly lam
viec co the bieu dien ro rang bang o th ch th, c xay dng chung cho ca 2 cap.

Hnh 8.3 S o va o th cong may nen 2 cap co piston vi sai tac dung 2 hng
Neu gia s rang may nen hut khong kh t kh quyen, th ng hut cua cap au tien se
nam thap hn mot chut so vi ng ap suat kh quyen. Khi chuyen ong cua piston sang phai
xay ra qua trnh hut vao cap au theo ng 4-1, nen va ay cua cap th 2 theo ng 3-2
va 2-3.
Khi piston bat au di chuyen sang trai, cap au xay ra qua trnh nen, con cap th 2
xay ra qua trnh dan n kh. Qua trnh cuoi xay ra en khi nao ap suat trong xilanh con cha at
ti p
2
tai iem 4. Tai thi iem nay van hut cua cap th 2 m va piston, khi chuyen ong sang
trai, se hut kh t khoang khong kn cua thiet b lanh. Va luc nay ap suat kh se giam. Khi piston
a chiem c v tr xac nh bi iem 2, ap suat kh thiet b lanh giam en chng nao van
ay cua cap th nhat m va kh se t cap th 1 qua thiet b lanh vao cap th 2. Ap suat kh thay
oi theo ng 2-3.
Vao luc au cua hanh trnh ve pha ben phai cap th 1 xay ra qua trnh dan n kh theo
ng a bien 3-4.
The tch cua cac xilanh cua cap 1 va cap 2 khong bang nhau, v vay o th ang xet co ty
le ve truc hoanh khac nhau.
Trong may nen loai nay qua trnh nen cac cap c thc hien nhng hanh trnh khac
nhau cua piston, va v vay lc tac dung len cac phan cua khung c phan bo kha eu.
b- May nen 2 cap co piston vi sai tac dung 1 pha
ac biet cua may nen loai nay la s phan bo cap th nhat va cap th 2 theo mot pha cua
piston; ieu nay dan en: qua trnh hut cung nh qua trnh ay xay ra trong ca hai cap la ong
thi.
Khi bat au t iem 3 tren hnh 8.4, vi chuyen ong cua piston ve pha phai xay ra
qua trnh dan n cap th 2 en ap suat p
2
, ap suat nay c tao thiet b lanh bi cap khi hanh
trnh cua piston sang phai. v tr cua piston c xac nh bi iem 4, van hut cua cap th 2
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 212
m va xay ra qua trnh hut kh t the tch kn cua thiet b lanh. ay cung la qua trnh dan n kh
theo ng a bien 4-1. cuoi qua trnh nay ap suat trong cap th 2 giam en p
1
. Khi hanh
trnh cua piston tiep tuc sang trai cap th 2 kh b nen theo ng 1-2 va c thai ra theo
ng 2-3 vao ong ay. Trong thi gian nay cap th nhat xay ra qua

Hnh 8.4 S o va o th cong may nen 2 cap co piston vi sai tac dung 1 hng
trnh nen theo a bien 1-2 en ap suat p
1
. Tai iem 2 van ay cua cap th nhat m va kh b
ay t cap vao khoang kn cua thiet b lanh. Qua trnh dien ra theo ng a bien 2-3 va gay
ra s tang ap suat t p
1
en p
2
. Khi hanh trnh piston sang phai xay ra qua trnh dan n va hut
cap th 1.
Trong may nen loai nay cac khoang cua cap 1 va2 luon luon c phan cach bang
nhng van ong, nhng van co nhng qua trnh, xay ra ong thi cac khoang cua mot cap nao
ay va cua thiet b lanh.
Thiet b lanh: ngoai cong dung chnh cua no la lam lanh kh nen, no con ong vai tro nh
mot bnh cha tc la dung tch e nhan kh ra t cap th 1, sau o sa kh vao cap th 2.
Trong may nen co piston loai vi sai tac dung 1 pha nay, qua trnh nen va thai kh xay ra
ca 2 cap ong thi, do o trong phan khung cua may nen sinh ra nhng lc ln phan bo khong
eu, oi hoi s dung banh a co khoi lng ln e can bang cac lc nay. S o nay thng
dung trong mot to hp vi s o thuan dong oi vi loai may nen co so cap ln hn 2.
c- May nen 3 cap co piston vi sai

Hnh 8.5 S o may nen 3 cap co piston vi sai
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 213
Cac cap cua may nen tren hnh 8.5 c lien hp sao cho c moi cap cap canh nhau tao
thanh may nen 2 cap. Khi tao c ang thc cong cua 2 cap rieng re la ieu kien cua hieu qua
kinh te, s o nay cho ta s phan bo khong eu tren cac phan cua khung may. e giam nhng
lc nay va phan bo chung c eu hn, ngi ta s dung s o may nen 2 cap co s phan chia
cap th nhat.

