Giáo Trình IP

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO
149/1D Ung Vn Khim, Phng 25, Qun Bnh Thnh, Tp.HCM

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a ch IP, chia subnet, VLSM, summary.

a ch IP l mt chuyn quan trng trong chng trnh o to chuyn vin
mng CCNA. c th theo hc tt chng trnh CCNA, vt qua c cc k
thi ly chng ch quc t v theo hc tip c cc chng ch cao cp hn cng
nh hon thnh tt c cc cng vic trong lnh vc mng, ngi hc vin, k
s, chuyn vin phi nm vng cc kin thc v k nng lin quan n a ch IP.
Ti liu sau s cung cp nhng im chnh yu, quan trng ca chuyn nn tng
ny.
1. Mt vi im c bn cn nh :
- Chuyn i nh phn thp phn: cn nm vng cch chuyn i gia s nh
phn v thp phn. VD: 5 <-> 101 ; 10 <-> 1010; 64 <-> 1000000.
- Vi n bit nh phn, ta c th thit lp c: 2n s nh phn n bit vi gi tr thp
phn tng ng chy t 0 n 2n 1.
VD:
Vi n = 2, ta lp c 22 = 4 s nh phn 2 bit chy t 0 n 3 ( = 22 1 ):
00 0
01 1
10 2
11 3
Vi n = 3, ta lp c 23 = 8 s nh phn 3 bit chy t 0 n 7 ( = 23 1 ):
000 0
100 4
001 1
101 5
010 2
110 6
011 3
111 7
- C gng nh mt s ly tha ca 2, t nht cho n 28 :
24 = 16
28 = 256
20 = 1
1
5
2 = 32
2 =1
2
26 = 64
2 =4
27 = 128
23 = 8
-
Sau y l cc chui nh phn 8 bit cng cc s thp phn tng ng cn phi

thuc phc v cho vic tnh nhanh subnet mask:
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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Chui nh phn 8 bit. Gi tr thp phn tng ng.

00000000
0
10000000
128
11000000
192
11100000
224
11110000
240
11111000
248
11111100
252
11111110
254
11111111
255
Bng 1.1 Cc chui nh phn 8 bit cn nh
- Bng bc nhy: bng ny c s dng tnh ton trong php chia subnet
S bit mn
Bc nhy
1
2
128 64
3
32
4
16
5
8
6
4
7
2
8
1
Bng 1.2 Bng tng ng s bit mn v bc nhy
2. a ch IP:
a ch IP l a ch logic c s dng trong giao thc IP ca lp Internet
thuc m hnh TCP/IP (tng ng vi lp th 3 lp network ca m hnh OSI).
Mc ny trnh by cc im chnh cn ghi nh v a ch IP.
2.1. Cu trc a ch IP
- a ch IP gm 32 bit nh phn, chia thnh 4 cm 8 bit (gi l cc octet). Cc
octet c biu din di dng thp phn v c ngn cch nhau bng cc du
chm.
- a ch IP c chia thnh hai phn: phn mng (network) v phn host.
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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Fax: 08 35124314
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc a ch IP

- Vic t a ch IP phi tun theo cc quy tc sau:
Cc bit phn mng khng c php ng thi bng 0.
VD: a ch 0.0.0.1 vi phn mng l 0.0.0 v phn host l 1 l khng hp
l.
Nu cc bit phn host ng thi bng 0, ta c mt a ch mng.
VD: a ch 192.168.1.1 l mt a ch c th gn cho host nhng a ch
192.168.1.0 l mt a ch mng, khng th gn cho host c.
Nu cc bit phn host ng thi bng 1, ta c mt a ch qung b
(broadcast).
VD: a ch 192.168.1.255 l mt a ch broadcast cho mng 192.168.1.0
2.2. Cc lp a ch IP:
Khng gian a ch IP c chia thnh cc lp nh sau:
a) Lp A:
Hnh 2.2 Cu trc a ch lp A

a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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- a ch lp A s dng mt octet u lm phn mng, ba octet sau lm phn

