Dung Sai Lap Ghep Va Do Luong

SO GIO DUC VA AO TAO HA NOI
Gl TRlNH
O LUNG KY THUAT
Sach dng trong cac trung IHCA H Aoi

NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI

Ks. NGHIEM THI PHUONG (chu bien)
Ks. CAO KIM NGOC

Gl TRlNH
O LUNG KY THUAT
Sach dng trong cac trung IHCA H Aoi

TRUNG TRUNG HOC CONG NGHIEP HA NOI BIEN SOAN
Ciao trinh Do lung k thuat

3
LI NI U
e dp ng yeu cau pht trien khong ngng cua khoa hoc k thuat ni
chung v ngnh co kh ni rieng, nhng nam gan day c rat nhieu ngnh hoc
mi ra di. Viec to chc bien soan cc gio trnh phuc vu cho cc ngnh hoc
ny l rat can thiet. uoc su quan tam v dong cua Bo Gio Duc v o Tao,
Tap the gio vien Trung Trung Hoc Cong Nghiep H Noi d bien soan gio
trnh cua cc mon hoc dnh cho hoc sinh ngnh hoc "Khai thc v sua cha
thiet bi co kh ".
Khi bien soan gio trnh "o lung k thuat" chng toi xc dinh day l ti
lieu hoc tap cho hoc sinh cua cc Trung Trung Hoc Chuyen Nghiep. Noi dung
cua gio trnh duoc bien soan tren co so ke tha nhng noi dung o cc trung
v ket hop vi yeu cau mi nham nang cao chat luong do tao, gio trnh gom
c 7 chuong v duoc chia lm 2 phan:
Phan 1: Dung sai lap ghp (5 chuong)
Phan 2: Do lung ky thuat (2 chuong)
Trong gio trnh ny phan l thuyet mon hoc duoc xap xep theo mot trnh
tu logic, cc kien thc co ban duoc co dong. Trong d mot so noi dung duoc
trnh by ti mi nham gip cho hoc sinh khi thiet ke do n mon hoc chi tiet my
v do n tot nghiep thuan loi hon. Sau moi noi dung l thuyet deu c cc bi
tap km theo de nang cao tnh thuc hnh cua mon hoc.
Mac d cc tc gia d c nhieu co gang khi bien soan, song cng khong
the trnh khoi nhng thieu st. Rat mong nhan duoc su gp cua cc doc gia
de nhng gio trnh duoc bien soan tiep theo hoac ti ban sau ny hon thien
hon.

Cc tc gia
H noi 2/2004.


4
BI MO U
1. MUC CH CUA MON HOC
Mon dung sai v do lung k thuat l mon k thuat co so nham cung cap
nhng kien thc co ban ve viec tnh ton v lua chon dung sai lap ghp cho cc
yeu to hnh hoc cua san pham sao cho va dam bao tnh cong nghe v chat
luong cao va ph hop vi tieu chuan nh nuc Viet Nam d ban hnh. ong
thi mon hoc cng trang bi cho hoc sinh cch lua chon v su dung dung cu do
thch hop de do v kiem tra cc yeu to hnh hoc cua san pham.
2. YEU CU CUA MON HOC
Hoc sinh phai nam vng nhng khi niem co ban ve dung sai do lung,
cc ng dung cua hnh thc lap ghp v he thong dung sai lap ghp be mat tron
theo tieu chuan Viet Nam (TCVN). Su dung thnh thao cc bang dung sai lap
ghp be mat tron theo TCVN khi thiet ke, che tao v sua cha san pham.
Su dung thnh thao cc dung cu do pho bien trong ngnh co kh.
3. NHIEM VU, VI TR MON HOC
Nhiem vu cua mon dung sai lap ghp v do lung k thuat gip cho chnh
ta khi thiet ke, che tao v sua cha san pham dat duoc yeu cau chc nang lm
viec cua chi tiet mot cch hop l nhat. ay l mon hoc khong the thieu doi vi
ngui cong nhan cng nhu k thuat vien v n gip ta quan l duoc tieu chuan
chat kuong san pham trong qu trnh san xuat.
4. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Mon dung sai lap ghp v do lung k thuat duoc day trong trung dua
tren gio trnh Dung sai lap ghp v do lung k thuat do do Vu trung hoc
chuyen nghiep v day nghe pht hnh nam 2002. Do vay hoc sinh c the tham
khao gio trnh tren.
5. PHUONG PHP HOC TAP
ay l mon hoc khong kh ve l thuyet nhung de hoc tot mon hoc hoc
sinh can phai thuc hnh nhieu de nam vng k nang tnh ton v cch tra cc
bang dung sai, cch do the no cho dng cc thong so hnh hoc cua san pham.

5
DUNG SAI LAP GHP

CHUONG I: CC KHI NIEM CO BAN V DUNG SAI LAP GHP
1/ Muc ch:
- Cung cap nhng kien thc co ban ve dung sai lap ghp de tao dieu kien
hieu duoc yeu cau k thuat cua ban v v tiep thu tot l thuyet chuyen mon.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Hieu v nam vng ban chat cua tnh doi lan trong ngnh co kh v tc
dung tch cuc cua n doi vi san xuat v su dung.
- Hieu v thuoc cc khi niem ve kch thuc, sai lech gii han v dung sai.
- Nam vng dac tnh cua 3 nhm lap ghp, cng nhu cong dung cua tng
nhm lap ghp d.
- Biet cch bieu dien bang so do su phan bo mien dung sai cua lap ghp.
1.1/ KHI NIEM V SAI SO CHE TAO - SAI SO O LUNG CC CHI TIET MY
Khi gia cong, khong the dam bao cho loat chi tiet duoc che tao c cc
thong so hnh hoc (kch thuc, hnh dng, vi tr be mat, nhm be mat ...) v cc
thong so khc (do cng, do ben ...) chnh xc mot cch tuyet doi.
ieu ny duoc giai thch l c nhieu nguyen nhan gay ra sai lech cho cc
thong so tren xuat hien trong qu trnh gia cong, goi l sai so gia cong. C the
phan sai so gia cong thnh sai so che tao v sai so do lung cc chi tiet my.
1.1.1. Sai so che tao
L sai so xuat hien trong qu trnh gia cong lm cho cc chi tiet trong loat
chi tiet duoc che tao khong giong nhau.
Cc nguyen nhan gay ra sai so che tao:
My dng de gia cong chi tiet khong chnh xc.V du: truc chnh my tien
bi dao th vat duoc gia cong s khong trn, song truot gan bang my thung
mn hon cuoi bang my do vay khoang cch den tam truc chnh cua my thay
doi tren suot chieu di bang my dan den chi tiet bi con khi tien.
Dung cu cat khong chnh xc. V du dao doa khi bi mn th dung knh
cua n khong cn chnh xc dan den lo duoc gia cong khong chnh xc.
Luc cat: lm bien dang he thong my- dao - do g gay ra sai so gia cong
Chieu sau cat: su thay doi chieu sau lp cat kim loai lm cho luc cat thay
doi m luc cat thay doi lai tc dong len he thong my- dao - do g lm cho chi
tiet gia cong bi sai lech theo.
Rung dong cua my: su rung dong cua my do chuan dong ben trong hoac
ben ngoi cng gay nen sai so trong qu trnh gia cong.

6
Nhiet do: nhiet do cua moi trung, cua chi tiet gia cong thay doi lm xuat
hien sai so trong qu trnh gia cong nhat l doi vi kim loai mu. V du gia
cong bac bang kim loai dong neu khong c kinh nghiem s dan den sai so hng
loat.
1.1.2. Sai so do lung
Khi do c the c sai so, do d khong the xc dinh duoc chnh xc tuyet doi
kch thuc cua chi tiet. Sai so do lung l sai lech gia ket qua do v tri so ban
dau (tri so goc) cua dai luong duoc do
Sai so do lung thung xay ra do cc nguyen nhan sau:
Sai so cua do do chuan, mau chuan
o khong chnh xc cua dung cu do
Kinh nghiem v k nang cua ngui do, do nhay cam cua tay v do tinh
cua mat ...
1.2/ KHI NIEM V TNH OI LN TRONG CHE TAO MY
1.2.1. Ban chat tnh doi lan
My hoac cc bo phan my duoc tao thnh do nhieu chi tiet my lap ghp
lai vi nhau.
Khi thiet ke che tao my hoac bo phan my th tuy theo chc nang su
dung m ngui ta buoc chng phai dat duoc nhng yeu cau k thuat nhat dinh
goi l chi tieu su dung my chang han nhu do chnh xc, do ben, nang suat v
hieu suat ... k hieu l A
.
e dam bao chi tieu su dung my A

th cc chi tiet duoc lap ghp tao nen
n cng can phai dat mot so chi tieu k thuat nhat dinh m ta goi l cc thong
so chc nang cua chi tiet (k hieu l A
i
)
) ,..., , (
2 1 n
A A A f A =

hay:
=
=
n
i
i
A f A
1
) (
Trong d A
i
l dai luong bien doi doc lap
Do vay khi thiet ke che tao ngui ta mong muon:
- C A
hop l nhat
- Phai c A
i
hop l
Tuy nhien trong san xuat thuc te ngui ta khong the che tao my hoac bo
phan my c A
hop l nhat duoc. Ngay trong cc my hay bo phan my cng

loai th A
cng khong giong nhau boi c nhieu yeu to tc dong den n.

V vay ngui ta cho php my hay bo phan my c chi tieu su dung A

duoc php thay doi trong pham vi hop l nhat dinh xung quanh A
goi l dung
sai cua chi tieu su dung my hay bo phan my- k hieu l T
.
T T
ta c the xc dinh pham vi thay doi cho php cua cc thong so chc
nang cua chi tiet- k hieu T
i

7
n
i
i
i
T
A
f
T
1

Nhu vay khi thiet ke che tao cc chi tiet my m A
i
thoa mn quan he gan
dng tren th khi lap thnh my hay bo phan my dat chi tieu T
, dong thi mi
dam bao tnh doi lan chc nang khi lap rp v sua cha tc l chi tiet my v bo
phan my cng loai c kha nang thay the de dng cho nhau khi lap rp v sua
cha m khong can gia cong bo xung van dam bao chi tieu su dung my, c tri
so kinh te hop l.
Cc chi tiet my c tnh doi lan phai giong nhau ve hnh dng, kch thuc,
vi tr cc be mat, nhm be mat v co, l, ho tnh...hoac chi duoc khc nhau
trong pham vi cho php. Pham vi cho php d goi l dung sai.
Nhu vay ta thay dung sai l yeu to quyet dinh cua tnh doi lan, do d ban
chat cua tnh doi lan l viec tnh dung sai v quy dinh dung sai cho chi tiet.
Trong gio trnh dung sai lap ghp ny ta chi nghien cu tnh doi lan cho
cc thong so hnh hoc cua chi tiet: kch thuc, hnh dng, vi tr be mat v nhm
be mat.
Loat chi tiet trong d tat ca cc chi tiet doi lan duoc cho nhau th loat chi
tiet d c tnh doi lan hon ton.
Neu loat chi tiet c mot so chi tiet khong doi lan duoc cho nhau th loat
chi tiet d c tnh doi lan khong hon ton.
1.2.2. Vai tr cua tnh doi lan doi voi san xuat v su dung
a. Doi vi san xuat.
Tnh doi lan chc nang l nguyen tac cua thiet ke v che tao. Neu cc chi
tiet duoc thiet ke, che tao theo nguyen tac doi lan chc nang th chng khong
phu thuoc vo dia diem san xuat. l dieu kien de ta c the chuyen mon ho
v hop tc ho san xuat.
Trong san xuat viec chuyen mon ho tao kha nang p dung cc tien bo
khoa hoc k thuat, gip ta hop l ho trong san xuat, nang cao duoc chat luong
san pham, v tao duoc dieu kien nang cao nang xuat lao dong dan den ha duoc
gi thnh san pham.
Viec hop tc ho trong san xuat gip chng ta tiep can duoc nen san xuat
tien tien, thc day san xuat ngy cng pht trien.
Viec san xuat cc chi tiet du tr thay the tap trung (nh my, san xuat phu
tng thay the.). C loi rat nhieu ve quan l san xuat cng nhu kinh te k thuat.
b. Doi vi su dung.
Trong su dung viec sua cha my s don gian hon nhieu, boi v cc chi tiet
bi hong hoac c do tin cay thap s duoc thay the nhe nhng bang cc chi tiet
mi c tnh doi lan (phu tng thay the). Nhu vay giam thi gian ngng my de
sua cha, su dung my duoc triet de hon.
1.3/ QUY INH DUNG SAI VA TIEU CHUN HO

8
Khi thiet ke, che tao my hoac bo phan my ngui ta can c vo chi tieu
su dung my (A
). Chi tieu su dung my c the l nhng thong so hnh hoc

hoac nhng thong so khc nhu cong suat, hieu suat, nang suat...
Tren co so chi tieu su dung my A
ngui thiet ke phai xc dinh duoc

thong so chc nang cua chi tiet A
i
. Muon dam bao duoc thong so chc nang
ngui thiet ke phai tnh ton v lua chon dung sai cho chi tiet hay ni cch
khc l phai quy dinh dung sai cho chi tiet duoc thiet ke.
Quy dinh dung sai tren co so tnh doi lan chc nang l dieu kien thuan loi
cho viec thong nhat ho v tieu chuan ho trong pham vi quoc gia v quoc te.
Khi nen cong nghiep cng pht trien th san pham cng da dang v phong ph,
khong chi chung loai, mau m m ca kch c na. Trong dieu kien nhu vay di
hoi c su thong nhat ho ve mat quan l nh nuc, mat khc de nang cao hieu
qua kinh te th phai quy cch ho v tieu chuan ho cc san pham.
e dp ng yeu cau tren nh nuc Viet Nam d ban hnh hng loat cc
tieu chuan k thuat trong d c tieu chuan ve dung sai lap ghp. Cc tieu chuan
cua nh nuc Viet Nam (TCVN) duoc xay dung dua tren co so cua tieu chuan
Quoc Te ISO.
1.4/ KHI NIEM V KCH THUC, SAI LECH GII HAN VA DUNG SAI.
1.4.1. Kch thuoc.
Kch thuc l gi tri bang so cua dai luong do chieu di theo don vi do
duoc lua chon.
Trong che tao my don vi do thung dng l mm.
1m = 1000mm : 1mm = 1000m.
a/ Kch thuc danh ngha.
L kch thuc duoc xc dinh bang tnh ton dua tren co so chc nang cua
chi tiet, sau d qui trn (ve pha ln hon) theo cc gi tri cua dy kch thuc
thang danh nghia tieu chuan.

a) Truc b) Lo
Hnh 1.1
Kch thuc danh nghia cua chi tiet truc duoc k hieu l d
N
(hnh 1.1a)
Kch thuc danh nghia cua chi tiet lo duoc k hieu l D
N
(hnh 1.1b)
Kch thuc danh nghiaduoc ghi tren ban v dng lm goc de tnh cc sai
lech kch thuc.
b/ Kch thuc thuc.

9
L kch thuc nhan duoc t ket qua do tren chi tiet gia cong vi sai so cho
php. V du: khi do kch thuc truc bang thuc cap c do chnh xc l 1/20, ket
qua do nhan duoc l 28,25mm tc l kch thuc thuc cua truc l d
t
= 28,25mm
vi sai so cho php l 0,05mm.
Kch thuc thuc duoc k hieu l d
t
doi vi truc v D
t
doi vi lo.
c/ Kch thuc gii han.
e xc dinh pham vi cho php cua sai so che tao kch thuc, ngui ta quy
dinh hai kch thuc gii han :
Kch thuc gii han ln nhat l kch thuc ln nhat cho php khi che
tao chi tiet, k hieu doi vi truc d
max
v doi vi lo D
max

Kch thuc gii han nho nhat l kch thuc nho nhat cho php khi che
tao chi tiet, k hieu doi vi truc d
min
v doi vi lo D
min

Vay dieu kien de kch thuc cua chi tiet sau khi che tao dat yeu cau l :
d
min
d
t
d
max

D
min
D
t
D
max

1.4.2. Sai lech gioi han.
L hieu dai so gia cc kch thuc gii han v kch thuc danh nghia.
a/ Sai lech gii han ln nhat ( Sai lech gii han tren )
L hieu dai so gia kch thuc gii han ln nhat v kch thuc danh nghia,
sai lech gii han tren duoc k hieu l es, ES .
Vi truc:
es = d
max
d
N
Vi lo:
ES = D
max
D
N

Hnh 1.2
So do bieu dien kch thuc gii han v sai lech gii han
b/ Sai lech gii han nho nhat ( Sai lech gii han dui )

10
L hieu dai so gia kch thuc gii han nho nhat v kch thuc danh nghia,
sai lech gii han nho nhat duoc k hieu l ei, EI .
Vi truc:
ei = d
min
d
N
Vi lo:
EI = D
min
D
N
Sai lech gii han c the c gi tri duong , am -. hoac bang 0.
Sai lech gii han duoc ghi ben canh kch thuc danh nghia vi c ch
nho hon:
ES
EI N
D ,
es
ei N
d . V du: 50
020 , 0
041 , 0
+

1.4.3. Dung sai kch thuoc.
L pham vi cho php cua sai so kch thuc. Tri so dung sai bang hieu so
gia kch thuc gii han ln nhat v kch thuc gii han nho nhat, hoac l hieu
sai so gia sai lech gia sai lech tren v sai lech dui.
Dung sai duoc k hieu l T (Tolerance)
Dung sai kch thuc truc:
T
d
= d
max
- d
min

hoac T
d
= es ei
Dung sai kch thuc lo:
T
D
= D
max
- D
min

hoac T
D
= ES EI
Dung sai luon luon c gi tri duong.Tri so dung sai cng nho th do chnh
xc kch thuc cng cao. Tri so dung sai cng ln th do chnh xc kch thuc
cng thap
\i du: Biet kch thuc cua chi tiet lo l: 50
020 , 0
041 , 0
+
mm
Tnh cc kch thuc gii han v dung sai.
Kch thuc thuc cua lo sau khi gia cong do duoc l: D
t
= 49,950 mm, hoi
chi tiet lo d gia cong c dat yeu cau khong
Ciai:
Kch thuc gii han ln nhat cua lo:
D
max
= D
N
ES = 50 0,020 = 50,020 mm
Kch thuc gii han nho nhat cua lo:
D
min
= D
N
EI = 50 - 0,041 = 49,959 mm
Dung sai cua lo:
T
D
= ES - EI = 0,020 - (- 0,041) = 0,061 mm
Chi tiet lo dat yeu cau khi kch thuc thuc cua n thoa mn:
D
min
D
t
D
max

Ta thay: D
min
= 49,959 D
t
= 49,950
Vay chi tiet lo d gia cong khong dat yeu cau.

11
Khi gia cong th ngui tho phai nham tnh cc kch thuc gii han roi
doi chieu vi kch thuc do duoc (kch thuc thuc) cua chi tiet gia cong v
dnh gi chi tiet dat yeu cau hay khong dat yeu cau ve kch thuc.
1.5/ LAP GHP VA CC LOAI LAP GHP.
1.5.1. Khi niem ve lap ghp.
Thung cc chi tiet dng rieng biet th chua c cong dung g. Chi khi
chng phoi hop vi nhau tao thnh moi ghp mi c cong dung nhat dinh. Nhu
vay, hai hay mot so chi tiet phoi hop vi nhau mot cch co dinh (dai oc van
chat vo bu long) hoac di dong (pt tong trong xy lanh) th tao thnh moi ghp.

Hnh 1.3: 1- Lo Hnh 1.4: 1- Rnh truot
2- Truc 2- Con truot
Kch thuc lap ghp l kch thuc m dua vo n cc chi tiet lap ghp vi
nhau. Trong mot moi ghp, kch thuc danh nghia cua lo (D
N
) bang kch thuc
danh nghia cua truc (d
N
) v goi chung l kch thuc danh nghia cua moi ghp:
D
N
= d
N

Be mat lap ghp l be mat m dua vo n cc chi tiet lap ghp vi
nhau.Trong d be mat lap ghp cua lo goi l be mat bao, be mat lap ghp cua
truc l be mat bi bao. V du trong lap ghp gia truc v lo (hnh 1.3), lap ghp
gia con truot v rnh truot (hnh 1.4) th be mat lo v be mat rnh truot l be
mat bao, cn be mat con truot l be mat bi bao.
Ty theo hnh dang be mat lap ghp, trong che tao co kh phan loai nhu
sau:
Lap ghp be mat tron: be mat lap ghp c dang l be mat tru tron hoac
mat phang.
Lap ghp con tron: be mat lap ghp l mat nn cut.
Lap ghp ren: be mat lap ghp l mat xoan oc c dang proin tam gic,
hnh thang ...
Lap ghp truyen dong bnh rang: be mat lap ghp l be mat tiep xc mot
cch chu ky cua cc rang bnh rang.
ac tnh cua lap ghp be mat tron duoc xc dinh boi hieu so kch thuc be
mat bao v kch thuc be mat bi bao:
Neu D
t
d
t
c gi tri duong th lap ghp c do ho
Neu D
t
d
t
c gi tri am th lap ghp c do doi

12
Dua vo dac tnh tren lap ghp be mat tron duoc chia lm 3 nhm.
1.5.2. Phan loai lap ghp
a/ Nhm lap long.
Trong nhm lap ghp ny kch thuc lap ghp cua lo luon luon ln hon
kch thuc lap ghp cua truc.

Hnh 1.5 - Nhm lap ghp long
ac diem cua nhm lap long l luon luon c do ho v do ho duoc k hieu
l S v S = Dt - dt
- ng vi cc kch thuc gii han ta c do ho gii han.
S
max
= D
max
- d
min

S
max
= ES ei
S
min
= D
min
- d
max

S
min
= EI es
- o ho trung bnh:
2
min max
S S
S
tb
+
=
- Dung sai cua do ho (dung sai lap ghp long):
T
s
= S
max
- S
min

T
s
= (D
max
- d
min
) - (D
min
- d
max
)
T
s
= (D
max
- D
min
) - (d
max
- d
min
)
T
s
= T
D
T
d

Nhu vay dung sai moi ghp bang tong dung sai cua kch thuc lo v kch
thuc truc.
Pham vi su dung: lap ghp long thung duoc su dung doi vi moi ghp m
hai chi tiet lap ghp c su chuyen dong tuong doi vi nhau v ty theo chc
nang cua moi ghp m ta chon kieu lap c do ho nho, trung bnh hay ln.
b/ Nhm lap chat.

