1 CHNG 1 CC MCH TNH TON, IU KHIN V TO HM DNG KHUCH I THUT TON Chng ny nhm gii thiu vic ng dng

mch khuch i thut ton (KTT) trong cc mch khuch i, tnh ton, iu khin, to hm. Kho st cc mch cng, tr, nhn chia, khai cn, mch khuch i loga v i loga, mch vi, tch phn, PD, PID, mch chnh lu chnh xc, mch so snh tng t... 1.1 Khi nim chung Hin nay, cc b khuch i thut ton (KTT) ng vai tr quan trng v c ng dng rng ri trong k thut khuch i, tnh ton, iu khin, to hm, to tn hiu hnh sine v xung, s dng trong n p v cc b lc tch cc... Trong k thut mch tng t, cc mch tnh ton v iu khin c xy dng ch yu da trn b KTT. Khi thay i cc linh kin mc trong mch hi tip ta s c c cc mch tnh ton v iu khin khc nhau. C 2 dng mch tnh ton v iu khin: tuyn tnh v phi tuyn. Tuyn tnh: c trong mch hi tip cc linh kin c hm truyn t tuyn tnh. Phi tuyn: c trong mch hi tip cc linh kin c hm truyn phi tuyn tnh. V mt k thut, to hm phi tuyn c th da vo mt trong cc nguyn tc sau y: 1. Quan h phi tuyn Volt - Ampe ca mt ghp pn ca diode hoc BJT khi phn cc thun (mch khuch i loga) 2. Quan h phi tuyn gia dc ca c tuyn BJT lng cc v dng Emit (mch nhn tng t). 3. Lm gn ng c tuyn phi tuyn bng nhng on thng gp khc (cc mch to hm dng diode). 4. Thay i cc tnh ca in p t vo phn t tch cc lm cho dng in ra thay i (kho diode, kho transistor). 1.2 Cc mch tnh ton v iu khin 1.2.1 Mch cng o p dng phng trnh cn bng dng in dng ti nt N ta c :
vin1 vin 2 v v + + ... + inn + out = 0 R1 R2 Rn RN

2
RN RN RN vout = R vin1 + R vin 2 + ... + R vinn 2 n 1

R1 vin1 R2 vin2 vinn Rn Hnh 1.1 S mch cng 1.2.2 Mch khuch i o vi tr khng vo ln
RN RN

vout

R1 vin R2 R3
v3

vout

Hnh 1.2 S mch khuch i o c tr khng vo ln Vit phng trnh cn bng dng in ti nt N:
R vin v3 + = 0 suy ra v3 = N vin R1 RN R1

M vout =

R2 + R3 v3 R3

( vi iu kin RN >> R3 )
RN R ( 1 + 2 )vin R1 R3
RN R (1 + 2 ) R1 R3

vout =

Vy h s khuch i ca mch : K ' =

Trng hp yu cu h s khuch i ln th phi chn R1 nh. Lc tr khng vo ca mch ZV = R1 nh. C th khc phc nhc im bng cch chn R1 = RN ln. Do K ch cn ph thuc vo (1 +
R2 ) , c th tng t s ny ty m vn R3

khng nh hng n tr khng vo ZV = R1 = RN ca mch.

3 1.2.3 Mch tr RN R1 vin1 vin2 vout R2 Rp

Hnh 1.3 S mch tr Gi thit in p ca vo thun:

v P = vin 2 RP R RP + P a = avin 2 a +1

R N RP = =a R1 R2

(1)

in p ca vo o:
v N = (vin1 vout ) RN R RN + N a + vout = avin1 vout + a +1 a +1

(2)

vd = vP vN = 0 ( vP = vN ) nn t (1) v (2) ta suy ra:

avin 2 avin1 vout = + a +1 a +1 a +1

Vy

vout = a(vin2-vin1) Vn2 vout Vin1

R KR R/n

1.2.4 Mch tr vi tr khng vo ln

Hnh 1.4 S mch tr vi tr khng vo ln

Vit phng trnh dng in nt cho nt N1 v N2 ta c :

vin1 v N v N vout v N + = 0 M vN = vin2 R KR R n

4 vin1-vin2 = nvin2 +
vout vin 2 =0 K

Kvin1 - (n + 1) Kvin2 + vout - vin2 = 0 vout = vin2 + K(n + 1) vin2 -Kvin1 vout = (1 + K + nK) vin2 -Kvin1
H s ca Vin2 lun lun ln hn h s ca Vin1 ( mch khng to c in p ra c dng : K (Vin2 -Vin1). Tr khng vo ca ca P ln (Zv = rd), nn khng yu cu ngun vin2 c cng sut ln.