host.
- Bit u ca mt a ch lp A lun c gi l 0. Do , cc a ch mng lp
A gm: 1.0.0.0 127.0.0.0.
Tuy nhin, mng 127.0.0.0 c s dng lm mng loopback nn a ch
mng lp A s dng c gm 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0 (126 mng).
Ch : a ch 127.0.0.1 l a ch loopback trn cc host. kim tra chng giao
thc TCP/IP c c ci t ng hay khng, t du nhc h thng, ta nh lnh
ping 127.0.0.1, nu kt qu ping thnh cng th chng giao thc TCP/IP c
ci t ng n.
- Phn host c 24 bit => mi mng lp A c (224 2) host.
- V d: 10.0.0.1, 1.1.1.1, 2.3.4.5 l cc a ch lp A.
b) Lp B:
Hnh 2.3 Cu trc a ch lp B.

- a ch lp B s dng hai octet u lm phn mng, hai octet sau lm phn
host.
- Hai bit u ca mt a ch lp B lun c gi l 1 0. Do cc a ch mng
lp B gm:
128.0.0.0 -> 191.255.0.0
C tt c 214 mng trong lp B.
- Phn host: 16 bit
Mt mng lp B c 216 2 host.
- V d: cc a ch 172.16.1.1, 158.0.2.1 l cc a ch lp B.
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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c) Lp C:
Hnh 2.4 Cu trc a ch lp C.

- a ch lp C s dng ba octet u lm phn mng, mt octet sau lm phn
host.
Ba bit u ca mt a ch lp C lun c gi l 1 1 0. Do , cc a ch
mng lp C gm:
192.0.0.0 -> 223.255.255.0
C tt c 221 mng trong lp C.
-
Phn host: 8 bit

Mt mng lp C c 28 2 = 254 host.
- V d: cc a ch 192.168.1.1, 203.162.4.191 l cc a ch lp C.
d) Lp D:
- a ch:
224.0.0.0 -> 239.255.255.255
- Dng lm a ch multicast.
V d: 224.0.0.5 dng cho OSPF
224.0.0.9 dng cho RIPv2
e) Lp E:
- T 240.0.0.0 tr i.
- c dng cho mc ch d phng.
Ch :
Cc lp a ch IP c th s dng t cho cc host l cc lp A, B, C.
thun tin cho vic nhn din mt a ch IP thuc lp no, ta quan st
octet u ca a ch, nu octet ny c gi tr:
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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1 126:
128 191:
192 223:
224 239:
240 255:
a ch lp A.
a ch lp B.
a ch lp C.
a ch lp D.
a ch lp E.
2.3. a ch Private v Public:

