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A VISUAL DICT-IONARY OF

ARCH ·ITECTURE
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AlZ~H)
FRANCIS D.K. CHING
fER~ANr7~l
Digitally signed by Arch. Francis
V. Fernandez
DN: cn=Arch. Francis V.
Fernandez, o=SpiralArchitect,
ou=Architecture,
email=archfrancisfernandez@y
mail.com, c=PH
Date: 2009.06.06 05:53:27
+08'00'
i
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A
f VISUAL DICTIONARY
OF
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ARCH ITECTU RE

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FRANCIS D.K. CHING

A VNR BOOK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC

NEW YORK CHICHESTER WEINHEIM BRISBANE SINGAPORE TORONTO
This book is printed on acid·free paper. 8

CopYright @1995 'ry John Wiley &Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneou5~ in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in arry
form or by arTy means, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording, scanning or otherwise,
except as ~rmitteJ under Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, without
either the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the

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appropr~ per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvere, MA
01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon should

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be add~ to the f'enni55loos Department, John M.~ & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Avenue, New
York, NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@W1lEY.COM. gin
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This publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information in regard to the
the

subject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqaged In
se

rende:ing professiot131 servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, the
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services of a competent professional person should be oought.

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U~ralj' of Congre% Cataloging-irH'uuncatlon Data:

ISBN 0-471-28451-3
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Printed in ~e United S~ of America.

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20191817 16 15 1413 12
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 (ONTENTS

PREFACE 7

ARCHITECTURE 9 FORCE 96 PLASTIC 192

ARCH 12 FORTIFICATION 98 PLATE 194
BEAM 15 FOUNDATION 100 PLUMBING 196
BRICI< 18 FRAME 104 REINFORCED CONCRETE 202
BUILDING 21 GEOMETRY 108 ROOF 208
CABLE STRUcnJRE 28 GLASS 112 ROOM 216
CEILING 30 HARDWARE 114 SHEll 219
CERAMIC 32 HEAT 117 . SITEWORK 221
CHURCH 35 HISTORY 128 SOIL 224

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COLOR 38 HOUSE 136 SOLAR ENERGY 226

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COLUMN 40 JOINERY 140 SOUND 228

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CONCRETE 42 LIGHT 142 STAIR 233
CONSTRUCTION 48 LOAD 151 gin STONE 236
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DESIGN 52 MASONRY 155 - 'STRUCTURE 238
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DOME 60 MATERIAL 161 SURVEY 246
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DOOR 62 MEASURE 166 TEMPLE 248

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DRAWING 66 MEMBRANE 168 THEATER 256

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ELECTRICITY 74 METAL 16? TRUSS 259

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ELEVATOR 80 MOISTURE CONTROL 176 VAULT 262.

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FASTENING 82 ORDER 179 VISION 264

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FIREPLACE 87 ORNAMENT 182 WAll 266

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FIRE SAFETY 88 PAINT 187 WINDOW 271

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flOOR 92 PLASTER 188 WOOD 276

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INDEX 285
 PREFACE
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One picture is
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Just as a single image can be worth a
worth a thousand thousand words, a single word can
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words conjure up in the mind's eye a
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thousand images. Regardless of t.he
power of a solitary word or image,
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however, each communicates meaning
more effectively when brought
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together into a sfngle preserrtatlon.
The symbiotic relationship between
i graphic and verbal communication is
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I·
~ architecture.
I Instead of an alphabeticallistil19 of
I illustrations, and scan fer the terms.
~ entries as found in most dictionaries,
the information is clustered around
basic aspects of architecture as
outlined in the table of contents.
Within each section, words are placed
in a visual context which further
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explains, clarifies. and completes
their meaning.
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The reader may use this dctionary in a Included are fundamental terms
number ofw3'js.lf one trows the exact relating to architectural deSign,
term and wants to find CiJt rts history, and technology. Since
meaning, then one can 1001: it up in the architectcre is a visual art, most of
index. Looki~ up one term will always the entries naturally lend _themselves
present related terms arTa:1ged to graphic representation. Some are
around one or more illust<ations. more abstract but are included to
help clarify related terms or to
If one does not Know the precise teim, complete the treatment of a subject.
then one can lOOK up the ~eneral Others are inserted simply because
subject either in the table of contents they are of historical Interest.
or the Index. One can then refer to the
This is a book for the curious to
appropriate section, brOn-5e the
browse as well as a desktop reference
for the student of archltectuJe. The'
While browsing, if one encounters an
compilation of words and definitions
entry or a word used in a definrtion
is not intended to be exhaustive.
that is unfamiliar. one C3', look rt up in
RAther, the selection is designed to
the index.
be comprehensive enough to reflect
the rich, complex. and
multidimensional nature of
architecture.
7
 l, ;

Archftut.ure Is an 1rt for aU to !earn because an are concerned with It. -John Ruskin· Archltect1Jre depends on

Order. Arran~ Eur:;thmy, Sym metry, Propriety, and Economy. All of these must Pc built with d~ reference to t,
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dUl'3billty, convtn1enu, and beauty. ~urabll;ty will lie assured when foundations are carrleJdown to the solId ground

and ~Is wl~ and liberally selected; convenience, when the amngement of the apartments Is faultless and
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presents no hindrance to use, and when each class of building Is assigned to Its sultal1le ana approprlateexposure; and I

pe~uty. when the appeal'3nce of the work Is pleasing and In good taste. and when Its members are In due proportion

accordtng to correct principles of symmetry. -Vltruvlus • Architecture Is the masterly. correct and magn iflcent play

of maS6eSproughttDgetherln light. -leCorpusler· Anyone entering on the studyofarchitecture must understand

that even though a plan may have abstract peauty on paper. the four facades may seem weU,palanced and the total

I'Olume wen-p~. the pulldlng Itseff may turn out to Pe poor architecture. Internal space, thAt Sp3ce which

cannot ~ completefy rtpresent:ed In any fonn, which can De grasped and felt only through direct expmence.ls the
p"*,gonlstof .archttecture. Tograsp space, to know how to see It. Is the ~eytothe understandingoflnJikllng. -Bruno
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levi- Arch~re,palntlng,and sculpture are callecl the flnearts. They appeal to the eye as music does to thet3r.

Butarchitut-ure Is not judged Pyvlsual appeal alone. BUildings affect all of the human senses- sound, smell, touch,

taste. and vision. -Forrest Wilson· It became apparent to us that architecture Is generally assumed to be a h~hly

specialized system with a set of prescribed technical goals rather than a sensual soci31 art responsive to real human

desires and feel1ngs. This nmltatlon Is mostfrlghtenlngly manifested In the renanceontwo-dimenslonaldi34rams that

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lay more stress on the 'luanttfla ble features ofbuJldlng organ1z3tion than on the polychromatlc and thr~-dlmensI011al

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I\ualJtlesofthewholearchltectural experience. -Kent Btoomer&Ch3r!es Moore • The only I'4'Jj'OU C3n 1nJ1ld. the only

ny you can get the ~u!ldtng Into being. Is through the me3sura~le. You must follow tr.e laws of nature and use gin
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I\uantltles of ~rk;l::. methods of construction, and engineering. But In the end. when the lnJildlng Pecomes p3rt of living.
the

It evokes unmea5'Jral11e qualities, and the spirit of Its existence takes (J·m. -l.ools Kahn • Built environments have
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varioltS purposes: to shdter people and their activities ana possessions from the elements. from human and anImal

enemies, and from supernatural powers; to esta~nsh place: to create a hum.in!z.ed, safe area In a profane and
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poten tsally dangerous !York.:; to stress social identity and Indicate status; .indsoon. Thus the origins of archi~re
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are ~ understood If one ta~es a wider view ana considers sociocultural factors, In the broadest sense. to Pc more

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Im~"t than chrnate, ~hnology, materials. and economy. In any sltuatlon,lt Is the Interplay of all th~ factors
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th4t Pcstexpblns thefonn of ~ulldlngs. No single explanation wfllsufflu. ~use InJlldlngs - even appart11tly humPle -
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dwcUl"4S- are I'IOrCthan materlalo~ects or structures. They arelnstlMlons, baslc cultlJ;.i Iphcnomen.. Pecplethlnk
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environments Veforc they ~lk:I them. Thought orders space. time, actlvIty: status, roles, and ~ehavlor. But gr.-Jng

physlcalexpreS$lon to kleas Is valuable. Encoding laeas makes them useful mnemonics; Ideas help Penavior Dy remInding
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people of how to ~ how to !leh3ve. ana what Isexpec1'...ed of them. It Is Important to stress UutalllnJlJtenvlronments
-~,~, and landscapes - are one W<rJ of orJerlng the world by making ordering systems vlsMe. The

esstntIal step. therefore, Is the ordering or organizing of the environment. -Amos Rapaport • Ruskin said: 'Great

natlonswrlte their allto~raphles In thrumanuscrlpts, the rookofthelrt!eeds, the book of their words and the ~ook

of ~Ir art. Not one of these ~ooks can I1e understood unless we rt3d the two others, but of the three the only
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trust~or.e Is the last.' On the whole I think this Is true.lfl had to say which W3S telling the truth arout society.

a spll('JCh bya ministerof' housing orthe actual ~ulldlngs put up In his time. I shoukl "elievethe InJlldfngs. -Kenneth Cla~

• We requ/reofarry rulldlng. that It act well. anddo the things It was Intended to do In the Pest way; that Its~k well,
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and S3y the things It was Intenaed to S3y In the Pest words; that It look well. and please us by Its presence. whatever

It has to do or ~. -John Ruskin • Archltuture also exists without necessary assistance from an architect; and L
architects sometlmescreate buildings which are not architecture. -Noryal White· Archfttcture Is proJuud \;y

ordinary people. for ordinary people; therefore It should pe easily comprehensib~ to all. -Steen Eiler R3slT'ussen
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The ART
architecture The product or result of archit tural work: ~u~ldlngs. collectively.

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and SCIENCE

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architecture

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of DESIGNING
the

architecture The profession of designing Duildlngs and other ha~1 ~le environments.
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and CONSTRUCTING
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 ARCHITECTURE

art
The consclenu use of skill craft. and
creative lm.1glnatk>n In the production of
what Is beautiful appeallng. or of more than
ordil'l3l)' slgnlflcanu.

aesthetics
The branch of philosophy that deals with
the nature of art. beauty. ana tJste. with a
view to estabhshlng the meaning and
valiatty of clitlcalJudgments conceming
wori::s of art. Also. esthetics.
beauty delight
The aggregate of qualities In a person or A high degree of pleasure or
thing that gives Intense pleasure to the enjoyment. i J
senses or deep satlsfactlon to ~ mind or
spirit. whether arising from harmony of
fonn or color. excellence of craft.
trutirfulness. originality. or other. often
unspeGlfIal7!e property.
taste
CriticalJudgment. discernment. or
appreciatlon of what Is fitting. harmonious.
or beautiful prevailing in a culture or u
personal to an Il1<.Ilvldual

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environmental design url1an design
The ordering of the physical environment by
me3ns of archlt.xture. e~lnurlng.
construction. landscape architecture.
The 3spectof architecture and city
planning that de3ls with the design of
urban structures and spaces.
urban design. and city planning.
city planning
The actMtyor profession of determining the future
physical arrangement and condition of 3 community.
involving an appraisal of the current conditions. 3
forecast of future requirements. a plan for the
fulflllment of these reqUirements, and proposals for
legal. financial. and constructional programs to
Implement the plan. Also called town planning.
urean planning.
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inUrior design
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The art.l7tJslness. or profession of
p13nnlng the design and supervising tr.e
~utlon of archttecturallntulors.
,
includlng their color schemes.
fumishi~s. fittings. finishes. and
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sometimes architectural features.
space pIa nnjng
The 3Spect of archItecture and Interior
desIgn that deals with the planning. layout.
design. and furnishing of spaces within a
proposed Of' exIstIng building.
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 ARCHITECTURE

science
A branch of knowledge dealing with a body
of facts or truths olrtalned!1y direct
observation. experimental Investigation.
and methodical study. systematically
arranged and showing the operation of
generallal'ls.
technology
Applied science: the branch of knowledge

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that deals with the creation and use of
technical methods and materials. and their
Interrelation with life. society. and the
environment.
technics .;:t:,~:::~~~,-~~:."', t'\

.·~~~~~~~i~jl:'~tl~"
The SCience of an art or of the arts In
general.
tectonics
The science or art of shaping. omamentlng.
or assembling materials In construction.
architectonics .. )".

The unifying structure or concept of an

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firmness engineering
The state or quality of uelng solidly The art ana science of applying scientific
con 5 tructed. principles to practical ends in the design
ana construction of structures. equipment.

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anthropoiogy. that sed: to discover genera I

truths from theoDservation of human
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behavior In society.
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~cio(ogy
The science of human social Institutions
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and relationships: sped. the study of the

o~ln. development. structure. fu neticnlng.
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and collective behavior of organized groups

of human befngs.
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anthropology
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The science of human beings: speclf. the

study of the origins. physlc3l ana cultural
development. ana environmental and soclal
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relations of humankind.
--~----------------~ ~~--
0.-.; __ ~~.,--....--
-...._......

. '-"-?~-'-

landsc;ape architecture
The art. busIness. or profession of
designIng. arranging. or modifying the ~ .
features of a lanJscape for aesthetic '~rf/
or practical reasons. . ,J)i1fr-..R.;..~

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 tARCHf
A cUrYed structure for spanning
an opening. des~ned to support a
vertlcal103d primar~y \:7y axial
compression.
~ keystone -
The wedge-shaped. often embellished
N50nty M-ch ~ voussolr at the crown of an arch. serving to
An arch constructea of Individual stone or
lock the other voussolrs In place. I,
prick VOlJ ssolrs. H--~_

~voU$$Oir __________---..
Any of ~he wedge-sh2ped units In a • extrados
ITI3sonl)' arch or vault. havl~ side cuts The exterior curve. surface. or ;;.:'..: 11d31')' of
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converging ,,' one of the arch centers. the visible face of an arch. Alsv :3i!ed barr
~--_ archivolt
Adecorat1ve molding or ba nd ,;;", "he fau cf
an arch follOWing the curve of t.!-~ ;ntraclos_

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~_e.h'e~htof~na_hfrom",-,.-.-.r-->n\---:intrados-.
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t5pn'.f t M ! f ! - - -the- - - - - -
~-
The first v'oussoir resting on Impost
the sprlMIMtI line to the
..., ...,
formln~~Leco
..., VII ncave uUClersouc_
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M='=a=na=rch==_==================~===±~ ______ . _____ .~h,_s_t~I~_of_~h_e_In_Ua_d_OS_'~~~~==========================

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5pring
The point at which an arch. VJu~. or dome
rises from Its support. Also CJi!ed
1springl~.

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~croWn - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , .----------.------..:..' spandrel
-The- highest J'"Ir1 or point of a The triangular-shaped. sometin-.es

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cormx ccnst:ructlon. as anarcn. ornamented area 17etween the ~.ndos of
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vault.or~_
gin two adjoining arches. or ~ ~~ left
or right extrados of an arch .rJ t.:...t
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t-~-~~------------~-
of an arch curving down
rect3 ng ular fra mewon: su rroundi rI.,1 It.
Also~Sp2ndril. i
the

from the crown to the Impost.

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Tr.e uppermost part of an

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4IPutrnent. often In the form of a

!7Iock. capfbl. or molding. from
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j ArrJ several concentric ring s of Acrosspleu connectlng the I".l>s in 3
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forming an arch. esp. when e3ch Dro1·~.~\'~~[~, ',-U-l.J"'-
pCjond the o:'.e pelcw.
centering. Also called folster. f
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An archway having sides or Jam~s not at
~enur!ng
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A temForal)' fl7lmework for supportln~ a
.. - :~ right angles with the face of Its abutments_ ma son I)' arch or vault during construction
until the work can suppo~ Itself.
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camber piece
Aroard used as centulng for a flat arch. \~ \ \ \ \ \ (
slightly crowned ~ allow for settling of
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the arch. Also calle4C.1l)1per 51ip. _ _
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ARCH
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r ,...--------------+-'arch action I
The manner In whlcn an arch transforms the
vertlca I forces of a su pported load Into
Inclined components aria transmits them to
abutments on either side of the archway.

r--~-------+- ~rchaxis
the median line of an arched structure.
.---------J-..~ line of thrust; .
f"
I , The setof·resultantsbf thrust and weight
f each part of an arch Imposes 0'1 the next
f lower one. For bending to be eliminated
throughout an arch. the line of thrust must -
coincide with the arch axis.

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Junic~lar .1rc_h I
An .rch shapeJ to develop only axial
compression und~r a given loading. This
sh3p<: may ~ found by Inverting the
funicular sh.:;pe for a c.:;ble carrying a similar
Ioadlng pattern. As with any funlcu13r

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structure. funicular arch Is subject to
Pendlng ~ the loading pattern changes.

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An tr.oerW ~ry is t~ funlcul.r 5hape for
arch C3tTjlng a vtrtlC3lload uniformly
;In
JI5triMd i1hng the lenqth of the arch axis. gin Ithru5t. !
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TIle p2r3rol1l$ the funicular sh3~ for an arch The outward force or pressure rertea I7y
one part of a structure against another.
the

C2rT)fng a o;r:rticz{ load uniformly di5trW.d

C'ltritS horlzw...af projection --...:liI~~·::it-"Jrlft" I
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i . i The thrust of an arched structure on Its

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~~-#-r-------------t-I.L-.~.~ abutments. proportional to the total load

ana span, and Inversely proportional tcthe
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r tigid arch--·i
An ;m::hed structure of timber. steel. or

r, relrrforc;ul concrete. constructed as a rigid

body capable of carrying bending stresses.

fu:ed arch
A fhed frart'~ structure having an arched
form.
~Mment ~
two-hing~ arch -------~
The part of a structure receiving and
A two-hlngeJ frame structure havir.gan supporting the thrust of an arch. vault. or
archeJ form. strut.
thru-hinged arch tie rOd
A thru·hlng~ frame structure h3vlng an An Iron or steel rod serving as a structural
arched form. tie. esp. one keeping the lower ends of an
~ Su fr3rt1~ 5trvcture arch or frame from spreading.

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ARCH
~ triangular arch'
A primiUve form of arch consisting of t . . o
stones laid diagonally to support each
<::<:. . \. \ ~ ~ other over an opening.

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..... .' .':.:.~
":-:;~
fUt.nch; ~t
An arch having a horizontal
Intrados with voussolrs r.:Idiating
from ~ center ~w. often puilt
with a slight camPer to allow for
settnng. Also C31~1c ai-aI:', I
corbel arch
~ French arch .
A false arc~ cc:~s~ructed by corbeling
courses from each slde of an opening until
A flat arch having voussolrs inclined to the they meet at 3 midpoint where a ca pstone
same angle on each side of the center. Is laid to comp!eU the won:. The stepped
reveals may be smoothed, but no arch
action Is effe.c:.ed.

~\. i rampant.1rch .
fL··J·~ An arch having onc Impost higher than the

'"
1 other.
--~-------~ sti~darch

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An arch restir~ on imposts treated as

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: . downward ccn,i~uations of the arctr0lt. {j
. .-t-..
'to>
round arch' • RolTL1n arch !PeUarch
An arch having a continuously An arch having a semicircular i~tr.:ldos. . 'A round arch rest'lng 011 two large corbels
cuc;'ed Intrados. esp. a with cUrYed taus.
semicircular one. . . -L .~..,.._________

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An.rch having an Intracios that Mdens
aPove the spri~lng Pefore 1I3rrowing to;jJ

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rounded crown. Also cal1e£fMoorIsh arch.!
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gin ,'trefol1 arch l.J
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An .1rch having 3 cusped Intrados with three

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round or pointed foils.
the

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An arch strock from one or more tJ
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centers ~Igw the springing line.

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• skewPact -'- -_ _ _ _--' ". ..J/ .....

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A stone or course of masonry having a ; basket-handle .1rch

sloping f.Jceagainst which the: end of a Athree-centered 3rch having a crown with a
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segmental arch rests. \

"---~_+ '---'
.... /.\"'.... / radlus mUGh gre3ter than that of the outer
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polll'ted arch'
An arch ~vlng a pointed crown.
• ettuli~r3rarc&' Z r ='
A pointed arch havIng two centers and r.:Idll
la~arcltt
A pointed ~rch having two unters and
, drop al'C"
A pointed a rcll haying two centers arid
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equal to the span. radII greater than the span. r.:IdJl tess than the spar!.
G~thl~'~Rh; I r..
ApoInted arch, esp. one havIng two centers
and equal r.:Idn.
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: 'lU'pased arch
An arcn havIng a ri~ of tess than half the
span .
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o¥earch
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A pointed arch, e3Cn hJunch of which Is a

double curve with t~ c.cncave side L
uppermost

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 BEAM
A rigid structural member
designed W C3rry and transfer

~1!1I~~!i~II~;;IIIii!lIlIii!!illIlIlIlI!liI;lII~IiIi~Ii~~tirjainiSViel~e,oadsacross space
~ 5UPPOrtl"l! ,!,,"ents.
to

r+---1-J-h __ 1span '

The extent of space l7etween two supports of a structure.
L,.----L.L.-.....,..J. - Also. the strocture so supported.
; rc\earspa~,:..,,:-"-------------4I
The dIstance b-etween the inner faces of the supports of il
span.

-r.=
!
i~=!r~~ler distance l7etween the supports of il

=+ t f ±[f * -+ +
span.

i
i \ Ptnd~mcment -<,--'---------"vz:-~:.;z<_~:.?'-"'
f -===------------------~Iii

~14
[

y
An exta"Ttl1 monierrt~ndlng to C3'J5e fi3rt

cop
of a structJJ re to rotJte or ~end. ea 031 to
the al¢'r31c sum of the moments amt

al
the neutnl axIs of the section U~&!­
co ns k:lerJtIo n.
gin
ori
\ ..~'.~ ------- --------. -----.-~---. a;mpresslon
1 ~~moment t------------------~--
• An fnt:er.ul mOmerrt'ec{U31 and opposr-..e to a ''-.----.-- ---- -----------~ Un5lon
the

~~ roment. generated by a fcru

- ~~'-
couple to Nlntaln equilibrium of t<~.e
se

sectbn Deing conslderecL

cha

r ..
ur

f , ~ft.!--------' - - -__...::::+~..::......l,~------.--- . ;neut.i-alaxis ,

L
kp

~~ulard1stance il spanr.i~
If'.em~ ~tes from ;1 true W1.J~ An ImagInary line passing through the
I
boo

under ?4nsverse loadlng.lncre3sing cel!troid of the cross section of a beam or

with Ioad;lM span. and aecre3Slrlq ·...-T';h , other rneml7er su~ject to !lendIng. alonq
y which no ~endirtg stresses occur.
his

3fl1ncre:ase In the morr.ent of Inertl3 of

the sectloo or the modulus of ei3~..ctty C \?ending' 5tre55 ,
dt

ofthe~L ~ ... A coml7inatlon of compressive and tension

~
nee

stresses developed at. cross section of a

~.~\
....... " " " " ,...... 'U

~sngfit' convex curvature Intentlot1311y r structural mem~ to resist a transv~

~ force. having a maximum yalue at the
you

~nt Into al>tam. gIrder. or truss to

compellS.1te for an anticipated ~ surface furthest from the neutral axIs.
~.
if

~--~--
r , ~~h~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---1
-An extern.alshearforu at il cross section
I :
.---:\ vertical shearing stress;
The shearing stress developed along a
cross section of a ~eam to resist

~
of a beam or other member subj~ to . :
.- - Pendl~. fl1U31 to the a~ebralc sum of ___ - - - - .: transverse shear. havIng a ma"xtmum value
i tnnsverse forces on one side of the __ . ----.-----. -: at the neutral axIs and decreasIng

l section. :::::::::::::::::::::::::.-=---=--=--=----.-__ - - - - - .--

-----+--____-L____ ~------
~
:
nonlinearly toward the outer faces.

The snearlng stressdevetOped t.J prevent 1'~

slippage alang Iong!tudlnal planes of a ~m'
:
:
urJertransverseloadlrtg.~ualatanypoint ........"'-.. ~ .... -:-- ... -.. --.-- .. --- .... --~
to the vertlcal~h~~r:l~_~ *e:;;;at that point ~
AISO ca lIec90ngftudinaf s~1'in4 s~s;

15
BEAM

fp =MC{J)~------ mamentoflnertia
The sumOfthe products of each element of
where 2n 2rea 2nd the square of Its dlstance from
f. = extmn~ firer stress In ~ndjng a coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of
Inertia Is a geometric property that
M = bending n10mttTt Indicates how the cross-sectional area of a
structural mem~er Is dlstrl~ted and does
C = from neutnl/axis to th~
distJnc~
not reflect the Intrinsic physical properties
outermost surfJC~ in b~ndin9
ofa material.
If
Yc = ®~-------- section modulu, I =
"
'A~~r6pMy of a cross secuon.
then deflned as the moment of Inertia of the
section divided l1y the dlsta nee from the
fp =MIS neutral axis to the most remote surface.

Whk ~ 3 ~ span reduces th~ bending

~ ry 3 tJacre{ z. JouPling th~ depth
reduces t;!!e bending 5tres5eS by 3 factor of 4.
The tfflcfetlcy cf 3 Pe3m 15 lnCT'e3seJ by
CQnflgurlng the CT'OS5 section to provfde the
I1 i
requireJ moment cf Inmb or section modulus
with the 5maOe$t pos5M~ 3rea. usua!1y by
mating the section kep with most of the
m3teri;( at the ~mitles where th~
maximum bending ~ occur.

33.25 inz = Area of section 11.20 in 2 = Area of 5Xtion

y
25OIn4 = I aPoutx-xaxis 3861n 4 = iaboutx-xaxis

cop
52.61n' "" S 54.7in 3 = 5

al
gin
ori
principal stresses
the

The tensile and compresslv~ stresses '

resulting from the Interaction of ~na1nf!
and shea r stresses at a cross section of a
se

beam.
cha

_1- At the txtreme surfaces of a bam. only

ur

!>ending 5tr~ses &:xl5t and the prlnclp;1l

L
kp

stres:.e-s 3rt equivalent to the tensiJe and

a;mpr-c5slvc str~5e5 resulting from l>alJ1nq.
boo

At th~ nelltra/axls of the section. only shar

stresses exist and these can ~ rcscI~eJ InW
his

ta7sJ1~ ;mil compre55l¥e ~ses xtJn~ at 45"

J
dt

mgfe.s to the neutnl1Xl5,

For 217 lrrU:rrnedim element sut;ect to botb
nee

be:nJlng x.J she3r 5tre55eS. the prlnctp.al

stresses h3re 3n InclinztJcn ktemI/neJ by the
you

rd3t1r~ magnitudes ofth~ 5tre55e5.

if

t L
,tress trajectories
lines depictIng the direction put not the
magnitude of the principal stresses In a
I
I
~- tension
L
~eam.
J
- 5hear ceo'Ur
T~~p~-~nal~Ia_~9f.a
L
s~l~~gIfWfiICfi'i'?· -,- ,
transverselOad';r'-ust pa'55 In orJe~ to rI
prevent torsion or twlstlng.of the mem~er
a~out.a Iongltudlnal axis. L

16
 BEAM
r
l 5imple beam

-.-t,~====~J====~l.... .t. l' i l t +111. L.-L1- A ~m restlC\3 0.1i sim~~~u.ff£ljs at Dot.~

.- T ~.E ends, whleh are free tc rota~ and have no
moment reslst4nce. As with any st.otlwfly
f , I ,: : t' ;
:
detennlnate structure, the values of an
t
.heard~g"m III ! (III ). '~.'.!:;II,'~,
reactions, shears, and moments for a

A graphic representation of the variation In

Illllllllll'
~:.
li'l:1 I,
simple beam are Independent of Its cress·
sectlonal shape and ma~31.

r magnitude of the external shears present In ... ! !. ...

I! ,'I!
I
i a structure for a given set of transverse
loads and support con.:fitlons. Concentrated loads produce e~mal she~
-' - cantilever peam
Uniformly distribtJud loads produce line3ri) :.": X'pro~rij veat:ns,u pPPfted. a~ on~one

momentdi.1gram _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~.~!"'''"'tant.m.'''~J'~.~* ~~~:

r
A¥3EIC:~torrott~~n.ln:
:-~:~~!-W,f~~jj,!!e,:
r
fF
Iouls and support condItions. The overall
i dd1ected shape of a structure sul>ject to
Pendlng can often ~ Inferred from the
shape of its moment diagram.
:.,,'''''. I ,;r;~;!<L ., ...... .
' :: :
. :;
I :
Concentr.lted loads produce bending mom~ts Uniformly distribrMd loads produce
which vary hne;;rfy between loads. parabciJc311y var:lr.~ mcments.
cantilever

·~~~tf~~~'~=:~~~~~==~~~~~~~ overhanging l>eam

Aslmple beam extending beyond one Its
supports, The overhang rl:duces the

~i
6' positlve moment at mldspan while

'~ r
positive shear - ' .
developing a n~atlve moment at the Inse
. ,P,.~~. .t.,.,.res~l?nt. of. shearforcesth3tacts

y
r vertIca~ upW1ra~n the left part of the of the cantllever over the support.

cop
J structure !:>efrig ccnsldere.d. Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW l03d, tJ;e
projection for wltfch the morrr~ oy~ the

al
negativeshear - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt

I,
~ A~."r:esutta .. nt. of.s. hearforcesthatacts
"e:rtIC3l!:t ~~rapn the left pol rt of the gin 3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the 5f!41
ori
structUrl: l>elrig'c·onsl.:lered, ~-:-:"rr..-:-7"-"-..I.f-l-l.-L-L...LL.~~L....L....J....j..."'"
the

positive moment . . ,. . ~,~c..,..._._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~r----.-l

A !:>ending rT1<lment ~ proaiJce$a concave
se

ClHYaturl: at a section of a structure.

cha
ur

flIt,l, J.,L L,l. J.,L 1.L i,LM As5l.ifT1ir., 3 uniformly distri/7r.rW l;;;J.
kp

I '
the projections for .,.,nlch the mommts
om-the supports 3~ eqlJ3/ md
boo

oppo$'U to the momer.t 3t midsp71

;;re approximately '/, IJf the sp:m.
his
dt
nee

'=~'t.~~~
you

tr..nsfer !:>ending 's~s,lncre-ase the

if

rlgldlty of the ~m. and ~uce Its

maxlmum defIect1on.
5u'pended-5pan
A sImple ~m supporW by the
cantllevers of two adjolnln~ spans with
plnneJ constructlonJoints at polnts of·
zero moment. Also calW hu~-span.

ccrttinuou5 pe4m .
~ be3m exterJing~~t~~ih",~J~, "
~~§Jn ordu tc aevelOp gr~~r
rlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than a ser~s
of simple ~ms having similar spans and
loading. Both fIXed· end and contlnuous
!:>eams are Indetamlnate structures for
which the values of all reactions, shears,
and moments are dependent not only or.
span and loaJlng but also on cross·
sectlonal sn3F~ 3'1d material.
effective length
The dist3~ce l>etween Inflection points In
the sp3~;f a flxed·end or continuous beJ~.
quiIl3ie.-: in nature to the actualleng~h ~
3 simp!] s~pportea 'eam.

17
 ,lJJ.!U£Ki
Am3SOf1f)' unit of clay. formed into
• rectar.gwr prism while plastic
and lurdened Py drying in the sun or l,
firi~inaUn.

;j~~SIIII~
'ccmmott~~
Brict made for general Pulkllng purposes !. The processprocess
scft-mud of forming prick l:>y molding
and :let s~1a11y treated for color and relatively wet clay havlng~re C$Ywt- Jt
te~~re. Also C311ea building br/clt _... _........ - .. - - ~ .....
j5.1ndstruck brick
mingl1rict'
Bricl: formed In the soft-mud process wlt.,~ 3
Brlcl: m~ofspec~lclaysforfaclng a wall,
mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9.
often treate4 to produce the ~sJ~~.~glg~
producing a matte'textured surf~
ana 5\Jrfau text-ure. Also calrea fa c't" In-Ick. :., .. --:
r waterstruck hick
1 prick_type!

l
A des~ll3t1on Indicating the pennlssll7le
~rI3tlon In size, color. ch Ippage•• "d
dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facing ~rick unit.
i~iil~II~~~~~,III~1 mold lulnicated with water to prevent stlci:!~.
Briel: formed
producing In the soft-mud
a smooth, process with 3
dense surface.

rex "trrt-mud pro~ !

The process of fonnlng prick and structur.il tile
F.ang I1ricl:: sulta171e for use where a
!I'1inlmum V3tiatlon In size. narrow color
~ extruding stiff l:>ut plastic clay having a u
moisture content ofl2t to 151 through a !~
rA ng~. and high degree of l.T1echanlcal ana cuttlng the extrusion to length with w'res
pafectlon are rea.ulred. l:>efore firing.
FB5
F,cln~ kick sultJple for use where a wider
1drrprcss process i
The process of fonnlng prick ~ motdlng
u
color ~,nd greater variation In size art' relatively dry clay having a moisture co~,.e:q; of
~rmitted than for type FBX.
51 W under high pressure, resulting in sbrp-
FDA edged, smooth-surfacea pricks. I

y
F.a~ I1ricl:: sulta\7le for use where l.i

cop
p,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlng 1 b1n)
frotn lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. ana f.. fumau or oven for Pumll1g, I:1aklng, or dryi~

al
texture of the Individual units. ~thl~, esp. one for firing pottery,17a\:ir-3

gin . m=ks, or dryl~ tlml:>er.

ori
j~~hin~'f
, lorici~' t MW~ , - - - - - -_ _--.: Plfing luiCk un~lterTl4tely with too much or
. A ImCk grade sutta~1e for exposure to-'
the

A dr!s~tUtIon Indlcatlng the aura!7i11ty of a too httle air to vary their face COlOr.
!:>rid: untt wfIen exposed to weathering. The ,moder'3te weatherl~ as when used ~e !cuU ,.
se

U..5.ls dIv1ka In~ three weathering grade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated . 1

~ - serer!, moderAte, and negllgll7le - liiltn Wlltel Iii subfreezing temperatures. A !nicI: or tlmb~ rejected as being ~ Infer':£r
cha

...cc,~·dIng to annual winter rainfall ana the quality.

ur

6n~1 number of freezing-cycle days. Brick

is pJd for use In each /'e9lon accoralng to
kp

~ strength. maximum water

. a~.andm3XlmumSJturatlon
boo

coefl'.clent.

t1~­
j5W ~
his

, A !nick grade suita~1e for exposure to

~-~~
\severe weatheri~.;as when In contact with ..... ~-----=:::
dt

the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to ~e- ~

nee

permeated with water In subfreezl~

temperatures. . _ _---=------~::::
you
if

~. NW ..................... , .......... -......... Jfi!e.l7ridcr· .. ··:

The ~ofW3ter a~ Py. claL A brick grade sulta~1e for ~posure to AGT{£mUle of fire cl3y ana used for IInln~
I"'.lSOlllj' unit when Immersed In either cold jl!e9~'-~~ ~~as when used as a amaGtts and flreplaces.
or boIIIn4 I'I7ter for a st3 ted length of time. 113Gb,'" orin Itfterlor ma son r y . -
~'5 a percent3ge of the weIght of t.~_c~
~".edryl/l1lt. A Wct¢ry clay used In the making of
~rucl&t;S. aria otHer objects exposed I
~iI coefficient to high tempentlJres.
The rnlooft~ weight of water absorPed
~!y_,
U
~5bhiy Dille hf!fflersta In cotr
IIt7ter to the weight aDsor\:1ed when A material having the a17i1lty to ~taln Its
~ In rolh~ water, Indicating the physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE§' w~
~ reslstJnce of the brick to the suPjected to high temperatures.
#etlan of freezl~ and thawing.
~.
3 weight of water absorPea ~._'
iTl3S011f'y unit when
partIally Immersed for
croe minute, expressed I~ grams or ounces
p minute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of
iI~

18
 BRICK

rnoml,,' dim ",.Ion

A brlc~ dline~S'o()f1 Lvgerthan the
~l .3 courses = 8 in. (20.3 mm) moduL-lr brick
A 17rld: h.wing nominal dimensions of

I to
actual dJ~s:cn account for the 4 x 21,.'3 x3 in. (102 x68 x203 111m) .
. thicl:ness rf 3 :nortar Joint.

-·r---· ·'h NormJn brick

APricl: h.wing nominal dimensions at
4 x 21,'3 x12 in. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) ...

SCRurick
Briel:: h3';119 nominal dimensions of
6 x 2113 x12 In. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) .
. . -.--~------_e====~~~;;;a;

5 COU."'5ts = 16 In. (406 mm) F==ib=~=:.d,-,-~..,~ engineered brick

AInicl: h.wlng nominal dimensions of
4x3~/s.5In. (I02x81x203mm).

Norwegian I1rick
A 17M h3Vi~ nominal dimensions of
4 x 3'/s x 12 in. (102 x81 x 305 mm).

y
4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm)

cop
Roman ~rick
Brick h~'';"'J ncminJI dimensions of

al
4x2x 12 in. (102x51 x 305 mm).

r gin
ori
jumbo urick . ecanomy Prick
the

Any of "'3 r100J 5 C'1erslzed 17ricks h3vlng A modu~r vrick having nominal dimensIons
nomlnJl di~~S:Ons establJshed Dy the of 4x 4 x 5 in. (102 x 102 x 203 mm).
r
ase

m3nubct~~e-.
rch
pu

r
ook
sb

stret:.cMr
f
seal' I -'i
thi

A brd or tl.e i-.3Ying normal face " A l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laid
dlmensloos ~Jt 2 nominal thickness of hortzoot..fIy In a wall with the lo~er
eed

2In.(51I11m~ eage~ or parallel to tne$lJri:ou.

n

r ht-J :·'·'·' .. ''~r.,

• A 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lid
ou

i A !mel:: cut t... rsversely so as to leave

onetr1dw~ horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter
y

end ~ or parallel to the surface.

if

-., .. ,~~J
r
~:..,
TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to a A I7rld: lakl horizontally on the longer
certain s~ c-r sl1ape. edge with the shorter end exposed.
AI$O.~J
fc.~~}

r A I7rld: laid vertically with the longer

face edge ~pqsed .
. itorl
r~k l;ikl vertically with the I1read
faceex~.

, ... '.' 7shineri

'A brIck i3J h<:Jrizontally on the longer
wge with the broad face exposed A!S]
called pull str~her.!
'! 1

• See mJSOnry for types of mortJrpr.:s

19
 BRI(K

fbrickwcrij
erfck~Ion, esp. tM art of bondin9
Prld:s effealvely,
.... soldlerccur5e,
'~ndt Acontinuous ecurse of soldiers In
Anyofmblsamngements of masonry brickwork.
units ~.iI regular, recognluble, usually
OYerbp~ pattern to Increase the
strength and enhance the appea r3 nce of
the conskuctlon.
. ~tack~ond
j ",n~~/- .......... -.--··-·· .. .. '). br1ckwori: or masonry bond havin9 I i
A lni:iwort or masonry bond composed of = : : > = = : ; ; : : - successive courses of stretchers with all

OY~ stretchers. Also called head Joints al1g ned vert lea Ily. Also.
's~ron(U ~acked I1ond.!

I j

pa.otllond 1
A lni:iwort bond having a course of headers J
J
~ ~flveor slxCQu~ P-f
stretchers.AlsocalW .f'rieffi.1nl1~, f Ii

clesa' .......... -.......... .

A NSOnry unit specially formed or cut
to fDsh " COU~ or complete the bond
at ~ co,cner of a wall. Also, closure.

y
cop
al
~~~l ~~~~~~~~~::=:K :Englishcros5 Pond-
Alni:illlOrk laond having altemate courses
of hakrs ~ lid stretchers In wh leh the gin
ODD DCJDDD .A rnodJfJed EnglJsh bond In which the heaa
DD~D~~~ Jolnts!n the stretching courses are offSP,t
ori
~n untered on stretcMrs and the ~~C=::J( .by half the length of a stretcher. Also called
joints ~ stretchers nne up vertically
ODDDDDDDDC ,-Dutdt~1
the

lnaiCOlll'StS.
Dc::=Jt=Jt=JDT
ODDDDDDDDC 6
se

~ ~=~h::~.I.~.t~:-:~~- 00.- - c=J c:::Ic::Jc:=Jf

cha

forroa"1~ng" course or for spacIng

ODDDDDDDDC
Dc=Jr==Jr==:JO(
ur

reglbr !nicks. Also;C\uun closure. ODDDDDDDDC

kp

c=Jr::=:JDDc==J[
boo
his

fJem~~~1
A~ bon(i having alternatIng
Flemish CtO~5 Pond
L
dt

A mod1f1ed flemish bona having courses of

headtrs and StretcMrs In e3Ch cou~, altel'Tl3te headers aM stretchers
nee

~ ~ ~ng centered arore and Pelow "ftem3tI~ with stretching cou~ .

.iI~.
you

-.. - flare header

~da~ ---------- ....... --- .. ~'='==_::::!±:=::!
if

A brick h3vlng a damr end exposed as

A ~uarter Imci: fodlnlShlng a a heac.ier In pattemed brlcl:won:.
cor..e or for spacing reg ilia r lmcks,t
Also. ki". cfO$Ure.

!F~~
'A fonn~~nd In which the
~)~~~~~~~Ill: larden-wall
F Ponel
~prlclilYOrHond for lightly loaded
L
c.ourst:S n offset to form a dta mona ~~~~~i~~~g: rounaary walls, having a seq~ence of a
pattera. po header and thru stretchers In each course,
~~~~~i~~~~=
t=
with each heac.ier ilelng centered over a
header In alternate courses. L
L
J
f
L

20
 BUILDING
Arelatively permanent enclosed
structure constructed over a plot
of land for habitable use.
uperstrLICture

~
A ~ Is A sheltb' from r3in, SUn, and wind.
This mpIks a~ and Waifs wsupport It. If The vertical extension of a l7ulldlng or other
the ~ emtmy m;Jose th~ 5pau WIthin, construction aDove the foundation.
~ xt ~ for access. 3I1d WlndCW$
for ¥t- Ro:7fs and waDs, door5 and WIndows
a~ ~ ~ fe3tures (J( buffdl"95. ! ~C:Z::;~~~
sloping. or curved. A roo f
Roof5 T/U'j b.: f!.it:.
with ~ slope Is C3iWa Lan-to. When two
~ roofs ~ upa! p3r.l1ld w;Jn5 and le.in
a~ns:r;ne ~ they meet In a hor/zorrt.31
rlJge.lt ~ ~,XIII form a G3t>1e at t.3ch~.
If two rQ/Js m;;;i~ aprojecting ang~ their
rwfs ~ 1n3n It1cIiMJ lint called a fip.
If the rr;;aIl:; me&t;, a reentulng angl~, the
ItIcfJr,d ile of IrrtersectSon Is calfed a Valley.
Orcul.r JlQIJs C3rrf ca1Id or dcmlc31 roofs..
If thae Is m«e dwI tX7e 5tcry, the fL1t; roof
qf the ~ stcry b.:comes the Floor (J( the
stQry ~.lfthe fYX!f extenJs b.:yond the
wall tJrzt suppa-ts It, the projection 15 called
the &;es. If the W31al5o proj~cts to suppon
the ~ (J(the roof. the projection is
calJtJ ;/ ComJce. The principal member (J( a
ccmice. JIIhJch project5llf:~ a 5heJ f and crO'Nr15
the IQI, is c;tIIeJ ;/ Corona.

Wans 3rC ger.er;Hiy I1I3de Wfd~r}U5ta t the

y
bottom 5<);15 to get a better b.:.arlng on the

cop
ground T1r5 projectItXr Is the Ba5e. A similar
~ at the tq7 Is calJed;/ CiIp or. IfIt

al
project6 nJCh. a Ccrrke, ;15 h35 been said. A

gin
low"., Is akJ A r~ A short piece rJf
"an .iIboIrt.25 bng.25/t Is thIct 15 calida
ori
rcs:..3IIrIlflt~5<JfT1ethI"9.a
,~theprt~ It6 capanJb~15
the

thaT the Ole. Atal pest Is caned a PIer, If It Is

5qlI3~;nd a Cdumn If It Is round. Wp5 (J(
se

pierS xtI cdumns xt c.alled wpftals. and the

cha

p-t ~ the C3p and the ba~, the 5h3ft.

The M ~ marIber(J(3 C3pitaJ Is c.al/ed
ur

the~.

l
kp

A bam tit3t 5p311'5 the spxe Pmrun two

pIerS or ccJumns or b.:twetn;l pier or c.dumn
boo

MJJ a tIr.1ils aJIJedJill ArchJtrav~, or EpiStyk.

Abc¥~ fC. ~ the architrave and the
his

CCJmIa. tha'e Is generalfy a 11tti~ strip of wall

(.;J/f~ the ~ ArchItr;ve, frieze, and
dt

&ornJce~the~A~
nee

cf columns Is C4i1eJa CcIontude. The 5p3US

~ pierS or coVnns ~ sometimes
you

5p3m.e4 Py .Jvcks, A ~s (J( which Is c.alled

3f1~

The spx:e ~ ~ paralfd wansl5

if

~ ~bya sa-trJf c.?r1Unuou5

3rdI c.;fIeJ ;/ Y.at~ In5tt.3d rJfby a floor or
reef.
~ubstructure ,
The Wa( the PIer, and the Cdumn, WIth or The underlying structurefor~g the
irlt:hovt the pede5t.aI. COr7'StItu te th~ chief foundation of a Duildlng or other.,
~memb.:rs.· the Frle:zt and Cornice, construction. . ...
fIrltIr the roof tit.7t rests upon them,
~ the chidptofthe load they
urry, The ~ the keres, and ~
Spandrds fcmI part cf the 1caJ rel3tJy~ to
Wt Is ~ tMrJ. Mar~ SUpporting
members ~i3tJVe to wh.1t Is a/Joy~ them.
f3e5kks ~ valu.1b1e 35;1 sh~IUr, a building
ff!3y be In It6df;/ noble md delightful obJ~t.
:Jnd architects ~ bvilder5 who, by gMnq a
system
Pvd&ng p:J proportJcns and flroe details. and
A group of Interacting. Interrelated, or
by tm~ ""~tJfulIfl3tma15,11I3i~ It
Interdependent things or parts forming a
rafU3&1e onl'tSl7Wnacccl(Int..ln«pendentJy of
complex or unlfted whole, esp. to serve a
ft5~.
common purpose.
-William Robert Ware
(he American Vignol;

)1
BUILDING

I j

edifi~
,
j
A l1Uila~lt\3. esp. OM of ~rge size.
ma ssive structu reo or 1m posi~
1j
appe:araru.
I
i
L1

J
r
\. high-rise I
I \;

y
Descrll1lng a l1Uildlng having a LJ

cop
I,' comparatively large numl1er of stories
I l and eqUipped with elevators. .r->.

al
o I
-' __ ..i - _ _ _--d:f:bFfb--___~
L . ·.:-.---;.6L--_ _ _ _ _ _--i gin
ori
story f 1 ~ 1rR? i /\
Acomp~ koriz.o~ arvision of a I ! /.-J ".
the

I1uildi~.~"4 a contlnuous or nearly: :l

continuous floor ana comprising the . :
spa~ l>et;.leen two 1acent levels. "1111 i 1111111 ii II
I
se

') - []
cha

( '~ .•.. ,,/'t -

-
ur

---~ I
-~-'
J
kp

..;
I--
f--
boo

I H+l rF -
nr nr n -
his

n~ i 1
J
dt
nee

u.. I I 4- ~ + III i ~ f.L l.1.. l..L..1. A II g J.

lk.
you

jJ I I I II I ( f '( I .. I V I H B I
-
if

I
low-rise I
DescrlUiog ,;a l1Uilding having one. two. or
three stones.nd usually 110 eleva te r.
One of the upper floors of a warehouse or
fa~. typlcal~ unpartltloned ana
sometJmes converted or adapted to other
uses. as living a.uarters. artists' studios. or
exh ii:>itlon ga l!eries.
I
loft ~ilding
A \?tJ:!dlng haVing several floors with large
areas of unobstructed space. originally
renUa out for ~ht Industrial purposes and
r.ow fre'.uently converted to residential
OCCt;p3r.cy.

