22

CHNG 2

CC MCH TO DAO NG
Chng ny nhm trnh by cc vn v to dao ng, iu kin v c im mch to dao ng, n nh bin v tn s dao ng, phng php tnh ton cc mch dao ng 3 im in cm, 3 im in dung, mch clapp, mch dao ng ghp bin p, mch dao ng thch anh, mch dao ng RC...

2.1. Cc vn chung v to dao ng

Mch dao ng c th to ra cc dng dao ng : - hnh Sine (iu ha) - xung tam gic. - xung ch nht. - xung rng ca...

y ta xt to dao ng hnh Sine (iu ho) v y l dng dao ng c bn. Cc mch dao ng hnh Sine thng c dng trong cc h thng thng tin, trong cc my o, my kim tra, trong cc thit b y t ... Cc phn t tch cc dng to dao ng nh n in t, transistor lng cc, FET, KTT, hoc nh diode tunel, diode gunn. - n dng khi cn cng sut ra ln, tn s t thp n rt cao. - KTT khi tn s yu cu thp v trung bnh. - Transistor khi tn s yu cu cao. Tham s c bn ca mch dao ng - Tn s dao ng. - Bin in p ra. - n nh tn s dao ng (nm trong khong 10- 2 10- 6) - Cng sut ra. - Hiu sut ca mch. Nguyn tc c bn to mch iu ha - To dao ng bng hi tip dng. - To dao ng bng phng php tng hp mch. Chng ny kho st mch dao ng theo nguyn tc mch dao ng bng hi tip dng.

23

2.2. iu kin dao ng v c im ca mch dao ng

2.2.1. iu kin mch dao ng

a a

XV Xr

_ K (A) _
Kht(B)

Xr

Hnh 2.1. S khi tng qut ca mch dao ng

(A): Khi khuch i c h s khuch i : K = K.ej k (B): Khi hi tip c h s truyn t : K ht = Kht.ej ht Xr = K ht . Xr M Xr = K . Xv Xr = K . K ht.Xv

Mch ch dao ng khi Xv = Xr, ngha l lc ta c th ni im a v a v tn hiu ly ra t mch hi tip c a tr li u vo (Mch in khng c tn hiu vo m c tn hiu ra). Vy iu kin mch dao ng l : Xr = Xv K . K ht = 1 Hay l : Trong : K : module h s khuch i Kht : module h s hi tip k : gc pha ca b khuch i ht : gc pha ca mch hi tip K Kht . ej (k + ht) = 1 (*)

(1) K.K ht = 1 T (*) = k + ht = 2n ( 2) Vi n = 0, 1, 2, ... : tng dch pha ca b khuh i v ca mch hi tip, biu th s dch pha gia Xr v Xv. Biu thc (1) : iu kin cn bng bin , cho bit mch ch c th dao ng khi h s khuch i ca b khuch i b c tn hao do mch hi tip gy ra.

24

Biu thc (2) : iu kin cn bng pha cho thy dao ng ch c th pht sinh khi tn hiu hi tip v ng pha vi tn hiu vo.
2.2.2. c im ca mch dao ng

1. Mch dao ng cng l mt mch khuch i, nhng l mch khuch i t iu khin bng hi tip dng t u ra v u vo. Nng lng t dao ng ly t ngun cung cp mt chiu. 2. Mch phi tha mn iu kin cn bng bin v pha. 3. Mch phi cha t nht mt phn t tch cc lm nhim v bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh xoay chiu. 4. Mch phi cha mt phn t phi tuyn hay mt khu iu chnh m bo cho bin dao ng khng i trng thi xc lp.