- a ch IP c phn thnh hai loi: private v public.
Private: ch c s dng trong mng ni b (mng LAN), khng c
nh tuyn trn mi trng Internet. C th c s dng lp i lp li
trong cc mng LAN khc nhau.
Public: l a ch IP s dng cho cc gi tin i trn mi trng Internet,
c nh tuyn trn mi trng Internet, khng s dng trong mng LAN.
a ch public phi l duy nht cho mi host tham gia vo Internet.
- Di a ch private (c quy nh trong RFC 1918):
Lp A: 10.x.x.x
Lp B: 172.16.x.x -> 172.31.x.x
Lp C: 192.168.x.x
- K thut NAT (Network Address Translation) c s dng chuyn i gia
IP private v IP public.
- ngha ca a ch private: c s dng bo tn a ch IP public ang
dn cn kit
2.4. a ch qung b (broadcast):
Gm hai loi:
- Direct:
VD: 192.168.1.255
- Local:
VD: 255.255.255.255
- phn bit hai loi a ch broadcast ny, ta xem xt v d sau:
Xt my c a ch IP l 192.168.2.1 chng hn. Khi my ny gi broadcast n
255.255.255.255, tt c cc my thuc mng 192.168.2.0 (l mng my gi gi
tin ng trong ) s nhn c gi broadcast ny, cn nu n gi broadcast
n a ch 192.168.1.255 th tt c cc my thuc mng 192.168.1.0 s nhn
c gi broadcast (cc my thuc mng 192.168.2.0 s khng nhn c gi
broadcast ny).
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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2.5. Bi tp:
Cho bit a ch no sau y c th dng cho host:
150.100.255.255
175.100.255.18
195.234.253.0
100.0.0.23
188.258.221.176
127.34.25.189
224.156.217.73
3. Chia subnet:
3.1. Subnet mask v s prefix:
- Subnet mask :
Subnet mask l mt di 32 bit nh phn i km vi mt a ch IP, c cc host
s dng xc nh a ch mng ca a ch IP ny. lm c iu , host s
em a ch IP thc hin php tnh AND tng bit mt ca a ch vi subnet mask
ca n, kt qu host s thu c a ch mng tng ng ca a ch IP.
V d: Xt a ch 192.168.1.1 vi subnet mask tng ng l 255.255.255.0
Dng thp phn Dng nh phn
a ch IP
192.168.1.1
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
Subnet mask
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
a ch mng 192.168.1.0
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
( php ton AND: 0 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1 )
i vi chng ta, quy tc gi nh subnet mask rt n gin: phn mng chy
n u, bit 1 ca subnet mask chy n v ng vi cc bit phn host, cc bit
ca subnet mask c thit lp gi tr 0. Mt s subnet mask chun:
Lp A :
255.0.0.0
Lp C: 255.255.255.0
Lp B:
255.255.0.0
- S prefix:
Nh nu ra trn, subnet mask c s dng km vi a ch IP mt host
c th cn c vo xc dnh c a ch mng tng ng ca a ch ny. V
vy, khi khai bo mt a ch IP ta lun phi khai bo km theo mt subnet mask.
Tuy nhin, subnet mask d c vit di dng s thp phn vn kh di dng
nn m t mt a ch IP mt cch ngn gn hn, ngi ta dng mt i lng
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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c gi l s prefix. S prefix n gin ch l s bit mng trong mt a ch IP,

c vit ngay sau a ch IP, v c ngn cch vi a ch ny bng mt du /.
V du: 192.168.1.1/24, 172.16.0.0/16 hay 10.0.0.0/8,.v.v
- Nguyn l c bn ca k thut chia subnet: c th chia nh mt mng
ln thnh nhiu mng con bng nhau, ngi ta thc hin mn thm mt s bit
bn phn host lm phn mng, cc bit mn ny c gi l cc bit subnet. Ty
thuc vo s bit subnet m ta c c cc s lng cc mng con khc nhau vi
cc kch c khc nhau:
Hnh 2.5 Mn thm bit chia subnet.
4. Cc dng bi tp v chia subnet:

4.1. Cho mt mng ln v s bit mn. Xc nh :
- S subnet
- S host/subnet
- a ch mng ca mi subnet.
- a ch host u ca mi subnet.
- a ch host cui ca mi subnet.
- a ch broadcast ca mi subnet.
- Subnet mask c s dng.
Cch tnh:
- Gi n l s bit mn v m l s bit host cn li. Ta c:
+ S subnet c th chia c:
nu c h tr subnet zero.
2n
n
2 2 nu khng h tr subnet zero.
Lut subnet zero: nu h iu hnh trn host khng bt tnh nng subnet
zero, khi chia subnet ta phi b i khng dng hai mng con ng vi cc bit
subnet bng 0 ht v cc bit subnet bng 1 ht. Ngc li nu h iu hnh bt
tnh nng subnet zero , ta c quyn s dng hai mng con ny. Nhn chung,
cc h iu hnh ngy nay u bt tnh nng subnet zero mt cch mc nh,
do nu khng thy ni g thm trong yu cu, ta s dng cch chia c h tr
subnet zero.
+ S host c th c trn mi subnet: 2m 2 (host/subnet).
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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- Vi mi subnet chia c:
+ a ch mng c octet b chia ct l bi s ca bc nhy (Octet b chia
ct l octet va c cc bit thuc phn mng va c cc bit thuc phn host).
Bc nhy tng ng vi s bit mn c th c tra trong bng 1.2 ca
mc 1.
+ a ch host u = a ch mng + 1 (cn hiu cng 1 y l li v sau
mt a ch).
+ a ch broadcast = a ch mng k tip 1 (cn hiu tr 1 y l li
v pha trc mt a ch).
+ a ch host cui = a ch broadcast 1 (cn hiu tr 1 y l li v
pha trc mt a ch).
- tnh ra subnet mask c s dng, ta s dng cch nh: phn mng ca a
ch chy n u, cc bit 1 ca subnet mask chy n v bng 1.1 ca mc 1.
VD1: Xt mng 192.168.1.0/24 , mn 2 bit, cn li 6 bit host, bc nhy l 64.
Ta c:
- S subnet c th c: 22 = 4 subnet.
- S host trn mi subnet = 26 2 = 62 host.
- Cc a ch mng s c octet b chia ct (octet th 4) l bi s ca 64.
- Lit k cc mng nh sau:
192.168.1.0/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.1/26 ->a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.62/26 ->a ch host cui.
192.168.1.63/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------192.168.1.64/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.65/26 ->a ch host u
..
192.168.1.126/26 ->a ch host cui
192.168.1.127/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------192.168.1.128/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.129/26 ->a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.190/26 ->a ch host cui.
192.168.1.191/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.