;
I

_.J
1
 BUILDING

L .rttic
Aroom or space directly under the roof of a
Pullding, esp. a house.
luff eltory -- --. -- -.. -•...... -........ ",
A usal7le living space withIn a sloping roof. ",
usually hav~ng dormer wIndows for lighting.

t. _

-crawl space ,.,...,.,."

fL An area In a Irolldlng hJvlng a clearance
less than human height, !rot accessll1le
cellar __ J
I1y crawhng. esp. such a space I1elow the
flrst floor tha t Is enclosed by A room or set of rooms, for the storage
of food. fuel. or the like. wholly or partly

L
foundation walls.
underground and usually l1e'neath a

, bulk/ing.
cyclone cellar
A cellar or other underground place for
shelter during violent storms, as

y
L cyclones, torna.ms, or hurrIcanes. Also

cop
called stann cell.1r.
/
l1ulkhe3d --- .........•.• -... -........../

al
:'- floor
[f
gin
A horizontal or Inclined door over a A contlnuous supportIng surface

~ .~l__________~____s_ta_I~__ay_g_M_n_g_~_c_ts_s_to__a_ce_"a_r_.________________________~
. extenalng horizontally throughout a
ori
: bulkltng. havIng a number of rooms and
; constftutlng one level In the strocture.
-$--
the

l
se
cha
ur

;-.. mezzanine
! A low or partial story Wtween two main
kp

: stories of a l1ulkllng. tsp. one that projects

boo

i as a blcony and forms a composltion with

, the story I1eneath It.
-B--
his
dt
nee

r- fi~tfloor
! The gl"O'Jna floor of a bu!k:flng. In 8rltaln and
you

: elsewhere, the first floor IS tile floor

I ImmedIately above the ground floor.
if

--;.- ground floor

: The floor of a Irolldlng at or neartstto
ground level

r
I
k ·"f

;'" pasement
: Astory of a l1ulldlng that Is wholly or part~·
A I1elow ground level.
fr--4.---------~ .........- - - - - - - -.... --- - v -
areaway I
A sunken area affording access.
subbasement
air, and light to a !7asement door
Arry story or floor l1elow the maIn l1asement
or wIndow.
of a l1uifding
 BUILDING
l.;" .... ,~~
~ ..
(.~

~~
~~~~~~~~------.----.--- ---~~~ ...

" ",,_, The front ofa ~ulk:llng orany of Its skies fro nUspiece
• facl~ a pu~hc wtrj or space. esp. one A prtnc!p31 fac3de. or a part or feature a
-'-, dlsUngulshui by Its architectural facade. often t~ as a separate
"',:reatment. elerT'l!rTt of tl-.e des~n 3nd highlighted by
OrT1a~ntation.
"" ,Ii
", """""

!
1

y
""""""",.,'
1j

cop
al
""""
~"~~~==:S gin
ori
:-- pavilion
the

~ Acerrtr31 or fIa r.l:i:-..g ?ro}xt~ subl~lvIslon~~

: of a f:3C3de. us~i!J ~tea by more
elabor3t.e decon<;:cn or gre3W hel9ht a~.d
se

distinction of ~~r,e. d
cha

!
nlsefront
A~ falstfyl~ the size
'=5e~~~~~f1~~~HI
ur

IfII stcr"f
A major ho"';.zontal archlt.ectur31 or lmp:lrtance of a ~Ildlng.
kp

dlvlslon.• 5 of 3 fac3de or the w.ii

.
~~~!:!..SI~Q.,.,&:!..Q,,~"l=f~A=1~n~1 ofa n.ve.. u
boo

~~==~~~~~~
pay
his

Ar'rJ of. 1\~mber of prlr.clpal

dlvls\o(l5 of • wall roof. or other
dt

part of;; ~Ji1d1~ rnarl:~ off by

vertical or tr;;nsve~ supports.
nee

bll~r"f
you

A ft'Ia]or horizontal dMslon of a w;; il

havl~ no m.erlor windows.
U
I
if

I7lind
Descr\bi:'~;; recess In awall havi~ ~alccny
the appe4 r3 nee of a wlndow (PII r.d An eb7ted p13tfonn
wlMcw) or Joer (Plln4 door). projectl~ from the wall of a
Inserted to c.omp~ a serles of ~~ and enclosea by a
l~
i
wlnOows or r.o provide symme-try of ram~ Of' p3rapet.
Je~n.

l=,- == fenestration
The design. t.w
II proportioning. and I
I·
alsposltlon of
:
windows anaother
exterior openings
I
of a ~ulldlng.
L
I

nnnn L

24
 BUILDING
r-
Il
l
~~~
~ ~ ~ ~
. f== I- r
r-
=
,-
~ ~ I::::

\#lfJ :p6~1?:1 r-~I1i£g,J

A r.a~ p~tfunn. appro;;;;heJ by steps An ~r appendage to a i1ulldlng. Aporch having a roof supported by
$Oft1etl~ having a nxrf. at the forml"4 Ii covered approach or . columns. often leading ta the entrance of a
ofahou~. vestlpule to a doorway. ~ulldlng.

y
cop
al
~n roof;J ~~d r
~ IcnrWer/
series Of re~u13."'Y spaced columns
gin
ori
\ usualti
pt1y enclosed. 25 by a raUir:g. often supportIng an er:tJNture and usually one
the

~1"4 across the front and sldes of sIde of a roof structure.

a ~. A!so.;erandab. i
se

t~,;1. esp. a fully fuml:shd

cha

lf05te~tq
0 e -A prfvateorside entrance. as 011(: for
ur

used 4IS a livI~rOOm. .'.< peaestrians next ta a porte-cochere.

kp

::~:;:.; r--- ---. - ----- -.- ,-_._._ ... _.......... 2"fO~hert: •

-/.~ : ' " A porch roof proJdtlng over a driveway
boo

.~>;: at the entrance ta a lnJlldlng and

!-" I shelterjA!tfho~ gettlng In or out of
his

fJ \L")
ve.bIcles·;A1So calleatarrt.ue porch.
f· ..~. . . .
dt

1 I
nee

Ii :;
(#:;::::::r::::.:::::::~)
you
if

t~A
An open. unrociea porch or ~tform
~ng fl"Ol1 a hou~ or ~r
~ng. --.-------.--~

portal, .
A doorway. ga):e. or entrance. esp. an
ImposIng one emphasIzed by size and
stately archltp;tural treatment.

25
 BUILDING

rotunda
A rC1Jnd. domed pullding. or a large and
b~h clrcularspau In such a puJldlng. esp.
or..! surmounted l'Ya dome.
I_L
1 ,!'
piloti _:._ ..i
A wIng at right angles to the length of a
pUllding. Also. ef.
wing
I ~
---- Any of a serIes of Apart of a buildIng projectl~ from a TId
columns supportIng a sul10rdlnate to auntral or main part. '
pulldl~ arove
an open
.>. ground level

A ~..anqu"r ~Ji!dlng h3V!r-qlittle width

~..., respect to its length3na
hetqht.

JI

~
C ~"
·-'V
~~~a open to the sky and mostly or
I
I~

y
cop
, . ._entlrely surrounclea by walls or I7ulldlngs.

al
~
A P-.lltalng or structure hIgh In gin
ori
proportlon to Its lateral dImensions. .
~ standing alone orformir.g part of
the

a lo rgtr I7ulldlng.
se

atrium
Ploc1:
Askiit. central court In a
cha

II ~rge buildIng divided Into a numberof

buil.::li~~. esp. a farge Interior one
~me a~rtments. offices. or shops.
h3v1~ a glass roof and courtyard ./ '
ur

surrc~ -Jed by sevml Stories of A court adjacent to or wlthfn a building. esp.

kp

galb'es. one enclosed on all four sIdes.

"L.fi
boo

patio
~~ - ................. .
A courtyard, esp. of a house. enclosed by
his

A cOOnnakd or arcaded space within the low I1Ulldlngs. arcades. or walls. .

body of a ~ng !lut open to the air on one
dt

~?ften at'an upper story overlooking an

nee

~ccurt.
rUM no17i1e _ ... -.................... -........... J
you

The prir.clpaf story of a large ~ulldlng. as a atrium

pal3ce or villa. wtth formal reception and An open. skylit court around
din~ rooms. u5~1ly one fltqht a!love the which a house or bultdlng Is ~ullt.
if

D
~floor.

i •

corU!e .. ---- .......... -- ..... --- ...... .

A br~ or principal courtyard of an Italian
palma.
L
y
patuza
L
i
A large. Imposing puplic ~JM'~ ~ priV3':.e
residence. esp. In It31y'

L
I

26
 r
j
~
CABLE STRUCTURE

r-
!
t

~~
sU5penslo~ structure single-curvature structure
A structure of cal7ies suspended and A suspension structure utlllzl~ a parallel

r
i
prestressed !letween compression
meml7ers to directly support applied loads.
suspension 17ridge
A Imdge having a d,e.c.I: suspended from
cables raised on towers and securely
anchored to abutments at the ends.
... ' .
..
'
_
.' series of ca17les to support surface-forming
l7eams or pl3tes. A si~le-cul'V3ture
structure Is susuptlule to flutter Induced
. by the aerodynamic effects of wind. This
~ ~ lia17i1ity can l7e reduced by Increasing the
~ ~ dead load on the structure or anchoring the
primary ca17les to the ground with

~.
.. ~., transve~guyca17les.

;-=~~~ ..
.~ r it~
.
r
·

~;~~!~a~~~~~~~~;;I---------~'" ~.. ~
component of thrust In a suspension or
cal:>le-stayed structure a n d . . n .
~ ------~-
v
n~
,-_.........~
transferring the force to a ground

r foundation.

y
primary cable

cop
i Avertical or inclined compression One of the pretenslooed
rneml7er In a suspenslon or cable- cables directly supportlng

al
the load on 3 suspension

r
stayed structure. supportlng the sum

gin
of ~ vert.ical force components In the structure.
primary aM gfl'J caPles. Incnning the
ori
mast enal:ks It to pIcl: up some of the
hortzootal cal:>le thrust and reduces
the

rI ' the foru In ~ guyca!rles.

i------------ -- .-.- ... - secondary cable
se

011e of the pretensloned

double-cable structure - .--.- - -..
cha

cables used for stal:rillzln

A suspension s~re having upper a 5uspenslof'l5tructlire
ur

and lower sets of cables of different against flutter, uS1J311y

f curvattlres, pm.ensloned by tles or
kp

having a cumture
i compresslon struts to make the oppo$fte to tha t of the
boo

system more rlgk:l2nd reslst3nt to primary cables.

'-I flutter.

r
his

douule-curvature
structure
dt

Asuspension structure
composed of a field of
nee

crossed C41l>leS of different

r
I
I
and often reverse
you

curvatureS. Each set of

i caufes h3s a different
if

natu:"31 ~rIod ofvlur3tlon,

I thus form log a self-
( L .. bound2rycable dam~nln~ system that Is
i: Acable for ~nchorlng a set of secondJr)' more resistant to flutter.
~ cables In a suspenslon S""....JCture.

f
I
[
I,
I C3ule-stayed structure
f A structure h3Vln~ vertical or Inclined
tI
\..;
masts from which cables extend to suppcrt
I
I
horizontally spannIng members arranged irI
a parallel or radial pattern.'

29
., (ElLING
The overhead interior surface or
Iini"4 of. room. often concealing the
underside of the floor or roof above.

y
cop
!?eam ceiling

al
The unac:rslde of a ftoor showing ~

gin supporting I1eams arid finished to form a

ceiling.
ori
the
se
cha
ur
kp
boo

jcoffer 1
his

One of a number of recessed. USUoiily square

or octagonal panels in .. ceiling. ~. or
dt

vault. Also called c.alsscn.i.1curur.

nee

'; bcunar/
. A ceiling. soffit. orv.ult aOorred Mt.h ..
you

pattern of recessed p:onel$.

if

plafona ,
Aflat or vaulted ceiling of decorative
character.

l
30
 r-

I
BUILDING
orientation
The position of a ~uik:ling on a site In
l _ relation to true north, to points on the
compass, to a sPeGlfiG place or feature, or
to local conditions of sunlight, wln~ and
."..:
:_.;":.
r
te._
cbim front
To assert or dema nd re~nitlon or To face In a specific direction or look out
possesstcn. upon. folly
A whimSical or extravagant Structure built
to serve as a conversation piece, lend
Interest to a view, or com memoratea
.- person or event.
pavilion
Asmall,often ornamental ~ulk:ling In a
merge garden.
To comlnr.e. !knd. or unite ~radually by
stages so as to I1lur identity or
distinctions.
f
L pL1Z3
A pul7llc 5qU.3re or apen space In a
city or town.

gazebo
i-_ Afreestanding roofed structure, usually
open on the sides. affordl~ shade and rest
In a garden or pari::.

y
cop
L
'luadrangfe --- .. --.--.--.----.--......... .
Asquar~ or 'tU3arangular space or court

al
r surrounded ;,y 3 bui!d1119 Or llultdlngs. as on
i 3college CJmpus. Also called quad.
gin
ori
L
the

941 lleria
Aspaclo!J5 promenade, court, or Indoor
::::::::=====rrrr=n:=T'r==rr:n==:rr===r ~Ivedere
I[J[ If afd0Rf-H ... -.-. Al7ultdlng, or architectural feature of a
se

maR, usuar1y having a vaulted roof and lined 1lullJlng. Qesi9ned and situated to look out
cha

with comrr.erci;;ll establishments. upon 3 pleasing scene.

ur

pro~fUde

J
tapi3ry
An aro;I useJfora stroH orwall:.esp.~n
kp

] a Clipped or trimmed Into ornamental arlO

pul7llc p!xe.lS for pleasu~ or dlsp!ay.
L fantastic shapes. or the work or art of such
boo

clipping. _.
Jllee
.~
his

French tern for a broad ;,

walk planteJ ",ith trees. , ~ I
.' P ~_
dt
nee

ari?or _ .... - ..... -.. -.-.--- .......... '._"' .. '_

A shelta c.f shruPs and 17r.lllches or of
you

bWcewor1: Irrtmwlnea with cl1mln~ v1n_~~ .

d flowers. . ~" ~ .
if

rf
iL

[
I
L uellis
A fume supportlng apen latticework, used
or 3 support for growing vines
3S a screen
or plants
I.3ttice
A Structure of crossulstrlps arranged to
form a rt:.3JiJ r p3 ttem of open spaces.
pergola .
A structure of parallel colonnades
DO'
supporting an open roof of Peilms and
cr05s1119 raftus or trelliswork. (NU wHich
cllml1lng plants are trained to grow.

27
 (ABLE STRUCTURE
A structural system utilizing the caHe
as the principal means of support..

.' sag
Theyert~31 distance from the supports to
the lowest point of 3 cable structure.
As the 5Jg of 3 CJb{e incre35t:S. the Inte.maJ
forces dtvtloped in the uble dXrt3se.

cap~
A flexIple structural meml1er. as wire rope
or ~'chaln, having high tensile strength /
Put offering no resl~ nee to com presslon
Or~g.

I
!

i
Ii
!
funicularslupe ... j
The shape assumed Vi a fruly cleformlng
~ !
i

y
j

cop
C3P\elocation
and In directofresponse to the magnitude
external forces. Acaple •••,•••,.,•.,•••
alw-ays adapts Its sh3pe so that It 15 In pure

al
tension under the action of an applled load.
funicular polygon· .,._ ...................... /
gin u
ori
The wpe assumed Vi a freely cleformlng n-----------,-,o funicuL1r structure
~ In direct I'tSf'On5e to a set of ~, ........ , ,-' ,.. structure sha pea to ca rry or
the

concentrated loads. \\' .......... ",' ,~t support a given loading Vi either axial
l\ \ ,
-+-.' "" ------,-- -,' /''" tension or compression. For arry
~":~:::;ed;;~·i~~:ki;~·I~~·· ····-···1<'",.... . /<~;J
se

given loading condit;1on. !;here Is only

~ general funicular shape. If the
cha

C3P\elndlrectresponsetoa uniformly ~~"" ,".,' / 11- L:ndlng pattern ella nges. bendl~ Is
J"tStrIbuteaload. \. \",,- ,---" ,./ Ii
ur

iruJuud In the structure.

~r;.;;~~.~-;;;i.;~.~~~.- ----.-._-- ;\~:--.-;:iLl

kp
boo

uniform cal7lesuspendeafreely from two r.m~'"

polnt6 not In the same vertlcall1ne. For a
his

load that Is uniformly distrluutea In a

~I prqectlon. the cUrr'e approaches .
LJ
dt

~ of a p3r.1rola - .• - .-•. - ..... --.- •.•.•.. --- .,- .•. -.---. - •..• - .•• ---.......... - ....... -.... "._" ..•... _.... .,;
I
nee
you
if

8uttresses. -.-......•... -... --... .;

~5tnJtS, -- .• -.• --•••• -.--.-.- ..• '"
orsnbrelements are rtflufreJ ~ contJfn and ".;
~thehOitz0nt3IC1)mponentsqfthe~/lIe "'"

I
thrusts. """

~ ~mbl u m~re- '- - ...

A lens·shaped structure having the
outward thrusts of an arch ualancea by the
I
L

Inward pulls of a caple. resulting In no net

lattral forces at the supports.
f-
i
!
~

~--

28
 , CEILING

dropceili~ suspended ceiling

A ~ry cel~ formed to provlde space A ceill~ suspended from an overhead floor
fer plpln.g or auC1Jl!ori. or to ~tter the or roof structu re to provide space for
proportions of a room. Also, dropp~ pipes, ductwork. lighting fixtures, or other
uili"i- _._ .. _--_. service eqUIpment.
r
. '. :' ;":';.~: ........' ~ •.;.... :.; ~ :.:~. :,;, .., . ":.' .:.~: ~ ~:,' .:~':; ~~ ~'.: .7,: ': =;::;,\',,1 ~~! ~:'. :<;.) ~::!'::':, ..' .•··.l·-~ ~.;: ',:) . :..:':...·.2.:. ·-~,~/
I ~=========:::;:==========:::::.::::::::;::.:;:~:ti::O::::::i+±::::::::::::::~z~:LZ!ti~ii::::;;±i~~b~ii:l:t::::::i::j~~!:::±~.T"- plenum /
j 1 The space petween a suspenaea celilng and
.! the floor structure apove. esp. one that
serves as a recelvl"9 champerfor
r conditioned air to pe distributed to
\
Inhapltecf spaces odor return air to pe
i conveyed pack to a central plant for
processing.
accu5wltik

r Tl~ made In v.rious sius anJ textiJres from

a soft. sound-a!?sorVlng m.:Itertll. as corl
mlnenf f1w. or ~bss f1l>~.
acoustical ceiling
A cellln!! of acoustical tile or other sou nQ'
apsorblng material.
metal pan _._._ ...........................\
r An~stlcaltl~cons~ofasteelor \
j aluminum p3n having a perforn.ea fau and
contJlning a 5epante layer of sound·
al1sortlng material

r . "- crosstee
t exposed grid 1
A metal grid of Inverted tees supportin~
the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling .

r A second3 ry me:,., ber of the grid su pportlng

a suspended ceiling system, usu.ally a

y
sheet·lretal tee carried by t~ main

cop
runn.ers.

r
....... m3in rtJnnu

al
A prlllClp31 memDer of the grid supportlng a '~'g;'i(r '.1
suspendea ceinng system, usually a sheet·
metal char.nel or tee suspended by ha"9er gin Ametal grid for supporting a suspended
ori
celhng of acoustical tiles haVing rapl:>eted
wires from the O'>'erhead structure. J?~~' ---.-
rI
the

... - ~p!ine

1 A thin metalstr:p Inserted InCO the edges

se

of two acoo s-ck:a I t;ile= to ma~ a l>uttJolrTt

cha

between them.
f 11I1i!!i;IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIWrr- ........... kerf / ~ .
ur

pconccal&:J grid ~
A metal grid suppOrting the acolJstl~1 tlles
i
kp

Agroo.'e cut In c.o the eJges of an acoustlcal

tlle to rteelve a spline or T-shaped m~~r of 3 suspended ceiling. hldcfen within kerfs
boo

~rt1~qrid. cut Into the edges of the tiles.

his
dt
nee
you
if

(j~r mebl uiling

A suspended ce:1I"9 system of IIJrrow
metal strips. uS1J311y Incorpor;;tl~ modular
tlghtl/l4 and alr-nanJn"9 compone:nts.
;II
""- ~
Integrated ceiling
'!j.;. 'S..~
;)
A suspended ceiling system Incorporating
~
~~§~~ 1igh.~n.9 •..~11<;f alr-l13ndling .
.J! .;1.
'10.. :...l~ £Qmponents.Jnto.a .unified whole...
.&
,- ~'S.. A~ .-& linear diffunr ~
~ ~
i ...l ~ A long, narrow dlffuserdeslgned to
1 ~~
~ ~./
i ~
disperse air through slots l>etween the
" panels of an Integrated ceiling system. Also
'<: p~ called slot diffuser.
c'

lumino us ceiling louvered ceiling

A sus~nded ceiling of t~,~slucent PJr.els A suspended ceiling of multlceUular louvers
for diffUSing the light frc-r, !umlnaires for shle!dlng the nght sources mounted
mount.ed above it. above ft.

31
 (EMMIC
Any of VArious hard.lnittle. noncorrosive.
and ~UGtlve II'I4ttrbls formed by the
k?nlc rondng of a metal and 3 nonmetaf. as
In"!d:.~. and rl4tul'3lstone.
\

l~

I'

,
t .i

It
li
cu.. micware earthenware porcelain enamel
I
Arty ofnrlous products made by firing clay low·flred. opaque. nonvitreous ceramic A hard. vitreous. translucent cel'3mlc A vitreous. usually opaque. decoratlve or
or similar NttrI3ls In a kiln. as !nick. tile. ware. material consisting essentially of Kaolln. protective coating appl1ea Py fusk)n to the
andpc«cy.
stoneware
fek:lspar. and quartz. fired at a very high surface of metal. glass, or pottery. U
Hlgh.flred. opaque. vitrified cel'3mlc ware.
temperature.
porcelain enamel
I
china An opaque. grassy coating ponded to ~~.... I
A translucent ceramic material, I1lsque· by fusing at a high temperature. Also wiled
fired at a high temperature and glaze·flred vitreous enamel.
atalowertemperature.
kaolin
A fine white clay used In the manufacture of I
J

y
porcelain and white portland cement. Also

cop
called china clay.

al
gin
ori
the

o
se

------
cha

flri"i
The process of hardening or glazing ceramic
vitrify
To make a clay body vitreous Pyflrlng ata ,/ - -------.... ceramic bond
" A thermochemical rond I1etwun I!13w... ls
ur

W;i re by hating In • kiln to a speclfled specifled temperature. / '" resulting from exposure to tempetAt~
kp

temperWJ reo
D "/ , .' "',, '-. \'" \.
.: \\}~\,,\~\.\~,'".. ':
approaching the fusion point of the mtx-'"...I,;re.
\

~",
.,~~A\~.~:~... -... ~... - body
boo

b '. <- ;:":,\~:' , ) The structural portion of a ceramic ar--..<t:

his

, .....•.,,_... / ~!~~aymaterlalormlxturefrom ~,,~ it

~
dt
nee

lurd·hrnea _........... ...... ............ vftreo~

/ ·l1l~ue..fired
you

Ared ~. high temperature to near Reseml1llng glass. as In tl'3nsparency. Fired to harden a clay Poay.
Yltrtflr..atlon and having relatively low hardness. l1rlttleness. luster. or having low
apsorptlon and high compressive strength. or no porosity. b bi,,\ue
if

Earthenware or porcelain that h;;s p~

flred once put not glazed. Also called
6· W&allt.

glaze-fired

5Oft·l7umed _................ _.......... -: semlvftreous

Fired ~ • low ttmperature and having Having a rnodel'3te wattr al1sorptlon of
relatively h~h 3Vsorptlon and low shghtly under 61.
compressNe strength.

A fused or partially fused material that ts

ground to Introduce a solulile or unsta~.e
Ingredients Intc\glazes or enamels.

nonvitreous
Having a water al1sorptlon greater than 71..
I
I
L'
I

32
 CERAMIC

/ ceramic tile
Any of varlcus fired clay tHes used for
t- t--
surfacIng walls. floors.ana cauntertops.

r- t--
r-r- / glazed wall tHe
.-_. Ceramic tHe h3ving a rfonvltreous Pody and
a I1rtght. matte, or ceystalltne glaze. used
r-r-:
1 r-\-:
for surfacin~ Interior walls and IIght·duty

• o_
floors .
r-r-
r-r-:
r-r-
:
: I I I I I
I I J J I·

/ ceramic mosaic tile

Small ceramic tile haVing a porcelain or
natural clay DodJr, glazed for surfacIng walls
or unglaztd for use on roeh floors and walls.
and usually face- or lr.lcl:-mcunted on
sheets to fac~rtate handling and speed
Installation.

y
cop
al
gin qU3rrytile
ori
Unglazed Ur"3mlc floor tile having a I13tural
I- r- cl4y body. Alsa called promenade tile.
the

l - t-- paver tile

I- r- Unglazed ceramic floor tlle sImIlar In
se

.. composition to ceramic mosaic tlkl M

cha

I I- r- thicker an.:! lar~er In surface area.

r- ~
ur

t -
f--+-
kp

I-r-
boo

~ 1- ......

I I I i I j
his

.L.L_LJ !
dt
nee
you
if

thlck-~et process thln-l7ed proce~

A tllesettlng pr'OUSsln which ceramic tile
Is apphed OVer' a portland cement mortar
bea ¥It to 1Vzln. (19 to:3a mm) thld:. which
allows for murate slopes and planes In the
finished won:.
portland cement mortar
Afield mix of portland cement. sand, water.
and sometimes hydrated lime, used for
levelIng or setting ceramic tlle In the thlc~·
A tllesettlng process In which ceramic tlle
Is bonded to a contInuous. stable backIng
with 3 thin coat of dlj'-set mortar. latex-
portland cement mortar. ep<JY:i mortar, or
an org3nlc adhesive, '132 to '/a In. (0.8 to
32 mm) thld:.
tile grout
Acementltlous or resInous mIx for filling
JoInts In ceramic tllewon:. ---------r

t
. ~~.::;~'Nk~.~!1!!~.~
..,~>~
....I!..~!!1li
.• IEt.;~. . ~.~.:~,.:~~
..•
, set process.
L
U ~ndcorl
A thIn coat of mortJrfor rondlng ceramic
tIle to a L>ading.

33
 (ERAMIC
,t.Mlctur.a1 clay tile
A I-clIow tl~ of ftreJ clay having parallel
cells or ceres. used In lnJitdlng walls ana
~s.
,(.B
l..o3J-~ring structural clay tile sult3l1le
for m.a sonry walls not exposed to frost structura Ifacing tile
xtbn. or In exposecJ masonry where Structural clay tile having a glazed surface. l j

protected by a facing of 31n_ (76.2 mm) or
mo~ of stone. prick. terra cotta. or other
mJsonry.
" LeX
l.o3d-~rlng structural cf3y tile sultal1le
for IT13sonry waMs exposed to weathering or
frost
used for facing walls ana partitions. esp.ln I
areas subject to heavy wear. moisture
problems. and strict sanitation
requlremen ts.
frS
Structural facing tile suitable for e:xposecl
exterior and InterIor masonry walls ana
partitions where moderate absorption.
slight va~~f~~dlroenslaJJs~ mlnor_ u
3efects In surface flnlsh ..3 nd medlum color· I
,!ng~ ~re ~~~a~ie,
FTX
Smooth structural facing tile suitable for
exposed exterior and Interior masonry W3l1s
and partitions where low aJ??9.rp1Io.n ana
stain resistance are required. and where a
high degree of mechanical perfection.
minimum variation In fau dimensions. and
narrow color range are desired.

y
u

cop
~ terr.1~o;
A n.ra. fired cby. reddlsh-prown In color
whell unglaztJ. used for architectural

al
~s and ornaments. tl~ units. and
potttry.
gin
ori
~ ~rJlterr~ cotta·,
n.rJ-~rned. glneJ or unglazed terra
the

ccu.. hand-molded or machine-extruded to

or~ as.a cer2m1c veneer-for wans or for
se

~ntatlon.
cha
ur
kp
boo
his
dt
nee
you
if

,adck'"'J
Sun-dried urick made of clay and straw.
rammea~rth
A stiff mixture of cf3y. sand or other
~Iy ustd In countrieS with little aggr~ate. and water compressed ana dried
,.Infan. . within forms as II wall construction. Also
calleJ plse. plsay. plse de terre.
~- .. --,.~ i
-; ~
L
I
1
1
 I-CHURCH·
A l?uiUling for public
Ch~nity
Christian worship.
The~. rounded on the teachings
of Jesa:sChrist,lncluding the Catholic.
! Pro~t. 3nJ ~tern Orthodox r*'~f
I' A se-ll1lclrcutar or polygonal projection of a
chu~ •
~ulkllng. uSU311y vaulted and used esp. at
P3SiJka ---:... ----...-.............. .. the sanctuary or east end of a church. Alsa.
An e~Chri5tlan church. apSis.
ch.arackrtzea by a long. rectangular ...~ .,t.- ... /
..... •. trivUMY
ptan. J ~h coIonnad~ nave lit I1y a .' -' • -The bls~p's throne. occuPYing a recess or
cferestofy and coverea I1y a timbered

L, I
gable n:lOf. tMJ or four lower side aisles.
a semlci"cul3r ~ at the end. a
113~3tIJ often other fea tu res. as
-"1I7emJ'
apse In an e3r1y Christian church.

A transverse open space separating. the

an atrtlln,,, ~. and small nave and U!e3pseofan e.rlyChrlsti3n
I semlca'cutar 3pse5 terminating the
aIsles.
church. develcpi"4ln1;() the transept of
later cruciform churches.
L
.
~ ~.'it ..- ...-......... --...-----..---.. --.......---.-- t;jnct@ .~
Asac:ti-¥r~1y place, as that part of a
Tliefmurtof an early Christian church.
church In which the princlp31 altarls placed.
I flanked or SumllJ nde& by.ffrtiCOes:f
L.. b'~.fifJ·-- .. -·-.-----........... -.. -----..-... \_.,\ ~lU-~j
Theta~leln aChristian church upon which
I The ~d w3~ of an 3trlum or cloister.
the Eucharist, the sacrament celeUr.itlr,!!
!i~~-:;i-.-.-- ........... -.-.-.--.--..... --.-.-----
~~ij Chrl5t's Last Supper. Is ce!eUr.itea. Also

L /.. ~asit~tor ~ rttU31 cleansing wIth water In

the atrltJm of 3n early Christian basilica.
The princlp31 or central part of a
church. extending from the
narthex to the choIr or chancel
and uSU3llyflanl:ed by aIsles.
cal~it'tal7~P5
baldachin / .
An omamet!1:41 caner.; of stene or marbl,e
permanently placed (Ntr the altar In a
tI'.nYC::of~tk
isfe=-4 church. Also. baldachino. bakla'luln. Also

L called ciporium. _ ....... :

y
longitudinal divisions

cop
of a church. separa~ from the
nave by 3 rowofcolumns or
i

al
piers.

L -I·
•
__
.j
l
!
, ~~;j--- ... --.---.-- ... -......... .
The partied \.1efore the nave of an early
ori
\1#~
gin l-.....----................
Elther Of two raised mnas
---~.
j :
the

Chrlstl3n or f\yz3rrt1ne church. from i'rhlchthe Gospels or

I
• • 4 __ •

appropriated ta ~nftents. Epistles wer~ read or ch3nted 1n

baptl5ttry
se

3n early Chrlstl3l1 church.

A partof a church or 3 sepa rate eson.arthex .,' t~ .. \' t. "
cha

Also. am1?on.
~ In which I7aptlsm Is
An InMr narthex when two are present.
administered. Also. ~aptistfy.
ur

exonarthex /' C ~'.~~{

kp

i13,rJ:5m A coverea walk or outer narthex

A ~ntofinltbtlon Inta situated before an Inner narthex.
boo

Christianity. symronc
of splritua I
~ner.Jtlon.llUrUd by a ceremonial
his

immersion or "Ppl1c4t1on of W3ter.

H
dt

font
A Pasin. usu.ally of 5WIe. holding the I
nee

water IISed In Va ptlSm. .

you

.~ ..... - ~nu
.,,/ The sanctuary sp3ce surroondlng the altJr
of an ~stem churcn.
if

,/
dbco nIcon
I A sacristy In an e;Jrfy Chrlstlan or E..aste:m
church. usuafrj on the solIth side of the
!Jenu.
5Uristy

L I
I
I
A room In a church where the sacrea
vessels
vestry.
ana
vestments are kept. Also C3 lied

prothesis .'
Achapel In an E..astem Church where the
L l
Eucharistic e~ts are prepared. u5l.:a!1y
on the north side of the bema.

Iccn
! A represent3t1on of 3 sacred Christian
L Person.l¥. as Christ or a saint or
angel. ~lcally palntea on a wood
$(J rf.a ce 31Id Itself vener3 ted as De 1
ng
sacred. esp. In the tradition of the
Eas tern Church.
iconostas(, --
euara - ..:
A large apslaal extension of the Interior
A scrun or partr.lon on which Icons are volume of a church. Also. exhedra.
1
placed. separating the bema from the nave
of an E.astern church. Also, Iconostas.

35
 --- ..... "'itra~~
Th~ maJortklnSVer5e p3rtcf a cruciform
church, crossln~ the main axis at a ~ ht
:lingle lletweenthe n3Ve and choir.
15plr~--·-····
A tall. acutely
tapering pY1'3mldal
structure I.
SUnTlountlng a
steeple or tower.

I
!
~pjiu1c:'i-··--··-----·-·-·---·--------J lneepltj lJ
A Pel! tower, usually one near put not II tan oma menta I structure. usually
attached to th~ rody of a enalng In a spire and surmounting the
tower of a church or other pupllc
onTondOlffil uulldlng.
A PuI17ous, cbrr.elike roof te\1~ating
sharp point. used esp.ln 1(~r;:,.::II~ OrtbAM'J{
church arch~ure to CIJoI.~n?Upola ~y

p
tower.

y
cop
al
gin ~
ori
f
I

6
the
se
cha
ur

L
kp

:.. ~~tterY1 t 5~ve churchl I

An Ina~noo5 ~ndlnavl3n church of
boo

. II roofea promenade. esp. r

one ~tendlng Inslae or the 12th ana 13th Unturies, havl"i a
his

outside ;;Iong the exterior tlmllerfrarne, pf4lnk walls. a ~Iered.

wall of a Pulldlng. stupty pitched roof, ana few windows.
dt

A anop\ed r~s for a

~ IIn3¥ or ICon. IIoft·t
nee

, Ag2'11e1)' or upper
level In a church or
you

han.
if

arcak ---.-----.---~.-- ..... __ ..... i
A serles of arches supporte« Oil plus or
cofumns.
arcU.1U
Curved or arched hke a Pow: a t"~rm used In
descr1P~ the arched orv3u 1i;,;cJ st·l1.lcture
of 41 Romanesque church or Cothlc
C3tnear3l:lis distlngulsht<;,om the
tr"aPe3ted archltectur~of "" Egyptian
hypost~ hall or Greek Doric /:emple. Also.
arcuauo.
r~pond ___ ._ ...••••. _•.••.• __ ••. __ •.••......... .1
Interlacing arcade
A pier or pilaster projtctl"9 from a wan as a An arcade, esp. a I1Iind one. composed of
support for an arch or lintel. esp. at the arches resting on 31tema~ supports ana
tenTIlnatlon of an arcade or coIonna~. overlapping In series where they CI"05S. Also
called InUrsecth!g arcade.
I7lindarcade
A series of arc~s superimposed on 3 waH
for decoration. AI50 ailed arc3UIl'e.

36 I
f
!
 lHURCH

~ crlnear21 f
The principal church of a d~, contalnlny
the l1ishop's throne called thl catf1eJra> :

[
f
L
~-. chapel
i
\ Asepa rately dedica ted pa rt of a chu rch for
\ private prayer, meditation, or small
f'. - i chancel ",religious services.
The space al10ut the a!tar of a church
for the clergy and choir, often elevated
aDove the nave and separated from It ________ ··_4 chevet
by a ralhng or screen . • '-""
The rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral.
t ~~~lycarvedftqureofa human or Including the apse and ambulatory.
animal esp. OM with lin open mouth that .-- am~ulatory
serves 35 A spout arJ projects from a chantry An aisle enCircling the end of the choir or
gutter to throw rainwaterciear of a A chapel enclowed for the saying of chancel of a church. Also called
~uilJif\!. ~--"----T Masses and prayers for the souls of deambul3tory.
thefounders or of persons named by
them . • ----------
lapyrinth ------

y
A m3zel~ pattern

cop
-.. -....... choir
the pavtment of a mcll"C:V'''..ct'~.
church. The part of a church occupied by the slnqers

al
of a choir, usually part of the chanul

gin
i
ret roc hair
1 A separate division behind the cholror high
ori
altar of a I3rge church.
the

:---. lady clupel

~win.dow~ - .. ----------------- .... -...
se

; A chapel dedicated to the VIrgin Mary.

Acfrcub;-Wfr,Jow. usu311y of stained 913ss . .
usually located behirJ the high altar of a
cha

:
and dae.cor.lted ~ trn;ery sym met rica I
. cathedral at the extremity of the apse.
ataoot t}.e center.
ur

fI. ~~~.\
high 2tbr
kp

The main altar of a church.

lGt.s5'c..~ or~ired by h3v1ng
.... -. p~Pyury
boo

p~.ent5 blIW onto Its surface or by

Iuvlr~ V;1rious ~1I1c oxldes fused Into It 'I !:,- The part of a church reserved for the
t
his

whik: lt1 J Il'1Often statL offici3tl~ clergy.

t ~ ;--------·----:·------------1' j
c~
dt

An enclosed place. esp. the tarJ

An;l~stmylnachurch,~ the
surrourJl~ or beside a ~ral
nee

!tHe arches anJ ~ ana

I corresponding to the 5f3U Petween the

I
, ,.-------- 51ype
you

V"3U ttir.,pr.a the roof of an aisle. ,/ A covered passage. esp. onektween

I
I
the transept and chapter house X a
if

cathedral. Also. slip.

f ch4p'Ur hoU5t:
t The pl3ce where the chapter of OJ
cathedral or monastery meets, usually
a !?ufld1~g attached to or a hall forming

r ~7r~;;';;;;;;;;';;;;~;~ ~.;,;-,~-;----~~~;:~ ,~;,; p""h

lnJrl.;! pbce. esp. one beneath the main floor
t of. cntJrGh.
rood --.- .. -.------- .. ------ -- -. ----- ------- --------.--- -------7
A crucrfb: symbolizlr14 the cross on which
Christ .,...3S crucified. esp. a large one set . +
Oirove ~ entrance to the choir or chancel
of a rreJ~vJI church.
rood ~un ~-- .... -.----- ._- ---"-
ASCru::1. often etlborately adorned and
~~rlJ' $Urn1ounted by a rood, separating
the c ha ~al or choir from the nave of a
meaie-;31 church.
part of the cathedra! or rnon2stery.
ch4pter
chapel for penitents at the
west end of sorne med1eval
An assembly of the mon(s In a
monastery. or the rnemrers of a
E.n9l1sh churches. Also. ",,_. religious house or order.
. g3l1lee porch.
. "- "--paradise
i An atrium or cloister Dc:skJe a church.
~ ...• cloi,ter
garth _ A covered walk having ;;n arcade or
Acourtya rd or quadrangle colonnade on one side opening onto a
enclosed by a cloister. Also courtyard.
called cloister garth.
#[;ffi~~~Jff;fL_..J±::i1t=:::ctt=:O alure
A walk or passage. as along a
cloister or behind the parapets
of a castle. Also. allure.

37
 COLOR ..,
A phenomenon of light and visu.al
perctptlon that m.ay ~e described in Munsell System
turns of an indivldU.arS perctption of A system for specifying colors arr.l nged Inf
hue, satur;ation, and ~htness for three orderly scales of uniform vlsual steps
pale ~rllli.ant
objects, and hut, s.aturation, and Deslgnatir..g a color Designating a color
according to hue, chroma, and value,
In-ightness for light sources. developed In 189817:7 Alpert H. MunselL Hue
having h~h ~htnts5 having high lightness
extends In a rotary dlrectlon about a
and low sa';;Jratlon. and strong saturation.
central axis through a spectrum of flve II
spectrum major and five secondary hues. Value
The distribution of energy emitted by 3 extends vertically direction from black at
~;:-~;\," r3dlant source, arT3~ed In order of the ~ottom through a series of gr?ys to
.~f':
wavelengths, esp. the pand of colors white at the top. Chroma extends r3dla fly

'r.~;:~t,'
produced when sunlight Is refracted and from the central axis at which saturatIon Is 11
dispersed Py a prism, comprising red, zero, out to the strongest saturation
orange, yellow, green,plue,lndlga, and attalnaple for edcn color's hue andV3lue.
violet.

I ~- .... hue
One of the three dimensions of color. the
property of light Pywhlch the color of an
apJect Is classlfled as pelngrea, yellow,
green, or blue, or an Intermedl3te /;>etween
any contlg uous pa Ir of these colors.
I
d.ark .J .:IeepJ j s.aturation I
Dt5Ignatl~..g • color Des~natlng a color One of the three dimensions of color. tne f •
h.ivfng low i<qhtlless arJ having low lightness and I purity or vividness of a hue. Also called
law satura~n, and strong saturation. Inunsity.
rtfIectlng~!:i a smafl
~ chroma
fr3ctlon of i.-.ciknt

y
The degree Py which a color differs from a

cop
tIght.
gray of the same l~htne'5S or lnightness,
corresponding to saturation of the

al
perceived color.

gin r~
ligh~!S
ori
I I
,LJ The dimension of color Py which an ol:>,Jut
appears to rt&ct more or less of the
the

,"---. r~color ~ Inck:!tnt light. V3rylng from Vlack to white

. :. The perceived color of an oPJect, k ...mnlrled f' . "j for surface colors and from plack to
J
se

I1y the wavelengths of the light ~~ted ~. '. 1 colorless for transpa rent volume colors.
cha

from Its surface after selective a~tIon

of otMr wavelengths of the lne~ light. ~-------------- .~ :".~'.::-- value
ur

l ,:,~~ . . ~~::~ The degree l1y which a color appears to

~.t·t{'?1 reflect more or less of the Incident ~ht,
kp

11-.
gray SQle I

.... sc.1e of achrornatk; C'j.'y.;·'i,' :" ':j corresponding to lightness of the perulved U
boo

colors h.ivfng several. color.

usua~ ten, equal: brightness
his

graa..'"tlons ranging ~.., The dimenSion of a color which Is correia ted ! !

with luminance ana by which visual stimuli u

dt

from ..mite to pl.1ck.

are ordered continuously from 'Iery dim to
~eJ~rption -:.
nee

very plight. Pure white has the maxlmu m

Thea~ofcerbln wavelengths of Prlghtness. and pure I1!acl: the mlnlmu m
t..'e 5ght \tIc1dent on a coIore<I surbce. the
you

Lnightness. j
retr..alnlng portion pelng ~ or yellow U
transmitted..
if

~uVtractlve color
A cclor produced by mixing cyan. yeflow. 2nd
rnagent.a pigments. each of which a~rbs
cer'bln wavelengths. A Pa fa need mlxtu re of
these coIora~ or su~e primaries
theomlcally yields I1IacI: ~ !t2~
2n wav~~~ <?f~Sl~ !Jg.1!:t.<-

~itNecolor
L
optIcal mixing
A color produced Py combining lights of ~,_

L
The merging of Juxt3posed dots or strokes
green, and Irlue wavelengths. These light or of pure colors when sun from a dlst.ince to
addltlve primaries contain all the produce a hue cften more luminous than
wavelengths necessary to produce a that avallaple from a premixed plg~nt.
~ss or~!te light:

J
L
38
 COLOR

color wheel
A circular scale of the colors of the
spectrum. showing complementary colors
opposite each other, Also called color
f w.rm circle.
L D~s~natlng a calor Inclined toward or
dominated by red. orange. or yello::,?'
, \ .. r:Jlow
yellow-green' _ -__ •
/
yeHow-O~3f1ge

I ,.~ --- / - - -----.- --------- ~~~m~;~~co!ors. as red. yellow. and

L plue. r~arded as generating all other
colors.
--- - -- ••. ~-.------- secondary color
----- A color. as Ol"ange. green, or violet. produced
by mixing two primary colors.
>f.i.-~--,_ .- •• _'1 tertiary color
A color. as prown. produced by mlx!ng two
cool •. _._j f _
secondary colors. or a secondary color with
Des~natlng 3 GOOrlnclined toward or one of Its constituent primaries.
dominated by green.l7lue. or Violet.

L advancing color • __ . ____ . __ .. __

A warm color that appears to move
toward an obserter. giving an Illusion
of space.
/~----- comptementarycolor
rece.dingcplor •. _.. __ ._ ... __ •. _.

y
/ One of a pair of opposing colors on a color
A cool color that appears to move

cop
wheel, perceived as completl"9 or enha nclng
3WTj from an o~er. gMng an
each other.
ftluslan of space.

al
r .analogous color

gin ; One of two or three closely related colors

\~_ .... _. _. __ .. _._. ___ .-'- ___ .___ .______ ._______ 1on a color whee!.
ori
the

coler scheme
se

An 3rra~ement or pattem of , - - - - - - -.... triad

colors conceived of as forming an
cha

A combination of three colors forming an

Integrated whole. equilateral trol19le on a color wheeL
ur

r 'plit compleme~ry
kp

: J. combination of onecolor and the pair of

i colors adJolnlng Its complementary calor on
boo

\ ... __ • ______ • __________ • ____________ • _....l acolor wheel.

l
his

Lr ------~ doul7lecompiementary
dt

A comPlnatloo of two 3nalogous colors and

nee

their com p\ementary cokJrs on a color

wheel.

~-Ir
you

r moncchroma~
: Having only one coler or exhlPltlng varying
___ ._._ .. _..... __ .. _____ .. __ .__ .___.. _____ J Intensities and values of a single hue.
if

tint •.... _•••. - - .•.. ". "'" ... - ... --~

A relatively I~ht value ofa colqr,

II produced by adding white to It. i polychromrt.lc

r
Having or exhlpltlng avariety of colors.

l cowr triJngle
A triangular dl~l4Im developed by Faber
6 n-en to describe the relationship between
---~ tone
3 pure h~. white. 3nd PUck, which comblM
to y1etd second31) tints, tones, shades, and An Intermediate value of a color
, between a tint ana a shade.
9rays. All colors IUY be su\:1jectlvely
L ccnulved as a mixture of the PSJ'Chologlcal • gray
prlrrurles - red. yellow. green. and plue- An achromatic color between
plus the achronutlc pair of white and blacK. white and black.

shade
achromatic
Having no saturation ana
A rela tlvely dark va lue of a color.
therefore no hue. as white. plac!:.
produud by adding black to It.
or gray.

39
COLUMN
A rigid. reL1tNely slender structural
memper designed primarily to
support axial compressive loads
applied at the memper ends.

pillar
An upright, relatively slender sh3ft
or structure, usually of brick or
stone, used as a buildIng support Or
standing alone as a monument.
post - ..... - .... ----- ............ .
I'
A stlff vertical support, esp. a
wooden column In tlmberframlng.

\7uckling
The sudden lateral ortorslonallnstJbillty
of a slender structl.Jral metnw induced;y
the action of acompressive 1ouJ. Bucknng
can occur well before the yield stress of U1e
material Is reached.
l7uckling load
The axial load at which a column ~ins to

y
deflect laterally ana becomes unst4ble.

cop
Under; buct/ing Io~d. " cdumn C31lIICt

al
gent:riiU the Int:enul forces ~ to

gin
resto~ Its orlgln3llJr-.ar conJitIon. My
;ddltJonaJ loading f+'O!Jid C3U5e the c.?lvmn to
ori
kflect further untJ cdapse oca;rs In k.ntifll
Most columns In p7ctJa art: ~ to both
the

a-ushlng5tres5:f~=P/A -1 J, ifu rc.rt.Io n com~ and be:nJirI§ due to rnt;tIon in

I

i~
r'"

_____________ L__ I./ The critical point at which a column, T1I3terlaI propcrtIe5.lnitJiII Cl'OIXtdr.zs In
se

, carrying Its critical ~cl:llng load, may f3brlC3~ or sense eccentricity if 10M
cha

elther!?uckle or remaIn undeflected. The ;ppllatJon. ThIs benJln§ qfterr C3~ tile
column Is therefore In a state of neutral 3Ctu41 bucl:Ilng ItnJ to ~ slightly bwa- tIt.ln
ur

equffi!?rium. the critlC3/ budJlng to.1.

kp

r·:······ .............. critic.al !nJckllng load

. The maxImum axlalloul th"t cart
@IA theorttlcalfy~app~toa column without
boo

r"-· critical Duckling stress .

,,: The critical budllng load for a column causing It to buckle. The critical b-.rlllng
his

"-.l" divIded by the area of Its cross section. Io3d for a column Is Jrwerseiy proportional
"-
........;-.'":':.~ t<> the 5qU3 re of Its effective length, ana
dt

directly proportIOruIl to the modulus of

..... '~:.:.::::...- f3ct()rofsafay
nee

elasticity of the ~I and to the

.......... rncment of Inertia of the cro:ss sectlon .
.... -.
Also C3lled Euler ~ &cW.
b
you

I """-"""--

:
L. ... almbie buctfing stres::s:~?/7,~??JJ;~~~;~-~-;;-~-::L.
---------
if

~----------+----+-- ~Iende~~ ratSo

The ratio of the effective length of a column
i 5fIort",lumn to Its te.st radius of gyration. . •.••.••....• L 1f7\---.......... ~ radiu5cfgyrmon
A thlcl: column su~ to failure Py ~ The radial dls14nce from any axis to a point
crush~ rather than l!y ~uckllng.
, I
j The higher the sJenJemess mto. the Iowa-Is • {f;; <It which the mass oh ~ cculd ~
: F;illuN: occurs when the direct stress the crltJcilf5tres5 th;t 1+111 C3use INckllng. A r =y 1/A concentrated without altering the moment
• from <lit axial load exceeds the prlT1mj' objective In'the design of; cdumn 15 to of lnertla of the body abcM th<lt axis. For a
compressive strength of the material redua Its slenJerne5s mto by minimizing Its structural section, the raaJus of gyratlon Is
ml!;it,.!e In the cross section. An effectJve length or ITUximlzing the r;dlus of equal to the 5qU3re I'OO't of the ~t of
eccentnc load, however, can produce gyr7t1on of Its cross 5tCtIOfl. the moment of Inertia and the are4.
kndl~ and result In an uneven stress
dlstrlMlon In the section. The higher the I1tilus of~ of3
stnJctural section, the ~ resJst.;nt the
!-.............. --....................... .. -.~ ~on 15 to buckling. ;, Jetennlnlng the
long column cro5s-sectlon41sil;pe M" column, the
intermedlau cclumn f. slender column subject to failure by objective 15 to provide the ~ry rUlus ~
A column havIng a mode of failure buckHng rather than Py crushing. gyr;tIon about tM dfffermt iIXes. For ;n
between that of a short co/umn and a _.. . ...... 35}mmetrlC31 cross sa;t.Jon, buclJlng w:11 Cend
lOng column. often partly Inelastic by to occur ;bout the ~ ;l1s or In the
crushing and partly ei3stlc by dlrutlon ~ the 1e35t dimension.
buckling.

40

!
J
 ri
I
COLUMN

[~ =
=
[~- ..
.
I !
'--t-
~nston\l.l ~I:
.

