70 CHNG 5 TRN TN 5.1 nh ngha 5.1.

1 nh ngha Trn tn l qu trnh tc ng ln hai tn hiu sao cho trn u ra ca b trn nhn c tn hiu tng hoc hiu ca hai tn hiu . Gi : fns : l tn s ca tn hiu ngoi sai fth : l tn s ca tn hiu cn trn vi fns ftg : l tn s trung gian ly u ra ca b trn tn. 5.1.2 Nguyn tc Khi tn hiu ngoi sai v tn hiu hu ch a vo phn t phi tuyn th dng in tng hp c khai trin theo chui Taylo. i = ao + a1v + a2v2 + ... anvn + ... Trong : v = vns + vth Gi s : vns = Vns cosnst vth = Vth costht + i = ao + a1 (Vns cos nst + Vth cos tht) +
a2 2 2 (Vns + Vth ) + 2

a2 2 2 ( Vns cos 2nst + ( Vth cos2tht) + a2VnsVth[cos(ns + th)t+cos (ns - th)t]+.. 2

Tn hiu ra gm c thnh phn mt chiu, thnh phn c bn : (ns, th ,ns th, 2ns, 2th . Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh phn bc cao.

= | nns mth|
Khi m, n = 1 =ns th : b trn tn n gin m, n > 1 b trn tn t hp. Thng thng ta chn b trn tn n gin. 5.2 Mch trn tn 5.2.1. Mch trn tn dng Diode u im : c ng dng rng ri mi tn s, c bit phm vi tn s cao (trn 1GHz). Nhc im : lm suy gim tn hiu.

71 a) vth
L1 C1 C2 L2 C3 L3

vtg

b)

R3s

vth

vtg vns

c) vns

vth

vtg

vns
Hnh 5.1. Mch trn tn dng diode a. Mch trn tn n. c. Mch trn tn vng. b. Mch trn cn bng

5.2.1.1. S trn tn n :

72 i S

S /2 nst

CV 2 ns

ns
Hnh 5.2. c tuyn ca diode v dng sng tn hiu

Theo c tuyn l tng ha ca diode ta vit c quan h : i= Trong :

s=

s.v khi v 0 0 khi v < 0

di 1 = = Gi d u Ri

V in p ngoi sai l hm tun hon theo thi gian, nn h dn l mt dy xung vung gc vi rng ph thuc vo gc ct . Vi im nh chn ti gc ta = .
2

Theo chui Fourier ta tnh c bin hai bc n ca S : Sn = Thay =

2
S cos n
o

ns

t d ( ns t ) =

2 sin n .S n

v gi thit n = 1 ta tnh c h dn trn tn : Stt =

1 S Sn = 2

Tng t in dn trn tn c xc nh :
Gitt = Gio = G d (
i 0

ns

t) =

Vi =

th Gitt =

S 2

Ch : chng tp m ngoi sai, thng dng s trn tn cn bng. 5.2.1.2. S trn tn cn bng (hnh 5.1) in p tn hiu t ln hai diode ngc pha. in p ngoi sai t ln hai diode ng pha.

73 VthD1 = Vth cos tht VthD2 = Vth cos (tht + ) VnsD1 = Vns D2 = vns Dng in trung tn to ra i qua cc diode : itg1 = Itg1 cos (ns - th) t itg2 =Itg2 cos [(ns - th) t - ] = Itg2 cos [ - (ns - th)] = -Itg2 cos [ns - th]t Trn mch cng hng ra ta c : itg = itg1 - itg2 = 2Itg.costgt 5.2.1.3. Mch trn tn vng Gm 2 mch trn tn cn bng mc ni tip. Trn u ra s ny ch c cc thnh phn tn s ns th cn cc thnh phn khc u b kh do d tch c thnh phn tn s trung gian mong mun. 5.2.2. Mch trn tn dng phn t khuch i 5.2.2.1. Mch trn tn dng BJT

vth vns

~ ~

vth

vns

Hnh 5.3. Mch trn tn dng BJT Mc BC vi Vns t vo emiter

Hnh 5.4. Mch trn tn dng BJT

Mc BC vi Vns t vo base

~ vns ~
vth
Hnh 5.5. Mch trn tn dng BJT Mc EC vi Vns t vo base

vth

vns

Hnh 5.6. Mch trn tn dng BJT

Mc EC vi Vns t vo emiter

74

c im ca s BC - Phm vi tn s cao v siu cao v tn s gii hn ca n cao. - H s truyn t ca b phn trn tn thp hn so vi s EC. Cc s khc nhau cch t in p ngoi sai vo BJT: Trn c s s nguyn l, ngi ta thit k nhiu loi s thc t khc nhau nh di y : A. Trn tn dng BJT mc theo BC
-VCC

