44

CHNG 3 IU CH 3.1. nh ngha iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo 1 dao ng cao tn chuyn i xa nh bin i mt thng s no (v d : bin , tn s, gc pha, rng xung...) Tin tc gi l tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn gi l ti tin. Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch. C 2 loi iu ch; iu bin v iu tn (gm iu tn v iu pha). 3.2. iu bin iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tin bin i theo tin tc. v S = VS cos S t Do tn hiu iu bin: Vdb = (Vt + VS cos S t ) cos t t v vt = Vt cos t t vi t >> S Gi s tin tc vs v ti tin vt u l dao ng iu ha:

= Vt ( 1 +

VS cos S t ) cos t t Vt
(1)

= Vt ( 1 + m cos S t ) cos t t

Trong : m l h s iu ch. tn hiu khng b mo trm trng hoc qu iu ch th m 1

vdb = Vt cos t t + m m Vt cos( t s )t + Vt cos( t + s )t 2 2

Vb

vdb

Hnh 3.1. th thi gian tn hiu iu bin Vt 1/2 mVt 1/2 mVt

t - s

t + s

Hnh 3.2 Ph tn hiu iu bin

45

Ph ca tn hiu iu bin c dng nh hnh 3.2. Khi tn hiu iu ch c ph bin thin t dng nh hnh 3.3

S min S max th ph ca tn hiu iu bin c

Vb

Vt

t-smax t-smin

t+smin t+smax

Hnh 3.3 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin Quan h nng lng trong iu bin:

2 Vhd 1 1 = R RT

Cng sut ti tin l cng sut bnh qun trong 1 chu k ca ti tin:
2 P~t = I hd R=

Vt 2 sin 2 dt =

Vt 2 2R

=> P~t ~ Tng t: P~bt

Vt 2 2

1 mVt 2 1 2 Vt 2 m 2 ( ) = m = Pt 2 2 4 2 4

Cng sut ca tn hiu iu ch bin l cng sut bnh qun trong mt chu k ca tn hiu iu ch:

P~ db = P~ t + 2 P~ bt
m cng ln th P~b cng ln Khi m = 1 P~ db =

m2 = P~ t ( 1 + ) 2

3P~ t 1 v P~ bt = P~ t 2 4
Vbmax = Vt (1+m)

T biu thc (1) suy ra:

1 (1 + m) 2 Vt 2 2

Do

P~ max

Cc ch tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin

3.2.1 H s mo phi tuyn

46

K=

I 2 ( t 2 s ) + I 2 ( t 3 s ) + ... I ( t s )

It A

I ( t n S ) (n 2 ): Bin dng in ng vi hi bc cao ca tn hiu iu ch. I ( t S ) : Bin cc thnh phn bin tn Trong : It : bin tn hiu ra VS : gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu vo A : gi tr cc i

B : ti tin cha iu ch

V
Hnh 3.4. c tnh iu ch tnh ng c tuyn thc khng thng to ra cc hi bc cao khng mong mun. Trong ng lu nht l cc hi ( t 2 S ) c th lt vo cc bin tn m khng th lc c. gim K th phi hn ch phm vi lm vic ca b iu ch trong a thng ca c tuyn. Lc buc phi gim h s iu ch m. 3.2.2 H s mo tn s Gi : mo : h s iu ch ln nht m : H s iu ch ti tn s ang xt. H s mo tn s c xc nh theo biu thc :

M =

mo Hoc MdB = 20lgM m

m0

nh gi mo tn s ny, ngi ta cn c vo c tuyn bin v tn s: m = f(Fs) Vs = cte Phng php tnh ton mch iu bin : - Dng phn t phi tuyn cng ti tin v tn hiu iu ch trn c tuyn ca phn t phi tuyn . - Dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s iu khin c. Nhn ti tin v tn hiu iu ch nh phn t tuyn tnh . Hai nguyn tc xy dng mch iu bin : Fs

Hnh 3.5. c tnh bin tn s

47

3.2.3 iu bin dng phn t phi tuyn Phn t phi tuyn c dng iu bin c th l n in t, bn dn, cc n c kh, cun cm c li st hoc in tr c tr s bin i theo in p t vo. Ty thuc vo im lm vic c chn trn c tuyn phi tuyn, hm s c trng ca phn t phi tuyn c th biu din gn ng theo chui Taylo khi ch lm vic ca mch l ch A ( = 180o) hoc phn tch theo chui Fourrier khi ch lm vic ca mch c gc ct < 180o ( ch AB, B, C) Trng hp 1: IU BIN CH A = 180o Mch lm vic ch A nu tha mn iu kin:
Vt