~
:
eccentricity
~
• I
: :
~ .mount t>y which an axis
deviates from a~er pml!el
axis- moment = load (P) x eccentricity (e) coml1i~c:l5tresses
I A set of tensile ana compressive stresses
p·delta effect __ ...• _..... ___ ... __ .. _....... _
~ -I An aJdltlol13l moment ~ In a ~
resulting from the superpos1t!on ofaxlal
and benalng stresses at a cross section of
stroctural mem~ as Its ~ltudll13l axis ! a structural metT1uer, acting In the same
dev13tes from *~ nne of actlon of a direction and equal it arry point to their
1 compresslv~ fOf"'"~. equal to the product of i 3lgel7ralc sum.
1·_·1 the load and tr.~ rr.emPer dtfl.ectlon at any .
point.

}
L
~.~ ___ m~·thirc:l MJle ______ . ____ ......
The proposition th3t a compressiv~ load
shc1Jta ~ locaW wlthln th~ middle third of
'. "~
.!
- - - - - ~---.. i'~
··"'·ir= - ---- -T- ~;:'''tr.ll'''' '"Y ho",,,,,,I,octlo,
i'
.~ ... - ( : '
/
of
of a calumn or wall within which the
resufta~ of all compressive loads must
a horizontal sec':1o!1 of a cofumn or wall to
prevent tensile stres~ from developing In ~ ; : ,/ P3SS If only compressive stresses are to be
t,1e section. : t / present In the section. A compressive load
I / applied beyond this area will cause tensile

~
.

y
/ stresses to develop In the section. Also

cop
.: called kern area.
effectlye ~gth
r--@-.---- The dlamaet' / 4 i . 1/
... - .... - kern point
re-t~n

al
: dlstance Irtflectlon points In.
Apoint on either side of the untroldal axis

gin
, column su17ject to l?uci:Ill14- The effective ---.. t !..- of a horizontal column or wall section
kmgth of a column detennir.es Its crttlc31
1• i defining the limits of the kern area.
ori
~d!Jng load. 'rV'~~ this port!oo of a column
~.cides. the~~coIumnfJl1s.
the
se
cha
ur
kp

\ / \
9---+ \
boo

\
\
\I ~,
his

-l
-oJ -l \
" If)
C c \
dt

I c:i ....: C\i \

III
I

J
II 1
1-'
nee

..J \
1 I I
~
you
if

f
I fixed fixed pinned fixtJ l
·1 I
k=O.5 ..... ~ k = 0.7 - .... ; k=I.0 l=2.0
I p~)( 4-
i
P&14
i 1
I'
/1
effective length DcU:lr /1
Acufflclent ~ modifying t~ actual 11
II
~ of a column acccrdlr.g to Its end 11
ccMtlons In order to determine Its II
I I
effxtive Iengt!1. Fixing rot., enas
of a 1of1~ I I
I I
column reduces Its effe<:tN~ length t>y h.;:f I I
J.,d increases rts load-carT)ing capacity by I I ./
3 8ctor of 4. I I
laurall7racing _ _. __ .. ___ I'· unl1racea length
The uraclng of a column or other The distance uetween the points at which 3
compression rr.emPer to reduce Its structural memper Is!n-aud against
effective Iength.13teral uraclng Is most uudling In a direction normal to Its length
effective when the braCing pattern occurs
In more than c~e plane.

41
CONCRETE
Art 2rtffici2lstcnelike building material
nude l7y mixlrl~ cement ana various
mineral ~tts with sufficient
water tc cause the cement to set ana
pinel the entire ITI3SS.
·
t.a-----...... ........... ....
A calcJne.d II'1lxtu re of clay ana
I~ filely pulverized and used as
an Ing~ In concrete and mortar.
The term Is rnquently used Incorrectly
forco~
tnc.lcium sirute ---.-.--... -----1
ACO~constltutlng3rout half
the voilr.e of pa1tind c:eme1Tt and
~for;he h.rdenlng or early
pin ill ~th of the cemelTt.
J"glcwnuOic& •.............-. ·······t
A~ WlStltutlng aDoift one-
quarter of ~ volume of ~ nd
cement ana rtSpOMSl\7Ie for the aging .
or long.tM\ g3ln in s~th of the
U'II1erIt.
tricJlcium ,lumffUt.e.-.--....
A~ constituting arout one-
tenth of t¥ volume of ;x>rtland
~ ana responslUle for the Initial
settl~ r:J die cement.
.,~-" -.~ R.3w m2terla/s ccn5l~ of coml1inations of
~._.-;~.::./ ~ne. clay. 5hz/e. oyster-sheDs. sHlca
~ ... S3IIJ. ¥JJlronore.
~.'/;" blended.
I?>wmzUrl;/s""IfWI'JtopowJer m'
. where a large lnIildup In heat can ~
1
Qlcine
To hea~a SGPstance to a high
temperatare M without melting or
fusl/14 r.o «ive off volatile matter or to
cause~ ~ reduction.
4l
rutural cement
A naturally occurring clayey nmesUlne
which. when calclnea and ftnely pulverized.
produces a hydraulic cement.
pczzoL-in
A sll1ceous material. as fly ash. that reacts
chemically with slaked lime In the presence
of moisture to form a slow-hardening
cement. named after a natural cement frcm
Pozzuoll. an ancient Roman tawn near
Vesuvius. Also. pozzoIona. pcnuol3 na.
siliceous
Containing sillc. or oil silicate.
fly ash
Flne particles of ash recovered from the Ii
waste gases of.3 sollcHuel furnace.
M
~~..a .•.• ___ ........... . . . . . . . . . e ......... -«
portland cement ------~
..... ,
TyPe I: narm.1
t._._ .. ~ eo. e.1 ... Le- • • ..a... • • J._ .... , It A.AiL ..... II 0 A. IlLm \II G it.9 Q It 0 ..
i Ahydraulic cement /I13de f;ly ~urnlng a Aportland cemelTt used for general
i mixture of clay and limestone In a construction. h3v1n~ none of the
1 rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting distinguishing qualJt.les of the other types. _ ...
, !
! clinker Into a very fine powdef. named
TyPe II: moQerrt.e
. for Its resem~lance to a limestone
! quarried on the Isle of Portland. Aportland cement having a reduced
England. contelTtof trlc3lcium aluminate. makln~ It
i more resistant to su~ and causing It
y
hydraulic cement to ~ less ~ of hydl4itlon: usea In j i
cop
j Cement capa~1e of settlng and geMer.il1 constructlon where reslstanr...e to
f
; hardening f;ly a reac'tlon with water. rnode~ sulfite action Is ~ulred or
al
where heat l?ulk:lup can ~ damaging. as In
't~~~,
I retaining walls. gin
the constroctlon of brge piers ana ht4"7i
ori
l T~1I1: hlghe.atiystrength ~ ...... ..
the
: A very-flnely ground portland cement n..vIng
an Incl"e35eJ content of trlc3lclum sl~.
causing It to cure mter and gain strength
se
" :,.," . ..
.\.;\:.~
cha
?:~~::' ~.. earlier than nonnal portland cement: uS&i
when the early reI!1O'r'3/ of fonnworl: Is
-...l tksIrtd, or In coId-~ther construction to
ur
redL'Ce the time rea.uired for protection
kp
from low t.empmtiJres.
boo
TyPe IV: low ht3t
A portland cement having. reduced
his
content of triGalclum sltlc::ate.nd an
Increased content of d1calclum Silicate.
dt
catl$lll! it to genmte less ht-.at of
hydmlon than normal portbnd cement:
nee
used In;he construction of massive
~ structures. as gl?ilty dams.
you
damaging.
if
r 8urnlng In ~ rot~ ki1n chAnges r;lW mixture TyPe V: 5ulfate ~5ting 5uIbU actlon
jlnto cemerrt dlnket-. Aportland cement having a reduced An expanslve rt3CtIon occurri/14 when the
clinker content of trlcalclum alumInate. lessening cement II13'trIx of concrete or ~r CO!T1eS
Afused mass of Incomlnlstll7le /I13tttr the need for gypsum. a sulfate normally In contact wtth sutf~ dissolved In grouna
resultIng from heating In a kiln or the addea to cement to retard its setting t!lr~ water or In soli.
InImlng of coal. used where reslst4nce to severe sulfate ~ ... & .......
action Is ~ulred.
Gypsum Is added to cflnk~ to air-entraining pcrtl.1nd cement entrained air
---?, AType l Type It or Type III portland ceme.rrt
to which a sman qU3ntlty of an air-
entr.llnlng agent has ~een Intergrouna
during manufacture: deslgnat.ed Py the
Microscopic. Spherlc31 air lnI!1V!es. tYF11y
0.0Q.4 to 0.04 In. (0,1 to 1.0 mrrT) In ~metcr.
Intentionally ~ In a concrete or .. '
mortar mix ~ an.~I~T!ral.nln:g ag.e~t~ : ~.- :'
suffix A. as Type IA. Type IIA.or Type lilA.
white portland cement
Aportbnd cement produced from raw r
I~
.ma t.eria 15 low In Iron oxJae and mangan~
oxide. the su~stances that give concrete
C/lnkerlsgroundlnto ."" .;i' Its gl4iy color: uS&i In precast concrete
port/3nd cement. •. -- ". . ,f-: . work and In the 1T1J1:1~g of temzzo. stur..co,
L<_ ... and tile grout.
r

.c_JL&~;(JlfJllf1I~d.'t}§O ••
mixing W4ter
The W3~r used In a concrete or
rnortJr mix. exclusive of any
abs~ Dy the aggregate and
free of such h3rmfulsubstances
as O1"~pnic materol cl3y. and
salts. W3Wfrt for drinking Is
genenHy 3CCepta~1e.
cemertt p~5~
A mlxtlJre of cement and water
forCC3~ setting. and ~1nd1ng
t:he~pm!cles
~1er!n a concrete or mortar
fix.
'~.;-·;':~_,~"!~I ;:
I~ htweiglrt CO ncrete
ConcrC"'"~m.ade wt?I ~regJte
of low $p'X!& gr.Mty and
~hlng less th3n nonTIJl
conc~ which !us a unit weight
of about t:o pcf (2.400 Ko/ m3).
if
r oUtalned by the exfoliation of slate.
I exfolLrtion
I minerals into a scaly aggregate wnen
r insu13tin9 concrete
~'* A_. , • « •.• .• .1 , .......
agg~ate
Any of various hard. Inert. minerai
materials, as sand and gravel. added to
a cement paste to make concrete or
mortar. Since agg~ate represents
from 601 to 50% of the concrete
volume. its properties are Important to
the strength. weight. and fire·
reslsta nce of the hardened cone rete.
Agg~te shoukI ~ hard.
dimensionally stable. and fru of clay,
srlt. ana organic matter which can
prevent the cementlng matrix from
binding the particles together. --
cha
ur
kp
boo
his
dt
structur41lllghtweigltt concrete
Concrete II13de with strong lightweight
nee
aggr"e43te. as expanded sn31e or slate,
having a unit weight from 85 to 115 pcf
you
(1.362 to 1,840 k~1 m3) and compressive
strength comparable to that of normal
concrete.
lightweight concrete h3vlng a unit
weight of less than 60 pef (960 kg! m3)
and low thermal conductlvtty, made
with lightweight aggregate. as perlite,
or with a foaming agent or gas·formlng
chemical that Infuses the mix with a
homogeneous cellular structure.
(ONCRETE
fine aggregate
Aggregate consisting of sand haVing a
particle size smaller than 1f41n. (6.4
mm): sptclf. the portion of aggregate
that 1'1111 pass through a 3/& In. (9.5 mm)
sieve, almost entirely through a No.4
(4.8 mm) sieve, and be predominantly
retained on a No. 200 (74~ sieve.
coarse aggregate
Aggregate consisting of crushed
stone. gravel. or I1last-fumace slag
having a particle size larger than 1f4In.
(6.4 mm): speclf. the portion of
aggregate th3t Is retained on a No. 4
(4.8 mm) sieve. The maximum size of
coarse aggrC9ate In reinforced
concrete Is IImtted by the size of the
section ana the spacing of the
reinforcing ~ars .
, , .....
.: ~
graded aggregate . admixture
AggrC9ate having a partlcle-slze Any suvstance other than cement, 'r'r"3ter,
distribution ch3raGterized by uniform or aggrC9ate, added to a concre'"..e 0.-
grading. Graded aggregate requires the mortar mix to alter tts properties or tr.ose
least amount of cement paste to fill of the hardened product. Also ea ileJ
the voids ana surround the particles. addrtlve.
particle-size distribution o air-entraining agent
The range of particle sizes In a granular
y
An admixture that dlsperses entrained
cop
material. expressed etther as the
air In a concrete or mortar mix to
cumulative percentage by weight of
Increase workabiltty, Improve
particles smaller or larger than a
al
resistance of the cured proa'_ct to the
speGlfled sieve opening. or as the
gin
cracking Induced by free-tna 1'1 c)ldes or
percentage by weight of the partlcles the scaling caused by deicing
ori
that range between speclfled sieve
chemicals. and In larger amcu~~5, tc
openings. produu lightweight Insulatln9
the
uniform grading concrete.
,.. particle-size distribution In which
o~ acceleratcr
se
aggregate partlcles vary uniformly An admixture that h3stens the sectlng
from fine to coarse wtthout a
and strength development of •
preponkrance of anyone size or group
concrete. mortar, or plaste:' r.-rx.
of sizes.
retarder
o
An admixture that slows the setting of
a concrete, mortar. or plaster ~i;( In
order to allow more time for pl3c:ng and
working the mix. -
o surface-active agent
expankd shale An admixture for reducing the surface
A stron~ lightweight aggregate
tension of the mixing water to ~
oUtalned by the exfoliation of clay or concrete mix. thereby facllitatil1~ the
shale. Also called expanded clay.
wettl"9 and penetratlng actlc" of the
wate. or aiding-In the emulsifying and
expanded 51a~
A strong lightweight aggregate dispersion of other aaattivesin eM mix.
Also called surfactant.
The sphttlng or swel/lng of certain
o water-reducing ~ent
An admixture for reducing the amount
of mixing water requlred for the de sired
workabmty of a concrete or m~.3 r mix.
heated.
lowering the water-cement rat~ In
perlite
this manner generally results In
Increased strength. Also ca lied
superpla stlclur.
A volcanic glass expanded by heat to
form lightweight, spherical particles. o coloring agent
used as nonstructural lightweight A pig ment or dye added to a cone re te
aggregate and as loose-flll thermal mix to alter or control tts color.
Insulation. Also, pearlite.
vermiculite
Mica expanded by heat Into very light,
wormlike threads, usee! as
non structural lightweight aggregate
and 3S loose·ftll thermal Insulation.
43
tCONCRETi!

mix~lgn

The n10St economlcalselecUon and
proportIOning of cement. water. and
~te to p~concrete or mortar
NviI1g the required properties of
worbl7lllty, strength. durability. and
W'~htness.
Aham'5law
A ~w postulatl~ that. with given concrete
/n4teri3ts, curing. and testlng conditions.
W compressive strength of concrete Is
UTrerseIy propot1lo1ul to the ratio of water
r-.[
: water
water-ce~entratio _.. _.... _ ... ~
The ratio of mlxl"!! water to cement In a unit
volume of concrete or mort3r mix.
preferal7ly expressed ITy weight as adecimal
fraction l7ut often stated In gallons of
7% -15%·· .- cement ccfTtent
The quantity of cement per unit volume cf
cement concrete or mortar mix. preferably
expressed In pounds per cubic yard put
often st3ted In saus of cement per cubic
yard of mix.
16% - 21%··-- water content
The quantity of water per unit volume of
concrete or mortar mix. preferably
air 1% -.3% expressed In pounds per cubic yard but
often stated In gallons per cubic ya rd of
.:.::. :.:.<: mix.

:.".• : :.....
to ument: developeJ (,y DA Al7rams In 1919 water per 94-117. sack of cement. The water- ~:'.'
from experiments at lewis Institute In cement railieantrots the strength. : ....
Chlca~. dura l7illty. and watertightness of hardened fine aggregate 25% -.30%
concrete. J ;
• e •• " 1
.: ..... .
.:... "."...... : : : ,
Ij

I
51%-5/% Jj

y
consis~rn;y
11

cop
sack The relative a!7l1lty of freshly mixed
Ameasure of portland concrete or mortar to flow. usually
i

al
cement: 94 117. In the ..........O'~·'. -A. measu red Uy the2!l!!TI p~~ for cone re:U
o -------~-~--~I I I
4 5 6 7 IJ
8ritaln. and 50 kg In gin
87.5117.10 Canada. 112 117. JIj:!.t:~~l!X4- and ITy the~ .te:st .fpr i..rqu.~r m~E.
Conslsttncy depends Ia rgely on the lJ
ori
g3/1on5 of W3ter per 53ck of cement
COIl ntrles using the metric proportion of~nt pasteto;lgg~ate In
system..... Iso cal~J \139. a mix.
the

~Iump~~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 workability
slump
6
se

A mc-..hod for determining the consistency The relatlve e35e with which freshly mixed
and wortability of freshly mixed concrete ~ A measure of the conslstency and concrete or mortar can Pc: handle4. placed
cha

mea$lJ~ tke slump of a test speclmell. wori::al7l1lty of freshly mixed concrete. In fOr1T1W9rk. comp~ and finished.
expressed 35 the vertical setthng.ln Inches,
ur

Wori::al7ihty depends partly on the water·

of a specimen after It has I7een placed In a cement ratio and partly on the grading of
kp

slur!1p cone. tamped In a prescrll7ed manner. the aggregate In a mix.

and the cone Is lifted. - - - - - - -
boo

/plastJc mix
his

Aconcrete or mortar mix that flows

sluggishly without segregating and Is
dt

readily mokled.
nee

v dry mix
A concrete or mortar mix containing little
you

51umpcone -_ ..... __ ._--- .•.,...... --- .....•. _---.. water or too moch ~g~ In relation to
An open·~nJncated cone of the other components and h3v1ng little or
sr.~metal.t2J=:( no slump. Also C4!1ed stHf mix.
if

mm}hlgh.with
a Va5"tiameter In 203 mm) and
wet mix
a top diameter 4 In. mm}. used
Aconcrete or mort3r mix having a relatlvely
to maY a speclrnenor freshly mlxeJ
high water content 3nd runny consisten0'.
concrtte for the slump test. yIeld1~ a product that Is low In strength.
duralnllty. and watertightness.

~ mpre"lon test
A test for ~lnlng the compressive
s~ of aco~ "atch. using a
hyd,..ut1c press to mc:asurethe maximum
load 3test cylinder can support In axial
compression ~ore fracturl~. .. ~.;.~
.. :;:.: .~";- ...:.::( .:.
u5tcyUnder -........ - -................... - 1F~~-+------~~~~7-ccrete't
A cynnder of concrete A compression test of a cylinder cut from a
6 In. (152 mm) In diameter and hardened concrete structure. usually ~
12 In. (~mm) high. cast from a means of acore drill_
representative batch and cured In
a laPof'atoryor In the field under
controlled cona.1tlons.

j
 CONCRETE
form Uner --.-.- .... -......... -............. ---"'- . -- . ,- spreader form work
Mata-bl for Iln~ the Inside face of a . A brau. usually of wooJ. for spacing The kmpor.ilry structure ~ulreJ to
form. sped;;1!y selecttd to Impa rt a and k~plng wall or footing forms support newly pl4ced concrete. Including
slTlOOth or p«erned finish to the apart. Also called spacer. th~ forms and an necessary supportl~
concrete sur-fJu. members. \7raclng. and hardware.

re~$eagent form
Arty of Y.IrIous lI1.3.terlJls. as ollar Boarding or sheeting of wood, meta I.
sillcoot. fa- preventl~ the bonding of .-'.- wale pi3st1c. or ftberglass for ccntalning and
concretetc a surf3ce. Also called A horizontal timber or steel beam for giving a desired shape to newly placed
partlni awnpound. relnfon:;ing various vertical members. concrete until it sets and gains sufficient
as In formwori: or she--<>t piling. or for strength to be self·supportlng.
bulkhead ------.... -.-.... - ... -.--...... - . retaining earth at the edge of an
A partltbl closJng the end of a form or emlr.lr.l::nent. Also called In-east
pr~en~ the passage of newly place timper. ran9er. waler.
concrete rt a constructloo Joint. /"

"';trongmk
'K.eyw"3'f ------.-----.. _. -.---, Avertlc31 support for aligning and
A \o11g ltucin.11 ~roove or chan nel .... relnfon:;lng wales. Also called
fonnea Ia a coocrete fOOUng or ather '; I stlffitack.
metT1rer ~ has~. proMlng a \
s~r-resistlng key for newly placed
conc~

yoke
A cl4m~ device for keeping column form tie
fDm1s or the tops of wall forms from A metal t!e for I:eep:ng wall forms from
spre3di~ Ilf1kr the fluid pressure of
spreading underthefluicl pressure of newly
newly pbce& concrete. ~ .: pi3ced concrete.
:'--": -.-.- ..... ~ snaptie
i: i A form tie having notches or crimps which

~I allow its end5 to ~ snapped off below the

y
II
1====r=t1.~

cop
concrete surface after stripping of the
: i forms.
:L __ . i '
'I .... !.. -.---
-

al
COI'.ePott
ru~tian

gin
strip
A strip of wood or other material attached II I' Aform tie ha,1ng cones at each end Insicle
i the forms which altow it to also serve as a
ori
to the Inside face of a form to produce a
groove In the surface of a concrete member. I:, II spreader.
the

r:::~~~~~~-I~'~;;;;;~~~~" . '-" -'-.' .-' !.

to

i Ji~:~'~'~~"lli ' --T-' --.~ ~S:ll trul1C3tea cone of wood, steel. or

se

form to Indicate the top of a ccncrete lift. .' • ". ..•. : . plastlG attached to a form tie to sp2ce and
cha

-.uo,./A • • _______ • _____ •• __ ._ • _____ . _ . ' . . • Ii spread w.1I forms. leaving a neatly finished
Sonawbe ...: "~ ~~=~1~;:::~~!1· depr"essloo In tM concrete surface to ~
ur

TraJernart for a ~nd of cyllndrlc3l column form Any of. varety of slotted d...ovlces for ;~. filled or!rlt exposed.
ITt3M ofccm~. resln'lmpregna~d paper. tightening formwori: ana transferring the : ;! I
kp

f01Ulnaform~tothew3les_ :....-. ~ "--r""" ~'::~conslStir9 of waler rods which

boo

cfuir '~'
.... '. "'_" ~, are ir.serted through the form and threaded
A device fur supporting and holding steel ~ i ontotheenasofan inner rod. After
his

reinfOfUllleTTt In proper posrtion before and . .:."?.: II Ji stripping. the water rods are remcved while
~I duri~ the: pladng of concrete.
dt

~ . __ th~ Inner rod remains In the concrek.

high ciuir > - - - - - -

nee

A ~n cgrorsupportlng top ~rs In a

conc~beamorsb!7.
you

bolsur - - - - - - - - - - - . . .
A ~ chairforsupportlng and spacing
if

rottom!r.rs in a concrete beam or slab.

clim~"ifurm
A form that can ~ r31-sed vertically for
succee.d~ lifts of concrete during the
constructlon of a multistory bulk/lng.
lift ~.-- -. -.... -... -.-... -. -.-- -'" -.
The M~htof a qU3ntlty of concrete
placed In a form .t one tlme.

slipform •.................. -'- ... flying form

A form th4t can be moved slowly and Alar¥ form that can be moved by 3 Cr3ne.
contlnuously as concrete Is being placed used In constructing the concre~ floors
during the construction of a concrete and roofs of multiStcry Duildings.
pavement Of" DuJtdlng.

45
C:ONCRETE
~st-jn-pbce concrete ./ time of haul
Ccncrete &eposItcd, fonr.ed. cured. and The period from first contact Petwun
J
flnlshed In Its flnal position as part of a mixing water and cement to completlon of
I
structure. Also called ~st-fn-sltu discharge of the freshly mixed concrete
concr'eU. from a. truck mixer.
ready-mixed concrete
Concrete mixed at alr.ltch plant for delivery
by an ~Itatortruck to a construction site.
shrink-mixed concrete
Concrete partially mfxea at a lr.lteh plant

.
and then mixed more completely In a truck I
mixer en rouu to a construction sl~.
" ...... ~. . . ... - ,"'*
! transit-mixed concrete
Concrete dry !latched at .Pateh plant and
agitator iruclc mIxed In a trud mIxer en route to a
A truck eqUipped with a rotating drum to I ;
constructlon site. ,.$
prevent 5egrt9t1on or loss of plasticity of
the ready·mlxed concrete !icIng delivered to
a construction site.
piau me nt : tn.Jclcmiur I ,.
The process of deposltl~ and consolidatIng •
fi-eshly mixed concrete In a form or In the •
Atruck eqUipped with a rotating drum and ~
a separate water tank for mlxl"!! concrete
final position where It Is to harden. en route to a construction site.
.~ i
concrete mixer
A machine havl"!! a revolving drum.
often motor-drIven. for mixIng cement.
aggregate. and water to produce
direct pl3cement concrete. pneunutic placement

y
The a'rsch3rglng-of freshly mixed concrete ,-~ ... buggy The ddlvery of concrete. slurry. or plaster

cop
dIrectly Into a fann from a concrete mixer. .... A cart. often motor-driven. for by a pIpeline or hose to the point of
~uggy. or crane l1ucl:et. • transportlng heavy materials. 415 placernerrt on 3 COMstnJct1on site. etther In

al
freshly mixed concrete. for snort a plastic state for depositing In place or for

gin
I
free fait distances at a construction site. spraying. or Ina dry state wtth wak< aaaed
The descent of freshly mixed concrete Into at the nozzle from which It 15 sprayed. II
ori
a for:n ~t the aid of a drop chute.
GuniU:
the

A I~ntwelght concrete construction

drop chuu: ....... -..--.. -........ -.... -.- consIsting of a mixture of cement. sa nd or !
A chute for co~lnlng and dlrectlri~ a
t1
se

crushed slag. and water. pumped thro~h 3

falling stream of freshly mixed concrete SO
nose
cha

and sprayed at high velocIty OV~

3S not to cause segr~tIon.
reinforcement until the desired thIdness Is
ur

chute reached. Also called shotcrete.

kp

An IncSned trough or tube for conveying

free·fIowing materials to a lower level !1y
boo

~ravity.
his
dt
nee

:.: '~ : "'S; 'l .l~·t·~ :;~'.:;~

you

consolwt1on stl9regation
The process of eIImlna~ voids other than
. The separation of coarse aggregate from
if

entralne.d air within newfy placed concrete ~:...~ • A· 0 the mortar or of water from the other
and ensurinf close conbct of the concrete t ~ • ~ -4'.1 I ~'-:':: I"!! red1ents of freshly mixed cone re-te .
with fonn surfaces and eml1edded • ..;.. ', •. ~ 'V'"Q • 0 ill I!f':~ ~"t...••
. •..... resuftlrlg from excessive horlzont31
•••0 .4 0 1'1 ~
relnf~. -,., • ::'''''.:: •• 0, •• movement or free fall of the mix. orfrcm
~~ -
: ....o..~ 0t1
"4 ilL 1:1 b.~.-"
,:r 1" ••
evervlmtlon after placement.
~ \:~--!;: 4::·~· 5tr.ttlfication
.~
::. '0 • "'l.
.. ~... • -, 4 -i.~
The separation of an excessively wet or
'padi~ ~ .. ---.------.------ .. ---.. --- ',,\.-'!r'" ..... 4 0
..qf·:
: ... ..
....... evervl!lrated concrete mix Into horizontal
"--:J
Consorldatlon of newly placed concrete!1y
d I
;4.·:/1"..
'-II

..... , .• 0. 0" :/1;.°.1>':110._

~.
layers with Incre3slngly lighter material
the repeated Insertions and with rawa s of '.... 4' .. 4.: . <l :.
;::'i~3detIke tool. ~'.,~. :: ~_~._~'... ... .. ~ ~.: ~ !. . '. migrating toward the top. 9

Consolidation of newly placed concrete!1y

the repe3ted Insertion's and Withdrawals of
vibration ----.-.j
Consolidation of newly placed concrete by
Illuding
The emergence of excess mixing water on
the surface of newly placed concrete.
caused Dy settlement of solids within the
L I
a rod. the moderately hIgh·frequency oscillations
mass. Also calleJ waUr' g.1ln.

~
of a vlprator.
vi~rator
laitance
A milky depOSit containing cement ;lrd
An electric or pneumatic oscillating tool for
aggregate flnes on the surface of new
agitating and consolidating newly placed
concrete. ca used?j the !lleedlng of exuss
concrete.
mIxing water. oVenYon:lng of the mix. or
Improper flnishln1.
L
L
I

46
 CONCRETE

finl,hlng .~--- dar+J architectural concrete

The process of leveling. smoothing. .:' A long wooden or metalstraightedqe Ex~ concrete won: requiring special
compacting. and tre3tlng a newly placed for smoothing .a fresh concrete surface care In the selection of materials. forming.
concrete surface to produce the desired .lmmedlately after screealng. placing. and flnlshlng to acquire the desired
texture and appe3r3nce. appearance.

screed ----------------------------- --
A wooaen or metalstr3lghtedge drawn a
over <I newly placed concrete sl3 b to bring it
to proper level.
5GreeJ .----.. ------------ ----------------
A firmly esta!7lished grade strip or edge
form serving as a guide for making 3 true
\eve/surface on a newly placed concrete
slab. dry-shake finish peten brut
A colored finish produced by sprinkling a Concrete left In Its natural state after
flc.at ~------ .. ----------- --- ----------------- -.......___~:%O'o"/.;,,,,_;. dry mixture of cement. sand. and a formwork Is removed. esp. when the
A fu~ tool for spreadlng and smoothing a pyment on a fresh concrete surface concrete surface refleGts the texture.
fresh concrete. stucco. or plaster surface. follcwir.g screedlng and after any free joints. ana fasteners of a !?oard form.
l7ullflo.at water has evaporated, and then won:lng
''-I. the mixture Into the surface with a float.
A float havll1{1 a large. flat blade attached
to a long handle. L_. _____ ----\
l:[.lITPf,Pf.W.':':T::I.:':.
j
. il·ill:I!::::!;!!i l::: 'i ;:}:.
1

. : :11·illlll:I·!!,:,·iil'i'i'
II'" "I', , . , . '
I,ll:" ill.i;j"\"'I.j'I.'"
r'i:· ~l:i ill!: ".'1 ;. ,:'.:
t i l "':;' :11. 1 1..
float finish . --- -- -- ---- --- "I
Aflne'~ured flnlsh obtained by . 1:lid:il!d!i1il/. :.,
smoothir.q 3 fresh CO!1crete. p13s:er.
or stucco surfau with a wood fl..,"'3".
c III:i:j! jl,'kl\ii)
,1I':'I':I.:l:dl'"I ... ",
trowel -----.--- .. --------.--------------, proom finish --.-- .... -.. ! exposed agg~ finish

y
A deccr3tlve flnlsh produced ry

cop
Arry of v.arlous fut-bWed hand tools for \. A striated flnlsh obtained by stroking a
appJ:t!ng. Spreadl"9. won:lng. or smoothing .... Dr~"'m or strff ttrJsh over a freshly troweled sand!:T!astlng. etching with an acid. or
plaStlc material. as concrete. mortar. and co~cr~..e surface. scrul7t:>lng a COllGrete surface after the

al
'
pl3ster. Inrtl:al set In order to remove the outer

powertrowd gin layer of cement paste ana expose the

ori
aggregate.
A port.aPle machine having steel trowels
moun~ on radlalarm5 that rot.1te about a ,
the

_
vert1c41 shaft to smooth. compact. and •

;;:~;c:::~;,~f~---<~
se
cha

......
roondlngthe~sofafreshconcreteslaD
ur

trowdfinlsh· --------- ~ .>.~~>~., .

3Slt ~Ins to set. Adense. smooth finish obtained 7j
kp

wor(l~ • fresh concrete or plaster

p7f'ement ,.aw surface /lith 3 steel trowel.
boo

~wirl finish bu~hhammered finish

A whe.el-mounted, rotary power saw
A textured fini$-' given to a fresh plaster Acoarse·textured finish o17talned by
eqUipped with.a slllc.on-carbiJe or diamond
his

or ccr~rete surface by troweling with a fr3cturlng a concrete or stone surface

!n.1Je for cutting a control JOint In a
clrcui3~. overlappi~ matlon. with a power·drlven hammer having a
hardened concrete SIaD. .-- -- -- -- -- -- .. ---
dt

rectangular head with a colTIJgated.

serrated. or toothed face.
nee
you

&et ~- .. ------------ ---------------------, honeycom17

The assumption of ~ ~ld or hard state by i Vvlas on a formed concrete surface,
! caused ry segregaUon during placement
if

concrete, mortar. p\asw. or glue due to a

phys1c41 or chemical ch~nge. I Dy insufficient consolidation.
Of'
£JDDDDCJO-
cure ---------- ---- - --- ---- ---- -- -0 .. -.. --- .. ----.......... ---- .......... "-' .... » ~pa!ling
To maintain ntwly plaua concrete or The chlppl"9 or scaling of a hardened
rnortJr at the required temperature and CC11crete or masonry surface caused ry
humidity fur the first seven days following freeze·thaw cycles or the applk;atlon of

lI placement. castlng. or finishing to ensure

satisfactory hyaratlon of the cementltious
materials ana proper hardening. - -
de'.cI"9 salts. Also called 5(;3l/ng.
crazing
Numerous hairline cracks occurring In the

l~~'-':{';:t;i.'~&±;-~'~1
hut of hydr.atlon surface of a newly ha rdened COllcrete -
The heat ~enerateJ by the process of slab as a result of rapid drying shrinkage.
hydr3tlon. as during the setting and curing
drying shrinkage
of a concrete ml)(.
A reduction In volume of concrete.
hydration mortar, or plaster caused by a loss of
The process In whk;h a substance combines moisture.
chemlGally with water. as that occurring
~etting shrink3ge
when cement Is mixtd rllth water.
A reduction In volume of concrete prior to
Its final set. caused by hydration of the
cement paste.

47
CONSTRUCTION
The art. science. or l1usiness
ofbu~ai~, -
ownu
A person orarg:anlutlon twlr.g
the ~al right or title to a piece of ~
~,Il5~thearchlt.xt's f'/---
c!lent and pa~ to the owner-
arch~t agrmnent.
II
r~p~--~---------l
1 Apersooor0f9nlz2t1onM
1 Inves~ In and develops the
t pot.enttalltles of real esta~ esp. :
I by Wtlatlng ana Implementl~
I ~~ projectsfaroWMership,
IL- ma~ent, or res.J1e. ..!I
_________________
Iendil19 institution
T~ institution, usually a
ccmll"erclal !1.ni:, providing the
~-tefm fI~I~. for a
~Ion project.
I
I under which a person or
I organlutlon contracts dIrectly
I
I
I with an owner to design ana
r _________ IL _________ ,
I speculnwe ~ui1kr
~ A ~ ororganlz3tlon that
I kv~ and constructs Dui!di~gs :
for suPsequent S31e or lease.
LI ____________________
48
~---------.----- .. -- ----- -- ---- -- --- ----- -~---.- --. --. -- --.------ Iicen5ea
r--------:- - - - - - t ! L~allycerUflecl bya governmental
architect e~ineer ~ or other constItuted authority to , ;
Aperson who engages In the Aperson traIned. skilled, or engage In a !rosIness or professIon.
profession of architecture, usually H professlo!1311y enga~ed In any of Also, registered.
trained and experienced in the -1 various ~ranches of engineering. as Iii
desIgn and construction of structural mechanIcal. or
vulldlngs. e!e.ctrlcal engineerIng.
T
I ,--------------------1
I I consultant I
: I Aperson or organlutlon hIred to :
r----------1 glveprofesslonalorexpertadvlce l
I I rtgJrdlng a speclflc aspect of a :
I I______________________
p~Ject, as acoustics or IIghtlng. ..JI
I j:
..J,.
contractor ! lib co ntracto r Insurance
I Aperson or arga nlz2tlon that A person ororganlutlon that The Insurl~ of property. life, or one's
I contracts to provlde the materials H contracts wfth a general person against loss or harm arising In
and perform the wort for a contractor to provide a portion of speclf\ed contlngencles In consIderation of l 10
I construction project at a speclfled the won: on a constructIon a payment proportionate to the rlsI:: .J
: time and rate. project. Involved.
'---t
general contraGtor
A person or organization that ,., , .. -- .. :.-. ,--~ .. --.-. bonded
contracts directly with an owner H3v1ng a monetary commitment set
I)
to manage ana supervIse a aside to ensure that ail o~llgatlons
construction project. Including the
won: performed I7y
I set forth In a contract are fulfllled.
su l>contractors.
y
cop
al
gin
!
II
ori
the
construction manager
I
A person ororganlut\ol1 that
n
se
contracts with anowner to advise
cha
on and coordinate all pha~ of a
ltuik:ll~ prqect, from evaluatIng
ur
the constructlon cost and 1
I
kp
feasl~lity of design decisions to \
managing the ~ng. award, and
\
U
boo
construction phases of the
project. I
)'
his
~
\
dt
\~~U~ I
nee
/
t
you
--~-- b
if
design-l1uiIJ Architect
Of or pertaInIng to an amngement
Subcontractor
constnJGt a ~lldIng or project.
I turn-leey Subcontractor
: Of or pertaining to an amngement
under which a person or
Subcontractor
JI organlz3tlon designs and
constructs a lnJlldlng for sale or
lease when ready for occupancy.
 CONSTRUCTION
The process of pUilding.
from site preparation through
erection. assembly.
and finishing operations.

top out
To Install the highest structural member In
. a construction or complete the uppermost
course In a masonry wall .. :... ..•.•••..•............ - .. ""-" ..•...... ~

falsework
The tempora ry fra mewon: for
supporting a structure under
construction that Is not yet capable
of supporting ttseff.

scaffold
A temporary structure or platform for
supporting workers and materials at a
height aDove the floor or ground during the
construction or repair of a building. Also
called staging.

y
I~I cop
fe.1swility study
A detailed InvestIgAtion and analysis
conalJCf'.ea to determine theflnanclal.

al
gin
technical or other advIsaDllity of a
proposed construction project.
ori
the

......... .i> .. .................... ~ ......................~......... .

se
cha
ur

notice to procee;l certificate ofoccupanq

kp

i1iddin9 erect
l"l,e compt:Utlve process of offering tv A written communication Issued Uy an To construct boy the raising. positioning. A c:Iocument Issued Uy a j;,ulldl~ official
boo

perform the wan: described In ;;1 contract owner authorizing 3 contractor to proceed fittlng together. and fastening of materials certffylng that all or a designated portion
for a specH'ied sum. with the won: and establ1shlng the date of or parts. of a building compiles wtth the provisions of
his

commencement of the work. - - - - - ----_._._----, the bUilding co~. and permltUng occupancy
award for Its designated ~.
L~I
dt

A fOnTl3l auevtance of a Did or a l7uilding permit

negotla ted prof1QS.ll A written author!zatlan to p.-oceeJ wtth p05U1ccupancy tnluation
nee

construction of a building project In The process of d~noslng the technical.

ccntnct accordance with approved clr.lwlngs and functional and I1ehavlonl aspects of a
A ~ally enforuable agtUment. usually In completed l7ultdlng In or~er to accumulate
you

speciflcatlons.lssued Uy the local.

written form. between ~ or more parties government agency havlngJurisdlGtion after Informatlon for tuwre programming and
to do or not to do something specified. p!;:ns have been flied and reviewed. design activities.
if

buildi"9 offICial
A person designated Uy a governmental
authorlty to adm Inlster ancl enforce the
provisions of a building code.

Q ~ Design ~ ~ ~
fast-track ......................................................... j .................... j ................. +......•.-..-..••.• -~ ... --...... Occupancy· .....)
Of or pertaining to project scheduling In : : : :
which the design and construction phases J I I Ar-------::---""'T
ofa~ltdlngprojectoverlaptocompre5s ' : I _ _ _ _ _ _ _---'
COnstructlonphase4U ....
the total time required for completion. I:
L./ I Constr~tion phase 3 OC--========_________..J
CPM I
I
I
I
Critical Path Method; a method for
Construction phase 2 6c=---------...,
punnIng. scheduling. and managing a
I
project. combining all relevant Information I

~I Into a flow chart. Including the optimum

sequence and duration of activities. the
Construction phase 1 0 I'--________....J
relative significance of each event. and the
coordination required for timely completion
cf the prOject

49
 (ONSTRUcnON
The manner in whIch IUterials are
ordered. assemlkd. 3M united into
J whole. 3S fr.am~ construction.
,ysttm, Pui1di~
A constnsctlon prcuss U5ln9 a high d~ree
of pref.l!nic4tlon In t1Ie nunufacture of
standardlztd units or components to speed
a-s~m171y and /:rectlon of alnJlldlng. Also
called Industrialized Puitding.
panel
A pref.ll7riciW sectlon ~ a floor. wall.
cein"40 or roof. h4nkJ as a single unit In
the assem~ and erectlon of a pullding.
,.,n.:iwich p~ - - - - - - - . . . /
Astnsctural p3nel CQ1S!stlng of a core of
rebUvei)' ~ mterial ent;\osed Petween
two sheru ~ a h~h-st~ material.
~rally re5lIltlng In a high stlffness-to-
weight ratio.
we,5ed-5kin pand -----~~:::::..
Astructural p3nel cooslstlng of plyw~
facings gl~ to lum!ler stringers. used as
~.oor. roof. or WAil memw $\.IbJect to
Dendlng. The plywood bclngs and stringers
act as a ~rb of 1- beams with the plywood
resisting ~~ all of the M1dlng stresses.
Cross l7r3c~ rruy ~pUc.edto support the
edges of the skin and to Idp distribute
prefal1ricm
r0 fabricate or manufacture 17eforehand.
esp.ln standardized units or components
for qUid assem171y and erection.
contract documents
The Ieq;I documents comprising a
construction contr;lct.lncludlng the owner-
contractor agreement. conditions of the
fabricate
contr3ct. and the construction drawings
r0 construct l7y assembling diverse and and s~iflcatlons for the proJect. Including
usually standardized parts.
all addenda. modifications, and any ather
Items stipulated as being specifically
Included.
construction documents
The ccnstructlon drawings and
speciflcatlons setting forth In detail the
Ii!
I't<\uirements for the constroctlonof a I
project.
'peciflCaticn,
The partof the contract documents I:j
consisting of a ~11ed description of the I
technical nature of the materl4ls.
standards, anaquality of execution of the
. work to ~e pbced ul'lJer contract.
lj
uniform ~y~um
I
Afo/'lT13t developed Py the Constructlon
Specifications Institute for coordinating
spectficatlons. flllng of technical data and
product literature. and const<uction cost I;
acccuntlng. organized Into 16 divisions
l7ased on an Interrelationship of materiJl,
i
trade. or function. Also called
Masterionnat.

y
ccnc.entrne.d loads. 1j

cop
....... Oivision 1 Gene,./ Req,uirement5
i
Otl'f51on2 ~

al
gin OIrlslon 3 ~
1i
ori
OIrlsJon4 ~ry

OirlsJotl5 Met..1s
the

Oirlslon G Wooa' & P135tJcs I

b
se

Olvlslon 7 ThmTLl/ & Moisture ProUctJ:;n

cha

OIrislOf'l~ Doors & Windows

modul;r~n
.
ur

f'lwr.mng al'lJ design at! ~1Zing prefa lnic3teJ Otl'f51on9 Finishes

kp

Il"()(lyles or rroaubrcoordlnatlon for ea~

of ~ flexJbleam"¥f11ent. orvarie Oirls/on 10 Speci3/tJes U
boo

~U:Se. ".
D/rI5lon 11 EqUipment
module --- .. -.. ----.-- .. -- ._.-. ---- - .--
his

Oil'f5ion 12 Furnishings
Arty In a ~ of standard1zea, frequently
dt

\nt.erchange.il~ components used In D/risJon 13 5ped31 ConstroctJon

ass.e:n~ untts of.tff~ size. .. .=:-..r:; . . . . {)(YisJon 14
nee

Ccrweyfn, 5y-s-U~
~Y. orfunalon. . --- " .
{)(rlsJon 15 1kcJunJaf
modularcooraiutiYn _....... --- .. -
you

Cornbtl~ the dimensions of a structure Otrislon 16 Bec-tnc41

and PIe unit sizes ~ Its cocnponents,
if

~ with ~ alJ of a planning grid l7ased perlormanu 'pecification

on a +Jnch or1OO-lI'II1cu~1 module. A speclflcatlon that Stipulates how a

~
particular component or system must
perform without gMng the means to be
employed to achieve the results. I

c:f~rjptlve 'pe-cification
A spectftcatlon that Stipulates the ex3ct
qU3ntltles ana quahtles of rroterlals to be
fumlshed ana how they are to De asseml>led
In a construction.
L,
reference ~pecification
A specification that refers to a st<lndard
spectfic.atlon to Indicate the properties
desired In <I ~terlal or component and the
L •
methods of testing required to

lift-,Llb co~ion tilt-up construction

substantiate the performance of products. t
A technlq~ of constr~lng multiStory
!7ulldings In ...mich aA horizontal stabs are
C3St ,t ground b-ef and. wnen cured. are
A method ofcastlng relnforua concrete
--wall panels on site In a horizontal position.
then tilting them up Into their flnal position.
proprietary 'pecification
A specification that stlpul3tes the use of
specific products. systems. or processes
I.
L ,
raised Into position Vy hydraullc Jacks. without prOVision for substitution.
f
!
l~
I

50
r
l ./
~ui1dmg code
A code regubtln~ the design.
constructlon.alteratlon •• nd repair of
l>u~. ~ and enforced by a local
go;emnent~ncyto protect the pu17llc
mety. hea~ .nd welfare.
: .1 AbuilJ~ UJJe generally ~5t3b1ishes
mfrrirrtUlf stmbrds for materials and
methcJs ofCMStroction. specifications for
s~anJfirtszfety. and other
~!mftents Wstd on the trpe 0 f
const:ructJon ad the occupancy 0 f a
budJ~oftm rsIng st3nJards ~blisheJ
by the klerbI Socletyfqr T~ and
M~ (AS1M). ~ American Ni1tIonal
St3nJzJs ~ (ANSI). and various
tecJrnJca/ societies and trade 3550cbtlons.
nwdefcc&e
A 17u~ cod!: developeJ I1y an
organlutlon of states. professlona I
socletSes. and tr.lae associations for
adoytlCC'll1y local communities.
BOCA N.rtiottal Building Code
A l7uI\dlng coJedeveloped .nd published
by the 6u11dl~Offlclals and Code
Administrators Intematlon31.lnc.
(BOCAl and ~ prlm3 rily In the
n~US.
Unifonn Buiidi"9 Code
A Iru~ coJedeveloped and published
by the lIrte~al Conference of
6~ OffIcbIs (ICSO~ and use.d
prlmrt,- In t&ecentr.rl and western us.
Standard 5ut1ding Code
A!ruMng caJe developeJ and published
bytheSouthem Building Code
Corrfereru (s6cc). and used primarily In
the ~heastern u.s.
ener~code
A lrull.:Ang coJethat sets minimum
fl-I sbndards for energy conservation and
the ercgy-efficlent design of Dulldlngs.
~n' 'With D~auilitie-s Act
AIl ~ of Con¥ess that Decame 13w In
1992., estaDlisllln~ design stand3rds and
, reqt.'ltel1ent.sforalll7ulidlngs except
-r
sl~mlly residences to ensure their
~Ilty by the physlC311y J1s.ab!ed.
zoning ordinance
you
An orcllgnce regulaUn~ the dMslon of
13 nd llTto zones. 2S to restrict the height.
l?ul.~. J:Id use of Dulkllng s. and
if
the prorisIcn of.ny 2nc ilia ry faeilities. as
pari;~a prlncip2llnstrument In the
Im~ of a master plan. Also
called zonln§ co,U.
r~ecoven.nt
t. I
A CO'r'eItInt IriUI a cl3use that restricts
the ~ of Wi party to It. as an
agreement.lIOflg property owners
s~ the use to which a property
can l7e put: raGbl and religious
restrictions are legally unenforceable.
noncmrfONR~
Of or pertaln~ to a material. type of
co nstrllCt 100. or occupancy or use no t
comp~ with the requirements set
forth il'l a l7uKdlnq code.
V41rUllCe
An offlctll pemt to do somethlnq
nornt;lllyfo~n by rt:9ulatlons. esp.by
Dulld1~ In a 'InY or for a purpose normally
r...1 forbidden by a building code or zoning
! ordinance.
r\
) CONSTRUCT. ON
no ncc mbustiUle construction protected noncombustIble construction type
Construction haVing a structure of construction A classtflcatlon of a lrul!dln~'s construction
steel concrete or masonrj'. and walls. Noncombustible construction having a accordln~ to the ftre resistance of Its major
floors and a roof of noncom17ustl17!e structure ana major components with fire· components: structural frame. exterior
materials. resistance ratings at ieastequal to those Pearlng and nonrearlng walls. Interior
speclfled by the appropriate authorities.
unprotected noncomuustiule
Pearlng walls. floors and cellin~s. roofs. and
enclosures of ftre exits and vertical shafts.
While each of the model codes differs In the
construction detailed requirements for each
Nancombusti17le construction havln~ no construction type. they all limit the area
f1re·reslstance requirements except far and height of a 17ullJ1n~ according to
f1re walls and enclosures offtre exits and construction. type and Intended occupancy.
Also called construction cl3ss.
....'.:
'
)
;. .... :
;. ~
comuustible construction ordinary construction
Any construction th3t aoes not fuffill A CO!1structlon type having noncombustible
the requirements for noncombustible roenor walls and an Interior structure
constrJctlan. wholly or partly of light wood framln~.
protected ordinary construction -'" .--~
y
Ordln2rj' construction h;wlng a structure
cop
and major components with ftre-reslstance
ratings at !east e<tual to those specified by
al
tM appropriate authorities.
gin
unpl'Otected ordinary construction
ori
Ordlnarj' construction h;wlng no fire-
resistance requirements for the Interior
the
structure except for fire wa lls and
er.closures offlre exits ana vertIcal shafts.
se
cha
ur
kp
boo
~ V)'-ti mlrer co nstructio n
his
A CO!1structlon type havl~ noncombustible
e-..:terior walls and an Interior structure of
dt
tlmPers.nd decking of specified minimum
sizes. Also called mill construction.
nee
I
~,-~
light wood frame construction protected light wood frame \
Aconstruction type having a framework construction ........ -.~
00- ._ . . . . . - . -
of wood rnert1!1ers not meeting the
requirements for he3vy-timi:>er
constructlon.
light wood frame construction having a
structure and m3Jorcomponents with flre-
resistance raUn~ at least equal to those
speclfted I1y the appropriate au.thorlt~S.
unprotected 1i9ht wood frame
construction
LIght wood frame construction having no
flre'reslstance requirements except for fire
walls and enclosures of fire exits and
vertical shafts.
51
 DESIGN
The cre3tWn and organization of
formal elements in a won: of art .
.I fOriit-i
The ~pe and structure of something as
dlstlngulsWfrom Its Silbstaru or
materl3l .