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192.168.1.192/26
192.168.1.193/26
.
192.168.1.254/26
192.168.1.255/26
-> a ch mng
->a ch host u.
->a ch host cui.
->a ch broadcast.
Vy, mt mng lp C 192.168.1.0/24 c chia thnh 4 mng :192.168.1.0/26,

192.168.1.64/16, 192.168.1.128/26, 192.168.1.192/26.
Subnet mask c s dng trong v d ny l 255.255.255.192
VD2: Xt mng 172.16.0.0/16, mn 2 bit. Octet b chia ct ( thnh 2 phn l net
v host ) l octet th 3.
- S bit mn l 2 => s mng con c th c (tnh theo lut subnet zero): 22 = 4
mng. S bit mng by gi l 18 bit.
- S bit host cn li: 32 18 = 14 bit. => s host/subnet = 214 2 host.
- Cc a ch mng s c octet th 3 l bi s ca 64 (octet ny b mn 2 bit)
- Ta c di a ch nh sau:
172.16.0.0/18
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.1/18
-> a ch host u
.. .
172.16.63.254/18 -> a ch host cui.
172.16.63.255/18 -> a ch broadcast
-----------------------------------------------------172.16.64.0/18
-> a ch mng
172.16.64.1.18
-> a ch host u
...
172.16.127.254/18 -> a ch host cui.
172.16.127.255/18 -> a ch broadcast.
-------------------------------------------------------172.16.128.0/18
-> a ch mng
172.16.128.1/18
-> a ch host u
172.16.191.254/18 -> a ch host cui

172.16.191.255/18 -> a ch broadcast
a ch IP
10
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
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------------------------------------------------------172.16.192.0/18
-> a ch mng
172.16.192.1/18
-> a ch host u
172.16.192.254/18 -> a ch host cui

172.16.192.255/18 -> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------------Subnet mask trong v d 2 l 255.255.192.0
VD3: Xt mng 172.16.0.0/16, mn 10 bit => octet b chia ct (thnh hai phn
net v host ) l octet th 4. Ta c
- S bit mn l 10 => s bit mng l 26 bit.
S subnet c th c: 210 = 1024 mng.
- S bit host cn li: 32 26 = 6 bit => s host trn mi subnet: 26 2 = 62 host.
- a ch mng c octet th 4 l bi s ca 64 (octet ny b mn 2 bit)
- Ta c di a ch nh sau:
172.16.0.0/26
172.16.0.1/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.0.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.0.64/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.65/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.0.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------a ch IP
11
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
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172.16.0.192/26
172.16.0.193/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.0.254/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.255/26
-> a ch broadcast
========================================
172.16.1.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.1/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.1.64/26
172.16.1.65/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.1.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.1.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.1.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.193/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.254/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.255/26
-> a ch broadcast
========================================
172.16.2.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.1/26
-> a ch host u
..
a ch IP
12
GV: L c Phng.