13
Trong nhm lap ghp ny kch thuc lap ghp cua truc luon ln hon kch
thuc lap ghp cua lo.

Hnh 1.6 Nhm lap ghp chat
ac diem cua nhm lap chat l luon luon c do doi, do doi duoc k hieu l
N v N = d
t
- D
t

- ng vi cc kch thuc gii han ta c do doi gii han.
N
max
= d
max
- D
min
N
max
= es

-EI
N
min
= d
min
- D
max
N
min
= ei

-ES
- o doi trung bnh
2
min max
N N
N
tb
+
=
- Dung sai cua do doi (dung sai cua lap ghp chat)
T
N
= N
max
- N
min

T
N
= T
D
T
d

Pham vi su dung: lap ghp chat duoc su dung doi vi cc moi ghp co
dinh khong tho hoac chi tho khi sua cha ln. o doi cua lap ghp du dam
bao truyen momen xoan nhung tuy theo tri so cua luc truyen m ta chon lap
ghp c do doi nho, trung bnh hay ln.
c/ Nhm lap ghp trung gian.
Trong nhm lap ghp ny kch thuc thuc cua truc c the ln hon hoac
nho hon kch thuc cua lo. C nghia l lap ghp c the c do doi hoac c do ho.
Tri so do doi hoac do ho o day deu nho.
Trong nhm lap trung gian chi tnh:
S
max
= D
max
- d
min

N
max
= D
max
- d
min

o ho trung bnh hoac do doi trung bnh duoc tnh nhu sau:

14
- Neu S
max
N
max

2
max max
N S
S
tb
=
- Neu N
max
S
max

2
max max
S N
N
tb
=

Hnh 1.7 - Nhm lap ghp trung gian.
Thuc te chng to rang cc do ho hoac do doi trung bnh thung xuat hien
nhieu hon do ho hoac do doi gii han, v trong che tao cc kch thuc trung
bnh c xc suat xuat hien nhieu hon.
Dung sai cua lap ghp duoc tnh:
T
N,S
= N
max
S
max
T
N,S
= T
D
T
d

Pham vi su dung: lap ghp trung gian thung duoc su dung doi vi cc
moi ghp co dinh nhung thung xuyen phai tho lap trong qu trnh su dung v
nhng moi ghp yeu cau do dong tam cao gia cc chi tiet lap ghp. C the
dng lap ghp trung gian de truyen luc nhung vi dieu kien phai c them chi
tiet phu (then, chot, vt ...)
1.6/ BIEU DIEN BANG SO SU PHN BO MIN DUNG SAI LAP GHP
e don gian v thuan tien ngui ta bieu dien lap ghp dui dang so do
phan bo mien dung sai.
So do lap ghp l hnh bieu dien vi tr tuong quan gia mien dung sai cua
lo v mien dung sai cua truc trong moi ghp.
1.6.1. Cch ve so do lap ghp.
K mot dung nam ngang bieu dien vi tr cua dung kch thuc danh
nghia. Tai vi tr d sai lech cua kch thuc bang 0, nen cn goi l dung khong.
Truc tung bieu dien gi tri cua sai lech kch thuc theo don vi m.
Gi tri sai lech duong dat tren dung khong
Gi tri sai lech am dat dui dung khong

15
Mien dung sai cua kch thuc duoc bieu thi bang hnh ch nhat c gach
cho duoc gii han boi hai sai lech gii han.
\i du: So do phan bo mien dung sai cua lap ghp c d = D = 40mm. Sai lech
gii han cua kch thuc lo l: ES = 25m : EI = 0. Sai lech gii han cua kch
thuc truc l: es = - 25m : ei = -50 m duoc bieu dien nhu hnh v 1.8.

Hnh 1.8 - So do phan bo mien dung sai.
1.6.2. Tc dung cua so do lap ghp
Qua so do phan bo mien dung sai ta xc dinh duoc:
- Gi tri cua kch thuc danh nghia cua moi ghp (D
N
, d
N
)
- Biet duoc gi tri cua sai lech gii han( ES , EI, es, ei )
- Biet duoc vi tr v gi tri cua kch thuc gii han (D
max
, D
min
, d
max
, d
min
)
- Tri so dung sai cua kch thuc lo, truc ( T
D
,T
d
) v cua moi ghp
- De dng nhan biet duoc dac tnh lap ghp :
+ Lap long neu mien dung sai lo nam tren mien dung sai truc
+ Lap chat neu mien dung sai truc nam tren mien dung sai lo
+ Lap trung gian neu mien dung sai lo v truc nam xen k nhau
- Biet duoc tri so do ho, do doi gii han.
\i du : Cho lap ghp c so do phan bo mien dung sai nhu hnh v 1.9.

16

Hnh 1.9
Qua so do tren ta xc dinh duoc:
Kch thuc danh nghia cua moi ghp D
N
= d
N
= 45 mm
Sai lech gii han ES = 25m : EI = 0
es = 50m : ei = 34m.
Kch thuc gii han D
max
= 45,025 mm : D
min
= 45 mm
d
max
= 45,05 mm : d
min
= 45,034 mm
Dung sai kch thuc lo T
D
= 0,025 mm
truc T
d
= 0,016 mm
Dung sai cua moi ghp T = 0,025 0,016 = 0,041 mm
Moi ghp l lap chat v mien dung sai truc nam tren mien dung sai lo
o doi gii han N
max
= 0,05 mm
N
min
= 0,009 mm
Bi tap:
Cho lap ghp trong d kch thuc danh nghia 82mm. Sai lech gii han
cua lo ES = 35m , EI = 0.Sai lech gii han cua truc es = 45m , ei = 23 m.
eu cau:
V so do phan bo mien dung sai v tnh: kch thuc, dung sai, do ho, do
doi gii han.
- Tnh kch thuc gii han
D
max
= D ES
= 82mm 0,035 = 82,035mm
D
min
= D EI
= 82mm 0= 82mm
d
max
= d es
= 82mm 0,045 = 82,045mm
d
min
= d ei

17
= 82mm 0,023 = 82,023mm

Hnh 1.10
- Tnh dung sai
T
D
= ES EI
= 35m 0 = 35m
T
d
= es ei
= 45m - 23m = 22m
T
N,S
= T
D
T
d

= 35m 22m = 57m
- Tnh do ho , doi gii han
S
max
= D
max
- d
min
= 82,035mm 82,023 mm = 0,012 mm
N
max
= d
max
- D
min
= 82,045mm 82,000 mm = 0,045 mm

18
CU HOI N TP
1. The no l tnh doi lan nghia cua n doi vi san xuat v su dung.
2. Phan biet cc kch thuc danh nghia, thuc v gii han. ieu kien de chi tiet
dat yeu cau kch thuc l g
3. The no l sai lech gii han, cch k hieu v cong thc tnh.
4. C may nhm lap ghp, dac diem cua tng nhm.
5. Trnh by cch bieu dien so do phan bo mien dung sai cua lap ghp.
BI TP
1. Tnh kch thuc gii han v dung sai kch thuc chi tiet tr ong cc trung
hop:
a.
074 , 0
0
82
+
b.
101 , 0
079 , 0
120
+
+
c.
120 , 0
207 , 0
102
,
chi tiet sau khi gia cong c kch thuc thuc 101,85 c dat yeu cau khong, sao
2. Bieu dien so do phan bo mien dung sai cua cc lap ghp cho trong bang sau:
Th tu Kch thuc truc Kch thuc lo
1
025 , 0
46
+

009 , 0
025 , 0
46

2
030 , 0
58
+

072 , 0
053 , 0
58
+
+

3
0175 , 0
120

022 , 0
120

3. Cho lap ghp trong d kch thuc lo l
030 , 0
56
+
, tnh sai lech gii han cua
truc
trong cc trung hop sau:
a. o ho gii han cua lap ghp l: S
max
= 136 m, S
min
= 60m.
b. o doi gii han cua lap ghp l: N
max
= 51 m, N
min
= 2m.
c. o ho v do doi gii han cua lap ghp l: S
max
= 39,5 m, N
min
= 9,5m.

19
CHUONG 2: HE THONG DUNG SAI LAP GHP B MAT TRON
1/ Muc ch:
- Gii thieu nhng quy dinh ve dung sai lap ghp be mat tron theo TCVN.
- Hung dn su dung cc bang dung sai.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Nam vng nhng noi dung co ban cua he thong dung sai lap ghp be mat
tron theo TCVN.
- Hieu duoc nghia cc k hieu ve dung sai v lap ghp tren ban v
- Su dung thnh thao cc bang dung sai.
2.1/ KHI NIEM V HE THONG DUNG SAI LAP GHP.
e dp ng yeu cau pht trien v hoi nhap vi nen kinh te the gii, nh
nuc Viet Nam d ban hnh hng loat cc tieu chuan k thuat, trong d c tieu
chuan dung sai lap ghp be mat tron: TCVN 2244-99. Tieu chuan duoc xay
dung tren co so cua tieu chuan quoc te ISO 286-1 : 1988. He thong dung sai lap
ghp l tap hop cc qui dinh ve dung sai v lap ghp duoc thnh lap theo qui
luat v dua thnh tieu chuan thong nhat.
He thong dung sai lap ghp khac phuc duoc su lua chon tuy tien, tao kha
nang tieu chuan ho dung cu cat v calip do.
2.2/ NOI DUNG HE THONG DUNG SAI LAP GHP
2.2.1. Quy dinh dung sai
Tren co so cho php sai so ve kch thuc ngui ta d nghien cu v thong
ke thuc nghiem gia gia cong co vi sai so ve kch thuc v dua ra duoc cong
thc thuc nghiem tnh dung sai nhu sau:
T = a.i
a - he so phu thuoc vo mc do chnh xc cua kch thuc. Kch thuc cng
chnh xc th a cng nho, tri so dung sai cng b v nguoc lai a cng ln, tri so
dung sai cng ln, kch thuc cng km chnh xc.
i - l don vi dung sai, duoc xc dinh bang thuc nghiem v phu thuoc vo
pham vi kch thuc.
oi vi cc kch thuc t 1500mm th:
D D i 001 , 0 045 , 0
3
+ =

20

Hnh 2.1
T do thi bieu dien quan he gia tri so dung sai v kch thuc o tren ta
thay rang: trong tng khoang nho d cua kch thuc, gi tri dung sai kch thuc
bien cua khoang so vi gi tri trung bnh cua khoang sai khc nhau khong dng
ke nen c the bo qua duoc. V vay de don gian v thuan tien cho viec su dung
ngui ta quy dinh dung sai cho tng khoang kch thuc v gi tri dung sai cua
moi khoang kch thuc duoc tnh theo kch thuc trung bnh (D) cua khoang:
2 1
.D D D =
Trong d D
1
, D
2
l kch thuc bien cua khoang.
Su phan khoang kch thuc danh nghia phai tuan theo nguyen tac dam bao
sai khc gia gi tri dung sai tnh theo kch thuc bien cua khoang so vi gi tri
dung sai tnh theo kch thuc trung bnh cua khoang d khong qu 5 8%.
theo nguyen tac d th cc kch thuc t 1 500mm c the phan thnh 13 25
khoang tuy theo dac tnh cua tng loai lap ghp (bang 2.1).
Tieu chuan Viet Nam quy dinh c 20 cap chnh xc (cap dung sai tieu
chuan) v duoc k hieu IT01, IT0, IT1,..., IT18. Cc cap chnh xc t IT1IT18
duoc su dung pho bien hien nay.
Cap chnh xc t IT1 IT4 duoc su dung doi vi cc kch thuc yeu cau
do chnh xc rat cao (che tao dung cu do, can mau)
Cap chnh xc IT5, IT6 duoc su dung trong linh vuc co kh chnh xc
Cap chnh xc IT7, IT8 duoc su dung trong linh vuc co kh thong dung
Cap chnh xc t IT9 IT11 thung su dung trong linh vuc co kh ln (chi
tiet c kch thuc ln)
Cap chnh xc t IT12 IT16 thung su dung doi vi nhng kch thuc
chi tiet yeu cau gia cong tho.
Tri so dung sai tieu chuan cho cc cap chnh xc khc nhau v kch thuc
danh nghia khc nhau duoc cho trong bang 2.2.
Bang 2.1. KHOANG KCH THUC DANH NGHA
Kch thuc danh nghia den 500 mm
Khoang chnh Khoang trung gian

21
Tren en v bao gom Tren en v bao gom
- 3
3 6
6 10

10 18
10
14
14
18
18 30
18
24
24
30
30 50
30
40
40
50
50 80
50
65
65
80
80 120
80
100
100
120
120 180
120
140
160
140
160
180
180 250
180
200
225
200
225
250
250 315
250
280
280
315
315 400
315
355
355
400
400 500
400
450
450
500

22
Bang 2.2. TRI S DUNG SAI TIU CHUN
Cap dung sai tieu chuan Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 IT18
Dung sai
Tren
en v
baogom
m
mm
- 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 0,1 0,14 0,25 0,4 0,6 1 1,4
3 6 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 0,12 0,18 0,3 0,48 0,75 1,2 1,8
6 10 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 0,12 0,22 0,36 0,58 0,9 1,5 2,2
10 18 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 0,18 0,27 0,43 0,7 1,1 1,8 2,7
18 30 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 0,21 0,33 0,52 0,84 1,3 2,1 3,3
30 50 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 0,25 0,39 0,62 1 1,6 2,5 3,9
50 80 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 0,3 0,46 0,74 1,2 1,9 3 4,6
80 120 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 0,35 0,54 0,87 1,4 2,2 3,5 5,4
120 180 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 0,4 0,63 1 1,6 2,5 4 6,3
180 250 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 0,46 0,72 1,15 1,85 2,9 4,6 7,2
250 315 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 0,52 0,81 1,3 2,1 3,2 5,2 8,1
315 400 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 0,57 0,89 1,4 2,3 3,6 5,7 8,9
400 500 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 0,63 0,97 1,55 2,5 4 6,3 9,7

23
2.2.2. Quy dinh lap ghp
Khai niem sai lech co ban
Sai lech co ban l mot trong hai sai lech tren hoac dui gan vi dung
khong dng de xc dinh vi tr cua mien dung sai so vi dung khong.

Hnh 2.2
Theo TCVN 2244-99 c 28 sai lech co ban doi vi lo v 28 sai lech co
ban doi vi truc. Sai lech co ban duoc k hieu bang 1 hoac 2 ch ci la tinh:
Ch in hoa vi lo: A, B, C, CD, ..., A, B, C
Ch thung vi truc: a, b, c, cd, ..., a, b, c
Vi tr mien dung sai tuong ng vi cc ch cua sai lech co ban nhu hnh 2.3

Hnh 2.3

24
Su phoi hop gia kch thuc danh nghia, sai lech co ban v cap chnh
xc tao nen mien dung sai. Vay k hieu mien dung sai bao gom 3 thnh phan
tren, v du: 30H7.
H thng lp ghp
TCVN quy nh cc kiu lp -c thc hin theo 1 trong 2 quy
lut sau:
a. Quy luat cua he thong lo co ban

Hnh 2.4
L he thong cc kieu lap m vi tr mien dung sai cua lo l co dinh luon
luon o tren v st vi dung "khong", muon c cc kieu lap khc nhau th
thay doi vi tr mien dung sai cua truc so vi dung "khong (hnh 2.4).
Mien dung sai cua lo co ban k hieu l H v c dac tnh EI = 0: ES = T
D
.
b. Quy luat cua he thong truc co ban
L he thong cc kieu lap m vi tr mien dung sai cua truc l co dinh luon
o dui v st vi dung "khong", muon c cc kieu lap khc nhau th thay
doi vi tr mien dung sai cua lo so vi dung "khong (hnh 2.5)


25
Hnh 2.5
Mien dung sai cua truc co ban k hieu l h v c dac tnh es = 0: ei = -T
d

Lua chon he thong lap ghp: de chon kieu lap tieu chuan khi thiet ke,
ngoi dac tnh yeu cau cua lap ghp ngui thiet ke cn phai dua vo tnh kinh
te k thuat v tnh cong nghe ket cau de quyet dinh chon kieu lap trong he
thong lo hay truc co ban.
Ve mat kinh te m xt th ngui ta chon kieu lap trong he thong lo. Boi
v gia cong lo chnh xc kh v thung phai dng nhng dung cu dat tien
nhu dao chuot, dao doa ... m khi chon kieu lap theo he thong lo th so kch
thuc lo lai t hon so vi he truc. Boi vay chon kieu lap trong he thong lo c
loi hon. Tuy nhien, trong nhng trung hop do yeu cau ve thiet ke v cong
nghe khong cho php chon kieu lap theo he lo th buoc ta phai chon kieu lap
theo he truc, v du nhu lap vng ngoi cua o bi vi than hop.
2.3/ K HIEU SAI LECH VA LAP GHP TREN BAN VE.
2.3.1. oi voi ban ve chi tiet.
Tieu chuan qui dinh c 3 cch ghi k hieu sai lech cua kch thuc tren
ban v chi tiet.
a/ Ghi theo k hieu qui uc cua min dung sai.
\i du: Lo 40 H7 hoac truc 407
C nghia: - D
N
= 18 mm - d
N
= 40 mm
- H7 l mien dung sai cua lo - 7 l mien dung sai cua
truc
Trong d H sai lech co ban sai lech co ban
7 cap chnh xc 7 cap chnh xc
b/ Ghi theo tri so sai lech gii han.
\i du: Truc
025 , 0
050 , 0
40

C nghia l: d
N
= 40 mm
es = - 0,025 mm : ei = - 0,050 mm
Lo
025 , 0
40
+

C nghia l: D
N
= 40 mm
ES = 0,025 mm : EI = 0
c/ Cch ghi ket hop hai cch ghi o tren
SLGH duoc ghi o trong ngoac don ben phai
\i du: Truc 40 7
|
|
.
|
\
|
050 , 0
025 , 0


26
C nghia: d
N
= 40 mm
es = - 0,025 mm : ei = - 0,050 mm

Hnh 2.6 - Ghi sai lech gii han tren ban v chi tiet
2.3.2. oi voi ban ve lap.
Ghi kch thuc lap ghp v sai lech gii han cho ban v lap cng c 3
cch tuong tu nhu doi vi ban v chi tiet.
a/ Ghi theo k hieu min dung sai
KT danh nghia
\i du: 60
8
7
e
H

Kch thuc danh nghia D
N
= d
N
= 60 mm
Mien dung sai cua lo: H7 vi H l SLCB
7 l cap C
Mien dung sai cua truc: e8 vi e l SLCB
8 l cap C
b/ Ghi theo gi tri sai lech gii han
\i du: 60
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
106 , 0
060 , 0
030 , 0

Kch thuc danh nghia D
N
= d
N
= 60 mm
Sai lech gii han cua lo ES = 0,030 mmm , EI = 0
Sai lech gii han cua truc es = - 0,060 mm: ei = - 0,106
c/ Cch ghi ket hop 2 cch tren.
Mien ds lo
Mien ds truc

27
\i du: 60
8
7
e
H
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
106 , 0
060 , 0
030 , 0

Hnh 2.7 - Ghi sai lech gii han tren ban v lap
2.4/ CHON KIEU LAP TIEU CHUN CHO MOI GHP KHI THIET KE
Theo quy luat cua he thong lap ghp lo co ban v truc co ban ta c the
hnh thnh cc lap ghp tieu chuan theo 3 nhm lap long, chat, trung gian.
Khi chon cc kieu lap tieu chuan, phai tuy thuoc vo chc nang su dung cua
moi ghp m dinh ra yeu cau ve do ho hoac do doi gii han cua lap ghp.
Sau d can c vo do ho (do doi) gii han de chon kieu lap cho ph hop.
2.4.1. Chon kieu lap long tieu chuan
Nhm lap long tieu chuan gom cc kieu lap:

h
H
b
H
a
H
,..., ,
v
h
H
b
H
a
H
,..., ,
vi do ho giam dan t |
.
|
\
|
h
A
a
H
den
h
H
.
Cach chon: uat pht t gi tri do ho gii han yeu cau m ta chon
kieu lap c do ho gii han ph hop (bang 3 phu luc 1).
2.4.2. Chon kieu lap trung gian tieu chuan
Nhm lap trung gian tieu chuan gom cc kieu lap:

n
H
m
H
k
H
j
H
s
, , ,


28
v
h
N
h
M
h
K
h
J
S
, , ,
vi do doi tang dan t |
.
|
\
|
h
J
j
H
s
s
den |
.
|
\
|
h
N
n
H
.
Cach chon: Khi chon moi ghp trung gian phai can c vo do ho v
do doi cho php cua moi ghp de chon duoc moi ghp ph hop vi yeu cau
(bang 4 phu luc 1).
2.4.3. Chon kieu lap chat tieu chuan
Nhm lap chat tieu chuan gom cc kieu lap:

z
H
x
H
u
H
t
H
s
H
r
H
p
H
, , , , , ,
v
h
V
h
T
h
S
h
R
h
P
, , , ,
vi do doi tang dan dan t |
.
|
\
|
h
P
p
H
den |
.
|
\
|
h
V
z
H
.
Cach chon: Giong nhu khi lap long, ta can c vo do doi cho php cua
moi ghp de chon moi ghp chat ph hop vi yeu cau (bang 5 phu luc 1).
Cc bang dung sai
Sai lech gii han cua kch thuc ng vi cc mien dung sai tieu chuan
d duoc tnh v dua thnh bang tieu chuan (TCVN 2245-99), khi can biet tri
so sai lech gii han kch thuc ng vi mien dung sai bat ky no ta tra trong
cc bang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 phu luc 1.
Bang 1: Sai lech kch thuc lo doi vi cc kch thuc den 500 mm .
Bang 2: Sai lech kch thuc truc doi vi cc kch thuc den 500 mm .
Bang 3: o ho gii han cua cc lap ghp long kch thuc t 1 500mm.
Bang 4: o doi gii han cua cc lap ghp chat kch thuc t 1 500mm.
Bang 5: o doi gii han cua cc lap ghp trung gian kch thuc t 1
500mm.

29
CU HO/
1. Tieu chuan dung sai lap ghp be mat tron TCVN 2244-9999 quy dinh bao
nhieu cap chnh xc v k hieu chng nhu the no
2. The no l he thong lap ghp lo co ban v truc co ban v hnh minh hoa.
3. Sai lech co ban l g Tieu chuan TCVN 2244-99 quy dinh dy cc sai
lech co ban nhu the no.
4. C may nhm lap ghp tieu chuan v dac tnh cua chng nhu the no.
5. Cho v du ve sai lech v lap ghp tren ban v, giai thch cc k hieu d.
6. Neu pham vi ng dung cua 2 kieu lap sau:
7
7
f
H
,
6
7
k
H
.
B/ TP
1. Cho cc lap ghp tru tron ghi trong bang 1 dui day. Hy ghi k hieu sai
lech v lap ghp bang ch v bang so tren ban v.
Bang 1:
T.T d
N
, mm Kieu lap T.T d
N
, mm Kieu lap
1. 30
8
8
e
H
v
8
9
h
E
1. 92
6
7
k
H
v
6
7
h
K

2. 40
6
7
g
H
v
6
7
h
G

2. 115
6
7
s
H
v
6
7
h
P

3. 50
6
7
s
j
H
v
6
7
h
J
S

3. 124
6
7
n
H
v
6
7
h
N

2. Cng vi cc lap ghp tru tron cho trong bang 1.
- Hy lap so do phan bo mien dung sai cua lap ghp.
- Lap ghp d cho thuoc nhm lap ghp no c dinh do ho, do doi gii
han cua chng.
3. Vi dac tnh yeu cau cua lap ghp cho trong bang 2 dui day.

TT d
N
,mm S
max yc
m
S
max yc
m
TT dN,mm S
max yc
m
S
max yc
m
TT dN,mm S
max yc
m
S
max yc
m

30
1
2
3
42
56
62
80
180
76
25
60
0
4
5
6
46
66
86
42
60
93
1
11
36
7
8
9
48
76
82
8
39
25
-33
-10
-32
- Chon kieu lap tieu chuan cho tng trung hop.
- c dinh sai lech gii han kch thuc lo v truc.

31
CHUONG III: SAI LECH HNH DANG, VI TR - NHM B MAT
1/ Muc ch:
- Cung cap kien thc ve sai lech hnh dang, vi tr v nhm be mat cua
chi tiet gia cong tren co so d tiep thu l thuyet chuyen mon thuan loi hon.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Nam vng cc dang sai lech hnh dang v vi tr be mat. Cch bieu dien
chng tren ban v
- Hieu v ban chat v nguyen nhan sinh ra nhm be mat, anh huong cua
chng den chat luong cua moi ghp, phuong php dnh gi nhm v k hieu
nhm tren ban v.
3.1/ SAI LECH VA DUNG SAI HNH DANG.
3.1.1. Khi niem chung.
Trong che tao my ngui ta thung thiet ke cc chi tiet t nhng hnh
dang hnh hoc don gian nhat, boi dieu d s lm don gian cho viec che tao.
Cc chi tiet rieng biet hoac cc bo phan cua chng thung duoc lm o dang
mat phang hoac mat tru. Rat t khi ngui ta dng cc chi tiet o dang hnh hoc
khc.
Tuy nhien, do mot loat nguyen nhan anh huong ti che tao, hnh dang
cua chi tiet khong gi duoc l tuong. Do d ngui ta quy dinh cc tieu chuan
rieng cho sai lech so vi hnh dng hnh hoc dng. e dinh mc v dnh gi
ve so luong cc sai lech hnh dang, ngui ta dua vo cc khi niem sau:
Be mat thuc: l be mat tren chi tiet gia cong v cch biet n vi moi
trung xung quanh
Proin thuc: l dung bien cua mat cat qua be mat thuc
Be mat p: l be mat c hnh dang cua be mat danh nghia (be mat hnh
hoc dng tren ban v) tiep xc vi be mat thuc v duoc bo tr o ngoi cua vat
lieu chi tiet sao cho sai lech t be mat p ti diem xa nhat cua be mat thuc c
tri so nho nhat.
Proin p l dung bien cua mat cat qua be mat p.
Tuong ng vi cc chi tiet phang v tru tron ta c cc dung sai sai lech
hnh dang nhu sau:

32
3.1.2. Sai lech hnh dang be mat phang
Sai lech hnh dang be mat phang duoc dac trung boi do phang v do
thang
Sai lech do phang: l khoang cch ln nhat t cc diem tren be mat
thuc den mat phang p tuong ng trong gii han phan chuan L

Hnh 3.6
Sai lech do thang: l khoang cch ln nhat t cc diem tren proin
thuc den dung thang p trong gii han chieu di qui dinh L

Hnh 3.7
3.1.3. Sai lech hnh dang be mat tru.
oi vi chi tiet tru tron th sai lech hnh dang duoc xt theo hai phuong.
- Sai lech proin theo phuong ngang (theo mat cat ngang) goi l sai lech
do trn. Sai lech ve do trn l khoang cch ln nhat t cc diem cua proin
thuc den diem tuong ng cua vng trn p.