2.3. n nh bin dao ng v tn s dao ng

2.3.1. n nh bin dao ng

Khi mi ng mch, nu iu kin cn bng pha c tha mn ti mt tn s no , ng thi KKht > 1 th mch pht sinh dao ng tn s . Ta ni mch trng thi qu . trng thi xc lp bin dao ng khng i ng vi K.Kht = 1. m bo bin trng thi xc lp, c th thc hin cc bin php sau y : - Hn ch bin in p ra bng cch chn tr s in p ngun cung cp mt chiu thch hp. - Dch chuyn im lm vic trn c tuyn phi tuyn ca phn t tch cc nh thay i in p phn cc t ln cc iu khin ca phn t khuch i. - Dng mch hi tip phi tuyn hoc dng phn t hiu chnh. V d in tr nhit, in tr thng ca diode. Ty thuc vo mch in c th c th p dng mt trong cc bin php trn.
2.3.2. n nh tn s dao ng

Vn n nh tn s dao ng lin quan cht ch n iu kin cn bng pha. Khi dch pha gia in p hi tip a v v in p ban u thay i s dn n thay i ca tn s dao ng. iu kin cn bng pha : = K + ht = 2n Cho n = 0 K + ht = 0 K, ht : ph thuc vo tham s m, n ca cc phn t ca mch khuch i v mch hi tip v ph thuc .

25

K (m, ) + ht (n, ) = 0 (**) Vi phn ton phn v bin i (**) ta nhn c biu thc :

K dm + K dn + K d + ht d = 0 m

Suy ra:

ht K dm + dn m n d = ht K +

(3)

T biu thc (3) ta suy ra cc bin php nng cao n nh tn s : 1. Thc hin cc bin php nhm gim s thay i tham s ca mch hi tip (dn) v mch khuch i (dm). - Dng ngun n p. - Dng cc phn t c h s nhit nh. - Gim nh hng ca ti n mch dao ng bng cch mc thm tng m u ra ca tng dao ng. - Dng cc linh kin c sai s nh. - Dng cc phn t n nh nhit. 2. Dng cc bin php nhm gim tc thay i gc pha theo tham s ca mch, K ht v bng cch chn mch dao ng thch hp. ngha l gim
m m

3. Thc hin cc bin php lm tng tc thay i gc pha theo tn s, tc l bng K ht , xung quanh tn s dao ng bng cch s dng cc phn t c phm cht cao, v d thch anh.

2.4. Cc phng php tnh ton mch dao ng

2..4.1. Cc mch tng ng ca mch dao ng dng transistor

Z3

+ _
I

Z2

Z1

+ Hnh 2.2. S mch to dao ng dng Transitor

26

z1 = r1 + jx1 jx1 z2 = r2 + jx2 jx2 z3 = r3 + jx3 jx3

(r1 0) (r2 0) (r3 0)

iu kin dao ng :
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 x1, x2 cng du x1, x3 khc du |x3| > |x2|

* Nu z1, z2 : C z3 : L Ta c mch dao ng ba im in dung (Colpits)

L3 C1 C2 Hnh 2.3. Mch dao ng ba im in dung (Colpits)

C2 L1 L2 Hnh 2.4. Mch dao ng ba im in cm (Hartley)

* Nu z1, z2 : L z3 : C Ta c mch dao ng ba im in cm (Hartley) Thng thng dng ba mch in ng ba im in dung v s n nh tt hn nhng ba im in cm d thc hin. * Mch bin th :
L C L2 L1 C3 C2 C1

Hnh 2.5. Mch dao ng ghp bin p

Hnh 2.6. Mch dao ng Clapp

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2.4.2. Phng php tnh ton.

C nhiu phng php, nhng y ta xt phng php thng dng nht, l tnh ton mch dao ng theo phng php b khuch i c hi tip. Xem iu kin pha bo m (do kt cu mch m nhim). Ta ch cn cn c vo mch in c th xc nh h s khuch i K v h s hi tip Kht. Sau da vo iu kin cn bng bin K.Kht = 1 suy ra cc thng s cn thit ca mch, v d : Tnh iu kin t dao ng ca mch ba im in dung s dng BJT
Lc

Vcc

C
R1
Ct
C1

EI
R2

Vtd

Re

C2 Ce

B
Hnh 2.7. S mch dao ng ba im in dung dng Transitor

RE, CE : thnh phn n nh nhit R1, R2 : phn cc LC : cun cn cao tn gim nh hng tn s dao ng v ngun Ct : t lin lc cao tn (thot cao tn)

+ Bc 1 : Tnh h s khuch i K :
K = - S.Zc = h21e Zc h11e

S : h dn BJT

Zc : tr khng gia Colect v t : n l mt phn tr khng ca khung cng hng. Zc = p2Rtd // Zvpa Zvpa : tr khng vo phn nh sang nhnh Colect-emit.