vin1

v3

R3
N1

R3 R2
N2

R1 R2 vout

vin2
Hnh 1.4.b mch in c tr khng vo ln c hai ca vo Hnh 1.4.b trnh by mch in c tr khng vo ca c hai ca (ca vin1 v vin2) u ln. Vit phng trnh dng in nt cho N1 v N2 ta c :
v3 vin1 vin 2 vin1 vin1 + + =0 R R1 R2 3 v3 vin 2 + vout vin 2 + vin1 vin 2 = 0 R2 R1 R3

Suy ra:

vout = ( 1 + R2

R1 + 2 R3 )(vin2 -vin1) R1 R3 R1 + 2 R3 khi thay i R1. R1 R3 R2 )(vin2 -vin1) R3

Ta thy tr khng vo ca c hai ca u ln v bng rd ca KTT. C th thay i c h s khuch i K = 1 + R2

K = Kmin khi R1 = Lc : V vout = ( 1 +

R2 0, R3 nn K > 1

5 1.2.5 Mch to in p ra c cc tnh thay i R1 vin vout

qR2

R1

R2

Hnh 1.5 mch to in p ra c cc tnh thay i

Ta c:

VN =

Vin Vout V + Vout + Vout = in 2 2 Vn + Vout = qVin 2

VP = qVin

V:

VP = V N

Vout = (2q 1)Vin

Khi thay i tip im trn chit p R2 ta c h s ca Vin lc dng, lc m. Khi q = 1/2 (Vout = 0 mc d Vin 0 ) Khi q > 1/2 ( Vout v Vin cng pha) Khi q < 1/2 ( Vout v Vin ngc pha) 1.2.6 Mch tch phn o

iC
R vin

i1
vout

1.6.a Mch tch phn o

Phng trnh dng in nt ti N: i1 + ic = 0 hay

vin dv + C out = 0 R dt
t

Suy ra

vout =

1 1 v ( t ). dt = vin (t)dt + vout(t = 0) in RC RC 0

(in p ra t l vi tch phn in p vo). Thng chn hng s thi gian t = RC = 1s

6 vout (t = 0) l iu kin u, khng ph thuc vo in p vo vin. Nu vin l in p xoay chiu hnh sin: vin = Vin sin t th:
vout = V 1 Vin.sint.dt = in .cost = Vout cost RC RC

Ngha l bin in p ra t l nghch vi tn s. c tuyn bin - tn s ca mch tch phn :

Vout 1 c dc -20dB/decade. = f ( ) = Vin RC

Mch c gi l mch tch phn trong mt phm vi tn s no nu trong phm vi tn s c tuyn bin - tn ca n gim vi dc 20dB/decade. gim nh hng ca dng tnh It v in p lch khng c th gy sai s ng k cho mch tch phn, ca thun ca b KTT ngi ta mc thm mt in tr thay i c R1 v ni xung masse. C R vin vout

R1
Hnh 1.6.b Mch tch phn o c in tr R1 b dng lch khng

iu chnh R1 sao cho R1 R th gim c tc dng ca dng in lch khng Io = IP - IN 1.2.7 Mch tch phn tng
R1 vin1 vin2 vinn Rn RP R2 vout C

