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JAPANESE ELEMENTARY I
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 1 Lesson 10)
FU 2008
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
N1
1.
N2
ngha: N1 l N2
Cch dng :
1)
2)
N1
Ti l Tanaka.
Ti l sinh vin.
N2
- l dng ph nh ca .
- Trong hi thoi ngi ta c th dng thay cho
V d:
Anh Rao khng phi l k s.
Ch :
3
c l dewa
S+
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V d:
1)
1) 2)
...
2) Cu hi c t hi
Cch dng:
Ch : Khi ni th ln ging tr t
N
ngha: N cng
Cch dng: Tr t c s dng thay cho khi nhng thng tin v ch ca
5.
N1 N2
ngha: N2 ca N1, N2 thuc v N1
Cch dng:
Tr t dng ni 2 danh t.
V d:
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6.
Cch dng:
Trong ting Nht s dng ch ng ngay sau tn ca ngi nghe hoc ngi
th 3 by t s knh trng i vi ngi .
V d:
Ti l Tanaka.
V kia l Kimura.
Ch : Khi trao i trc tip th ngi Nht t s dng khi bit tn ca ngi
nghe, m s dng tn gi. Ngoi ra, Nht khi gi mt ngi no th gi
nguyn c tn v h hoc ch cn gi h l . Ch gi tn trong nhng trng hp
bn b quen thn hay ngi thn trong gia nh.
7.
Cch dng:
...29
(Ti ) 29 tui
... 29
29.
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1. Cc t ch th
1
1) 1)
y l quyn sch ?
2) 2)
2)
Khng, l quyn v.
Kia l ci t.
N N N
ngha: Ci N ny//kia
Cch dng:
- l cc t ch th b ngha cho danh t. V tng quan khong
cch th ging vi nhng khc v cch s dng v lun phi c
danh t i lin ng sau.
- N dng ch vt hoc ngi gn ngi ni, xa ngi nghe.
N dng ch vt hay ngi gn ngi nghe, xa ngi ni.
N dng ch vt hay ngi xa c hai ngi.
VD:
Cu hi vi t hi
N
N l ci g?
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V d:
1)
2)
y l ci g?
l ci gh.
Ngi ny l ai?
2.
Cch dng:
-
Trong cu ph nh dng:
y l ci bt ch phi khng?
Vng, l ci bt ch.
Hoc
Vng, ng vy.
2)
3.
N1 N2
ngha: N1 hay l N2?
Cch dng:
- y l loi cu hi la chn, c cu to bi hai cu n, dng khi phn vn,
khng bit r i tng l ci g (c th v hnh dng kh ging nhau)
- Mi mnh trc ch u l mt cu hi v cng 1 i tng
V d:
l ci bt bi hay l bt ch kim?
L ci bt bi.
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4.
N1 N2 (tip)
ngha: N2 ca N1
Cch dng: bi trc, N1 l mt t chc m N2 thuc vo . bi ny tr t c
ngha ch s s hu. N2 thuc s hu ca N1
V d:
Ch :
- N2 i khi c lc b khi c nhc n trc hay r ngha.
- Khi N2 l mt t ch ngi th khng c b.
V d:
1)
Kia l ci cp ca ai?
L ca ti.
2)
3) IMC
IMC
5.
ngha: Ra vy
Cch dng: S dng khi ngi ni nhn c thng tin mi v th hin
rng hiu v n.
V d:
A:
Ci ny l ca bn ?
B:
A:
, ra vy.
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1.
N ( a im )
ngha: Ch ny//kia l N
Cch dng:
- l cc i danh t ch ni chn.
- ch ch ca ngi ni. (Trong phm vi ca ngi ni)
l ch ca ngi nghe. (Trong phm vi ca ngi nghe)
ch ni xa c hai ngi.
V d:
1)
y l phng hc.
2)
l nh v sinh.
3)
Kia l nh n tp th.
2.
N (a im)
V d:
1)
2)
3)
Hnh lang y.
Cu thang my ch kia.
Tip tn ch .
Cu hi cho a im:
N (a im)
N u?
N1 N2.
V d:
1) 1)
2) 2)
Bn Mai ng kia.
3) 3)
4) 4)
Bn Maria u?
Ngoi sn.
8
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3.
Cch dng:
in thoi u nh?
ng kia.
2)
t nc ca bn l u?
Vit Nam.
