Gii m nhng b n ca thi gian

Tr li cu hi Thi gian l g?, t th k th V, Thnh Augustine, nh thn hc lng danh, vit: Nu khng ai hi, th ti bit; nu ti mun gii thch cho mt ngi hi, th ti khng bit. Khi c hi Thng to ra v tr v thi gian nh th no, ng ni, Thng to ra v tr khng phi trong thi gian m cng vi thi gian.

Khng c g m nh con ngi hn thi gian, n gin v s sng v ci cht gn b vi thi gian. c m trng sinh, kh nng lun hi, thin ng v a ngc, linh hn bt t... c s dng nh nhng cch thc vt qua ni s hi trc thi gian. V tht l lng, mc cho nhng bc tin khng l ca khoa hc, nhn thc ca chng ta v thi gian cha vt qua Thnh Augustine mi su th k trc. ng h

THI GIAN L G?

i vi nh vt l (thng thng), thi gian l ci m mt ng h chnh xc o c. Vi nh ton hc, l khng gian mt chiu, c xem l lin tc, nhng c th c chia thnh cc thi khc, ging nh tng tm nh trong mt cun phim. Vi s ng, thi gian l ci lun tri t qu kh qua hin ti ti tng lai. Trong thuyt Tng i, thi gian l chiu th t ca v tr, nhng iu khng c ngha n ng nht vi ba chiu khng gian, v cng thc tnh khong cch khng thi gian khc cng thc tnh khong cch khng gian. S phn bit khng gian v thi gian l b cho quan h nhn qu, vn c vai tr thit yu trong vn hnh v tr. Tuy nhin, mt s nh vt l tin rng, thang bc Planck (10-33 cm v 10-43 giy), l thang bc nh nht cn c ngha vt l, c th khng gian v thi gian khng cn chia tch vi nhau. ng h c kh u tin

O GIC DNG THI GIAN:

Tht l l khi nim dng thi gian rt quen thuc trong cuc sng hng ngy li gy tranh ci mi khng thi gia cc nh t tng. Khi nim dng lin quan vi vn ng. Khng c vn g khi ta ni ti chuyn ng ca mt i tng vt l, nh mt mi tn ang bay v ch chng hn. Ta c th theo di s thay i v tr khng gian ca n trong qu trnh vn ng qua vic xc nh tc v gia tc bay. Ta thng ni v tr vn ng hay bin i i vi thi gian. Vy thi gian bin i i vi ci g? (V vn ng l tng i, nn ta phi xc nh h qui chiu i vi mt vn ng bt k). Trong khi mi dng vn ng khc u to ra mi lin h gia cc qu trnh vt l khc nhau, dng thi gian li lin h thi gian vi chnh n. Khi c hi: Mi tn bay nhanh nh th no?, ta c th ni, chng hn: Vi tc 200 km/gi. Nhng khng ai hi: Thi gian tri nhanh nh th no?; v cu tr li: Vi tc mt giy trn mt giy hon ton v ngha. Hy kho st cch lp lun m cc nh trit hc Hy Lp c Parmenides v Zeno, cng nh nh trit hc Anh th k XIX McTaggart, dng. Gi thuyt Alice hy vng mt Ging sinh c tuyt, nhng c tht vng v hm tri ma; tuy nhin hm sau c vui v tri tuyt. Ta c th t mi lin h gia dng thi gian vi trng thi tinh thn ca c gi nh sau: Ngy 23-12: Alice hy vng ngy Ging sinh c tuyt. Ngy 24-12: Alice tht vng v tri ma. Ngy 25-12: Alice vui v tri ang tuyt.

Trong m t trn, khng c g vn ng hay bin i c, ch l trng thi c th ca th gii ti cc ngy khc nhau (m ta gi l chui s kin A) v trng th i tinh thn ca Alice lin quan vi chng (ta gi l chui s kin B). R rng l tng chui s kin m t chn xc hin thc, ng thi chng li mu thun nhau. Chng hn, s kin Alice tht vng ban u thi tng lai, sau thi hin ti, ri tr thnh qu kh. Nhng qu kh, hin ti v tng lai l cc phm tr loi tr nhau, vy ti sao mt s kin n nht li c thuc tnh ca c ba? McTaggart dng nghch l xem thi gian khng c tht. Tuy nhin phn ln gii vt l t vn t nghim trng hn: dng thi gian khng c tht, nhng bn thn thi gian th c tht, ging nh khng gian.