Hnh 1.7 S mch tch phn tng Dng phng php xp chng v vit phng trnh dng in nt i vi nt N ta tm c:

vout =
1.2.8 Mch tch phn hiu

vinn 1 vin1 vin 2 + + ... + dt C R R R 2 n 1

CN

vin1

R1 vout R2 CP

vin2

Hnh 1.8 S mch tch phn hiu Vit phng trnh i vi nt N :

vin1 v N d (vout v N ) + CN =0 R1 dt

(1) (2)

i vi nt P :

vin 2 v P dv CP . P = 0 R2 dt

Bin i v cho vN = vP, R1CN = R2CP = RC (1) vin1 - vN = - R1CN (2) vin2 - vP = R2CP Suy ra:
dv dvout + R1C N N dt dt

dvP dt

vin2 - vin1 = RC vout =

dvout dt

1 (vin 2 vin1 )dt RC

RN

1.2.9. Mch vi phn

C1 vin vout

Hnh 1.9 S mch vi phn Ta c :

i = C1 dvin v = out dt RN

8 vout = - RNC1 Gi thit: vin = Vinsint vout = -RNC1Vincost = -Voutcost c tuyn bin - tn s ca mch tch phn:
Vout = f ( ) = RC c dc 20dB/decade. Vin

dvin dt

Vy : Mch c gi l mch vi phn trong mt phm vi tn s no nu trong phm vi tn s c tuyn bin - tn ca n tng vi dc 20dB/decade. 1.2.10 Mch PI (Proportional Integrated) RN v1 C i1 vin R1 N iN vout

Hnh 1.9 S mch PI Mch thng c s dng trong cc mch iu khin. Mch c in p ra c biu din theo dng: vout = A.vin + B vin dt p dng phng trnh cn bng dng ti N: i1 + iN = 0 i N = i1 = Mt khc:
vout = vC + v1 =
RN R1 vin R1

(1) (2)

Thay (1) vo (2) vout = vin Gi s vout = c tuyn bin tn:

1 i1dt + RN i N C 1 vin dt R1C

vin = Vincost

RN V Vin cos t in sin t = Vout cos(t + ) R1C R1

2 Vout C 2 +1 1 1 1 1 2 RN 2 K = = RN + 2 2 = = Vin R1 R1 R1 C 2C 2 '

+1 2 2 C

t: o =

1 1 1 Khi << o th K ' RN C R1 C

Suy ra c tuyn bin tn s c dc -20dB/decade (tng ng khu vc I) Suy ra s lm vic nh mt mch tch phn

log K

I
log

RN R1

P
-20dB/decade

o =

1 RN C

log

Hnh 1.10 c tuyn bin-tn ca mch PI

Khi >> o K '

RN Mch mang tnh cht khuch i nhiu hn (tng ng vi R1

khu vc P). Khu vc trung gian l khu vc chuyn tip. 1.2.11 Mch PID (Proportional Integrated Differential)
C1

RN v1 iN

cN

Vin R1

Vout

Hnh 1.11.a S mch PID PID cng l mch hay c s dng trong k thut iu khin m rng phm vi tn s iu khin ca mch v trong nhiu trng hp tng tnh n nh ca h thng iu khin trong mt di tn s rng. in p ra c dng: vout = A.vin + B vin dt + C T phng trnh dng in nt ti N:
dvin dt
vin dv + C1 in + i N = 0 R1 dt 1 i N dt V phng trnh in p ra trn nhnh ra: vout = i N RN + CN

(1) (2)

Thay (1) vo (2):

vin dvin dvin 1 vin vout = dt R + C1 dt RN + C R + C1 dt N 1 1 RN C1 dvin 1 vout = vin R C vin dt RN C1 dt R +C N 1 N 1

Suy ra:

(*)

10
1 th thnh phn tch phn trong (*) chim u th. RN C N 1 th thnh phn vi phn trong (*) chim u th. * tn s cao >> N = R1C1

* tn s thp << N =

Trong di: N < < 1 th thnh phn khuch i

R N C1 + vin chim u th. R C N 1

Do c tuyn bin tn ca mch c dng nh hnh v:

log K

I P

I: Tch phn P : T l D: Vi phn

log

Hnh 1.11.b c tuyn bin-tn ca mch PID

1.3 Cc mch khuch i v tnh ton phi tuyn lin tc 1.3.1 Mch khuch i Loga D R vin vout

Hnh 1.12.a S mch khuch i Loga dng Diode to mch khuch i loga, mc diode hoc BJI mch hi tip ca b KTT. Mch in dng diode (1.12.a.) c th lm vic tt vi dng in I nm trong khong nA mA Dng in qua diode v in p t ln diode c quan h :
vD iD = I o exp v T