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172.16.2.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.2.64/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.65/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.2.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.2.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.193/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.254/26
172.16.2.255/26
-> a ch host cui

-> a ch broadcast
..
172.16.255.0/26
172.16.255.1/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.255.62/26 -> a ch host cui

172.16.255.63/26 -> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.255.64/26 -> a ch mng
172.16.255.65/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.255.126/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.255.127/26 -> a ch broadcast
a ch IP
13
GV: L c Phng.

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-------------------------------------------------172.16.255.128/26 -> a ch mng

172.16.255.129/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.255.190/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.255.191/26 -> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.255.192/26 -> a ch mng
172.16.255.193/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.255.254/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.255.255/26 -> a ch broadcast
Ta thy octet th 3 (l octet b mn nhng khng b chia ct thnh net v
host) tng dn t 0 n 255. Trong khi , octet th 4 (l octet b chia ct) thay i
theo bc nhy khi a ch l a ch mng (n b mn 2 bit nn c bc nhy l
64). Subnet mask trong v d ny l 255.255.255.192.
4.2. Cho mt a ch host. Xc nh xem host thuc mng no:
Ta xem xt cc v d sau:
VD1: Cho a ch host 192.168.1.158/28. Hy cho bit, host ny thuc v subnet
no?
Gii: /28 => c 28 bit mng. Octet b chia ct l octet th 4 => s bit mn ca
octet ny l 4 => bc nhy l 16. Ly octet th 4 ca a ch host l 158 chia cho
16 c 9 v cn d. Ta ly 16 nhn vi 9 c 144. Host ny thuc mng
192.168.1.144/28
VD2: Cho a ch host 172.16.159.2/18. cho bit a ch ny thuc subnet no?
Gii: /18 => c 18 bit mng. Octet b chia ct l octet th 3 => s bit mn ca
octet ny l 2 => bc nhy l 64. Ly octet th 3 l 159 chia cho 64 c 2 v
cn d. Ta ly 64 nhn vi 2 c 128. Host ny thuc mng 172.16.128.0/18.
a ch IP
14
GV: L c Phng.

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4.3. Cho s mng, xc nh s bit mn ph hp chia subnet:

VD:
Ch cho mt mng 192.168.1.0/24. Hy m bo cung cp cc a ch IP

cho s mng trn.
Ta thy: C tt c 5 mng, mng nhiu host nht l mng c 26 host (cng thm
mt a ch cng router). Gi s bit mn l n s bit host l m. Ta c h sau:
2n 5 (s mng chia ra ti thiu phi bng 5).
2m 2 26 (nu mi mng con p ng c s host ca mng 26
host, n s p ng c yu cu v s host ca tt c cc mng cn
li trn s ).
m+n=8
n = 3, m = 5 l ph hp. Vy ta c tt c 23 = 8 mng v mi mng ny c
25 2 = 30 host, p ng c yu cu ca s trn.
xc nh c cc mng c th, s dng cc quy tc chia subnet c
trnh by mc 4.1 trn.
4.4. Chia subnet VLSM:
- VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask): l k thut chia nh mt mng thnh
cc mng c di khc nhau (s c cc subnet mask khc nhau).
- Xem xt v d sau:
a ch IP
15
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
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- Cng dng mng 192.168.1.0/24 t a ch cho tt c cc mng trn . Tuy