C1 vth L1 L2 C2 C3

R1

R2 R4 C4 R3 C5 L5 L4 vtg

vns
Hnh 5.7. Mch trn tn dng BJT n mc BC vi Vns t vo base

baz

A) Mch trn tn dng BJT n mc theo BC vi in p ngoi sai vns t vo C1 , C3 : t lin lc; C2L2 : cng hng Vth; C4 : ni masse Vth.

in p vns ghp lng vi baz trnh nh hng tng h gia mch tn hiu v mch ngoi sai. B. Trn tn dng BJT n mc theo EC
C2 C3 vth L1 L2 C1 C4 R1 R3 R2 C7 C6 C5 - VCC L5 L4 vtg

R4

vns

Hnh 5.8. Mch trn tn dng BJT n mc EC vi Vns t vo base

75

B) Mch in trn tn dng BJT n mc EC vi vns baz. in p vns c t vo baz qua in tr nh R3 (10 - 50), in tr ny c tc dng nng cao in tr mt ghp rbb ca BJT, do nng cao c tuyn tnh ca c tuyn BJT. C. Tng trn tn t ng

C4

L4

vtg

vth

C3

L1

L5 R3 L2 L6 C5 C6

C1

R2

R1

C3

L3

VCC Hnh 5.9. Mch trn tn t ng

BJT va lm nhim v trn tn va to dao ng ngoi sai. Vns c to nh qu trnh hi tip dng v E qua L2 v L3 Vth c t vo baz ca BJT qua bin p vo C1, L5 to thnh khung cng hng ni tip i vi tn s trung gian. Nh vtg b ngn mch u vo, trnh c hin tng trn tn ngc.

Re

Ce

L2 L3

trnh nh hng tng h gia vth v vns, ngi ta kt cu mch di dng s cu, trong : Re,Ce l phn t k sinh ca mch vo BJT. Khi cu cn bng th VA=VE, khng cn tn ti s lin h gia vth v vns. Lc , nu vth xut hin trn L3 th s khng cm ng sang L2 gy nh hng n vns

R C2 A

D. Trn tn y ko

76 T1 C vth T2 vns b)
VCC VCC

a)

Vtg

C2 R1 C1 T1 T2

vtg R2 C3

vth

R3

R5

R4

vns

Hnh 5.10. Mch trn tn y ko a. S nguyn l b. Mch trn tn y ko EC

u im ca mch trn tn y ko so vi s n : - Mo phi tuyn nh (hai bc chn b trit tiu) - Ph tn hiu ra hp. - Lin h gia tn hiu v mch ngoi sai t. - Kh nng iu ch giao thoa thp. V nhng u im , nn loi mch ny hay c dng trong b trn tn my pht. Trong s y ko (A), do cch mc mch nn in p vo T1, T2 ln lt l :
v1 = v ns + vth v 2 = v ns vth

Dng in ra : ic = ic1 - ic2

V i :

ic1 = ao + a1 (vns + vth) + a2 (vns + vth)2 + ... ic2 = ao + a1 (vns - vth) + a2 (vns - vth)2 + ...

ic = 2a2vth + 4a2vth.vns + 2a3 v 3 th + 6a3vth.vns + ... Thay vns = Vnscosnst, Vth = Vth.costht v bin i ta thy trong dng in ra c cc thnh phn tn s : th , 3th, nsth v 2nsth 5.2.2.2 Mch trn tn dng Transistor trng FET u im ca trn tn dng FET so vi BJT:

77 - Quan h gia dng ra ID (dng mng) v in p vo (VGS) l quan h bc hai, nn tn hiu ra ca mch trn tn gim c cc thnh phn ph v hn ch c hin tng iu ch giao thoa, gim c tp m v tng c di rng ca tn hiu vo. A. Trn tn dng FET: Nguyn l ca vic trn tn dng FET cng ging nh BJT

C2 C4 vth C1 R1 R2 C3 R3 Vns
Hnh 5.11. Mch trn tn dng FET

C5

B. Trn tn dng FET mc y ko Vcc

vtg C1 vth C2 vns

R1

R3

R2

Hnh 5.12. Mch trn tn dung FET y ko