Trong : iD, vD : dng in qua diode v ip p t ln diode. cho php. Io: dng in ban u, c tr s bng dng qua diode ng vi in p ngc vT : in p nhit. nhit bnh thng th vT= 26mV

11

vout v D = vT ln

v iD = vT ln in Io RI o

R vin vout

Hnh 1.12.b S mch khuch i Loga dng BJT Mch (1.12.b.) lm vic tt vi dng in trong khong pA pA Dng Colect iC ph thuc vo in p Baz - emit theo quan h :
VBE vT

iC = AN iE = AN I Ebh (e
IEbh: l dng in emit trng thi bo ha. Khi Ta c: M vout =-vBE; vin=RiC
e
v BE vT

1)

Vi AN: h s khuch i dng in khi mc Baz chung (BC)

vBE vT

1 >> 0 e
VBE vT

>> 1

iC = AN I Ebh (e

vout = vT ln

iC vin = vT . ln AN I Ebh AN I Ebh R

Mch ch lm vic vi in p vo dng (do mi ni p-n) Mun lm vic vi in p m th ta thay BJT npn bng BJT pnp. 1.3.2 Mch khuch i i Loga
R D vin vout

Hnh 1.13.a. S mch khuch i i Loga dng Diode

vout = I D R = RI o e
VD VT
Vin VT

V:

vD = vin nn vout = RI o e

12 R vin

vout

Hnh 1.13.b. S mch khuch i i Loga dng Transitor

iC = AN I Ebh e

VBE VT

= AN I Ebh e
Vin VT

Vin VT

( Do vBE = -vin) vout = iC R = RAN I Ebh e

1.3.3 Mch nhn dng nguyn tc khuch i loga v i loga vx

K1ln(vx/K2)

ln

K1ln(vxvy/K22)

ln(vxvy/K22)

vZ = K3vxvy/K22

Tng vy ln
K1ln(vy/K2)

Ki 1/K1

exp

Hnh 1.14. Mch nhn dng nguyn tc khuch i Loga v i Loga Cc mch khuch i loga v i loga c th dng mch nh xt mc trn. Coi mch tng c th dng mt khuch i tng KTT. Mch nhn ny c sai s khong 0,25% n 1% so vi gi tr cc i ca tn hiu vo. Mch ch lm vic c vi cc tn hiu vx, vy > 0 (do tnh cht hm loga). Mch nhn 4200 l mt trong nhng mch tiu biu c ch to theo nguyn tc ny. 1.3.4 Mch lu tha bc hai u hai u vo ca mch nhn vi nhau ta s c mch ly tha: vx K
Hnh 1.15. S mch lu tha bc hai

vZ

Lc ny vx = vy ( vZ = Kvx2) Gi s in p vo c dng sin: vX = Vcost Th in p ra:

vout KV 2 = K (V cos t ) = (1 + cos 2t ) 2
2

13 c th dng mch ly tha bc hai nhn tn s. 1.3.5 Mch chia theo nguyn tc nhn o a. Mch chia thun
Kvxvy
Mch nhn K>0

vx

vZ

vy = vZ/Kvx Hnh 1.16. S mch chia thun

Ta c ti ca thun : vN = KvX vY vP = vZ m vP = vN
vZ Kv X

vZ = KvXvY vout = vY =

b. Mch chia o

Kvxvy R vZ
R

K>0

vx

vy

Hnh 1.17. S mch chia o PTCB dng ti N :

K .v x v z v + = 0 vy = z R R Kv x

Trong cc biu thc trn vZ c th ly du ty , cn vX lun lun dng. Nu vX < 0 th hi tip qua b nhn v u vo b KTT l hi tip dng, lm cho mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ha gy mo ln. vX > 0 ch ng vi mch nhn thun (K > 0) vX < 0 ch ng vi mch nhn i du (K < 0) 1.3.6 Chia mch dng khuch i loga v i loga

14

vZ

ln

K1ln(vZ/K2) K1ln(vZ /vx) ln(vZ /vx) Vy = K3vZ/vx

Ki 1/K1

Hiu

exp

vx

ln
K1ln(vx/K2)