MI TN THI GIAN:

o gic dng thi gian lin quan vi khi nim mi tn thi gian. Tuy bc b dng thi gian, nhng gii vt l chp nhn mi tn thi gian (ch hng t qu kh qua hin ti ti tng lai), cng nh xem vic phn bit qu kh v tng lai l c c s vt l. Hawking lun gii rt su sc vn ny trong tc phm Lc s thi gian: T v n ln ti l en, xut bn t 1988. Ni chung, cc s bin v tr sp xp theo th t mt chiu. Nh gng ri xung sn s v thnh tng mnh, cn qu trnh ngc li cc mnh v t sn bay ln ghp li thnh gng cha tng xy ra. l bng chng trc tip v r rng ca nguyn l hai nhit ng hc, cho rng mt trt t (entropy) ca mt h c lp lun tng. Gng v mt trt t hn, c entropy ln hn, nn qu trnh gng v li lnh khng th xy ra. i vi con ngi, thi gian tm l cng tri t qu kh ti tng lai nh thi gian nhit ng, v cc qu trnh tm l c c s vt cht l cc qu trnh in ha trong b c, m cc phn ng sinh hc cng tun theo cc qui lut nhit ng hc. Ni cch khc, hai mi tn thi gian nhit ng v tm l trng nhau. (Hawking cn chng minh mi tn v tr gin n sau Big Bang cng ch hng nh th; tuy nhin ta c th b qua lp lun ny, v khi v tr co li (ngc vi gin n), mi tn cng khng i chiu. iu chng t vic gn mi tn thi gian vi s gin n c th khng xc ng). Chnh v gng v khng lnh m c s bt i xng gia qu kh v tng lai theo trc thi gian. Mi tn thi gian hnh tng ha s bt i xng ca th gii theo thi gian, ch khng phi s bt i xng ca dng thi gian. Mi tn thi gian ch hng v tng lai. Nhng iu khng c ngha n bay v tng lai; ging nh kim la bn lun ch phng bc, nhng khng chy v phng bc. C hai mi tn u hnh tng ha s bt i xng, ch khng phi vn ng hay s bin dch. Nh vy mi tn thi gian ch ra s bt i xng trong thi gian, ch khng phi s bt i xng ca dng thi gian. V cc khi nim qu kh v tng lai trong thi gian cng ging nh khi nim pha trn v pha di trong khng gian. Tng quan gia chng ty thuc vo h qui chiu, vo bn cht th gii vt cht xung quanh. Chng hn, vi ngi Vit Nam, cm nhn pha trn c th ngc 180o vi cm nhn ca ngi M pha bn kia a cu. Ni cch khc, s bt i xng theo thi gian l mt thuc tnh ca cc trng thi v tr, ch khng phi l thuc tnh ca bn thn thi gian. V trong v tr, ch ngi quan st c thc mi ghi nhn c dng thi gian (khi ta ng, tc trng thi di thc, nim dng thi gian hon ton bin mt). ng h cng khng o dng thi gian, m ch o khong cch thi gian gia cc s kin. V th c th dng

thi gian l c im ch quan trong tm tr con ngi, ch khng phi l thuc tnh khch quan ca v tr.

TRIT HC CA THI GIAN:

Tuy rt kiu ngo, nhng trc nhng b n ca thi gian, cc nh vt l cng phi cu cu gii trit hc. Theo Carlo Rovelli, mt chuyn gia hng u v hp dn lng t, l thuyt hin i nht v khng thi gian, ng gp ca trit hc i vi quan nim mi v khng thi gian s rt quan trng. C nhiu v d minh ha cho nhn nh ny, tiu biu nht l bi ton thi gian ng cng. Bi ton xut hin khi gii l thuyt c gng lng t ha thuyt tng i rng bng mt qui trnh gi l lng t ha chnh tc. Qui trnh c p dng rt tuyt cho thuyt in t, nhng vi thuyt tng i, sn phm ca n phng trnh Wheeler DeWitt khng c bin thi gian. Ni mt cch nm na, phng trnh ch ra rng, v tr khng thay i m ng cng trong thi gian. Kt qu sai lm c th xut pht t qui trnh k thut, nhng c th bt ngun t cn nguyn su xa hn: tnh ng bin tng qut, xem cc qui lut vt l nh nhau vi mi ngi quan st. Vt l quan nim nguyn l theo ngha hnh hc (tng i tng qut l l thuyt hnh hc v khng thi gian): hai ngi quan st s cm nhn khng thi gian c hai hnh dng khc nhau, ty thuc vo h qui chiu ring ca mnh. Hai hnh dng l phin bn bin dng mt cch trn tru ca nhau, nh tch c ph l phin bn bin dng ci bt n cm chng hn. Tnh ng bin ni rng, s khc nhau khng c ngha; v hai hnh hc hon ton tng ng nhau v mt vt l. Khong 20 nm trc, cc nh trit hc Earman v Norton thuc i hc Pittsburgh cho rng tnh cht tng qut nu trn c h lun ng ngc nhin vi mt cu hi truyn thng: Khng gian v thi gian tn ti c lp i vi vt cht (thuyt tn ti c lp) hay chng ch n gin l mt phng thc nhn to xem cc thc th vt l lin h vi nhau nh th no (thuyt tng quan)? Theo li Norton, chng ging nh giy v cc ha s v ln; do chng lun tn ti cho d c ha s hay khng? Hay chng ging nh tnh bn; v tnh bn ch xut hin khi c nhng ngi bn? C l n nay gii vt l thin v thuyt quan h, iu Thnh Augustine ni t lu. Tuy nhin chnh quan h lun li dn ti bi ton thi gian ng cng: Hnh hc khng gian c th bin i theo thi gian, nhng v cc hnh hc l tng ng v vt

l, nn khng gian thc ra khng thay i hay b ng cng (v mt vt l). V n cng c th mu thun vi c lng t: nu khng - thi gian khng c ngha c nh, ti sao c th tin hnh quan st ti mt v tr khng - thi gian xc nh, nh thuyt lng t cho thy (s suy sp hm sng khi tin hnh quan st)? Cn nhn mnh rng, ngay c cc l thuyt hp dn lng t (cc l thuyt khng thi gian hin i nht) cng bt lc trc vn ni trn. Gii l thuyt dy xem khng thi gian tn ti trc, v h ch vit phng trnh cho cc dao ng ca dy trong m thi. Thuyt hp dn lng t vng th cho rng cc lng t khng gian v thi gian ghp ni vi nhau to thnh khng - thi gian v v tr; nhng cng khng cho bit thi gian l g v cc lng t ca n t u m c. Quan nim ca Engels (khng - thi gian l hnh thc tn ti ca vt cht v vn ng) cng ch l mt kiu quan h lun m thi. C th ni, bi ton bn cht ca thi gian ch c th h m khi khoa hc xy dng c mt l thuyt hp dn lng t hon chnh. Vn l khng ai bit khi no th xut hin bc t ph .

DU HNH XUYN THI GIAN:

C th du hnh ti tng lai hay quay v qu kh hay khng? Cu tr li l cc nguyn l vt l khng cm, nhng nhng ro cn k thut th khng th vt qua trong v tr m chng ta ang sng. Cch duy nht du hnh ti tng lai l dng hiu ng thi gian tri chm trn con tu v tr bay rt nhanh ca thuyt tng i hp. Nu ri Tri t trn con tu tng tc lin tc vi gia tc trng trng ( c th chu mt lc gia tc thun li ng bng sc ht Tri t), th sau mt nm c th t gn ti tc nh sng. Tip tc gia tc, ta c th bay nhanh xp x nh sng. Khi chuyn bay ti trung tm Ngn h ri quay v (khong cch c 60 ngn nm nh sng) ch mt 40 nm, trong khi trn Tri t, 600 th k tri qua. Bn s gp tng lai nhn loi, vi bit bao vt i sao di, nu loi ngi vn cn tn ti. Mc d khng mt qui lut vt l no ngn cn chuyn du hnh th v , nhng nhng kh khn k thut th kh lng vt qua. Chng hn, nng lng cn thit, ngay c khi bin i khi lng hon ton thnh nng lng theo h thc E = mc2, cn ln hn c khi lng hnh tinh!