33

Hnh 3.8
Khi phan tch sai lech do trn theo phuong ngang ngui ta cn dua vo
sai lech thnh phan:
o o van: l sai lech do trn khi proin thuc c dang hnh o van

Hnh 3.9
Sai lech duoc tnh: =
2
min max
d d

o mo canh: l sai lech do trn khi proin thuc cua chi tiet c hnh
nhieu canh.

Hnh 3.10

34
- Sai lech proin theo phuong mat cat doc truc goi l sai lech proin mat
cat doc (khoang cch ln nhat t nhng diem tren proin thuc den pha tuong
ng cua proin p).

Hnh 3.11
Khi phan tch sai lech do trn theo phuong doc truc ngui ta cng dua
vo cc sai lech thnh phan:
o con: l sai lech proin mat cat doc khi dung sinh thang nhung
khong song song.

Hnh 3.12
o loi (do phnh): l sai lech proin mat cat doc truc khi dung sinh
khong thang m c dang cong loi.

Hnh 3.13
o lm (do that): l sai lech proin mat cat doc truc khi dung sinh
khong thang m c dang cong lm.

35

Hnh 3.14
Tnh sai lech cua do con, loi, lm:
=
2
min max
d d

- Khi dnh gi tong hop sai lech hnh dang be mat tru, ngui ta dng chi
tieu sai lech do tru. N l khoang cch ln nhat t cc diem tren be mat
thuc den be mat tru p trong gii han chieu di chuan.

Hnh 3.15
3.2/ SAI LECH VA DUNG SAI VI TR CC B MAT.
Cc chi tiet my thung duoc gii han boi cc be mat khc nhau (phang,
tru, cau ...), cc be mat ny phai c vi tr tuong quan chnh xc mi dam bao
dng chc nang cua chng. Trong qu trnh gia cong do tc dong cua sai so
gia cong m vi tr tuong quan gia cc be mat chi tiet bi sai lech di sai lech vi
tr gia cc be mat the hien o cc dang sau:
3.2.1. Sai lech do song song cua mat phang.
L hieu so khoang cch ln nhat a v nho nhat b gia 2 mat phang p
trong gii han phan chuan qui dinh.

36

Hnh 3.16
3.2.2. Sai lech do vuong gc cua mat phang
Sai lech do vuong gc gia cc mat phang duoc do bang don vi di
tren chieu di chuan L.

Hnh 3.17
3.2.3. Sai lech ve do dong tam.
L khoang cch ln nhat gia dung tam cua be mat ta xt v dung
tam cua be mat chuan tren chieu di qui dinh cua phan be mat.

Hnh 3.18
3.2.4. Sai lech ve do doi xng

37
L khoang cch ln nhat gia mat phang doi xng cua yeu to chuan
v mat phang doi xng cua yeu to khao st trong gii han qui dinh.

Hnh 3.19
3.2.5. Sai lech ve do dao mat dau
L hieu gia khoang cch ln nhat v nho nhat t cc diem cua proin
thuc mat dau ti mat phang vuong gc vi dung truc chuan duoc xc dinh
tren dung knh d d cho hoac tren dung knh bat k o mat dau.

Hnh 3.20
3.2.6. Sai lech ve do dao huong knh
L hieu gia khoang cch ln nhat v nho nhat t cc diem cua proin
thuc be mat quay ti dung truc chuan.

38

Hnh 3.21
3.3/ CCH GHI KY HIEU TREN BAN VE.
e qui dinh cch hieu thong nhat cc yeu cau tren ban v ve sai lech
hnh dng vi tr be mat Tieu Chuan Viet Nam 10 - 85 (TCVN 10 - 85) d
soan thao cc dau hieu qui uc:
Loai sai lech Ten sai lech Dau hieu
Sai lech do phang

Sai lech do thang

Sai lech do tru

Sai lech do trn

Sai lech hnh dang
Sai lech proin mat cat doc truc

Sai lech do song song

Sai lech do vuong gc

Sai lech do dong truc

Sai lech do doi xng

Sai lech do dao mat dau

Sai lech vi tr
be mat
Sai lech do dao hung tam


39
- Cc dau hieu tuong trung v tri so cho php cua sai lech hnh dang v
vi tr duoc dat trong khung ch nhat.
- Cc khung ny duoc noi bang dung dng c mi ten ti dung bien
cua be mat hoac dung kch thuc cua thong so hay dung truc doi xng neu
sai lech thuoc ve dung truc chung.
- Khung hnh ch nhat duoc chia thnh 2 hoac 3 phan:

Phan 1: Ghi dau hieu tuong trung
Phan 2: Ghi tri so sai lech gii han
Phan 3: Ghi yeu to chuan hoac be mat khc c lien quan
Sau day l mot so v du ve cch ghi k hieu sai lech hnh dng v vi tr
be mat tren ban v.
K hieu eu cau k thuat

-Dung sai do phang cua be mat l
0,05mm
-Dung sai do thang l 0,1 mm tren
ton bo chieu di

- Dung sai do tru be mat l 0,01 mm
- Dung sai do trn l 0,03 mm

- Dung sai do song song cua be mat B
so vi be mat A l 0,1 mm tren chieu
di 100 mm
- Dung sai do vuong gc vua mat C so
vi A l 0,1 mm

40

- Dung sai do dao mat B so vi dung
tam mat A l 0,04 mm

- Dung sai do dao hung knh cua be
mat l 0,01 mm so vi dung tam 2
mat A v B
3.4/ XC ING DUNG SAI HNH DANG VA VI TR B MAT.
Tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 384 - 93 quy dinh: dung sai hnh dang v
vi tr be mat duoc quy dinh tuy thuoc vo cap chnh xc cua chng. Tren co
so khoang kch thuc danh nghia v cap chnh xc ta s xc dinh duoc dung
sai hnh dang v vi tr be mat. Tieu chuan Viet Nam quy dinh c 16 cap
chnh xc ve dung sai hnh dang v vi tr be mat duoc k hieu theo mc
chnh xc giam dan l: 1, 2, 3, ... , 15, 16. Khi thiet ke che tao cc chi tiet
muon xc dinh dung sai hnh dang vi tr cc be mat ta phai can c vo cap
chnh xc m ta chon cho chi tiet. Cap chnh xc ve dung sai hnh dang v vi
tr be mat thung duoc chon dua vo phuong php gia cong chi tiet.
oi vi be mat tru th cap chnh xc hnh dang dua vo quan he cap
chnh xc kch thuc v do chnh xc hnh hoc tuong doi cua hnh dang be
mat (bang 3.1).
Bang 3.1. CP CHNH XC H/NH DANG NG \O/ CC CP CHNH XC KCH THUOC
Cap chnh xc kch thuc
IT
1
IT
2
IT
3
IT
4
IT
5
IT
6
IT
7
IT
8
IT
9
IT10 IT11 IT12
o chnh xc
hnh hoc
tuong doi
Cap chnh xc hnh dang
Thung 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hoi cao 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cao 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ac biet cao 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

41
3.5/ NHM B MAT.
3.5.1. Ban chat nhm be mat
Be mat chi tiet sau khi gia cong khong bang phang mot cch l tuong
m c nhng nhap nho. Nhng nhap nho ny l ket qua cua qu trnh bien
dang do cua lp be mat khi cat got lp kim loai, l anh huong cua chan
dong khi cat, l vet lui cat de lai tren be mat v nhieu nguyen nhan khc
na.Tuy vay khong phai ton bo nhng nhap nho tren be mat deu thuoc
nhm be mat.
Nhm be mat l tap hop nhng nhap nho c buc tuong doi nho v duoc
xt trong gii han chieu di chuan L.
e phan biet r ta xem xt mot phan cua proin be mat d duoc khuyech
dai cua chi tiet sau khi gia cong:

Hnh 3.22
- Nhng nhap nho c t so gia buc nhap nho (P) v chieu cao nhap
nho (h) 1000 |
.
|
\
|
>1000
4
P
thuoc sai lech hnh dang (h
1
)
- Nhng nhap nho 1000 50 < <
h
P
thuoc ve sng be mat (h
2
)
- Nhng nhap nho m 50 <
h
P
th thuoc nhm be mat (h
3
)
So di ta quan tam den nhm be mat v n anh huong ln den chat luong
lm viec cua chi tiet my.
- Trong cc moi ghp dong, nhm dan ti su mn truc thi han cua cc
be mat, v khi cc chi tiet lm viec cc dinh nhon cua nhm be mat bi mi
mn, mat khc bot kim loai duoc tron lan vi dau cng day nhanh qu trnh
mi mn cua cc be mat.

42
- Trong cc moi ghp co dinh, nhm lm giam do ben chac cua moi
ghp, boi v khi thuc hien moi ghp p hai chi tiet vi nhau cc dinh nhm bi
san phang do vay do doi thuc te s nho hon do doi tnh ton.
3.5.2. Ch tieu dnh gi nhm be mat
Theo TCVN 2511-95 de dnh gi nhm be mat ngui ta su dung nhng
thong so sau:
- Sai lech trung bnh so hoc cua proin R
a
(don vi l m)
- Chieu cao nhap nho proin theo 10 diem R
(don vi l m)
Trong san xuat cho php dnh gi nhm be mat bang mot trong hai
thong so tren. Viec chon thong so no l tuy thuoc vo chat luong, yeu cau
cua be mat v dac tnh ket cau cua be mat.
Trong san xuat su dung pho bien R
a
v n gip ta dnh gi chnh xc
hon v thuan loi hon nhng be mat c do nhm trung bnh. oi vi be mat
qu nhm hay qu min th dng thong so R
dnh gi th kha nang chnh xc

hon dng thong so R
a
.
Nhm duoc chia lm 14 cap khc nhau, trong d nhm cap 1 l ln nhat
nhm cap 14 l nho nhat.
3.5.3. Xc dinh gi tri thong so cho php cua nhm be mat
Tri so cho php cua thong so nhm be mat duoc xc dinh ty thuoc vo
chc nang su dung cua be mat v dieu kien cua chi tiet. Trong thuc te c the
chon tri so cho php dua vo phuong php gia cong hop l, dam bao yeu cau
nhm be mat v yeu cau do chnh xc cua cc thong so hnh hoc khc. Mat
khc cng c the dua vo moi quan he gia nhm v dung sai kch thuc
hnh dang de xc dinh (bang 3.2).
3.5.4. Ghi k hieu thong so nhm be mat tren ban ve.
e ghi do nhm be mat ngui ta dng cc k hieu sau:

a, K hieu nhm khong chi r phuong php gia cong
b, K hieu nhm chi r phuong php gia cong bang cat got
c, K hieu nhm chi r phuong php gia cong khong phoi
Tren k hieu co ban c 4 vi tr ghi thong so nhu sau:

43

- Vi tr 1: Ghi thong so R
a
,R
neu ghi thong so R

a
th khong can ghi k
hieu thong so

- Vi tr 2: Nguyen cong gia cong lan cuoi

- Vi tr 3: Ghi chieu di chuan khc vi qui dinh tuong ng trong tieu
chuan TCVN 2511 - 95
- Vi tr 4: Hung map mo be mat
K hieu nhm cua moi be mat tren ban v chi ghi 1 lan tren dung bao
thay, hay dung ko di cua dung bao thay, dinh nhon cua k hieu hung
vo be mat can ghi.

Hnh 3.23
Neu tat ca cc be mat cua chi tiet c cng mot cap do nhm th ghi k
hieu nhm chung o gc tren ben phai cua ban v.

44

Hnh 3.24
Neu phan ln cc be mat cua chi tiet c cng mot cap do nhm k hieu
chung o gc ben phai ban v v dat trong dau ngoac don.

Hnh 3.25
Neu tren cng mot be mat c hai cap do nhm khc nhau th dng nt
lien manh v dung phan cch, dung phan cch khong duoc v len dung
gach vat lieu cua mat cat.

Hnh 3.26
- o nhm cua be mat rang, then hoa than khai duoc ghi tren mat chia,
khi tren ban v khong c hnh chnh dien.

45

Hnh 3.27
- K hieu do nhm be mat lm viec cua ren duoc ghi ngay ben canh
kch thuc dung knh ren hoac proin ren.

Hnh 3.28

46
BANG 3.2 - NHM B MAT NG VI DUNG SAI KCH THUC VA HNH DANG
Kch thuc danh nghia (mm)
en 18 Tren 18 den 50 Tren 50 den 120 Tren 120 den500
Cap chnh xc
kch thuc
Dung sai hnh dang
theo cua dung
sai kch thuc
Gi tri Ra m, khong ln hon
I T3
100
60
40
0,2
0,1
0,05
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,8
0,4
0,2
I T4
100
60
40
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,8
0,4
0,2
0,8
0,4
0,2
1,6
0,8
0,4
I T5
100
60
40
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,8
0,4
0,2
1,6
0,8
0,4
1,6
0,8
0,4
I T6
100
60
40
0,8
0,4
0,2
1,6
0,8
0,4
1,6
0,8
0,4
3,2
1,6
0,8
I T7
100
60
40
1,6
0,8
0,4
3,2
1,6
0,8
3,2
1,6
0,8
3,2
3,2
1,6
I T8
100
60
40
3,2
1,6
0,8
3,2
1,6
0,8
3,2
3,2
1,6
3,2
3,2
1,6
I T9
100: 60
40
25
3,2
1,6
0,8
3,2
3,2
1,6
6,3
3,2
1,6
6,3
6,3
3,2
I T10
100: 60
40
25
3,2
1,6
0,8
6,3
3,2
1,6
6,3
3,2
1,6
6,3
6,3
3,2
I T11
100: 60
40
25
6,3
3,2
1,6
6,3
3,2
1,6
12,5
6,3
3,2
12,5
6,3
3,2
I T12
I T13
100: 60
40
12.5
6.3
12,5
6,3
25
12,5
25
12,5
Ch thch: 1. Neu dung sai tuong doi ve hnh dang nho hon gi tri chi
dan trong bang th gi tri R
a
khong ln hon 0,15 gi tri dung sai hnh dang.
2. Trong trung hop can thiet, theo yeu cau chc nang cua
chi tiet c the lay gi tri R
a
nho hon chi dan trong bang.

47
CU HOI N TP
1. Hy trnh by cc dang sai lech hnh dang, vi tr be mat v cc dau hieu
tuong ng de k hieu chng.
2. The no l nhm be mat v nguyen nhan pht sinh ra n.
3. Trnh by phuong php xc dinh dung sai hnh dang v vi tr be mat khi
thiet ke.
4. Trnh by cc thong so dnh gi nhm be mat
5. Trnh by phuong php xc dinh do nhm be mat chi tiet khi thiet ke


48
CHUOAC /\: DUNG SAI KCH THUC VA LAP GHP
CC MOI GHP THONG DUNG
1/ Muc dch:
- Cung cap nhng quy dinh cua TCVN ve dung sai lap ghp cc chi tiet
dien hnh, tren co so d c the lua chon duoc nhng chi tiet dien hnh ph
hop vi yeu cau.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Nam vng cc quy dinh cua TCVN ve dung sai lap ghp cc chi tiet
dien hnh.
- Hieu k hieu lap ghp cua cc chi tiet dien hnh tren ban v.
4.1/ DUNG SAI LAP GHP REN HE MT.
Moi ghp ren duoc dng nhieu trong cc my v dung cu. Chi tiet lap
ghp ren dng noi cc chi tiet vi nhau de kep chat hoac truyen luc.Cc
moi ghp ren ny tuy theo tnh chat duoc phan thnh nhieu loai: ren he mt,
ren he anh.nhung nhng chi tiet ren he mt duoc dng pho bien nhat.
4.1.1. Cc thong so kch thuoc co ban.
Tren hnh 4.1 l mat cat doc theo truc ren de the hien proin ren cua moi
ghp. Chi tiet bao c ren trong l dai oc, chi tiet bi bao c ren ngoi l bu
long.

Hnh 4.1- Mat cat doc theo truc ren

49
Cc thong so:
d - dung knh ngoi cua ren ngoi (bulong)
D - dung knh ngoi cua ren trong (dai oc)
d
2
- dung knh trung bnh cua ren ngoi
D
2
- dung knh trung bnh cua ren trong
d
1
- dung knh trong cua ren ngoi
D
1
- dung knh trong cua ren ngoi
P - buc ren
- gc proin ren ( = 60 vi ren he mt, = 55vi ren he Anh)
H - chieu cao cua proin goc
H
1
- chieu cao lm viec cua proin ren
e quy dinh dung sai kch thuc ren ta phai khao st anh huong sai so
cc yeu to kch thuc den tnh doi lan cua ren.
4.1.2. Anh huong sai so cc yeu to den tnh doi lan cua ren.
Anh huong ti tnh doi lan cua ren khong chi c sai so cua kch thuc
dung knh ren m cn c ca sai so buc ren (P) v gc proin ren ().
Nhung khi phan tch anh huong sai so buc ren v gc proin ren, ngui ta d
quy luong anh huong cua chng ve phuong cua dung knh trung bnh goi l
luong b hung knh cua dung knh trung bnh vi:
Luong b dung knh cua sai so buc ren:
p
= P
n
cotg
2
= 1,732P
n
( m) (4.1)
Luong b dung knh sai so gc nua proin ren:

= 0,36P.
2
( m) (4.2)
Trong d:
P
n
: sai so tnh lu n buc ren ( m)

2
: sai so gc proin ren ( pht gc)
=
2
2 2
trai phai

+

P: tnh theo mm
ung knh trung bnh c tnh den anh huong cua sai so buc v gc
proin ren duoc goi l dung knh trung bnh bieu kien (d
2
'
,D
2
'
). Tri so cua
chng duoc tnh theo cong thc sau:

50
d
'
2
= d
2th

p

doi vi ren vt (4.3)

D
'
2
= D
2th
(
p

) doi vi ren dai oc (4.4)

d
2th
, D
2th
l dung knh trung bnh thuc.
Nhu vay de dam bao tnh doi lan cua ren, tieu chuan chi quy dinh dung
sai kch thuc dung knh ren: d
2
, d doi vi ren vt v D
2
, D
1
doi vi ren dai
oc ty theo cap chnh xc che tao ren.
4.1.3. Cap chnh xc che tao ren.
TCVN 1917-93 quy dinh cc cap chnh xc che tao ren he mt lap c
do ho theo bang 4-1:
Bang 4-1. CP CHNH XC KCH THUC REN
Dang ren ung knh cua ren Cap chnh xc
d 4: 6: 8
Ren ngoi
d
2
3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9
D
2
4: 5: 6: 7: 8
Ren trong
D
1
4: 5: 6: 7: 8
Tri so dung sai dung knh ren ng vi cc cap chnh xc khc nhau tra
theo bang TCVN 1917-93.
4.1.4. Lap ghp ren he Mt
Lap ghp ren cng c dac tnh nhu lap ghp tru tron l: lap c do ho, lap
c do doi v lap trung gian. Trong chuong ny ta chi gii thieu lap ghp ren
c do ho (thung dng cho ren kep chat v truyen dong).
Lap ghp ren duoc hnh thnh bang cch phoi hop cc mien dung sai
kch thuc ren ngoi v ren trong (bang 4-2).
Gi tri sai lech gii han cc kch thuc ren ng vi cc mien dung sai
duoc quy dinh theo TCVN 1917-93 (bang 18 phu luc 3 ).
Ghi k hieu sai lech v lap ghp ren tren ban v:
Tren ban v lap, k hieu lap ghp duoc ghi dui dang phan so sau k
hieu ren. V du: M12 1-
g g
H
6 7
7
. K hieu lan luot l: ren he mt dung knh
d =12mm buc ren p =1. Mien dung sai dung knh trung bnh D
2
v dung
knh trong D
1
deu l 7H. Mien dung sai dung knh trung bnh d
2
l 7g,
dung knh ngoi d l 6g.
Tren ban v chi tiet, t k hieu lap ghp tren ta c the ghi k hieu tren
ban v chi tiet nhu sau:

51
M12 1- 7H doi vi ren dai oc.
M12 1- 7g6g doi vi ren vt.
Bang 4-2. MIN DUNG SAI KCH THUC REN (LAP GHP C HO)
Chieu di van ren
S N L
Loai chnh
xc
Mien dung sai ren ngoi
Chnh xc (3h4h) 4g 4h (5h4h)
Trung bnh 5g6g (5h6h) 6d 6e 6 6g 6h (7e6e) 7g6g (7h6h)
Tho 8g (8h) (9g8g)
Mien dung sai ren trong
Chnh xc 4H 4H 5H 6H
Trung bnh 5G 5H 6G 5H 6H (7G) 7H
Tho 7G 7H (8G) 8H
1. Mien dung sai duoc uu tien su dung.
2. ( ) Mien dung sai han che su dung.
3. Khi chieu di van ren thuoc nhm ngan (S) v nhm di (L) th cho php su dung
mien dung sai duoc quy dinh cho chieu di van ren thuoc nhm bnh thung (N).
Bi tap: Cho k hieu lap ghp ren M24 2-
g
H
6
7

eu cau:
- Giai thch k hieu lap ghp
- Tra sai lech gii han v dung sai kch thuc ren
- Gia su mot bu long sau khi che tao ngui ta do duoc cc thong so sau:
ung knh trung bnh ren: d
2th
= 22,540 mm
Sai so buc ren:
2
phai = 50 :
2
tri = -30
Sai so tch lu buc: P = 0,024mm
Hoi ren bu long c dat yeu cau khong

Giai:
- K hieu lap ghp ren d cho l : M2427H/6g , c nghia l ren he mt
, c dung knh d = 24mm , buc ren p = 2 mm , mien dung sai ren trong
(dai oc) l 7H, mien dung sai ren ngoi (bu long) l 6g.