@
.#Iine
The edge or wntdllr of a shape.
\ /' \

\ L_'~_-->..
,shape'
The outline or surface conflgurauon of •
partlcularform or figure. While form wsU311y
refers to the principle that gives uni~y to 3
whole. and often Inclllks a sense of :rt355
or volume, shape suggests an outnne w.h
some emphasis onttle ellclased are3 ~
mass.

.. .....

':1~0::j~{;~rg,;
!textiirt " .' . '7 visual ttXture i tactile texture .
. The visual and esp. tactile '\uallty of a The;;pparent texture of;; surface resulting The phY$lc3l dlmenslonal structure of a
surface, apart from its. color or form. from the comuinatloo and interrelation of surface. apart from Its color or form..

y
colors and tonal values.

cop
:,
al -----/-+ [!]
~~~
Oforpertalnlrlg to shapes and forms having
1~l3r contcurs wflic;h appear to gin
ori
resem!?let:f-~of~ plants or animals.

!~.~
the

cc-.--:;;>
Of or pertaining to shapes and forms not
~!

~[RJ
~ng natural or actual oujects.
se

AIso.~~naI;··:;
cha

~ ...........-.............. - .... -......... .

~
.....
ur

Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms which

i~j~
kp

resem!?le oremplcythe simple rectilinear or

cu~r dements of geometry.
boo

~--------------------~
'?a~··-·'"·''''·'·'''·'''''''·''''''''''''' syntPo,-" ,

--+X •
his

Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms having Something th3t st;a nds for or represents
an Intellectual and affective content • sornethlr.g e~ Dy 3ssoclatlon.
dt

~ solely on their Intrinsic lines. resemPbnce. or ~n. derivl~ Its

cofors. and relatlonshlp to one another. meaning chiefly from the structure In which
I
nee

ltappe3rs.

I' ~~~~ ~nvenUof13!

you

flgu:-t h3v!r.g a
I. meaning and used In puce of a word or
if

~----..,~-'t-_ _ _ _ ----JI ,ph~se to exprtss 3 complex notion.

\ ~~f!1f::d artJcubtio n
A unified compostlon of two-dimensional I A metf1CJOflhanr.er of jointing that mJtes
shapes or Rtru-dlrnenslonal volumes. esp. the united parts cIQr. distinct. and pr~ise
one 1:hat ftls or sffi the Impression of In relation to e3Ch other, ...
w~ht. dcnsfty. and Pul.
t addi1::i~e 7.... ··.... ·_ .. ·· ........ . .J
Characterized or produced by addtUOn.
accumulation. or uniting. often resuftinq in
a new Identity.
5ulrtractive ~ .. - ................ .
Characterized or produced by remmi cf.
part or portion without destroying ;; ~se ~."~\~'\I'~.:' /
f~~~~~~:~ "'---.' .. -. --, '-'.'GJ">,
;,
of the whole. '''~\~:%~~~:\l', .. ,...
"

52
 ~DESIGN

form:
The manner of arm-.3in~ and coorana tlng
the parts of a compcsition 50 3S as kJ
produce a coherent im~e.

; orga~~tiorJ
1l1i system3tlc arranqing of
Interdependent or coordinated parts Into a
coherent unity or functioning who~

~i An InaiV1dual. minute, or subordinate

p3rt of ~ whole.

I
I
structure <

Th~a-;:g3;;iffikJn of e~ments or p3-;S In a

~I
.11
• complex system as dominated ~ tee

y
general eha raeter of the whole,

cop
al
" ".II

-\ i ... I( III l1li •• II •

gin
ori
tature
----------------------~
j
the

The c~ractaistlc structure given to

;a surfJCe or 5u~tance ~ the stze,
se

s!up~, ~rranqement, and prcportlons

cha

a' the parts.

. f4l>Mc .
01
ur
kp
boo

:parti: :j
his

The lias1c scheme Or ccncept for an

architectural design, represented b] a
dt

dlagram.
nee

diagr.wm :
, A drawl~, nat neceS5.'lrlly
you

represent3tlol13l, that outlines. eXf-'ins, or

cl3rtftes the arrangement and relatlci1s of
the pa rts of a whole.
if

pattern '
, ,~rBrl.fr~t
e Jlrrang n~ parts Or eIe me'lts fr.:.o
COrn'

VI

An ~rtlstlc or decorative design, esp. proper proportion or relation 50 as t.J form

cne h<lYing ;I cruracterlstlc a unified whole.
arran~ement and considered as a unit,
of whkh an Ide3 can be given by a
fragrr.ent.

'L_____ _ ___________ _

53
~ ~~ft prfncfvle:
A fundarrental and CDtnprehenslve concept
of visual ~ptIon for structuring an
aesthetic CDmposltlon.
unity'
The state or quanty of Peing combined into
one.astheorJerl~ofelements In an
arUstle lI'OIi: tIut coostItutes a
harmonious whole or promotes a singleness
of effect..
brder turmony
ACDnditlon of ~ic3l harmonious. or The orderly. pleasing. or CO!1gruent
comprehensible ma~ement In which each arrangement of the elements or p3~S ill an
element of agroup Is properly disposed with arUstle wno Ie.
reference to other elements and to Its
1'epCS6 :
purpose.
~rmony In the arrangement of parts IX'
colors that Is restful to the t:ye.
L.
'caherent
I[
Ii lc.:3ic311y or 3esthet~311y ordered or
lnU.grated to afford comprehension cr
I recognition.
L

DOD ~====~==~~====~==~~I========~
DDD
1---~.-- ..:
u
DDD
'j 1I~_,".ity;",~
The stateOrquanty of being Identical.
:.' I
proximity
Ne3rT1es~ln place. order. or relatIOn I
hOlT'lOgtl1tlOUS. or regular. I \ : I tJ
';. homogeneeu '
Unlfonn In strtJcRlre throughout or
composed of parts that are all of the
~~~~~====~I I I
canUnuity ;
U

y
sa me ~ture or kIM.

cop
The state or quality of belnq contlnuoi.!S. as
~~~::l a nne. ~e. or dlrectlon.

al
Uniformly or evenly formed or arranged.
ai~~
I
~ motOtony gin Amngement In or adjustment acccrdi,,~ to
a stialqht nne. U
ori
The state or ~U411ity of lacKing variety.
the

campJexity ,., caJlage

se

The state or quality of reing a whole ~ An artistic ccmpositlon of often

cha

composed ofcomp'bted,lntricate, dlverse ele:na1ts In ~n ti1:tly or

or Interconnected prts. unexpected Juxta positb n.
ur

~- ...=
r-------..;-=-::..;;.= ..;.;.;.
.. ""'.. ~
.... .!. kmrchy l

rl~lR ··m II
kp

The stJte or 'l.U41nty of having varied or I ! . A syst.e'mof eiements r.lnKea. elasslf.e.d.

alV~ forms. types. or eha rae terlsties. I I and organfud one 3DOYt: another. acwrdin~
boo

,~. to importance or s~nlf\canu.

~ ~~~ I~= : =;:,;: : : := _-=- -=·-=- ~-/~ ~;~":'=d

Stress or prominence given to an
his

elcma1t of a CO«1posltlon by means of

U
dt

contrast. anomaly. or coonterpolnt.

i
nee

!
~======~ r
you

......
corresponJlng posltlons from an
P
[>f
I! -/.--' \ntervenlngspaceor<*ject.
l~~:~i
opposttIon orJuxtapos{tlon of
if

dlssinlbr ~ In a won: of art to _

II.
....... - . . . 11[, ' < t" >'.' ' ..
ju$~
The state or poSm,n of Delng placed close

~
intensify each eb1ent's properties and

I,I
.

~>/
~r()('s~byskk.so.stopermtt
proGuce a more dynamic
expres5iveness. ·. .0 comparlsonorcontnst.

L. __ -------. t ~iDric~
A tenuous Valance malntalneJ In an artistic I
m retween opposl~ forces orele~t5.
often causing anxiety or excttement. P
inoNIy'
A~Ion from the normal or 0 §DDODD
1
ODD J

~ 0
~
expected form, order. or arrangement. -.. DOD
'nt DDITTIDD , cantndlctlon I
~ I!14Jor idea, essential pa rt. or DDDDDDO The state orcoodltlon of beln~ opposed. ~
D_ i OUOD
r~
satlent feature ofa narrative or Inconsistent. or lc.:Jically Inwngruous.
concept. ~QnUrpolnt .: ........ -................. :
,.alient A parallel M contrasting element
or theme in a narT3tlve or concept.
, wo,
Prominent or conspicuous. A 5~3te Of utw disorder or CDnfUSlon. • I
I·
L
I
54 r
!
 -.I )PESIGN-'

, I
-I
11 ~~ri4m Itc=:.tC:::5E=n:~lliJlllllU~-liabnce '1
A 5tJ~cfrestor!:ra!ance . the-pleaSing or harmonious arrangement or
Pa....~ contr.lstlng proportion of parts or elements In a desIgn
~~,,:;s cr opposing forces.

i., equipoise ;
o li
o or composItIon_

An e<lUJI distribution of
weig;:. rdJUonshlp. or
fcxus.

~cc~~-$
ACO.Jn~lanclng weIght
-I orfw~

'-I

y
cop
al
"'-I
gin
ori
I

L+J-.::S:~~! ,r r3(1bl5ymmetryj~.. -----.-.-.---------

the

U Symmetry resultIng from the

arrangemen ~ of similar.
se

radiatIng parts a~ut a center

I
cha

point or central axis.

,~~ ..y.i50h~metryi;
ur
kp

L..,
A straIght hne to WhIch I' An 1'"391I13ry hne al>Out which a
i elements In <I compositlon ~ure. body. or composltlon Is
boo

are referred for symmetrical.

measurement or symmetry.
his

'--I
dt

i
nee
you

:-/
if

tI '~ilf
The au ~k:>r-3
rr.ovi~~~or~c
which
·_-----_·_--t ~~!/j
The act or prOcess of repeating formal
elements or motifs In a desIgn_

ref~tothe
It ts di recu.d.:;"

"-,
j

¥~~ concmnatioll
A prOcessor change ta~lng place by Aseries of linked or Interconnected things
kgm:s orthroogh <I series of gradual or events.
successive stJges.

55
. PE$I~N :
fro~, . eurythml ;
; The COlny.,._e. proper, or h3rmonlous Ha rmony of proportlOif or mOvement.
rel3tlon of DI" part to another or to the .r\
whole ",1Ut respea to In'gnltuae. quantity.
oraegree.

,proportlca. :
%=9
The equality retwun two ratios In '
\
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13. 21...
VI, V2, 2;" 3/5, 5/8, 8113 ...
j
..I
I

which the first of the four terms

divldea Py ~ second equals the third Fibonacci se~ .
divideJ Py tile fOIl rth. The unending sequence of numbers where I 1
the first two terms are 1and 1. and each
, golden~llj succeeding term Is the sum of the. two
AprO~~n the two dimensions l.mm~lately preceding. Also called
of a pl3ne figure or the two divisions of a
~cd ~uance. I
!
nne, In which the ratio of the smaller to the I j
I.lrger Is the same as the ratio of the la rger harmonCC~' ~.
to the wholc:J ratio of approximately 0.618 A series In which the terms are In harmonic
to 1.000. Also c.lbf gpklerJ ~~{~ progression.
~ .,;.. ' .;.
I
1, '1.3.~. ~, ~ LJ
harmonic 'p rog res 5 !on
Asequence of numbers the reciprocals of
",hich form an arithmetic progression. I
1J
A B

y
cop
B

al
gin
ori
the
se
cha

~Ie '.L ...................................... .

II certain prof'OftIonate size, extent. or
ur

degree, uSlQly l~ed In relation to some

kp

St3ndard or point of reference. ",

boo

1tutIu" ~ale
his

The size or proportion of a I7ullding

dt

e\c:r.c:ntor space, or an article of

flnlture. rel.ltlve to the structural or
nee

fllllCtlonal dimensions of the human

~.----~,
you
if

..................
...................
-- -- --- - -.---------.--=-':Io..---~---------
'"
.... -_\'t_-;\---?'<::-

_ .0
mechanical scale visUJI scale
The size or proportion of something relative The size or proportton a ~ulfdlng element
to an accepted standard of measurement. appears to have relative to other elements
or components of ~nown or assumed sIze,
,
.' -

56
I
r-
 fDESJGN
~gonomiG5

I
I
Art applledsclei1ce concerned with the
cha ruterlstlcs of people that netd to Pc:
consIdered In the design of devices 3 nJ
systems In order that people an.:! things will

r
l I
Interact effectlvely and safely. Also called
~uman engCnurin4.·

f'
I
! ······1· a~r~~I11~
. The measur'embTt and study of t~ size and
I proportions of the human rody.
j ~5tructul4ll ~sion Ra~ropoll10,rp~~ .f
ArTy Ofthe-dimenslO;,softhe tiuman body To 3sc'rlbil humin furm orcharacterlstics
It a nd It 5 p-art5. to nonhuman things or I1elngs.
ffunctioM&imell5ion "- ... ----,-.·-.----.-.-i~
Arry of the dlrnenslonsdetermlnea by bodily l
posltlon ana movement. 35 reach. stride. or !I:'-
clea ranu.. f:
,i, J
11 ....)
~".",.

y
cop
!,~fiti f'~.J.;"''' .'~'" II""··. ·····..·...... _
The correspondence petween the size and
.." ... mlt
The correspondence ! ~~ia.<
t The senSoYy ~f>erience of Podlly position.

al
posture of 3 human body aM a lnJi!dlng petween the sensory presence. or mo."etrent k.1ved chiefly from
e!emcnt ~ artlcle of fumi~re. experk:nce of podily
presence and movement gin stlmu/.atlon of nerve endl~s in muscles,
tendons. ana Jolnts.Also, k1na~$lai i
ori
ana the size, sha pe. and ,.~esi5..'
proportion of a space.
~)13ptJc
the

i .
Relatrng to or lr3sed on the sense of touch.
se

t olfutory'
cha

ReI.a Clng to or &3sed on the sense of smelL

~."
ur

,r;.~
'The i1bltfty~ frudom. or /~V
kp

permission to approach.
"{~;
boo

enter. or use.

i' \: ;i~~i?'~
his

jVa~
dt

Of or ~ini~ to spaces. Ptllk:Il~s. and i: f

facntt:es fully accessiple and usap!e by all
fl . · . · · .............. " j
nee

~1e.1nclud1~ the physically

'~
h:mdlc3ppd
you

P~r.!J~;! -
The Sfuay-bf the symtJol1c and
if

communicatlve role of the spatlal

separation Individuals malntJJn In varlous
soc 13 I and In~al sltuat.,ns. alld
how the n3ture and kgru of this sp3ttal
arrangement relJtes toenvlronrnental and
" . cultural factors.
r

/~~
.. I
r
i - - - - -.'. ,J ~. ~: a.,
]r;-' .
-, >

------"

territoriality pe~11315pace ~
The pat tern of ~havior associated with The vatia!7le and su~lectlve dlstance at
defining and defer1ding a territory or
domain r, --,-
which OM person feels comfortable tal1:lng
to 3~~her. Also called~! distance. :

57
1 DESIGN /,
. ~igll"
f 0 conulve, coof.rio.'e, or devise th~ form and
structure of a bulldlng or other
constru~
contrive- I, ,
foform In an artistic or Ingenious manner.
, Jesfgn f~'·; ,~.:
A purposefll actlvtty aimed at devising a Tofonn'ln themlna ~ newcomplnatlons or
plan for chafl!lng an exlstlng situation Into applications of existing Ideas or prinCiples.
a future preferrea state, esp. th~ cycncal.
IteraUv~ process comprising the following
phases................................ lr--n;-J3-'-tlO-'n--":::"~:l:.....---. /~~...,--";':";:;,--:_ _ _ _ _--,
in
PfO~S . fJ~tifying ;problem ;nJ Its. socia/' . analysis
II systemailc seres of actions or economic. and physical ~xt. 5~parattng of a whole Into its constl:uent
operatlons le;ading or directed to a parts or elements. esp. as a method of
partlcu~rc:ti studying the natur~ of the whole ana
determining Its essentl3l features ana their
iph.i$e;· ~ . relations.
•A partlcubrsta¥ In a process of change or
deve~ ~~yn,1;h~ls J
Comulnirig of separate, often dlve~ pa rts

}~~"lfor so.'Ilng a prol7lem, as a /

• or elements so as to form a single or
t whole. Il.J
statement~ forth the context,
conditions, requirements, and .) ~in~ €
o~Ject!ves for a c:Its~n project. The pattern of change, growth, or

_'\
~
/ ;;:;:::~:::~::M~OO' L
~ r des~n project wtthln a specified develop;:
•.. ,,_.._ ,/ tlme.Also.tharttte. To wolt but, expand. or realIZe the

L
: capaPtlJttes or posslp!litles of so 3S to ~rlng
1 gradually to a fuller or more adva ncea or

y
cop
effective state.
,tnodifyl

al
~!
~icwttd 3n impIem~ solution
ori
gin L
fochange the form, character. or
quant1es of In oraer to glve a new
orientation to or to serve a new end.
In use ~ tk-specifieJ gozls and J refine;
the

, f 0 Improv~ or elaborate In order ~

L
CI'iterU.
make more flne or precise.

g~
~P~~I\
se

.~ inflectio n '
cha

. A~nd.angle,orslmilarchange:n the
shape of" configuration. ~ meons of
o
ur

n
L
which a changeofrelatJor.sI1lp to some
kp

! feeduack context or condItion Is lodlcate.:i

To en~~ fulflnmentof ~ means , EVaIu3tlve Information auout an action or
boo

traMformatlcn-'
of a definite pbn or procedure. process prompting a return to a
The process Oftha~glng In form or
preceding phase for a~ratlon or

L
his

correction.
structure through a series of alscw~
permutatlons and manlpulatlons In
dt

~ponse to a specific context or set of

condltlons without a loss of identity Of'
nee

~l&iitJon
concept.

@@ L
Slmulztlng. testing, ~nd mod;{y(ng

~[gJ
you

~bIe :lternnlves ~CCCIf'Jlrig ~

specIffeJ goals ~nd criteria.

CO"""~ ; ···········-···········t~#············~:··~'···-·-··-- ..; ~!

if

I ..
To expre5S.canvey. or Interchange Ideas,
Infonnatloll. or ~ lli:e by writing. speaking.
or t$!~ a common system of signs or
symrols.esp, Ina way that Is clearly ana
readily understood.
..
, f"OPO'''
The off~ of II pia n for consideration,
acceptance, or action.
fo chooSe from a numl?er of a~matlves ~
fitness or preference.
~ judgment ~
: , ..;,,,,~~.oi
T'lie mental lIPility to perceive distinctions,
comprehend relationships, or distinguish
alternatlves.
function:
• The natural or proper actIon for which
somethln~ Is designed, used, or exists.
~.-- -.-----~.--.~~
fo asceruln or assess the slgnlflcance.
worth. or qu.lltyof, usuarly by careful
appraisal and study.
~~n'
Astandard, ",Ie, or prinCIple on wh!ch a
Judgment or decision may ue ~ased.
J dmltll,i
, An .ss~~. given. or otherwise
elnt~:
fii cri3td li:enes5 or model of someth ln~
antlclpa~ for testln~ and evaluatbn.
~ model :
. A'iT;rnfitu~ represent3tlon, usua ny
L
~ullt to scale. to show the appearance
or construction of something.
jmoclc~up: .'
AfuH-s!ziJ model of a Uulkllng or

~purpo~
• The reason for which something exists
determlnea bct or proposition from
which conclusions may I?e drawn or
decisions made.
structure. buJlt accurately to scale for
study, testing. or teaching. L
.U5t
or Is done. made, or used. ;rasu!1jtct a system or process to such

~, '-?
J~meniFY; condItions or operations as will lead to
a critical evaluatlon of a!71 lit!e 5 or L
Arty feature that provides or l!),Creases p~rform3nce .ina subsequent
comfort. convenience. or pleasure.
I acceptance or rejection.

i econorny ._
',..f . ~refut. t~rifty. and efficient use and
m3nageme nt of resources.

L
58
 iDESIGN
._, ~ .. ! fa~ I crutivity
The f#culty or power of The pTay of the mind through which 'il$cns , The aPillty'tO transcend traditional
compre~ Inferring. or thinking are summoned. esp. mentallnventC1s that Ideas. patterns. or relationships and to
,n
In orderiy.l'ltlonJl way. are whimsical. playful. ana Initiate meaningful new lkas. forms. or
o }. 0 ) o-----~) characteristically removed from re4nty. Interpretations.
---
\ ,,/ ,origiral~i
The creative ability to Imagine or
-e-nv-I-slc-n:-'-------~ \ irrt.l4~"
express In an Independent and
To rorintmental plctvre of a. >>A rr.en61 representation of Individual manner.
future possibility. • - '-, / sorr.ethlng previously perceived In the
3b~nce of the 0~lnalstlmulu5.
i . irrt3~in3ticn :
The faculty of fontilng mental Images
The power of recombining former '. : or concepts of wh3t Is not present to
experiences In the creation of nell' '. - ,: the senses or perceived In reality.
IITt3ge5 directed at a speclf1c g031 \. \ \ IJ
--.-••• - ~~Inthesolutlonofa' ..., ""'_' _______ ~~ •.••• -~Q/,~:
\ I _..~_ .. _~ ... _._ .... ,.. -......... 4-... --.-................ -... -...... Kthoughtor notion resulting from
.' mentalaW3reness. understanding. or

.:t yro~;:;8
\.~ ~~
'" 'Toreg3fd'an Ide3 orconupt 3S The act or power of antlcipatl~ , ~~pt
h~~ some fmn of o~tlve that which will or may come to be. A'ri1entallmage or formulation of what
~Irty outside of the mind. somethIng Is orought to be. esp. an
I ~~~ Idea generalized from partlcula r
~~~} Th'e faculty-ofsetllng things In their
characteristIcs or Instances.
10 ~nlmate orper-rneate with a tnJe relations or of evaluating
~rtk:ular fom. sul;>stance. their relative significance. des~n conceyt
qUJl1ty. or distinction. Aconcept for tl1eform. structure. and
vieW~t fe3tures of a I1Ulldlng or otr.er
r1 ~a.dd~;
, To a'ir~theefforts or attention
A part'lcular manner or mode
of Iocl:lng at or regardin~
construction. represented graphically
Py diagrams. plans. or other drawings.
~ I of. something.

y
cop
j he~: "." , asp~) ~~
" To rttrut ana hold fast Py A way In which a thll19 may ~ An un.::lerlylng org3nlzatlonal pattern

al
Influet\a or powu. viewed or re<jarded. or structure for a des41n.
:;'l ,

gin --'~(_-l- .. proia,

ori
The original scheme for a deslgn
~pnctU ;---~Efl------- ~r)', presented In the form of a sketch
.A.c-tu3r~nu or application of A~tr3ct thought or 5pecula~\cr. outlining Its spectflc char.1cter. to pe
the

principles. asd1stll19ulshed from theory. resultIng In a system of a5sumF~~5 developed In detail In later studies.
or principles used in analyzing.
!
se

; 1'e<11 ,~ explaining, or predicting phenorr~.a.

=~ c
cha

~vfn9 ot>~e. ve;rtfuple. and Independent arid prc~ or followed 3S the b-a% ~ph!J.r;
ros~. 3S op~ to ~1"i1 arttflclal or of 2Ctlon. M object;acUvtty. or Idea used In place r,eatlve processes. esp.

T
ur

Hlusory. I ci another to s~gest alikeness as appl1ed to tile stating and solution

, ap~~ ~rWeen them. of proPierns that Involves free use of
kp

I! : ~hl~.wtthout rdereru to ~phor and anJ10gy In Informal

a-nltogy ( .
boo

concrete re3l1ty or a p;irtlcuur Interchange within a small group of

Instance. A similarity In some particulars diverse Individuals.
~ween things otherwise dissimilar.
his

Rri~neJP~ ~tf...1I0glcal Inference !rased on the ~ - '-

Aftirld3'mental ana comprehensr.e ;,.,.. ~mptlon that If two things are /lY'~ ..:' ._
dt

tnJth. or assumption gc"Yernlng x-;~. [lIOWT'Itoi1ealiktlnsomeres::uts. .,- ..\ / / / .. '

nee

procedure. or amngement.

fI
LP : =~f3CUItYofknoWlng
you

r ~
if

w1thoot evident ratlonal thought and

Inference.
I
r
f'
I
-~I
• A nu. of things r'e!JardeJ as forming a
grotJp ry ~ of common attrll:rutes or
char.lCterls1lc.s.
arc~-·····--·-·-···· .. ·-····-·-····· ..~..
;,V;n cW~~ or pattem on which all ~
. e
tBDJ]w f5~~,
~tIon orreftectlon on a subject
or idea. resultln~ In a conclusion
Inferred from Incomplete or
Inconclusive evidence.

thl~s oftM ~me kinJ are copied or ~ased. . am~uity

t ~.~i
The state 0'7quality of pelng
susceptlble to uncerta!nty of meaning
.' AreproJ'uctlooof3nofiginai. ~ or multiple Interpretation.
~ prototype : ~ ~renJiFity
An ~rly and typical example that exhl~tts An 3pt!tudefor ma[1119 deslrable and
the esse~J fe3 tu res of a class or group t model unexpu-tecl discoveries I1y accident.
anJ on which bter st3qes are ~ased or '
eJ. An rumple serving 3S 3 patte~~ ~klent,
Jlld.; for Imitation or emulation In tr.e A fortUitous circumstance. qU3!ity. or
creation of something, characteristic

I
! 59
DOME
A vaufW structure having a
circular plan and usually the form
of a portion of. spnere, so ._~ ..... -....... - meridiana! line
constnJcW 2S to exert an equal ."" A CUllleJ hM aescrli:1lng a vertical
thrust in all directWns. ,/ section cut thro~h the axis of a
rotatlort31 surface.
roo ................... hoop nne
I A circulAr line aescrl17lng a hOrizontal
, section cut perpendIcular to the axis
of a rotational surface.
.-semicircular dome
Adome havlng the form of a t, !
hemlsp~re.

./ ... rr;ll$ItIon from merldiofl3l to hoop

.-' forces 0CCIJr5 atan angle of from 45"to
6Q' from the vertical axis for most load
conditJons.
/
hoop forc.e .~ .. -.----- ......- .. -.---.---~~'
Aforce acting along a hoop line of a
dome structure, perpendlcu lar to
me ridlon3 Iforces. Hoop forces, whIch
rtstraln the out-of-plane movement
of the meridional strips In the shell of
a dome, 3rt compressive In the upper
zone ana ~sife In the lower zone.
meridianal force ~ ........ ---....... .
A force acting along a meridional line
of adome structure, always
compressive underfull vertical

y
loadIng.

cop
al
~ucerdcme
Adome ~ the form of a segment of a
~,lI'ftlIItS,cent.er I'd PeIcw the gin 11 11 11
ori
springing 11M Asaucer dome Is partlcula rIy
salsItlve tc budhng uI'Jer 3n ~.ema Iloaa.
the
se

;.e~~io~~~ng
cha

.IT"
i the l7ase of il acme tc
! conb!n the outward components of
ur

; the rr.eridIonai forces. In 3 concrete

kp

.: dome, thIs ring Is thickened and

! rtlnforuJ tc ~ndle the ~ndlng great circle
boo

---4-J::':"'---..(").---""';Ir+- stresses C3usea by the differing The cIrcle of greatest

elastic deformations of the ring and d13meter that can ~e
his

shell drawn on a sphere.

dt
nee
you
if

radl.aldome 5chwedler dome ~ttiudome geodesic dome

A dome l1uilt with stu! or tlmPer trusses
amn¥d In 3 raalalll".Jnner 3na connected
Coy polygon .. I rings at various heights.
A steel dome having memPers which follow
the lines of 1atit<Jde and longitude, and a
third set of dla~nals completing the
triangulation,
. A stul dome structure havIng meml1ers
which follow the circles of latltuae. and two
sets of diagonals replaCIng the lines of
longitude and formIng a series of Isosceles
triangles.
A stul dome havIng members which follow
thrte principal sets of 9rtat cIrcles
Intersecting at ~ subdlvldlr.g the acme
surface Into;l series of ~uil3teral spherical
trlanqles.

60
 DOME

:.------------------------ -- - .. ---------- .................... ~ oculu't

,{ A dlrc~iaropenlng. esp. one at the crown of
a dome.

r·-tb.~cl
-I : Asuperstructure crownIng a roof or dome semiaome,
H3ff a dome formed by a vertical sectIon.
: havln~ open or windowed walls to let In light
andalr. as (Ner a semicIrcular apse.

, cupou cul-de-four ;
A light structure on a dome or roof. serving A semldome or'quarter.sphere vault. 3S
O'IU an apse or
nlc he.
35 a l:>elfry.1antern. Or belvedere.

It.lml1our·
'The vertiCal part of a cupola.

y
pendentive ~

cop
A spherical triangle forming the transition
from the circular plan of a dome to the
.. ··~·--llrrterdome .

al
poly~onal pLon of Its supportIng structure.
./ The space betJeen the Inner and outer
~ shells of a dome.
gin
ori
'\
}-1~3rne 1
" A dormer window In a roof or spire.
the

~)
._ ....... - .....,lunette i
se

\ --: --_.:--...... An area In the pLone of a wall framed by

cha

\L, , an arch or vault. containIn~ a wIndow.

paintIng. or sculpture.
'.. .. -_ .. Whispering gallei'y\
ur

J. space or gallerJ ueneath " dome or \ pe~tttive dome ~

kp

~l i ;1 vault In which low sounds produced . A spherical dome formed by removfng four
I at any of certain poInts are clearly
boo

~gments SO that It merges with Its

audIble at certaIn other dIstant perJentIves anel sits on " square pLon.
his

l
dt
nee
you

'l
~'L
if

~ /. , ~Ulrn;rt~)
, An arch or cOrl:>eltng pullt across the upper
Inside comer of a square tower to support
the side of a superimposed octa~onal
structure.

band.age .:..
A strap. ring. orchaln placed around a
structure to secure and hold Its parts
together. as around the springing of a
aome.

61
 DOOR I

. . . . . . ._. ,- ~i:;g:~~~i~;~::s
I
A hinged, sliding. or folding Darner

-~
J
of wooa, ~l or glass for opening
.nd closing an tntranu to a
building. room, or c.1binet. that permit It to I
. swing In one direction only.
!
sw~ing door
I
A000r ~ tunis on hinges or pivots aPout ......... double-acting door
a vertical ~ wncn pushed or pulled. A door hung on hinges that permit It to
swing In either direction from a closed
position.
double doors
I,I, A pair of doors hung In the same doorframe.
1!
":'-""-Ieaf I
~ !i . A hinged or sliding section of a dOOr or
shutter.
i
:..' :'.: . : ~ r-----Y---~...... j_ .,'''- active leaf II
~,
,.. The leaf of a pair of "oulne doors to which (
.. , l1alanced door ,.
,/
the latching or locking mechanism Is
A p~oW door that Is partially attached. Also called openIng leaf. I
\
courT"...erir.Ilancea for easier opening and .........-... - ....... Inactive leaf
c1051 rtg.
allU)m.rt:ic door
The leaf of a pair of double doors to which
the strike plate Is fastened to receive the
Y
A door that opens automatically at the latch or bolt of the active 1e3f, usuallyflxed
approach of a person or automobile. In a closed position by bolts at the top and
_ i_ _ _ . _ _ _ .
bottom of the door. Also called standing
pivoteQ door door opener leaf.
AXcr ~rT1e4 on and 5Wln~ln~ about on a A mech3nism that automatically opens a
/ .... astragal
un~roroff~ plvot, asdlstln~ulshed door .... hen actuated Vy a radio
tr3nsmltter, electric eye, or other device. ./ A molding attached to one or boUl meeting
from one hung on hinges.
stiles of a pair of double doors to prevent

y
drafts or the passage of light, nolse, or

cop
smoke.

al
mullion

gin
A slender vertical memPer dlvidlng the
opening for a p.lr of double doors.
foWtngdoor -r+--"'i'~'-'-"" - l:rifolddoor
ori
sometimes removal7le to permit the
A door IritJI hI~ ~ns that can be A folding door that divides Into two parts.
passage of large oVjects••. -:;
~ fbt ~"Inst one another when the Inner leaf of each part Pelng hung from
the

~ an overhead tr3ck and the outer I~af

.' "'
pl.oted ~t the jamb.
/ ....
, jill j .....
se

,- ,/ ~'
/ .' ....
cha

/
ir ~ ucordlon door /
,-
:./ ' ............"
1...-_-U.I..I.J..IJ.JJJj;;jjii.LiI.' A multi leafed door that Is hung from an , /
ur

r
overhead track and opens by folding b3ck In ,/
\.

the manner of an accordion. \

kp

it-'-"Tl
boo

I I : I
i I : I

('f"'-"'"
his

- pocket door
I I A door that slides Into and out of a
I :
dt

I
I 'I recess In a doorway wall
51iJin9 door I 1

1:
I
nee

I : I
A door ~ open tes or moves Vy st1dlng
I
I
on. tnGt. usu4I1Iy p3n~1 to. wall. __ .J~ I
i
you
if

rolling door ---~- revolving door

A ~ge doorconslstlng of horizontal, An entr3nce aoar for excluding dr.oft.s from
~~ metal sbts gUided Vy a tnd the Interior of a i7ullding. COfI$lstlng of four
on eitherslcfe.~lng Vycolllng about4In leaves set In the form of a cross and
~ Ihm ~ the head of the door rotatlng about a central vertical pivot
~ within a cylindrically shapedvestl~k:,
Some revolving doors automatlc3llyfold
Pack In the direction of ~ress when
DOD pressure Is applied. providing a'legal
passageway on roth sides of.Ine door pivot.
DDD ...... -~ wIng
DDD One of the leaves of a double or revolving
door.
DOD r ...... -.-.. ~ sweep
i The flexible weatherstripping along the
eages of a revolving door.
overhead door air curtain
A large door constructed of one or sever31 A stream ofcompresseJ air dlrec~
!eaves. opening Vy swinging or roiling up to a downward across" doorway so as ~ form a
horizontal position above the aooropenlng. shield t;{l exclude drafts.

62
:1, DOOR
rough opening ---------.., r:·~·:~~~~~y .-,-c-~-7:'.c~--:-7::::7:~ doorframe
An opening In a wall Into which a " . ' . .- ",i Theframe of a aoo11Y3Y, consisting of

1 I doorframe or window frame 15 fitted.

pmb
">;':1 two Jambs and a head or lintel

Either of the vertlca I sides of an ':J- head

archway. doorway, or window opening. :0.1 The uppermost mem~erof a doorframe
~---+-+-- cased opening .::.::1 or wi ndow frame.
.K. doorles.s opening finished with
trlmworl:. . '.~-' doorjamb
..: Either of the two sidepieces of a
'~------------~.~-----W~------------------ <j doorframe.
"l-
'::1 stop
:.~j The proj~lng part of a doorframe
'. ':1 agaInst which a door closes. AlSo callej
I :'::
r-"--"",,--,-..u..."~-4
doorstop.
casing ________ .___ L __ <. pia nted 5tc P
Astop fOf'lT'led by attaching a molding
The finished, often decorative to a doorfra me or wi ndow fra me.
mmewori: around a door or window
openIng, esp. the portion parallel to the rauueteJ stop
surroundIng surface and at ~ht A stop formed Integrally by a ra bbetln
angles to the Jaml>s. i
I. a doorframe or window frame.
I

subca,i/19 i blankpmb
I
A rough casing for a doorway or wlndol'! Adoorjamb having no stops. nor
I·
t· prepared to receive hardware.
opening.
buc~ ----.---.. -.... -.
Asubframe of wood or metal set In a
partltlon to support the finish frame of
a door or window. Also called door

y
\1ud, rough puck.

cop
'-~- sill
r

al
The horizontal member beneath a door
j or wIndow opening.
gin --.--.- ..... -... - th~hold
ori
doorcle4r311U ------.-.--.~.

r The cle3ral1Ce required to prevent \ _ _I~ The sill of a o.oorH'3y, covering the join t
between twa flooring m3Url31s or
the

Inndlng Detween 2 door and its II

~~~?i;::=,~;-;.\. ~: ! --'------------- provldlr.g weather protection at an
exterior door.
se

.~ .. --.- saddle
cha

r the fau of the loci: stile, usually an ... .,/ Araised piece offtoorlng between the
ur

.... Jaml1s of a dool1Yay. to which a door fits

I Inchnatlan of 'fa In. (32 mm) for each 2
In. (51rnm) of door thickness, allowing closely SO as to prevent its binding
kp

the door to swing free of the door when oper.ed.

boo

frame.

Maml
his

~e:=~~·I·~I~~~,~~~;~-,·~··· .... -··· .. ·.. ·.. ·· .. --·

dt

r sectlan of woodwori: directly above a

nee

do<xway.
1 .-- ------ .---- fanlight
you

ua"~m ----------.---.-----------
Asem!clrcular or semleillptical window
I A crosspiece separating a doorway
from a window orfanllght above it. over a doorway or another window.

r
if

uan~cmwindow -----.----.-.-~/
711 A window aDove the transom of a

r
doorway. Also calW transom, . -- ~kleli9ht
tr~n50m Il~ht. A window at the side of a door or
another Window. Also calle.::! wfnglight
reYe411 ------------------- .. ---
The part of aJamb of a window or door
opening that Is vIsIpk: pet-ween the
splay
.J outer wall surface and the Window or
aoor frame.
A surface that makes an o\Vique angle
with another, as where a window or

•
5wncheon door opening widens from the frame
I~

, -.
The reveal of a window or door open:ng toward the face of the wa I\.
;1 ' ' . __ .. __ . __ ... ,' \,.'
from the frame to the Innerface of the
wall. Also. esconson. scunch~n -=U'=== ~ ~ \~_t~~
\ ~~\;
::' . --------_ ... _--- '."---.

I Veneti3n door
A doorway having a form similar to that of a
,.I
Palladian window.

i
I
• •1
63
DOOR

paneled Door .. --- .- ..• p3nel

A doorhJvlng a framework of sUIes. rails. A distinc;t ~~ or dlvlskln of a
ana ~ lI1untlns. filled with panels wall c.elll~. or door. recessed
of a ;h Inlla' 1113 teriJt below or raised 3bove the general
level orenclosea by a frame.

IU
L

r3a ~ --- stile

Arry of various horizontal memDers Ar,y of various:: ?right memDers I.

framing panels. as in a system of .' fr;;ming panels.;;5 In a system of

::~~c~~~~~~~:_~ _ _ _ _ _ //
panenng. a paneb:l door. window

The uppermost r3il connectJng the

,.-'

stlk:s c:i a p3~ door or winaow
sa $It.
IocIcrail ---------------------------- -------
The ,... of a doo- that meets the
shutt1n4 stile n the level of the
~
j.
paneling. a pane!ed door. window
sash. or a ches~ vf drawers.
hi"¥stile
The stile of a cloer Dy which it Is
Ii hung. Alsccalltd hangIng stile.
ico..=;""'~=",-=-==d
locI: stile
The stile of adoor that closes
against thefrar.-.e of the opening.

i1ottom rail -------------- -----.-----

The lowest rail connecting the
stiles of a pa~ door or wiRdow
sa$lt.
--D i
Also callea shlltting stile.

vision light
muting stile ~_J
Or~ of the a!nJtt.l~'-3
of dou Die doors.
stiles In;; pair

storm door
i
u

I
Asmallli.aht In the upper ,1.11 outer or supplemeir'..3'j Li
portlon cf;; door glazed with door. usua!1y glazed. for
clear g1355 for vlew~,~g. protecting an erTtr;;lnce :XNr
from dr;;lfts. driving /din, or
severe we3tr.er.

y
cop
al
ori
gin
screen door
A.1 exterior door hav in g r-ooJ
or .. Iuminum sU!es ana r.lils
that hold a wire or pI3S';l::
L
o :nesh to .. dmit air I7Ut ~!ude
the

in~s.
se
cha
ur

louvered door louver --------~ ccmpi~n door

kp

french door
A door having rectangular gl3ss A door having a louvered opening An ope-nlng fltW 'r'lith sl.'lnting. An exterior door having a frame
boo

pares extenang throughout its for the passage or circulation of fixed or rncvaD!e slats to admit air into which arfferent types of
length. and often hung In pairs. air. Also C4l1ed Pllnd £1001"_ Dut exclude r3ln ana snow or to panels can Doe in~rtea. 35 a screen
his

AlsoCJlled ca~mentdoOl". pro0Je prlvacy. Also. louvre. for SlJmmer or st.onn sash for
winter.
dt
nee

l.
you
if

gra~"ocr
A door of heat-strengthened or
~pered glass. \'tlth or without
ra lis ex sUits. used prima rlly a5 an
erTtrance door_
D L
Dutchaoor f,.tun door
A door const~.ed of vertical
Jip door ,
A door divided horizontally 50 that
the upper or lower part can De l7oard5 hekl to~her Dy
A door hinged ~ be flush with the
wall on either skk and treat.eJ sa L
opened or closed separately. horizo:1cal lr.itter.s and 35 to Doe Indisce;-niL>te when cbsed.
diagonal Dracing. Also. gl1:7 door.

i
L

64
 DOOR

1
i
I
aajll5table doorframe flush door
l _.
A doorfr4me h3vl~ a split had and J:Jmbs A door havl~ smooth-surfaced faces.
for InstJl13tlo11In various WJU thld::nesses.

~:m:t:HS1~.J. -- core
Awooden construction. as In a daor.
forming a lIacklng for face veneers.
cro5s(,anding
The plywood or hard!loard veneer
Immediately ~eath the face veneers of a
flush door. Also. crossl1and.
docrskin
Asurface veneer of plywood. hardboard.
p13stlc 13mll13te. or medium density overlay.
bonded to the crossbandlng or core of a
flush door.

prehung docr sclkJ-ccre door hollow-ccre door

Adoor hu~ In a doorfume More Awood flush door having a A wood flush door having a framework of
Ittstall3tlon In a wall sometllr.es preflnishecJ solid core of staved stiles and ralls encasing an expanded throat
and prefltted wtth all neces5Jr)' hardware lum!1er. partlck: Doard. or a honeycom!l core of corrugated fI!1erl1oard rhe opening between
i
I . aM casl~ ~m. minerai composition. or a grid of Interlocking horlzontal a the Dackbends of a
: ! vertical wood strips. metal doorframe.
i.-'
t

acoustical door
A door hJving • sound-&e3dening

y
cor-e. ~sketed ~ .lang ~

cop
t....t' an.::! sides. and an autolTutic
drop ~I along the bo«om. Also

al
ca11ed SOOnd-iIl5ULrti~ doer.

gin backbend/.....
ori
The fa~ at the oUter
edge of a metal
the

doorframe that returns

to the wall surface.
se
cha

hollowmetalfr;,ame
ur

k3~mein door A doorframe having a head andJamDs

kp

Adoor hJving astructural formed from a sl~le piece of metal.

wood core cl3d with hollow m~1 door
boo

galvanized sheet metal. A door luving face sheets of light-gauge

his

steei PorJed to a steel channel frame.

~
~ reinforced wtth channels.• kraft
dt

hontj'COm!1 structure. or 3 rigid p~stIc­

foam core.
nee

.' - - - - - krIockdownfume flu5hfraIM

A met3! doorirame r----- A ma.1 c:Ioorfr.llne ks~ ned to be
you

L- ____ _
composed of three or more Installed durl~ the construCtion of a
masonry or stud wan.

~
~~sforassem!llylnthe
if

.. _.- we!de.dfnme cutQff :,-to p

A met31 doorfralT1e th3tls
completely set up and
welded at t~ factory.
A stop having a closed end that drywall frame
terminates above th~ floor line A knockdown frame having a dcullle-return
a 45° or 90° angle. Alsacalled backbend for Installation after a drywall
hospital stop. sanitary partition Is finished.
stop.
\"""
groute.:f frame
A metal doorframe completely fll~ with'
plas ter or mortar for structu ral rigidity
and Increased fire resistance.

i
anchor pase anchor !lpat ~ .. ; double egre!ltS frame
Ar.y of var'.:,.. s :netal devices for A metal clip or device for A protect!ve lining, A metal cIoorframe prepared to receive a
~r.a'l~orc P3rt of a struckJre to securing t~ !;rase of a usually of stainless pair of single-acting doors that swing In
arccher. doorframe to the f.oor. scul. at the !1a~ of a opposite directionS.
doorfrarT1(:.

65
'i
DRAWING
The art, process, or technique of
representi/19 an ol1ject, scene, or image
ide3 b:t me3ns of lines on a surface. A representation of the form or : F'EKCEIYlNG
appearance of something. ~k visible In '. lMAGlNIHG
technique freehana drawing
••~ sculpture. ph~raph. or dr3wing. '. "'f'o,
I
A method or procedure for The art. process. or technique of drawing ... , I
accompllshlng a deslrea aim or tas~. as ~ hand WIthout the aid of draftlng I

that c:mpbyed Py an artist showing a Instruments or mechanical devices. esp. I

high ~ru of skill or command of for the representatlon of perceptions or Il ~
fu nda me nt3 ls. the vlsualiz3tlon of Ideas. DRAWING _.:.('
~-------lZ-' ,{'
centour drawing line \ ~ - \.
The technique of drawing lines to represent A thin, continuous 1TI3r\: made on ~ \-
the contours of a subject, without shading surface with a pencil, Pe:'!, or brush;'?s
or 1T1Oddi~ of form. distinguished from sha ai~ or eolor:\

centour outline
The outnne of a two-dimensional shape or A line describing the outer bounaary of'a.
PoundIng ~es of II three-dlmenslonal f\j ure 01' object. .
form.
profile
An outline of a form or structure seen or
represerrted from the side.

gesture drawing
The technique of drawing a single or multlple
lines freely and quldly as a subject Is
scanneJ and percepUoos of volume. rn.oss.
movement. and significant details a re
projecW onto the drawing surface. In
contrast to contour drawing, gesture
drawing generally p~s from the whole

y
to the pa rts.

cop
"g~
A1r'CI'e:m...~ of the b na. arm. had. f.Ice, or

al
gin
?t~=F==i~a:5;-;'::;:', body th3t expresses an Idea. opinion. or
" c:motlon.
ori
movement
The effect or Illusion of moUon conveyed by
the

the rel3tlonshlp of structural elements in a

(I..-"",~~~:;=;::::;::::::::;~~-deslgn or composition.
se
cha

reg ulating line -

A o~ drawn to measure or- express
ur

a~.gnrrent. SC3le. or proportlon,

kp

trace
A line I~htly drawn to record ali~nment
boo

or Il'asurerr.ent.
his

sluding
dt

The r:ndering of light and dark V4lluesln ~

dr.J~ to Cre3te the Uluslon of three-
nee

dimensionality. represent light arJ s-ha.1ow.

01' give the effect of color..
you

h.ttching
Sh3dlng composed of flne "ncs am,n In
if

close proxlmlty.
~5h.ttching
ShadIng composed of two or more series of
Intersecting parallel noes.

~~~ng
Shadlng by means of a netwon: of random.
mu/tJdlrectlonallines.
L
.

stippling ,
Sh3dlng by means of dots, small spots. or
short strol: es.

modeling key
The technique of rendering the illUSion The dominant tonal value of a drawing or
of volume. depth. or solidity on a two· palntlng.
dlmensloni/ S<Jrface Uy shading.

grisaille high-key low-key

MonoehrolT'.3 tic painting in shades of Havir":l chiefly l1~ht tones with little H3Vlng en iefty dart tones with
gray to produce 3 three·dlmenslonal ccntr.;st, nttle contrast.
effect.

66
 DRAWING

design drawing
Any of the drawings made to aid In the
,ketch visualization. exploration. and evaluation of
A simply Of hJsUyexecuted drawing or a concept In the design process.
palrrtll1g rep~ the essential
ftatures of an ~ Of scene without the
detJils. often I1Ude as a prellmlna ry study.

sway
r A drawing executed as an educational
e~rcise, productd as a prelimina ry to a
final wor1:. Of made to record ol7servatlons.
ScmetImes referreJ to 35 3 referential
dr.1wing.
conception
A d~wing of so~lng Chat dees not yet
exist.

draft
A prelimlna!), s1:~ of a deslg n Of pia n.
esp. one subject to revision.
es-quis5e
A s,\:etch showl~ the general feJtures of a
design or plan.

t
I '

y
cop
epure
AflJrt-SQIe, ~ drawing done Of1a wall.

al
fbao.orother~sumce. from which are
~ the pattans forvarlous Dulldlng
elar.ents. gin
ori
cartoon
the

A flJ~-sca~dra~ of it motif(X'des~n. to
~ :.toInsferred In preparation f.x a fresco.
se

lI1OS.Oic. ort3~try.
cha

renderi~
rI Adnwing. r:sp. a pers~ive. of a building
ur

I intu\ol" space.artlstlcalfy deHneatln~

• Of'"
kp

1T'.oI ~rl3Is. shades 3nJ shJdows: usua Ify

done for tM pu~ of presen tatlon and
boo

~U3S\ort
his
dt
nee
you

I
if

rI
r
L
mass .', )?)~
A unlf'.ed area of l'9ht. shade. or color
that deflnes shape or form In general
.
,(
$I:}
r; ..
+.,6 ~~
~ ~~~. •
'I /?
:P
outhne rather than In detail. ~', ~~~~~~~ / V'
passage ",
'\\ J
M~-'1 /~
/'1;.-- /Ah_
An area. section. or detail of a work. esp. ?fE..~
with respect to Its qualities of vignette
executlcn. A drawing that Is shaded off gradually Into
the surrounding paper 50 as to leave no
definite line at the border.
tfom~roeil analyti~ue
A drawl~ Cf' painting In which objects are An elevat\o!l drawing of a facade. surrounded by
rendered In extremely fine detail to a decorative arrangement of drawings of
emph3slze the Hiusior c' tactile a-j spatial Important details and some1:imes a pia nor
qU3rtt ies section of the facade.