Kh nng du hnh ngc thi gian cn kh khn hn nhiu, tuy cc qui lut khoa hc cng khng h cm on. Vn l to c b my thi gian thch hp. Kh nng u tin do Frank Tipler, H Maryland, a ra nm 1973, lin quan vi mt k d trn tri quay rt nhanh (k d l im c mt v hn, v nh l en). Khi cu trc khng thi gian b trng hp dn qu mnh lm xon, khin mt chiu khng gian c thay bng thi gian. Con tu v tr bay thn trng gn c th may mn gp mt qu o m phi hnh on tng vn ang xuyn qua khng gian, nhng li l xuyn thi gian. Khi ri xa im k d, con tu s xut hin mt thi gian khc, nh thi ngi tin s ang sng trong hang chng hn. Kh nng ny khng kh nh ta tng: mt hnh tr di 100 km, rng 10 km, cha vt cht c mt ca sao neutron (100 triu tn/cm3), quay hai ngn vng mt giy l t yu cu. Trong v tr, mt s sao xung gn t tiu chun ny. Loi my thi gian th hai lin quan vi l su (wormhole), tc h ng hm xuyn khng - thi gian, ging l su c trn qu to ca bn. Theo thuyt tng i rng, l su c th ni mt l en vng khng - thi gian ny vi mt l en hay l trng vng khng - thi gian khc (ngc vi l en lun ht vt cht v nng lng, l trng l ni phun nng lng. Big Bang chnh l mt l trng nh vy). Quan nim v l su xut hin trong vt l mt cch kh hi hc. S l nh thin vn Carl Sagan, tc gi ca vin cnh ma ng ht nhn ni ting, vit mt cun sch vin tng v du hnh qua l en i t tri t ti sao Vega gi nh. V mun cc lp lun khoa hc chnh xc ti a, Sagan nh Kip Thorne, mt chuyn gia v trng hp dn ca Vin Cng ngh California, tnh ton. Cui 1985, Thorne nhn thy rng, l su c th m khi cha loi vt cht k l c sc cng rt ln chng li lc hp dn l en. Thch hp nht l cc dy v tr, loi vt cht gi thuyt di dng cc ng nng lng nh hn kch thch nguyn t tri di trn ton v tr. Nu c tht, v lun c vo l su, n c kh nng gi cho l su lun lun m ng vai mt ng hm xuyn qua khng - thi gian. l kt lun rt th v v mt khoa hc, nhng Thorne rt s ngi khc ci nho v cho rng ng b in khi nghin cu kh nng du hnh xuyn thi gian. C l khng bit Tipler chng h hn g khi nghin cu b my thi gian, nn ng rt lo khi hc tr cng b cng trnh, ngh nghip ca h s tiu tan trc khi bt u. Nghin cu cn trng v b mt vi Mike Morris v Ulvi Yurtsever, ng dn t thuyt phc bn thn rng, qu tht phng trnh Einstein cho php l su ni cc im thi gian vi nhau v do c th ng vai b my thi gian. n 1988, ba ngi cng b kt qu trn tp ch ni danh Physical Review Letters. Vn lo s phn ng khng thun li,

ng yu cu lnh o Vin khng nhng gi im lng m cn kin quyt cm mi ngi bn lun v cng trnh! Kt qu ngc vi lo lng ca Thorne. C gii chuyn mn v cng chng u rt ho hng vi kh nng du hnh xuyn thi gian, d ch trn l thuyt. Ngh nghip ca ng thng tin r rt, hai hc tr c nhiu ni mi lm vic. Theo gng ng, nhiu nh vt l cng b cc kt qu nghin cu chuyn su vi bn c i chng, mt vic c nhiu pha hoan nghnh. Vin Cng ngh California tr thnh thnh a ca kh nng du hnh xuyn thi gian. Ngay lp tc xut hin hng lot tc phm v du hnh xuyn khng thi gian. Trong khi gii chuyn mn thin v cc kha cnh khoa hc v trit l, th gii nghip d hn hoan tuyn b, chnh l cch nhn loi du hnh hng ti tng lai hay quay v qu kh! Nhng nghch l ng ni c th lm ngui nim phn khch . Gi s bn du hnh ngc v qu kh v l tay lm cht ng ni khi ng cn b t, lc ng cha sinh cha bn. Khng c cha th ti sao li c bn m du hnh ngc thi gian? Cng c kin cho rng, c th bn khng gp ng ni, nhng ch l ngy bin (ti sao li khng?). l l do Hawking a ra c on bo v trnh t thi gian, cho rng cc qui lut vt l cm mt thc th v m du hnh xuyn thi gian. Mun du hnh nh th, cn nhy vo l en, v ngay lp tc bn b nghin nt thnh cc ht c bn, qua l su phun tro ra mt l trng ti vng khng - thi gian khc. Ch cc ht c bn tng to nn cp chn di gi cm, ch khng phi chnh c ngi mu, mi tri nghim chuyn du hnh k th .