Vt + Vs < E o
Khai trin dng iD theo chui Taylor:
2 3 i D = a0 + a1v D + a 2 v D + a3 v D

(*)

CS

Rt

(1 )
Vs

EO

Vi vD : in p trn Diode D v trn ti Rt Vi: vD = Eo + Vtcost t+ Vscosst

Hnh 3.6. Mch iu ch dng diode

iD

iD

S 2S 3S t - 3S t - 2S t - S t t + S t + 2S t + 3S

vD E0 vD

2t - 2S 2t - S 2t 2t + S 2t + 2S

Hnh 3.7. c tuyn ca diode v th thi gian ca tn hiu vo ra

Hnh 3.8. Ph tn hiu iu bin khi lm vic ch A

48

Thay vD vo biu thc (1) ta nhn c : iD = a1(E0 + Vtcostt + Vscosst) + a2 (E0 + Vtcostt + Vscosst)2 + + a3( E0 + Vtcostt + Vscosst )3 +..... (2) Khai trin (2) v b qua cc s hng bc cao n 4 s c kt qu m ph ca n c biu din nh hnh 3.8. Khi a3 = a4 = a5 =.....a2n+1 = 0 (n = 1,2,3) ngha l ng c tnh ca phn t phi tuyn l 1 ng cong bc 2 th tn hiu iu bin khng b mo phi tuyn. tha mn iu kin (*) mch lm vic ch A th m phi nh v hn ch cng sut ra. Chnh v vy m ngi ta rt t khi dng iu bin ch A. Trng hp 2: IU BIN CH AB, B hoc C < 180o Khi < 180o, nu bin in p c vo diode ln th c th coi c tuyn ca n l mt ng gp khc. Phng trnh biu din c tuyn ca diode lc : iD = 0 khi vD 0 khi vD > 0 S : H dn ca c tuyn = SvD

Chn im lm vic ban u trong khu tt ca Diode (ch C).

iD

iD

Eo

vD t vD D
Vt

CS

Rt

- + EO t
Hnh 3.10. c tuyn ca diode v th ca tn hiu vo ra khi lm vic ch C
Vs

Hnh 3.9. Mch iu ch dng Diode

49

Dng qua diode l 1 dy xung hnh sine, nn c th biu din iD theo chui Fourier nh sau : iD = I0 + i1 + i2 + in + = Io + I1costt + I2cos2tt + I3cos3tt + .......+ Incosntt I0 : thnh phn dng in mt chiu. I1: bin thnh phn dng in c bn i vi ti tin I2, I3.....In : bin thnh phn dng in bc cao i vi ti tin I0, I1 I3.....In : c tnh ton theo biu thc ca chui Fourrier : I0 = I1 = 1

(3)

i D . d t t i D . cos t t.d t t (4)

..................... 2 I n = i D cos n t t.d t t

Theo biu thc (*) ta c th vit : iD = S.vD = S( -E0 + VScosst + Vtcostt ) Khi tt = th iD = 0 : 0 = S.vD = S( -E0 + VScosst + Vtcos ) Ly (5) - (6) =>
i D = SVt ( cos t t cos ) 2 SVt ( cos t t cos ). cos t t . dt t o 2 1 + cos 2t t = SVt . cos . cos t t dt t 2 0 I1 =
1 + sin 2t t cos . sin t t 0 2 4 0 SV 2 SVt 1 1 1 = ( sin 2 ) = t ( sin 2 ) 4 2 2 SV 1 i1 = t ( sin 2 ) cos t t 2

(5) (6)

2 SVt =

Vy

i1 =

SVt

1 ( sin 2 ) cos t t 2 E o + Vs . cos s t E o Vs . cos s t = Vt Vt

(7) (8)

y c xc nh t biu thc (6) : cos =

T biu thc (7) v (8) bin ca thnh phn dng in c bn bin thin theo tn hiu iu ch (Vs).