67
DRAWING
drafting
Drawing done with the aid of such
Instruments as T-squares. triangles.
compasses. ana
scales. esp. for the
sys~tIc representation and
dlmenslonal specification of archItectural
and e~lneerlng structures. Also called
muhanlcaf drawing.
o

grid
A rectangular system of lines and
coordInates serving as a reference for
locating and re1uiJtlng the elements of a
o17jectline plan.
A solid line representing a contour of an
oi>ject.

tUshed line ---------1==3====i=r--t---t-:tt=IT--If¥=--ir--t"ff9·

AIn-oken nne conslstl~ of short. closely
spaced strokes. used esp. to represent
object nnes that are hidden or removed
from view.

dotUd line ----------1H+-tr1+==---~l---{ Hf--~

A In-oken line conslstln!) of a series of 11i:z'i\::nmb1~mt~~mt0~~c:.J~
closefy spaced Oots. sometimes used In
place of a dashed line.

co",truction drawings

y
The portlon of the contnct doc umen ts 'l

cop
unUrline snowl~ in ucurate graphic or pictorial I
A Im*en nne conslstlng of relatIVely long fonn the ~lgn.lccatlon. dlmenslon5. and

al
segments separated by SIn!J1e dashes or relatlonshlps of the elements of a projxt.
dots. used to represent the axis of a
sym metrlca I element or composition. gin Also C311ed COfTt.nct drawings. wori:fng
dr.iwi"4 s .
ori
I

~I
the

An emrossln!J stamp used l1y a licensed

architect. engineer. or other design
se

professlol13t on Wltract drawings ana

cha

spectftcatlons to show evidence of

~Istratlan In the state: wMre the work Is
ur

to ~ perfonTltJ.
.....
kp

( /~~ !
boo

~-'. -
his
dt
nee
you

exten~ion line
if

A hne e:xtendI"!J from an edge or f e3tu re of

an o~. to which a dlmenslon hne Is
drawn.

'. crowfoot 17re3kline dime~lon line j

A V-shaped mark.the apex of which Is a A I1roi:en line conSisting of relatIVely long A flne terminated l1y arrows. snort sl3shes.
reference point. segmentsJoined by short zigzag strokes. or dots. Indicating the extent or mag nltude
. used to cut off a portion of a drawing. of a part or the whole. and along which
leader measurements are $Galea and Indicated.
A short line leading the r;ye from a note or
dlmenslon to a reference point. nne. or area.

L.

68
 ·, ~r1ptive teCmetry
The tl1rory of Mlng project1ons of three-
projection
DRAWING

The process or technique of representlng a

dlmtrl.Slonal o~ on a p~ne surface In thru-dlmenslonal o~ by projectlng an
order to deduce their geometric properties its points by str3lgh"t nnes. either parallel
and relatlonshys. or converging. to a picture plane.
orthcgraphic projection
A method of projection In whlch a three-
dimet1slonal '*.!ect Is represented by
projecting lines perpel1d1cul.3r to a plctu re
pl.3ne. Also called orthogonal proJection.
r
I
1 I

~ '"'
!"I
11===fF
-< ~j~1
".
"
.... -,,~-

"

'-,,,:
plJn
An orthographic projection of the top or
section of an o~ect or 5truct<Jre on 3
horlzoa"t31 plane. usually drawn to scale.

Xi . I
I
Also calleJ plan view,
floor ptan
A plan of 3 rOOm. suite. or entlre floor of a
I uuilding as sun from above after a
- I horlzootal section ls Clft and the upper
1- port;lon remOr'ea. typlc.:il1y shewing the for:n
----'-~1in9 and arrangement of interlor spaces and
-.
----~
their enclosing walls. windows. and doors,
~dplaa .....
~I

y
cop
ApI.; n of a room as seen from aw,re hit -"
hZffng its celhllf Sijrf3ces and elements
proj«ted dowr.ard upon It so that what

al
would appear to1he right whc1 seen from
~ appears 011 the plan to the left. Also
gin poche
ori
C31bI ~ cef1l~ plln. The walls. columns. and other soflds of a
l:tulldl~ that are cut !n a floor pl3n or
the

section drawlng. lnd1caw.J USl!311y In ulack

mmi~pUn or by hatching.
se

A pUn showing the pattern, elements. and

cha

conu.ct1ons of die: structur.ll frame for a

fu.;lr or roof of ~ bulldlng. usl~ a system of
ur

symrols and drafting nnewon.

kp
boo

c.ontcurline --------~---:

An 1~lnary h~.Jolnlng points of equal

his

eM tIon 00 a s.bce. or Its

rep~rrt.ztlon 011. topographic pun or
dt

map.

c.ontc~I~------------~~~~~~~~~~~~
nee

The d!ffmnu I. e!MtIon represented by

you

e;;ch contour /1neon 3 top::graphlc plan or

l ~p,
if

gradi~ p~n rocfpL1n

A ~ n showing ~ proposeJ finish A plan showing the top view of a pulkllng.
con tours and emtlon s cf the groo nd esp. the form of Its roof.
surface of a conWuctlon sI~

~iU pL1n
narth arrow
A plan showing the form.locatlon ..and
A graphic symbd ~ on plans and maps to
orientation of a l:tultding or group of
In dlc ate the direction of north,
17ulldlngs on a site. uSU311y 111Gludlng tl1e
~a!e dImensions. contours. !andSC3plng and
A proportlol1 determining the relationship other s19ntf1cant features of the plot, AI50
of 3 represen"tatlCn to that ~lch It called plot plan.
represents.
graphicecale --------~ area plJn
I A plan showing the principal elements of a
1 Agraduated hnear Uar Indlcatlnq the
proportion ~ a represetlt3tlon and
that which It represents
"
'~'_ _
.
'. _ _ ~'~. _ _'l.. _
__I
design project In the wider context of Its
surrounding en"lron~ent.

!
1 69
 I

DRAWING It

&tCtio1t Iongftudin415Ution I
An orthographic proJectlon of an object or An ortkoqraphlc projectIon of;l sectlon
structure ;lSft woold appear if cut through made Dy cuttl"1 through the \::Ingest ax!s of It
by an Intu~ plane to show Its an ol1ject.
In~1 configuration, usually drawn to
5Q~

L.
cros, S<':ction
An ort~raphlc projection of a sectIon
rruk ~ cuttl~ transversely, esp. at right "
angles to the ~ axis of an object. Also
cai1ea mns.,.erse section.

III
section line)
Acerrterllne termInating In a perpenalCular
~rnent with an arrow, used to IndIcate
where ;I sectlon Is cut In a plan or elevaticn
view and the direction In which the sectlon
lu
Is to be viewea.

opliCiue $eCtion
An orth~raphlc projection of a section
Ii i
, ~

made Dy cutting with a plane that Is neither

para Ilei nor perpend1cular to the long axls of
an object.

y
cop
al
gin
\00
ori
the

\g)~
se
cha
ur
kp

e:b7tWn . shades ana shaaows relief

boo

An ort.hogr#phlc projection Of an object or The casting and rendering of shades ;Ind An apparent projection from a flat
struct<Jre 00 a vertical picture plane shadows, esp. In orthogr3phlc views, to bacl:ground due to contrast, crt3tlng t~.e
his

p3ratld to one of Its sides, usually drawn to conv~ li9ht, surface, form, and depth. Illusion of three dimensions.
SC3~
dt

shade _ ...... _...... _.......................... r-·IcC.11 cclor

The parts of a solid that receive no li9ht \. The naturlll color of a part~ular 09ject .s it
nee

~U~ they are tangent to or wmeJ \. would a~r In white tlght.

away from a theoretical light 5O\IrGe.
you

shadow
AdarHlgure cast upon a surface Dy an
if

opaque body Intercepting the rlIYs from

a theoretical light source.

U
!
Lj
70
I:
r1il
r DRAWING

p.1r.1line drawi~ .1xonometrlc projecticn

Arry ofv.ri:les slnglc-vk:w drawings The orthographic projection of a three-
,hm~ by pml1ellnes dimensional object Inclined to the picture
rtmaln~ pml1el to e3Cb other pllne In such a WilY that its three principal
rather tn.311 converging ~ In linear
r perspective.
axes are foreshortened.

3xonometric
A para line drawing of an axonome~ric
projection. haVing all lines parallel to the
thru principal axes drawn to scale Dut
r diagonal and curved lines distorted.

r
J

r
1

ph.1ntcm dimetric projection isametric is-ometrk: projection

y
cop
A part of" dr3wlng that Is made An axonometrlc projectlon of a three- A par.lMne draw',~ cf an Isometric An axcnametrlc projection of a thru-
tn!1S~renttv permlt dimensional object incnnea to the picture prdp:;tlon. h1vi~4 .!llInes pml!el to the dimensional object having its princlp31
reprtSelTt~ of detJ lis otherwise plane In such a way that two of Its principal princIpal axes .;l,":lt'ln to true leryth at the faces equally IncUned to the picture pI. ne

al
hidden fromrlew. axes a~ t'qual1y foreshortened and the sa;r,e scale. so that Its three principal axes are equally
third appears longer or shorter than the
other two. gin foreshortened_
ori
trimetric projection
the

An axonometric projection of a
three-d1mension31 object Inclined to
ase

the picture plane In such a way that

f-
all th clpal axes 're
rch

fo ata d'- en
pu

c~~
ook

A dr;l~ or ,"ode! havi~ an

sb

ouw StCtlon relnO'leQ to

dispby tM ~ior.
thi
n eed
ou
y
if

exploded new
A drawlng ~ shows eM Individual opli'tue projection
parts of a woctureor coostructlon A method of projectlon In which a three-
separ.rt:dy M Ind~ their proper dimensional oOJect. having one princlPJI face
re1.atlonships to each other and to parallel to the picture pf3M.ls.cepre5e1'lW
the whole. Also calW ~naed D:i projecting parallel nnes at some angle
view. other th3n 90° to the picture plane.

phantcm line cavalier drawing c3Pinet drawing oPliqLle

A brol:en anc wnslstlr.~ of rela tively
10"9 ~rno'Its separa~ by two
short dJs~or dots. used to
represent a property IIne,;in
alternative posltlcn of a part of an
object. or the relativ~ po9t!on of J n
• ~ntPJrt.
A parallne drawing of an oblique prOJection.
having the receding lines perpendicular to
the picture plane drawn to the same scale
as the lines parallel to the picture plane.
A paranne dra .... :~:f an oblique proJection.
h3Ylng 311 lines pra'iel to the picture plaM
drawn to exact scale, and the recedlng I1nes
perperdicular tc j,e picture pl3re reduced
to h3:f sc3le.
A para line drawing of an oDlique projectlc;1.
having all nnes and faces parallel to the
picture pllne drawn to exact scale. and all
reced1n~ nnes perpend1cullrto the picture
plane sMWT13t any convenient angle othl!1"
th3n 90~ sometlrT'es at a reduced scale to
offset the appearance of distortion .

71
 DRAWING
perspective
Ivry afV2.rious ~hnlques for representlng
t.n.ru-Jlmenslonal objects and ~tl31
rtutlonshlps on a two-dlmenslonalsurfau
as they might appear to the eye.
pictorialspau
The illusion of sp3U or ~pth deplcW on a
two-dimensional sumce by various graphic

rn.
means. as aer!at perspective. contlnuity of
o",,,,,,al~tIc~ , _
~
X continuity of outline
A f.Xhnlque for representln~ depth or
dlstance by emphastzlng the contlnulty of
tne contour of a shape perceived as l:Ieln~ In
front and conceaNng a part of another
Pehlnd It.
i,.
' .'
'- - ----->--
1-- ..... ......... sprtUl edge
_____ An edge of an object or surface separated
from Its bacl::ground by dn InU:r;a1 of space.
denneatea by a thlder fine or by a sharp
COf1trast In value or texture. .....,--
-! n-r~~·~ -:
I

It
~I perspective
A~hnlque for rendering depth or dlstance
by muting the hue. tone. ana dlstlnctness
of objects perceived as recedJng from the
plcture·pl3ne. Also called atmospheric
perspective.
vertlc~llocn:lon
A ~hnlque for representlng depth or
dlstance !rt placing dist.nt objects higher
In the picture pl3ne than otjects ~ed
;;as being closer.
size perspective
... ~hnlque for representlng depth or
dist;;ance by reducing the size of objects
perulved as receding from the picture
pl3ne.
Uxture p~pectlve
A~hnlque for representlng depth or
distance by gradU311y IncreaslM4 the
density of the texture of a sumce
perceived as receding from the plctore
plane.

linear perspective
A mathematical system for representlng
three·dlmenslonal oDjects and spatial
relationships on a two-dlmenslonalsurfau

y
loy means of perspective projectlon.

cop
~pectJve proFtion
I
al
A mhoc:I of projection In which 3 three·

gin
dlrnenslonalobject Is rep~nte.d !rt
projecting an Its points to a p!cture pl3nt: r - picture pl4ne ~
ori
by straight lines converging at an j An Imaginary transparent p13ne. coexlsttnt
~rlly flxed point represerTtl ng the eye I wft:h the drawing surface. on whk;h the
the

of the viewer. I
!
lm3ge of a three-dimensional o!7je.ct Is
projected. In Nnear perspective. arty fine or
i
unterofvision ~ ....... _............. _.
P
se

A point rtpresentlngthe Inte~ of plane colnck:ltnt with the picture p13nec3n

cha

~ drawn to exact scale.

the centl'2l axis of vision and the plcture
pbne In hne.;ar perspective.
ur

- vanishing point
~'btion point ... - •...•.......... -
kp

A p?lnt toward which nudlng parallel lines

A flxt.d point III spuc representlng a appear tcconve:rge In llnedr perspectlve.
boo

sing ~ eye of the viewer In nnea r 1ac3 teJ at the point where 3 slghtllne
perspectlve. parallel tcthe set of fines Intersects the
his

picture plane.
dt

horizon line
A nne representlng the intersection of the
nee

picture p13ne and a horizontal plane through

the eye of the viewer In n~r perspective. I
you

~
if

ground line
Ahorizontallfne represent1~ the
I~fon of tne ground pbne and the
pIcture pl3ne In linear perspect~tl. Also
called "'&alinl!! .
. - ground pl~ne
Ahorizontal pl3ne of reference from which
vertlc31 measurements can ~ taken In
linear perspectlve. usually the ~ane .
supporting the object deplcU:d or on which
the viewer stands.
ccne of vi~lon -----+
The field of vision I'2dlatlng outward from central.1xf~ of vf~ion
the eye of the viewer In nnear pers pectlve. The si9htl1ne lnalcatlM4 the dIrection In
deflnedby slghtllnes forming a lS°to:30° which the viewer Is Iookl~ In linear
angle wft~ the untral axis of vlslon. The . perspectlve. perptlndlcular to the picture
cone of vision serves as a guide In pl3~e.
tktermlnlng ~t ~n ~ drawn In hne;lr
perspective wfthout the appearance of
dIstortion.

72
 · "I
ccnvtrgence
The apparent movemertt of parallel lines
towara "cammon v.nlshlng polrtt 3S they
reude. usea In linear ~lYe to convey
an HkJsloo of space ana depth.
P"rallellines perpenJicul.1r t<J the
picture pune tt{lIappe3r t<J ~nverge at
the center of vision. ~-------1
DRAWING
Pmllel lines p;u-allel t<J the picturt peNpectJve
pl.1neret31n their orien tatlon and Will A arawlng of the perspective projectlon of
net appear t<J con~ge. an aDject or scene. characterlzed chlefty l1y
I convergence ana foreshorten In!!.

.- --~-.-.- j - " - - .......• foreshortening

r diagonal vanishing point
A V3nfshlrtg polnt for a set of horizontal
hnes receding at a 45°~1e to the picture
plane In hne"r pe~ Also called
diagonal point. distance pOint. ---.--
horizon line
..' Par;lUellines rising upw3rd as they
/ ~WiH3ppe3rt<JCOtTVerge'
/ sornewhert ~ the horizon line.
.... ,. V3n~hlng trace
A Ilne along which all sets of receding
p-JI'3/1ell1nes Iyfng In the same or parallel
planes will appear to converge In linear
perspective.
"'If
.,.c..--,-~~-~--I--+--1---=~-'~+-~~-:>"'---':"~J
mea,uring point
A V3nlshlng point for a set of parallel lines
used In transferring scaled measurements
the picture plane to lines recedlM!J In
linear Ive. '----'\
wapparentcontractlon ordlstortlan of a
represented line or shape that 15 not
parallel to the picture plane. conveying an
iIIuslon of exte~slon or projection In space.
one-point per5pective
A hnear perspective of a rectangular ODJect
or volume having a prinCipal face parallel
with the picture plane. so that vertlc3lllnes
parallel to the p1cture plane remain vertlc3l,
horizontal lines parallel to the picture p13ne
remain horizontal. and horizontal lines
perpendicular to the picture plane appe3r
. to canverge at the center of vision.
Parallel lines which art hCriz0nt31 M not
pe~dicul3r t<J the p~ plane WiU appear
to ~rrYf:rge somewh~ en t.~~ horizon /in~.
isocephalic
Having the heads of all fi9ures at

y
approximately the same level Also.

cop
~phalor

lOt-~
al
gin
ori
two-point per5peaive
f
the

A "near perspective of a rectangular aDject

I
l.o.l or volume havll14 two principal faces oblique
;.0 the picture pl3M. 50 th3t vertical nn~
se

parallel to the picture pl3ne remain 'r'rn\c31

cha

and two horIzo1TtaI sets of parallel lines

ol7ilque to the p1cture plane appear to
ur

C011'r'erge at two vanishing points. 0I1~ to

kp

the left and the other to the right.

diJg<'naf •. - .. -... -... --.-- .. -.----....
boo

...
I me3,urlng line ...--- ..--.~ A straight line connectlng two .
IlOrI3dpcen't angl.es of a rectangle. used ....
his

Any nne colncldent with or parallel to

fd.d IMs sloping dol+f1W1rd as the picture pl3ne. as the ground line... ' 111 S1JpdMdlng a whole Into .
dt

they rmJe wffl appex tc ~nverge which can Pc used to take .. . propor..lonate parts or multiplying"
~ere Pelow th~ horizon fine. '. ··~~Ic unit of measurement or space..
measurements In "nea.~,~rs~~.
nee
you
if

1
1

;'1 a n.3 morpho,ls

I A dlston:eJ 11r139t: that
appe3r5 In n3tural fOl1l1 only
wh~n '(IeweJ at a ~~I 3 "!! Ie
or reflected from a cUr.'W
t.~!
mirror.
horizon line
graphiC three-point ptr5pectlve
Of or relating to pictorial A linear perspective of a rectangular object
representation, esp. that which or volume having all prinCipal faces o~nqu~
depfcts In a clear and effective to the picture p13M. so th3t the thr~
1T13nnu.
View 3t" shallow principal sets of parallel nnes appear to
angle from this point converge at three different I'3nlshir,~
points.

73
ELECTRICITY
The sciena dealing with the physical
pheno~ arising from the
existena and interaction of electric
charges.
electric wrge
The IntrinsW; property of lNtter giving rise
to an electr1; phenomena, occurring in two
forms arl1itnn1y given posttlve and negative
algebraic ~ns and rr.easured in couloml:1s.
Opposite ~rges attract while li~e charges
repel each oU1er.
coulomp
The 51 unit of electric charge, t:qual to the
qua ntlty of electricity tra nsferred across 3
woauctor loy a current of one ampere In one
second. Abk.: C
i--_ _ _o-__t_ _ _
/
!.
I points of a conductor carrying a constai1t
f.ow: curnnt
j terminals are connected to one
w= VxA
---r-
power .....l
The proaua of potential difference and
CUi1"eI1t Itt J direct·current circuit.
In an
atternatln§ current circuit, power 15 eqUJI
to t1le ~ of the effectlve voltage, the
effectlve Cll!'Tent, ana the cosine of the
p~se af14le retwetn current ana voltage.
wrtt
The 51 unit 0{ po-""er. eqUJI to one Joule per
~ortothe power ~ Vy a
CutT'e11t of 0IIe ampere flowing across a
potential ctfferenu of one volt. APlir.: W
~e
An amount of power. esp. the power
required to o~ an electrical device or
appliance, expressed In watts.
kilowatt
A tIf1itofpower, equal to 1.000 watts. AI:1Vr.:
leW
lei !ow;rtt--J\o ur
A unit ofene-rgy, equal to the energy
transferred or expenkd \:1y one kilowatt In
one hour: acommon unit of electric power
GOnSIJmptlon. A~.: kWh
74
electromotive force
The energy per unit charge available for
conversion from a chemical, mechanical, or
other form of energy llIto electrical energy,
or vIce versa, In a conversion device as a
ba ttery. generator, or motor. AI:1!?r.: emf •........ ',
potential difference
The voltage difference l:1etween two poInts
that represents the wort Involvea In the
transfer of a unit charge from one pollTt to
theo'ther.
potential
;::~~~~n~eaaa:~~:~e
point. ~··-··---······l
--<)O--'~-~-_f 1111.11 + -........... , ~~~:Ive terminal of a primary celf or
voltage
f'otenU31 difference or electromotive force
expressed In volts: analogous to pressure In
water flow.
volt
The $I unIt of potential difference and
e1ecWmotlve force, defined as the
dlfferenu of M;tric potential between two
curren't of one ampere, when the power
dissipated Petween the points Is t:qua! to
one W3tt. Abk V
ur
kp
boo
current •..... ~
his
The rate of flow of electric charge In a
circuit per unit time, measured In amperes.
dt
More the rrmn gf eJectrlctty w.l5 fuDy
nee
~.It ~s 3S5UI1JeJ th3ta JlrtCt
aJrmrt fJoweJ fi-onI oil positive point ~ a
you
neg3tlve one. ThIs convention Is 5tlf1 used tren
though electrons flow in the opposite dfrectlcn,
from neg3tiY~ r;, positive.
if
am~e
The basic 51 unit of electric current,
t:quivalent to a flow of one coulom~ per
second or to the steady currelTt produced
\:1y one volt applied across a resistance of
one ohm. ApPr.: A
amperage
The strength of an electric current
measured or expressed In amperes:
analogous to the rate of water flow.
'. ~agt!iof two or more cells connected
Ii
together to produce electric current.
cell
I
A device for converting chemical into
erectric energy, usually consisting of a
receptacle with electrodes In an
' electrolyte. Also called electric cell,
I I galvanic cen, voltaic cell.
I
I electrolyte
A nonmetallic conducting medium In which
y :":::~:::":::,::::~'~""'
::::~:ves
/ J a nun metallic medium. ~j
1-'" ......r·· .... ........ ~:~~atlvet.ermll14lofaprimaryCeHor
I
(.
\ n storage Pattery.
storage Pattery.
./
L... circuit .__ . /
The complete path of an electric U
I
current, including the source of electric
energy.
series •.................... " .......... ..
An .rrangementofcomponents 1n;;:1
y
cop
electric circuit In which the same
current flows through each component
In tum without pranchlng.
al
gin
parallel •............... _ ................. .
An arrangement of components In an
ori
electric circuit In which all positive
the
conductor and a/1 negative terminals
are connected to oil second conductor.
se
the same voltage Dtlng applied to each
cha
component.
resist.1nce ~ .... .. j resistivity
The opposition of a conductor to the The resistance per unit length of a
flow of current, causing some of the sul>stance with aunit cross·sectlon.al area.
electric ener~ to ~ transformed Into Also called spec;i& reslst.an~.
heat and usually measure4ln ohms.
ccnductMty
ADPr.:R
A IT1e3sure of the aulfltyof a sul>st.ance to
ohm conduct electric current, equal to the
The Sf unit of electrical resistance. reciprocal of the resistivity of the
t:qual to the resistance of a conductor sul>stance. Also called specific
In which a patenU31 difference of one conductance.
volt produces a current of one ampere.
Symbol: 0
Ohm's law ... ·.-............................. - I =VIR
The law that for any circuit the electric
current Is directly proportional to the
voltage and Inversely proportional to
the resistance.
P
Joule's law
The principle that the rate of
production of heat by adirect Current
I
Is directly proportional to the
resistance of the circuit and to the
squa re of the current.

¥Mra-tcr
A mJChlM that converts mechanical
e~rgy Into electrbl enertr:J.
alttrtutor
A generator for producing alternating
current.
electric motor _ _ _ _ _ _---'j~ -
A macnine that converts electric power
In to muha nlcal energy.
arl113ture ----_. ______ ._. __ .____ .l.. .. ___
The main cum:nt-canyfng winding of a
;=:::~7nhd~~d.
•.- ... ____ ~._ .. __ .. _-.......... .
l1r~h
A ~ or carron conductor serving
ta maintain electric contact !?etween
fixed and mOvIng elelnents In a motor or
gen era t.?r.
ill
~rviu
The supplyi~ of uUlitles, as water, gas, and
~~Ity. ~ulred or demanded by the
pu~\c..
line drop
The decre3S<lln voltage between two
polnts 011 a power !Ine, usually cause.:!
by res!st3T1ce or leabge alone the line.
5e"";~ entranuconductor _......... _.. _.... _
The portlon of 3 servu conducr.or
~ng~3~~~or~~u
Ia~ral to the serke equipment of a
buikflng.
'tIf<iItt-hour meter -..... --.
A meter for rne;lS~ and
recording the 'iuartmj' of
r
eleGtric power consumed with
i respect to Clrne.
---------------~-
r- -I r- --------------------l
l I
! tr.InsfonMfvault I5wft(;hg~r room
I Aflre-:rated I'0OI1 housing a I I A room corTtalnlng tM service
I
I ~nsfor1f1erandauxlharyequlpment I I
I I
equipment for a large bulkllng.
: for a I3rge building. usually located on '-rl'J..
~raJe orPelow~round and ventilated
dlrectly to the outside air.
:L ___________________
standby genaatcr
A generator for providing emergency
power during 3 power outage. Also
c:J11ed emergency generator.
uninterruptil1le power supply
An emergency system designed to
provide power automatically and
Instantaneously upon failure of the
nomul power supply.
ELECTRICITY
~
~di_wm~
An electric current flowing In one dIrection
~ . only and having a magnitude that does not
~. time vary or varies only slightly. Abbr.: DC
.. alternating current
r--------------------l An electric current that reverses directio~
:
at regularly recurring Intervals, having 3
I I
I : magnitude that varies In a sinusoidal
manner. Al:rbr.: AC
I ,
----- _. - I
1_ I "
vott-ampere
Aunit of electric measurement, equal t<J
L~ ___ ~~,~·~~-----------J r------------------- i the product of one volt and one ampere,
.,~' I I equivalent to one watt for dlrect·current
core ----.------.----.-.- .. -- ... - .. -t-.... l systems and a unit of apparent power fer
A mass of Iron or other ferrous I I alternating·current systems. Abbr.: VA
materIal In an electromagnet. Induction l
co!1. or transformer, 5erVlng to k- transformer
concentrate and Intensify the l An e!ectrlG device consIsting of two or more
magnetlc ftekl resulting from a current _J
I I J .. L _ L
whlLllngs wounCA on "fiCO same core, wldch
In a surrounding coil. I employs the prinCiple of mutual Ind uct ton to
coil _________ ..... _ ... __ ... _... _ ·······r convert vari3tlons of alternating current in
A conductor wound In a spiral form to : I a primary circuit Into vari3tlons cfvoltage
Introduce Inductance Into a circuit. L---------_________J and current In a secondary circuit.
step-up transformer
A transformer having fewer turns in the
primary winding than In the secondary.
high-voltage r- 5u!lstation
Operated on, powered by, or / An auxiliary power station where senlng to transform low voltage to high
y
transmitting high voltage. electrical current Is converted. as voltage.
cop
from DC to AC, or where voltage Is step-down transformer
s"'...epped up or down. Atransformer havln~ a greater numl7er of
al
/
(/~1 turns In the primary wlnJ1ng than In the
gin secondary. serving to transform high
voltaqe to low voltage.
ori
line volt.1ge
the
The voltage supplied b:t a power Mne,
measured at the point of use.
se
5ervice CO nd uctor
cha
Arry of several conductors extending from 3
ur
main power line or transformer to the
--.J service equIpment of a building.
kp
}--....... 5el"lice drop
boo
__ :=:-=-=::,;:-_------:!.l The overhead portion of servIce conductors
, __ -::. -::.-=..-::.:oo===:-=:-=-=-{""--=--- extending from the nearest utility pole to a
his
- ==--- , bulkllng.
dt
....... ~rviu l.rteral
The un.de~~nd portJon of service
nee
condUC"tars extendlltjJ from a main power
rr-=-=::::----=--- line or ~rtsformer to. bulkllng.
you
if
f~der
A'ny of the conductors extending
~l"Ilce equipment from the service equipment to
V1 various dlStributlon points In a
-1
: I i The equipment r.ecessary for
controlling. metering. and protecting l7ulkllng.
I the electric power supply to a bulid1ng.
I located near the entrance of the
I
I service conr:!uctors and usually
I
, consisting of a main dlsconnect switch
""1..-1 __1
- 1--'
and secondary switches, fuses. and
circuit breakers.
I
I
I switch!?-oard unit substation
I A freestanding enclosure housing a
I One or a group of panels on which are
I mounted switches. ovucurrent disconnect SWitch, a stq1-down
I
I devices, metering Instruments. and transformer, and SWitchgear for a
num!lu of electric circuits.
II buses for controlling anr:! protecting a
numl7er of electric circuits. Also called
lI=*====::c
I swiUhgear.
I
I
IL ______________________ ~
I
75
 I;
ElECTRICllY

pluse :-~ live

The fr3ctlona I pa rt of a per10d or cycle 1
i Electrically connected to a
thro~h which tlme has adv;i nced, scuru of voltage, or

~
measured from a speclflea reference 1 electrlc~11y chJrged SO;/S to
point and often expressed as an angle. 1 luve A potential different from
thJt of ~rth. Also. hot,

i
dead
Not electrically conr,ected to
;J source of voltage,

ground --- .. ---.-_ ... --.... -_ ... -.. ---\ - neutrAl

A conducting connectlon ~tween an 1,.. Not electrically char~ed.
\
etectrlc circuit or device and the earth
~?~ , fault
or other point of zero potentlal "7 120V 208V 208 V
! A 001 failure In the Insulatlon
one Ie 1C.:)V 120 V or continuity of a conductor.
or In the functlonlng of An
120Y 2::'; 120V 120V
.. T' ~r] [;-- p.- Ir! I~"" ~ . ~ '~n
electrical system.
~

single-phase ~
.-_____ .... __ L_....__ ............ J • three-phase _._J
{
short circuit
Of or pertaining to a circuit energized Of or pertaining to acoml-rinatlon An abnormal. us~11y
by an alternating current with one of three circuits energized !1y accidental condition of ~w
phase or with phases differIng ~ 180°. alternatlng currentS or voltages resistance Detween two
differing In phase I7:t one third of a points In an electric circuit,
two-phase cycleorl20~
result1ng In a flow of excess
Of or pertaining to a circuit energized current. Also called short.
by two alternatlng currents or
voltages differing In phase ~ OM r'-- f.;~ shock
:' 1-- device contJinlng a strip The muscular spasms caused
quarter of a cycle or 9O~
C'" I'Iire of fusible metal I7:t an electric current passing
;-.7; melts under the heat through the body.

y
r Auud I7:t exuss

cop
c.~~~
lr-.cTUptlng the circuit.
; _ I

al
plug~
rnwlem~1

gin
Afuse hooJsI~ • fuSl'c!e link In 3 porcelain
,t:~J of va rious metal cupfltt.ed wfth a thre3.lea metallrase. u
ori
i!...")'sluvlngarr~ , cartrWge fu5e
p;;:rt velow :3000 F ~"
A fuse havlng a ont-Ume or renewable
the

(:'7C). used as solder ~

;;-j in various safety " fuslvle I1nl: encJos.ed man Insulating fiber
tuPe.
se

~4'~.Alsccaned "'.
f~si~e alloy,
cha

: ___ knife-!1lak fuse

,/ AC3~ fuse having ;l nJet3ll7lade at
ur

i each end for IT14klng contact with the

kp

fusll7le fInk within.

u
time-deL1y~
~a=rd on which are mounted the
boo

F= -.=--=-. =.'::: :-..-='====-·=:":"·.,-,'l A fuse that klays opening to allow;i short·

swftches, fuses. and circuit I: i term ovedcaa to pass. 3S when starting a
his

P-rea~ersforcontroUingAnd Ii ~~ motor.
u
dt

protectlng a numver of similar : 'I

~nclt clrcults,lnstalled In a l!: ;, : r - .
~- -
nee

caPlnetand ACCesslP!e from the I; . 11 '. ... ground fault

front only. Aisocalled Ii ~,-':r.. -.~ CIl""Cuitm.ker-~ Amoment.ry. us1J311y acclkntal. groundlng
pandl7~rd. -=========1==~ll ~~ A$fofitch tlut automatlcally Internl~ an
you

of a conductlng wire. .
I! --:,- ~.rlc cIrcuIt to prevent excess current
"us ..... _--._, ._ .. - ..... _.... _..... - ··'-·fr-· :1 fr..-, damagIng apparaws In the circuit or ground-fault intempter
I
if

Aheao."y conductor, usually In the i ~_-_-1_ ~ causIng ~ fire. A circuit In-eaker I13Y Pc Acircuit ~ker M SC1SeS currents
form of a soIkI copper p.r, used I~ :' rec'~ And reused witl10ut ~t caused by groond fa ults And
for collecting, carrying. and n "..-..----+- of i"Y components. Also called ~Ur. Instantaneously shuts off ~r ~
d\stc1ht1ng large eltctric /l :1 damage or InJury c.n occur.Al7!:>r.: §til

'"""".. AI", ",1IeJ I>u,b". ..... li,! .. _. ~"----;f~:,:I:--------------

grounded conductor -............ -.-- t- :j
Any ccnductcr of an electrical Jl ,--...._~:!______________
system Intentionally connected I: :1
to a ground connection. d .~ h
Ii --~.,---------r----------r----------

L~:==~:::~=~:~:~~=::~-:,j--·-r----------· ---1
grounding electrode ground wire ~.--; !
Aconductor connect;~oJ electric e r3
A ccnductor. as a metal ground
rod, ground plate, or ccld·water
pl~, flrmly em~dded In the earth
to est3l7l1sh a ground ccnnectlon.
equlpmerlt or aclrcu:t io a ground
connec~.Alscc3rlid ~f"oundlng
conductor.
:
L____ J
l
I
L ...

76
 ~.

. , I

ELECTRICITY

lightnj~ rod .-----.--.---- ..---.- ......-... -----.--------" load

Arry of several conductl~ rods InstJl!eQ at \. The power delivered I1y a genel'3tor or
the top of ;i struct;re;inJ grounded to \ tr'3nsformer. or the power consumed by an
dlvert I\ghtl1l~ aWirJ from the structure. .... appll3nce or device.
Also called ;ilr Unnin3 L \.
\ ccnnecUd load
lightning 3mster The total load on an etea rica I system or
Adevice fO!" p~ng electnc equipment circuit If all connected apparatus and
from damage I1y lightning or other hlgh- eqUipment are energized simultaneously.
voltage currents. using span: gaps to carry
the current to the ¥Ound wtthout f73sslng maximum demand
The greatest load deliverea to an electrical
-/ throogh the device..
system or circuit over a spectfled Interval
5pari: gap of time. .
A space Petween two termllt3ls or
t1.ectrodes. dCrosS whlch;i discharge of c:femana fKtor
~- -I electrlctty may pass at a prescrlbeJ
voltage.
The I'3tlo of the maximum demand to the
connected load of an electrical system.
used In estlmatlng the reqUired capacity of
the system to account for the prolr.Jlrility
that only a portion of the connected load
~-I may be applled at any time.
c:fiversityfactor
The I'3tlo of the sum of the maximum
demands on the various parts of an
electrical system to the maximum demand
on the whole.
Io.ac:fflctor
Dr3nch circuit The I'3tlo of the average load on an
electrical system over a speclflc perlocl of
Li
I
The portlof1 of an electrical
tlrne to the pe3k load occurring In that

y
system extend1ng from the

cop
ftn.ol overcu rrent device period.
protectl~ a circuit to the
1 outlets savea I1y the circuit.

al
!
L
gin
ori
g!ner.al purpo:se circuit
Amnch circuit that supplies current to a

l
the

number of outlets for IlghUng and

appll3nces.
se
cha

[9]1
ur

appliance circuit
A mnch circuit that supplies current to
kp

one or IT'IOT'e outlets specifically intended

boo

for appl13nces.
his
dt
nee

Indlvk:hul cirr,uit
A mnch circuit that supplies currerrt Oflly
you

to a slng~ piece of elxtrlcal equipment.

if

I
distriMlon panel t I

'-I A pa nd for als;rlbutJ~ power to other

panels or to rrctor-s and other heavy
I ______ ...II
L-.

pc-wer-consumlnqlcads. law-voltage
Of or pertaIning to a circuit In which
alternating current ~elcw 50 volts Is
supplied I1y a step-dewn transformer from
the normal nne voltage. used In resIdential
systems to CO!'Itro1 doom:lls. Intercoms.
heating and cooling systems. and rerr.o'..e
lighting fixtures. Low·vcttage clrcui:S do
not reqUire a protect,ve raceway.

Tl
 1

ELECTRICITY

~l7!e wire conduct.?r

A single Insulated conauctoror a Paund or A pnable metallic strand or a twisted or A substance. !:>ody. or device th3t ev"nduct5
sheathed coml7lnaUon of conductors woven assembly of such strands. often heat. sou nd. or electric Ity.
Insulated from one another. Insulated with a dlelectrlc materlaland
used as a conductor of electricity..~
.. rmored caple
Electric calk consisting of two or more
. insulator
, A material that Is a poor conductor cf l~
Insulated conductors protected by a
electricity. used for separating or
flexible. helically wound metal wrapping.
supporting conductors to prevent tr.e
Also called 6X caiJle.
undesired flow of current.
mineral-insulated caple
~reakdown voltage
Electric caule consisting of a tul7ular
The minimum applied voltage at which a
copper she3th con'blnlng one or more
given Insulator UreaKS down and permits
cond~rs em~ In a highly
current to pass.
compressed.lnsulatlng refractory mineral
nonmebllk; 5~ caple dielectric strength lJ
Electric caPle conslstlng of two or more The maximum voltage trut can be applled to
a given materi31 without ca using It to !;>red!;
Insulated conduct«s enclosed In a
nonmebilic. moisture-resistant. flame-
down. usually expressed in volts or I::i iovor-..s
per unit of thlcl:ness.
retardant she3th. Also called Romex
c;.a£,{e, dielectric
u
coawlcaple A nonconducting substance.
A caulefortransmlttlng h~h-frequency
telephone. digital. or television signals. junction box
conslstlng of an Insulated conducting tul7e
An enclosure for housing and protect1ng
11
enclosing an Insulated conducting core.
electric wires or cables that are joined
shielded caple together In connecting or branchin~ ~Iectr'c
An electric ca!Jle enclosed within a meta IIIc circuits. I
u

y
sheath In order to reduce the effects of ...... _- Knockout

cop
extern.1 electric or magnetic ftelds. ." Apanel In a casing or box that can readily
be removed. as by punching. hammerir~. ex

al
cutting. to provide an opening Into the

( l!{() gin Interior.

ori
conduit grommet
A ~Pe. pipe. or duct for enclosln~ and A rul7ber or plastic washer Inserted in ;I hole
protecting ~Iectrlc wires or cal7le.
the

In a metal part to prevent grounding cf"

ri9id metal conduit ~- ........ -.--.......-., .. wire passing through the hole.
se

He3'fj'-wafled. tul7Ular steel conduit Joined . Vushing

Cj')""," ," , ,
cha

by 5C;ew!ng directly Into <l threaded huu f An Insulating and protective Ilning for one
with loci: nuts ana l7ushln3s.
P"""' "CO",>, 1>0<.
ur

=~.:Ia~~:::d~l~j~i~d~··1u..._____--_--J~
kp

compression or setscrew coo p/lngs. Al7k:

boo

EMf

~!~~!I~;:~m~~'I'~~~-I~:"'-"~
his
dt

used for connections ta motvrs or other An enclosed runway for housing conductors
nee

vlln7tlng equipment. Also called Grunfleld orcal7les.

conduit.
Pu~duct
you

Arigid metal housing for a group of ~ses

Insulated from each other and the
if

eflclosure. Also called Pu5way.

racewJy
Achannel expressly designed to hold and ,,/
protect ~ wires and cal7les. ",/
&urface raceway - .......... _.../
A ra~ t:lesIg ned for exposed
installation In dry. nonhazardous. /
noncorrosN~ locations,
../
multi-outlet assemply _....... _.. .. J

Asu rface· mounted r.tteeway designed to

house the elect.rlcal wires for a circuit and a
series of receptacles. L
underfloor raceway cable tray
A raceway suitable for Installation under a An open metal framewon: for supportln~
floor. often used In offlu I1ulldings to allow Insulated electrical conductors.
for the flexlule placement of power. signal.
and telephone ou~!ets. I.
l ...

78
 ElECTRI(ITY

Jir switch ':--' bceplate swiU:h

II switch 111 whlch tM Interruption \. A protective plate 5urrO\Jrtdin~ 3n electric A device for making. Drcaklng. or dlrectlng
of a circuit occurs In air. \\, outlet or light swi"~h. an electric current.

knife switch .... -- ----- ------------. taggle switch

II form of air swftch In which a "" A switch In which a lever or knob. moving
hl~~ copper PI3~ Is placed "- ..",~. ~~ through a snnallarc. causes the contacts to
betwxh two co~tact cnps. open or close an electric circuit.

float switch
A switch controlled by a conductor
fuatl~ In a liquid

mercury switch
An es~lally 't1Iiet Sl'fttch that
opens ,ma clcses anelectric
circuit by shifting a sealed !:,Iass
t.u ~ of mercury so as to u"coyer
or CClVtr the conUcts.
--.i:;:'-~-'- three-way switch
key,wftch ~i: ~! ! A Single-pole. doulne-throw switch used In
II switch opel"3W O!lly by ~ conjunction with another to control lights
""&-+------------H:
:

! 'I

~;~i~~i~::~;-····-··-··-··~ 0 ~.
I from two locations.
r - - - -.. . . .--+,--I
. I

r electric Ilght without appreciably

affe.ctin.; spatl31 dlstributlon. Also
i U
I
I
I
d /
-" ___ .. ____ ._.l. ...
./ :
four-wayswiU:h
A swItch used In conjunction with two
three-way SWitches to controlllqhts from

~: ;~-~J--------------r!8:>~
called dimmer switch. . ,:i, ----:~1+-1:- _ _ _ _+-!,)+--Fe--l three locations.

:!
I rheostat
Aresistor for ~ulatlnq a current
by me:ans of vartal>\e resistances.
:!:

y
cop
al
J kncl7-.1nd-tu~ wiring
gin outlet
A paInton a wiring system at which
ori
An obsolete wiring system conslstll11 of
5ln.g~.ln$u!ated conductors 5eCur~ to and current ls taken to supply an electric

r device or apparatus.
the

suppor'..ed on porcd;lln knobs ana tubes.

Iccm ----- ... - outletl1ox

se

A flexible. nonmetallic. fire-resistant tubing AJunctlon box designed U, facIlitate

cha

for conductors In I:nob·and·tube wiring. connectlng an electric device or

f receptacle to a wiring system.

ur

---. convenience outlet

kp

An outlet usually mourrted on a wall ana

housIng one or more receptacles for
boo

_~ porta!nelampsorappllances.
his

"''--' __ ' --.--_.---. receptacle

Afemale fitting connected to a power
dt

supply and eqUipped to receive a plug.

nee

Also called socket.

you
if

leu! grounding outlet

A flexl~ In~ted conductor for A snna~l. flexl!ne. insilited ca~ie fitted An outlet havlng an acldltlonal contact
ekctr.c4l1ycon~ an app3ratus to with a plu:l to conroxt a port.#~ !amp for a ground conne.ctlon.
another or to:.l circuit. orap(:3nce to a reap-tacle. '.~-- .. - .. plug
p~n wire n\It A male fitting for making an electrical
A short. /'bIble cOMuctor used In Aplas>J.c connec".....'Vcontainln~ 3 connection to a circuit by Insertion In a
CO\'tnecun~:.I statlor.ery termln31 with a threaud metal ftWr.q for 5C~""ing receptacle.
termlr\41 havl~ 3 n~d range of onto the Intertwl~ ~ds of t ..Oor
motlon. more CCflductors. grounding plug
A plug haVIng a Dlade for a ground

@
urmil13l connector connection. J,

A condxtlve dement or device for Any cfmlous de/a's for joini~~ tllO or
more conductors ',,;:hout 3 pe~3~ent ,. \ -~ polarized
estabr,sning an electric connection to
an aFp3r:ltuS. splice
I!Jl Designed so that a plug and receptacle
can fit together In only one way.

r=

79
 ELEVATOR
A m~ pLotfonn or cage for
c..rryir.g passengers or freight from
~ levei of a uui14ing to anothu.
rift
6ritIsh tern1 for elevator.
p;l'~r elct'rlor
An emtor exclusively fer tne use of
pas5el'l¥f'S.
fre~ht elct'ator
An elevJ tor for ca rT)'ing r.e3Y)'cargo.
whleh t.~ operator ;arJ the perso~s
011
neu5S4ry for unloading aM loading
the freight are permftttJ to ride.
duml>w;after
A snuU eb7tor for COI1veying food,
dishes, or other m~ Is Detween
tM floors of ;a UullJlng.
pan~
Arowofeb7tcrs In a hk3h-~
Uul1dln~ controlled by;a common
operating S'jSt.em and responding to 3
slng~ ~~ Putton.
.... ----- -- I4Inding .... - ------ -------- ----- ------,
~ .----------.--_.--------.-------
The v~1 aiStance tnr~ by ;an
~tar Qr from the bwes t to the
h~kest larJings oft'" holstway. AI~
Q/bltnvd-
e!ectl'1c eIevrtc r
~.nebr3tor system conslstlng of a
Qr ~ Is InOUnWon gulde ralls,
supporteJ by hoisting ~l1les. and
Mven byeb;tric hoisting m-.::hlnery.
Also called t.r3ctJon elevrtcr.
L~
80
pulkhe3d
Aroxllke structure on a roof providing
access to .. stalrwen or an elevator shaft_
penthou~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ __ control panel
A structure housing elevator machinery on A panel contain 1"4 SWitches, huttons, and
the roof of .. hulk/lng. other equipment for regulating electrical
devices.
top car cle..1rance hoisting machinery
The vertical distance from the top of an The machinery for raising and lowering an
el.evator c..r to the nearest overhead elevator car, consisting of a motor-
obstructlon when the car platform Is generator set, traction machine, speed
with the top landing. governor, hrake. drive shaft. driving sheave.
~~!--_";"';r-r-~-\o~' " ana gears, If used.
.1 driving ,heave
A wheel or dis!: with a groovecJ rim. used as a
pulley for hoisting.
.... idle 5heave
A pulley for tightening and guiding the
hol,tw;ay ----- ------ --- ----- -------- --- ------------t-~I--......-_'_:_I~
A vertlcal enclosed space for the travel of
cne or more elevators. Also called elevatcr
hoistIng cahles of an elevator system. Also
called deflector she3ve_ lu
shaft. machine beam
One ohhe heavy steel Deams supporting
the hoisting machinery for an elevator.
\ hoi5ting cable
One of the wire caPles or ropes used for
raising and 10 we rl ng an elevator car.
guider.. il I~
y
One of the vertlcal steel tracks centroiling
cop
The portion of ~ floor adjacent to ~n i the travel of an elevator car or
eIemor holstway, usea for the receJvlng ! counterwel!Jht.
al
;and discharge of passengers or freight.
ori
gin IL.
-- traveling caple
the
One of the electric cables connecting an
~r ~rsafety .--------------------------- elevator car to 3 flxecf electrical outlet In
se
A mechanical Mvlce for slowing aown and the holstway.
cha
stopping an elevator ~r In the event of
ousslve ~ or free t.n.
actuated by a
ur
governor and clamping the guide 1'3115 by a
I'
I~
wedging action.
kp
boo
his
IlA
dt
hoi$tW3)' door ----------- --- ----- --- -- ----------------
A door ~ween ~ holstway ;and an elevator
nee
landing. no 1"11141 fly closed except when an
elM tor car Is stoppea;at the landing. counterweight
you
A weight halancl"9 ,mother weight. as the
rectangular cast-Iron ulocks mounted In a
if
steel frame to courtteri1alance the load
placea on the holstlng machine by an
elevator WI r.
• limit 5witch
A switch that automatically cuts off
current to an electric motor when an object
moved I1y It. as an elevator car. has passed
a given point.
elevator pit ---- ---- ----.-._-----------------.-----.---------- buffer
The portlon of ~ holstway extendIng from
the fevel of the lowest landing to the floor A piston or spring device for a!lsorulng the
of the holstway_ Impact of a descending elevator car or
counterweight at the extreme lower limit of
travel.
l>ottom carck.1r~nce
The vertical distance from the floor of an
elMtor pit to the lowest part of an
eleva tar car pl~tform when the car rests on
fully compressed buffers. i. ..
 ELEVATOR
r
!
L
elevater car
The !oacl-carrylng unit of an e!e-{3~'Y.
consisting of a car frame. platform. M~ht
cnetal enclosure. and door or 93 teo •
---- carframe
The structural steel frame of an e!evAtcr
car to which are attached the pIJtfor.rt,
gulde shoes. eleVl/torcar safety. hoisting
ca~les. and contrcl eqUipment.