52
- Sai lech gii han kch thuc D
1
v D
2
ng vi mien dung sai 7H (tra
theo bang 18 , phu luc 3).
D
2

)
`
=
+ =
0
280
EI
m ES
D
1

)
`
=
+ =
0
450
EI
m ES

- Sai lech gii han kch thuc d
2
, d ng vi mien dung sai 6g, tra theo
bang 19, phu luc 3.
d
2

)
`
=
=
m ei
m es
208
38
d
)
`
=
=
m ei
m es
318
38

- e dnh gi xem ren bu long c dat yeu cau khong ta phai tnh dung
knh trung bnh bieu kien, theo ket qua d cho.
Theo cong thc 4.3 ta c:
f f d d
p th
+ + =
2
'
2

Vi: d
2th
= 22,540mm (theo ket qua do d cho)

p
= 1,732 P, o day P = 0,024mm (theo ket qua do d cho)

p
= 1,732 0,024 = 41,6m

= 0,36P.
2
.10
-3
m (theo cong thc 4.2)
Vi buc ren p = 2mm : sai so gc proin ren d cho:
2
phai = 50 :
2
tri = -30
Ta c:
2
=
2
2
phai
2
trai

+
=
2
' 30 ' 50 +
= 40

= 0,36.2.40.10
-3
= 28,8m.
Thay cc tri so bang so vo cong thc (4.3) ta duoc:
d
'
2
= 22,540 0,0416 0,0288 = 22,663mm
Ren bu long dat yeu cau khi dung knh trung bnh bieu kien d
'
2
thoa
mn cong thc sau:
d
2min
d
2
d
2max

vi d
2min
= d
2N
es = 22,701 - 0,208 = 22,493 mm
d
2max
= d
2N
es = 22,701 - 0,038 = 22,663 mm
(d
2N
- tra theo bang 17, phu luc 3)
Ta thay d
2min
= 22,493< d
2
= 22,610 < d
2max
= 22,663

53
Vay ren bu long d che tao dat yeu cau.
4.2/ DUNG SAI LAP GHP CUA CC CHI TIET LAP VI O LAN.
Trong cc my mc v cc kh cu hien dai, cc o truot duoc thay the
bang o lan (o bi hoac o da) ngy cng nhieu v ma st trong o lan nho hon
trong o truot. lan l mot bo phan my duoc che tao hon chinh theo tieu
chuan. Khi can ngui ta chi viec mua ve v su dung.
Cau tao cua o lan gom c: vng ngoi 1, vng trong 2, con lan 3, vng
cch 4 (con lan c dang cau, tru, con.).

Hnh 4.3 Cau tao o lan
Tuy theo ket cau v kha nang chiu tai trong m c cc loai o lan: o d, o
chan, o d chan, o chan d.
4.2.1. Cap chnh xc che tao kch thuoc o.
TCVN 1484-85 quy dinh c 5 cap chnh xc cua o lan k hieu l: P0,
P6, P5, P4, P2 (cho php dng k hieu 0, 6, 5, 4, 2). Mc do chnh xc tang
dan t 0 den 2.
Tuy theo yeu cau ve do chnh xc, dac biet l do chnh xc quay v toc
do vng cua bo phan my c lap o lan m ngui thiet ke su dung cc o lan
cap chnh xc khc nhau. Trong che tao my thung dng o lan cap chnh
xc 0, 6. lan cap chnh xc 5, 4 dng cho nhng bo phan my yeu cau do
chnh xc quay cao v toc do vng ln, v du o lan truc chnh cua my mi.
lan cap chnh xc 2 duoc su dung khi yeu cau do chnh xc dac biet cao.
Tuong ng vi cc cap chnh xc che tao o TCVN 1484-85 quy dinh dung
sai cua cc thong so kch thuc v do chnh xc quay cua o lan.
Cap chnh xc che tao thung duoc ghi k hieu cng vi so hieu o, v
du: 6-205 c nghia l o cap chnh xc 6, so hieu o l 205. Cn doi vi o
cap chnh xc 0 chi ghi k hieu o, khong ghi cap chnh xc, v du: 305 c
nghia l o cap chnh xc 0, so hieu o l 305.

54
4.2.2. ac tnh lap ghp o.

Hnh 4.4 - Lap ghp o lan
lan lap ghp vi truc theo be mat tru trong cua vng trong v lap vi
lo than hop theo be mat tru ngoi cua vng ngoi. ay l cc lap ghp tru
tron v vay mien dung sai kch thuc truc v lo duoc chon theo tieu chuan
dung sai lap ghp be mat tron. Mien dung sai kch thuc cc be mat lap ghp
cua o lan (d v D) l khong thay doi v d duoc xc dinh khi che tao o lan.
Do vay khi su dung o lan ngui thiet ke phai thay doi mien dung sai kch
thuc truc v lo than hop de c cc kieu lap c dac tnh ph hop vi dieu
kien lm viec cua o (c nghia l lap vng trong cua o lan vi truc theo he
thong lo v lap vng ngoi vo lo tren than hop theo he thong truc).
4.2.3. Chon kieu lap.
Chon kieu lap cho cc moi ghp o lan vi truc v lo tren than hop duoc
gii thieu theo TCVN 1482 85 (bang 4-3 v 4-4):

55
Bang 4-3. MIN DUNG SAI LAN TRN TRUC
TCVN 1482 - 85
LOAI KET CAU O
LAN

ieu kien chon
mien dung sai

bi da
Mien dung sai
phu thuoc vo
cap chnh xc
cua o

chan
a
tru kim
a
con
a
cau
Dang
chiu
tai
Che do
lm viec
ung knh o lan (mm)
V du ve my v
bo phan lap o lan
P0
v
P6
P5
v
P4
P2
Nhe v
bnh
thung
can c
su dich
chuyen
cua
vng
trong
tren truc
P0,07C
Con lan cua bang
tai dung day
treo, tang cua
my tu ghi, o tua
cua my chuyen
dong sng

g6
(h6)
(g
5)
h5
g4

Bnh truc v
bnh sau cua o
to, my ko, toa
xe, my bay, truc
cua my cn nho
g6
6
s
6
(6)
h6

Vng
trong
chiu
tai
trong
cuc bo
Nang v
bnh
thung
khong
yeu cau
c su
dich
chuyen
cua cc
vng
0,07CP
0,15C

Moi pham vi dung knh

Puly hoac rng
roc cua my truc,
con lan cua bnh
lan, truc cua my
cn ong
h6

en
18

h5

Tren
18
den
100
en
100
en
40
en
40
k6
s
6
k5
s
5
(5
)
s
4
s
3
h3
h4

Chu
ky
(truc
quay)
Nhe
hoac
bnh
thung
0,07CP
0,15C
Tren
100
den
140
Tren
100
den
140
Tren
40
den
140
Tren
40
den
140

ong co thu luc
v kh cu dien c
kch thuc nho,
truc chnh cua
my mi trn
trong v truc
chnh my dien,
my nong
nghiep, my ly
tam, hop toc do
my cong cu,
hop giam toc,
truyen dong
h6
k6
s
6
(6)

k5

k4

56
Tren 140 den 250
xch, my lanh
kieu tua bin
m6

(Tiep bang 4-3)
Loai ket cau o lan
ieu kien chon
mien dung sai

bi da
Mien dung sai
phu thuoc vo
cap chnh xc
cua o

chan
a
tru
kim
a
con
a
cau
Dang
chiu
tai
Che do
lm viec
ung knh o lan (mm)
V du ve my v
bo phan lap o lan
P0
v
P6
P5
v
P4
P2
en
18

s5
(5)
h3
Tren
18
den
100
en
100
en
40
en
40
en
40
k6
s6
k5 k4
Tren
100
den
140
Tren
100
den
140
Tren
40
den
100
Tren
40
den
100
Tren
40
den
100
m6 m5 m
4
Tren
140
den
200
Tren
140
den
200
Tren
140
den
200
Tren
140
den
200
Tren
100
den
140
n6 n5 n4
Chu
ky
hoac
dao
dong
(truc
quay
hoac
trun
g hop
chiu
tai
lien
hop)
Bnh
thung
hoac
nang
0,07CP
0,15C
Tren 200 den 250
Tren
140
den
250
My gia cong
go, dong co dien
c cong suat den
100k, co cau
thanh tay quay,
hop truyen dong
cua oto v my
ko, truc chnh
cua my cat kim
loai, hop giam
toc ln, dong co
dien ko c cong
suat nho, quat
gi, my nn,
tuabin
n6
p6

Tren
50
den
140
Tren
50
den
100
n6
Tren
140
den
100
p6
Chu
ky
hoac
dao
dong
(truc
quay)
Nang c
tai trong
va dap
P0,15C
Tren
140
den
200

Tren
140
den
250
Hop o truc xe lua
v tu dien, truc
khuu cua dong
co dien c cong
suat 100k,
dong co dien ko
loai ln, bnh xe
cau lan trong
my cong cu
hang nang, my
nghien, hop o
truc cua dau my
dot trong, my
cn ...
r6
r7


57
Chi c tai trong
doc truc
Moi pham vi dung knh
Cc bo phan (s6)
lap o (6)
Bang 4-4. MIN DUNG SAI LAP GHP LAN VI L CUA THN
TCVN 1482 85
ieu kien de chon mien dung sai
Mien dung sai phu
thuoc vo cap chnh
xc cua o
Kieu
than
Dang
chiu tai
Che do lm viec
V du ve my v
bo phan lap o lan
P0, P6
P5,
P4
P2

Nang c ket
cau thnh
mong
0,15C
Bnh xe my bay,
bnh truc v sau
cua oto, lap o con,
tang dan cua my
xch, bnh xe can
cau thp

P7

P7

Bnh thung
hoac nang
0,07P0,15C
Bnh truc cua
oto, my ko lap o
bi, truc khuu,
puly ko cp, puly
cang
N7 N6

Bnh thung
tai trong thay
doi P0,15C
Con lan cua bang
tai, bnh xe cua
cau lan
M7

Nang tai trong
dong P0,15C

Bnh thung
hoac nang
0,07P0,15C
ong co dien,
dong co dien ko

ong co dien,
bom, hop truyen
dong, cau sau cua
oto, my ko

M7

K7

Than
lien

Vng
ngoi
chiu tai
chu ky
(than
quay)

Dao
dong
(than
quay
hoac c
su quay
lien hop)
Vng
ngoi
khong
dich
chuyen
doc truc
Bnh thung
hoac nang
(doi vi bo
phan chnh
xc)
0,07P0,15C
Truc chnh cua
my cong cu hang
nang
M6,
s6
(6)M
6

M6,
s6
(6)
M5

M
5
Than
lien
hoac
ghp
Vng
ngoi
chiu tai
cuc bo
Vng
ngoi c
kha nang
dich
Nang hoac
bnh thung
0,07P0,15C
C dien, my
bom, truc chnh
cua my cat kim
loai

s7(7)

s6
(6)


58
(truc
quay)
chuyen
doc truc
Tai trong
dong c tri so
khc nhau
P0,15C
Cap bnh xe lua v
xe dien, da so bo
phan lap o cua
ngnh che tao my
thong dung

s7
(7)
H7

Iiep bang 4-4.
ieu kien de chon mien dung sai
Mien dung sai phu
thuoc vo cap chnh
xc cua o
Kieu
than
Dang
chiu tai
Che do lm viec
V du ve my v
bo phan lap o lan
P0,
P6
P5,
P4
P2
y lanh say cua
my tho giay

G7

Bng thung
hoac nhe, thot
nhiet qua truc
0,07P0,015C
Truc truyen
chung, my nong
nghiep
H8
da tru cho
truc chnh cua
my cat kim loai

K6
K5
M5
K5
Than
lien
Chiu tai
dao
dong
(truc
quay
hoac c
su quay
lien
hop)
Vng ngoi
khong dich
chuyen doc
truc
Tai trog thay
doi c hung
thay doi do
chnh xc cua
hnh trnh dao
bi cho truc
chnh cua my
cua my mi v
mo to dien nho
H6
s6
s5

s4

Than
lien
Dao
dong
(truc
quay
hoac c
su quay
lien
hop)
Vng ngoi
dich
chuyen nhe
doc truc

Nhe, tai trong
c hung thay
doi, do chnh
xc cua hnh
trnh cao
ong co dien c
van toc cao dng
cho cc thiet bi
v kh cu c do
chnh xc cao

H7
H6

H5
H6

N4
H5

Can c theo bang chia cua TCVN th khi chon kieu lap phai dua vo :
Kieu, kch thuc v cap chnh xc che tao o
Tri so, hung v dac tnh tai trong tc dung len o
Dang tai trong tc dung len cc vng o (dang cuc bo, chu ky hoac
dao dong).
Dang tai trong chu ky: Tai trong lan luot tc dung len khap dung lan
cua o v lap lai sau moi chu ky quay cua o. Vng chiu tai trong chu ky

59
thung duoc lap c do doi de duy tr tnh trang tc dung deu dan cua luc len
khap dung lan lm cho vng lan mn deu, nang cao do ben cua o.
Dang tai trong cuc bo v dao dong: Tai trong chi tc dung len mot phan
dung lan cn cc phan khc th khong nen gay ra mn cuc bo. Vng chiu
tai trong cuc bo v dao dong thung duoc lap c do ho de dui tc dung cua
va dap v chan dong vng o lan bi xe dich di, mien chiu luc thay doi lm cho
vng lan mn deu hon, nang cao do ben cua o.
K hieu lap ghp o lan tren ban v:
Khc vi lap ghp hnh tru tron, lap ghp o lan khong can ghi k hieu
cua he co ban, m chi ghi kch thuc danh nghia v k hieu mien dung sai
cua cc chi tiet lap ghp vi o l truc v lo tren than hop.
\i du:

Hnh 4.5
Tren hnh v ghi k hieu 160H7, nghia l vng ngoi cua o lan lap vi
lo tren than hop theo he thong truc, dung knh danh nghia l 160mm, mien
dung sai kch thuc lo l H7, cn k hieu 40k6 tc l vng trong cua o lan
lap vi truc theo he thong lo, dung knh danh nghia l 40mm, mien dung sai
kch thuc cua truc l k6.
Bi tap:
Cho bo phan lap nhu hnh 4.4, truc quay cn than hop dng yen, tai
trong tc dung len o l tai trong hung tam co dinh phuong, o bi d c so
hieu l 315, cap chnh xc 0.
eu cau:
- Chon mien dung sai kch thuc truc v lo than hop lap vi o lan.

60
- c dinh tri so sai lech gii han cua cc kch thuc lap ghp v ghi k
hieu lap ghp tren ban v.

61
Giai:
- Truc het ta phai xc dinh cc thong so kch thuc co ban o lan. Dua
vo so hieu o l 315, tra bang 6 phu luc 2 ta duoc: dung knh vng trong d =
75mm : dung knh vng ngoi D = 160mm, chieu rong o B = 37mm.
- Phan tch dang tai trong tc dung len cc vng o lan: vi dieu kien d
cho l truc quay, tai trong hung tam co dinh phuong th:
Vng trong quay cng vi truc nen tai trong lan luot tc dung len
khap dung lan cua o v lap lai sau moi vng quay cua truc. Vay dang tai
trong cua vng trong l dang tai chu k.
Vng ngoi dng yen nen luc chi tc dung len mot phan dung lan
do d dang tai trong cua vng ngoi l dang tai trong cuc bo.
- Chon mien dung sai:
oi vi kch thuc truc: truc lap vi vng trong c kch thuc danh
nghia d
N
= 75mm (d
N
< 100mm), dang tai chu k, theo bang 4.1 ta chon mien
dung sai kch thuc truc l k6.
oi vi kch thuc lo: lo than hop lap vi vng ngoi c kch thuc
danh nghia D
N
= 160mm (D
N
>140mm), dang tai trong cuc bo, theo bang 4.1
ta chon mien dung sai kch thuc lo hop l H7 (trong trung hop can tho lap
thung xuyen th ta chon mien dung sai
S
7).
- Sai lech gii han ng vi cc mien dung sai d chon, tra trong bang 1
v 2 (phu luc 1):
75k6
)
`
+ =
+ =
m ei
m es
2
21
160H7
)
`
=
+ =
0
40
EI
m ES

- Ghi k hieu lap ghp tren ban v:
Tren ban v k hieu lap ghp khong can ghi dui dang phan so m chi
ghi k hieu mien dung sai kch thuc truc v lo than hop lap vi o lan nhu
bieu thi tren hnh 4.4.
4.3/ DUNG SAI LAP GHP THEN.
Lap ghp then duoc su dung rat pho bien de co dinh cc chi tiet tren truc
nhu: bnh rang, bnh dai, tay quay. v thuc hien chc nang truyen mo men
xoan hoac dan hung chnh xc khi cc chi tiet can di truot doc truc.
Then c nhieu loai: then bang, then vt, then bn nguyet (hnh 4.5).
Hien nay loai duoc dng pho bien l then bang v then bn nguyet,
dung sai v kch thuc lap ghp cua hai loai then ny quy dinh theo TCVN
4216-86 v TCVN 4218-86.
62

Hnh 4.6
4.3.1. Kch thuoc lap ghp.
Tren hnh v 4.6 l mat cat ngang cua moi ghp then. Vi chc nang
truyen mo men xoan v dan hung, lap ghp then duoc thuc hien theo be
mat ben v theo kch thuc b. Then lap vi rnh truc v rnh bac (bnh
rang hoac bnh dai).
Dung sai kch thuc lap ghp duoc tra theo tieu chuan dung sai lap
ghp be mat tron TCVN 2244-99.

Hnh 4.7
Mien dung sai kch thuc b cua then duoc chon l h9.
Mien dung sai kch thuc b cua rnh truc c the chon l N9: H9.
Mien dung sai kch thuc b cua rnh bac c the chon l S9 hoac
D10.
4.3.2. Chon kieu lap.
63
Tuy theo chc nang cua moi ghp then m ta c the chon kieu lap
tieu chuan nhu sau:
a. Trung hop bac co dinh tren truc.
Khi bac lap co dinh vi truc th then lap c do doi vi truc
9
9
h
N
v c
do doi nho vi bac
9
9
h
JS
de tao dieu kien tho lap de dng.
Ta c so do lap ghp nhu hnh 4.7a.

b. Trung hop then dan hung, bac di truot doc truc.
e dam bao bac dich chuyen doc truc de dng th then lap vi bac c
do ho ln
9
10
h
D
v then lap c do doi ln vi truc
9
9
h
N
.
Ta c so do lap ghp nhu hnh 4.7b.
c. Trung hop moi ghp then c chiu di ln l > 2d.
Then lap c do ho vi rnh truc
9
9
h
H
v rnh bac
9
10
h
D
, do ho cua lap
ghp nham boi thung cho sai so vi tr rnh then.
Ta c so do lap ghp nhu hnh 4.8.
4.4/ DUNG SAI LAP GHP THEN HOA.
64
Trong thuc te khi can truyen mo men xoan ln v yeu cau do chnh
xc dinh tam cao gia truc v bac th moi ghp then khong dp ng duoc
m ta phai su dung moi ghp then hoa.
Moi ghp then hoa c nhieu loai: then hoa dang
rang ch nhat, rang tam gic, rang than khai, trong d
pho bien nhat l then hoa rang ch nhat (hnh 4.9).

Hnh 4.9. Mat cat ngang cua moi ghp then hoa
Kch thuc danh nghia cua moi ghp then hoa rang ch nhat cho
trong bang 4-5:
Bang 4-5: CC THNG S CUA MI GHP THEN HOA RANG CH NHT

Kch thuc
danh nghia cua
moi ghp
Kch thuc
tnh ton
Kch thuc
danh nghia cua
moi ghp
Kch thuc
tnh ton
d D d
tb
h b d D d
tb
h b
I
II
II
I
Phuong n A
Phuong n B
Phuong n C

65
CO NHE
6 23 26
6 26 30
6 28 32
8 32 36
8 36 40
8 42 46
8 46 50
8 52 58
8 56 62
8 62 68
10 72 78
10 82 88
10 92 98
10 102 108
10 112 120
24,5
28,0
30
34
38
44
48
55
59
65
75
85
95
105
116

0,9
1,4
1,4
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3

6
6
7
6
7
8
9
10
10
12
12
12
14
16
18

8 42 48
8 46 54
8 52 60
8 56 65
8 62 72
8 72 82
10 82 92
10 92 102
10 102 112
10 112 125
45
50
56
61
67
77
87
97
107
117
2,2
3
3
3,5
4
4
4
4
4
5,5
8
9
10
10
12
12
12
14
16
18

CO TRUNG CO NANG
6 11 14
6 13 16
6 16 20
8 18 22
8 21 25
8 23 28
8 26 32
8 28 34
8 32 38
8 36 42

12,5
14,5
18,0
20,0
23,0
25,5
29
31
35
39

0,9
0,9
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,9
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2

3
3,5
4
5
5
6
6
7
6
7

10 16 20
10 18 23
10 21 26
10 23 29
10 28 35
10 32 40
10 36 45
10 42 52
10 46 56
10 52 60
10 56 65
10 62 72
10 72 82
10 82 92
10 92 102
10 102 115
10 112 125
18,0
20,5
23,5
26,0
31,5
36,0
40,5
74,0
51,0
56,0
60,5
67
77
87
97
109
119

1,4
1,9
1,9
2,4
2,7
3,2
3,7
4,2
4,0
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
5,5
5,5

2,5
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
7
5
5
6
7
6
7
8
9

Ch thch: 1. Kch thuc vt = 0,3 0,5mm (tri so ln dng khi kch thuc ln)
2. Khi dinh tam theo dung knh trong, truc then hoa che tao theo phuong
n A v C
3. Khi dinh tam theo dung knh ngoi v mat ben, truc then hoa che tao
theo phuong n B.

66
4.4.1. Dung sai lap ghp then hoa rang chu nhat.
a) Cc phuong php dng tam cua moi ghp then hoa.
TCVN 2324-78 quy dinh trong moi ghp then hoa rang ch nhat c 3
kch thuc chnh:
ung knh ngoi D
ung knh trong d
Chieu rong then b
Khi lap ghp de dam bao do dong tam gia 2 chi tiet lap ghp (bac
v truc) ngui ta thuc hien dong tam theo mot trong 3 kch thuc D, d, b,
tuong ng c 3 phuong php dong tam (hnh 4.10) :
ong tam theo dung knh ngoi D.
ong tam theo dung knh trong d.
ong tam theo be rong then b.