Nu R1 // R2 >> h11e ta c :

28 Zvpa =
Z v h11e = 2 n2 n

Trong : n l h s phn nh. 0<n << 1

n= & V C I I BE = = 1 : & jC 2 jC1 C 2 V CE

0<n << 1 C1 << C2

Rtd l tr khng ca khung cng hng ti tn s cng hng.
Rtd = L Cr

L : in cm ca khung cng hng C : in dung ca khung cng hng r : in tr tn hao ca khung cng hng p : h s ghp ca Transistor vi khung cng hng
p= & V I CE = : & jC1 Vtd I I = C1C 2 jC1 j C1 + C 2 j C1C 2 C1 + C 2 I

C1C 2 C2 1 1 = = = (C1 + C 2 )C1 C1 + C 2 C1 1+ n +1 C2

ZC =

p Rtd Z VPa p 2 Rtd + Z VPa

Rtd h11e ( 1 + n )2 n 2 = Rtd h e + 11 2 (1 + n ) n2

ZC =

Rtd .h11e n Rtd + h11e ( 1 + n ) 2

2

K =
K =

h21e Rtd .h11e 2 h11e n Rtd + h11e ( 1 + n )2

2

Rtd h21e n Rtd + h11e ( 1 + n )2

+ Bc 2 : Xc nh h s hi tip :
K ht = & V C I I BE = : = 1 = n & jC 2 jC1 C2 VCE

29

+ Bc 3 : Tnh tch K.Kht :

KK ht = n. Rtd .h21e n Rtd + h11e ( 1 + n )2
2

+ Bc 4 : Xc nh iu kin dao ng ca mch :

K.Kht 1

(1 + n )2 + n 2

Rtd h21e Rtd n 0 h11e h11e

Du = ng vi trng hp dao ng xc lp. Du < ng vi trng hp qu lc ng mch. + Bc 5 : Xc nh h s hi tip cn thit mch t dao ng c. Thng n << 1 nn biu thc trn c th vit :
n2 Rtd h 2n 21e Rtd + 1 0 h11e 2h11e
h 21e h n + 11e 0 2 R td

(*)

n2 2

Gii phng trnh bc hai ny ta nhn c :

n1,2 h h h = 21e 21e 11e 2 Rtd 2
2

(*) 0 khi n2 n n1 Lc mch c dao ng hnh sine ( trng thi xc lp) ti n1 hoc n2 V
h h h Rtd >> 21e 11e 21e Rtd 2 2
2 2

n1 = h21 > loi b n1 v iu kin

n <<1

+ Bc 6 : Xc nh tr s linh kin mc trong mch qua h s hi tip n v qua tn s dao ng ca mch. T gi tr n = n2 va tm c ta c :

2 h21e h21e h11e C1 n = = n2 = Rtd C2 2 2 tm c L, C1, C2 1 f f = = dd CH CC 2 L 1 2 C1 + C2

30

2.5. Mch in cc b dao ng LC

2.5.1. Vn n nh bin

n nh bin trong cc mch dao ng LC, thng dng phng php di chuyn im lm vic ca phn t tch cc. in tr RE trong mch in tnh ton trn lm nhim v .(Nu khng mc t CE//RE) Khi mi ng mch, nh c phn p R1, R2 nn tip gip BE ca Transistor c nh thin v lm vic vi gc ct = 180o tng ng vi ch dao ng mm. H dn S ca Transistor ti im lm vic ban u kh ln, do KKht > 1 v mch vo ch qu . Bin dao ng tng dn lm cho h p trn RE (trng hp khng c t mc song song) tng dn, ng thi in p hi tip c cc tnh m tr v cc B ca BJT tng dn n phn cc BE gim, mch chuyn sang ch C ng vi gc ct < 90o. Tng ng vi ch dao ng cng. ng thi h dn trung bnh gim lm cho h s khuch i K = h21 gim v tch KKht tin ti bng 1 ch xc lp. h11