--'. -'-.~'~·~~',:·:--~-r '. -, ~ ~~:':sually

.- !
over the entranu to an
elevator on each floor of a multistory
, ~ullding. that signals the apprcJcn of:.'1e
elevator.
i
i.. _...• annunciator
A signaling apparatus in an elev:l t:r W' cr
at a landing that displays a VlsU31 \nd1catlo11

y
of floor landings.

cop
machine room _.... c.311 17uttcn
Aroom housl"9 the hoisting
~ A push l7uttan for requesting a,i el~.1;.c-r.

al
machlne1j'. control equlpmcmt.
and $haves for .. ising ana
Ioweri"'3 an ~C3r.
gin .~. door inter'Uk
A saf~ Ibice for preventing the
ori
operatlon of an elevator C3r unle:s$ the
hcistway doorls Icd::ed In the clostJ
the

position.
ase

c
door cont.1ct
Asaf~ device for prevenU"9 t~.e
rch

oper;ltlon of an elevate-r car unless its a.x1"

or gate Is fully cl~. Also cal!ed gJ~
pu

contact.
hydraulic elevator
ook

An elevator system COI1s!stlrtg of a car ," newel

supported by ., piston that Is moved by or 1'4f'~ [Thehor!zontalsectionofrai!ingJtt~e
sb

moves against a fluid under pressure.

r o ••
J1. k\'\.- \,upp~orlowerendofanescaiJte-r.
thi
eed

~ .. --4-.
n

L .• .J
ou

." CO m17plate
/ The toothed portion of the th res hold plate
y

: at roth eMS of an escJlator or mGVIng wall::.

if

'. designed to mesh with the grooved surface ~at.tor

\ of the movl~ steps or treadway. A power-driven stairway conSisting of
steps attached to a continuously
Circulating Pelt. u$tJ for movl"9
passengers up and dcr'ln Petween fars.
Also caned moving staircase. mOYirl.3
stairway.

moving sidewalk
A power-driYen. continuously moving
surf3C'e. slmllJr to a conveyor belt. usd ;:;r
inclined lift carrying pedestrians horizontally c-r akJq
I

A chair or plJtform mounkd on a steel low Inclines.

,~

gulde rail and driven by an electric motor.

people mover
used for raising or lowering., person or Any of various forms cf mass tr3nsi~. 3S
goods along a stairway. Alsocal!ed stair movlng sk:lewal~s Or automaud drtv~5
lift. vehicles, used for shuttling people 3rc"~
J airports or In congested urban 3reas
H~dingtogether or unitl~ two or
mere parts or members. as by 4J 6J 8d 10J 12d 16d 20J - ....• penny
d.tm~ with a mechaniC31 fastener. The deslqnateJ length of a nail, from l.
ry ronding with an adhesive. or Dy IV2' 2' 2Vz' 3' 4'
twopenny to slxtypenny. Symbol: d
welding or 5OIderi~. 3{Jmm 51mm 64mm 76mm 83mm 102mm

r.Jn
;, 5tr.Ii!ht. slender piece of metal having
~ ena pointed ana the other enlarged and
f~ for hammerl~ Into wood or other
b<Jildl~ I13terlals 35 a fastener.
shank
The straight. narrow part of a nail or bolt.
between the head 3nd the pOint.
eightpenny nail
'
A nail21f2 Inches (64 mm) long.

six1:unpenny nail
A nail 31f21nches (89 mm) long.

cllt nait spike

A ~d Ur1~ a tapering rectangular shank 0 A heavy nail for fastening together he3vy
tlm!ler5.4to Min. (102 to 356 mm) long a~.d !
witIt a Wunt point mac:le I1y cuttlng from a
l•.)1; ;

~
rcl1eJ sheet of Iron or steel proportionally thicker than a COmmon nail

wire un driftl10lt
A ~rt mae I1y cuttl~ and shaping a piece n A spike having a round shanl:. driven into
I
of round or elnptlcal wire. predrilled holes to fasten heavy tim bas
U

~
,,-.
together. Also called driftpin.
ccmmonnan 1
'.'
A rtlQIgvtn~ a slender shank. a flat hea.d.
anJ a ~monJ point. 0 -U~~________________~~
P!1I1!1
.,
J ..
st.1ple
A U·shaped piece of metal or heavy wire

··' ·
with pointed ends. driven Into a surface Ul
~uiI
L

y
secure sheet material or to hold a hasp. pin.

cop
Artad having a fult heaJ ana a shank more
~th4n a common nail of the same il til"" or bolt. I

~ currug.rted fastener

al
. ... i

arm
A fastener ccnslstlng of a piece of
~~lUa
A rta'luvIng a small ccnJca I hea d an.:! a C ',,',,' gin : ~, corrugated sheet stu! with one wavy eaqe
l.
ori
sharpeneJ, for unltlng two pieces of wood. I
s!gnt ~ ~ than a common nail of . ,
3S Ina miterJoint. Also carted wiggle nail
Q-.e Si1I1e le:n§th. used In finish won: In whlGh I •
the

the head mzy remain vlslb1e.

~ .-p round point
bI
se

fictshing nan
0"'1111 An acute, conical point on a nail or Spi(e
cha

A l13.bvill4 a sleMershank and a s:nall,

~pea head that 1$ driven slightly
~ ~. .-:-~ diamond point
ur

~the surf3ce and CCf~ with putty or ..::.: .., .... c·_-
An acute. pyramidal point on a nail or 5pil:e.
thelk
kp

Pnd c ~. . -.. ,.. '~'.. ~-.;;3 chi~lpoint

A polnt on a nail or spike formed I1y two rut
boo

A ~flnlshlng rui!. lnclin--"A slaes meetln£! at a sharp angk:.

his

doub(c-~ded na iI
A113. used In ~I1dIng te-mpcr3 ry RUllI!!! 'I II '~1~'~~'f«! _ ............... face-nail
dt

~res. as scaffolding and formworc.

To fas-:.tn I7y nailing perpendicular Ul thP.
~ a ~ on Its shari to prevent it
nee

fran ~~ driven In an the way a-nd to 1e<Ive face of the wo~.

the he3d free for pumng. Also called form roo .. _........- toen.1i1 .
you

n.1I1. suffold nan. To secure bY nalll~ o\:1~uely to the

cc~lUii
surfaces ~einqJoIned. Alwnate nails mil)'
if

A ~ naM ~ng a fliMd or be driven at opposite anqles to prcl't'lde

~ shank ana a dbrnond point for
IncreaseJ holdIng power.
halWleli~ Into concrete or masonry.1<Jso 1....................................... end-nait
QlbInu SON')' IU iI. To fasten I7y ru\ll~ Into the end of a board.
flooring na n ~~~~ parallel to the grain of the wood. End-na lling
A oUorfllstenlng floor roards. havl~ a
s.naI con~1 ~a. a mechanically defOl111ed ~u ~=.~""''''''''' "'wlthaca.'1.
P
••• u ••• u . _. . . . . ._ •• _ •••

shant. and a !Iluntdbmond point. To s.xureI7y nalll~ In such a way that

~hankrun nailheads are not vlsl!71e on the face of the
0'
A hav1~ a series of concentric gl'OOl'es
worl::. • .

~~ii~.=~~··- ~:!lok' 511,h'~l<lowth"""," L

on ~ s~nk for Increased holding power.

roofing nan "lIh"d

A~ having a 1rari1ed. thre3ded. or cement- ~~--====== I with .. nail set.
coated shank and a ~ro3d. f'lJt head for
~ ~ -............... ~!i:ure a nail or screw In position bY
osterling shlng~ or the like.
drW$Crt;W namng strip hammerln~ down the protrudlnq point. L
I
AM4I fast.ener h3vi~ a hdlGally threaJeJ A strip of wood or other pa rtly yielding
shac that can be driven with a hammer and material attached to a hard surface. as of
relI"OIea with 3 screw driver. ~Iso called steel or concrete. so that oUJects may be
saewnai1. fastened to the surface.
L

I
f
82
I
 J FASTENING,

screw
A metal fastener having a tapered. helically
threaded shank and a slotted had.
designed to I:>e driven Into wood or the like
by turning. as with a screwdriver.

thread ----- --- ------ -- --------- ---,- wood screw

The helleal or spiral ridge of a
screw. nut. or ~t_
pitch ,--------- --- ---- --- -- ---- -- -
The dlstance I:>etween two
corresponcl~ points on adjacent
th reads of a screw. nut. or bolt_
A screw having a slotted head and a
threaded point that permits It to form its
---1 own mating threads when driven into wood
with a screwdriver.
_
~<C.----~a self-tapping screw
i Acoarse-threaded screw designed to tap
Its corresponding female thread as it Is
driven. Also called tapping screw.
, ,

countersink .-----------------------~~ - -...:

lag screw
To enlarge the upper part of a ~~ ~ A heavy. coarse-threaded screw havl ng a

~
square or hexagonal head driven by a
drilled hole so that the head of ~~ wrench. used In areas Inaccessible to the
screw or bolt will lie flush with or ~'\,~" placement of a nut or where an
below the surface. -,:'~?l.~ exceptlcnally lang bolt would be needed to
pitothole ~--------------------­ penetrate ajoint fully. Also called coach
Aguldlng hole for a nail or screw. or screw. lag "oIt.
for drllll~ a brger-slze hole. machine screw
A metal fastener used with a nut or driven
tap
To cut screw threads Into an Into a tapped hole. having a straight.
opening. threaded shank and a slotted or Phillips

y
head for tumlng with a screwdriver.

cop
strip
To tear or darruge the threads on cap screw
Ametal fastener for machine pa~. haVing

al
3 bottorscrewbyapplylng too

gin
much foru. a straight. threaded shank held by threads
tapped In the hote Into wh1ch It is screwed.
ori
~
sheet-metal screw
A coarse-threaded screw for fastening
the

sheet metal and other thin material.

~ I
KIIII e
se

setscrew
cha

Ascrew. often without a head. threaded

through a hole In one part tlght~ upon or
ur

Into another part to prevent relative

-.------------- movement.
kp

futl~ad
A screw head having a flat upper surface thum\:1screw
boo

and a conical bearing surface_

e Ascrew having a flattened. knur.ed head
designed to be tumed by the thumb and
his

OV31 head .---------- foreflnger.

I A screw head ha"llng 3 shallow. spherical
dt

i shape with a conlcall1earing surface. screw eye

A screw having a ring-shaped head.
nee
you

o
1 '
I
if

r I
"',
slotted he3d
A screw head having a single slat. driven by
a fiat-tipped screwdriver.

r pan head . -. -----. --- -- -. ------. --.

A screw or rivet head having a cylindrical
shape with Oil rounded shoulder.
"'-------.
Phillips head
Ascrew head having two partial slots
crossIng at ~ht angles. driven by~a Phillips
screwdriver.

nllisterhead ----.- Allen head

A cylindrical screw head having a slightly Ascrew head having an axial hexagonal
domed upper surface and a flat bearing recess. driven by an Allen wrench,
surface.

p~lehead . ------------- security head

A screw head having a flat uppe~ A screW head designed to resist remOTa I
surbce and an underside shaped Ii".e with a flat-tipped or Phillips screwdriver.
the bdl of a bugle.

83
 11
FASTENING"

~It square head >_. nut

~
.

,,~,:
A thre3ded metal pin or rod. usually A bolt or screw head having 3 5qua re sha pe ,\.: Asqum~orr.eX310nJlrre:"'lbloc.l: Ii
h3vlng ;1 head at one end. des~ned to designed to !?e tumed with a wrench. pm'or.lted wr.:h a threadd r.ole to f-:
be Inserted through holes In assempled ... '" around arJ secure abort cr screw
~-. neck
parts and secured fly a lTt3tlng nut.
i Thepartontheshankofaboltnextto ~~ locl:nut

carriage po It
A bolt having a rounded head. a flat beJring
surface. and a square shoukJer for
© ~ . ~~ : the head. esp. when It has a speGlal fOI1!1-'" ~ A nut speci3l~ constructed to prO'Y"\je

~.. :t<~:::WU'M,"d,~re<o,
IL.

preventing rotation, used where the head A nut having r3d1J1 slits onl1;s outer fJCe to
/Tt3j' ~ Inaccessible during tlghtenlng. Olilowa locking pin or wire to!?e Inser-..ea in
Fi--I ~
O ~Uli-,~_----"=.:.-JC.iIW~'m,oll!li~~~~'~"
machine 170ft ' b o t h the nut and a hole in lts bolt. Ats-J
A bolt having a flat ~ring surface and a
square or hexagonal head for tumlng with a
_ db :~:stle nut. I
I
wrtnCh.
hex head
. "
\l:J/ A nut i1Jvlng a hexa90nal base <lnd ,dcmed
tcp to co<er the threaded tr,d of 3 screw.
~ i

A bolt or screw head having a hexagonal -', Also called ac..om nut.

,jJ ~:~t~:;~
sha pe designed to ~e tumea with a wrench.

"'" """ ""'" ~ two flat P"'J«tl'g pl=s t"-'t

provide agrip for tightening wtth the thumb
and forefinger. Also called thumlmut..

0---.~~~ted
~
dis( of metal rubt>er, or
piJstlc. used ur'krthe he3d ofa nut or bort
or at aJoint to c!stribute p-ressure. prevent
"fi) m? IeJI:"':le. or rerle1e friction.
&W

y
lockwashu

cop
A washer speciJlly constructed to p~ent
a nut from sh4klng loose.

al
@~
~.

r
103J·lndicm~ washer

gin
I
A W3Sher havlng small proJect1ons which are'
ori
~ressfvely futtened as a Dolt 15
~htened. the,ap !?etwe.en tr.e he3d or nut
,I
the

ana the washer Indicating the te;lslori ill the

Dott. !

r
se
cha

ccun+...erPore
To locraSoe the d~meter of 3 portion cf the
ur

~gth of a drilled hole to receive the he;;id

kp

r
or nut cf a Dolt or screw.
boo
his

+
row spacing
II -$- __ •
I
__

+I
dt

The center-tc-center distance

~tween two or more rows of bolts, ~__ .. ~
nee

exp.an,lon 170 It ..... end distanu

An anchor bolt havl~ a spnt casing that
you

;" ".
The dlstance ~een tne end of • ~
expands mechanically to engage the sides
"oJ the center of the ~rest bolt !IoIe.
of. hole drilled In -nusonry or concrete. .
_~
if

Melly .. __ .. ____________ .... __ n .... _ •• _ ......

:.. ........... _.. -.. edge d15tan.ce
The dlstance from the ~e of a tlmbeT • rod
rraaeman: for.a Pr.lnd of expansion bolt the center of the ne3rest bolt ho~
h2v1~ ;I spilt. sleeveltl:e shea th threadeJ so
th.t wmlng the bolt draws the ends of the
s~th together and spreads the sides to
enga¥;I hole drltblln masonry or the Inner
sumce of a hollow wall.
exp.an,lon 'hiekf -.- .-----. -'--' ---- ... -.- -- -"'-'-- '--'
A It3d or pbstlc sme Inserted Into a
predrliled ho~ and expancled ~ driving a Iewi5 ~It
bolt orscrtW Into It. Also cal~d expansion An anchor bolt i1Jvlng a ~-shapea end
sleeve. ~round which coocrete or Ie3d Is poured ';0

togglel1olt·· .. ··-····· __ ··-···- .. -····- .. ···· -~ hoW It.

An anchor ~olt havlng two hinged wings fox~lt
that close against a spring when passing An anchor bolt i1Jvlng a split tnd to re:c.e:ve
through;l prearilled hole and open as th0' a foxtail wedge as It Is scrtwed Into a Hind
emerge to engage the Inner surface of .. hole.
hollow wan.

!
Il c
l..
r
I FASTENING
tull¥'
A,~ of varous lHhaped II1etaI mckets for
Soi..r~I"'§ ~ end of a beam,Jolst. purlin.
or tl'uS5 Jt 2 §Irder or wa II. The supported
~ tnnsfers Its re3CUon to the
~~r t:hrough ~ring.l>ut load transfer
t.:; ,:!-,e s~ member Is through shear
b ';:'e ~ rtilils securing the hanger.
.---- .-.----.----- ---------- --- :- --. framin9 anchor
/' i Any of various sheet-metal connectors for
/ joining light wood framing members. using
/ special nails which are loaded laterally
rather than In withdrawal.
: _ ..-' ..... ---- --.-----.. hurricane anchor
A framing anchor for tying a rafter or truss
to a wall plate and securing It against
lateral and uplifting wind and seismic
forces. Also called hurricane tle .
.---------------- jolstanchor
A metal tie strap for securing the joists of
a floor or roof dlaphrag m to a concrete or
masonry wall In order to transmit lateral
wind or seismic forces.
--- floor anchor
A metal tie strap for restraining a floor of a
fight wood frame structure against
uplifting wind or seismic forces_
~illanchor
A framing anchor for securing a sill plate to
a concrete slab or fouMatlon wall.
haWown
A metal devtce for restraining a wood frame
structure against upllftlng wind or seismic

y
forces, consisting of a sttffened steel angle

cop
I10ftea to a wall stud and secured Py a
threaded rod to a concretefounJatlon.

al
gin
ori
the

~j .--------------_._----------- tim\7er connector

se

a.
A C)tmJr'd pm fttUng snugly Irrto holes A metal ring. plate, or grid for transferring
cha

b tlooO ~ pieces to prevent their shear l1etween the faces of two timrer
s1.prUlg or to them. Also called meml:oess, used with a single 110ft that
ur

dcwdpirt. serves to restrain and clamp the assemDly

kp

to¥ther. llml:oer connectors are more

~pbte efficient than I10Its or lag screws useJ
A $-~-rret.'li pbte punched to produce ,.
boo

alone since they enlarge the area of wood

• cCsdy ~ §lid of protrodlng teeth. over which a loaJ Is dlstrlputed.
t::d ~s 3 sp&ce pbte In the IT13nufacture
his

C"p.;frtwood~
dt

~piU grlJ
nee

A fIr. or ~ CtlrYed grid of spikes for

~~ havytwt~. held III piau Py a
:;;''"''!l~ Pdt. ~ re-5lJ~joInt Is
you

~... rrt :0 Iocsenlng due to vlbratlon.

Ir.pct. uid ~ lateral Ioods.
if

1 5~r p~te ", ~plit'rln9

A tlm~r connector consisting of a round
plate of malleaule iron inserted Into a
corresponding groove, flush with the face
of a tlm!1er, and he'd In place Py 3 single
I1olt. Shear plates are used In bac~-to-
~ck pairs to develop shear resistance In
demounta171e wood·to-wood connections,
or sl"91y in a wood-to-metal connection.
A tlml:oer connector consisting of a metal
ring Inserted Into corresponding grooves
cut Into the faces of the Joining members
and held In place Py a slngte Dolt. The
tongue-anel-groove spht In the ring penn Its
It to deform slightly under loading and
malnt3ln !lea ring at all surfaces. white the
~eled cross section eases Insutlon and
ensures a tlght-flttlng Join t after the ring
Is fully seated In the grooves.
FASTENING
$O'kr
To unite two pleus of ~I !1y
applylng any of various nonferrous
solders. USU311y a~In-~ .!loy. at a
tempmture "'low MO'f (427't).
solder
Any of various fus/VIe albys applied In
a molten state to the jollTt l:>etween
two metal parts to unite them
without he3ting the pa~ to the
melting poIn~ The JI10Iten sokler flows
Into aJoint !1y caplttary mtactton.
fillet we 14
A wek:f with a triangular cross
section joining t~ surf3ces that
meet In an Interior right angle. - -----
o
lap weld
A wek:I ~.11ong the seams of
two overlapplng plet:es of metal
_ _ _..:..-_ _ _ _ _ _----"'~~-=-=-c»--->"""",-=-/-
Wttweld
A weld between two p~s of
/I'1eb1 ~u.ea~.
PJrtial'pen~atlon weld
A Putt weld h~ adepth less
than ~ thickness of the sma lIu
of ~ two meriet's being .JoIned.
I5lng\Hevei weL:f
A~roove weld 1ft which the
ed¥ofoneal7utt~ IneIT1Per
Is ~ from one side.
rmt
Ametal pin having a ht4d at one
end. used for uniting two or more
plates IIy passlng the sham:
thro~h a hole In exh piece and
hamrrering down the plain eM to
form a ~d head.
drift
A rouM. tapering piece of metal for
enlarging or angnlng holes to receive
rivets or polts. Also called drlftp!n.
aligning punch
A drift for Drlnging holes In line to
receive a rivet or bolt.
86
braze weld g3S wetaing
To unite two pieces of metal ~ To unite or fuse two pieces of metal by Any of;l group of welding pr~sses
applying any of various nonferrous heating aM allowing t.~e met3ls to few utilIZing the heat produced D:i the
solders. usually a copper-zInc alloy. at together. sometimes y,;th pressure .nd the comDustlon of a oxygen and a fuel gas. as
a temperature a!love 800'f (427't). addition of an Interme-diate or flib- rr.et31. acety\el1e.
arc welding
filler metal
The metal that Is added during a
welding. Imzing. or soldering
process. haVing a melting point
l Any of a9roup of welJ1ng processes
utinzlng the heat of an arc Detwee-n 3 n
electrode 3nd ~he base metal.
-----,. arc
A sustained luminous discharge of
either approximately the same as or
electricity across a gap Iii;; c!rcuit or
~:I::hatofth' mota I, "'~ " <D3;,'.;.~,~{1,?,:,"~~_.,~ between two electrodes. Also called
electric arc.
':--~~!ot-""'~''<'r''---<,<,----<~",=,",----<,<:-:-i shielJed metal arc weldi~
......., L1
A method of arc welding using a
consurnaDIe metal electrode that
" relases an Inert gas to form. shield
around the arc. This shield protects
\1ase metal .~J "'\1ead the weld are<! from oxygen aM nitrogen
The princIpal met31 to lie welded. A continuous deposit of fused In the iilr that would C3use ra pld
Dr3Zed. soldered. or cut. as metal. Also called weld ~d.
oxid3tlon of the flquld metal
distinguished from filler metal.
welding rod '- inert-gas shielded .arc weldi"9
A wire or rod of filler Iretal used A method of arc welding In wh~n the
.--------- toe in gas-welding and mzing weklarea Is shle!de.:f IIytM corrtlnuOlls
,,/ Thejunctton Detween the processes. and In these arc- flow of an Inert gas from an external
,/ I7ase metal and the face of a wekllng processes In i'l'hleh the source. the filler metal Deing $lJpprled
// wekl. el~ does not rJmish the JI by a consult13lne metal electrode or Dy
y
filler metal a sep-a ra te weIJ1 ng rod.
cop
--, root
The point at which the I7acl:
or rottom of a weld !nUts flux 1-- ..- flLlX'cc~ arc weldi"9
al
A sulistance. as rosin. applied to. Amethod of arc welding usi"4 a tutrular
tM Ir.ise metal.
gin
remove oxldes from .l'Id prevent stu! electrode conta Inlng • core of I
vaporlzlng flux that forms a ga~s
throat further cx!datlon of 1T'.et...1
Y
ori
-"-. The distance from the root of surfaces to I7e joIned ~ wek:I1ng. shlelJ around the weld area
'-, ,/-' a weiGl to the f3ce of the I7ase !lrazlng. or soldering. _
submergea arc welding
the
~, ....... " i metal
A method of arc welding In which the
weld area Is shie!de.:f by a ~n~et of
Ilj1
se
fusi~. granular metal that n-.elts to
cha
form.1 ~ of protectl\o e sla ~ Tl~
l-. filler:netal may I7e suppl1ed !1y a
ur
full'penetratio nweld puddle weld -----------------1-'-\1 consumable dectrode or by a separate
A ~tt I~d having a depth A weld made I1y truml~ a hole In h~_o:.o\i:t:::::::::.::,o.~~~""'_.,!
kp
weldl~ rod,
equal to the thickness of th~ a piece of sheet metal and filling
boo
slt13ller of the two mempers with. slt13li pool of molten re-si,t.1 nee welding
Delng joined. rretal. Any of,jJ group of welding processes
f ---'''.-:,---'-'- ----,,
his
utlr!zlT'g the heat generated by resist4nce
I '~" to tbe passage of a e!ectnc current.
dt
nee
you
if
double·l1evel we14 l5ingle-vu weld doul1le-vu weld -groove weld
A groove weldin which the A groove weldin which the edge Agroove weld In whk;h P-.e edge A weld made In 3 preformed IndentaUon
edge of one abutting memller of each abutting mem~ Is of each ab-vttlng memw Is Petween two alMtl"4 pleces of IT'<:t.it
15 !?eveled from path sides. !?eve1ed from the same side. !leveled from both s!des.
.. ... pneumatic riveter
A pneumztlc hammer used
with 3 """t set to form the
second head of a rivet.
rivet~
A tool fOf' shaping the
second head of • rivet.
dolly explosive rivet
Atool for receiving and holding the Arivet for ajoint 3CCe5slble from or-e
head of 3 rivet while the other end 15 side only. havlng 3n explosive,filleJ
I7elng headed. shank th;lt Is detonated ~ striking the
head with a hammer to expand tr.e
sh3n~ on the far side of the hole.
 FIREPLACE
Ponnet Aframed opening made in a
A corer for ~n open flrepl3ce. or J chimney to hold an open fire.
cowL hood. or wInd cap to Increase

~~~ii;~;~~s;;;········~-
chimney ~chimneycap
Avertl<:al.lncomUustlb!e structure / A raised cover for a chimney. usually
contaIning aflue through which the / In the form of asia b or cornIce.
smoke and gases of a fire or
fumace are carried off to the
,/ ,/"'-(--_________ chl.mney pot .. .
velitliJtor. .
outside and by means of which a --- /7--", A cylindrical pipe of earthenware or

!~~.r;::S:~·~-~~~~i~~'-"-'-~' - draft Is created. esp. the part of / ../t metal, fitted on top of a chImney to
such a structure that rises above I , ___ / j Increase draft and disperse smoke.
or ~ lixe. used to step or deflect a roof_ --- ,-(
sparts or emDers thrown from an . r; "
I
I

op~ flrepiJce or chimney.

smokesta<:k I I I

A pipe for the escape of the smoke ~ ! ;

'I' , i
i
or gases of combustion.
I prefa~ricrted flue .------------ -- -----
Ame~1 vetTt forfuel-flrtd draft;
equIpment. assemUlea from factory- AcurretTt of air In any enclosed
ITt3de parts.
r space. as In a room, chimney. or
stove. caused by the dlfference In
temperature or pressure.
smoke aome ---------------------- ....--~flue lining
The smol::e chamber coverinq of Ii downdraft fPiiiiiiiii~~ A smooth-surfaced unit of heat-
prefabricated metal flrepiJce unt!o A downward current of air In a reslsta lit flre cuy or nghtwelght
chimney or flue. often carrying concrete. h3vln!l a ~uare.
hood ---- ------------------------- smoke with It. rectanguur. or oval sectlon. used for
A metal cover or canopy for a lining the flue of a chimney.
stoTe. flreplace. chimney, or
ventiLJtcr.
;...c;:-"'~"'-_-~"","- fire screen flue pargeting
A screen placed In front of a
f fireplace to prevent sparks Or
An IncombustIble passage or
d,Ctfoc,mOkA''''·
A smooth ~nlng of mortar or pia s ter
for a chimney flue. Aisc. parget.

y
_ embers from enterll'g the room.

cop
al
1Tt4nt.e1 m;mteltree chimney m~st drili
A~stnJCtlon fr.Imin4 the Astor.e or wooden lintel (Ner a Apart of a chimney or fireplace
gin A devrce for regulating the current of
ori
opening of.3 flrepbce and usu.311y fireplace opening. or a that projects out from a wall. alrln a stov~ or fireplace.
coverlnq part of the chimney masonry arch used In place of usually Inside a Uulkllng.
damper
the

b-re~st In a <kcor3tlve ITt3nner. such a lintel.

Also called m.1nUIplece.
chimney arch A movable piJte for reguiJtlng the
An arch over a fireplace opening. draft In a fireplace. stove, Or furnace.
se

supporting the bre;lst.

cha

sm(ike cha mper

-===============:!==++================;lchimney par An enlarged area Petween the throat
ur

A steel lintel for carrying the of a fireplace and the flue of a

I
rna sonry above tM flrepl3Cc chimney.
kp

I
I
I opening. Also called camper par.
I
/r- -- --------"\'.
,
smoke shelf
boo

tumlng par. --- ___ ---..,

/1 \\ Aledge at the bottom of 3 smoke
~ ~\ chimney cheek chamPer. so made as to deflect or
his

i " The sides of a fireplace opening break the downdrafts from the
i supportlng the mantel. chimney.
dt

throzt
nee

The narrow openl"9 ~ a

or
flreplace and Its flue smoke
you

chamPer, often closed wtr.h a damper.

if

hearth firepox
The floor of a fireplace. usually of
The chamrercontalnlng the fire of a
brick. tile. or stone. often extending
fireplace.
a short distance Into a room.

pack hearth _ trimmer arch

The part of the hearth 15 --....... -.... An arch. usually of brlcl: anQln the-
contained within the flreplace form of haff of a segmental arch.
! Itself. Also called Inner hearth. !1etween 3 chimney and 3 header In a
l
b floor structure to support a hearth.
front hearth
The part of the hearth that ashpit
projects Into the room. Also called A receptacle in the bottom of J
outuhearth. fireplace or flreDax for the collection
and rem(N31 of ashes.

ashpit aoor
i~lenook A ca5t·I/"()(l door pr(Nlding access to
A comer or nooI: nar aurge, open an ashpit for removing ashes. or to;l
flr~pIJce. 1J5u311y provlded .... lth chimney fer removing SCOG.
se3ting 1\lso called chimney corner

87
 r

i
FIRE SAFElY
The measures taken to prevent fire hazard I
fire or minimiu the loss of life or Any condition that Increases the
likelihood of a fire. o~structs access
property resutting from a fire. t.
to ftreflghtlng equipment. or del3ys
including limiting fire loads and
hazards. confining the spread of
the egress of occupants In the event
of fire.
I
fire with fire-resIstant
fire load
constructlon. the use of fire The amount of com~ustlble material In L•
deuction and extinguishing a ~ulldlng. measured In pounds per ,
systems. the establishment of square foot of floor area.
adequate firefighting services.
combustil1le
ana the training of building Of or pertaining to a material capable
Q... ............................................................... _..... _..... }
occupants in fire safety and time
of igniting and bumlng.
evacuation procedures.
~nition point flash point
The lowest temperature at which a The lowest temperature at which a
substanu will undergo spontaneous combustll:ne Ilqukl will give off suffic~~
comtoustJan and continue to!:oum without vapor to ignite momentarily when ex~
additloM31 appl1c3 tIo nof ixte rrul! hea t. to flame.

fire-rated tunnelu5t
Notmg or pe~lnlng to a material. 1200 j Atest measuring the time It takes for"
assemL>!y. 01' construction having a flre- controlled fIa me to spread across the bee
reslstanu rating required by Its use.
Also. of a test specimen. the amount of fuel the
fire-nslstlve. 1000 ~!--i--~~-7---7--.:........----T---7--: material contributes to the fire. and t.f:e
denslty'of the smoke developed by the fire.
flre-reslsunce rating Also called 5Ulner tunnel test.
The time In hours a material or assem~1y can
be ~ Ul withstand exposure Ul fire ~ 8oo~1~~----~--~--~--~---+--~~~ flame-spread rating
Arating of how qUickly a fire can spre:ad
without collapsing. developing any openings
whlch ~nnlt the passage of fIa me or hot
~ . along the surface of an Interiorflnlsh
!

y
d

cop
~ases. 01' exceed1ng a specified temperature ~ 600 (!)!+---;---~--;----+----=----i----.-;'-----i material Reel oak flOOring has a flame-
on the slde aw;ayfrom the fire. determined spre3d ratlng of 100 while a cement-
by S\lbjectl~ J full-size specimen to asbestos roard has a rating of O.
~ i

al
~res according to J standard
tlme-temperature curve. -_._-_ .. _. _. __ ..... -"-- ~e;~~-~-~--~--~--+--+-~
gin fud-GcntriPutlan rating
A ratlng of the altlOtllTt of com!:oustl~
ori
sUUstances an Interior finish mater!3i c.sn
200~;--~--~~--~--r--7--~~ contrl!nIte to a fire.
the

r------: smoke-developed rati~

I
se

A rating of the amount of sm'*e 3n InW.or uI

o ~ 1,-,' :'. I
cha

--L-..- - •.
finish IT'.aterial can produce when It 1nJrns.

o 2 time;hou" 6 8 I~_ii/l Materials having a smol:e-clevelo~ rat:~

ur

aDOI"e450 are not permitted to De ~

/'.;.7":••..,.::..-=-.,.,..:,...,. :~.:-:":.~."'"-.
:,,"=. _ Inside InJlldlngs.
kp

I
U

f:?·~+~:·,.
~
. I
boo

fumeret3rdant
A compound used to raise the Ignitlon p0,nt
his

".
of a flammable material. thus makln~ It

[]I "
. '
.
r '.
.•. .. : .• : .... ,..:...
~
.:~ ~ -.~ ','
: . . more resistant to ftre.
dt

r "
J

.
nee

-.
"':~,-
[LJ
~

----~-~-~~--. 'f
you

'.:. . '. :. J
: .-
.. '.- I
if

' .
metal lath and plaster

.]c. .. ~ L
::. [ZI-
~

:~ . . . >:~ .: ....:. ... I

D .. :

.... -.-
I
:
~"
"
. ~.': ....
.... "'-".i:• •• : .
:
.'

- .. :
I
~

IJ
'pray-on fireproofing
A mixture of minerai fll>ers and'an Inorganic
~Inder. applied by air pressure with a spray I
gun to provide a thermal varrler Ul the he3t ~
ofa ftre.
I
fireproofing intumescent paint l~ukJ-filled column
Any of various materials. as concrete. A coating that. when exposed to the heat of A hollow structural·steel column filled
I
gypsum. 01' minerai flber. used In making a
structlJral memver or system resistant to
dam~e or destruction by fire.
a fire. swells to form a thICK Insulating layer
of Inert gas ~utoDles that retards flame
spread and comvustlon.
with water to Increase Its fire resistance.
If exposeJ Ul flame. the water aPsorVs
heat. rises by convection to remove the
heat. and 15 replaced with cooler water
r
from a stcrage tank or a city watu main.
L
88 I
~ .
-~
 I
'.'

FIRE SAFETY

firezofl('! fire separation fire area firewall

A zone of~cttywlthln which cutaln Arry floor. wall. or roof-ceiling construction An area of a Duildlng ~nc!osed by fire· A wallll3vfng the reqUired fire·
construction ~ ~re prohl~lted having the required flre'reslstance ratlng rated constructloi1 capal1le of confining resistance ratlng to prevent the
~useofflrelm3rds present In the to confine the spread of fire. the spread of fire. spread of ftre from one part of a

l.. zone.
fire~reak
An open sp.uestabllsned to prevent
occupancy separation _._ ....._•. ".- •.... ..;.. I ';=========~
A vertical or horizontal construction
having the required flre-reslstance rating
\l.J
D<Jltaing to <lnather, extending from the
foundaticx1 to a parapet above the roof
and having 3n openings restricted to a
certain percentage of the wall length
the spread of fire from a Dulidlng. a to prevent the spread of fire from one
and protected by a self·closlng or
9roup of \7uiIdJ~. ex a n area of a city occupancy to anotherln a mixed·
[. to another. occupancy Dulldlng.

distance separatlon
autcrr.3tlc·closlng fire assemDIy. Exh
portlon of a building separated Dy one
or mere fire walls rruy ~ COIlsklered a
1M separation required Petween an separ3te uulldl~ when calculating the
exterior wall of a uulidlng and a property floor area and height allowed Dy a
nne. the center hne of an adjacent street code'l
i1IIlla'lr~
or public space, or the exterior wall of an
adjacent i1IIlldlng. all measured at right
angles to the exterior wall. -1

L drntstop
A flre-ratea parlltlon dlvklll19 an
enclc5ed attle space of comDustl~le
construction, or the concea led space
l?etween a ~d Ceiling and a wood·
fr3 me floor .arove.

fire assembly ~ ..... - .....................• protected opening _ ...... '···0'" ..•...

The assemDly of 3 fire door. fire window. An opening In a wall, floor. or roof-
or fire damper.lndudil19 all required ceiling construction that Is fitted

y
cop
Mardwart. anchorage. frames. and Sills. with a fire assemlily having the
~1f-c1o,11W fire .3,sem'-lu __ .•. __ .• , reqUired flre·reslstance r3tlng for
."J "Its location and use.

al
''";lI
A ftrt asseaWly ~t 15 normally kept In "',
a clos&:! posltIoII and 15 equipped with
<In a.p~ device to Insure closll19
-~""'.I".'~
~ gin
ori
;arJ latchl~ a&r havfng Peen opened irl·
for use. ~
the

l ,1L[t()m.rtk-c105i~ fi~ a5~mbly

A fire <lsseml7lythat may remain In an
- -.. ... -~---
~
se

~ posltlon and wiU clese ~~

cha

~ utomatlcally If suPjected to an ,
~se In temperature or actuated
,,-------~,
l
by
ur

" II

4Smo(e~.
kp
boo
his

UL laPel _.. -.. - ...... _.......... - ................,

dt

fire door
A laDe! affixed to lIi111lidlng material. -. A door ~l>ly.IncIud1ng all requ~
nee

component, or devlce wlth the hardw3re, anch0r3g~ frames and sills.

authorlz.atlon of Underwriters' havfl19 the reqUired flre-reslstance
you

LaPora-torles. Inc.. Ind'.catfng that the ratln~ for Its 1oc1tlon and tJ5<l.
product (a) has a ratlng vased on
fire wi I'Idcw

___._
I! tfit\
performance tests of such product.s; (l1)
if

Is from a productlon lot fotmd I1y

~. r ! III AM~~b~.~I~I~'"
required hardware•.anchorag~ frarntS
exJmlnatlon to ~ maae from Nterials

~_~ ~:::,~d:~~~".
and by ~ses essentf3rly taerrtlc31 to
those of representative products which
have ~ subjected to appropriate flre,
electrlcal hazard, or other tests for
safety; and (c) 15 suPj«t to the
reexamination service of UL
labeled
:}~.~~r >" ~E~~~=~~~:·
Of or pertaining to a l1ulidlng materlal or
assemu\y having aflre·reslstance rating
certtfled by Underwriters' La roratorles.
========= .,' ~ _ "firetUmpu
Adamp!rthatclosesanalrduct
W

autcrnat!cJlly In the event of fire to

Inc. or other recognized testing restrict the passage of fire and smo(e.
la~aratory. required whae a duct penetrates a fire
wan. flre·r3t.ed shaft. or other fire
sep3r3~n.

/ fu5ilk finK
A hr,k rr3~ of iI fusible metal. When
exposed ~ the heat of a fire. the nn~
mel:s ,"" cau~s a fire door, flr/!
d3rnpe~. cr the Ii~e to close.
- I
I

89
FIRE SAFElY

flre-2L1rm system sprinkler ,ystem

An electrical system Installed In a Apparatus for autornatlcally extlngulshing
l?uildln4 to automatically sound an fires In a building. conslstlng of a system of
alarm when actuma I7y a fire- pipes In or l1e1ow the ulllngs. connected to
tkttctlon system. a suitable water supply. and supptJed with
valves or sprinkler heaas maae to open
fire-~n symm automatically at a certain temperature.
Asystem of thermostats or other
approved sensors for detectlnq the sprinklered
preStllce of flre and automatlcally Of or pertaining to. building or building
5~nall~ an abrm. area that has or Is protected by a properly
maintained sprinkler system.
5moke deUctor
An ek:ctronlc fire alarm that Is stlrinkler head
actlv3ted l7y the presence of smoke. A'nozzle In 3 Sprinkler system for dispersing
3 stream or spray of water. usu311y
controllea I1y 3 fusible linl: that rr.elts at a
predetermined temperature.

automatic fire-extingui'hing 5ystem

A system of devices and equipment which
3utomatlcally detects a fire and disch3rges
an approved flre-extlngulshlng agent onto
or In the area of a fire.
5tandpi~ .
A w;lter pipe extending vertlcally wet·plpesystem
thl'OU:9h a ~lkfIng to supplyflre hoses A sprinkler system containing water at
at every floor. sufficient pressure to provide an
"'1 Immediate. contlnuous disch3rge throuqh
I
wets~ndpipe ----... -----.--.-------- -- .... --- r sprinkler heads that opet1 automatically In
I
A stantJplpe containing water under I the event of fire.

y
pressurt: a~ fmed with fire hoses for I

cop
emergency use I7y I1ulldlng occupants_ " ~I dry-pipe system
A sprinkler system ccnt3lnl"!'l pressurized
dry5tlndpfpe --------------.---- ---.-- --- . -.--1I air th3t Is rele3scJ whtn a Sprinkler head

al
A standpipe COITt2lnlng no water a~ opens In the event of fire, allowfng water to
used v.t the flre tJepart~ to connect
flre hoses to a flre hydr.llrt or pu mper " ''1I
II
gin flow throu~h the piping a~ out the opened
ori
nozzle. Dry-pipe systern5 are used wh~
truct:. tM piping Is sulject to freezing.
I
the

I
r preactlon system
I A dry-pipe sprinkler system through which
I /-'fire pump
se

i
,
r
I A pump th3t provides the I water flow Is controlled I1y a I'3lve operated
cha

'i
rea.ulred W3Ur pressure In
I1y fIre-detection devices mor~ serl$ltlve
,,
I
than those In th~ sprlnlltr heads. Preactlon
I a standpipe or sprinkler I
ur

systems are usea when an accidental

, system when the pre55u~e
kp

discharge would damage Vdluable M'13UriaIs.

I In W system drops ~Iow.
I 3 preselectM I'3lue. delu~ ')"tem
,I
boo

A sprinkler system having sprinkler heads

,.... __ .J
open ata!! times. through which ~flow
his

Is controlled by a valve operated D:i 3 heat-.

dt

smoke-. orflame-senslng devlce.

nee
you

siamese
if

A plpe fitting Insblled c~ to the

ground on the exterior of a building.
providing two or more connections cbs, Afire
through which the flre department A flre Involving ordinary wmbustll>lt
can pump water to a standpipe or materials. as wood. pa ~ :md cloth. on
sprinkler system. which the quenching or cooling effect of
water Is of primary Importance.
c\a,,6fire
A fire Involving flammap\e liquids. 35
gasoline. 011 and grease. whlch.must ~e
extinguished by txeludill9 air and Inh 1!:>Iting
waUrmafrl j
the release of combusUI7Ie vapors.
cla55 Cflre
L
A flre Involving live electrk:31 equipment,

L
which requires a nOflconductlng
extinguishing medium.
fire extinguisher cb" Dfire
A porta Die apparatus for putting out a A flre Involving certain combustible rr.etals.
small fin I1y ejecting pressurized water or as magneSium or sodium. which rt<tulres a
special chemicals. classifled according to nonreactive, heat·al:>sortnng extinguishing
f
I
I
the type of fire It fs able to extinguish. medium. L

90
 FIRE SAFETY

me3ns of~ress
A contlnuous path of travel from any point
In a bUIL::I1ng to the outside at ground level.

exitacce55 he riUlITtJ I exit exit

That portlOn of a means of egress that A passage through or around a wall An enclosed and protected path of escape
k:ads to an exit. BUlkling codes spectfy ccnstructed as re<:tulred fer an for the occupants of a pulkllng In the event
tne maximum distance of travel to an occu pancy separation. protectea by an of fire, leading from an exit access to an
exit and the minimum distance between ~~..om3tic-closing fire door. and leadin~ exit discharge.
exits when two or more are required. ~ __ . tv an area of refuge In the same puildin~
01C1l approximately the same level In
aapGerrt bUltdIng. -':

smo keproof enclosure

The enclosing of anexit sta Irway by wa lis of
flre-~Istlve construction. accessl~ by ii
vestl!7tJ1e or by an open exterior balcony. and
venul3ted by natural or mechanical means
to nmrt the penetration of smoke and he3t.
Bulkling codes usually reqUire on/: or more
well
of the exit stairways for a high-rise !7ulldlng
A shaft for .ir, ngh t, stairs. or an
~ protected by a smo~proof enclosure.
elevator. extending vertically th
the floors of a ~uilding. -. exit 5t.airway

y
A stairway leading to an exit passageway,

cop
an /:Xft court. or pupllc way. enclosed by
fire-reslstlve construction with self-closing
exit ~rrUlor ..-'

al
flre doors th3t swing In the direction of exit
A j13ssageway serving as;I required &..

gin
travel
enclosed by walls of fire-resistive
exit light
ori
coostroctlon. 8ulldlng codes hmlt the exterior exit balcony
,1.1 ntumlnatea slg:1ldenttfylng a
length of dead-end corridors. Alanding or porch projectlng from the wall
required exit.
the

of a !7tJl1dlng and sm-Ing as;l re<:tulred

exit door means of egress.
emerger.cy lighting
A door providing access to a means of
se

A hghti"9 s~ designed to fjre~pe

egress, s wing 1"9 In the direction of exit
SlJpply the alumlnatlon required for
cha

travel and usually e<:tulppea with a panic An exit stairway down an outsfa/: wall of a
5Jfe /:91"es5 from a !lulldlng In the !7ulla'lng. 'constructed to the same
Par.
ur

event of a pcwer failure. sta:ubras as an interior exit stairway.

kp
boo

• -< exterior exft

exit passageway An exit cIoor opening directly to an exIt
his

o A means of egress cor.neetlng a l'e<\ulreJ court or public way.

dt

(I) /:Xft Of' exit court with a public way. having

no openings other than required e:dts ;ilrJ
nee

enclosed by flre-resls'tJve constnlctlon as

reqUired for the walls, fuors. and ceiling of
you

the building served. '-....

if

occupant leola
The wr.a! number of persons that may
occupy a I1vikllng or portion thereof at
anyone tltne, Mtermlned by dividing
.
i
the floor area ass4)ned to a particular
use by the square feet per occupant
t permitted In that use. BUilding codes
L use occupant load to establish the
required number arid width of exits for

r :1 b<J'Id!ng.

91
 FLOOR I l

The level. (,ase surface of a room or

hall upon which one stands or walks.

F~.~~~~~,-,-:":'_~~~~"':==~"'.'.=~'.="~=~~:·~-_~~.:/. :7 I., i

i
l :

f~r:,:::~~::::~·:~'::-·.:::=~l-::-':':=T~-:::·: c,--:,col

! iI ! ~
: !

I
1
l, .:

y
flni5h floor .... ----
The wearing SUmc.e of .. floor. USU.HIy bid
(Net .. sulrlloor. Also. fWshtd &01".
y
~U~~~"';':;~-fu;~~~~U;~"--'-"-[~===jlliililii!~
~3rds. plywood. or other structu ral
she3thln~ bid over and ftxe.d to the floor

y
joists. A sulrl\:lor Is often used as a wo~ln~

cop
platform ~ ~n and may also
act as II struc'tUral dlaph~m to tra nsfer

al
bUralloaas to ~rwalls. Also called
~Jnc:I fWor./'OUfh flM-.
gin
ori
floor framil\9
The act. proc:ess. or manna- of constructing
the

the structural frame eX .. floor. -.--.-------,::>- rimJolst

'>----:::--1~......... ../ AJolst set on wpofthe sill and forming the
jo~t --._ .... -.. _._._ .. -_ ... - ..........•.. perimeter of a wood-framed fuor, Also
se

.' LA
Atrj of .. ser\¢S eX 5m3" parallel ~ams for . '--~---"....... c;illled he3aer. I
cha

supportlni floors. cetnngs. or flat roofs.

ur
kp
boo
his
dt
nee
you

header .,- I

! ~ ~-:o.-::
if

Afram~member~andsupportlng __

the eMs ofjoists. studs. or rafters. so as ,: -----Imdglng

totr2nsfert:kew~httc paralleljolsts. , / An arrangement of IH-aces or PIoctlng
studs. or 17fters. // l7etween joists Or rafters to prevent their
trimmer ~----.----.- .. rotation or lateral dlsplacement. esp. when
their depth-to-wktth ratio exceeds 6.
A~m.joIst. or rafter supporting one end
Bridging may not ~ requll'tJ when ~ ends
of a heakr lit the edge of an opening In a
of the meml1ers are flxed against rotation
floor or roof mme.
and their eJges are held In line by
.,- suWlooring orshe:athlng .
~ilpiece -------
A rela-tl\le!y short ~am.joI5t. or rafter solid I1rtaglng
supported by a wall at one end and by 3 Bridging consisting of short roaras fixed
hea~r lit the other. Also called stringer. vertically I1etwun floor or roofJoists.
cro"l7rldging
Bridging composed of dlagonallmlces set In
pairs Pe'tween floor or roofJoists.
 FlOOR

i1e31T1 fig deck

Mattrbl as m3S011ry or concrete. for flIllng The structural surface to whleh flooring or
the sp~ t;.awtenJolsts or Peams In or on roofing Is applied.
top of a m3S011ry wall. stiffening the
memrers. and provldl~ Increased fire _.----. decking
reslst4ra:. AIso.l:>e3m filling. ~ ________ _ Self-supporting units of wood. metal. or
concrete capable of spanning beams. JOists.
beam pccket---·------------- _____ _ rafters. or purllns and serving as a base for
An opening In the vertical face of a -'- flooring or roofing.
structunl !T1aT1rer to receive a beam.

-------

An angul3rcut at the end of aJolst or beam

whe~ It enters a masonry wall. allowing the
mem!1er to fan without damaging the wall h'
It /roms through somewhere along Its
Ie~th.
--------

y
......... ---.------ metal decking

cop
r------------;:>r.-r.~:O;;:-_____7-'-'-_::>"7 Sheet steel strengthened for use as floor
or roof aecklng by coW·rolilng a series of

al
rips or flutes Into It. and usually galvanized

gin forcorroslon ~Istance. The spanning

capaPillty of metal decking depends on the
ori
thlclness of the steel sheet and the depth
of the corrugations.
the

-'. -'"
se

shear stud
cha

I, steel pin welded to t.he topftange of a

I
steel ream or girder .and em~ In a
ur

form duking composiU decking .,./ concrete slab so liS to cause the beam and
the concrete to act as a structural unit.
kp

~I dectlng servl~ as permanent Metal deckl~ servlng.as permanent

fonnworl: for.a reinforced concrete sla b fOrM1worX and tensile reinforcement for a
boo

und ~ stlb C3n support Itself. concrete slap 11on<kd to It by a deformed or

dovetail rib pattern.
--------------,
his
dt
nee
you
if

,/
I . cellular decking ..... --/ .•
.1cou~tk duking
Metal ~Ing ccntainlng glass fiber Metal decking 1113 nufactu red by welding a
~n the perf0!'3tea wel1s of ribbed corrugated steel sheet to a flat steel
kcl::lng Of" In the perforated cells of cellular $hut. forming a series of raceways fo!,
tkci:lng. used as a sound-al1sorblng ceIling. electrical wires and c.bles. • .

floor panels supported on adjustable

pedestals or stringers to allow free access
to the space beneath. Also called raised
floOf"lng sysUm.

93
 FLOOR

fin~h floori~
M4ter13/ u~ for the ~ring surface of a
flOOr. as ~ rdwood. temz:zo. or floor We.
woodfloori~
Anl$h ~ in the fonn of wood strips.
ptlnks. or ~s.

strip floorin9 .-.... -_ .. - --.-.-- -.. -._ .....

flooring composed of~. narrow wood
s~'ips. usu~lti side· and end· matched.

l ~
~~~;~cl-~r~·~~;·-·····"·"'·~.
hollow-uackea
'" , afer pertaining to a wood or stone i
thanstripftoorl~usu~lyslde-and ~ piece h3vlng a pack face hollowed
~J·m3tched. out so that It ca nfit more tlg htly

!B'lI
against an irregular surface.
.
ipal"l\uet ---
sleeper .----.------------
Afloor composed of short strips or 17!ocks Anyofa numberofwooaen strips laid
of wood forming 3 pa~m. sometimes with upon aconcrete slap to provlde a means
, . Inlays of other woods or other materials. of attaching a sulrl'loor or flooring.
par'luetly solid plock flooring ------.. -.. -----------
Mosaic won: of wood used for floors and long-wearing flooring composed of sond
wood I7locks set In adhesive with their

~
wainscoting.
grain oriented vertlcally.