XC NH THI GIAN:

Loi ngi c gng xc nh chnh xc thi gian trong sut tin trnh lch s ca mnh. Khoa hc cng ngh pht trin gip vic o c ngy cng chnh xc; ngc li, o c thi gian chnh xc cng thc y s pht trin khoa hc cng ngh trong s pht trin chung ca loi ngi. Ngy nay h thng nh v ton cu cho php ton nhn loi thng nht trong hnh ng v mt thi gian. Theo bng chng kho c, ngi Babylone v ngi Ai Cp bt u o thi gian t nht t 5000 nm trc. Ho xy dng lch da trn ba chu trnh t nhin: ngy mt tri theo chu trnh sng ti da trn s t quay ca tri t; thng mt trng da theo chuyn ng ca mt trng quanh tri t; v nm mt tri, da trn chuyn ng ca

tri t quanh mt tri. Dng lch ngy nay (Lch Gregory) bt ngun t lch ca ngi Babylone, ngi Ai Cp, ngi Do Thi v ngi La M. Ngi Ai Cp, Hy Lp v La M ch ra ng h mt tri, ng h nc v cc loi ng h khc. ng h c vn hnh bng vt nng xut hin ln u ti Bedfordshire, nc Anh, nm 1283. n ngy Ging sinh nm 1656, ng h qu lc u tin xut hin do ng gp trc tip ca nh thin vn hc an Mch Brahe v nh thin vn v ton hc H Lan Huyghens, cng s gp sc ca nhiu nh khoa hc khc, chng hn Galilei. Ngy nay khoa hc dng cc dao ng di nguyn t m thi gian. Nm 1967, ngi ta nh ngha giy l khong thi gian bng 9.192.631.770 chu k bc x ng vi s chuyn di gia hai mc siu tinh t ti trng thi c bn ca nguyn t cesium 133. ng h nguyn t chnh xc nht hin nay c chnh xc 10-17, tc ch sai mt giy sau khong ba t nm. Tuy nhin chng c tui th khng cao so vi ng h c kh. Vi cng ngh hin hnh, cc k s c th ch to ng h c kh ch sai mt giy sau mt nm m tui th t ti 12 ngn nm. V nguyn tc, c th t chnh xc v hn, nhng hp dn v chuyn ng lm thi gian co gin (thuyt tng i hp), nn ng h no cng s c sai s. Cc nh khoa hc hy vng trong tng lai rt gn, c th t chnh xc 10, tc ng h ch sai mt giy sau ba trm ngn t nm! Mc chnh xc rt cn thit to cc xung laser atto giy (10-18 giy) hay iu khin cc chuyn bay v tr.

THI GIAN SINH HC, THI GIAN TM L V THI GIAN VN HA:

Thi gian sinh hc quan trng nht l nhp ngy m, do nhp sng ti v thng ging a t qui nh. Khi nh sng ti vng mc, n qua nhn trn cho th gic ri ti nhn cn tht dng s ch tit melatonin ca tuyn tng, mt tuyn ni tit thn kinh gia vai tr iu nhp ca c th. Khi khng c thng tin v chu trnh sng ti, tuyn tng o c cc thng ging a t, cng c chu k 24 gi, iu nhp. Ch trong lng Faraday kn (ngn c c tn hiu sng ti v tn hiu a t), cc nhp sinh hc (nhp tim, nhp tit ni tit t, nhp ngng au...) mi ri lon, vi chu k 25, ch khng phi 24 gi nh thng l. Hi chng tr do cc chuyn bay (jet -lag), tc mt s iu ha c th sau mt chuyn bay xuyn lc a c th ngn nga bng melatonin l v vy.