Trong mch ta dng hi tip m trn RE chuyn dch lm vic t khu vc c h dn ln sang khu vc c h dn b.
IC

im lm vic tnh

VBE

t Hnh 2.8. c tuyn VBE - IC ca Transitor

2.5.2 Mch dao ng 3 im in cm (Hartley)

Xt dao ng 3 im in cm mc E chung. Ta thy :

XBE = L2 > o, X3 = XCB =
1 <o c

X1 = XCE = L1>o, X2 =

Tha mn iu kin cn bng v pha iu kin cn bng bin : (tnh cho mch hnh 2.11)

31

Vcc R3 R1 C2 L1 R2 C1

E
Re Ce

E
L2

Vt

B
Hnh 2.11. S mch to dao ng Hartley mc E chung H s khuch i:
K = SZ c = h21e h e ( p 2 Rtd // 11 )] h11e n2

H s phn nh khi L1 v L2 ghp cht trn cng mt li:

n= VBE VEB Ij( L2 + M ) L2 + M = = = VCE VCE Ij( L1 + M ) L1 + M
M = k L1 L2

Trong M l h cm gia 2 cun dy

k = 0 ,1 0 ,2 bng sng ngn

Thng thng: k = 0,5 0,9 bng sng di v sng trung Khi L1 v L2 ghp lng, ghp trn tng li ring: M=0 Lc :
n= K ht = VBE VEB IjL2 L2 = = = VCE VCE IjL1 L1

VBE IjL2 L = = 2 = n VCE IjL1 L1

1 1 1 = = V V 1+ n 1 + CE 1 CE V EB V EB

p: h s ghp gia transistor v mch (khi L1 v L2 ghp lng) :

p= VCE VCE V VCE L1 = = CE = = Vtd VCB L1 + L2 VCB VCE + U EB

Thc hin tng t nh cc mch trc ta tm c bt phng trnh :

32
n 2 2n h21e h11e + 0 Rtd 2
1 2 L C = 1 2 ( L1 + L2 )C

Tn s dao ng : f dd = f CHR =

Nu ghp cht : L = L1 + L2 + 2M
Vr

C
C1 L1

E
Re C2 R2 R1 L2

Vt

B
Vcc

Hnh 2.12 S mch dao ng 3 im in cm (Hartley) mc theo cc B chung.

2.5.3 Mch in dao ng ghp bin p Vcc R1

Cb

C
C

C M *
L

B
R2

E
Re Ce

Vht = VBE

E
Vcc

Hnh 2.9. S mch to dao ng ghp bin p mc E chung Tng t nh mch dao ng 3 im in cm h s phn nh c tnh theo biu thc:

33

n = - &BE = = M<0 jLI L VCE Vi M l h cm gia 2 cun dy s cp v th cp. Ngha l hai cun dy s cp v th cp phi c cc tnh ngc nhau in p hi tip v ng pha vi in p vo. iu kin bin :
K.Kht = 1; K = - SZC ; Kht = - n = Zvpa =
h11e n2 M L

& V

jMI

Trong :

1 1 1 1 n2 n2 vi Z = Rtd // Z t = 2 + 2 + = 2 + Z C p Rtd p Z t h11e p Z h11e

Nu tn hiu ra t mch dao ng a vo mch khuch i m trc khi ly ra ti th Zt>>Zvpa, v Zt>> p2.Rtd . Do c th b qua Zt. Lc :
Z c = p 2 Rtd // h11e n2