Hnh 8.6 S o may nen 3 cap piston vi sai co s phan chia cap th nhat
d- May nen nhieu cap co piston vi sai
Khi s dung nguyen ly tao cap vi piston co ng knh thay oi, co the thiet ke may
nen vi khoi lng ln cac cap.

Hnh 8.7 S o may nen nhieu cap piston vi sai

8.2- MAY NEN ROTO
8.2.1- Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
Ta co s o may nen tam phang:

Hnh 8.8 S o cau tao may nen tam phang
1.Roto; 2.Than may ;
3.Cac tam phang c bo tr lech tam ; 4.Khoang kn c tao bi 2 tam phang.
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 214
May nen roto thuoc vao loai may nen the tch, theo nguyen ly lam viec no giong bm
roto. Loai may nen roto c s dung rong rat nhat la may nen roto tam phang. Trong thi gian
gan ay ngi ta cung co s dung may nen truc vt.
Khi roto 1 quay, cac tam phang tao thanh cac khoang kn 4 va mang kh t khoang hut
sang khoang ay, ong thi xay ra qua trnh nen kh.
S o nay co s can bang khoi lng cac chat di chuyen rat tot, no cho phep roto quay
vi so vong quay ln va co the noi may mot cach trc tiep vi ong c ien.
Trong qua trnh lam viec cua may nen tam phang, mot khoi lng nhiet ln c toa ra
do masat kh. V vay khi he so tang ap > 1,5 vo cua may c thiet ke co thiet b lam lanh bang
nc.
May nen tam phang co the s dung e hut kh hoac hi t the tch co ap suat nho hn ap
suat kh quyen. Trong trng hp nay, may nen goi la bm chan khong. Chan khong c tao
thanh bi bm chan khong tam phang at ti 95%.
8.2.2- Cac thong so c ban
a- Lu lng
Lu lng may nen phu thuoc vao kch thc hnh hoc cua no va so vong quay.

Hnh 8.9 Kch thc hnh hoc c ban cua may nen tam phang
Neu gia s cac tam phang hng tam, th the tch kh gia 2 tam se la:
v = f.b
Trong o:
f- dien tch cc ai cua mat cat doc gia 2 tam phang;
b- chieu rong cua tam phang.
Co the gia s gan ung:

( )
( ) + =
+ +
= d e r e 2 e 2
2
d e 2 r rd
df
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 215
V vay: ( ) ( )
}
|
| + = + =
2
0
e r e 2 d e r e 4 f (8.4)
V: r + e = R va
Z
2t
= | ; Z so cac tam phang
Suy ra:
Z
eR 4
f
t
= (8.5)
The tch kh gia cac tam phang:

Z
eRb 4
v
t
= (8.6)
Vay lu lng thc cua may nen la:

Q Q
. n . b . R . e . 4 . n . Z . v Q q t = q = (8.7)
q
Q
hieu suat lu lng, thng lay 8 , 0 5 , 0
Q
= q
Hieu suat lu lng phu thuoc vao mat mat ben trong qua cac khe hng tam va hng
truc, cung nh chieu day canh va so canh dan.
b -Lu lng may nen truc vt
( )
Q 2 2 1 1
. n . l . Z . S Z . S Q q + = (8.5)
Trong o: S
1
, S
2
- dien tch cac ranh truc vt th nhat va th 2;
Z
1
, Z
2
- so rang cua cac truc vt;
l - chieu dai cua truc vt;
n - so vong quay;

Q
q - hieu suat lu lng.

c- Cong suat va hieu suat
* Cong suat cua cap may nen roto co lam lanh manh bang nc c tnh theo cong
ang nhiet:
.
. . 1000
. n . b . Q . p
. . 1000
N
N
ck dn
1 1
ck dn
dn
q q
c
=
q q
= (8.6)
Trong o: p
1
- ap suat au;
Q
1
- lu lng ieu kien hut;
b - chieu rong tam phang.
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 216
* oi vi may nen c lam lanh yeu bang khong kh

ck de
de
. . 1000
N
N
q q
= (8.7)
Cong suat ang entropi tnh theo cong thc sau:

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

1
p
p
Q . p
1 k
k
N
k
1 k
1
2
1 1 de
(8.8)
Tch cac hieu suat cua may nen nam trong khoang:
6 , 0 5 , 0 .
ck dn
= q q ; 7 , 0 6 , 0 .
ck de
= q q
oi vi loai may nen truc vt, nhng gia tr nay ln hn mot chut do ma sat c kh gia
cac truc vt nho hn ( hau nh bang khong).

8.3 IEU CHNH CHE O LAM VIEC CUA MAY NEN
8.3.1- Yeu cau
Lu lng kh t he thong ong dan theo ieu kien tieu thu co the thay oi, v vay may
nen can phai thay oi lu lng thai e sao cho no tng ng vi lu lng tieu dung cua kh t
he thong ong. Cung vi ieu nay, trong mang li can phai am bao ap suat yeu cau tai ni tieu
thu. ieu chnh nh vay c goi la ieu chnh vi ap suat khong oi.
Nhiem vu ieu chnh la tac ong len may nen ma tac ong nay se lam can bang lu
lng thai cua no vi lu lng tieu thu kh cua ni tieu thu.
Xung au tien e dan en ieu chnh thng la s thay oi ap suat mang li, sinh ra
do s thay oi lu lng tieu thu cua kh. trong cac he thong ieu chnh tot, s thay oi ap suat
rat nho (khoang 1% - 10% ap suat kh quyen).
8.3.2- ieu chnh bang cach thay oi so vong quay
T cong thc (8.3):
n . v . . . 1 a 1 n . v Q
lv K T
n
1
1 l
p

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c = =
ta thay rang lu lng cua may nen co the c ieu chnh bang s thay oi so vong quay truc
cua may nen. Phng phap nay kinh te trong khi s dung, nhng oi hoi ong c truyen dan co
thiet b thay oi so vong quay. V vay thay oi lu lng bang cach thay oi so vong quay cua
ong c ien khong c s dung rong rai.
Phng phap ieu chnh nay c s dung trong trng hp truyen dan cua may nen t
ong c hi hoac t ong c ot trong, ma o s thay oi so vong quay c thc hien kha de
dang.
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 217
8.3.3- ieu chnh bang tiet lu ong nap
Neu tuyen hut cua may nen co a them cac vat can phu th may nen se giam lu
lng.
Gia s dt 1-2-3-4 la o th ch th cua may nen khi khong co vat can ieu chnh ong hut
(hnh 8.10). Ta se cho them vao tuyen hut mot vat can phu, lam giam ap suat hut t p
1
en p
1c
,
luc o qua trnh dan n la ng 3-4 va ng hut (hay nap) la ng 4-1.
T o th ta thay rang, the tch nap se giam t v
1
xuong v
1c
, con the tch thai t v
2
xuong
v
2c
. Tng ng lu lng thai cua may nen thay oi.

Hnh 8.10 - ieu chnh bang tiet lu ong nap
S o ieu chnh t ong loai nay bieu dien tren hnh 8.10: Neu lu lng tieu thu t be
1 cua mang li giam th vi lu lng thai cho trc cua may nen 5, ap suat trong be 1 se tang
va kh se c a theo ong 2 vao khoang cua he thong c co piston 3, ap suat nay se tac ong
len piston, piston nen lo so va lam ong van tiet lu 4; lu lng thai cua may nen se giam cho
en khi can bang vi lu lng tieu thu t be. Phng phap nay n gian va t ong tac dung,
nen c s dung rong rai khi he so nen cao, nhng hieu qua ve mat nang lng khong ln.
8.3.4- ieu chnh bang cach m van nap
Neu do s giam lu lng tieu thu t mang, ap suat 1 tang len, th ap suat nay khi c
a theo ong xung 2 en thiet b c dang piston 3 se khac phuc c lc ay cua lo so va piston
4 chuyen ong xuong. Can cua piston co trac 5, cac voi cua no se can tr tam phang cua van
nap nam tai e. Luc nay qua trnh nen se khong xay ra bi v van nap se m va kh t xilanh se
b thai vao ng ong nap. Qua trnh nay se xay ra en khi nao ap suat be 1 con cha giam va
piston 4 se khong ay trac 5 va khong can tr tam phang nam tai e. Tom lai giam lu lng
at c ay nh s thai lu lng.
Tren hnh 8.12 la o th ch th cua trng hp nay. Phng phap ieu chnh nay rat n
gian, nhng hieu suat nang lng nho v khi thai ch can 15% cong suat toan phan. Png phap
nay c s dung cho loai may nen co he so nen va lu lng bat ky.
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 218