C th sinh vt cng nhy cm vi nhp mt trng (28 ngy), nhp ma v nhp nm. C ch ca chng cn cha c hiu r. l cch thc cc sinh h hnh x ng iu vi mi trng nhm tit kim nng lng v tng cng kh nng sinh tn. Thi gian tm l c xc nh nh cc cu trc no nh hi hi m hay thy thi dng. Tn thng ti dn ti cc ri lon tr nh nh khng truy xut c k c qu kh hay khng th to k c mi. Tuy nhin vic gii on thi gian cn ph thuc vo cm xc v cc hot ng tinh thn cao cp khc. Giai thoi v bp l nng v c gi p ca Einstein l minh ha cho iu ny. V cng l cn nguyn ca quan nim xem dng thi gian ch l o gic, tc ch l mt c tnh ch quan ca tr c, ch khng phi l thuc tnh khch quan ca v tr. Cui cng, quan nim thi gian cn ph thuc vo cc chiu kch vn ha v x hi. Tr vi pht khi tr li phng vn xin vic c th gy h qu nghim trng, nhng d tic ci ti Si Gn th tr hng ting vn khng sao.

CC LOI TUI THEO THI GIAN Mi ngi c nhiu loi tui (richardcorbett) Ngi Vit rt coi trng tui, v th trong ting Vit "tn" vi "tui" thng i lin. C iu, loi tui m chng ta thng hi thm, mng tui trong dp u xun ch cung cp rt t thng tin lin quan n s bin i v t cht ca con ngi. Trong khoa hc cn s dng nhiu loi tui khc.

Tui thi gian

Th tui chng ta thng hi thm nhau hng ngy, khoa hc gi l "tui thi gian", k hiu l CA (Chronological Age), ch thi gian mt con ngi sng, tnh t khi sinh ra trn i. Tui ny cng c th gi l "tui hnh chnh", v c s dng trong cc th giy t nh giy khai sinh, chng minh th, h khu... Tuy nhin, loi tui ny khng phi lc no cng tng xng vi trnh pht trin ca con ngi trn cc phng din, do trong mt s lnh vc khoa hc nh sinh hc, y hc, tm l, gio dc, x hi hc... ngi ta cn s dng nhng loi tui khc.

Tui sinh l Tui sinh l phn nh mc pht trin ca con ngi v mt sinh l. Cc kt qu quan st v nghin cu cho thy vng nhit i, nhng ni c iu kin dinh dng tt, tc pht trin v sinh l thng sm hn tui thi gian. Cn vng hn i, nhng ni c iu kin dinh dng km v nhng ngi mc mt s chng bnh mn tnh, tc pht trin v sinh l thng tt hu so vi thi gian. V d, trong s nhng b gi 10 tui, mt s em c kinh nguyt, trong khi mt s khc li cha c nhng c trng v mt gii tnh. Tc pht trin v sinh l ca con ngi ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu, ch dinh dng, cc iu kin kinh t, vn ha, x hi... Ni chung, s pht trin ca con ngi v mt sinh l thng khng ng b vi thi gian sng. V vy khng th coi "tui sinh l" v "tui thi gian" l ging nhau.

Tui tr lc
Trong gio dc, ngi ta s dng ch s thng minh IQ (Intelligence Quetidient). IQ thc cht l loi "tui tr lc" - MA (Mental Age), v n phn nh trnh pht trin v tr lc ca con ngi. Ni c th hn, ch s IQ c tnh ton da trn "mc pht trin tiu chun", tng ng vi tng tui. Th d, mt em b 10 tui tr li y cc cu hi trc nghim - c coi l chun mc v pht trin tr lc ca tr 10 tui - th s c IQ = 100. Nu l em b thng minh khc thng, khng nhng tr tt cc cu hi dnh cho 10 tui, m cn tr li y nhng cu hi ca tui 12, th s c ch s IQ = 120. Ngc li, mt em b 10 tui khng c kh nng tr li ng tt c cu hi ca tui mnh, m ch tr li ng nhng cu hi ca tr 8 tui, th IQ khi bng 80. Cc s liu trc nghim trong nhiu nm cho thy, i a s dn chng c s tr lc trung bnh, tc l IQ xp x bng 100; khong 18% c IQ cao hn trung bnh (110 - 119) v 15% c IQ thp hn trung bnh (80 - 89). Nhng ngi c IQ t 120 tr ln c xem l thng minh c bit; cn IQ thp hn 70 th xp vo loi tr lc chm pht trin, thp hn na l cc dng khuyt tt tr lc... Tuy nhin, tui tr lc hay IQ ch phn nh tng i ng v kh nng theo hc trong cc trng ph thng, m cha th phn nh y mc thng minh thc s, cng nh nng lc tim n trong mt con ngi.