S=

h21e h11e

Lp tch : K.Kht 1

h21e h11e

Rtd h11e nh21e Rtd n 2 R + h ( n ) 1 n 2 R + h 1 11e td td 11e

p=

VCE VCE = =1 Vtd VCE

thay vo ta c :
n 2 2n h21e h11e + 0 Rtd 2

Gii ra ta c kt qu :
n1,2 h h h = 21e 21e 11e 2 Rtd 2
2

Kt qu cng ging nh mch phn trn tnh ton

34

Tn s dao ng ca mch :
f = 1 2 LC

to dao ng c tn s cao, dng s baz chung v in p vo v ra cng pha nn iu kin cn bng pha tha mn khi M > 0 (2 cun dy qun cng cc tnh) iu kin bin cng ging s emit chung nu thay h21e, h11e bi h21b v h11b.
n = &EB = = ; IjL L VCB
p= VCB =1 Vtd
& V

IjM

0<n<1

M * * L C Zt

R2

R1

Ce

Re Vcc

Hnh 2.10. S mch to dao ng ghp bin p mc B chung

2.5.4 Mch Clapp
Vcc Rc R1 C3 Cr Cv R2 C1 L C2 C

E
Re

Ce

Hnh 2.13. S mch to dao ng Clapp

35

y l bin dng ca mch ba im in dung. Nhnh in cm cn c thay bi mt mch cng hng gm L, C ni tip m tr s ca chng c chn sao cho mch c tr khng tng ng vi mt in cm ti f = fd, ngha l dd L > 1
dd C

H s ghp gia transister v khung cng hng:

n= V BE C I I : = = 1 V CE j C 2 j C 1 C 2

K ht =

VBE = n VCE

p=

VCE C I I : = = td Vtd jC1 jCtd C1 1 1 1 1 = + + Ctd C1 C 2 C

Trong :

Thng chn C << C1, C2 => C Ctd => p =

Ctd C = << 1 C1 C1

Ngha l khung cng hng ghp rt lng vi BJT nhm gim nh hng ca cc in dung phn b ca phn t tch cc (BJT) (in dung ra, in dung vo) n tn s dao ng ca mch. Tn s dao ng ca mch :
f dd = f ch = 1 2 LC td 1 2 LC

V vy C1, C2 v cc in dung vo ra ca transistor hu nh khng tham gia quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch . Do s Clapp cho php to dao ng c tn s n nh hn cc loi s ba im khc. Theo iu kin cn bng bin ta xc nh c phng trnh:
h21e ). h11e C 2 Rtd C1
2

( n).(

C 2 Rtd h11e . 2 2 n C1 + h11e n2

nh21e Rtd .C 2 1. C 2 Rtd n 2 + h11e .C12

Suy ra:
n 2 Rtd nh21e Rtd + h11e ( C1 2 ) 0 C

36

n2 2 T tnh c :
n1, 2

h21e h C n + 11e ( 1 )2 0 Rtd C 2

h h h C = 21e 21e 11e 1 2 Rt C 2

2.5.5 Cc mch to dao ng dng thch anh

Tinh th thch anh (quartz crystal) l loai trong m trong thin nhin c cu to su mt v hai thp hai u (hnh 2.14) c nhiu nc ta. Thch anh chnh l dioxid silicium SiO2 cng cht lm lp cch in transitor MOSFET. tinh th thch anh c cc trc mang tn Z, X, Y. Trc Z xuyn qua hai nh thp, trc X qua hai cch i v thng gc vi trc Z (c 3 trc X), trc Y thng gc vi hai mt i (c 3 trc Y). Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct thng gc vi trc no m lt thch anh c dc tnh khc nhau. Thng trc ct l AT (thng gc vi trc Y, song song vi trc X v to vi trc Z mt gc 35o15). Lt thch anh c din tch mt khong mt n vi cm2 c mi mng n vi mm sao cho hai mt tht phng v tht song song. Hai mt ny c m kim loi (vng hay bc) v hn vi hai in cc lm chn ra. K n lp thch anh c bc trong mt lp bt cch in v c ng trong hp thit kn c hai chn l ra, bn trong c th c ht ht khng kh.
Z
(trc quang)

in cc (chn ra)