Hnh 1.18. Mch chia tng t dung nguyn tc khuch i Loga v i Loga

A = K1 ln vY = K 3 e
ln

v vz v K1 ln x = K1 ln z K2 K2 vx
= K3 v vz =K z vx vx

vz vx

iu kin : vZ, vX, vY : ch ly gi tr dng 1.3.7 Mch khai cn Mch khai cn c thc hin bng cch mc vo mch hi tip ca b KTT mt mch ly tha.
Kvx2

K
R

vZ

vx= vy

Hnh 1.19.a. Mch khai cn o vP = 0; Do :

2 vZ Kv x + =0 R R

2 v Z Kv x + =0 vP = vN = 0 2 2 2 2 2 = vY = vout = vX

vZ K

vout =

1 ( vZ ) vi vZ < 0 K

15 Kvx2
K

R
vZ
Hnh 1.19.b. mch khai cn thun

vx = vy

Ta c: M

vZ = vN
2 2 2 v N = Kv X = KvY = Kvout

2 Kvout = v N vout =

vZ vi vZ 0 K

Mch in hnh 1.19.a ch lm vic vi in p vo vZ < 0, cn mch in hnh 1.19.b th vZ > 0. Trong trng hp ngc li th mch s c hi tip dng lm mch b kt. ngn nga ngi ta mc thm diode (mi mch mt diode) u ra ca b KTT nh hnh v. 1.4 Cc mch phi tuyn khng lin tc 1.4.1 Nguyn tc thc hin cc mch phi tuyn khng lin tc v cc phn t c bn ca n Cc phn t c bn dng to hm phi tuyn khng lin tc l cc b so snh tng t v diode l tng. Diode l tng c cu to bng cch mc vo mch hi tip ca b KTT mt diode thc. Ta so snh nguyn l lm vic v sai s trong trng hp dng diode thc v diode l tng. vD

vin ~

vout

Hnh 1.20.a. Mch phi tuyn khng lin tc dng diode thc vout = vin - vD - Khi vin < vng th mch khng lm vic, vout = 0 - Khi vin > vng th vout 0 mch in dng diode thc c in p ngng vng nn khng th lm vic vi in p vo b c.

16

vD vo vout vin ~ Hnh 1.20.b. Mch phi tuyn khng lin tc dng diode l tng vo = AOLvD = AOL (vin -vout) vD + vout = AOL (vin -vout) vi AOL >> 1 R

vout vin -

vD AOL

in p ngng: v'ng =

vng AOL

Vi AOL c 104 105 v vng 0,6V th mch in ny c th chnh lu c in p c mV. 1.4.2 Mch chnh lu chnh xc c dng ch yu trong cc b ngun cung cp, trong cc my o. Phn loi mch chnh lu: - Mch chnh lu na sng. - Mch chnh lu ton sng : gm chnh lu cn bng v chnh lu cu. 1.4.2.1 Mch chnh lu na sng R D1 v0 vout vout

vin vin Hnh 1.24. Mch chnh lu na sng Khi vin < 0 th vo < 0 D1 tt vout = 0 Khi vin > 0 th vo > 0 D1 m vout = vo Mt khc : v N =
vout = vin vout = 2 vin 2

17 1.4.2.2 Mh chnh lu ton sng dng s cu: (chnh lu gi tr trung bnh s hc) Khi vin > 0 iin =
vin chy qua R1, diode D1, in tr ti (dng c o), diode D3 R1

ri n u ra b KTT v v t. Khi vin < 0 ( iin chy t u ra b KTT, qua D2, qua dng c o, qua diode D4, qua R1 ri tr v u vo. Do dng in qua dng c o bng:
iin = vin R1

D1 D4 vin R1

D2 D3 vout

Hnh 1.25. Mch chnh lu ton song dung s cu vout = vt (trn c cu o) = vin (ly N lm mc). 1.4.2.3 Mch chnh lu gi tr hiu dng Khi mc thm vo ca o mch ni tip R2, C2 th ta c mt mch chnh lu gi tr hiu dng. D2 D1 C2 R2 D4 D3 Vout

R1

Vin

Hnh 1.26. Mch chnh lu gi tr hiu dng

18 Ta bit:
I Sh
1 = I sin t dt T0
T T

I Sh

2I 2 2I sin t dt = = T 0
T

I hd

I 1 1 T /2 = = ( I sin t ) 2 dt = I T T 0 2

so vi tr trung bnh s hc th tr hiu dng ln gp

I hd = 1 I Sh = I Sh 2 2 2 2

2 2

ln.