nhin ta khng th lm nh v d trc, chia mng 192.168.1.0/24 thnh cc mng
bng nhau v s khng c cch chia no ph hp cho s trn: nu mn 1 bit
th p ng c yu cu v s host cho mng 100 host v mi mng c chia ra
c 126 host nhng li khng p ng c yu cu v s lng subnet v ta ch
chia c c 2 subnet nu mn 1 bit trong khi trn s c ti 5 mng. Ngc
li, p ng nhu cu v s lng mng trn s , ta phi mn ti thiu l 3
bit (23 = 8 subnet) nhng khi mi mng li ch c nhiu nht l 30 host ( 25 2
= 30) khng p ng c yu cu v s lng host trn cc mng ca s trn.
- Cch thc tin hnh l: s xt cc mng theo th t s host t cao xung thp.
- u tin , xt mng nhiu host nht:100 host, ta phi xem mn bao nhiu bit
th cho mng ny. Ta gii h:
2m 2 101
m + n = 8 (mn bit octet th 4).Vi m: s bit host, n: s bit mn
Ta c m = 7, n = 1. Vy ta mn 1 bit v dnh mng 192.168.1.0/25 gn
cho mng c 100 host. Mi mng /25 c 27 2 = 126 host => p ng cho
mng 100 host. Vy di a ch 192.168.1.0/24 cn li cc a ch t
192.168.1.128 -> 192.168.1.255.
- Tip ta xt n mng c 50 host, tng t ta xem xem mn bao nhiu bit l
ph hp:
2m 2 51
m + n = 8 (mn bit octet th 4). Vi m: s bit host, n: s bit
mn
Ta c m = 6 v n = 2 l ti u. Vy ta mn 2 bit, mng 192.168.1.0/24 c
chia thnh 4 mng 192.168.1.0/26, 192.168.1.64/26, 192.168.1.128/26 v
192.168.1.192./26. Tuy nhin hai di a ch ca hai mng 192.168.1.0/26 v
192.168.1.64/26 c ginh cho mng 100 host. Do ta ch c th ly t
a ch IP
16
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
Fax: 08 35124314
mng 192.168.1.128/26 gn cho mng 50 host. y ta ly mng

192.168.1.128/26 gn cho mng 50 host.
- Tip ta xt n mng c 20 host, ta xem xem mn bao nhiu bit l ph
hp:
2m 2 21
mn
Ta c m = 5 v n = 3. Vy ta mn 3 bit, mng 192.168.1.0/24 c chia
thnh 8 mng 192.168.1.0/27, 192.168.32.0/27, 192.168.64.0/27 v
192.168.96.0/27,
192.168.128.0/27,
192.168.1.160/27,
192.168.1.192/27,
192.168.1.224/27 . Tuy nhin cc di a ch ca cc mng 192.168.1.0/27 ,,
192.168.1.160/27 c ginh cho mng 100 v mng 50 host. Do ta ch c
th ly t mng 192.168.192.0/27 tr i gn cho mng 20 host. y ta ly
mng 192.168.1.192/27 gn cho mng 20 host.
- Tip ta xt n cc mng c 2 host l cc lin kt im im serial, ta xem
th mn bao nhiu bit l ph hp:
2m 2 2
mn
Ta c m = 2 v n = 6 l ti u hn c, m bo khng b d a ch.. Vy ta
mn 6 bit, mng 192.168.1.0/24 c chia thnh 26 = 64 mng 192.168.1.0/30,
192.168.1.4/30, 192.168.1.8/30,, 192.168.1.248/30, 192.168.1.252/30 . Tuy
nhin cc di a ch ca cc mng 192.168.1.0/30 ,, 192.168.1.222/27 c
ginh cho mng 100 host, mng 50 host v mng 20 host. Do ta ch c th ly
t mng 192.168.224.0/30 gn cho cc mng 2 host. y ta ly mng
192.168.1.224/30 v 192.168.1.228/30 gn cho hai lin kt serial.
Vy. ta c kt qu chia VLSM nh sau:
a ch IP
17
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
Fax: 08 35124314
- Ch : m bo ti u ha s phn b a ch, ta thng dng VLSM