Y
(trc c)

bc

X
(trc in)

thch anh

Hnh 2.14. Tinh th, cu to v hnh dng linh kin thch anh c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l hiu ng p in (piezoelectric) theo khi ta p hai mt ca lt thch anh th mt hiu in th xut hin gia hai mt, cn khi ta ko dn hai mt th hiu in th c chiu ngc li. Ngc li, di tc dung ca hiu th xoay chiu lt thch anh s rung tn s khng i v nh vy to tn hiu xoay chiu tn s khng i. Tn s dao ng ca thch anh tu thuc vo kch thc ca n (c bit l chiu dy) v mt ct. Tn s dao ng thay i theo thi gian v nhit mi trng nhng ni chung rt n nh. nh hng quan trng nht ln thch anh l nhit . Khi nhit

37

thay i, kch thc ca lt thch anh thay i dn n tn s dao ng thay i theo, nhng d sao cng tram ngn ln n nh hn cc mch khng dng thch anh. Do trong nhng ng dung cn n nh tn s rt cao ngi ta phi n nh nhit thch anh. Cc ng h ch gi (eo tay, treo tng) u dng dao ng thch anh.
2.5.4.1. Tnh cht v mch tng ng ca thch anh
A

A
Lq Cp Cq rq

Lq, Cq, rq : ph thuc kch thc khi thch anh v cch ct khi thch anh. Cq: in dung to bi 2 m ghp vi u ra.

B
B

Thng thng rq rt nh c th b qua.

Hnh 2.15. K hiu v mch tng ng ca thch anh + Thch anh c cu to t SiO2, c s dng khi yu cu mch dao ng c tn s n nh cao v h s phm cht Q ca n rt ln. + Thch anh c tnh cht p in : in trng - sinh dao ng c hc v dao ng c hc - sinh ra in tch. Do c thdng thch anh nh mt khung cng hng. B qua rq (rq = 0) th tr khng tng ng ca thch anh c xc nh :
jLq + 1 . 1 j C q j C p 2 LqCq 1 Zq = X q = = j 1 1 (C p + Cq 2 Lq .C p .Cq ) jLq + + j C q j C p

(*)

Gi fd l tn s dao ng ca 1 mch T (*) thch anh c 2 tn s cng hng: Tn s cng hng ni tip fq ng vi Zq = 0
fq = 1 2 Lq .C q

Tn s cng hng song song : fp ng vi Zq =

fp = Cq 1 Cq + Cq 1 = = fq 1+ 2 Lq C q C p Cp 2 LC td

38

Trong :

C td =

CqC p Cq + C p

Cq ni tip Cp

Khi Cp >> Cq => fp fq . Da vo c tnh in khng ta thy

jXq Nu fd < fq - Thch anh C Nu fq < fd < fp -T.anh L Nu fd >fp - Thch anh C

Ni tip fp fq

Song song

Cc thng s c trng ca T.A: fq : 1KHz 100MHz. Cc thch anh c tn s thp hn t c sn xut, v loi ny kch thc ln hn v t tin. Thc t, ngi ta thng sn xut thch anh c tn s fq : 50KHz 1MHz v chn c mt ct c tnh n nh nht cho thch anh.
Lq

Hnh 2.16. c tnh in khng ca thch anh

rq =0 Rtd =

Lq C q rq

rt ln

Q = Rtd

Cq Lq

Cq rq

= 10 4 10 5 rt ln

n nh tn s :
f 10 6 10 10 f0

thay i tn s cng hng ca thch anh trong mt phm vi hp, ngi ta mc ni tip thch anh vi mt t bin i Cs nh hnh v. q

CS

Hnh 2.17

Tn s cng hng ni tip ca n :

f q/ = f q 1 + Cq Cq + Cs

Lng thay i tn s do mc thm Cs vo:

39
f q/ f q Cq f 1 Cq = = 1+ 1 = fq fq C p + Cs 2 Cq + Cs

2.5.4.2. Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song
Vcc Rc Rb1

C1 Rb2 Re Ce C2

q CS

Hnh 2.18. Mch b dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song Nhnh thch anh mc ni tip vi t Cs tng ng vi 1 in cm mch c th dao ng di dng 3 im in dung. Lc phi chn thch anh sao cho:
fq< fdd < fp
1

dd c s

< dd Ltd

2.5.4.3. Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip

Cs

q q
C1 L3 C2

R2 Ce Re

R1 C3 Vcc R1

Re R2

Vcc

Hnh 2.19. Mch dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip, ghp bin p, EC