Lc in p mt chiu th R2, C2 khng c tc dng. Lc in p xoay chiu th R2, C2 tham gia vo in tr R1 di dng R1 // R2. ng h ch gi tr hiu dng th ta phi c :
R1 R2 2 2 2 2 = R1 R2 = R1 R1 + R2 2 2

T C2 phi chn sao cho tr khng ca n i vi thnh phn xoay chiu khng ng k, nu khng h p trn n s gy ra sai s o. Gi thit sai s o cho php l 1% ng vi tn s vo thp nht fmin bng cch tnh ton tr khng Z ca R1 // (R2 + 1/j(C2) ta c th tm c gi tr C2. C2 = 1.4.2.4 Mch chnh lu gi tr nh vin A1 K D vC C A2 vout
0,32 2f min R1

iC

v vout vin t

Hnh 1.27. Mch chnh lu gi tr nh v dng sng ra

19

Khi vin > 0 v vin > vc th diode thng v dng ra ca b KTT A1 np in cho t C cho ti khi bng in p cc i ca tn hiu vo (in p nh): vc Vinmax. Nu sau vin gim th D ngt, t C phng in qua in tr ngc ca diode v to dng ti it. Nu in tr ngc ca diode v in tr vo A1 ln in p trn t C l in p nh c gi tr n nh. Nu i chiu diode D th in p trn t C l in p nh m A2 l mch lp in p lm tng m tng tr khng ti cho mch chnh lu. Kha K to ng x cho t khi cn o gi tr mi. 1.4.2.5 Mch so snh tng t Mch so snh tng t c nhim v so snh mt in p vo vin vi mt in p chun Vch. Tn hiu vo dng tng t s c bin thnh tn hiu ra di dng m nh phn. Ngha l u ra hoc mc thp (L) hoc mc cao (H). N l mch ghp ni gia ANALOG v DIGITAL. c im: Phn bit gia b KTT thng thng vi b so snh chuyn dng (m thc cht cng l mt b KTT). - B so snh c tc p ng cao hn thi gian xc lp v phc hi nh. - L KTT lm vic trng thi bo ha nn mc ra thp (L) v mc ra cao (H) ca n l mc dng v mc m ca ngun. Cc mc ny phi tng ng vi mc logic. vout vP
vN vout

VRH vin vP - vN VRL

Hnh 1.28. Mch so snh v c tuyn vo ra

1.4.2.5.1 c tuyn truyn t tnh ca b so snh vP - vN > 0 vout = vRH : in p ra ng vi mc cao. vP - vN < 0 vout = vRL : in p ra ng vi mc thp. 1.4.2.5.2 c tuyn truyn t thc

20 vout vout
CHA B LCH KHNG

vP - vN
C B LCH KHNG

vout

v v0

Hnh 1.29. c tuyn truyn t thc v: c trng cho b nhy ca b so snh vo: in p lch khng. 1.4.2.5.3 c tnh ng ca b so snh vin = vP - vN 1 t vin = 20mV vout vin = 1mV tc t

Hnh 1.30. c tnh ng ca b so snh tc 10ns : gi l thi gian cht. Sn dc ca c tuyn ra t l thun vi bin vin. B so snh yu cu phi c nhy cao : p ng nhanh. tc nh v phi c dc ln : vng khuch i b. 1.4.2.5.4 B so snh khng c tr vin Vch vin vout V Vch R1 R2 +
Vo

vout

21

Hnh 1.31. B so snh khng tr Hnh a) vin = vch + Vo Hnh b)

vin Vo Vch Vo + = IN R1 R2 vin = R1 R1 Vch + Vo 1 + R + I N R1 R2 2

(a)

(b)

vin =

R1 R1 Vch + Vo + I N R1 1 + R R2 2