50

3.2.4 iu bin dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s thay i y l qu trnh nhn tn hiu dng b nhn tng t
E0 vS(t)

= ~
vt(t)

K=1

vb

Hnh 3.11. Mch iu bin dung phn t tuyn tnh vb = (Eo + VS.cosst) . Vt.costt vb = EoVt.costt +
Vt .Vs V .V cos (t + S) t + t s cos (t - s) t 2 2

Cc mch iu bin c th :

a. iu bin cn bng dng diode D1 Cb vS Cb D2

i2 i1 i = i1 - i2

vdB

EO vt Hnh 3.12. Mch iu ch cn bng dng diode in p t ln D1, D2 :

v1 = VS cos s t + Vt . cos t t v2 = VS cos s t + Vt . cos t t

Dng in qua diode c biu din theo chui Taylo :
2 3 i1 = ao + a1v1 + a2 v1 + a3 v1 + ... 2 3 i2 = ao + a1v2 + a2 v2 + a3 v2 + ...

(1)

(2) (3)

Dng in ra : i = i1 - i2 Thay (1), (2) vo (3) v ch ly 4 v u ta nhn c biu thc dng in ra : i = A cos st + B cos 3st + C [cos (t + s) t + cos (t - s) t] + D [cos (2t + s) t + cos (2t - s) t]

(4)

51

VS2 2 + + a a V a 2 3 A = VS 3 t 3 1 2 Trong : 2 aV V B = 3 S , C = 2a 2VS Vt , D = 3a3VS t 2 2

3s

t-s t t+s

2t-s 2t 2t+s

Hnh 3.13. Ph tn hiu iu bin cn bng

b. Mch iu bin cn bng dng 2BJT

VS

vt

VCC

vdb

Hnh 3.14. Mch iu bin cn bng dng 2 BJT Kt qu cng tng t nh trng hp trn.
c. Mch iu ch vng

D1 Cb vS Cb D2
4
D3

D4
D

vdb

~
Vt

Hnh 3.15. Mch iu ch vng Gi : iI l dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng gm D1, D2 iII l dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng gm D3, D4 t - s t + s

52

Theo cng thc (4) mc trn (iu bin cn bng dng diode) ta c c biu thc tnh iI : iI = A cosst + B cos 3st + C [cos (t + s) t + cos (t - s) t] + D [cos (2t + s) t + cos (2t - s) Ta c : Trong :
2 3 i D3 = a o + a 1 v 3 + a 2 v 3 + a3v3 + ... 2 3 i D4 = a o + a 1 v 4 + a 2 v 4 + a3v4 + ...

(*) (1)

iII = iD3 - iD4

(2)

Vi v3, v4 l in p t ln D3, D4 v c xc nh nh sau : v 3 = V t cos t t V s cos s t v 4 = V t cos t t + V s cos s t Thay (3) vo (2) v sau thay vo (1), ng thi ly 4 v u ta c kt qu : iII = - A cosst - B cos 3st + C [cos (t + s) t + cos (t - s) t] - D [cos (2t + s) t + cos (2t - s) t] (3)

idB = iI + iII = 2C [cos (t + s) t + cos (t - s) t]

(4)

Vy : mch iu ch vng c th kh c cc hm bc l ca s v cc bin tn ca 2st, do mo phi tuyn rt nh.

3.3. iu ch n bin 3.3.1. Khi nim

Ph tn hiu iu bin gm ti tn v hai di bin tn, trong ch c cc bin tn mang tin tc. V hai di bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau (v bin v tn s) nn ch cn truyn i mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc, cn ti tn th c nn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh gi l iu ch n bin. u im ca iu ch dn bin so vi iu ch hai bin : - rng di tn gim i mt na. - Cng sut pht x yu cu thp hn vi cng mt c ly thng tin. - Tp m u thu gim do di tn ca tn hiu hp hn, Biu thc ca iu ch n bin :Vb (t) = Vt . m : h s nn ti tin,
m=

m . cos (t + s) t 2

VS , m c th nhn gi tr t 0 Vt

53

3.3.2. Cc phng php iu ch n bin

3.3.2.1. iu ch theo phng php lc

ft2 (ft1 + fS) vS(t)