WJ

y
cop
IIIIJ ori
gin
al
the

P-Iock floorirog unit bfc.ck laminated plock slatl7lock

FWing composed of square units A flooring ~Iod made \;!y Joining short Aflooring U10ck made \;!y ronding three or Aflooring plod m~e \;!y assembltn!l
se

r'.4ssem~ at the mill and usually len~ths of strip flooring edgewise. more wood venxrs with a molsture- narrow slats orflngers of hardwood Into
cha

ms t.311ed w!th n-gstlc (]Ier a wood usually ~ued on two adjoining sides resistant adhesive. usually tongued on two larger units.
$;; bf'.::or or cor.crete sb P. and grooved on the other two to ensure opposing sides and groovea on the other
ur

proper aIlgnmertt In setting. two to ensure proper altgnment In setting.

kp
boo
his

='''''"p",,,rompos<dol Ij~~iii :!~::~';;;-;;'~~h;p;~;;;u--_ _ _ ~;:';·'~I::=="PPI'.dl=tly

dt

:narble or otr.erstone chips. set In a :t ~~':'~4f!l~ umentltlous or resinous matrix over a sound wood. mrul. or concrete
nee

cen-.tntltlous or resinous matrix and ;~~ ..'~~ that produus a terrazzo surface. sulrl'loor.
~~ndwhendty. ~~~~11.~. bondingagent ~------------- __ .
1" - monollthicternz:zo-
you

;:~ .~... ~;c -....~~~~~~~~~,;;.;~

o ~:..~ ~~........... Achemical sul1stance appnea to a Aterrazzo toppln!llnstalled dlrect~ over a
st.awrd terrazzo -_ .... -. -- -- ---...!i.~ ~ ~~ •• substrate to create a Pond rough-flnlshed concrete slaD. Achemical
if

Aground and ~ temzzo flnlsh ~. ~~~
consisting lItlinlyof~vely slT13l1 i:~~' ~...t.l.' as between a terrazzo topping
stone chlps.
Veneti..1n temzzo .. -- .. ------
A gl"OlJnd and fdshe4terrazzo finish
cooslstln~ ~~ ofbrge stone chips.
wfth 5lT13f1er chips flfflng tilt spaces
Pe-tween.
rustic terrazzo
A ur.iformly textured terrazzo finish
proJucea by l't'3shln!l the matrix prior
to ~Ing so as to expose the chips.
I'<-hich are not ground.
Palladi..1n.1
II rrosalc terrazzo finish consisting of
cut ~ frac~rtd marVle slal:1s set \;!y
h3 d in the desircJ pattern. with
smilu chips Mlng the spaus
~t . . een.
....... '. ~een It and a succeeding layer. Pondlng agent Is used If the concrete
. . - • 4 surface Is too smooth fora mechanical
!..'~:il' D .!/f) . and a subfloor. rondo
underbed ----- ------.... • bonded terrazzo
The mortar Ir.ise on which a •••. -., ••••••/:•. :,-;.;,/.:-; r·"I:\.:-:·.•• ~ !.~'.;... ; ': A terrazzo topping Installed over a mortar
terrazzo topping Is applied. " • " <.' ... '.' undert;.eQ that Is bonded to a rough-flnlshed
resInous matrix . .' concrete stab.
A latex. polyester. or epoxy Pinder ';: ='" .' ~ .~ :.. :Ii,:..:.; 6 ".: .4-' .
comPined with stone chips to
from a terrazzo topping
especially resistant to chemicals ~~~5.~~I~~;i-
~
eand-cu5hion urrazzo
A terrazzo system for cantrolling crackln~
and apr3slon. when structural movement Is expected.
consisting of a terr.lZZO topping Installed
over a reinforced mortar unaeroed that Is
. separated from the subfloor \;!y an lsolatk>n
~~~~~~~~~~~ '. memDrane and a thin layer of sand.
L
I

L
94 J
(
 FLOOR

linoltum resilie nt flooring

A resl1len t floor covering formed ry Any of various floor coverlnqs capable of
roaUn4 1?urbp or canvas wtth heated springIng bac~ to the original fonn after
lInseeJ oil powdered con:. ana
rosln. Pelng Pent or compressed. available In
and addln4 pigmalts to achieve the either tHe or sheet form and set In mastic
desired colors and patterns. linoleum CNer a suttable underlayment.
shook! Pe used only on a suUfloor
suspended al:oove grade. floor covering
Material. esp. a nonfabric material as v!nyl
vinyl sheet or cera mlc tile. used to cover a fleer.
A resilient floor covering composed
prlnclp.iy of poIytlnyt chloride In
comblnatlon wtth mineral fillers.
p~ment.s. and a fiber. fett. or foam
!:rackIng.
vinylt&
A resilient floor tHe ccmposed
prf nclp3 ~ of poIyvl nyt ch 10 ride In
combltUtlon wtth mIneral fillers and
r
p4Jments.
I
; corku'le
A resilient floor tile composed of
granulated cor\: and synthetic resIn
blnclers. finished wttha protective coat Any of various pasty substances used as a
of wax or a film of clear polyvinyl sealant. adhesive. or protective coating.
chloride. can: Uk: should Pe used only
on a suWloor 5lJspended above grade. underl3yment
A material. as plywood or hardboard. laid
ru1?1?erti1e CNer a suUfloor to provide a smooth. even
A resilient floor tile composed of base for resilient flooring. carpet. or other
natural or synthetic rubber with nonstructural flooring.

y
mineral fillers.

cop
1,
al
carpet
t I
! gin Aheavy WCNen. ~nlttec.f. needle-tufted. or
ori
l!~~r!~!!t!~~!!~~!!~!!~~~!!!!!!!~!J~~~~!!!!~~!!!!!!!!!!!!~!!!!! felted fabric forccverlng a floor.
the

~ I pi~w~ht
~;~ ~~~~ s~~·~~~~~·~~~-----rll~\'!~mW---·· f~upright tufts of yarn forming the
se

~ avera9/: weight of pile yam In a

I ana pile ~
cha

~rpet. st3ted In oonus per Interweaving the backing surface of a carpet or fabric.
5qU3t"e yard. yarnsonaloont . _----... -.---.--------. - 10op pi'1e
ur

p~~ity tufUa carpet •.. -. -- .----- -- ---- -~ A carpet texture created by weaving.
kp

The welg ht of pile yam per unit Carpet made by mechanically -... tufting. orknlttlng the pile yarn Into
volume of carpet. stated In ounces stitching pile yam thrwgh a ". loops.
boo

r
per cubic yard. primary faPrIc backing and bonded . '; .
with latex to a secondary backing. cut pile
his

A carpet texture created ry cutting

§it~i~~~(6~liliiiii~ knit~C3rpet ·········-- .. -------IrmiWl·· ... '. each loop of pile yam. producing a range
dt

~rpet made by looping the

I backing. stitching. and pile yarns
. of textures from Infomt31 shags to
short. dense velvets.
nee

with three sets of needles. -=.-.A<->OL'_ _~'--":L-....:=--.IO

~ ~
you

gauge - -.. -- .. __ .. _______ ._____ ._____ ..

I The 5p3C1n~ of~s across the
width of. tufted or knitted
fuslon-uondedcarpet ·-- .. --.----.gDB~
Carpet made ry heat-fuslng face
\ -
r
if

~rpet. expressed In fr3ctlons of yarns to a vinyl pac~lng supporteJ .

an Inch.. by other materials. . ---. uacklng
Thefounaatlon material securing the
f1uW carpet --····-.. ---·-·--·~H1Jlmqn~mnlT[Illijnlnnn= plley'amsofa carpet and providing It
1 Carpet m3de by propelling short .ru!llI.l!lll!!.lUL_.BHill~ with stiffness. strength, anJ

r
ill
stra nJs of pile fiber
electrostatically against an
3dheslve-coatedbacklng.

neealepunched carpet .- -. -- .. --~

~~.

-~ .
-- __ ---
dimensional stability.

I. Carpet I113ck by punching carpet
flPers back and forth through a
WCNen polypropylene sheet with
Da rbed needles to form afelted
carpetpad
A pad of cellular rubberorfelted animal
~
hair. CNer which carpet Is Installed to
Increase resilience, Improve dltr3blltty.
;;::-------= ana reduce Impact sound transmission.
~ Also called carpet cushion.

iiiit-·-
flPermat.

carpet
A flooringtile
tile made of carpeting
material.

95
 ,~
FORCE
An influence on a body producing or
tending to produce a change In shape
ormovem~.
~, ~- .. ..

vector
. . ......... - ",m""" f,,",,,
A 'luantlty possessing both magnitude and "'. ~ '-. ' Concul1"e1'Ttforcesn~lngth~sameh~of
dlrectlon. ~ ~ an arrow whose ,~. actbn. ~ vector sum of which Is the
length Is proportlon4l to the magnitude ~ •. - .. ,. " '~ algcPralc sum of the IT13gnltudes of the
and whose orientation In space represents " . forus. ~ctlng ak:lr.q the same Nne of actlon.
the direction..
line of actio1I .-...... - .................... . ........
")I wpl.1nar forus
Forces ..hat o~ In a Single plane.
I
A line of Indeflnlte length of which a force
vector Is a ~lnent. Aforce acting on a
..... wncurrent forces u
rigid body rruy ~ I"e9rdeJ as actlng Forces h.av1ng nnes of action Intersect~ at
anywhere aloatt Its line of ~Ion without a commoo polnt. tM vector sum of wnlch
altering ther;mmal effectofthefo~;.•.• •···• .--. ---. can bt found Dy applyIng the para"lleIogram
law. 1
component6ofJforce •.. _.-....•.......... Oi;:==:b======~ u
Two or II'IOre COII(;Urrtnt forces Into which a
sln91e forc:e Ni I1c resolved and having a - p;malle!.ogram Ltw
net effect on a rigkJ body t:l\ulvalent to that
of the Initial force. For conven fenu In
structural anafysls. these are usually the
rect3ngular orCarUslan components of
The profOSltlon that the vector sum of two
concu mnt forces Cd n ~e descri1>ed by the
dlagor131 of a parallelogram having adjacent
L
slJes which represent th~ two force
the Initial fOfU.
vectors ~I~ addea.

~.
'--. vector ,um
A slngle vector equ~lent to and produCing
the sa~ meet on a body as the
L
application of two or more given vectors.
Also caf1ed resultant.
L

y
moment ---... -.-.-.--- ...• tri.1"9 Ie method

cop
The tendency of a furc.e to produce rotation A 9raphk: technique forflndtng the vect«
of a body a~.a poIrrt or nne. equa lin sum of t1'I'O concurrent forces ~ dls~ng

al
magnitude to the product of the force and one force YeCtor p;a ra JleI to Itself until Its
the moment ann .and acting In a clockwIse
or counterclockwise alrectlol!. gin taU coincides l't'It:k the he3a of the other
ori
and completJ~ the tnangle with 2 vect.?r
mornentcenter -.- .. -...... ---- ....•- - . that represents the result3 nt force.
the

The poInt .twhlch the axis of a moment •. polygon method

~ the ria ne of th:: forces causing A graphic technique for flndlng the vector
se

the moment. sum of a coplarl4r system of several

cha

moment'Mft ~.-----.-.-.-.- ... -----.....- - . concurrent fOfUS Py dnwlng to scale each

'The perpendicular distance from the hne of force vector In 5ucusslon. with the tall of
ur

action of a force to the point orn~ .a rout each at the head of the one preced1ng It.
kp

wnlch a InOme<It OCClJrs. Aiso calleJ force and com p!etJng ~ polygon with a vector
arm. that ~nt5 the result3nt force.
boo

extendIng from ~ ~tl of the flrst to the

head of ,;h~ last yector.
his

couple -.--.. --........ -....... -- .......... -;

dt

Aforce SYSt.21 of 'twO equal. para lief forces :

~1n9 In ~ directions 2nJ tending to :
nee

produce rota1lon Put not translation. The

moment of a couple Is equal I" IT12gnltudeto
you

the product of one of the forces and the r' unter of gravity
perpenarcular disbnu ~etween the two The point ~ which the entire welght of a
if

forctS. ---. Pody may ~ c.:J~ wnuntratea so

---~ M.1f SlJ~ ai; ~Is point. the body
would /'tIN1" In equilibrium In arry posltIon:
coInclknt l't'lth the unt.er of mass In a
uniform gnvftJtlondll field. Aforce whose
nne of action p;a5SeS ~~h the center of
gravity of a boJy aff~ only Its

- translational equl!lDrium; the l>ody remains

In rot.ltlonJl equJllDrlum.
.... , ~ -., ..... center of
••• -
rtU"
Th~ point at which the entln?mass Of 3
{11111l ~J __ m " "
--~-- ~.. j
parallelforc~s '-: Pody mzy ~ conslJered concentratea such
rout any line through the
that the II"IOmtnt a
Nonconcurrent forces having parallel lines point Is zero.
of action.
untrold
nonca ncurrent force, The cem:a- of. or.:. or two-dlmenslonal
Forces "3".1ng lines of action that do not flgure. aDout which the sum of the
Intersect at a common point. the vector displacements of.1I polnts In the Agure Is
sum of which Is a sl~1e force that would 1--_ _ _ _ _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _--1 zero.
cause the same translation and rotation of
a rody as the set of original forces.

96
F)
! r-···-
FORCE
r 1 Newto~'s first law at moticn

•
The physlcallaw that a body remaIns at
rest or In motion wIth a constant
ve!oclty unless an external force acts
on the I1odY.AlsocalleJlawoflnerUa.

~
inertia
.. - .• The tendency of a \7ody at rest to
rert13ln at rest or of a body In motion to
statically equivalent retain Its velocity along a straight line
HayIng the same translational unless acted upon Dy an external force.
tn n5Lrt.ic n
and rotatIonal effect on a body. "" I ~ujlil1rant
~ tmiforin motion of a I10dy In a strai9ht line.
wttnaut rot:3tlon or angular dlsplaument. ··tsl---
. . -.-.......... -.
i
!
f
TheforcerequlreatobrI~asetof.
concurrent forces Into ~ulflllrIUri1.
: f equal In magnitude l7ut opposite In

. fIj ~
1 .! dlreGtlon to the resultant of the
I ; .' ,.! concurrent force system and actlng
Lh.. : ~
,~
along the same line of action.

roUtion Q " ,~

'''")1
The c!rcuLY rnotlon of a Dody about an axis.

.--.-.-.-------------..... - ~uilil1rium

lever •. --- .... -- .------ -----. -- .-._.-- A state of l7alanu or rest resulting
from the equal action of opposing
A ri..;iJ element that pivots about a
forces. For a rigid Poay to I7e In
fulcn;m to e:xert;l pressure Of sustain
equlhlnium. two conditions are
a ~ht at a seconJ polnt by a force
necessaij..
appr~ at a third.
First. the yector sum of all forces

y
fulcrum .-------- acting on It must ~ual zero. ensuring
LM.lwtc =px Q- (7:t3) + (Ix 0) - (Ix 0) 0

cop
=
The point Of" support aDout wn Ie h a translational equlltlnium:
b'ert<Jrns.. l:Fx = a;l:F),= 0; l:Fz = o.
r>

al
Second. the afgel7ralc sum of all
\ ~lunic31 ad~ntage

gin
moments of the fortes arout any polnt
The mlo of output force to the Input or line must equal zero. ensuring
ori
force app/1e.d to a ~hanlsm. rotatlonal equlfllnium:
,:·1
:EM =o.
the

i
it
: 1 ~wton's'~orullawatmotion
se

The physical law that the sum of the

r
cha

forces actlng on a \7ody Is equal to the

product of the mass of the \7ody and
,,':1/
llllllllll+
ur

the acceleration produced Py the force.

F
with motion In the dlrectlon of the
kp

resultant of the forces.

boo

m
his

force (F) = /TI3SS (m) )( l@et"3tion{l)

dt

m;lSs (m) =F/~ =weight ('11)1 plt4tJonllforce (I)

nee
you

I·
if

r~ I 3 ~wton', third law of motion

The pnyslcal law that for every force
actlng on a Poay. the I70dy exerts a
mechanics
force having equal magnitude ana the
.~ I The !:>r.iInch of physics that 0&1 Is opposite direction along the same hne
WIth ~ effects of forces on podles
I or rrt4terbl systems. comprised of
of action as the original force. Also
caneJ the law of .letlan and r!actlon.
st.1tlc 5 and dyn3 mIcs_

stlUc5
The ~n,h of mechanics that deals
.lppljed force
with ';~ rei3tlons of forces An external force actlng directly on a
prcJvdn.g ~ulljbrium among bodies Pody.
or m...~1 systems. reactive force
~mics
An external force generated Py the
The h~-ch of mech;uuc5 that deals action of one lIody 011 another.
'Nlth :~~ motion and e.qulllDrlum of
bod:es or m3~rl.1lsysums under
the ~C':'<J<I of fcrus.

97
 FORTIFICATION
A defensive military work
coostructed for the purpose of
strengthening a position.
circumvallate .'~- sally port
Surrounded Py or as If Py a rampart. ./ A ~ateway In a forUf1catlon permrttln~ 4
t.rge number of tmJps w move npla'1y from
the pesleged position 3na attacl:: the
Deslegers.

emate
C.1 5
A vault or ch3 mber In a rampart. i13vlng
embrasures for artllkry.
\ j

------- ----------- .. -.. curtain

bastion -------·----·-----·--·---________ LI.1~ _ _ .t;::.p::::;:!:;:;\. An enclosing wall connutlng two Dastions
AprojectJlI4 part of a rampart or other
fort!&atlon. typically forming an Irregular
pentagon attached at the Ir.lse to the main
L or towers.
/-------.- .. -.• gorge
wort. ...... The rear ~ss.1geway Into a Dastlon or
/., slmllarotItwon_
./ ,/----.• terreplein
,: " The top platform or horizontal surf3ce of 3
rampart where guns are mounted.

The part of a Dastlon that extends from the

curtain to thefau.
---- .• -.--. shculder

y
Thean~1e ~een the f3ccand t:hefunl: of I

cop
.lr.Istlon.

al
f;au

l'2Velin gin Either of ~ two outer s!des that form tM

sal1ent angle of a pastlol'l
r
ori
A V-5ha~ outwork outside the main
dltch of a fortress. covering the
the

worts ~ two Ir.lstlons.

r
outwork eSClrp
se

A II'Iinor kfenslve position T'~ Inner slope or wall of the dltch

cha

esbDl1sr.ea ~nd a In3ln fort~ SlJl"I"olJnding a rampart. Also

C4i1ed scarp. --"-'--'-'--'-'~:"
I
~
ur

___ .-.. , parapet

,.._ _ --- --- - Adefensl\le W4l11 or elevaUon of ea rtn or

r
~bc~
kp

~unterscarp
A slope ex-'"..en.:i1ng downward In front rr~ exterior slope or wall of the stone prot.ectlng so!d1ers from enemy flre.
boo

of a fortlfbtlon In such a way that It d"r-..ch surroundlng a rampart. _.-:::

cardon
PM"9S ad-m~clng enemy soldiers Into i

~
"rect AproJecUng course of stones belcw the
his

the most line of fire .•---\.

/ '.

1 :r:=
parapetofa rampart.
dt

-- .. -.-- Perm
A ~ ~n the exterior slope of;J
nee

~ moat of a forth'\c;Jtlol'l
you

J .,-- -- .• ~:J:~~ln,*ment of ~rth ra!sea as a

if

L--_____ fortlflcatlon around a place and usaa/ly

surmounted Dy a pal"3pet_
.'--------. motU
./ Asteep mound of earth surrounded Py aditch
and sunnounted by a t:lm~r stocbJe and
tower.

----. l1alley
The outer ~II of a castle or the courtyard
enclosed by It.

motte and pailey _.--------- palfsade

A Norman ~stle of the 10th through 12th ------ Afence of pales set fll"l!1ly in th~ ground for
Ul'Ituries, consIsting of a motte pl3ced enclosure or defense.
withIn a Dailey_ pale
A pointed stlck or s't3l:~.
•

98

turret --------------------
A slTl3n towa-forming part of a
~rger stroctu'e, frequently
~Innlng ~alstance above the
ground. Also CJf1eJ tourdk.
·~
l7artrun
A sm.all o.'~ll9lng turret on a
wan or tower. often at a comer ar
I\eJ r a gl te',qy.
Power
A lady's pM~ chamPer In 3
l!1ed1en1 CJ stle.
~um ---.. -----.. --
A slTl3I1 re.or door or glte to a fart
arcast~.
necessarium .----- ...... ---.
The privy of;l medieval castle/
or 1TI()1I;b~. Also called /
gardero::'e, , enclosed.
przttU _._. _____ .__ 1.. ______ ."
A te mpon ry l'\OOden fartif'.c3 tlo n
In med'tevalardrltecture. erected
at the top of a lfJlI during:. siege.
c he min-de- ronde
Acootlnoous 9"!lW3Y prov!dl~ a
Jne3n5 of comnmlCJtlon Denina
the: rampart ofa forUfled l'follL ---:
:.
I
."11
dungeon
A d.. rt. ~..en undergrour.a prison
or cell, 35 In. ineJIev-31 castle.
oubliette -----.------
A ~~ ;Ln¥OO having an
opallr":J CJr1"; !n theuiOng. through
..,htch priSCf'trS were drOFPed
."
FORTI FICATI ON
keep castle
The Innermost and strongest A fortified group of Uulkflngs usually
structure or tower of a medieval domlnatlng the surrounding country and
cast~, used as a place of residence, held Py a prince or nol:>le In feudal times.
esp. In times of siege. Also called
chapel
Asubordinate or private place of citadel
donjen. ~ .... ---.. -:
worship or prayer within a larger A fortress In a commanding posltlon In or
complex. neara city, used In the control of the
'. Inhabitants and In defense during attack ar
siege.
::.rYI'"!'--t:"..=2:::::::':'::'::':":'::===< --. ward
An open space within or
between the walls of a castle.
-----.--- ... - barbican
An outwork on the approach to a castle
or towil. esp. a watchtower at the gate
or drawbridge. Also. l1arilacan.
-. enceinte
A fortified wall enclrchng a
CJstle or town, or the place so
'
battlement
A parapet haVing a regular alterr13t1on
y
of merlo/ls and crenels, originally for
cop
defense Irot later used as a decorative
~-, motif, Also called eml1attlement.
al
,---.-------. merlen
gin :'
./ One of the solia parts between the
crenels of a ~attlemerrt.
ori
,------- cl'eMI
the
~........._~!'_..!...( ~ Any of the open spaces alternating
with the merfons of a battlement.
se
crenel.Tted
cha
. HavIng battlements_
ur
'~. machicolatWn embr~~ure
A pro~ng gallery or par.lpet at I
kp
An opening, 3S;;l loophole or crenel,
the top of a CJstle wall, through whlGh missiles may De
l
+
boo
supported by corVeled arches . dlscharged.
and having openings In the floor i IT
'-----. --. loophole
his
through which stones, molten
Ie3d, or rolhng oU could De cast A snt311 or lI3rrow openl~ In ;;I wall of
dt
upon 3n enemy ~neath. fortification for the d1scharge of
;;I
mlsslles.
nee
eyelet
A small aperture In the wall ofa
you
medieval castle used as a window or
Ioophoie. Also, omet, aye/te.
if
dr~~ridge
A lnidge that can ~ raised, letdown,
'~drawn ask:lc to prevent access or to
Jfe{mlt passage Dene3th it.
\
\
portculli~
A strong gr.ltlng of Iron or tlmPer
hung (NU the gateway of a
fortH'led place In such a way ~3t
it could De lowered quickly to
moat '
prevent passage.
A Droad. deep ditch, usually filled with
water, surrounding the rampart of a
fortified town, fortress, or castle as
protection against assault.
99
 FOUNDATION
The lowest dMsion of a building or
other coostruct1on. partly or wholly
~efow the surbu of the ground.
designed to support and anchor the I
superstructure and transmit its i
loads directly U:l the earth. !
i

I i
I I

f·-·····--·-······~l~'::::::::.~~
i .~ .. "'''''T'''
... ioo 9-.... 1-- - nonuniform 9J{/ pressure
CjUsM by Utml forces

shallow fourubtlon ~.. passive e..1rth pressure '" 5he3rr~$W1cc provided

A found1t:k:m system placed directly Pelow The horizontJl component of by friction Utwun footings
the lowest pa~ of a su~tructure and
tnnsfming building loads directly to the
supportJn~ soillly v~1 pressure.
DDDDD resistance developed by a soil mass
against the horizontal movement of a
vert~lstnJCt.Jre through the solL
;ndsot1

y
utive e..1rtn pressure

cop
The horlzontJl component of pressure
that a soil ~S5 exerts on a vertical

al
retal n1ng stroct.u re.

soU pressure gin 4IlIowa~1e be.-aring pressure

ori
~ -----_._._. __ ._-.. __ ..... __ ._.; The actual pressure tleveloped between
a footlng and the supporting soli mass.
The maximum unit pressure a foundation Is
permitted to Im~ vertically or I3ter.;Jly
i
the

The gr.od-.I3l Su~lJ1ng of a structure as the equal t~ the quotient of the magnitude on a supporting soil mass. Aliowal7le ~ring
soli ~ Its fOUrWtlon consolldates r _ J._ - - - - - - - - - - - - -t of the forces t<.l nsmftted and the area pressu res for va roOlJ 5 soil classiflc3'tlons
se

urJerWdin~ are conservative values permitted ~

cha

ccnso IWtion lIulld1ng codes In the absence of

The graau:;;l reductlon In the volume of a soli ~hnlcallnvestlg3tlon ana testing of
ur

mass ~1tJ1If from the application of a the sot!. AISiJ C3lbi .1llowal7le l1ealing
kp

~~!ned Io4d ~nd an Increase In

cap.1cfty. allc .....abk ~ pressure.
~5ttes5.
boo

pf'im3 ry c.ol15OlldrtIon
his

Areductlon In vvlurne of a soli mass under

the action ~.a sus~lned load. due chiefly
dt

to.a squeal~ out of water from the voids

I't"ftIIln the IlUSS.and 41 tr3nsfer of the load
nee

from the soli wafer ~ the soli solids. Also

c.1Ied ~ry compression. A =ccnt:3ct Jre3 of f~
you

5eCCrWry~n ~1~(q}=P/A
A reduction In volume of 1I soli mass under
if

the action of.a ~lned load. due chiefly

to lIt!ustr.ent d the Internal structure of
the soil In3SS after ~t of the load has
Peen trlInsfemJ from the soli water to the
soIlson&s. r" frost.line
1 The maximum depth at which soli Is frozen
i ~rost penetntes the ground.
diffuent.i.1lsat!ement ,~t'i~~~ frost heave
The relitlve movement of different parts of An upltft In scl C3used tr.Y the freezing of
a structure caused IIy uneven settlement Internal moisture.
or failure of Its fou.wt01.
fro$t ~on

''\ softenlng of soil resulting from the

2rching
Tho t .. nsf"ofst.."f"""'y"IJI"'J

restrained parts of the mass.

P'"
of.a soil mass to adjoining. less ylekilng or
10~,~Jj\
.
I~

0.5'1

02'1
)

/
.
thawl" of f",,,, ,,,,<oJ.,,,,,,

100
r;
!
I
FOUNDATION

~;:t.!':;~.;;;,;;,; ik;;;:~;~;t ~U"" I·

sp~d footing
Aconcrete footing extended I. tera Ily to
grak. des~ to support and anchor the "". L .- - - - - - -
dlstrf~ the foun,btlon load CNer' a wtde
superstro<:1:lrre. "" .••.=<::.~ff~=------ enough area that the al1ow3tr1e ~arlng

r I' ground sl#

A concrete sbl:> placed CNer' a dense or
capacity of the supportl~ soil Is not
exceeded.

r I
compacted \73se and supported directly l7y
th~ ground. iI:SlJ311y reinforced with welded
wirefJ!1rIc en grid of relnforclng lrars to
I I control anya'3Cklng caused I1y drying
s-hrlnbge orlhermal str~~.~~parate or
... critJc.;J{ 5tCtJon assumed for she3r

I Integral f~s art required for heavy or ~ ",@ - ~{p.inchlng she3r

concentrated leads. Over prol1lem soils. the ~~

rI sla I:> must t;.c, designed as a nut or raft

foonaatloo. N:so called slab on grade.
l:r41~COUrse
~ .._..
~
' " ___ ' -.- _.... --]
.... ~

~-'-:----M !
A layer of caarse granular ~rlals placed

rl and compacted on undisturbed soil or

prepared flO ~ prevent th~ c.pillary rise of
moisture toa concrete ground sial:>. _ .. ___ .. ____ .. __ ''' __ .. ______ .... __ .... _: r .... - .. · · · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - .......... ~ifo()tig:
,/ Th; ~~~~~s~pre3d footing of a
r 5 Ub-str3tucn . foundation wall
! Something thoIt underlies or serves as 3
!:rase or four'4btlon. Also c.alled su!lstrate.
.,./r~- ~~;:;r"~'
.-_ ..... _- tonti~uotijf~;v'
... A relrTfoffiJ iOncrete footing extended to

y
./ support a rowofcolumns.

cop
9~~1rel'

al
r-

gin .'
./ ArelrrforcelconGrete ream SUP~1I9 a
superstructure at or neargrouna level arid
ori
tnnsfem~ the Io3a ~Jsa~~ footl~s,
pic:rs. or piles. Also C3ltld~~~o;
the

-.. -~.' :r~'

se
cha
ur

.~-.-.'co~f~ng~~::
kp

.' AreWoiuj conc~ footing for a

boo

~~~w~,~,·., perln-eter column or foundation wa n

A refnforUa COncrete footing connected o;Unded to support 3n Intercr cclumn
his

!:>y a tie beam to .mother footln~ In order k::3J.

to balance an asymmetrlGallylmpJsed
dt

To ;wid rot'4tion or differential ~

load. as at the perimeter of a ~Ildlng s~.
Also called strap foothtg. COfTtJnuoIJs 1(4/ C3nt1lever~ n
nee

P""f'CrlJoneJ t<1 ge:n~ uniform >:J~

~SIn
you
if

raft m.1t
A rr.3t providing a footing on yielding soil A th~. sla!:>fi:e footing of relnfOf'Ce.d
usually for an entire ~ulkllng. placeJ so that concrete supporting 3 num~r of co/umflS or
the we~htofthe displaced soli exceeds the an entire !:>u11d1~.
weight of the construction.

np17ta mat
A ITI3t foundation reinforced l7y a gfJ of .
r" <.:.t F. ribs abc>.'e or below the sial:>.
.. ~ It- .
. ~ ~
. ' .'.1 ,·tii.i . . ·r·····..

flcatlng founJ.1tion
A foundation ~ In y!eldln~ soil. having for
tts footIng 3 r1ft placed dup enough that
the weLjht of ~ excavated soli Is equal to
or grea ~r th.M the wdght of the
grillage
Aframewon: of crossIng ~eams for
spreadIng heavy loads over large areas.
Also called grid.
<:t:""~r;~~ ullularmat
A composl~ structure of relnforceJ
coocre~ slal:>s and lraSlment wails SlT">'.,~
as a mat foundation.

construction s-upported

101
 FOUNDATION
dup founcUtlcn
Afou~sy.;tem t:hJt extends do.w11 _
th~h un~17Ie soli to transfer !;Jullalng
k:laJs to a nn appropriate Uearing anvil
stratum ~ kIow ~ superstructure. The component of a pile hammer.
pi1efourWtion located just I:>elow the ra m, that
A system ofpks. pile C3pS. and tie l7eams transfers the driving force to the pile
fer transferrfftg !;Julkllng loads dewn to a head.
sult.a~ ~ st,.t;Jm. used esp. when cushion
the soil rNSS directly ~Iow the
c.on~ Is not suitable for the direct
Pe3~of~s.
A cap for protectlng a pile head as
well as the pile hammer durl"1 "' I J
driving operation. Also called
cushion 17loGk. cushion head.

pile driver
~ring stntum ____ J l1atterpile drive l1and A machine for driving piles. usually f
J
A~mofsonorrockon whleh a A pile driven at a specified angle A steel ~and enGlrcling composed of a ta II fra meworl:
footll14 ~ or to wIlleh a Irolldlng to the vertical In order to the head of a tlml:>er pile supporting machinery for lifting 3 pile
load Is tn~ I7y a pile or caisson. provlJe resistance agaInst to prevent It from In position !7efo", drM~. 3 drM~
lateral forces. splitting when driven. hammer. and vertical ralls or Ie2ds
Also called plfe ring. for guiding the hammer.
pile
A~ slena:r column of wood. steel. or
reinforuJ QlftCrete. driven or
h3mmered~ical1y Into the earth to
form part of a foundation system.
end-~e.a"-9 pile -------~~
Ap~ ~g principally on the
~"!1 reslsbnu of soli or rock timber pile

y
f.

cop
~neath Its b:it for support. The A log driven usually 3S a friction pite. often
SUITlXl~ soil mass ?rovides a fltted with a steel shoe and a drive !nnd to
~ree ofbCa-alsta~lityforthe long prevent It from spllWng or shattering.

al
~ l1eml>a. Also calleJ

gin
'---. shoe
point-!>~ pile. The hard. polrUd or rounded foot of a
/-
ori
pile or caisson for piercing underlyIng
~!low3LoIe pt'1e Ioa~
The NXlnII'I axb! 3nd bteralloads soli. Alsocalltd drive &hoe.
the

pennfU.eJ on a pile. as c:feterml~ by a e!'\ H ~~. preca,t cOncrete pile

~all1lc plefonnub.a static load V A precast. often prestressed concrete
se

test.:;r a ,m.echnlcal Investigation of ,'"

\.• cclumn. having a round. s-tuare. or polygonal
cha

the fourW1lon soil .- section and sometimes an open core. drivpl

"
Into the earth by a pile driver until it meets
ur

pile ~ity -.----.--.

the requlrea resistance.
kp

The ~tIoI of;1 pile from Its pIa n

wUoo arm the vertQl. resultlng
1-
boo

In 3 reductkrl of Its allowable load. pipe plfe ... ---:--------- --- H-pile. . ccmpo,1U pj~
pile to lmrIce A heavy steel pipe driven with the lower end A steel H-sectlon driven as a pile. A pile constructed of two materia Is. as 3
his

etther open or closed by a heavy steel plate
fr.e p'rrnlUed devl3tlon of a pile from
or point and filled with concrete. An open-
dt
sometimes ellGasea In concrete to a point tlmver pile having a concrete upper SC1Ctlon
I:>elow the water table to prevent corrosion. to prevent the portion of the pile al70ve the
I.

the v~ for which a reduction In

3~PIe klad Is net ~ulred.
eMed pipe pile ~ulres Inspection and H-sectlons can I:>e wekb:/ ~ether In the water tavle from deterloratl~.
nee

ex.ciV3"tlon I:>efore i7elng fliled with COllGrete. driving process to form 3fT'j length of pile.

I.I
you

;~ ,;: ; ~<:;' «/~~f~j~~~:i ~f;1 ~~~~~~«.

~wn~ ---------~~
A pile dep<:Ung prillGlpally 011 the
if

fric1Jon31 resl:stance of surroundlng f

~ rth for SIip'f'<rt

,lift frictiHI
L
"Kf,~,'x~:, ":~' : .~;: ~t:~. ~"I ~~:~=:.I:::~aa:~~~
The frY;t1ol JevelopeJ ~tween the
~ of a pie and the soH Into which
the pile Is ;;"en••mltea by the I

~
~Ion d soM to the pile sides and
the snarstrength of the surrounding . . :. '::::':.::/ .. " . '.....;.';:-.:(.. i load requlr~ to reach a ylelJ point. a point
SOlI 111355. : .:".:.:' ".' '" . j ":. <~ ~\ '.1 of reslstanu. or .. point of refusal

.~ r '...' ., .//·~t·¥~tE?~~;~~~·
~frictSon
An ~I bad on a pile resulting
from ~ of fln. which tends to phed

" ,!;.~ !~; :.:' j: : :~ I~ ~·-·' · · ·/· tt::~J ~~~i:.;;~~:~

d~ the pie down~rd Into the soli.

.l. y .... .' - -'.:-'-~:- A zone In a loaded soli mass by an rounaea "" continuously for .11 specified period of tlme.
~ ! arbitrarily selected Isobar of stress. as \ yield point
from a single or numUeroff~tlon plies. The point at wn!ch 3n 11lGre35e In pile load
i.. .... _ i,obar prod~ a dlsproportlonate Increase In
A line connectln~ points of equal pressure. settlement.

I
102
L
 FOUNDATION·

- pile cap -------.....-.-.--...... ' .. .

A reinforced concrete slab Of mat
Jalnl~ the heads of a cluster of plies to; 1<:
distribute the load from ;I cclumn or ;.-
grade Pe<im equally am01l4 tr.e piles.

tiep~m

-~
t::3
0 Areinforced concrete pe3m dlstrlputlng
In. o oli}O
the harizont.1 forces from an eccentric311y
khided pile cap or spread footlngto other
o ° pile caps orfootlngs.

ex3mplts ofpile 13Y0utS o 0

c~5t·ln·place co~rete pile

A pl!e constructed !Iy placing concrete
Inta a shaft In the ground.

y
.;•.• ped~1 pile

cop
cas.ed pile -..... - ... - ......... --.... --.+ .. A cast·ln-place concrete pile having an
enl3rged foot to Increase Its Pe<irlng area

al
Aconcrete pile coostl"UCUd by driving and strengthen the l1earlng stratum by
a steel pipe or casl~ Into the ground
un-tll It meets the required resistance
;ina then ftlnng It with concrete. gin compression, formed !Iy forclng concrete
out at the Pottom of the casing Into the
ori
surrounding soil
c ..~I"9 -......... - ..... _... - ........ - .... --: .... i
...!.-.• pulP
the

A cyl1ndrlc31 steel section. sometimes . f: A bu~e C<lst u formed at the l10ttam of a

~ or taperea for Incre:asea j i cast·ln·piau concrete pile to enl3rge Its
se

s ~s. driven or dropped In place ta ! 1 Pearl~ area ar.a strengthen the rearing
cha

as a form for a cast·ln·p!Jce

$eI')'(: I stratum !Iy ccmpression.
coocme pile.
ur

m~n.drel .. -----_ .. _--_.- //'

kp

A ha-Iy stu! tul>e or core th3t Is

boo

Inserted Into a thln-wal1ed casing to

~t It from coll3pslng In tM driving Unc.3~ pile
his

process. and then withdrawn Priore Aconcrete ~ CO!1struc'..t.d ~ driving 3

concrete Is pl3ced In the casing. c;on.cme pl~ Ir.'.o the gro'.J-nd along wit.' •
dt

~ casli1g unullt meets ~~ reqUired

~nce. and then r.;:r.tr'lir.g cancw~ L.,..-..o
nee

r p~ as the casJng Is wtU-.:hwn.

you

i pier - .... -.-.... --.- ... -..... -.. -... -.....

I
A cast·ln·place concl'eU foundation
if

formed!ly Poring with a larg~ 3uguor

~vatlng !Iy hand a shaft In the earth
f to a suitable Paring stratum and filling
J the shaft with concrete.
I ~I~~n
,1 A pler. esp. when the roring Is 2 ft. (610
mm) or larger In atameter to permit
Inspection of the rottom.
~II - .... --............ --........ --.... -' . .
The \;1ase of 3 caisson enl3rged Ul '
lnuease Its bearing area.
bdl17ucket
An attachment to an earth auger
having expanding I1lades for D:c3vatlng
~I
a Pell at the rottom of a caisson shaft.

~(;~Cai5~n , ........... 1 rocl:~i5~n

A caisson that Is drilled InUl a str3tum A s.x~tted cat=scn having 3 steel H'sectlon
of solld rod rather than belled. c-=~ ",Ithln 3 c.:n:.-ete·fll'eJ pipe casing

103
 FRAME
A skeletalstrocture of relatively
slender memf,~ designea to give
shape and support to a ~uilding or
otJ1er construction.

I ..1
"raced frame pL1stic hinge
A·structural fume whose resistance to A vlrtu.ol hillg/l that develops when an fJ,ers
lateral forces Is pf't1Vlded by diagonal or are fully yielded at across section Of a
other type of k-ac1t\4 stroct<Jral member. ~'1 I -1

-rigidmme
Astructural frame of linear memrers ~ldly ....... fixed frame r•
conr.ectea at theirjoints. Appllea loads A rigid frame connected to Its supports
produr.e axial ~ and shear forces In with fixed joints. A flxed frame Is more
all meml>ers of the frame since the ~Id reslsta nt to deflection tha n a hinged fra me

y
joints restrain the eMs of the meml7ers put also more sensitive to support
f1

cop
from rotatl~ freely. In aaaltion. vertlcal settlements and thermal expansion aM
waS C4use a rigid fr;1me to develop contractlon.
~I thnIsts at Its lr.Ise. Arigid

al
fr.ame Is st3Uca/1y indeterminate and rigid
only In Its plane. Also Col Ilea moment-
gin s Ides way
The later.lf dlsplacement produced In a r'.3k:1
ori
~"4 fr.1me.
fralT16l7y lateral loads Or asymmetrbl
v~31Ioadlr~
the

I.
se
cha
ur

J.
kp
boo

hinged frame
his

A rigid fr3me connected to Its supports

with pin joints. The pin Joints prevent high
dt

!lCndin4 stresses from developlnBby

nee

a~ u",frame to rotate as a unit when

stnlned Loy SlIpport settlements. and to
flex ~htly when stressed by changes In
you

temperature.
•
if

L1

three-hi~ fume
A structul'llfas5ell1!11y of two rlgta sections
connectea toeacfl other and to Its A-frame
supports wltfl pi" joints. While more A !nJlldlng constructed with a steep
sensltlve to~n than either the fixed triangular frame resting directly on ..
or hl"¥d frame. the thru-hlngea frame Is foundation.
Ie.ost rlfect&i by support settlements and
thtnl'tllstresses. The three pin Joints also
permit the frame to lJe analyzed as a
stat:lcally de1ermlnate structure.

104
 ~' r;r'
""'!

FRAME
knee
Thejur.ctlcn of the tap ana
either of tne uprights of a bent.

10000000-0
0101010101001011 pent
A braced or ~Id frame deslgnea to carry
vertlcal and lateral loads transverse to the
length of a framed structure:.
portal
A rigid frame of two co{umns and a .ream
defining a Single bay. Also called slngte-l1ay
frame.

,un

V-terenJ~1 ~5
IO]DID]ODlDiDiol
A framed ~ stroctore h~l~ vertlc31
web mem!1ers ~idIy connecte.d to parallel
top and ~ chords. A '{:trendeel truss
~-. multi.toryf""",
A vertical series of superimposed r1~ld
~ not a true ,",SS slnu Its members are , frames.
subject to I'lOII2xtal ~ forces. Also
called V1~ ~lrder, transfer column
I' A discontinuous column In a multiStory

y
frame. supported at some Intermealate
I

cop
level where Its load Is transferred to
p<lrt.1I~ aajacent columns. - ,

al
A method for a~lyzlng a mutt...tstory frame \ 1===
.15 a C3l1t11ew:r ~te.d ~ shear rackIng.
1M portal methcJ assumes tn3t a point of \
I ori
gin DOt]
InfIectloIt occurs it the mkl~ of all
rnemDer$ In the frame. and that the mme I DODD
the

f'"
acts :.lS2 ~ of~ portals to i
1
j
which the tobl t.ter.ll shar:.lt each level Is
DDDD
se

distribuW 1ft propoI'tlon to the floor:.ilre3 I

~
cha

~
~h wlumn ~s. ~!M4 ry pin .lolrrts
C2n ~ lnsute.d 3t e;;ch point of Inflectlon.
I DDDD
ur

Nkl~ ~ ~:.l st4t:b11:i dekrmlnate

kp

stnlCture.

~rrt&ver~
boo

A Ir1ethod for J!t:.llyzlng a lT1uttlstory frame

~ 2 C3ntllever $U~t to Pe:1dl~. The
his

C3rTtllever method :.l5Surnes th.-t:.il point of

Inflection OC~ it the 1l'1!d~ngth of an tran,-fergiraer ~-.- .. --:
dt

II"alPers In ~ fralre. and wt tM axidl A girder supportl~ a tnlnsfer c;clumn.

nee

fOf"Ce In ~h WuIM of a st.:ry ~

proportlonal;o ~ tIortz:ontal distance from
the centroid oI3a the columns 0f1 tn3t level.
you

Imaginary pin joints c.1n ~ Inserted at each

point of ~ Iftlk~ the frame a
if

statlcally ~1n:.iIt.e WJ<-'"tUI"e.

moment ~trip1ltlcn methcd
A method for mlyzl~ an IrJetermlnate
str'uCt1Jre ~h :.iIo'1Iter:.ltN/: pr-ouss of
fixing a r19ki jo!rTt In splU. ~termlnl~ the
fIxed·enJ I1'\OII'1CTt.s at the Jolnt. then
~sI~ the joint to allow It to rotate. and
studyln4 the ~nsftrence of moments and
rot3tlons to £Mer joints
InkUrmil'\;1'U deUrmllJrte degreeoffr~m •....
Of or perta In Ir.q to a structure havl~ Of or pertaining to a structure able The number of members l"e<\ulred to
more than the minimum number of to ~ analyzed completely by means stabilize 3 collapse mech3nlsm.
members. corm~tlons. or supports of the principles of statics. ./
needed for staDil1ty. resulUng In more redund.Jncy •.. , ....... ,..
r unknown forces than there are static
equ.aUons for solution.
A strvctural member. connection. or
1 d~ru of iru:!eUrmlnacy
support not required for a statically
Wb!T1lnate structure.
~ dlfferenu petween the number of
degree of reduMancy

r unknown forces In an Indeterminate

structure and w number of static
equ3tions 3'.'ah,le for solur:cn,
The number of members Deyond that
re.:lulred for the statrillty of a
st;:cally determinate structure.

105
FRAME l

froilmlng light frame constructlcn .~ balloon fr;;me I

The ut. proceS5. or manneroffittlng and A system of construction utlllzlng closely fIoorfr3minq
joining together relatively slender members spa~ and sheathed memPers of
to give shape and support to a structure. dimension lumreror lIght-gauge metal to platform fr3me L

froilmeworic
fonn the structural elements of a 11ulldlng.
roof fr3minq J
Askeletal structure of parts fitted and
joined to¥ther In order to support. define.
or enclose.

skeleton construction
J,
A system of construction utilizing a I
framewort of columns and !leams to
j
!
transmit !lullding loads down to the
foundation. I
11
,1
plank-oiInd-l:Ieam constructlon - . - .. -- .- ..... -............... - ,r_ ...• principal !?eam
Floor or roof constructlon utilizing a .... Any large !leam In a structur.ll frame that
./ supports secondal)' beams or JOists. Also
framewort oftlml1cr \;Ieams to
support wood planks or decking. .../ called primal)' ~m. J
... r"'"'' secondary !?e.am
/ Any beam that transmits Its load to a
principal ~eam.
terttary !?eam
Any beam that transmits Its load to a
seconml)' ~eam.

y
cop
\
\ ..- girder
A large principal beam designed to

al
support concentrated Io;Ids at IsoI;rte.d

gin points along its length.

ori
the
se
cha
ur

arc~te
kp

Of or pert3lnlng to a sys~ of
constructlon employing arches or
boo

arched fonns. AIso. arcu.tt&i

his
dt

i
I
nee
you
if

poie construction pole MUse

A sys~mofconstructlon employIng a A hou~ of pole construction.
vertical structure of pressure-treateJ
wood poles whlch are firmly embedded pole
In the ground asa pier foundation. A long. cylindrical. often s~nder p~ of
wood or metal. ..
. stilt
One of seve-ral p!~ or posts for
supporUng a stnx:ture arove the
surface of land or water.