chia nh mng. c bit, cc kt ni serial thng s dng cc mng c
prefix l 30 vi subnet mask 255.255.255.252.
4.5. Tm tt a ch (summary):
- Tm tt a ch nhm mc ch lm gn bng nh tuyn ca cc router. Cc
a ch mng s c tm tt v mt a ch mng ln hn i din bao trm tt c
cc mng c tm tt.
- Chng ta xem xt v d sau:
VD: Hy tm tt cc mng sau y thnh mt a ch mng duy nht:
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
Nguyn tc khi tm tt l xem xt cc octet t tri qua phi v bt u phn
tch t octet c s khc nhau u tin. Trong trng hp ca v d trn, octet th
ba l octet khc nhau u tin. Ta xt chi tit octet ny:
192.168.|000000|00.0
192.168.|000000|01.0
192.168.|000000|10.0
192.168.|000000|11.0
Ta thy octet th ba cn c thm 6 bit ging nhau. Vy ta c mng tm tt l
192.168.0.0/22. Ch : subnet mask by gi l 255.255.252.0 vi prefix l 22.
a ch IP
18
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
Fax: 08 35124314
4.6. Bi tp:
thng tho cc k thut tnh ton IP, cn phi thc hnh nhiu cc k nng
nu ra trn. Sau y l mt s bi tp thc hnh:
4.6.1. Cho mng v s bit mn. Gi s c h tr subnet zero. Hy xc nh :
- S subnet c th c.
- S host/subnet.
- Vi mi subnet, hy xc nh: a ch mng, a ch host u, a ch host cui,
a ch broadcast (nu s lng mng qu nhiu ch cn ghi ra mt vi mng u
v mng cui cng), subnet mask v s prefix.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
192.168.2.0/24 mn 5 bit.
192.168.12.0/24 mn 3 bit.
172.16.2.0/24 mn 2 bit
172.16.0.0/16 mn 3 bit
172.16.0.0/16 mn 12 bit.
10.0.0.0/8 mn 5 bit.
10.0.0.0/8 mn 10 bit.
10.0.0.0/8 mn 18 bit.
4.6.2. Cho mng 172.16.5.0/24. Hy chia nh sao cho ph hp vi s sau:
4.6.3. Cho cc a ch host sau y. Hy xc nh cc a ch subnet tng ng v

cho bit a ch ny c th dng t cho host c khng:
a) 192.168.1.130/29
b) 172.16.34.57/18
c) 203.162.4.191/28
d) 1.1.1.1/30
e) 10.10.10.89/29
f) 70.9.12.35/30
a ch IP
19
GV: L c Phng.

Tel: 08 35124257
Fax: 08 35124314
g) 158.16.23.208/29
4.6.4. Hy tm tt cc a ch mng sau y v thnh mt a ch mng i din:
a) 192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
b) 172.16.16.0/24
172.16.20.0.24
172.16.24.0/24
172.16.28.0/24
a ch IP
20
GV: L c Phng.

Giáo Trình IP

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TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

149/1D Ung Vn Khim, Phng 25, Qun Bnh Thnh, Tp.HCM

a ch IP, chia subnet, VLSM, summary.

Sau y l cc chui nh phn 8 bit cng cc s thp phn tng ng cn phi

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

Chui nh phn 8 bit. Gi tr thp phn tng ng.

Bng 1.2 Bng tng ng s bit mn v bc nhy

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

Hnh 2.1 Cu trc a ch IP

Hnh 2.2 Cu trc a ch lp A

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

- a ch lp A s dng mt octet u lm phn mng, ba octet sau lm phn

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc a ch lp B.

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

Hnh 2.4 Cu trc a ch lp C.

Phn host: 8 bit

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

2.3. a ch Private v Public:

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

c gi l s prefix. S prefix n gin ch l s bit mng trong mt a ch IP,

Hnh 2.5 Mn thm bit chia subnet.

4. Cc dng bi tp v chia subnet:

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

Vy, mt mng lp C 192.168.1.0/24 c chia thnh 4 mng :192.168.1.0/26,

172.16.191.254/18 -> a ch host cui

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

172.16.192.254/18 -> a ch host cui

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

-> a ch host cui

172.16.255.62/26 -> a ch host cui

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

-------------------------------------------------172.16.255.128/26 -> a ch mng

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

4.3. Cho s mng, xc nh s bit mn ph hp chia subnet:

Ch cho mt mng 192.168.1.0/24. Hy m bo cung cp cc a ch IP

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

- Cng dng mng 192.168.1.0/24 t a ch cho tt c cc mng trn . Tuy

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

mng 192.168.1.128/26 gn cho mng 50 host. y ta ly mng

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

- Ch : m bo ti u ha s phn b a ch, ta thng dng VLSM

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

4.6.2. Cho mng 172.16.5.0/24. Hy chia nh sao cho ph hp vi s sau:

4.6.3. Cho cc a ch host sau y. Hy xc nh cc a ch subnet tng ng v

TRUNG TM TIN HC VNPRO

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