Hnh 4.10- Mat cat ngang dam bao do dong tam
Su lua chon phuong php dong tam ny hay phuong php dong tam
kia phu thuoc vo yeu cau do chnh xc dong tam, dieu kien lm viec v
kha nang cong nghe che tao.
+ ong tam theo dung knh ngoi D l phuong php dong tam kinh
te nhat v do d duoc su dung rong ri boi v c the de dng dat duoc do
chnh xc cao o o truc then hoa theo D bang cch mi, cn lo c rnh then
hoa trong ong bao duoc thuc hien bang cch chuot.
+ ong tam theo dung knh trong d duoc dng trong trung hop yeu
cau do chnh xc dong tam dac biet cao cua cc chi tiet hoac khi lo c
rnh then hoa trong ong bao khong the gia cong duoc bang chuot do do
cng cao hoac do do do cua vat lieu. o chnh xc dong tam theo d duoc
dam bao bang mi lo then hoa cng nhu truc then hoa. Lo then hoa theo
dung knh d duoc mi tren cc my mi lo phc tap v dat tien, mi cc
dung knh cua truc then hoa cn l cc nguyen cong phc tap hon.
+ ong tam theo be rong then b khong duoc su dung pho bien, chi
dng khi cc chi tiet lap ghp c tai trong thay doi dau, nghia l truc cng
vi ong bao c lc th quay theo chieu ny, c lc lai quay theo chieu
67
khc (v du: chuyen dong quay cua truc cau sau xe o to). Trong trung
hop ny khong cho php c khe ho ln theo cc mat ben cua then v rnh
then.
b) Lap ghp then hoa dang rang chu nhat.
e dam bao chc nang truyen mo men xoan ln, lap ghp then hoa
thuc hien theo yeu to kch thuc be rong then b. Lap cn duoc thuc hien
theo 1 trong 3 yeu to kch thuc D, d v b de dam bao dong tam hai chi
tiet lap ghp. Nhu vay lap ghp then hoa duoc thuc hiennhu sau:
+ Khi dong tam theo D th lap ghp thuc hien theo D v b.
+ Khi dong tam theo d th lap ghp thuc hien theo d
v b.
+ Khi dong tam theo b th lap ghp thuc hien theo b.
Tieu chuan TCVN 2324-78 quy dinh dy mien dung sai cua cc kch
thuc lap ghp theo bang 4-6 v 4-7:
Bang 4- 6. MIN DUNG SAI CC KCH THUC
TRUC THEN HOA RANG CH NHT TCVN 2324 -78
Sai lech co ban
CAP
CHNH XC d e g h
s
k m n
g5
s
5
g6 (h6)
s
6 n6
7 h7
s7
k7
d8 e8 8 h8
(d9) e9 9 h9
5
6
7
8
9
10
d10 h10
Bang 4-7. MIN DUNG SAI CC KCH THUC
L THEN HOA RANG CH NHT TCVN
Sai lech co ban
Cap chnh xc
D E E G H J
S
6 H6
7 H7
8 E8 H8
9 D9
10 D10 E10 J
S
10
68
Sai lech gii han ng vi cc mien dung sai tra theo
TCVN 2245-99 (bang 1 v 2 phu luc 1), nhng mien
dung sai dng khung l nhng mien duoc uu tien su
dung.
Tuy theo phuong php thuc hien dong tam hai chi tiet then hoa m ta
chon cc mien dung sai cho cc kch thuc lap ghp. Su phoi hop cc
mien dung sai kch thuc lo v truc then hoa c the tao thnh mot dy cc
kieu lap thoa mn chc nang su dung cua moi ghp then hoa (bang 8 11
phu luc 2 ).
c) Chon kieu lap tieu chuan cho moi ghp.
Trong thuc te thiet ke che tao ngui ta thung su dung mot so kieu
lap uu tien cho moi ghp then hoa nhu sau:
Trung hop bac then hoa co dinh tren truc:
+ Khi thuc hien dong tam theo D c the chon kieu lap: D
7
7
js
H
v b
7
8
js
F
.
+ Khi thuc hien dong tam theo d c the chon kieu lap: d
6
7
g
H
v b
7
9
js
D
.
Trung hop bac then hoa di truyen doc truc:
+ Khi thuc hien dong tam theo D c the chon kieu lap: D
7
7
f
H
v b
7
8
f
F
.
+ Khi thuc hien dong tam theo d c the chon kieu lap: d
7
7
f
H
v b
9
10
f
F
.
Can nh rang trong trung hop can thiet neu nhu cc kieu lap tren
khong dp ng duoc cc tieu chuan cu the cua moi ghp th cho php lua
chon kieu lap tieu chuan khc (TCVN 2324-78).
4.4.2. Ghi k hieu lap ghp then hoa tren ban ve.
Lap ghp then hoa duoc ghi k hieu giong nhu cc lap ghp be mat
tron khc neu tren ban v c mat cat ngang cua moi ghp. Trong trung
hop khong the hien mat cat ngang th ghi k hieu nhu sau:

69
Hnh 4.11 Hnh 4.12
\i du: d - 8.36
7
7
f
H
.40
11
12
a
H
.7
9
10
f
F
.
Theo k hieu lan luot l : Thuc hien dong tam theo be mat kch thuc
d: so rang then hoa = 8: lap ghp theo yeu to dong tam d l 36
7
7
f
H
: be
mat khong thuc hien dong tam D c kch thuc danh nghia l 40 mm,
mien dung sai kch thuc D cua bac then hoa l H12, mien dung sai kch
thuc D cua truc l a11, kieu lap theo be mat ben b l 7
9
10
f
F
.
T k hieu lap ghp tren ta c the ghi k hieu tren ban v chi tiet nhu
sau:
+ Tren ban v bac then hoa: d - 8.36H7.40H12.710
+ Tren ban v truc then hoa: d - 8.367.40a11.79
Bi tap:
Cho moi ghp then hoa gia bnh rang vi truc c kch thuc danh
nghia l: 8 36 42. ( d D). Bnh rang co dinh tren truc v thuc
hien dong tam theo be mat kch thuc D.
eu cau:
- Chon kieu lap tieu chuan cho moi ghp roi ghi k hieu tren ban v
- Tra cc sai lech gii han cua kch thuc v bieu dien so do phan bo
mien dung sai cua lap ghp.
Giai:
- Dua vo cc kch thuc d D, theo bang 7 (phu luc 2) ta tra
duoc kch thuc dang nghia cua b: b
N
= 7mm. Nhu vay ta c: d
N
= 36mm
: D
N
= 42mm : b
N
= 7mm.
- Vi dieu kien d cho: bnh rang co dinh tren truc, thuc hien dong
tam theo D ta chon kieu lap nhu sau:
Kieu lap theo yeu to dong tam D: 42
6
7
s
j
H

Kieu lap theo be mat ben b:
7
8 7
s
j
F

- K hieu sai lech v kch thuc duoc ghi tren ban v, c the theo 2
phuong n nhu hnh 4.11 v hnh 4.12.
- Sai lech gii han cc kch thuc tra theo bang 1 v 2 phu luc 1.
42H7
)
`
=
+ =
m EI
m ES
0
25
78
)
`
=
+ =
m EI
m ES
13
35

42
S
6
)
`
=
+ =
m ei
m es
8
8
7
S
7
)
`
=
+ =
m ei
m es
5 , 7
5 , 7

70
- So do phan bo mien dung sai cua cc lap ghp duoc bieu dien tren
hnh 4.13.

hnh 4.13
4.5/ DUNG SAI TRUYN ONH BNH RANG.
Dung sai truyen dong bnh rang tru duoc quy dinh theo TCVN 1067-
84. Tieu chuan ny p dung cho cc bo truyen bnh rang tru than khai an
khp ngoi v trong, c rang thang, rang nghieng v rang ch V. ung
knh vng chia cua rang den 6300mm, chieu rong vnh rang hoac nua
chieu rong vnh rang den 1250mm, mo dun rang t 155mm.
4.5.1. Cc thong so kch thuoc co ban cua truyen dong bnh rang

m mo dun cua rang d
- dung knh vng chan rang

so rang cua bnh rang d
a
- dung knh vng dinh rang
- gc an khp cua truyen dong d
b
- dung knh vng co ban
- gc nghieng cua hung rang h chieu cao cua rang
p buc rang b chieu rong bnh rang b chieu rong bnh rang
p
b
buc rang tren vng co ban khoang php tuyen chung
d - dung knh vng chia cua bnh rang a khoang cch tam 2 bnh rang
71
Hnh 4.14. Cc thong so kch thuc co ban cua truyen dong bnh
rang
4.5.2. Cc yeu cau ky thuat cua truyen dong bnh rang.
Tuy theo yeu cau chc nang su dung cua truyen dong bnh rang m
chng c cc yeu cau khc nhau:
eu cau mc chnh xc dong hoc l yeu cau su
phoi hop chnh xc ve gc quay cua bnh dan v bnh bi
dan cua truyen dong. eu cau ny de ra doi vi truyen
dong cua bnh rang cua xch dong hoc chnh xc cua
dung cu do, xch phan do cua my gia cong bnh rang,
xch cat ren cua my tien ren v.v...bnh rang trong truyen
dong ny thung c mo dun nho, chieu di rang khong
ln, lm vie vi tai trong nho.
eu cau mc lm viec em nghia l bnh rang
phai c toc do quay on dinh, khong c su thay doi tc
thi ve van toc gay va dap v on. eu cau ny de ra doi
vi nhng truyen dong trong hop toc do cua dong co my
bay, o to, tua bin ... Bnh rang trong truyen dong thung
c mo dun trung bnh, chieu di rang ln, toc do vng
cua bnh rang c the dat ti (120 150)m/s, cong suat
truyen dong ti 40.000 k.
eu cau ve mc tiep xc mat rang ln dac biet l
tiep xc theo chieu di. Mc tiep xc mat rang dam bao
do ben cua rang khi truyen mo men xooan ln. V du
truyen dong bnh rang trong my cn thp, trong can
truc, cau truc ... Bnh rang trong truyen dong thung c
mo dun ln v chieu di rang ln.
eu cau do ho mat ben gia cc mat rang pha
khong lm viec cua cap rang an khp (mc khe ho canh
rang), hnh 4.14. Bat ky bo truyen bnh rang no cng
yeu cau do ho mat ben de tao dieu kien boi tron bnh
rang, boi thung cho sai so gin no nhiet,sai so do gia
cong v lap rp, trnh hien tuong ket rang.
n

72
Hnh 4.14. Mc chnh xc khe ho canh rang
Nhu vay doi vi bat ky truyen dong bnh rang no cng di hoi ca 4
yeu cau tren, nhung tuy theo chc nang su dung m yeu cau no l chu
yeu. Tat nhien yeu cau chu yeu ay phai o mc chnh xc cao hon cc yeu
cau khc. V du: truyen dong bnh rang trong hop toc do th yeu cau chu
yeu l mc lm viec em v n phai o cap chnh xc cao hon yeu cau
mc chnh xc dong hoc v mc tiep xc mat rang.
73
4.5.3. nh gi mc chnh xc cua truyen dong bnh rang.
e dnh gi mc chnh xc v khe ho canh rang cua bnh rang v bo
truyen ngui ta dng cc chi tieu sau:
+ Sai so dong hoc cua bnh rang
'
1r

+ Sai so tch lu buc rang cua bnh rang
pkr
+ o dao hung tam cua vnh rang
rr

+ o dao dong khoang php tuyen chung
vr

+ o dao dong khoang cch truc do ng vi mot vng quay cua
bnh rang

' '
ir

+ Sai so dong hoc cuc bo cua bnh rang
'
ir

+ Sai lech buc an khp
pbr

+ Sai lech buc rang
ptr
+ Sai so proin rang
r
+ Vet tiep xc tong
+ Sai so tong cua dung tiep xc
kr
+ Sai so hung rang
r
+ o khong song song cua cc dung truc v do xien cua cc
dung truc
)
`
yr
xr
f
f

+ Luong dich chuyen proin goc E
H

Khi niem cc chi tieu tren duoc chi dan trong bang 4.8.
Trong thiet ke che tao bnh rang de chon bo thong so dnh gi mc
chnh xc ngui ta dua vo cap chnh xc cua truyen dong, dong thi dua
vo dieu kien san xuat v kiem tra o tng co so san xuat. Chon bo thong
so can ket hop sao cho kiem tra don gian nhat, so dung cu t nhat. Chon
bo thong so kiem tra bnh rang c the dua vo bang 4.9.
4.5.4.Tieu chuan dung sai, cap chnh xc cua truyen dong bnh rang
a) Cap chnh xc che tao bnh rang.
Theo tieu chuan TCVN 1067-84, cap chnh xc che tao bnh rang
duoc quy dinh 12 cap k hieu l 1, 2, ..., 12. Cap chnh xc giam dan t 1
den 12.
O moi cap chnh xc tieu chuan quy dinh gi tri dung sai v sai lech
gii han cho cc thong so dnh gi mc chnh xc.
Viec chon cap chnh xc cua truyen dong bnh rang khi thiet ke phai
dua vo dieu kien lm viec cu the cua truyen dong, chang han toc do vng
quay, cong suat truyen ... Trong san xuat co kh thung su dung cap chnh
74
xc 6, 7, 8, 9. Ngoi ra khi thiet ke che tao bnh rang viec chon cap chnh
xc c the dua theo kinh nghiem.
b) Dang doi tiep mat rang v dung sai do ho ben: T
jn

Tuy theo yeu cau ve gi tri do ho mat ben nho nhat,
nmin
m tieu
chuan quy dinh 6 dang doi tiep, k hieu l H, E, D, C, B, A, theo TCVN
1067- 84. Dang H c gi tri do ho mat ben nho nhat (
nmin
= 0) v do ho
tang dan t H den A.

Hnh 4.15
Trong dieu kien lm viec bnh thung th su dung dang doi tiep B, dang
ny cng duoc dng pho bien trong che tao co kh.
Tieu chuan cng quy dinh 8 mien dung sai cua do ho mat ben, k
hieu l h, d, c, b, a, x, y, . Trong thiet ke c the su dung dang doi tiep v
mien dung sai tuong ng, v du dang doi tiep B, mien dung sai b. Nhung
cng c the su dung khong tuong ng, v du dang doi tiep l B cn mien
dung sai l a.
Khi dnh gi mc khe ho canh rang ngui ta c the kiem tra truc
tiep gi tri do ho mat ben nho nhat
nmin
.
c) Ghi k hieu cap chnh xc v dang doi tiep mat rang.
Tren ban v thiet ke, che tao bnh rang th cap chnh xc v dang doi
tiep duoc ghi k hieu nhu sau, v du:
7- 8- 8B.TCVN1067- 84
T tri sang phai lan luot k hieu l:
7 - cap chnh xc cua mc chnh xc dong hoc
8 - cap chnh xc cua mc lm viec em
8 - cap chnh xc cua mc tiep xc mat rang
B - dang doi tiep mat rang v dung sai do ho mat ben tuong ng l b
75
Bang 4.8. CC CHI TIU NH GI MC CHNH XC TRUYN NG
BNH RANG.
Chi tieu dnh gi
K
hieu
inh nghia
Sai so dong hoc cua bnh rang
2
ir

i r
Sai so ln nhat cua gc
quay bnh rang trong gii
han mot vng quay khi
n an khp vi bnh mau
chnh xc.
Sai so tch lu buc rang cua bnh rang
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sai lech duong

Vi tr thuc
kpr max
Vi tr chnh xc
ln nhat
kpr max
ln nhat
Sai lech am

pkr
Sai so ln nhat ve vi tr
tuong quan cua hai proin
rang cng ten bat ky do
theo vng trn dong tam
vi tam quay bnh rang
v di qua gia chieu cao
rang.
o dao hung tam cua vnh rang
R
e
rr

rr
o dao dong ln nhat cua
khoang cch t day cung
co dinh tren rang (hoac
rnh rang) den tam quay
bnh rang.
o dao dong khoang php tuyen chung
m
i
n
m
a
x

vr
Hieu php tuyen chung
ln nhat v nho nhat do
tren cng mot bnh rang:
vr
=
max
-
min
76
Chi tieu dnh gi
K
hieu
inh nghia
o dao dong khoang cch truc do ng vi mot vng
quay cua bnh rang
a
i
r
i
r
1 buc rang

ir

Hieu khoang cch truc do
ln nhat v nho nhat
trong mot vng quay cua
bnh rang
Sai so dong hoc cuc bo cua bnh rang
1 vng quay cua bnh rang
S
a
i

s
n
g

q
u
a
y

c
a

b
n
h

r
a
n
g

i
r

ir

Hieu ln nhat gia sai so
dong hoc cuc bo ln nhat
v nho nhat ke st nhau
trong mot vng quay
bnh rang
Sai lech cua buc an khp
Pbth
Pb
pbr

pbr
Hieu gia buc an khp
thuc v buc an khp
danh nghia:
pbr
= P
bth
-P
b
Sai lech buc rang
P
t
1
P
t2

ptr
Hieu gia hai buc vng
bat ky do tren cng mot
dung trn cua bnh
rang:

ptr
= P
t1
-P
t2
77
Chi tieu dnh gi
K
hieu
inh nghia
Sai so proin rang
2
1
Gii han phan lm viec
cua proin rang
k
r

r
Khoang cch php tuyen
gia hai proin rang l
thuyet bao lay proin
rang thuc, trong gii han
phan lm viec cua proin
rang.
Vet tiep xc tong
h
m
B
a
c
h
p

Phan be mat ben cua rang
tren d c vet tiep xc
cua n vi rang cua bnh
rang an khp. Vet tiep
xc duoc dnh gi theo
hai chieu:
- Theo chieu cao rang
h
m
/h
p
.100
- Theo chieu di rang
(a-c)/B.100

Sai so tong cua dung tiep xc
2
1
Gii han phan lm viec
cua proin rang
k
r

kr
Khoang cch php tuyen
gia hai dung tiep xc
danh nghia bao lay dung
tiep xc thuc
Sai so hung rang
r

r
Khoang cch gia hai
hung rang l thuyet nam
tren mat tru di qua gia
chieu cao rang v bao lay
hung rang thuc.
78
Chi tieu dnh gi
K
hieu
inh nghia
o khong song song cua cc dung truc
o xien cua cc dung truc
y
r
xr
B

xr

yr

xr
- do khong song cua
hnh chieu cc dung tam
quay cua bnh rang tren
mat phang l thuyet
chung cua chng (do tren
chieu di bang chieu rong
bnh rang)
yr
- o khong song song
cua hnh chieu cc dung
tam quay cua bnh rang
tren mat phang vuong
gc vi mat phang l
thuyet chung cua chng.
Luong dich chuyen cua proin
E
H
T
H E
H
S
Vi tr danh nghia
cua proin goc

E
h
Luong dich chuyen cua
proin goc so vi vi tr
danh nghia cua n

79
Bang 4.9: B THNG S NH GI MC CHNH XC CUA BNH RANG
TRU
So bo Thong so dnh gi, k hieu Dung sai, k hieu
Cap chnh xc khi
m1
Mc chnh xc dong hoc
1
'
ir
F
'
i
F 3-8
2
pkr pr
F F ,
pk p
F F ,
3-6
3
pr
F
p
F
7-8
4
vwr rr
F F ,
vw r
F F ,
3-8
5
cr rr
F F ,
c r
F F ,
3-8
6
vwr ir
F F ,
' '

vw i
F F ,
' '
5-8
7
cr ir
F F ,
' '

c i
F F ,
' '
5-8
8
' '
ir
F
' '
i
F 9-12
9
rr
F
r
F 7-8
Mc lm viec em (vi < 1,25)
1
'
ir
f
'
i
f 3-8
2
fr pbr
f f ,
f pb
f f ,
3-8
3
ptr pbr
f f ,
pt pb
f f ,
3-8
4
' '
ir
f
' '
i
f 5-8
Mc tiep xc rang trong truyen dong
1 Vet tiep xc tong - 3-11
2
r
F
F
3-12
3
kr
F
k
F
3-12
- he so trng khp doc danh nghia

80
CU HO/ ON TP
1. TIEU CHUN A QUY INH DUNG SAI CHO
NHUNG YEU TO KCH THUC NAO CUA
REN VT VA AI OC TRONG LAP GHP REN.
2. The no l dung knh trung bnh bieu kien, neu cong thc tnh n vi
ren vt v dai oc.
3. Tieu chuan quy dinh c may cap chnh xc che tao o lan, k hieu chng
nhu the no.
4. Neu phuong php chon kieu lap tieu chuan cho lap ghp o lan vi truc
v vi lo than hop.
5. Neu cc mien dung sai tieu chuan duoc quy dinh doi vi kch thuc
chieu rong b cua then, rnh truc v rnh bac.
6. T cc mien dung sai tieu chuan hy chon mot kieu lap cho moi ghp
then khi bac co dinh tren truc.
7. C may phuong php thuc hien dong tam hai chi tiet then hoa v cho
biet uu nhuoc diem cua tng phuong php, tuong ng vi cc phuong
php d th lap ghp duoc thuc hien theo yeu to kch thuc no.
8. Trnh by cch ghi k hieu lap ghp then hoa tren ban v.
9. Neu cc yeu cau ki thuat doi vi truyen dong bnh rang, mot truyen
dong bnh rang bat ky th can c nhng yeu cau no
10. Tieu chuan TCVN 1067-84 quy dinh may cap chnh xc che tao bnh
rang neu phuong php chon cap chnh xc cho truyen dong bnh rang
khi thiet ke.

B/ TP
1. Cho lap ghp ren M 20 2 - 6H/6e
- Giai thch k hieu lap ghp.
- Tra sai lech gii han v dung sai kch thuc ren.
- Gia su sau khi gia cong mot ren vt ngui ta do duoc cc thong so sau:
ung knh trung bnh cua ren vt: d2th = 18,516 mm
Sai so buc ren vt:
' 40
2
= phai

' 20
2
= trai

Sai so tch ly buc: = 0,02 mm
Hoi ren vt c dat yeu cau khong
81
2. Cho moi ghp o lan lm viec trong dieu kien: truc dng yen, than hop
quay, tai trong tc dung len o l tai trong hung tam co dinh phuong, o
lan c so hieu l 317, cap chnh xc 0.
- Chon mien dung sai kch thuc truc v than hop lap vi o.
- c dinh tri so sai lech gii han cua cc kch thuc lap ghp.
3. Cho moi ghp then bang gia bnh rang vi truc de truyen mo men
xoan. Bnh rang (bac) co dinh tren truc v can tho lap khi thay the.
Kch thuc chieu rong cua then l: b = 14 mm
- Chon kieu lap cho moi ghp then vi rnh truc v rnh bac.
- c dinh tri so sai lech gii han cua cc kch thuc tham gia lap ghp
v bieu dien so do phan bo mien dung sai cua lap ghp.
4. Cho moi ghp then hoa gia bnh rang vi truc c kch thuc danh
nghia l 8 42 48 ( d D), bnh rang can di truot de dng tren
truc v thuc hien dong tam theo be mat kch thuc D
- Chon kieu lap tieu chuan cho moi ghp roi ghi k hieu tren ban v lap
v ban v chi tiet.
- Tra sai lech gii han cua cc kch thuc lap ghp v bieu dien so do
phan bo mien dung sai cua lap ghp.
82
CHUOAC \: CHUI KCH THUC
1/ Muc ch:
- Cung cap khi niem ve chuoi kch thuc v cc phuong php giai
chuoi kch thuc.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Nam duoc cc khi niem co ban ve chuoi kch thuc v giai duoc
cc bi ton ve chuoi kch thuc don gian.
5.1/ CC KHI NIEM CO BAN.
5.1.1. Chuoi kch thuoc.
a) Dinh nghia chuoi kch thuc.
Chuoi kch thuc l mot vng khp kn do cc kch thuc cua mot
hoac mot so chi tiet noi tiep nhau tao thnh.
Nhu vay de hnh thnh chuoi kch thuc phai c hai dieu kien:
+ Cc kch thuc noi tiep nhau
+ Cc kch thuc tao thnh mot vng kn
Dua theo dinh nghia tren ta dua ra 3 v du chuoi kch thuc nhu hnh
5.1:

a) b) c)
Hnh 5.1
b) Phan loai chuoi kch thuc.
C nhieu loai chuoi kch thuc, trong k thuat ngui ta phan chng
thnh 2 loai:
+ Chuoi kch thuc chi tiet: cc kch thuc trong chuoi nam tren
cng mot chi tiet (hnh 5.1a v 5.1c).
83
+ Chuoi kch thuc lap ghp: cc kch thuc trong chuoi l kch
thuc cua nhieu chi tiet khc nhau lap ghp vi nhau tao thnh mot bo
phan my hoac my (hnh 5.1b).
Ve mat hnh hoc ngui ta c the phan loai chuoi nhu sau:
+ Chuoi dung thang: cc kch thuc cua chuoi song song vi nhau
trong cng mot mat phang hoac trong nhng mat phang song song vi
nhau (hnh 5.1a v 5.1b).
+ Chuoi mat phang: cc kch thuc cua chuoi nam trong cng mot
mat phang hoac trong nhng mat phang song song vi nhau nhu chng
khong song song vi nhau.
+ Chuoi khong gian: cc kch thuc cua chuoi nam trong cc mat
phang khc nhau bat ky.
5.1.2. Khau.
Moi kch thuc trong chuoi kch thuc goi l mot khau.
Dua vo dac tnh cc khau ta chia ra hai loai:
a) Khau thnh phan: k hieu l A
i
L khau m kch thuc cua n do qu trnh gia cong quyet dinh v
khong phu thuoc lan nhau.
b) Khau khp kn: k hieu A