Tui tm l
Loi th 2 l "tui tm l". Tui tm l bao qut c tui tr lc; n phn nh nhng c trng tm l ca con ngi theo tng tui. Cc chuyn gia tm l cho rng cuc sng tm l ca con ngi c giai on chnh: tui u th, tui trc mu gio, tui mu gio, tui i hc, tui v thnh nin, tui trung nin v lo nin. Mi mt thi k u c nhng c trng nht nh v mt tm l. V d, trong tui mu gio, hot ng tm l tr nh thin v trc gic, tui thanh xun nhiu m mng, tui lo nin thng hoi c...

Tui x hi
Tui ny phn nh v nng lc x s v kh nng thch ng vi hon cnh x hi ca mi con ngi; cng c th gi l trnh x hi ha ca con ngi. Tui x hi ph thuc nhiu vo trnh vn ha, s tng tri, kinh nghim sng v mc thnh thc v phng din tm l. Trong sinh hot hng ngy chng ta thng thy c mt s em mi t tui m x th rt lo luyn, thch ng rt nhanh vi nhng bin ng trong x hi; trong khi c mt s ngi tui ln m c x nh tr con, i vi nhng s vic din ra trong cuc sng vn ng ngh nh "g cng nghip".

Tui tng hp T thi xa xa, ngi phng ng thng s dng mt loi tui khc, c th gi l "tui tng hp", v bao gm s pht trin con ngi v tr lc - tm l - x hi, ng thi cn cp ti nhng mc tiu c th, trong tng giai on. - Giai on 1: "Thp hu ng nhi ch vu hc" - ngha l 15 tui th ht tm tr vo vic hc; ni cch khc, thiu thi cn tp trung vo vic tu dng, xc nh ch hng v tch ly kin thc.

- Giai on 2: "Tam thp nhi lp" - 30 tui lp thn, lp nghip - tr vng, c ngh nghip, vic lm, c kh nng nui sng bn thn v gia nh, xc nh v tr ca mnh trong x hi. - Giai on 3: "T thp nhi bt hoc" - 40 tui khng cn m hoc, n tui ny th chn chn, lch duyt; c kin thc v kinh nghim phong ph, nn i vi nhng vic din ra trong x hi c chnh kin r rng, kin nh, khng cn nghi ng (bt hoc). - Giai on 4: "Ng thp nhi tri thin mnh" - 50 tui th bit r s mnh ca mnh; nm vng quy lut t nhin v x hi, bit c xu th ca thi cuc, nn cng vic thng thun li v d dng i n thnh cng. - Giai on 5: "Lc thp nhi nh thun" - 60 tui th khng cn chng tai gai mt; do l gii ng cn nguyn ca mi vic din ra xung quanh v thu hiu nhn tnh th thi, nn d thng cm v c thi khoan dung hn - nhn s vic khng cn thy chng tai gai mt (thun nh); khng nh tui tr hiu bit cn nng cn, nn trc nhiu s vic thng cm thy kh chu, bc mnh. - Giai on 6: "Tht thp nhi tng tm s dc, bt du cu" - Ti tui 70, c lai hy th t n cnh gii c o tm tnh v o hp nht, mi th thnh bn nng nn ngh g hay lm g cng u hp o, chng vi phm php tc (bt du cu = khng vt ra ngoi quy tc). Su giai on cuc i do Khng T t ra khi qut y s pht trin ca con ngi theo thi gian - trn tt c phng din. C th ni, l mt m hnh l tng v s pht trin ng b - hi ha - ton din ca con ngi cng vi thi gian. C l chnh v vy, cho d hin ti trong khoa hc xut hin nhiu loi tui, m chng ta vn thch s dng n loi tui ny.