CCB1
ft1

ft1 fS

LC1

ft1 + fS

CCB1
ft2

LC2

ft2 + ft1 + fS

Dao ng

Dao ng

Hnh 3.17. S khi mch iu ch theo phng php lc

V1

0 V2

fsmin

fsmax

ft1

2fmin 0 f1-fmax V3 f1-fmin f1+fmin f1+fma f

0 f1+fmin V4 f1+fmax

2 = 2f1 + 2fmin 0 f2 - f1-fmax V5 f2 - f1-fmin f2 f2 +f1+fmin f f2 + f1+ fmax

0 f2 +f1+fmin

f f2 + f1+ fmax

Ph tn hiu theo phng php lc

54

t :

fs = fsmax - fsmin
ft1 : tn s ca ti tn th nht
x=

ft2 : tn s ca ti tn th hai

f f S min f S : h s lc ca b lc. = S max ft ft

Trong s khi trn y, trc tin ta dng mt tn s dao ng ft1 kh nh so vi di tn yu cu ft2 tin hnh iu ch cn bng tn hiu vo vs(t). Lc h s lc tng ln c th lc b c mt bin tn d dng. Trn u ra b lc th nht s nhn c mt tn hiu c di ph bng di ph ca tn hiu vo fs = f smax -f smin, nhng dch mt lng bng ft1 trn thang tn s, sau a n b iu ch cn bng th hai m trn u ra ca n l tn hiu ph gm hai bin tn cch nhau mt khong f = 2(ft1 + fs min) sao cho vic lc ly mt di bin tn nh b lc th hai thc hin mt cch d dng.
3.3.2.2. iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha

Tn hiu ra ca 2 b iu ch cn bng: VCB1 = VCB cosst costt = VCB2 = VCB sinst sintt =

1 VCB [cos (t + s) t + cos (t - s) t] 2 1 VCB [- cos (t + s) t + cos (t - s) t] 2

vCB1

vS

900

00

Cu Diode CCB1
MCH IN TNG HOC HIU
VDB

vCB2 vt

900

00

Cu Diode CCB2

Hnh 3.18. S mch iu ch n bin theo phng php pha Hiu hai in p ta s c bin tn trn : VDB = VCB1 - VCB2 = VCB cos (t + s) t VDB = VCB1 + VCB2 = VCB cos (t - s) t Tng hai in p ta s c bin tn di :

3.4 iu tn v iu pha

55

3.4.1. Quan h gia iu tn v iu pha

=
Vi ti tin l dao ng iu ha :

d dt

(1)

v(t) = Vt . cos (tt + o) = Vt . cos ( t ) T (1) rt ra :

t

(2)

( t ) = ( t ).dt + ( t )
o

(3)

Thay (3) vo (2), ta c : v(t) = Vt cos [ (t ).dt + (t ) ]

o t

(4)

Gi thit tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu n m : vs = Vs cosst Khi iu tn v iu pha th (t) v (t) c xc nh theo cc biu thc : (5) (6) (7)

(t) = t + Kt Vs cosst (t) = o + Kf Vs cosst

t : tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn. Kt.Vs = m : lng di tn cc i Kf.Vs = m : lng di pha cc i

(t) = t + m cosst (t) = o + m cosst

Khi iu tn th gc pha u khng i, do (t) = o. Thay (8), (9) vo (4) v tch phn ln, ta nhn c :

(8) (9)

m vdt ( t ) = Vt cos t t + sin s t + o S

Tng t thay (t) trong (9) vo (4) v cho =(t) = cte ta c : vf(t) = Vt.cos (tt + m cos st+o) Lng di pha t c khi iu pha : = m cos st Tng t vi lng di tn :
d = m s.sin st dt

(10)

(11)

Lng di tn cc i t c khi iu pha:

=sm = s.Kf Vs
Lng di tn cc i t c khi iu tn:

(12)

56

=Kt Vs
- Lng di tn khi iu pha t l vi Vs v s - Lng di tn khi iu tn t l vi Vs m thi.

