BY: Cheryl Hamilton, Tiffany Neuman Leslie Crittendon, Audra Brooks

Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States Childhood overweight rates in the United States have nearly doubled among 2-to 5year-olds and more than tripled among 6-to 19-year-olds in the past three decades

million children in the U.S. are overweight of children aged 2-5 years are obese of children aged 6-11 years are obese

10.4% 19.6% 18.1%

of children aged 12-19 years are obese

 Nearly

a 300% increase since 1979 = epidemic levels cost of obesity in U.S. $117 billion per year obesity several hundred million per year and rising

Total

Pediatric

Body Mass Index Growth Chart

National Survey of Childrens Health, 2007

Early: birth 8 years old

-is a time of incredible physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development

Middle: ages 6-12 years old -time when children develop skills for healthy social relationships & learn roles to help them for a lifetime

first years of life is important for a childs development and lifelong learning first year is also essential for future cognitive, social, emotional, & physical development can influence later success in life Early childhood the brain grows 90% of its size by age 3 children start to develop emotional regulation and attachment, language development, & motor skills

Can be delayed due to environmental stressors & or negative risk factors Stressors can affect: Early & middle childhood sets the step for -health literacy -Self-discipline -The ability to make good decisions about risky situations -Eating habits -Conflict negotiation
childs brain, physical, social, emotional, & cognitive growth

Morals Beliefs Values Traditions Customs Perceive Body Image

Mexican Americans African Americans Native Americans

Exceeds any other ethnic group
in childhood obesity

Obesity can lead to many biases towards the overweight children

It can result in teasing
Approximately 1 in 3 overweight females and 1 in 4 overweight males report being teased by peers at school

Three hypotheses may explain the increase in weight discrimination:

rates of obesity have escalated during the same period. perceived weight discrimination may reflect experiences that have resulted from worsening societal attitudes and the acceptance of weight bias. the media contribute and encourage weight bias and discrimination

Obese children can be stereotyped and blamed for their own weight gain Peers see obese children as lazy, untidy, ugly, stupid, and non-hygienic The constant teasing and ridicule can cause low self-esteem and depression

Parental Obesity Ethnicity Obesity-Promoting genes

 Lack

of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle screen time

Increased

television watching video/computer game playing

Unhealthy Increased Large

eating habits snacking

portion sizes

 Low

parental education

Poverty Urban

communities lack of accessibility and affordability of healthy foods areas without safe

Urban/disadvantaged

outdoor play areas

 Lack

of facilities like safe side walks, bike paths, and safe parks of physical exercise in schools

Lack

Unhealthy

foods and drinks in schools

Family Income (Percent Federal Poverty Limit) <100 100-199 200-399 400-499 500+

Rate of childhood obesity 21.6% 17.4% 15.7% 14.2% 11.5%

This is the age where they start to develop

Asthma Obesity Dental caries Child maltreatment Developmental & behavior disorders

*these conditions tend to affects a childs education, health & well being of the adolescents & adults they will become

 High

blood pressure & high cholesterol risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes
problems; i.e. sleep apnea, asthma

Increased

Respiratory

 Joint Fatty

problems & musculoskeletal discomfort

liver disease, gallstones, gastroesophageal reflux risk for social & psychological problems

Greater

 Heart

disease

Hypertension Stroke

Diabetes
Arthritis

 Cancer

leukemia, breast, colon cancer

Infertility Premature

death

 Television promote Promote

shows and advertisements

poor eating habits

junk food to children

 Parents

fail to see their child as overweight that dont believe excess weight is a health risk establish family eating habits; both good and bad sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children

Parents

Parents

Inactive,

 Working/busy

parents

Dont
Set

teach children healthy habits

bad examples for children

Inactive,

sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children

Its important to start interventions at an early age

Encourage the child to be more active Have healthy snacks available Limit sweetened beverages Limit television and computer time Do activities as a family Be a role model for your kid

Important for growth & development of child Those with healthy weight:
chronic risk factors, such as high BP & dyslipidemia likelihood of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers likelihood of dying at a young age

Influences:
Schools Restaurants Home Making healthy choices: -knowledge & skills -healthier options are available

Knowledge and attitudes Skills Social support Societal and cultural norms Food and agricultural policies Food assistance programs Economic price systems

Access & availability places where people eat appear to influence their diet foods eaten away from home have more calories &lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home marketing also influences childrens food choices

Influenced by calories (energy) consumed & expanded physical activity & changes in diet exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories

Theory of Planned Behavior

Takes into account that the control of behavior is not always voluntary Children are not always in control of their behavior
Parents choose the food thats available to their children Parents can make the child more active and limit their T.V. time Schools limit the amount of healthy meal choices

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Maville, J., Huerta, C. (2013). Health Promotion in Nursing, 3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Cernage Learning National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2013). Childhood overweight and obesity trends. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/childhood-obesity-trends-state-rates.aspx

Phillips, F. (2012). Facing up to childhood obesity. Practice Nurse, 42(11), 14-17. Retrieved from http://0search.ebscohost.com.libcat.ferris.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cin20&AN=2011629391&site=ehost-live
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