106
 FRAME
praced fra me
A building frame employl~ a he3Yj1.ln-acea
framework of solid girts mortlsea Into soltd
posts the full h~1Tt of the frame. WIth
studs one story high filling the interstices.
principal ~fter _.... - ... _.--- ...................... \
Also called full frame.
str3ining plect _.. _._.- ......... __ ... _ .... _...\\.
queen post -............ ---......... ""\.......
sum mer -'" ...................... ""'" ........ ",
A heJ;)' Umber serving as a """
principal beam or girder. Also '
C3 Hed summert:ru.

-post

.- girt
A horizontal timber connecting the posts of
a In-aceJ frame at an Intennealate level
abo,re the ground floor.
"-_ .. - ... - 5tiJd
Ineastsummer _ ........ _ ... _. ..i
A SW11.'T1er supporting a wan o,rer an
ope~:ng. Also called Ureast beam. "'--- raiseagirt
tr3Ye _ ..... - ... _- ... - ..... ---" .-.. -... -- ·-·..-i A girt parallel to ana level with the floor

y
cop
A crossbeam or a bay formed by joists. Alsa called flush girt.
crossbea ms.
--.--.-~ dropped girt

al
i A girt set lielow the floor Joists It 5U pPOrts.

gin
ori
the

17if\der --.. --------...........-... -..

AprI"clpal ream supporting the ends
se

of t:io-o sets of floor Joists. Alsa Cd lied

cha

t>indin~ P-e.1m.
ur
kp

half-timl1er
H3v1ng a ~mber framework with the spaces
boo

fliled wtth masonry 01" plaster. Also, half-

timbered.
his

open-timl1ered
dt

Ioll'r'tr _.......... -.... - ......... .

nee

At:. ntern or turret on the roof of a

rnealCal !lulldlng having slatted
you

a~..;Jres for the eSC3pe of smoke and .

admission of air.
thJtch _... - ...... _ .. _... _._ ............. - ..........\
if

A mr...tnal foreaverlng a roof. as straw.

rv~, or palm leaves. fastened
to..3~her so as to shed water and
5O~~s to provide thertT131
Insut:.t1on. Also. ~hrn9. pan
A major vertical division of a wall. esp.
a noggedpanel of haft-timber
construction. .- ...- .. 'fll-- - - - - 1

wattle and aaul1 no~ "-

A form of wall construction. consisting of
~ wattles COIered ana plastered with clay or
I'·;
mud. Also. wattle and dau.
wattle
One of a number of short wooden pieces
Inserted between the principal members of
ahaft-timbered wall to 5tr~gthen the
frame and retain the brick Inflli. Also.

;;;';':;~~~;;;;II;;;~P;"; 11111
A framework of rods or poles Interwo,ren
with thin branches. twigs. and reeds. used
In the construction of walls and fences.
!>etw,., the m'mbee' '" , "m!>e, fca m,.
.I
~.---------------

107
GEOMETRY
A branch of mathematics that deals
with the properties, measurement, Euclidean geometry

/1
Geometly based upon the
and relationships of points,lines, postulates of Eucnd, esp. the
angles, and solids, deduud from postulJte that only one Mne may
tneirdefining a>nditions Dy means of _.' a17scissa pe drawn throu~h a given point
urt.1in assumed properties of A coordlna~ detennlnea !1y parallel to a given line.
spau.

point
A dImensionless geometric element
that h3s no propertY!lut Ioc3tlon. as
the In~rsectIon of two hnes.
y-axis - ....... _._ ... _ ............... -
The 3x1s along which o;d1nates or y.
V3lues are ~sured In a CartesIan
coordln4U system. Also called axi s
ofordfuUs.
z-coordinate
A coordlnzte determl
!1y ~surlng parallel to
thez·axls.
z-axis _........ -.. ---. .
The axis 310ng whk:h z-V3lues are
measurea In a three-dimensiOnal
Ca~ian coordinate sys~m.
/
measuring parallel to the x-axis.
Also called x-coordlnau. .
1/
l;
caordinate '/: \ .", radius vector
AIry of a set of numms that serve to ! A straight line segment that
s~1fy the location of a point on a JOins 3 V3rla~ point to ~he fixed
nnt, 5U rf3ce. or In space !1y referenct origin of a polar coordinate
to a ftxed figure or system of hnes. system.
I
c.aJ1:.es~n caordinate polar angle I
J
AIry of the coordlnates for locatIng a The angle fortned !1y the polar
point on a plane Py Its dlstana from axis and a radius vector In a
each of two Intersectln~ hnes, or In polar coordinate system.
~ !1y Its distance from each of
polar axis
three planes Intersecting at a point.
The reference axis from which
the polJr angle Is measured In a
polar coordinate system. '\
l"'4 ....-.j .. --: ....- ordinate
.........-"-'.-"'--~-.;.:.,--+----+-!c--+---f Acoordinate aetennlnea !1y
~rlng pal.i~1 to the y-axis.
A!:so calle<l y-coordlnm.
. __ .___f __

y
cop
rutangu~r coo rd ilU'te system x-axis --_.' polar coordinau system
AC4rtesbn coordinate system In T}.e axis aloog which abscls53s or x-values A system for locating a point on a plane

al
which the axes orcoordlnzte planes are I!1e3$Ure.:I In 3 C3rtesian coor&nate !1y Its radius vector and polar angle.

gin
are perpendlcuJ.;r. system. Also calLed axis of .1~ssas. ori
the

ver"..ical paralld
, i
f~~iartot:he Extending In the same
se

p!3neof~ horizon. direction. eq!Jldlstant at all

cha

pOints. and neverconverglng

or diverging.
ur

skew lines
kp

Any lines In space that are

line neither parallel nor
boo

A ~ element generated !1y a horizonbl Intersecting.

moving point 3nel ~vlng extension faralleltoorope,..tlr~ Ina plane
his

wlthOllt breadth or thickness. para lie! t.o the horizon.

dt

o 0
nee

a~le angle
The space l1etween two lines --.- vertex The amount of rot3tIon neeaea
you

dlvergl~ from a com.mon point. or The point at which the sides of to lning one nne or plane Into
within two planes diverging from a an lIng!e 1nterseG't. coincidence with another.
common hne: the figure so fonnea. mea sured In radla ns or In
if

degrees. minutes. and seconas.

.. radiln
A unit of angular measure equal
to the central3ngle subtendlng
an arc equal In length to the
radius: ~/21t or approx. 57:3°.
degree
A unit of angular measure. equal
to 'J~th of 3 complete angle or
tum. or of the circUMferenCe of a
circle.
-+----- right angle
l Anang1eofWf~!1ythe minute
. perpena1cular Intersection of The 60th Dart of a aearee of
two straight lines. angular ~asure. -
"--. 3Cute JnSIe ~ccnd
An angle ltss than oo~ The 60th part of a minute of
angular measure.
'. -. -. -" ---- -.-.-.-. o~u!Je Jngle
An angle grea~r than 9O~ Uut
less than 100°.

108
1 _
·'"t.

GEOMETRY

he~ht :...... vertex plane geometry

Extent ex distance
upward from • glven level
to;; fIxtd point.
past!: - ... - .. -................... ,
The nne or surface forming the
part of a ¥Ometric ~ure that
Is most ~rly oorlzo11tal or on
whlGh ~ Is supposed to stand.
from which ;an altitude ~n pe
C011Str1.C.e.d.
\, The point opposite to and farthest The pranch of geometry th.tde3ls WIth
\, from the Pase of a plane figure. pl3ne~ures.
."" altitude plane
./ The perpendicular distance A surface generated l1y. straight line
./ from the pase of a geometric moving at a constant velocity with
,. figure to the opposite vertex. resp~t to a flxed point. such that.
parallel side. or parallel surface. straight lineJoining any two of Its
points lies wholly In the surface.
reentrant figure
Reentering or pointing Inward. A complnation of geometric elements
as an Interior angle of a disposed In a partlcularform o~ shape.
polygon that Is greater than
150~ --'•.••
.~--------l,.- .... -.... polygon
A closed plane figure havlngthru or

~~
triangle ". ~ q,uadribteral
more straight sides.
Apolygon having three Apolygon having four sides and
sides and three angles. four angles. rectilinear
Forming. formed l1y. or characterized
l1y stralght lines.
Havl"!l t1000 sides of equal length.
acuU - . -.......... - ............ . Lsalient
Composed only of acute angles. An outward projecting angle or "-..'-., 1:..... rectangular
Having edges. surfaces. or
obtuse --................... - .. - I part. "'-....."'-.....
"'-...
faces that meet at right
angles.
Havlng. n :;1;rtuse angle. I ...... .j---- exterior angle
~1eM -.---...-...... - .1-.... I The angle form&! petween any "'-...
'-t:-..
r- aspect ratlc .
In any rectangularconflguratlon.
Having ~ite unequalsk:les. I I
!
side of a polygon and an
extendea adjacent side. ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _...:.\_.'-...,--= the ratio of the longer dimension
to the shorter.
coincideJTt 1 ... interior a"9le rectangle ...

y
----"'~~ The angle form&! Inside a Apmllelogral1ihavlngfour --...• dIagonal

cop
Occu~ tM same place In
spaceort:~, polygon!:>etween arty two right angles. esp. one with sides A hne connecting two nonadjacent
adjacent sides. r-:;:r.... of unequaller!gths. angles or vertlces of.3 polygon or

al
CO"9/"tlCft _ •.. - .. - _ ... -.. v polyhedron.
CoInc~ 3t all points
$U~rI~
when cant - .............. -...... ---..:'.-
gin
ori
An ol7l1que hne or surface. as
~jmibr - .. -----... - ........ -- one formed l1y cutting off the ........ square
the

H.3ving ccrrespondlng sides corner of a square or cuPe. Aregular polygon having four equal
~.41 and cor.espondlng
angles e:q-.:.JL sides and fou r rig ht angles.
se

II--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _........o¥.
cha

u-Ig~etry ri9ht tria ng Ie

/ I···· ~~:~~~7h"J"" roth p" .. aI
ur

The I7nrci of l713thematlcs that deals A triangle having a right angle. n.

~~lteS~~~to~~~
kp

with t~ ~les of kiangles and / .

trI9O~..rlc functions, and of their
'::'" hypoUnuse
boo

... The side of a right tri3ngle that ... -.~ trapezoid

.3ppfk7'..cf!$.

Q _.' -.'
;'. Is opposIte the right an~le. A quadrilateral having only two sides
his

u-~funcUon parallel.
A fuoctb1 of 3n 3rl9Ie, as sine or
dt

.. coslM. ~ 35 the ratio of tr.e

s~ of a~ht triangle.
G _.' _- .... , -
trapezium
Aquadrilateral having no two $Ides
nee

~-+--:""~+----t' parallel
&iN!
you

The ~rr.etrlc function deflned 3S

the 1'3~ of the side oppostui a given
angle to ~ hypotenu~.
if

c05ine
The ~~ functlon deftn&! as
the ra~ of the side adjacent to a given
a ngle to the hypoten use.
"---... pentagon
tangent A polygon having flve sides and flve
The tro9""'O~trIG functlon deftned as angles.
the rat:o of the side opposite a given
angle to ~ side adjacent to the angle. - ... -... -.-- .. hexagon
Pythagorean theorem A polygon having six sides and six·
~carrt
The theorem that the sqU.3 re of the angles.
The ~rlc functlon defln&! as
ratio of ~ hypotenuse to the side length of the hypotenuse of a right . octagon
triangle equals the sum of the ./
adj3Ce:1> to 3 given angle. A polygon having elght sides and eight
squares of the lengths of the other angles.
C05eCarrt two sides. C' Ci 2 I b-:
The ~"""lOmetrlc function deflned as
the 1'3~
of the hypotenuse to the side
regular ........... - .. :....... . ~ apothem
opposr-~ ~ ~Iven angl.e.
Having all sides equal (equllJttral) - A pc:rpend1cular from the center cf
cot.J~ and an angles equal (equlangulJr) a regular polygon to one of Its
T~ tr'..,r.."<'CJT1etr!c functlon deflned as sides.
the 1'3".: :;i the sIde opposite a given
angle:.: :.'---: side adj3cent to the angie

109
 GEOMETRY
circle
A closed pl3ne curve every point of
which 15 eq~1Tt from aflxed
point within the curve. .../:
., ........ - arc
Any .p3rt of the clrcumferenu of a circle.
.®-
L
I

.
. . _ ._
./ .
/-.---- ..... eccentric
Not having the same center Or center
line.
off-center
:'

.... /
r-'''''--'' raalus
A stra~ ht hne extendl~ from the center:f
I / Not centered or attne center point.

~llw< ill circle or sphere te the circumference or

~ Pound1n.g surface. .-...---..-... concentric
.... - .. sector Having a common center. as clrc~s or
A ptar.t figure rounded by tliO radii and t~.! spheres.
Includ.e.d arc of a Circle. . _ - - centerline ,
\ .. --- ... - .. - di3meter An Imaginary line that plsects. plane
A straight line extending through the figure.
cen~ of a circle or sphere.na meetlng ~ .., .... _ ...... __. q,~rant
circumference or Poundl~ surface at eacb
An arc of 9O~ or any of the four
end.
a,uarterslnto which a plane figure Is
'.~ .. -. - cenUr dM:Jed by two perpendlcutar lines.
The pcint within a circle or sphere equally numrered counterclockwise from the

(f
d1sta ITt from 311 ~nts of the clrcumferer.::t upper right.

circumference _.J
The roundary hne of a closed curvilinear
·flgure. esp. the perimeter-of a circle.
pi
The sym~ol Jt aef'(Jtlng tM ratio retween
the circumference of 3 circle and Its
diameter. a ccnstolrrt equ~ te 3.14159+.
~': ',"O",~
or surf.ice. or the point within 3 regular
polygon tqU311y dlstant from the vertices..
b"dl" II"". without
angles.
~.- __ ....- ...... __ ... __ ... _._._. concave
~ Curved Inward like the Interior of a
circular arc or hollow sphere.

y
cherd -'---'" ....... ------.... -, ---..- - - - . - inflection

cop
" The straight nne segment ~~ \ Achange of curvature from convex to
; ./ I. "'>'" two points on • ~lven curve. colIC3Ve or vice vel'S3.

al
,',/ .., ......"
-..g-----+----r-~. ..,_.. convex
i \. gin Curved or rounded outward 11I:e the
ori
~. ..~.---.- ---.. --- ~?'~~:slng through the tn'ofocl of an
exterlorof a circle or sphere.
.......... cusp
the

I '-" ellipse. :.A .. - ' - ' A point where two pranches of curve
I eng.
meet. and are tangent.
se

. -'.-.--.. - minor axis

e{Jj~ '
cha

A closed pbne cUrYe generated by a point The axis of an ellipse that Is perpendicular ----=-.....,:::=--.------ tangent
~ In such a W7"j th.t the sums of Its
to the :T"-3jar axis ata point eq~!dlstant rouchlng at a single point, as a straight

!
ur

dlst.nces from tl'lC flxed points, the fOCi. Is from the foci. line In relation to a curve. or In contact
kp

a constant. along a $lngle hn!:. as a pl3ne with a

cylinder.
boo

I
i
his

i
spiral •.. _.............. ___ . _-.1 .... --... evolute
dt

Aplane curve ~t3tea by. rhe locus of the centers of curvature

nee

point moving around a fixed of. or the envelope of the nortTUts te.
point while const4ntly recea:."oJ another curve.
you

from or appl'03c:hl11g It.

..-.-.. ---- Involute
Acurve traced by a point on a string as
if

It Is l:ept taut and unwound from a

stationary cylinder.

"---, asymptote
... --..... --.............. helix
A stralglr; One nmiting a curve such that A three' dimensional curve tr3Ced on a
the perpenalCular dls~nce from the curve cylinder or cone Py the rota'tIon of'a
to the n~ approaches zero.s the curve Is point crossing Its right ~tlo"S at a
extended to Infinity. constanto!:>llque angle.

hyper~ol. cycloId
A p!.ne curve 9tnerated ty a point so A curve generated by a pOint on the
~ th~ the difference of the distances circumference of a circle 3S It rolls
(rom two flx&f points In the plane remains along a straight line.
constant.

110

&pherokf
A solid geomttrlc3l ~ure similAr In
shape to;a sphere. 3S an ellipsoid.
ellipsoid
A solkl f1qure all plJne
sections of .mth are
ell1pses.
cyiinkr -_ .... _.. _............... - .........
A solid I10unded by two parallel
plJnes and asurface generated
by a stra~ht hne moving
parallel to <1 ftxe.::Istra~ht line
and Intersectlng a c!oseJ plane
curve In one of the planes.
~ht circuL1r cyiinaer _....
A cylinder genera ted by a
rectangle aboot one of Its
skies.
cone ...... _...... _ ...- ....... ..
A salk! whose surfau Is
!lener<lt.ed by a straight line.
the gentra0". passing throug h
a ftxtd pclnt. the vertex. and
moving a~ the Intersectlon
wtth a closeJ plAne curve. the
directnx.
right circuur cone --
A cooe ¥nerated by rotating a
right tria "9 Ie arout one of Its
legs.
uuncmJ ,'- fru,tum
Havl"9 the apex. vertex. or end \. The portion of a ccn1calsolld
cut off by a rane. esp. by one
parallel to the base. _..
ellip~
A conic sectlon formed by the
Intersectlcn of a ~htclrcul3r
cone with ;I pbne that cuts
through both the a)(ls and the
surface of t~ cone.
GEOMETRY
selid gee rMtry
The bra nen of gX'!l'.etry that dais with
sofld figures and three-dimensional spau.
prolate sphuoid oblate spheroid sphere
Aspheroid generated by Aspheroid gener.rted by rotating Asoild ger.erated by ~ revolution
rot3tlng an ellipse about Its an e!l1pseabout Its mlnoraxls. of a :-emic:rc1e about Its diameter.
major axis. whose ~rface Is at all points ~.
oblate equidistant from the center..
prolate Flattened at the poles.
Eklngated along the po~r
diameter.
selid poly41ron
Ageometric f1qure having the three AsoIkI ge.cmetrlc fl9ure bounded by
dimensions of Iength.l:Ireadth. and p13nd3ces.
thickness. Also called l7ody.
r~ular
volume H.'lvir.g all faus congruent regular
The extent of a three-dimensional poly~ and all solid angles congr~
object or the amount of space that It
occupies. measured In cubic units. prramid
A po~t.edrcn havln9 a polygonallr.lse
surface and t,";';;:"-3'JlJrfaces mutlng at a
Arry figure having only two dimensions. common pelnt or ver-..ex.
as a plane or curved two-dimensional
',,-_.- -~ tet.nhearon
y
l<Jcus of points deftning the boundary of
cop
a solid. A regubr polyhedron ~nded by four
pbnef3us.
al
cuP-e
generator gin Asor.d rot:~ded by SiX equal square
slks. t1-~ angk: ~ween lrry two
ori
An element th:lt generates a
gtOlT'.etrlc fi9ure. esp. a straight I1ne
adJac..,--r.t fates being 3 ri9ht angle.
the
that generates a surface by movln9 -- hex. hUron
In a sPeGffl~ fasnlon. Also called A requbr pclyhedron having sIx f3us.
se
generatrlx.
pri~m
cha
/ ... - directrix
A po~hearcn havlng ends that are
. A fixed fine used In the descrlptlQn of
ur
para~el. congruent polygor;s <lna sides
a curve Of'surfau. that are parallelograms.
kp
boo
Pl.iU1nic so~
center .. ' One of t.1e flve re.gul3r polyhedrons:
his
Th~ point within a regulJr polygon te;raheaml. hex3hedron. octahedr:;n.
equally dls~nt from thevertlces. dodec3 hearon. Of' Ic054 heel ron.
dt
ed.g.e ........... _...... _ ......._ ... _ .... _.-_ ...-_ .. .
nee
A nne at which a surface termlnaus or \---.. --~ oct.a~rcn
at which two surfaces of a solkl meet.
A regular polyheJron h2v!~ ~~ht
you
vuux ... ---.... -----_ .. - .. --
faces.
A point In a geometric solid common to
if
thr~ Of' more sides.
co nic 5eCtio n - ~ do<b;a~ron
A plane curve formed by the A regu br p<llyheJron having 12 faces.
':. left aftercuttlng offtM top Intersection of a ri9ht Circular
:. with. pl3ne parallel to the con~ with a pl3ne. •· ..·· ..1
:,base.
paraPob hyperbob . ',_.- .. ~ ico~a~dron
A conic section formed by the A conic section formed by the A re~\hr pclyhedron having 20 faus.
Intersection of a right circular Intersectk)O of a rl:Jht Circular
cone with a plJne parallel to a cone with a pl3ne that makes a
generator of the cone. greater an9te with the base than
dc-es the generator of the cone.
111
 < I

GLASS
A lurd.lniWe. usually transparent
or tranSlucent suf1stance. produced anne.a1ed g1a5~
Pi' fusing sita together with a flux Glass t~3tTs cwled slowly to reHeve
Internal stresses.
and ~ sbl1t11ur Into a mass th3t
cools to a rigkJ condItion without ht3t~enqthenedgl1~$
c!,),staIJizJtion. Annealed glass thJt is partl311y tempered
Py a proctss of reheatlng:.ana sudden
cooling. Heat·strengthened glass h:.as
crown glass
An old fonn of wfndow glass formed Py
about twice the strength of annealed glass
of the same thlc~ness.
~lowl"1 and wftlr!l~ a hollow sphere of
I
g13 ss Into 2 fbt, Circular dis£: wIth a ~tem~red gtas, I'
center IuI1p left Vy the wori:er's rod. Annealed glass thJt is reheated to just
na
l>elow the softening point a then 1'3 pldly
J
shutgbss
A flat, scda-Ibnc-~ glass fa ~rlcattd cooled to Induce compressive streS~ In
Py drawing the InOIten glass from a the surfa~s and edges of the glass and
tensile stresses in the Interior. Tempered
fumK.e «<aMI glass). or Pyformlng a
glass has three toflve times the reslstanu
cylinder. tJIvIdIng It lengthwise. and
futtenl"! It (cyffnder ,lass). The flre- of annealed glass to Impact and thermal
polished surf.Ices are not perfe.ctly stresses ~ut canM Ue altered afte;
si~~strength gla55 faPrlcatlon. When fracturea,1t I1re3ks Into
pm/lel resultln41n some distortion of
S~ glass h3-.1ng a thickness of relatlvely h3rmless particles.
vision.
3/YlIn. (2.4mm).
plate 5laS5
A fut. soda-ltme-sl1lca glass formed Dy
roinng molten glass Into a plate (rotled
dcuble-st.ren¢l glass
Sf-at glass l!3yjng a thickness of
-··~~·-::~~=ll-j ~;~"::!~~fl3t9IaSSDoncWUnder
heat :.and pressure to Interlayers of
I
I
i
glass) that IssuPse'luently ground and '/~ In. (32 mm). , i
ponshed ~coonng.
I polyvinyl l1utyl'3l resin that retains tM
I fr39!?!t.nts If the gl3ss is mien. Also called
float glass .----.--.- ....... I rsat~!!,~~;;
A fut. soda·h~sllicJ glass that J.s '" !
I .i'~~g~~~ I

y
extremc:!y smooth .nd nearly dJ.stortlon-

cop
laminated gl3ss havlng exceptional tensile
free. NllIbctured by pouring molten
and Impact strength. consIsting of multIple
glass ooto a surface of molten tin
piles of glass Pondea under he3t and

al
and a~ It to cool slowly. Float glass
pressure to InWlayers of polyvlnyf I:>utyral

gin
is the successor to plate glas5 and
resIn.
account5 for the 1113jorIty of fl4it-g lass
ori
proJuct1on. .-' -.-;':'
r~u~lgb"
.:.:~ laminated or InsiJi3tlng glass used for
the

'~i~~~ SOU nd control

A glass unltCOi1Ststlng of two or
se

more sheets of glass sepal'3ted by -t- ! \Wire9ra,~

i
-r1
cha

i 1
henretblly-st3ied alrsp3U5. I Flat or pattemed glass having a so,uare or
i
hermetlc -_ .. __ .-._ ........... .. diamond wl~ mesh eml7edded withIn It to
ur

I I
prevent shattering In the event: of ~bge

=
MUe airtlght by fusing or Staling.
kp

LL T or excesslv~ heat. Wlre gi3ss Is WI1sldereJ

a safety glazing m.sterl4l
',l T 1
boo

'"~t.~~:
Glass ~ achem~1 admixture to 1 1 .~
ill +..-l' ...'~ ~~:egUlar
his

aVsorV aportion of the I'3d~nt heat and I SlJrface pattern

vlsa.le Ight tlut strike It. Iron oxide gives : formed In the roOing process to obscure
dt

J 1
the !lass a pale ~.~~_ ~t; ££~It vlslon or to diffuse fight. AIS<? called

II IL
nee

~~lmpartsa~h.~Il;; fl§ured I~SS.

sdenkm Infuses a~ tlnt Also C4f1ed
hUt-~Rf ,lass. ;?o~~j~
you

Glass ~lng one or roth sides acld-etched

~~..,.,~ __ ._ .. _u ..... __ .... _.... _....... or ~nd!llas~ to wscu revlslon.
if

Glass biii'g'a thin. translucent met.:; lIIe

~ toondeJ to the exterior or Interor
~'~~~$j
sUf"bce kI reflea J portion of the JIg ht An o~~ glass ·f~ ccnceanrig the
and radiant heat th3t strike It. structural elements In curtain wan
construction. produced by fusing a ~ramlc
:~~~Wt~:; _u. __ .. __ ... "_. frlt to the Interior surfa~ of tempered or
Glass ~i-tnftSinitS~117Ie light while -. -"- heat-strengthened glass.
~ refleaIng the longer ",".
~sofradla", heat. produud Dy
~ a Iow-emlsslvltyccatlng -. "-
either ~ the glass Itseff or over a
transparent plastic film suspended In t.he
*
sealed spaceoflnsula~ng glass. Also
called~t~~·.
em~
The reb-tNe alIdlty of a surface to emit ~V:j~~i~~I~ ~j.~!~l~~·
. A tf.lnstucent. hoilow bfoc~ of glass wIth
I'3di3nt ~t.lI1easured :.against a ~fack clear, textured. or pattemed faus. made
~ at the ~me temperature. Py fusing two h.lves together with a partla I

~.
vacuum Inslk and used for glazing
'h~di~ ~lent openings.
The r.iI~ eX solar heat tr.insmlsslon
thro~h:l particular glass to the solar h~3t
tranS«1lsslon thf"OUgh dool7le-strength
== ;5~.5.;~k
~son,1. Imp3ct'reslstant glass plock unit.
c!earguss. sometimes having an Insert or coated to J
r~
reduce solar heat transmission.

112
,
I
1.

t.Jcegluing
The seWng of a glass paM In a rabbeted
frame, hakllng It In pbce with glnler's
., points, and seaang It IIIlth a beveled bead
of putty or glazing compound.
fAce putty .------------------- ------.--.----.----- -,
The putty or glazll\1 compound formed on
=:'O~5~af~,las5_P',,___,
A thin layer of putty or glazing compound
lata In eM rabl>e-tofa window sash to give
II paM of glass an mn I7acklng.
glazier's point ---------.--.----.-' ...
A Sm3n. pointed piece of sheet metal for -
hol.dlng a glass P"~ In a wood sash until
the tau putty has hardened. Also called
gl..azJng Urad. s~.
putty
Acompound of whltlng and linseed oil. of
doug hfl:e consistency when fresh. used In
secur!l1g windowpare5 or. patching
woodwork defects.
glazir~ compound
An adh~sNe compound used as putty.
formuiJted so as not to become brittle
with age.
glHS stu ... -.-----.----- .. ---. .. -----.
The size of a glass pane or unit required for
gLnlng 3n opening. allowing for adequate
eJ¥ c\e:aranus. Also called gl.a:zrng size.
unit'.eJ inches
The sum of one ~ and one width of a
recta~ular glass pM or unit. measured In
tnches..
~e p~ck --.. --.-.... -- ..... -----.-----,
One of the SlT13n l7locks of synthet\c
rJb~ pl3ced l7etween the side ~es of a
glJss f13~ or unit and i.1 frame to unter
It. malntJln a uniform width of Sailant.
arJnmft13ttral~t~usea~
II
~Itdlry 'Ilt>ratlons or thermal expansion
or contraction. Also calIea centerrng
shim. spaur.
f.lce c!elr~n.ce _.. ---. --. ------ -.. -----~,_
TheotStanul>e-t~thef3Uofaglass
pa~orun!tandtheneares-tfaceoftts
fra me" stop. ~sured n~31 to th~
plane of t~ glass.
l:Jite ~.- ... -.---.----.---------.. -- .. --
• The .mount of OYeNp between the edge
of, glass p:lMe or unit and a window
fra me. stop. cr Icd-strip gasket.
eageck.1rance -------------- .. -------
... The dlst.anu bet~ the edge of a glass
p-ane or unit and. wi11dowframe.
IT1e3surtd In the plane of the glass.
~X~t~if~~~~~~·~----··-·-··-
tempertd glass are suspended from
speclJl clamps. stJbil1zed by
pe~ndlcular stiffeners of tempered
glass. ancl Joined by;l structlJral silicone
~larrt and sometimes l7y ~I patch
plates
GLASS
doul:Jle gl3zing gl.~zing
The Installation of two parallel panes of The panes or sheets of glass or other
glass with a sealed aIr space between to transparent material made to De set In
reduce the transmission of heat and sound. frames. as In windows. doars. or mirrors.
wet glazing
. I: The setting of glass In a window frame with
Iii glazing tape or a liqUid sealant.
\. I'il ------ .. ------.--------- , -.--- glazing tape .
\ : Apreformed ribDon of synthetlc rubber
, I haVing adhesive properties and use.4 In
glazing to form a watertlglrt seall7etween
glass and frame.
--- .... - cap stalant
An adhesive liqUid of synthetic rubDer
Injected Into the joint between a glass pane
or unit and a window frame. curing to fonn a
watertlglrt seal. Also called cap l:>ead.
'-,,----_ glazing ~d
A wood molding or meta! section secured
heel pe3d .....--.. : against the edge of a glass pane or unit to
An adhesive liquid of synthetlc rubber hold It In place. Also catted glazing stop.
Injected between a glass pane or unit and a
glazing Dead. curing to form anairtlg ht sea I.
y
cop
--\--------_. dry glazing
The setting of glass In ~ window frame with
al
;Icompression gasket Instead of glazing
..,
gin tape or a hquid sealant.
ori
C<lmpression ga~ket
A preformed strip of synthetic rubber or
the
plastic compressed bawe.en aglJss pane or
unit and a Window frame to form a
se
watertJght Sail and cushion for the glass.
cha
", --_ .. -- .... Iockstrip gasket
ur
A preformed gaske-t of synthetic ru;ber for
--.
...." securing 3 glass pa~ or unit In a window
kp
frame or opening. held In compression by
sating block .. -: .. -.. ~-.,' forcing a keyed lock I1\1 strip Into a groove In
boo
One of the Sm311 Uiocl::s of lead or the gasket.
synthetic rul711er placed unaer the
his
lower edge of a glass pane or unit to
dt
support It within a frame. flush glazing
Aglazlr.g system In which the framing
nee
r";::- - .--.---~-"'m----r members are setentlrely behind the glass
"'- panes or units to form aflush ~
you
""
"
.
'.-"" t surfau, the glJss ~ng to the framing
with a structural silicone sealant.
if
'.~ .-.- structural Se3lant
A high-strength SIlIGoM Sailant capable of
adherlng glass to a supportIng frame.
... l:Jutt-joint glazif19
A glazing system In which the glass panes
or units are supporteJ at the head and sill
In a conventional manner. with their vertical
edges being Joined with a structural silicone
sealant without mullions.
113
HARDWARE
The metal tools, fastenings, and
fittings usea in construction.
~h hardware . doorclo~r
Bor"...s. screws. nails. and other metal
fI~s that are COI1ct3led In a flnlshed
c.onstructlon.
finish hardware
Ex~ hardware serving a decorative
as;;eilas a utilitarian purpose. as the
ana
A hydraulic or pneumatic device for
controlling the closing of adoor and
preventlng It from slamming. Also called
d"" ..heclc. _._/
overhead conce.3 ttd cfcser
AcIocrcloserconu;;!eJ In the he3d of
a doorfra me.
~ac~~ck
AtlevIu In a hydra!;!"" door closer for
sloWing the speed i'o~i which a door may be
opened.

..
lod:s. hinges. other accessories for
doers. windows. 01 nd C4lnnetwOrl:. Also .
'
knocl:er -.--.. --- ...... -- .... -/.
C31~ architectural hardware.
A hlngej ring. Dar. cr I::nol1 on a door for use
door h.1rdware In knccl:ir-3.
The fu1ish hardware requlrea for
ha~ing and operating a door. I
doorptrt.e .... -'
A sm~Q identifying plate on the outside
J
door of ;J house or room, !?earing the
OCCuF3nt'S name, the house Or apartment
num~. or the IlI::e.

push plate - ---- .--- .-- ----------.--- --- - - ............ _ ... - ...... judas

········-·'·········:~I.·,
A protective pl3te of metal or plastic A pt:t:Fho!e. as In an entr.i11C6 door or the
mcu~...ea vertlcally on the lock stile of a __ ... - ' I door cf 3 prison cell. Also calledJudas hole.
door. . _.---.-.•.--.- ./..
' . ... door chain
door pull ~ ....-.-... Ashort chain with a remov:;!?Ie slide fitting
A ~~!e for opening a door.
. ~
.
that C3n be attached between the Inside of
;; door and the doo~amb to prevent the

y
pun par _...... - .. -.............../

cop
door from I1eIng opened more than a few
A Ir.l r flxed acl"O$s a glazed cIoor, used Inches wfthaut the chain l7elng removed.
for ~lng or closl~ the door and

al
prov1dl~ p~ for the glass.
ori
~-
gin ....... ..
"- ·1-- man slot
A smail ~Ing In an exterlordoor or war..
Ii
the

often i'fith a hinged closer, through which

kick pL:rte ---.--.-... -.. - ........•. mail Is denve,ed. Also called letter slo1:..
se

A ~lve metal pIm fastened to

cha

the XttaTn of 3 door to resist I110ws

anJ scrnches.
ur
kp

floor closer --:. -.--.. doo~p

.'~ .
boo

A door closer Instat~ in a recess In the A device for hotdlng • door open, as a
floor. wedge ex- small weight.
his

--.--- automatic door Pottom .". l1umper

~ ..-.---:::--.-....
A horlzonta IIr.l i- at the rottom of 3 door
dt

A~~ rim, gU3rd. pad, or diS«: for

that drops automatically when the door Is al1sor71r~ shock or preventing damage
nee

closed In order to seal the threshold and from t>vmplng.

---
reduce noise transmission.
you
if

hand left-hand rlght-hana

The position of the hinges of a door, In Having the hinges on the left of an Having ~ hinges on the right of an
terms of right OIna left, when seen from

----
Inward opening door when seen from the Inward C¥nlng door when seen from the
the ~~rlor of the l1ulldlng or room to
which t.ie doorwIIY leads.
exterior of the Irolldlng or room to which
the doorway leads.
----- exterior of the Irol!dlng or room to which
the door"ay leads.

Fl~) L
L/
i

I
L _________ ._. ___ -.-..1
L
I

left-hand reverse right-hand reverse

Having the hinges on the left of an Having t-he hinges on the right of an
outward opening door when seen from outward Cf'?llng door when seen from
the exterior of the ~ulldlng or room to
which the doorway leads.
the exterior of the building or room to
which t!--e doorway leads.
L
114
 HARDWARE

mortise hi~ ~----------------------­
A Pun hin¥ I10rtLsed Into the
.Mtln~ sur-f.las of a door and
doojamb_
~ah~;~~:oh~"6t ;';;I~;d~~~ ------I ---\\
th~ tdge of ~ door ana the other
5 urf~- moofTk.d on the doorfra me.
ha~-.urface li,,¥ .~~~ - ~- ~~ ~. ~ ~"I
A hin.je hJvi~ one leaf mortised Into
the doorframeana the other surface-
mounted on the fau of the door.
flap bi"ge ------------------,
A h~ 1uvI~ mo le3ves surface- ".
mounteJ to tile adjacent fa<;es of a
door ana docrlrame. Also called
l7acl:fup hl"¥. fun-surface hinge.
templ1te hinge ~-- ____________ ',
A mortise hlr'¥ rnanufa<;turea to fit
the rea:5S and match the arrangement
of hck5 of hc&w metal doors and
fran-.es.
_---- (£5
17afl-~Jring hinge ~----------------
A hir-¥ equipped with!r.lll loearlngs
bet~n the klltJdles to reduce friction
hinge
A jointed device, usually conslstlng of two
leaves .JoIned together lJy a pin. on which a
door. ga~. or shutter swings. turns. Or
moves.
leaf
Ahinged. sliding. or otherwise mevable
part of a door, hinge, or tabletop.
\.
-. gain
-'----,='==-t~==~
A notch cut Into 3 surface to reuive a leaf
of a hinge. Also called sInkIng.
..... _. ------------. knuckle
"--.
-- .~ Thecylinarical.proJectlngjolntofa hInge
through whIch the pin passes. .
.----.------------ -- .. htthinge
A hInge com posed of two pf3tes secu red
to the auuttlng surfaces of a door ana
doo1amu. Also called Putt.
_r----- strap hinge
o A hInge havIng two long !eaves for
securing to the adJ3cent faces of A door
and doorjamu,
_.----- -- ----- cross-garnet

y
and ensure e:35e of ~ratlon. .- Ar-shaped strap hl"¥ with tM

cop
crosspiece 3S th~ 5t4tlonary 1!1emPa- and
bst-pin hiO¥ (±) the long stem loeing tM mavaD!e lat. Also

al
A hl~e M3vlng a nonremovaule pin. called T-h1"9t:.

gin
'--------4-r-----.-J

Ioc~pin hinge ------------------- ..... _. .,' --------- dovetail hinge

ori
A h~e Mavlng;l reroovable pin 50 thilt , A strap hinge having ~es which are
;I door can be unhuf11 P:i separ.lting the
, - narrower at theirJunctlon than at ~ei;-
the

t.¥o 1a"e5_ ~ atherextremltles.

~
se
cha

------- -- ------- --------.. parliament hinge

ur

An H-shaped hln¥ hJvfng a protrua'1ng

kp

knuckle SO that. door can stana .. ~

Ioc~joint hinge ------- -- -- -------, from the wall when My ~
boo

A hinge hJving a knudle formecl from

half of each bf. wlth the upper haff
his

remo.-. ~ from the pln_ Also called

liftcff nl~e_
dt

pintle -----------------. ---- --- --- --- pau~"e

nee

II pin cw- rolt on which something turns, ----- A hinge havIng .. single, plvatl~joi.rTt.
3S tI-~ gudqeon of a hinge.
you

gudge.on
A socl:et for the pintle of a hinge.
if

------.\j
tlpring hinge ~------------------------- -~-
I
~l
A hinge co~ J coiled spring In Its
u-arrel for closing 3 door automatically.
10 ·Y·~
~ olive knuckle hinge
:!) A paumelle having 3n MI-shapea knuckle.
aou17te-acti"!'l hl"¥ Also cafled ollvt: hinge.
A hinge permlttlng a door to swing In
either direction. usually fitted with r'-'--
sprln gs to Uring the doof to a cIosea
poslt1cn after opening.
invi,llIle hi"¥ ®
gravity hinge
A hinge consisting of;l num!7er ~ A hln~ that closes autcmatlcally by
of flat plates rotatIng about a 0 means of gravity.
0
central pin. with shoulders
piano hinge
II long. narrow hinge that runs the full
length of the two surfaces to which Its
mortlse.d Into the door edge
and doorframe SO 3S to
concealed when cloSea. Also
..
®

0
0 ®
rI~lng hinge
AgravIty hinge causing 3 door to riSt
slightly when opened .
~aves ~re pnd Also called
0
c31led concealeJ hlf14t:. ~

con ti rHiOtJ 5 hin¥ ®

.. 1

115

HARDWARE
lock
A ~ for securing a door. drawer. or
lid il posftloll when closed. consisting of
a bc4 fX com~atlon of ro!ts propelled
and wtthJrawn l1y a key- fX comDlnatlon-
opern:ed ~h3 nisin.
Mnr M:·-----------.. ---.. ----.--. ~.-~.I
A' kd f3~~ to the f3a of
a door. as opposed U> one
l7Uilt ilto Its edge.
~~wtUtil two ~Ies
roreJ at right angles to euh other.
one t&tough ~ face of a door and
the adler In the door edg~ ---- _____ _
&mit~~'
jA ~. t,i~ within a
~~ular notch cut Into the
edge of a door. ..-___
.~Jdtt"~
J l ~nj&&7withfn a rnortJse c~ Into
a doer ~ so ~ the led mecha nlsm
Is ~ on ~oths~.... _
___
Or shift
that C3nies the
knmand
actuates tM I3tch
or bolt of alocl:.
pani;br
A horiz""tal~3r th.rt spans the
Intero- of an emer~ricy exit door at
waist ~ht and M opens the uteh
when pressure Is 3pplled. Also callea
panic bolt. panic h3rdware.
116
~
1
1
Imh cylindu
An asseml:ily of parts lT13Klng up 3 Ade.. 'a for hoidlng 3 door A cylindrical device for retaining
complete locking system.lncfuair<;l c~, ccnsistlng essent13l~ the Dolt of a locI:: unUI the tumDlers
~nc;.s. plates and a locking of 3 b:;~ that falls or $ilks have Deen pushed out of Its way.
mect\3nlsm. Int.o A ~roove or hole.
//",·.u..mM
An o~tructlng part In a lock that
prevents a Dolt from relng
I propelled or withdrawn unUilt Is
movea by the action of a Key.
(eyer'til.mbJer, ..
Afut meta! tUmDler having a
specL;:!y c~ t.o fit Int.o a lad
and :r"",'e its ~. pivoting motion actuated !r,; the
turning of a key.
_pit::--·--·---···---····--··/
.~.- cam·
One cf *~ projecUn~ bl.3~
cut to; ~.gage with ana actuate Adlsk or cylinder having an
elU-~::f roth the Pelt aM the Irregu lar form that rotates or
tumr:~ of a lock. sl4les U> lmpa rt motion to a roller .J
moving against Its edge or to a pln
....
free to move In a groove on ltsface.
'... -_._ .. _} 'i.GjW-;y~
A slOt In a Iod: for receiving and
~ "(fOcdiUilt -------.---'. guk:llnga~. .
-. Thef.~b:;hapeahandle . war-If:;
ry which a door 15 : A proj~lng ridge of metal In a
o~orc~eJ ~ lock or \:eyhole that prevents
~~ ~---:.~--:-:.,.-::::::~ ,.'t) the Insert10n of any key that
A1IOte frta loci: case does not have a corresponding
notch.
or esc utcheon for
"',
y
In ser-..;ng a ~ey. ~'-t~ .---..~ __ l ~~:.~.
cop
An ont4rr.ental pl3te ~ ~e plate or surface
al
surrourJ1ng the sh..f; throo~h which the Pelt of a lock
pas~. Alsocall&t~f!1~
gin
of a doori:nol1 at the
face of a door.
~~~
ori
~'f~~;~ A~ll1arorrodlnthe
i~~"
the
mechanism of a lock that Is
A~~eor The'!iOrlZontal d1star.u irem the
propelled or withdrawn. as Dy
Ont4 :r.e:rtal plate. as face of a eek through ,.';',ich the
turni~ a ~nob or key.
se
arO'J rJ a keyhole. bolt passes to the ~dJM of
cha
doortoob. drawer pulL the knob stem. keyhc~. Of locI: ~}t;~ reyel'5ible lock
'_ or r'9ht swluh. Also. cylinder. II K:>&~ h.avlni1 a ~uare heat.l that A led having a latchbolt th3t can
ur
-'sc~ecn'1 Is rrcrea into posltlon !r,; the turning be rev~rse.d for installation In
kp
of 3 ~nob or key rather than ry spring either a ~ht·h3nd or Ieft·hznd
action. Also called~; door.
1-
boo
;'".:1omB~ ·>,-'_7'.'.":;::-,,,.:f
bevel
his
The cplique end of a latch bolt The sIde of a lock facing In the
th;;t hits a strl~ plate. same direction as the !level at the
dt
tTl aof the I3tchrolt.
nee
•.• --- .---- ---.. -.• regu~r b>evd
.' The l1evel of a ronor lock on a door
,-
you
opening 1nU> the L>ultdlng or room
to which the &oorw;ry leads.
if
~.
.., .. -- ..... reverse bevel
The Devtl of a Dolt or loci: on a door
"~
-y....~,ng a !leveled head
that Is movea Into position l1y a
openl"g outward from the Pulld1~
or room to which the doorw3'j
leads. L
v~~~
."-~6riiDi1tatliandle for spring exupt when retracted ry
L
\
operaUng the bolt of a a doorknol7. or when pushed
Ioc~. aga In st the lip of the strike plate
as the &oor 15 closed.
'\;1f.1!-~ with the face or edge of
\~. ~.--"'.~, '~'=--==:-",.~---.--' --~--"
A metal plate 0. • .1 doorpml1
having a hole for receMng the end
of a lock l101t wMn the door Is
closed, Also called stn~ piaU:.
a aoor.
\.'~iQift;.o~,;·--··--··-··-··-········-~·­
L
lip ...... :..-- ... -_ .. _-..... -.-.-
,~
, .(fl~sh'boit&iei,nto a mortise In a
aoor. sliding Into a socket In the head or
The prC¥Ctlng ulge or rim of a
strike.
the silL
; cOQJ~i~!C_~,-:;
L
POX striKe ~ dtVfCefor'ens'uring that the Inactive
A metal Pox recessed into a leaf of a pair of doors Is permItted to
doorJarrb to receive the end of a
lad bo!: ... hen the door is closed.
close before the active leaf.
L
f
I
...... .i
 HEAT
A form of energy a550C~ with ~
random motlOfl of atoms 01'
morecules. capaine of i:Jei"'3
transmitted ~ convection,
conduction, Of' radiation and causi"'3
substances to rise in temperature,
ruse, expand: or evaporate.

kelvin
The b:ase Sl unit of temperature equal to
Vm.l6 of the tr:ple point of v.7ter.
5ym~oI: I(

triple point
The particular te:nperature a:'J pressure at
which the hqliid. g3seous. a~J sola pha~
of a substance can exist In l4,;iijbrlum .
.--
calorie .. -' Fahrenh~itSC3le Celslu5~le Kelvin $C3~
A unit of heat ~U31 to the Atemperature SC3le In Atemperature scale divided An absolute scale of

y
quantity of heat r~ulrea to raise which :32°F represents the Into 100 degrees, In whIch O°C temperature havlng a zero point

cop
the um~tureofoM gram of freezing poInt and 212°Fthe represents the freezIng point of -273.16°e.
water l°e at a pressure of one roiling point of water under and 1000 ethe boiling point of
~!7s0lute ~are

al
atmosp~. ~ulv3tent to 4.186 standard atmospheric water under standard

gin
joIJtes. AQl,r.: c.al. Also caW gram pressure. atmospherlc pressure. Also A temperature scale !1ased on
~.alorle. snt311 C3lcrle. called ~ntlgrade scale. absolute zero with scale units
ori
equalln m3gnltuae to centigrade
ki10cJ lerie degrees.
the

A unitofheat~U3ltothe
qU3n".lty of heat required to raise When you know degrees
.a l?solute zero
When you know deqrees The hypothetlC3llowest limit of
the temperature of one kl~ ra mof
se

Fahm:heit. fft$ subcnct 32 Celsius, first multiply by9f5

W3ter 1"(; at a pressure of one phystcal temperature
cha

and t!-~ multiply by ~9 to find and then add 32 to find

aUr.ospnere. equlv3tent to 1000 characterized by complete
deg~Cdslus. tkgrus Fahrenheit.
SfT14IIf calorles. Abw.: ~l Also absence of heat. equal to
ur

calW kilogram calo~,lArge -27.3.16°C or -459.67"F.

kp

c.a!ork:. .al?solute temperature

boo

Tempe~ture as measured on a
absolute scale.
his
dt

,..
nee

hatC3pacity ----------.------~
The ql!3ntlty of ~.eat required to ; 125lI
you

1 r;alse the temperature of a .

suustance by one degree. I
IC<J r------r-------------'
if

epecific heat "'*~~_=;.~---__I1--~""r_--------___;------I1 .. - latent hut

Heat C3p3City per unit mass of ~ 75 tl '----·-----L-----~·- ..- The'tUJrrtlty of hat 3bsorred or rdeasea
a su!:>stance: the num~r of Btu "- . _. _. 1: by a sU~5t3nce during a chJi"L¥ in phase at
~ulred to raise the ~ -.-.... ----.-.-
const;"ttem~tureaMpressure. : I
}: - - r - - - , r · - - - - -.. -·· ;:;~:~I~hata!lSOrredorreleasea
temperature of one pouiJa of 3
'r<A
sul:rst3nce 1°F, or the number of
1 C310ries per gram per degr-o.-e
: by a substJnu during a chJr\¥ In
j untlgr'3M.
I I temperature wttlo,c1Jt 3 char\¥!n phase.

l I
tlm~

~
\ }j)J
f ;/.

117