(13)

T (12) v (13) ta thy rng: im khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu pha l:

T ta c th lp c hai s khi minh ha qu trnh iu tn v iu pha:

Tch phn
vS vS

iu pha

T/h iu tn

o hm

iu tn

T/h iu pha

Hnh 3.19. S khi qu trnh iu pha v iu tn

3.4.2. Ph ca dao ng iu tn v iu pha

Trong biu thc (10), cho o = 0, t thc iu tn :

S vt = Vt cos [tt+ Mf.sin tt]

= M f gi l h s iu tn, ta s c biu

(14) (15)

Tng t, ta c biu thc ca dao ng iu pha : vf = Vt cos [tt + M. cos tt] Trong : M = m Thng thng tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu bt k gm nhiu thnh phn tn s. Lc tn hiu iu ch tn s v iu ch pha c th biu din tng qut theo biu thc : Vdt = Vt cos [tt +

M
i =1

cos(Sit + i ) ]

Ph ca tn hiu iu tn gm c tt c cc thnh phn tn s t hp : tt + Vi i l mt s nguyn hu t; - i

3.4.3 Mch iu tn v iu pha

i =1 i

Si

3.4.3.1 iu tn dng diode bin dung

CV C1
RFC

L Cv

R1 C2

Rv

VV

Hnh 3.20. Mch iu tn dung Diode bin dung v c tuyn ca CV

57

L, Cv to thnh khung cng hng dao ng ca mt mch dao ng C1 : t ngn DC C2 : t thot cao tn n nh phn cc cho Cv RFC : cun cn cao tn R1 : tr ngn cch gia mch cng hng v ngun cung cp khi Rv thay i ( VPC thay i ( 1 ca khung cng hng CV thay i theo lm cho tn s cng hng ring f = 2 LCV LCV thay i, dn n qu trnh iu tn. 3.4.3.2 iu pha theo Amstrong
vb1 B1 vb1 Tng Vb2 B2 mVt1 Vt1 Vb2 Vt2 mVt2

vS

Di pha 900

Hnh 3.21. Mch iu pha theo Amstrong v th vector ca tn hiu Ti tin t thch anh a n b iu bin 1 (B1) v iu bin 2 (B2) lch pha 90o, cn tn hiu iu ch vs a n hai mch iu bin ngc pha. in p ra trn hai b iu pha : vb1 = Vt1 (1 + m cos st) cos tt =
Vt1 cos t t mVt1[cos(t + s )t + cos(t + s )t ] 2 Vt 2 sin t t mVt 2 [sin(t + s )t + sin(t + s )t ] 2

vb1 = Vt1 (1 - m cos st) sin tt =

th vc t ca tn hiu V db1 v V db 2 v vc t tng ca chng V = V db1 + V db 2 l mt dao ng c iu ch pha v bin . iu bin y l iu bin k sinh. hn ch iu bin k sinh chn nh (< 0,35)
3.4.3.3 iu tn dng Transistor in khng

Phn t in khng : dung tch hoc cm tnh c tr s bin thin theo in p iu ch t trn n c mc song song vi h dao ng ca b dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo tn hiu iu ch. Phn t in khng c thc hin nh mt mch di pha trong mch hi tip ca BJT. C 4 cch mc phn t in khng nh hnh v.

58

Cch mc mch

S nguyn l

th vc t

Tr s in khng

Tham s tng ng

_
Mch phn p RC
I

_
R C

_
I

VR

VC

Z = j

RC S

Ltd =

RC S

_
I

Mch phn p RL

R L

_
I

_ _ _
VR

_ _
I

Z=-j

VL

R LS

Ctd =

LS R

_
I

Mch phn p CR
R

VR

VC

Z=-j

1 `RCS

Ctd = RCS

_
I

Mch phn p LR

V
R

VL

_ _
VR
I

Z = j

L RS

Ltd =

L RS

Vi mch phn p RC ta tnh c :

Z= V V (IC = S.VBE IC lun lun cng pha vi VBE) = I S .VBE

59

Z=
S .V .

V 1 j.C 1 R+ j.C

R+ =

j.C 1 j.C

Nu chn

1 1 tng ng vi VBE; R tng ng vi VCB) << R (hp l v jC jC

jCR = jXL = jLtd S

Vi

Ltd =

RC S f khong ft

Tham s ca in khng tng ng ph thuc vo h dn S ca BJT. iu tn dng phn t in khng c th t c lng di tn tng i l 2% S b to dao ng iu tn bng phn t in khng phn p RC :
Cb1 Lc R C Cb2 R2 T1 T2 Lk Lgh Cb3 R3 VC ck

R1

Cb4

Hnh 3.22. S mch to dao ng iu tn phn t in khng phn p RC T1 : BJT in khng; T2 : BJT dao ng