Hnh 2.20. Mch d.ng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip, ba im in dung, BC

40

C1

T1

T2 Ck Lk

R1

R2

Re

Rc

R3

R4

Re Vcc

Hnh 2.21. Mch b dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip hi tip qua hai tng khuch i Trong 3 s trn, thch anh c mc hi tip v ng vai tr nh 1 phn t ghp c tnh chn lc i vi tn s. Khi fd ~ fq (ni tip) th tr khng Xq = 0 - h p trn thch anh nh lm in p hi tip v tng ln v mch to ra dao ng vi tn s fdd = fq
2.5.5. Mch in cc b to dao ng RC c im chung ca cc b to dao ng RC:

1. Thng dng phm vi tn s thp thay cho cc b LC v kch thc ca b to dao ng LC tn s thp qu ln. 2. Khng c cun cm, do c th ch to n di dng vi mch v i
1 trong b dao ng RC d dng thay i fdd vi b dao ng LC C

3. Trong b dao ng RC - fdd t l vi 1/C, cn trong b dao ng LC th fdd t l

4. Yu cu b dao ng RC lm vic ch A gim mo 5. V khu hi tip (gm cc phn t R,C) ph thuc tn s, nn mch s to c dao ng ti tn s m iu kin pha c tha mn
B dao ng RC dng mch di pha trong mch hi tip:

R1 C V1 I1 C C R2 Vr R I2 R I3 R V2

Hnh 2.22. Mch dao ng RC

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H phng trnh :
1 & I 1 RI 2 = V1 j C + R 1 RI 1 + I 2 RI 3 = 0 j C + 2 R 1 RI 2 + I 3 = 0 j C + 2 R & RI 3 = V 2

H s truyn t ca mch :
& 5 1 6 & = V1 = 1 K + j 2 3 & RC V2 ( RC ) ( RC )

* Phn o = 0 = Thay =
1 6.RC

1 6.RC

vo phn thc ta tnh c iu kin cn bng bin :

5 = 1 30 = 29 (R.C ) 2

K = 1 K=

R1 = 29 R1 = 29 R2 R2

Mch dao ng dng mch lc T v T - kp trong mch hi tip :

R C V1
1

2 1

C R

V2

V1

R
C/2

R
2R

V2

Hnh 2.23. Mch b dao ng dng mch lc T v T kp trong hi tip Vi mch lc T, vit phng trnh dng in cho nt 1 v 2, t xc nh c h s truyn t:

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a 2 1 + j 2a K ht = = 2 V v a 1 + j 3a

Vr

trong a =

1 RC

K ht =

(a 2 1) 2 + 4a 2 (a 2 1) 2 + 9a 2 a(1 a 2 ) (a 2 1) 2 + 6a 2

ht = arctg

ht = 0 khi a = 1 tc dd =

1 RC 2 3

Thay a = 1 vo kht ta tm c :
K ht = K htmun =

Vi mch lc T kp:
K ht = V2 a2 1 = 2 V1 (a 1) + j 4a a2 1 (a 2 1) 2 + 16a 2 4a 4a = arctg 2 a 1 1 a2

v i

a=

1 RC

T ta suy ra : 2 phng trnh Module v pha:

K ht =

ht = arctg

Khi a = 1 dd =

1 v ht = RC 2

V Kht = Khtmun = 0 Mch to dao ng vng KTT c mch T trong mch ni tip:

Vr R C R C R1

R2

Hnh 2.24. Mch b dao ng dng KTT c mch lc T trong mch hi tip

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R1, R2 : Mch hi tip dng; T : Hi tip m Ti dd : K ht () =

2 3

V Ko ca KTT rt ln =>
K ht( + ) = K ht ( ) v

K ht( + ) =

R2 2 = R2 = 2 R1 R1 + R2 3

Chnh l iu kin cn bng bin ca mch.