L khau m kch thuc cua n hon ton duoc xc dinh boi kch
thuc cc khau thnh phan, vay n phu thuoc vo kch thuc cua cc khau
thnh phan. Trong mot chuoi kch thuc chi c mot khau khp kn.
\i du: Chuoi hnh 5.1b th cc khau A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
l cc khau thnh
phan v chng doc lap vi nhau , cn khe ho A
5
l khau khp kn v n
duoc hnh thnh sau khi lap cc chi tiet c kch thuc A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
thnh
mot bo phan my v n hon ton phu thuoc vo cc kch thuc ny. Nhu
vay trong chuoi kch thuc lap cc chi tiet tham gia vo chuoi deu l khau
thnh phan.
Trong chuoi kch thuc chi tiet, muon phan biet khau thnh phan v
khau khp kn phai biet trnh tu gia cong cc kch thuc trong chuoi chi
tiet ay, chang han o v du 5.1b gia cong theo trnh tu A
1
, A
2
th A
3
hnh
thnh v hon ton xc dinh phu thuoc vo A
1
, A
2
nen A
3
l khau khp
kn.
Trong cc khau thnh phan cn chia ra:
+ Khau thnh phan tang (khau tang): l khau m khi ta tang hoac
giam kch thuc cua n th kch thuc cua khau khp kn cng tang hoac
giam theo.
+ Khau thnh phan giam (khau giam): L khau m khi ta tang hoac
giam kch thuc cua n th nguoc lai kch thuc cua n lai giam hoac
tang.
84
\i du: Chuoi hnh 5.1b vi A
5
l khau khp kn th A
1
l khau tang
cn A
2
, A
3
, A
4
l khau giam.
5.2/ GIAI CHUOI KCH THUC.
Giai chuoi kch thuc l giai 2 bi ton sau day:
5.2.1. Bi ton thuan.
Cho biet kch thuc sai lech gii han v dung sai cc khau thnh
phan (A
I
) tm kch thuc sai lech gii han v dung sai cua khau khp kn
(A
).
5.2.2. Bi ton nghich.
Vi kch thuc sai lech gii han v dung sai d cho cua khau khp
kn A
, can xc dinh sai lech gii han v dung sai gia cc khau thnh
phan v cc khau khp kn.
e thuan tien cho viec giai chuoi ngui ta thung so do ho cc
chuoi (trong pham vi bi hoc chi giai cc chui dung thang). Cc chuoi
tren hnh 5.1 a, b, c duoc so do ho thnh cc chuoi tren hnh 5.2 a, b, c.

a) b) c)
Hnh 5.2
T so do chuoi tren ta xc lap cong thc quan he kch thuc nhu sau:
Chuoi 1: hnh 5.2a Vi A
= A
3
ta c A
= A
3
= A
1
- A
2

Chuoi 2: hnh 5.2b Vi A
= A
5
ta c A
= A
5
= A
1
- A
2
- A
3
- A
4

Trung hop tong qut trong mot chuoi c n khau thnh phan, neu ta
dnh so th tu t 1 den m l cc khau tang th m 1 den m l cc khau
giam (vi m n), nhu vay ta c cong thc:
A
=
m
i
i
A
1
-
+ =
n
m i
i
A
1
(1)
Tren co so phuong trnh co ban cua chuoi kch thuc (1) xc lap
cong thc quan he ve sai lech gii han v dung sai gia cc khau thnh
phan v khau khp kn de giai chuoi kch thuc dung thang.
T (1) ta c: A
max
=
=
m
i
i
A
1
max
-
+ =
n
m i
i
A
1
min
(2)
A
min
=
=
m
i
i
A
1
min
-
+ =
n
m i
i
A
1
max
(3)
85
T (1), (2), (3) ta c:
T
= (2) - (3) =
=
m
i
i
T
1

+ =
n
m i
i
T
1
=
=
n
i
i
T
1

ES
= (2) - (1) =
=
m
i
i
ES
1
-

+ =
n
m i
i
ei
1

EI
= (3) - (1) =
=
m
i
i
EI
1
-
+ =
n
m i
i
es
1

Trong d: ES
i
v EI
i
l sai lech tren v sai lech dui khau tang,es
i
v
ei
i
l sai lech tren v sai lech dui khau giam.
Dua vo cc cong thc tren ta s giai bi ton 1 v bi ton 2 don
gian (theo phuong php doi lan chc nang hon ton).
Bi ton p dung:
Bi toan 1:
Cho chi tiet nhu hnh 5.3 vi cc kch thuc:

Hnh 5.3
A
1
= 60
1 , 0
2 , 0
+
A
2
= 50
1 , 0
1 , 0
+
A
3
= 8
1 , 0 +

Hy tnh kch thuc, sai lech gii han v dung sai cua khau A
4
, biet
trnh tu cong nghe gia cong chi tiet l A
2
: A
3
: A
1
.
Giai:
- Phan tch cc khau:
A
= A
4
: khau khp kn
A
1
: khau tang
A
2
: khau giam
A
3
: khau giam
- p dung cong thc (1),(2),(3) ta c:
Kch thuc danh nghia cua khau khp kn:
A
= A
1
- ( A
2
A
3
)
= 60 - ( 50 8 ) = 20 mm.
86
Dung sai cua khau khp kn:
T
=
n
i
i
T
1
= 0,3 0,2 0,1 = 0,6 mm.
Sai lech gii han cua khau khp kn:
ES
=
m
i
i
ES
1
-

+ =
n
m i
i
ei
1
= 0,1 - ( - 0,1 0 ) = 0,2 mm
EI
=
m
i
i
EI
1
-
+ =
n
m i
i
es
1
= - 0,2 - ( 0,1 0,1 ) = - 0,4 mm
Vay A
= A
4
= 2
2 , 0
4 , 0
+

Bi toan 2:
Trong bi ton nghich, vi chuoi c n khau thnh phan th bi ton
c n an so, neu dua vo cong thc (1),(2),(3) ta khong the tnh duoc dung
sai cua n khau thnh phan (n an so).
Muon tnh duoc ta phai dua vo gia thiet de khu di ( n-1) an so gia
thiet cc khau thnh phan duoc che tao o cng mot cap chnh xc, bang
tnh ton ta c the xc dinh theo bang tieu chuan sai lech gii han v dung
sai cho (n-1) khau thnh phan. Tnh sai lech gii han v dung sai cho mot
khau thnh phan cn lai.
\i du: Cho chuoi kch thuc nhu hnh v 5.4

Hnh 5.4
Biet A
= 1
75 , 0 +

A
1
= 101
22 , 0 +
ed
A
2
= 50
16 , 0 +

A
3
= A
5
= 5
075 , 0

c dinh kch thuc danh nghia, sai lech gii han v dung sai cua
khau A
4

Giai:
Nhan xt: A
1
, A
2
: l khau tang
A
3
, A
5
, A
4
: l khau giam
p dung cong thc (1),(2),(3) ta c:
Kch thuc danh nghia cua A
4

A
= A
1
A
2
- A
3
- A
4
- A
5

87
A
4
= A
1
A
2
- A
3
- A
5
- A

A
4
= 101 50 - 5 - 5 - 1 = 140
Sai lech tren cua A
4
:

es
4
= 0 - 0 - 0 = 0
Sai lech dui cua A
4

ei
4
= 0,22 0,16 ( ) [ ] 075 , 0 2 - 0,75 = - 0,22mm.
Vay A
4
= 140
22 , 0

88
CU HOI N TP
1. THE NAO LA CHUI KCH THUC, CHO V
DU MINH HOA.
2. The no l khau thnh phan tang, khau thnh phan giam cua chuoi kch
thuc, cho v du minh hoa.
BI TP
1. Cho chuoi kch thuc nhu hnh v sau:

Hy giai chuoi kch thuc de xc dinh sai lech, dung sai kch thuc A2.
Biet: Trnh tu cong nghe gia cong l: A1, A2
Vi A1 = 100-0,1: A3 =
15 , 0
45

2. Cho chuoi kch thuc nhu hnh v sau:

Hy giai chuoi kch thuc de xc dinh sai lech, dung sai kch thuc A
2
.
Biet: Trnh tu cong nghe gia cong chi tiet l: A
1
, A
2

Vi A
1
= 120
-0,15
: A
3
=
16 , 0
40
.
89
PHN TH HA:
O LUNG KY THUT
CHUONG 6: CO SO O LUNG KY THUAT
1/ Muc ch:
- Cung cap nhng kien thc co ban ve do lung.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Hieu vi tr v tam quan trong cua cong cu do lung.
- Hieu cch phan loai dung cu do v phuong php do.
6.1/ KHI NIEM V O LUNG KY THUAT.
6.1.1. Vi tr cua cong tc do lung v kiem tra
Trong qu trnh che tao v lap rp cc chi tiet my, can do de kiem
tra v dnh gi chat luong k thuat cua san pham. Ni cch khc do lung
l cong cu de kiem sot, kiem tra chat luong san pham, v vay do lung l
khau quan trong khong the thieu duoc trong qu trnh san xuat.
Cng vi yeu cau v su pht trien khong ngng cua san xuat, do
lung k thuat cng c nhng buc tien manh m, do chnh xc do lung
dat duoc ngy cng cao.
+ Cuoi the k 19 c calip tieu chuan, calip gii han.
+ Nam 1850 c thuc cap.
+ Nam 1867 c panme.
+ Nam 1896 c can mau.
+ Nam 1907 c minlimet do ti 0,001mm.
+ Nam 1921 - 1925 c my do dng kh nn.
+ Nam 1930 c cc my do dng dien.
+ Ngy nay c cc my do quang hoc, my do dien tu hien dai c the
do duoc nhng khoang cch nho ti 4-5 phan trieu mm.
6.1.2. on vi do.
o lung l viec xc dinh do ln cua doi tuong do, d l viec thiet
lap quan he gia dai luong can do vi mot dai luong c cng tnh chat vat
l duoc dng lm don vi do thong qua cc dung cu do v cc phuong php
do khc nhau.
on vi do l yeu to chuan muc dng de so snh, do ln cua don vi do
can duoc quy dinh thong nhat mi dam bao viec thong nhat trong giao
dich mua bn, che tao san pham de thay the, lap lan.
90
Cc don vi do co ban v don vi do dan xuat hop thnh he thong don
vi duoc quy dinh trong bang don vi do hop php cua nh nuc dua tren
quy dinh cua he thong do lung the gii SI.
a. Don vi do chiu di.
on vi do chieu di co ban l mt, don vi dan xuat thung dng l
mm v icro mt:
1mt = 1000mm
1mm = 1000m
Ngoi ra c the dng don vi inhso:
1
' '
= 25,4mm
b. Don vi do gc.
on vi do co ban l do, k hieu l
1 =
360
1
vng trn
1 = 60 pht = 60
'

1
'
= 60 giay = 60
' '

6.2/ DUNG CU O VA PHUONG PHP O.
6.2.1. Dung cu do.
Dung cu do c the chia thnh 2 nhm chnh:
Nhm mau do v nhm thiet bi do.
a. Nhm mau do:
L nhng vat the duoc che tao theo boi so hoac uc so cua don vi do
gom: gc mau, can mau, ke.
b. Nhm thiet bi do:
Bao gom cc dung cu do : thuc cap, panme.v cc my do nhu: op
ti mt, my do dng kh nn, my do bang dien.
6.2.2. Phuong php do.
Phuong php do l cch do, thu thuat de xc dinh thong so can do.
Tuy thuoc vo co so de phan loai phuong php do m ta c cc phuong
php do khc nhau.
a. Dua vo quan he giua dau do vi chi tiet do
Chia ra phuong php do tiep xc v phuong php do khong tiep xc:
- Phuong php do tiep xc:
L phuong php do gia dau do v be mat chi tiet do ton tai mot p
luc goi l p luc do, p luc ny lm cho vi tr do on dinh, v the ket qua
do tiep xc rrat on dinh. Tuy nhien do c p luc do m khi do tiep xc
khong trnh khoi sai so do cc bien dang c lien quan den p luc do gay
91
ra, dac biet l khi do cc chi tiet bang vat lieu mem de bien dang hoac cc
he do km cng vng.
- Phuong php do khong tiep xc:
L phuong php do khong c p luc do gia yeu to do v be mat chi
tiet do nhu khi ta do bang my quang hoc, v khong c p luc do nen khi
do be mat chi tiet khong bi bien dang hoac bi co xuc.phuong php
ny thch hop ci cc chi tiet nho, mem, mong, de bien dang, cc san
pham khong cho php c vet xuc.
b. Dua vo quan he giua cc gi tri ch thi tren dung cu do v gi tri
cua dai luong do
Chia ra phuong php do tuyet doi v phuong php do tuong doi
(phuong php do so snh).
- Phuong php do tuyet doi:
Ton bo gi tri can do duoc chi thi tren dung cu do, phuong php do
ny don gian, t nham lan nhung hnh trnh do di nen do chnh xc km.
- Phuong php do tuong doi (phuong php do so snh):
Gi tri chi thi tren dung cu do chi cho ta sai lech gia gi tri do v
gi tri chuan dng khi chinh O cho dung cu do. Ket qua do phai l tong
cua gi tri chuan v gi tri chi thi:
Q = Q
0

x

Trong d: Q
0
: kch thuc cua mau chinh 0
Q: kch thuc can xc dinh (ket qua do)

x
: l gi tri chi thi cua dung cu.
o chnh xc cua php do so snh phu thuoc chu yeu vo do chnh
xc cua mau v qu trnh chinh 0.
c. Dua vo quan he giua dai luong can do v dai luong duoc do
Chia ra phuong php do truc tiep v phuong php do gin tiep
- Phuong php do truc tiep:
L phuong php do thang vo kch thuc can do, tri
so do doc truc tiep tren phan chi thi cua dung cu do, v
du nhu khi ta do dung knh bang thuc cap v panme.
- Phuong php do gin tiep:
O phuong php ny khong do chnh kch thuc can do m thong qua
viec do mot dai luong khc de xc dinh tnh ton kch thuc can do, v du:
do 2 canh gc vuong suy ra canh huyen.
Viec chon moi quan he no trong cc moi quan he tren phu thuoc
vo do chnh xc yeu cau doi vi dai luong do, can chon sao cho don
gian, cc php do de thuc hien vi yeu cau ve trang thiet bi do t v c kha
nang thuc hien.
Trong qu trnh do khong the trnh khoi sai so, sai so do phu thuoc
vo nhieu yeu to nhu, do mn, do chnh xc cua dung cu do, trnh do v
92
kha nang ngui do, phu thuoc vo viec lua chon dung cu do v phuong
php do.
V vay nam vng phuong php su dung dung cu v lua chon duoc
phuong php do hop l l nhng yeu to khong km phan quan trong quyet
dinh ket qua do.
CU Hl CU Hl CU Hl CU Hl
1. Trnh by vai tr cua do lung k thuat v qu trnh pht trien cua do
lung k thuat.
2. Cho biet don vi do chieu di v don vi do gc thung dng trong che
tao my.
3. Phan biet cc loai dung cu do v phuong php do.
93

CHUONG VII: MOT SO DUNG CU O PHO BIEN
TRONG CO KH
1/ Muc ch:
- Gii thieu cong dung, cau tao v phuong php su dung mot so dung
cu do pho bien.
2/ Yeu cau:
- Nam vng cong dung, cau tao, phuong php su dungcc loai dung
cu do pho bien. Biet lua chon dung cu do cho ph hop vi doi tuong do.
7.1/ THUC KHONG C DU XCH.
Thuc khong c du xch dng de do cc kch thuc khong can chnh
xc, gom c: thuc cng, thuc l, thuc l cuon v thuc day.
Thuc cng: dng nhieu trong cong viec lay dau.
Thuc l: dng trong viec vach dau, cua cat phoi, dng khi gia cong
tho, kiem tra phoi...
Thuc l cuon v thuc day t dng trong san xuat co kh.
7.2/ DUNG CU O KIEU THUC CAP.
7.2.1. Cong dung.

1. Thuc cap c du xch 3. o kch thuc ben trong
2. o kch thuc ben ngoi 4. o chieu sau
Hnh 7.1. Cch dng thuc cap c du xch
94
Dung cu do kieu thuc cap gom cc loai thuc cap
thong thung de do trong, do ngoi, do chieu sau v
thuc cap do chieu cao de do kch thuc chieu cao cua
chi tiet, de vach dau.
C nhieu loai thuc cap vi do chnh xc khc nhau:
- Thuc cap 1/10 do chnh xc 0,1mm
- Thuc cap 1/20 do chnh xc 0.05mm
- Thuc cap 1/50 do chnh xc 0,02mm
- Thuc cap c dong ho v thuc cap hien so kieu
dien tu c do chnh xc 0,01mm.
7.2.2. Cau tao.

Hnh 7.2
Dung cu do kieu thuc cap gom 2 phan co ban:
- Than thuc mang thuc chnh gan vi dau do co
dinh.
- Thuc dong mang thuc phu cn goi l du xch
gan vi dau do dong.
Hnh 7.2 mo ta cau tao cc kieu thuc, khoang cch
gia 2 dau do l kch thuc do duoc.
95
Hnh 7.3
7.2.3. Cch doc ket qua.
Neu vach 0 cua du xch trng vi vach no d tren truc thuc chnh
th vach ny chi kch thuc cua vat can do theo so nguyen cua mm.
Neu vach 0 trng vi vach no d tren truc thuc chnh th vach
chia tren thuc chnh o pha ben tri gan nhat vi vach khong cua du xch
s chi so nguyen cua mm, cn phan phan so cua mm s duoc doc theo du
xch. Vach c so hieu (tr vach 0) trng vi mot trong cc vach chia cua
thang do chnh s cho phan phan so tung ng cua mm v n duoc cong
vi phan so nguyen cua mm.

Hnh 7.4
Ni chung thuc chnh c gi tri chia do l 1mm.
Tren thuc phu so vach chia phu thuoc thuoc do chnh xc cua thuc.
96
Thuc 1/10 tren du xch c 10 vach gi tri chia do l 0,1mm.
Thuc cap dong ho: kim chi thi cua dong ho tren bang chia c gi
tri chia den 0,01mm.

Hnh 7.5
Thuc cap hien so kieu dien tu : loai thuc ny c gan vi cc bo
xu l dien tu de cho ngay ket qua chnh xc ti 0,01mm.

97

Hnh 7.6
98
CU Hl V Bl TP CU Hl V Bl TP CU Hl V Bl TP CU Hl V Bl TP
1. Neu cch doc tri so do tren thuc cap 1/10, 1/20, 1/50.
2. Trnh by phuong php su dung v bao quan thuc cap.
3. Hy chon loai thuc cap de kiem tra cc kch thuc: 39,90 : 40,025 :
29,92 : 60,42 : 52,034 :
4. Trnh by cc so doc sau day tren hnh 1:

Hnh 1. o vi thuc cap c du xch trong pham vi 0,1mm
5. o dung knh cua 5 vng dem nho c kch thuc khc nhau vi do
chnh xc l 0,1 mm.
6. Tnh ton tri so trung bnh cua 5 so do cua cng mot chi tiet gia cong,
99
th du: dung knh cua mot bu long nho hoac mot truc d mi, do 5 hoc
vien khc nhau thuc hien do vi thuc cap du xch he mt.
100
7.3/ DUNG CU O KIEM PAN ME.
7.3.1. Panme do ngoi

Hnh 7.7
a. Cong dung
Dng do cc kch thuc: chieu di, chieu rong, do dy, dung knh
ngoi cua chi tiet.
Panme do ngoi c nhieu c, gii han do cua tng c l: 0 - 25: 25 -
50: 50 - 75: 75 - 100: 100 - 125: 125 - 150: ... : 275 - 300: 300 - 400: 400
- 500: 500 - 600.
b. Cau tao

Hnh 7.8
1. Than (gi) 5. ai oc
2. au do co dinh 6. ng di dong (thuc dong)
3. ng co dinh 7. Nap
4. au do di dong 8. Nm dieu chinh p luc do
101
Tren ong 3 khac mot dung nam ngang cn goi l dung chuan. Tren
dung chuan khac vach 1mm. Dui dung chuan gia hai vach 1mm c
mot vach ngan. Tren mat con ong 6 chia deu thnh 50 vach, khi ong 6
quay mot vng th dau 4 tien duoc 0,5mm (day l buc ren cua vt vi cap).
Vay khi ong 6 quay duoc mot vach tren mat vt th dau 4 tien duoc mot
doan 1mm, d chnh l do chnh xc cua thuc.
Tren Panme cn c nm 8 an khp vi mot chot de gii han p luc
do. Khi dau do 4 tiep xc vi vat do du p luc can thiet, van nm 8 cc
rang s truot len nhau lm cho dau 4 khong tien len na. ai oc 5 de co
dinh kch thuc do.
c. Cch su dung
Cch do:
Truc khi do phai kiem tra panme c chnh xc khong. Khi hai mo
do tiep xc deu v kht th vach 0 tren mat con ong 6 trng vi vach
chuan tren ong 3. Vach 0 tren ong 3 trng vi mp ong 6 (doi vi loai
0-25) c nghia panme dam bao chnh xc.
Khi do tay tri cam can panme, tay phai van cho deu tien st den vat
do cho dn khi gan tiep xc th van nm 8 cho dau do tiep xc vi vat
dng p luc do.
V du ve su dung panme chuan do ngoi nhu tren hnh 7.5: hnh 7.5a
kiem tra dung knh cua mot chi tiet gia cong tren my tien (my tien
dang ngng hoat dong), hnh 7.5b do dung knh cua nhng chi tiet nho.

Hnh 7.9
Can ch :
Phai gi cho dung tam cua 2 mo do trng vi kch thuc can do.
Trung hop phai lay kch thuc ra mi doc duoc ket qua phai van dai
oc 5 de co dinh kch thuc do.
Cch doc ket qua:
Dua vo mp ong 6 doc duoc so mm v nua mm o ong co dinh 3.
102
Dua vo vach chuan ong 3 doc duoc so mm o tren mat vt cua ong 6.

Hnh 7.10
d. Cch bao quan
Khong do vat dang quay, be mat tho, ban.
Han che lay thuc ra khoi vat do de doc thu ket qua
Mat do cua thuc phai gi gn can than
Khi dng xong phai lau chi panme bang gi sach v boi dau m,
nen van chat dai oc 5 de co dinh mo dong v dat panme vo dng vi tr
trong hop.
7.3.2. Panme do trong
a. Cong dung
Panme do trong dng de do dung knh lo, chieu rong rnh t 50m
tro len.
b. Cau tao

Hnh 7.11 - 1. Panme do trong
2. Su dung panme do trong
103
Gom than tren c nap dau do co dinh , nap , vt hm . Pha phai cua
than c ren trong de lap vt vi cap . Vt vi cap ny duoc gi co dinh vi
ong co dinh bang nap tren c dau do dong. ac diem cua panme do trong
l khong c bo phan khong che p luc do.
e mo rong pham vi do moi panme do trong bao gi cng km theo
nhng truc noi c chieu di khc nhau, nhu vay chi dng mot panme do
trong c the do duoc nhieu kch thuc khc nhau nhu: 75 175: 75 600:
150 1250mm.
c. Cch su dung
Khi do can ch gi panme o vi tr can bang, neu dat lech ket qua do
s km chnh xc. V khong c bo phan gii han p luc do nen khi can
van de tao p luc do va phai, trnh van qu manh.
Cch doc tri so tren panme: do trong cng nhu do ngoi nhung can
ch , khi panme c nap truc noi th ket qua do bang tri so doc tren panme
cong them chieu di truc no.
7.3.3. Panme do sau
a. Cong dung
Dng de do chnh xc chieu sau cc rnh lo bac v bac thang.
b. Cau tao

Hnh 7.12
Ve co ban panme do sau c cau tao giong panme do ngoi chi khc
than 1 thay bang can ngang c dy phang de do. Panme do sau cng c
cc dau do thay doi de do cc do sau khc nhau 0 - 25: 25 - 50: 50 - 75:
75 - 100.
c. Cch su dung
at thanh ngang len mat rnh hoac bac, van nm cho dau do tiep xc
vi dy rnh.
Cch doc tri so do giong nhu doc tren panme do ngoi nhung can ch
l so ghi tren ong trong v ong ngoi deu nguoc chieu so vi so ghi tren
panme do ngoi.
104
Mot so panme thung gap:

Hnh 7.13: Panme hien so - doc so
105

Hnh 7.14: Panme hien so

CU HO/ \ B/ TP
1. Trnh by cong dung, cau tao v cch su dung panme do ngoi, panme
do trong v panme do sau.
2. Neu cch doc tri so tren panme, cho v du.
3. Tnh tri so trung bnh cua 10 so do tren cng mot chi tiet gia cong, do
10 hoc vien thuc hien bang panme he mt.
4. oc cc panme he mt trong hnh 1:
106

Hnh 1
5. oc cc panme he mt trong hnh 2:

Hnh 2
107
7.4/ CAN MU
7.4.1. Cong dung v cau tao
a. Cong dung
Can mau dng de kiem tra chieu di vi do chnh xc cao ,dng de
truyen kch thuc t do di tieu chuan ti vat gia cong v dng de kiem
tra cc dung do khc.
b. Cau tao
Can mau l khoi hnh hop ch nhat c 2 mat do phang, song song vi
nhau v duoc mi r chnh xc. Chieu di vuong gc ha t 1 diem bat ky
cua be mat do cua can mau xuong be mat do doi dien vi n goi l kch
thuc lm viec can mau.