Hnh 8.11 - ieu chnh bang cach m van nap

Hnh 8.12- o th cong khi ieu chnh bang m van nap
Trong giai oan hien nay, ngi ta s dung phng phap m khoa nap tng hanh trnh
cua piston va co the thay oi c lu lng cua may nen t gia tr nh mc en 0,1 gia tr nh
mc.


8.3.5- Thay oi the tch khoang khong chet
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Chng VIII: May nen the tch 219

Hnh 8.13 o th cong khi thay oi the tch khoang khong chet
T cong thc (8.3), ta thay rang vi v
lv
, n, c khong oi co the ieu chnh lu lng bang
cach thay oi the tch khoang khong chet (hnh 8.13)
Vi the tch khoang khong chet v
ch
, the tch nap kh la v
1
. Neu tang the tch chet en
v
chc
> v
ch
th ng a bien dan n, c xay dng vi v tr mi cua truc toa o O, la ng 3-
4 va the tch nap kh v
1c
se nho hn v
1
.
ng a bien nen 1-2 se tng ng vi the tch kh thai v
2c
< v
2
.
Trong trng hp gii han, the tch khoang khong chet co the tang en mc ng a
bien dan n va nen se trung nhau va o th ch th la ng 1-3. Va luc o may nen se khong
nap va khong thai: ca hai van eu ong va trong xilanh xay ra qua trnh dan n va nen mot khoi
kh khong oi.
phng phap ieu chnh nay, ket cau c che tao di dang cac khoang phu co the
tch (dung tch) khong oi hoac thay oi, cac khoang nay c noi vi khoang khong chet, co
the ieu chnh bang tay hoac t ong.
e thc hien ieu chnh lu lng mot cach ieu hoa, the tch phu cua khoang khong
chet phai c lam di dang hoc hoi tu the tch tao bi xilanh va piston.
Phng phap nay rat kinh te va c s dung rong rai trong cac may nen co cong suat
ln.
8.3.6- Mot so phng phap ieu chnh khac:
Ngoai cac phng phap a neu tren con dung phng phap:
ong tat may (khi cong suat tren truc di 200kW);
Bang cach a kh t khoang nen vao khoang nap;
Bang cach xa khong tai t mang li qua van t ong.
Phng phap au kha kinh te, con 2 phng phap sau khong kinh te, noi chung rat t
dung.
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220
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO


1. V.M. Cherkassky
Pums, fans, compressors
Nha xuat ban Mir Publishers, Moscow - 1980. (Tieng Anh)

2. V.M. Cherkassky
Bm, qua t, ma y nen
Nha xuat ban Nang l ng , Moscow 1984. (Tie ng Nga)

3. Nguye n Ph c Hoang - Pham c Nhuan - Nguyen Tha c Tan
Thuy lc va may thuy lc, tap II
Nha xuat ban ai ho c va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha No i - 1979.

4. Ngo Vi Cha u Nguyen Ph c Hoa ng Vu Duy Quang ang Huy Chi Vo S Huynh
Le Danh Lien
Ba i tap Thuy lc va ma y thuy lc
Nha xuat ban ai ho c va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha No i - 1976.

5. Nguye n Van May
Bm, qua t, ma y nen
Nha xuat ban khoa ho c va ky thuat, Ha No i 1997.

6. Tran S Phie t Vu Duy Quang
Thuy kh ong l c ky thua t
Nha xuat ban ai ho c va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha No i - 1979.

7. Nguye n H u Ch
1000 ba i toa n thuy kh ong lc
Nha xuat ban giao du c, Ha Noi 1998.

8. Bo mon thuy kh ong l c
Gia o trnh thuy l c va ma y bm
Trng a i ho c ba ch khoa Ha No i 1968.
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