Hnh 7.16
Can mau thung duoc cau tao thnh bo. C 19 mieng: 38 mieng: 83
mieng Bo 83 mieng duoc dng thong dung nhat.
Bo 83 mieng bao gom
1 mieng 1,005 mm
49 mieng 1,01: 1,02: 1,02: 1,03:...................... : 1,49
20 mieng 0,5: 1: 1,5: ......................................... : 10
4 mieng 1,6: 1,7: 1,8: 1,9
9 mieng 10: 20: 30 ......................................... 100
Knh thuc do < 10 mm th kch thuc mat do 9 30 mm
Knh thuc do > 10 mm th kch thuc mat do 9 35 mm
Kch thuc danh nghia cua can mau dy ti 5,5 mm th ghi o mat do,
dy > 5,5 mm ghi o mat ben.
7.4.2. Cch chon v ghp can mau
a. Nguyen tac chon ghp can mau
Can mau c dac diem cc be mat do duoc gia cong tinh can than v
c su bm dnh vi nhau. Neu day mieng can no theo mieng can kia luc
bm dnh cua 2 mieng l tuong doi ln v chi c the tch chng ra bang
108
cch day chng ra bang cch day mieng no theo mieng kia nhung toi da
chi duoc 4 mieng v chon mieng c phan thap phan nho nhat tro di.
b. Cch ghp
Truc khi ghp can mau phai rua sach lp m tren can bang xang
(xang trang) sau d lau sach. Khi ghp dng tay an cho hai mat do cua hai
mieng can dnh vo nhau roi day cho mat ny miet len mat kia, cc mieng
can s dnh vi nhau thnh mot khoi. Khi muon tch ri cc mieng can ta
day cho 2 mat do truot ra khoi nhau khong tch chng theo phuong vuong
gc vi mat ghp v nhu vay phai dng mot luc ln v de tuot tay lm
vang nhng mieng can ra.
c. V du
Chon can mau de kiem tra kch thuc17,105mm
Mieng can th nhat chon c tri so ph hop vi tri so cuoi cng cua
kch thuc d cho.
Cu the l mieng 1,005mm
17,105
Mieng 1 1,005
Kch thuc cn lai 16,1
Mieng 2 1,1
Kch thuc cn lai 15
Mieng 3 5
Kch thuc cn lai 10
Mieng 4 10
10
7.4.3. Bao quan can mau
Can mau l dung cu do c do chnh xc cao nen viec su dung v bao
quan phai chu do:
Khong s tay vo cc mat do cua can.
Khong truot mat do cua can mau len mat ben cua mieng can khc
Khi ghp nen cam can gan vi mieng vai lt tren bn de phng can bi
roi xuong dat hoac mat bn
Cc mieng can ghp khong duoc de lau v nhu vay cc mat do mau
han gi
Khi su dung xong phai tho can ra v dng xang rua sach, lau kho,
boi tron, dat vo hop dng vi tr. Ch khi thao tc khong dng tay v
dng panh gap
Hop can mau phai de o nhng noi nhiet do t thay doi, khong de nang
roi vo, trnh de nhng noi am hoac c ho chat.
109
CU HO/ \ B/ IP
1. Neu cong dung, cau tao v dac diem cua can mau.
2. Trnh by cch su dung v bao quan can mau.
3. Neu ta c mot bo can mau 83 mieng hy tao mot tap hop can mau de
do:
a) 129,0 mm b) 53,78 mm c) 99,995 mm d) 104,335
4. Dng bo can mau 83 mieng de kiem tra cc kch thuc:
a) 100,08 mm b) 5,750 mm c) 8,935 mm d) 10,054 mm
110
7.5/ THUC O C MAT SO - NG H SO
7.5.1. Cong dung
Kiem tra sai lech hnh dng hnh hoc cua chi tiet gia cong nhu: do
con, do o van, do trn, do tru...
Kiem tra vi tr tuong doi gia cc be mat chi tiet nhu: do song song,
do vuong gc, do dao...
Kiem tra vi tr tuong doi gia cc chi tiet lap ghp vi nhau.
Kiem tra kch thuc chi tiet bang phuong php so snh.
7.5.2. Cau tao

Hnh 7.17
1. au do 4. Kim ln 7. ng dan hung
2. Thanh rang 5. Kim nho 8. Than
3. Mat so ln 6. Mat so nho 9. Nap

Hnh 7.18
111
ong ho so duoc cau tao theo nguyen tac chuyen dong cua thanh
rang v bnh rang trong d chuyen dong len xuong cua thanh do duoc
truyen qua he thong bnh rang lm quay kim dong ho tren mat so.
He thong truyen dong cua dong ho so duoc dat trong than 8, nap 9 c
the quay cng vi mat so ln de dieu chinh vi tr mat so khi can thiet.
Mat so dong ho chia ra 100 khac. Vi cc dong ho do thung gi tri
moi khc bang 0,01mm nghia l khi thanh do di chuyen mot doan bang
0,01 100 = 1mm, Lc d kim nho tren mat so nho quay di mot khac.
Vay gi tri moi khac tren mat so nho l 1mm.
7.5.3. Cch su dung
Khi su dung truc het g dong ho len gi d van nang hoac phu tng
rieng, sau d tuy theo tng trung hop su dung m dieu chinh cho dau do
tiep xc vi vat can kiem tra. ieu chinh mat so ln cho kim tro ve vach
so 0, di chuyen dong ho so cho dau do cua dong ho tiep xc suot tren
be mat vat can kiem tra, va di chuyen dong ho, va theo di chuyen
dong cua kim. Kim dong ho quay bao nhieu vach tc l thanh do d di
chuyen bay nhieu phan tram mm. T d suy ra do sai cua vat can kiem
tra.
7.5.4. Cch bao quan
ong ho so l loai dung cu do c do chnh xc cao v vay trong qu
trnh su dung can het sc nhe nhng, trnh va dap, gi khong de xuc, v
mat dong ho.
Khong nen an tay vo dau do lm thanh do di chuyen manh
ong ho so phai luon g tren gi, khi su dung song phai dat dong ho
dng vi tr trong hop.
Khong de dong ho so o cho am, khong c nhiem vu tuyet doi khong
tho lap dong ho ra.

Hnh 7.19: ong ho so hien so
112
7.6/ CA LP
Trong san xuat hng khoi, khi trong nh my can kiem tra hng ngy
cc chi tiet theo cng mot kch thuc, ngui ta su dung rong ri cc dung
cu c ket cau cng vng. l cc ca lp gii han. Cc ca lp khong c co
cau de xc dinh kch thuc, vi ca lp ngui ta chi c the xc dinh kch
thuc thuc cua chi tiet c nam trong gii han dung sai hay khong. Su dung
ca lp gii han viec do kiem s don gian hon nhieu, v giam duoc thi
gian, va tang duoc chat luong do kiem.
Tong qut ngui ta chia ra:
- Ca lp cong tc: de kiem tra chi tiet trong khi gia cong
- Ca lp nghiem thu: de kiem tra thnh pham
- Ca lp hieu doi: de kiem tra lai do chnh xc cua hai loai ca lp tren.
Theo pham vi su dung ngui ta chia thnh: ca lp tron, ca lp con, ca
lp ren, ca lp then hoa . trong moi loai, khi kiem tra mat trong dng ca
lp truc, khi kiem tra mat ngoi dng ca lp hm.
7.5.1. Ca lp truc (cn goi l ca lp nt)
a. Cong dung
Ca lp truc dng de kiem tra kch thuc gii han cua lo, cua rnh khi
san xuat hng loat v hng khoi.
b. Cau tao
Ca lp truc gom than 1 v hai dau do 2,3.
au di 2 l dau Q c kch thuc danh nghia duoc che tao theo kch
thuc gii han nho nhat cua lo can kiem tra.
au ngan 3 l dau KQ c kch thuc danh nghia duoc che tao theo
kch thuc gii han ln nhat cua lo can kiem tra.

a) Calp nt hnh tru b) Calp dang thanh
c) Calp nt c chot khong qua duoc dau trn
Hnh 7.20
113

- \i du: Can kiem tra lo c kch thuc 30H7
Tra bang dung sai v lap ghp ta c 30H7 = 30
0.021

Chon ca lp kiem tra c kch thuc danh nghia dau nho (lot qua) l
dQ = 30mm v kch thuc danh nghia dau to (khong lot) l dKQ =
30,021mm.
Qua th du tren ta thay moi ca lp chi dng de kiem tra mot kch
thuc nhat dinh cua mot loat chi tiet, cc chi tiet khc c cng kch thuc
danh nghia cng khong dng duoc.
- \i du: Ca lp dng kiem tra lo 30H7 khong dng de kiem tra lo
30H6 hoac lo 30H8 duoc.
7.5.2. Ca lp hm
a. Cong dung
Ca lp hm dng de kiem tra kch thuc gii han cua chi tiet truc
trong san xuat hng loat.
b. Cau tao
Cng giong nhu ca lp truc ca lp hm cng c than v hai hm do,
trong d c mot hm qua (k hieu l Q) v mot hm khong qua (k hieu
l KQ).

Hnh 7.21
Nguoc vi ca lp truc, kch thuc danh nghia cua hm qua duoc che
tao theo kch thuc gii han ln nhat cua truc can kiem tra, kch thuc
danh nghia cua hm khong qua duoc che tao theo kch thuc gii han nho
nhat cua truc can kiem tra.
- V du: can kiem tra truc 30h6
Tra bang dung sai v lap ghp ta c 30h6 = 30
- 0.013

114
Chon ca lp hm kiem tra c kch thuc danh nghia dau qua l DQ
= 30mm v kch thuc danh nghia dau khong qua l DKQ = 29,987mm.

Hnh 7.22
Ca lp hm dng de kiem tra truc thung l loai ca lp hm gii han
hai dau bang thp l (hnh 7.21). e kiem tra truc c kch thuc t 100
360mm ngui ta dng ca lp gii han mot dau c cc hm ghp (hnh
7.20) do d ta c the thay doi de kiem tra duoc cc kch thuc khc nhau.
7.5.3. Cch su dung v bao quan
a. Cch su dung:
Khi kiem tra ta dua nhe nhng cc dau do cua ca lp vo chi tiet. Neu
chi tiet qua dau Q cua chi tiet v khong qua dau KQ cua ca lp th chi tiet
dat yeu cau. Neu mot trong hai dieu kien tren khong thoa mn th chi tiet
khong dat yeu cau.
Qu trnh kiem tra chi tiet l phan loai don gian chng thnh 3 nhm
bang ca lp gii han nhu sau:
- Chi tiet thnh pham c kch thuc nam trong gii han cho php
(dau Q qua, dau KQ khong qua)
- Chi tiet phe pham sua cha duoc, khi kch thuc truc ln hon kch
thuc ln nhat cho php, cn kch thuc cua lo nho hon kch thuc nho
nhat cho php
- Chi tiet phe pham khong sua cha duoc, khi kch thuc truc nho
hon kch thuc nho nhat cho php, cn kch thuc cua lo ln hon kch
thuc ln nhat cho php
b. Bao quan:
Truc khi kiem tra lau sach ca lp v chi tiet can kiem tra
Khi dua ca lp vo chi tiet de kiem tra can gi cho tam cua ca lp
trng vi tam cua chi tiet kiem tra
Nghiem cam dng luc day ca lp hm vo truc v ca lp nt vo lo
Cam kiem tra chi tiet dang quay tren my v nhu vay s lm ca lp
mn nhanh dong thi vi pham cc dieu kien cua k thuat an ton.
Su dung nhe nhng, trnh va cham lm xay xuc bien dang cc dau do
Sau khi dng lau chi ca lp bang gi sach v boi dau vo cc mat do.
115
CU Hl V Bl TP CU Hl V Bl TP CU Hl V Bl TP CU Hl V Bl TP
1. Trnh by cong dung, cau tao cua calp truc v calp hm, can c vo
dau de xc dinh kch thuc danh nghia cc dau do cua calp.
2. Tai sao ca lp duoc dng trong san xuat hng loat, trong san xuat don
chiec neu su dung calp de kiem tra th c uu nhuoc diem g
3. Cho dung knh cua cc thanh truc vi do dung sai l:
a)
02 , 0
62 , 0
35
b)
0
03 , 0
25
c) 1 , 0 50
Hy tnh ton kch thuc cc hm do cua calp hm de kiem tra dung
knh cua cc truc d.

116
Ph Ic 1: Dung sai Ip ghp b mt tron
Bang 1. SAI LCH GII HAN KCH THUC L I VI KCH THUC
N 500mm TCVN 2245 - 99
(theo m)
Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
D E G
Tren en
v bao
gom
8 9 10 11 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 5 6 7
- 3 34
20
45
20
60
20
80
20
24
14
28
14
39
14
16
6
20
6
31
6
46
6
6
2
8
2
12
2
3 6 48
30
60
30
78
30
105
30
32
20
38
20
50
20
22
10
28
10
40
10
86
10
9
4
12
4
16
4
6 10 62
40
76
40
98
40
130
40
40
25
47
25
61
25
28
13
35
13
49
13
71
13
11
5
14
5
20
5
10 18 77
50
93
50
120
50
160
50
50
32
59
32
75
32
34
16
43
16
59
16
86
16
14
6
17
6
24
6
18 30 98
65
117
65
149
65
195
65
61
40
73
40
92
40
41
20
53
20
72
20
104
20
16
7
20
7
28
7
30 50 119
80
142
80
180
80
240
80
75
50
89
50
112
50
50
25
64
25
87
25
125
25
20
9
25
9
34
9
50 80 146
100
174
100
220
100
290
100
90
60
106
60
134
60
60
30
76
30
104
30
23
10
29
10
40
10
80 120 174
120
207
120
260
120
340
120
107
72
126
72
159
72
71
36
90
36
123
36
27
12
34
12
47
12
120 180 208
145
245
145
305
145
395
145
125
85
148
85
185
85
83
43
106
43
143
43
32
14
39
14
54
14
180 250 242
170
285
170
355
170
460
170
146
100
172
100
215
100
96
50
122
50
165
50
35
15
44
15
61
15
250 315 271
190
320
190
400
190
510
190
162
110
191
110
240
110
108
56
173
56
186
56
40
17
49
17
69
17
315 400 299
210
350
210
440
210
570
210
182
125
214
125
265
125
119
62
151
62
202
62
43
18
54
18
75
18
400 500 327
230
385
230
480
230
630
230
198
135
232
135
290
135
113
68
165
68
223
68
47
20
60
20
83
20

117
(Tiep theo bang 1)
H
Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
I)
15
I)
16
I)
17
I)
Sai lech
Tren en
v
bao
gom
m mm
3
I)

0,8
0
1,2
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
6
0
10
0
14
0
25
0
40
0
60
0
0,1
0
0,14
0
0,25
0
0,4
0
0,6
0
1
0
3 6
1
0
1,5
0
2,5
0
4
0
5
0
8
0
12
0
18
0
30
0
48
0
75
0
0,12
0
0,18
0
0,3
0
0,48
0
0,75
0
1,2
0
6 10
1
0
1,5
0
2,5
0
4
0
6
0
9
0
15
0
22
0
36
0
58
0
90
0
0,15
0
0,22
0
0,36
0
0,58
0
0,9
0
1,5
0
10 18
1,2
0
2
0
3
0
5
0
8
0
11
0
18
0
27
0
43
0
70
0
110
0
0,18
0
0,27
0
0,43
0
0,7
0
1,1
0
1,8
0
18 30
1,5
0
2,5
0
4
0
6
0
9
0
13
0
21
0
33
0
52
0
84
0
130
0
0,21
0
0,33
0
0,52
0
0,84
0
1,3
0
2,1
0
30 50
1,5
0
2,5
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
16
0
25
0
39
0
62
0
100
0
160
0
0,25
0
0,39
0
0,62
0
1
0
1,6
0
2,5
0
50 80
2
0
3
0
5
0
8
0
13
0
19
0
30
0
46
0
74
0
120
0
190
0
0,3
0
0,46
0
0,74
0
1,2
0
1,9
0
3
0
80 120
2,5
0
4
0
6
0
10
0
15
0
22
0
35
0
54
0
87
0
140
0
220
0
0,35
0
0,54
0
0,87
0
,14
0
2,2
0
3.5
0
120 180
3,5
0
5
0
8
0
12
0
18
0
25
0
40
0
63
0
100
0
160
0
250
0
0,4
0
0,63
0
1
0
1,6
0
2,5
0
4
0
180 250
4,5
0
7
0
10
0
14
0
20
0
29
0
46
0
72
0
115
0
185
0
290
0
0,46
0
0,72
0
1,15
0
1,85
0
2,9
0
4.6
0
220 315
6
0
8
0
12
0
16
0
23
0
32
0
52
0
81
0
130
0
210
0
320
0
0,52
0
0,81
0
1,3
0
2,1
0
3,2
0
5.2
0
315 400
7
0
9
0
13
0
18
0
25
0
36
0
57
0
89
0
140
0
230
0
360
0
0,57
0
0,89
0
1,4
0
2,3
0
3,6
0
5.7
0
400 500
8
0
10
0
15
0
20
0
27
0
40
0
63
0
97
0
156
0
250
0
400
0
0,63
0
0,97
0
1,55
0
2,5
0
4
0
6.3
0
1) 1T41 1T48 khong dng cho cc kch thuc danh nghia nho hon hoac bang1m
118
(Tiep theo bang 1)
Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
s K M N
Tren en v
bao
gom
5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 6 7 8 6 7 8 9
I)
- 3 2 3 5 7 12,5 20
0
-4
0
-6
0
-10
-2
-8
-2
-12
-2
-16
-4
-10
-4
-14
-4
-18
-4
-29
3 6 2,5 4 6 9 15 24
0
-5
2
-6
3
-9
-1
-9
0
-12
2
-16
-5
-13
-4
-16
-2
-20
0
-30
6 10 3 4,5 7,5 11 18 29
1
-5
2
-7
5
-10
-3
-12
0
-15
1
-21
-7
-16
-4
-19
-3
-25
0
-36
10 18 4 5,5 9 13,5 21,5 35
2
-6
2
-9
6
-12
-4
-15
0
-18
2
-25
-9
-20
-5
-25
-3
-30
0
-43
18 30 4,5 6,5 10,5 16,5 26 42
1
-8
2
-11
6
-15
-4
-17
0
-21
4
-29
-11
-24
-7
-28
-3
-36
0
-52
30 50 5,5 8 12,5 19,5 31 50
2
-9
3
-13
7
-18
-4
-20
0
-25
5
-34
-12
-28
-8
-33
-3
-42
0
-62
50 80 6,5 9,5 15 23 37 60
3
-10
4
-15
9
-21
-5
-24
0
-30
5
-41
-14
-33
-9
-39
-4
-50
0
-74
80 120 7,5 11 17,5 27 43,5 70
2
-13
4
-18
10
-25
-6
-28
0
-35
6
-48
-16
-38
-10
-45
-4
-58
0
-87
120 180 9 12,5 20 31,5 50 80
3
-15
4
-21
12
-28
-8
-33
0
-40
8
-55
-20
-45
-12
-52
-4
-67
0
-100
180 250 10 14,5 23 36 57,5 92,5
2
-18
5
-24
13
-33
-8
-37
0
-46
9
-63
-22
-51
-14
-60
-5
-77
0
-115
250 315 11,5 16 26 40,5 65 105
3
-20
5
-27
16
-36
-9
-41
0
-52
9
-72
-25
-57
-14
-66
-5
-86
0
-130
315 400 12,5 18 28,5 44,5 70 115
3
-22
7
-29
17
-40
-10
-46
0
-57
11
-78
-26
-62
-16
-73
-5
-94
0
-140
400 500 13,5 20 31,5 48,5 77,5 125
2
-25
8
-32
18
-45
-10
-50
0
-63
11
-86
-27
-67
-17
-80
-6
-103
0
-155

119
(Tiep theo bang 1)
Kch thuc danh nghia
(mm)
P R S T
Tren
en v bao
gom
6 7 9 7 7 7 8
- 3
-6
-12
-6
-16
-6
-31
-10
-20
-14
-24

-18
-32
3 6
-9
-17
-8
-20
-12
-42
-11
-23
-15
-27

-23
-41
6 10
-12
-21
-9
-24
-15
-51
-13
-28
-17
-32

-28
-50
10 18
-15
-26
-11
-29
-18
-61
-16
-34
-21
-39

-33
-60
18 24
-18
-31
-14
-35
-22
-74
-20
-41
-27
-48

-41
-74
24 30
-18
-31
-14
-35
-22
-74
-20
-41
-27
-48
-33
-54
-48
-81
30 40
-39
-64
-60
-99
40 50
-21
-37
-17
-42
-26
-88
-25
-50
-34
-59 -45
-70
-70
-109
50 65
-30
-60
-42
-72
-55
-85
-87
-133
65 80
-26
-45
-21
-51
-32
-106 -32
-62
-48
-78
-64
-94
-102
-148
80 100
-38
-73
-58
-93
-78
-113
-124
-178
100 120
-30
-52
-24
-59
-37
-124 -41
-76
-66
-101
-91
-126
-144
-198
120 140
-48
-88
-77
-117
-107
-147
-170
-233
140 160
-50
-90
-85
-125
-119
-159
-190
-253
160 180
-36
-61
-28
-68
-43
-143
-53
-93
-93
-133
-131
-171
-210
-273
180 220
-60
-106
-105
-151
-149
-195
-236
-308
200 225
-63
-109
-113
-159
-163
-209
-258
-300
225 250
-41
-70
-33
-79
-50
-165
-67
-133
-123
-169
-179
-225
-284
-356
250 280
-74
-126
-138
-190
-198
-250
-315
-396
280 315
-47
-79
-36
-88
-56
-186 -78
-130
-150
-202
-220
-272
-350
-431
315 355
-87
-144
-169
-226
-247
-304
-390
-479
355 400
-51
-87
-41
98
-62
-202 -93
-150
-187
-244
-273
-330
-435
-524
400 450
-103
-166
-209
-272
-307
-370
-490
-578
450 500
-55
-95
-45
-108
-68
-223 -109
-172
-229
-292
-337
-400
-540
-637

120
Bang 2. SAI LCH GII HAN KCH THUC TRUC I VI KCH THUC
N 500mm TCVN 2245 - 99
(theo m)
Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
d e g
Tren en
v
bao
gom
7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7
- 3 -20
-30
-20
-34
-20
-45
-20
-60
-20
-80
-14
-24
-14
-28
-14
-39
-6
-12
-6
-16
-6
-20
-6
-31
-2
-5
-2
-6
-2
-8
-2
-12
3 6 -30
-42
-30
-48
-30
-60
-30
-78
-30
-105
-20
-32
-20
-38
-20
-50
-10
-18
-10
-22
-10
-28
-10
-40
-4
-8
-4
-9
-4
-12
-4
-16
6 10 -40
-55
-40
-62
-40
-76
-40
-98
-40
-130
-25
-40
-25
-47
-25
-61
-13
-22
-13
-28
-13
-35
-13
-49
-5
-9
-5
-11
-5
-14
-5
-20
10 18 -50
-68
-50
-77
-50
-93
-50
-120
-50
-160
-32
-50
-32
-59
-32
-75
-16
-27
-16
-34
-16
-43
-16
-59
-6
-11
-6
-14
-6
-17
-6
-24
18 30 -65
-86
-65
-98
-65
-117
-65
-149
-60
-195
-40
-61
-40
-73
-40
-92
-20
-33
-20
-41
-20
-53
-20
-72
-7
-13
-7
-16
-7
-20
-7
-28
30 50 -80
-105
-80
-119
-80
-142
-80
-180
-80
-240
-50
-75
-50
-89
-50
-112
-25
-41
-25
-50
-25
-64
-25
-87
-9
-16
-9
-20
-9
-25
-9
-34
50 80 -100
-130
-100
-146
-100
-174
-100
-220
-100
-290
-60
-90
-60
-106
-60
-134
-30
-49
-30
-60
-30
-76
-30
-104
-10
-18
-10
-23
-10
-29
-10
-40
80 120 -120
-155
-120
-174
-120
-207
-120
-260
-120
-340
-72
-107
-72
-126
-72
-159
-36
-58
-36
-71
-36
-90
-36
-123
-12
-22
-12
-27
-12
-34
-12
-47
120 180 -145
-185
-145
-208
-145
-245
-145
-305
-145
-395
-85
-125
-85
-148
-85
-185
-43
-68
-43
-83
-43
-106
-43
-143
-14
-26
-14
-32
-14
-39
-14
-54
180 250 -170
-216
-170
-242
-170
-285
-170
-355
-170
-460
-100
-146
-100
-172
-100
-215
-50
-79
-50
-96
-50
-122
-50
-165
-15
-29
-15
-35
-15
-44
-15
-61
250 315 -190
-242
-190
-271
-190
-320
-190
-400
-190
-510
-110
-162
-110
-191
-110
-240
-56
-88
-56
-108
-56
-137
-56
-186
-17
-33
-17
-40
-17
-49
-17
-69
315 400 -210
-267
-210
-299
-210
-350
-210
-440
-210
-570
-125
-182
-125
-214
-125
-265
-62
-98
-62
-119
-62
-151
-62
-202
-18
-36
-18
-43
-18
-54
-18
-75
400 500 -230
-293
-230
-327
-230
-385
-230
-480
-230
-630
-135
-198
-135
-232
-135
-290
-68
-108
-68
-131
-68
-165
-68
-223
-20
-40
-20
-47
-20
-60
-20
-83

121
(Tiep theo bang 2)
h
Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1)
15
1)
16
1)
17
1)
Sai lech
Tren en
v
bao
gom
m mm
- 3
0
-0,8
0
-1,2
0
-2
0
-3
0
-4
0
-6
0
-10
0
-14
0
-25
0
-40
0
-60
0
0,1
0
-0,14
0
-0,25
0
-0,4
0
-0,6
0
-1
3 6
0
-1
0
-1,5
0
-2,5
0
-4
0
-5
0
-8
0
-12
0
-18
0
-30
0
-48
0
-75
0
0,12
0
-0,18
0
-0,3
0
-0,48
0
-0,75
0
-1,2
6 10
0
-1
0
-1,5
0
-2,5
0
-4
0
-6
0
-9
0
-15
0
-22
0
-36
0
-58
0
-90
0
0,15
0
-0,22
0
-0,36
0
-0,58
0
-0,9
0
-1,5
10 18
0
-1,2
0
-2
0
-3
0
-5
0
-8
0
-11
0
-18
0
-27
0
-43
0
-70
0
-110
0
0,18
0
-0,27
0
-0,43
0
-0,7
0
-1,1
0
-1,8
18 30
0
-1,5
0
-2,5
0
-4
0
-6
0
-9
0
-13
0
-21
0
-33
0
-52
0
-84
0
-130
0
0,21
0
-0,33
0
-0,52
0
-0,84
0
-1,3
0
-2,1
30 50
0
-1,5
0
-2,5
0
-4
0
-7
0
-11
0
-16
0
-25
0
-39
0
-62
0
-100
0
-160
0
0,25
0
-0,39
0
-0,62
0
-1
0
-1,6
0
-2,5
50 80
0
-2
0
-3
0
-5
0
-8
0
-13
0
-19
0
-30
0
-46
0
-74
0
-120
0
-190
0
0,3
0
-0,46
0
-0,74
0
-1,2
0
-1,9
0
-3
80 120
0
-2,5
0
-4
0
-6
0
-10
0
-15
0
-22
0
-35
0
-54
0
-87
0
-140
0
-220
0
0,35
0
-0,54
0
-0,87
0
-1,4
0
-2,2
0
-3,5
120 180
0
-3,5
0
-5
0
-8
0
-12
0
-18
0
-25
0
-40
0
-63
0
-100
0
-160
0
-250
0
0,40
0
-0,63
0
-1
0
-1,6
0
-2,5
0
-4
180 250
0
-4,5
0
-7
0
-10
0
-14
0
-20
0
-29
0
-46
0
-72
0
-115
0
-185
0
-290
0
0,46
0
-0,72
0
-1,15
0
-1,85
0
-2,9
0
-4,6
250 315
0
-6
0
-8
0
-12
0
-16
0
-23
0
-32
0
-52
0
-81
0
-130
0
-210
0
-320
0
0,52
0
-0,81
0
-1,3
0
-2,1
0
-3,2
0
-5,2
315 400
0
-7
0
-9
0
-13
0
-18
0
-25
0
-36
0
-57
0
-89
0
-140
0
-230
0
-360
0
0,57
0
-0,89
0
-1,4
0
-2,3
0
-3,6
0
-5,7
400 500
0
-8
0
-10
0
-15
0
-20
0
-27
0
-40
0
-63
0
-97
0
-155
0
-250
0
-400
0
0,63
0
-0,97
0
-1,55
0
-2,5
0
-4
0
-6,3
1) 1T41 1T48 khong dng cho cc kch thuc danh nghia nho hon hoac
bang1m

122
(Tiep theo bang 2)
Kch thuc
danh nghia
(mm)
s
k m n
Tren en
v
bao
gom
4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7
- 3 1,5 2 3 5
3
0
4
0
6
0
10
0
5
2
6
2
8
2
12
2
7
4
8
4
10
4
14
4
3 6 2 2,5 4 6
5
1
6
1
9
1
13
1
8
4
9
4
12
4
16
4
12
8
13
8
16
8
20
8
6 10 2 3 4,5 7,5
5
1
7
1
10
1
16
1
10
6
12
6
15
6
21
6
14
10
16
10
19
10
25
10
10 18 2,5 4 5,5 9
6
1
9
1
12
1
19
1
12
7
15
7
18
7
25
7
17
12
20
12
23
12
30
12
18 30 3 4,5 6,5 10,5
8
2
12
2
15
2
23
2
14
8
17
8
21
8
29
8
21
15
24
15
28
15
36
15
30 50 3,5 5,5 8 12,5
9
2
13
2
18
2
27
2
16
9
20
9
25
9
34
9
24
17
28
17
33
17
42
17
50 80 4 6,5 9,5 15
10
2
15
2
21
2
32
2
19
11
24
11
30
11
41
11
28
20
33
20
39
20
50
20
80 120 6 7,5 11 17,5
13
3
18
3
25
3
38
3
23
13
28
13
35
13
48
13
33
23
38
23
45
23
58
23
120 180 6 9 12,5 20
15
3
21
3
28
3
43
3
27
15
33
15
40
15
55
15
39
27
45
27
52
27
67
27
180 250 7 10 14,5 23
18
4
24
4
33
4
50
4
31
17
37
17
46
17
63
17
45
31
51
31
60
31
77
31
250 315 8 11,5 16 26
20
4
27
4
36
4
56
4
36
20
43
20
52
20
72
20
50
34
57
34
66
34
86
34
315 400 9 12,5 18 28,5
22
4
29
4
40
4
61
4
39
21
46
21
57
21
78
21
55
37
62
37
73
37
97
37
400 500 10 13,5 20 31,5
25
5
32
5
45
5
68
5
43
23
50
23
63
23
86
23
60
40
67
40
80
40
103
40

123
(Tiep theo bang 2)
Kch thuc danh
nghia (mm)
P r s
Tren en v
bao gom
5 6 7 5 6 7 5 6 7
- 3
10
6
12
6
16
6
14
10
16
10
20
10
18
14
20
14
24
14
3 6
17
12
20
12
24
12
20
15
23
15
27
15
24
19
27
19
31
19
6 10
21
15
24
15
30
15
25
19
28
19
34
19
29
23
32
23
28
23
10 18
26
18
29
18
36
18
31
23
34
23
41
23
36
28
39
28
46
28
18 30
31
22
35
22
43
22
37
28
41
28
49
28
44
35
48
35
56
35
30 50
37
26
42
26
51
26
45
34
50
34
59
34
54
43
59
43
68
43
50 65
54
41
60
41
71
41
66
53
72
53
83
53
65 80
45
32
51
32
62
32 56
43
62
43
73
43
72
59
78
59
89
59
80 100
66
51
73
51
86
51
86
71
93
71
106
71
100 120
52
37
59
37
72
37 69
54
76
54
89
54
94
79
101
79
114
79
120 140
81
63
88
63
103
63
110
92
117
92
132
92
140 160
83
65
90
65
105
65
118
100
125
100
140
100
160 180
61
43
68
43
83
43
86
68
93
68
108
68
126
108
133
108
148
108
180 200
97
77
106
77
123
77
142
122
151
122
162
122
200 225
100
80
109
80
126
80
150
130
159
130
176
130
225 250
70
50
79
50
96
50
104
84
113
84
130
84
160
140
169
140
186
140
250 280
117
94
126
94
146
94
181
158
190
158
210
158
280 315
79
56
88
56
108
56 121
98
130
98
150
98
193
170
202
170
222
170
315 355
133
108
144
108
165
108
215
190
226
190
247
190
355 400
87
62
98
62
119
62 139
114
150
144
171
114
233
208
244
208
265
208
400 450
153
126
166
126
198
126
259
232
272
232
295
232
450 500
95
68
108
68
131
68 159
132
172
132
195
132
279
252
292
252
315
252
125
Bang 3. HO GII HAN CUA CC LAP GHP LONG C KCH THUC T 1500mm
(TCVN 2244-99 V 2245-99)
Lap ghp trong he lo co ban
7
7
e
H
-
8
7
e
H

7
7
f
H

- -
6
7
g
H

6
7
h
H

8
8
d
H

9
8
d
H

8
8
e
H

9
8
e
H

7
8
f
H

9
8
f
H

7
8
h
H

8
8
h
H

9
9
d
H

Lap ghp trong he truc co ban
-
6
8
h
E

7
8
h
E

7
7
h
F

6
7
h
F

6
8
h
F

6
7
h
G

6
7
h
H

8
8
h
D

8
9
h
D

8
8
h
E

8
9
h
E

7
8
h
F

8
9
h
F

7
8
h
H

8
8
h
H

9
9
h
D

Kch thuc danh
nghi, mm
S
max
o ho gii han , m
S
min
Ln hon 6
den 10
55
25
56
25
62
25
43
13
37
13
44
13
29
5
24
0
84
40
98
40
69
25
83
25
50
13
71
13
37
0
44
0
112
40
Ln hon 10
den 18
6832
70
32
77
32
52
16
45
16
54
16
35
16
29
0
104
50
120
50
86
32
102
32
61
16
86
16
45
0
54
0
136
50
Ln hon 18
den 30
82
40
86
40
94
40
62
20
54
20
66
20
41
7
34
0
131
65
150
65
106
40
125
40
74
20
105
20
54
0
66
0
169
65
Ln hon 30
den 50
100
50
105
50
11450
75
25
66
25
80
25
50
9
41
0
158
80
181
80
128
50
151
50
89
25
126
25
64
0
78
0
204
80
Ln hon 50
den 80
120
60
125
60
136
60
90
30
79
30
95
30
59
10
49
0
192
100
220
100
152
60
180
60
106
30
150
30
76
0
92
0
248
100
Ln hon 80
den 120
142
72
148
72
161
72
106
36
93
36
112
36
69
12
57
0
228
120
261
120
180
72
213
72
125
36
177
36
89
0
108
0
294
120
Ln hon 120 den 180
165
85
173
85
188
85
123
43
108
43
131
43
79
14
65
0
271
145
308
145
211
85
248
85
146
43
206
43
103
0
126
0
345
145
Ln hon 180 den 250
192
100
201
100
218
100
142
50
125
50
151
50
90
15
75
0
314
170
357
170
244
100
287
100
168
50
237
50
118
0
1440
400
170
127
Bang 4. DI GII HAN CUA CC LAP GHP CHAT C KCH THUC
T 1 N 500MM
(TCVN 2244-99 V 2245-99)
4
5
n
H

4
6
n
H

5
6
r
H

5
6
s
H

6
7
p
H

6
7
r
H

6
7
s
H

7
7
s
H

4
5
h
N

5
6
h
P

- -
6
7
h
P

6
7
h
R

6
7
h
S

-
Kch thuc danh nghia, mm
S
max
o ho gii han , m
S
min
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ln hon 6 den 10
14
4
21
6
25
10
29
14
24
0
28
4
32
8
38
8
Ln hon 10 den 18
17
4
26
7
31
12
36
17
29
0
34
5
39
10
46
10
Ln hon 18 den 30
21
6
31
9
37
15
44
22
35
1
41
7
48
14
56
14
Ln hon 30 den 50
24
6
37
10
45
18
54
27
42
1
50
9
58
18
68
18
Ln hon 50 den 65
28
7
45
13
54
22
66
34
51
2
60
11
72
23
83
23
Ln hon 65 den 80
28
7
45
13
56
24
72
40
51
2
62
13
78
29
89
29
Ln hon 80 den 100
33
8
52
15
66
29
86
49
59
2
73
16
93
36
106
36
Ln hon 100 den 120
33
8
52
15
69
32
94
57
68
3
76
19
101
44
114
44
Ln hon 120 den 140
39
9
61
18
81
38
110
67
68
3
88
23
117
52
132
52
Ln hon 140 den 160
39
9
61
18
83
40
118
75
68
3
90
25
125
60
140
60
Ln hon 160 den 180
39
9
61
18
86
43
126
83
79
4
93
28
133
68
148
68
Ln hon 180 den 200
45
11
70
21
97
48
142
93
79
4
106
31
151
76
168
76
Ln hon 200 den 225
45
11
70
21
100
51
150
101
79
4
109
34
159
84
176
84
Ln hon 225 den 250
45
11
70
21
104
55
160
111
79
4
113
38
169
94
186
94
129
Bang 5. DI GII HAN CUA CC LAP GHP TRUNG GIAN C KCH THUC T 1500mm
(TCVN 2244-99 V 2245-99)
4
5
k
H

4
5
m
H

5
6
s
j
H

5
6
k
H

5
6
m
H

5
6
n
H

6
7
s
j
H

-
6
7
k
H

6
7
m
H

6
7
n
H

7
8
s
j
H

-
7
8
k
H

7
8
m
H

7
8
n
H

4
5
h
K

4
5
h
M

-
5
6
h
K

5
6
h
M

5
6
h
N

-
6
7
h
J
s

6
7
h
K

6
7
h
M

6
7
h
N

-
7
8
h
J
s

7
8
h
K

7
8
h
M

7
8 |
h
N

Kch thuc danh
nghi, mm
S
max
o ho gii han , m
S
min
Ln hon 6 den 10
5
-5
10
0
3
-12
7
-8
12
-3
16
1
4,5
-19,5
7
-6
10
-14
15
-9
19
-5
7
-29
11
-26
16
-21
21
-16
25
-12
Ln hon 10 den 18
6
-7
12
-1
4
-15
9
-10
15
-4
20
1
5,5
-23,5
9
-20
12
-17
18
-11
23
-6
9
-36
13
-31
19
-26
25
-20
30
-15
Ln hon 18 den 30
8
-7
14
-1
4,5
-17,5
11
-11
17
-5
24
2
6,5
-27,5
10
-23
15
-19
21
-13
28
-6
10
-43
16
-37
23
-31
29
-25
36
-18
Ln hon 30 den 50
9
-9
16
-2
5,5
-21,5
13
-14
20
-7
28
1
8
-33
12
-28
18
-23
25
-16
33
-8
12
-51
19
-44
27
-37
34
-30
42
-22
Ln hon 50 den 80
10
-11
19
-2
6,5
-22,5
15
-17
24
-8
33
1
9,5
-39,5
15
-34
21
-28
30
-19
39
-10
15
-61
23
-53
32
-44
41
-35
50
-26
Ln hon 80 den 120
13
-12
23
-2
7,5
-29,5
18
-19
28
-9
38
1
11
-46
17
-39
25
-32
35
-22
45
-12
17
-71
27
-62
38
-51
48
-41
58
-31
Ln hon 120 den 180
15
-15
27
-3
9
-34
21
-22
33
-10
45
2
12,5
52,5
20
-45
28
-37
40
-25
52
-13
20
-83
31
-71
43
-60
55
-48
67
-36
Ln hon 180 den 250
18
-16
31
-3
10
-39
24
-25
37
-12
51
2
14,5
-60,5
23
-52
33
-42
46
-29
60
-15
23
-95
36
-82
50
-68
63
-55
77
-41
130
Phu luc 2
Bang 6. KCH THUC CO BAN CUA LAN
Kieu o lan d D B r
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320

60307
60308
60309
60310
60311
60312
60313
60314
60315

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
52
62
72
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
215
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
2
2
2
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
3
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
4
4
4
4
Chu thich: Cc kch thuc d, D, B, r cua o lan kieu 36000, 46000, 80000, 66000, 42000,
32000, 12000, 2000, 116000, 176000, 92000, 1020000 cng tra theo bang ny theo ba so sau
cng tuong ng.
V du o lan 92311 c d = 55mm, D = 120 mm, B = 29 mm, r = 3 mm.

131
Bang 7. KCH THUC CO BAN CUA THEN HOA RANG CH NHT
d1

a
d D b
Khong nho hon
Kch thuc
danh nghia
Sai lech
gii han
r khong
ln hon
Loai trung
6 13 16 3,5 12,0 - 0,3 0,2 0,2
6 16 20 4,0 14,5 - 0,3 0,2 0,2
6 18 22 5,0 16,7 - 0,3 0,2 0,2
6 21 25 5,0 19,5 - 0,3 0,2 0,2
6 23 28 6,0 21,3 1.95 0,3 0,2 0,2
6 26 32 6,0 23,4 1.34 0,4 0,2 0,3
6 28 34 7,0 25,9 1.65 0,4 0,2 0,3
8 32 38 6,0 29,4 1.70 0,4 0,2 0,3
8 36 42 7,0 33,5 - 0,4 0,2 0,3
8 42 48 8,0 39,5 1.62 0,4 0,2 0,3
8 46 54 9,0 42,7 2.57 0,5 0,3 0,5
8 52 60 10,0 48,7 - 0,5 0,3 0,5
8 56 65 12,0 52,2 2.44 0,5 0,3 0,5
8 62 70 12,0 57,8 2.50 0,5 0,3 0,5
10 72 82 12,0 67,4 2.40 0,5 0,3 0,5
10 82 92 12,0 77,1 0,5 0,3 0,5
132
Bang 8. LAP GHP THEO UNG KNH INH TM d

SAI LECH CO BAN CUA TRUC
Mien dung
sai cua lo
e g h
s
n
H6

5
6
g
H

5
6
s
j
H

H7
8
7
e
H

7
7
f
H

6
7
g
H

7
7
6
7
h
H
h
H

7
7
6
7
s s
j
H
j
H

6
7
n
H

H8
(
9
8
8
8
e
H
e
H

Bang 9. LAP GHP THEO CHIU RNG b (KHI INH TM THEO d)
Mien
dung sai
cua lo d e g h
s
k
F8
8
8
d
F

7
8
f
F

8
8
f
F

7
8
h
F

8
8
h
F

9
8
h
F

7
8
s
j
F

H8

7
8
h
H

8
8
h
H

(
9
8
h
H

7
8
s
j
H

D9
9
9
d
D

8
9
e
D

7
9
f
D

8
9
f
D

9
9
f
D

8
9
h
D

9
9
h
D

7
9
s
j
D

7
9
k
D

D10
9
10
d
D

10
9
10
d
F

8
10
e
F

7
10
f
F

8
10
f
F

9
10
f
F

7
10
h
F

8
10
h
F

9
10
h
F

7
10
s
j
F

7
10
k
F

s
10 10
10
d
J
s

Bang 10. LAP GHP THEO UNG KNH INH TM D
Mien dung
sai cua lo
e g h
s
n
H7

7
7
f
H

6
7
g
H

6
7
h
H

6
7
s
j
H

6
7
n
H

133
H8

7
8
h
H

Bang 11. LAP GHP THEO CHIU RNG b (KHI INH TM THEO D)
Mien dung
sai cua lo
d e g h

s
8
(
9
8
d
F

8
8
e
F

7
8
f
F
8
8
f
F

7
8
h
F
8
8
h
F

7
8
s
j
F

D9
9
9
d
D

8
9
e
D

7
9
f
D

8
9
h
D

7
9
s
j
D

10

9
10
e
F

7
10
f
F

9
10
h
F

s
10
10
10
d
J
s

134
MUC LUC

TRANG
Li ni dau.................................................................................................1
BAI MO U..............................................................................................................2
PHN TH NHT
DUNG SAI LAP GHP
Chuong I: CC KHI NIM CO BAN V DUNG SAI LAP GHP
1.1/ Khi niem ve sai so che tao - sai so do lung cc chi tiet my...3
1.2/ Khi niem ve tnh doi lan trong che tao my ....... .4
1.3/ Quy dinh dung sai v tieu chuan ho .6
1.4/ Khi niem ve kch thuc, sai lech gii han v dung sai 7
1.5/ Lap ghp v cc loai lap ghp. 10
1.6/ Bieu dien bang so do su phan bo mien dung sai lap ghp. 14
Chuong 2: H THNG DUNG SAI LAP GHP B MAT TRON
2.1/ Khi niem ve he thong dung sai lap ghp. 19
2.2/ Noi dung He thong dung sai lap ghp.. 19
2.3/ K hieu sai lech v lap ghp tren ban v. .25
2.4/ Chon kieu lap tieu chuan cho moi ghp khi thiet ke. 27
Chuong 3: SAI LCH HNH DANG, VI TR - NHM B MAT
3.1/ Sai lech v dung sai hnh dang 31
3.2/ Sai lech v dung sai vi tr cc be mat. 35
3.3/ Ghi k hieu sai lech, dung sai hnh dng v vi tr be mat tren
ban v... 38
3.4/ c ding dung sai hnh dng v vi tr be mat... 40
3.5/ Nhm be mat 41
Chuong 4: DUNG SAI CC CHI TIT IN HNH
4.1/ Dung sai lap ghp ren he mt.. 48
4.2/ Dung sai lap ghp cua cc chi tiet lap vi o lan. 53
4.3/ Dung sai lap ghp then 60
4.4/ Dung sai lap ghp then hoa.. 62
4.5/ Dung sai truyen donh bnh rang. .69
Chuong 5: CHUI KCH THUC
5.1/ Cc khi niem co ban. 80
5.2/ Giai chuoi kch thuc. 82
135
PHN TH HA/:
DO LUNG KY THUT
Chuong 6: CO SO O LUNG KY THUT
6.1/ Khi niem ve do lung k thuat 87
6.1/ Khi niem ve do lung k thuat.. 88
Chuong 7: MT S DUNG CU O PH BIN TRONG CO KH
7.1/ Thuc khong c du xch. 91
7.2/ Dung cu do kieu thuc cap.. 91
7.3/ Dung cu do kiem pan me.. .96
7.4/ Can mau. 103
7.5/ Thuc do c mat so - dong ho so. 106
7.6/ Ca lp. 108
Phu luc 1:. 113
Phu luc 2:.. 127
Muc luc:.. 131

Dung Sai Lap Ghep Va Do Luong

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SO GIO DUC VA AO TAO HA NOI

DUNG SAI LAP GHP

hop l nhat duoc. Ngay trong cc my hay bo phan my cng

cng khong giong nhau boi c nhieu yeu to tc dong den n.

). Chi tieu su dung my c the l nhng thong so hnh hoc

ngui thiet ke phai xc dinh duoc

dnh gi th kha nang chnh xc

neu ghi thong so R

: sai so gc proin ren ( pht gc)

doi vi ren vt (4.3)

) doi vi ren dai oc (4.4)

Ciao trinh Do lung k thuat

- dung knh vng chan rang

Sai lech duong

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