Ch : Vi cu hi th c th hiu theo 2
ngha: Cng ty bn u? v Cng ty bn l cng ty no? (tn cng ty).
Nhng phn ln c hiu theo ngha th 2. V y, quy nh l hiu theo
ngha th 2.
V d:
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FPT.
4.
N1 N2
N1 (a danh) N2
1)
2)
l tivi ca Sony.
Cu hi
N2
t ca Nht.
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Cch dng 2:
1)
y l quyn sch v xe t.
2)
l t bo ting Nht.
Cu hi
y l tp ch g?
l tp ch (v) my tnh.
2)
2)
3)
L cng ty sn xut TV
V d:
100 Yn
10
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Ch th i
danh t
Ci ny
Ch th tnh t
ny
i danh t
ch ni chn
Ch
ny
Ci
Ch
Ci kia
Hng , pha , ch
Ci no
+ N
~
( Tui)
Ch kia
Ch no
~
( Yn )
Hng no
~
( Tng )
10
11
14
16
20
100
1000
10000
11
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1.
ngha: By gi l ~ gi ~ pht.
Cch dng: - t sau s m, dng ch gi.
1h
2h
3h
4h
5h
6h
7h
8h
9h
10h
11h
12h
3:30
6 a.m
7 p.m
Bng m pht
1
10
20
30
40
50
V d:
1)
By gi l 8 gi.
2)
Tokyo by gi l 9 gi 30 pht.
? Cu hi:
Dng hi gi gic
By gi l 9 ri.
12
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2.
N (danh t ch ngy)
ngha: N l th ~.
V d:131313131313
1)
2)
3)
Hm nay l th ba.
Ngy mai l th t.
N (danh t ch ngy)
N l th my?
V d:131313131313
Th by.
3.
(ng t dng )
2)
4.
V V V V
Cch chia th (khng nh, ph nh) v thi (hin ti, qu kh, tng lai) ca ng t
dng c th hin bng sau:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Qu kh
Khng nh
Ph nh
13
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5.
ngha: lm g vo lc no
Cch dng: ch thi im tin hnh mt hnh ng ta thm tr t sau danh t ch
thi gian. Ch : nu thi gian khng biu hin bng nhng con s th khng
thm .
V d:
1)
2)
3)
Hm qua ti ng lc 7 gi.
6.
ngha: T ~ n ~
Ti lm vic t 8 ri n 5 ri.
1)
Ti hc t 9 gi.
2)
Ti hc n 5 gi.
2)
14
Bi ging s t 8 ri n 11 ri.
Hc ting Nht t 8 gi n 4 gi.
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7.
N1 N2
V d:
8.
(cu vn)
Cch dng:
A:
Bn lm vic t my gi n my gi?
B:
T 7 ri n 5 ri.
A:
Bn vt v nh!
15
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5
1.
() ()
V d:
12
N N l thng my?
N N l mng my?
V d:
1)
. Mng 7 thng 7.
Thng 10.
2)
Ngy 14.
Ch :
- Cch ni ngy thng nm ca Nht ngc so vi ting Vit. Phi ni NM, sau
n THNG v cui cng l NGY
- c th dng thay th cho cc t hi c ngha tng t nh
16
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2.
N (Danh t ch a im)
(Cch ni hnh ng di
chuyn, i u, v u)
ngha: i/n/V u (a im N)
Cch dng: N l danh t ch ni chn, a im. (c l e) l tr t ch phng
4)
5)
Ti i n trng.
Bn Mai n y.
Ti tr v nh.
Cu hi??? (Cch hi i u, n u, v u)
(ng t)
V d:
6)
7)
Chiu hm nay bn s i u?
Hm kia bn i u?
Ti s i n siu th.
Ti i n ngn hng.
9)
Chiu hm nay bn s i u?
Hm qua bn i u vy?
Ti s khng i u c.
Ti () khng i u c.
17
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3.
Trong :
-
V d:
(ng t)
4.
Bn () n y bng g vy?
Ti () i b n.
N (Danh t ch ngi) V
ngha: Lm g cng vi N.
Ti i n bch ha cng vi m.
Ti v nc mt mnh
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(ng t)
(Lm g vi ai?)
V d:
5.
Sentence +
Cch dng:
Giap Bat
...21
19
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1.
(Cch s dng ng t vi tr t )
Trong :
N:
V:
Tha ng t (ngoi ng t)
Ti n cm.
Ti c sch.
(Cch t cu hi: ai /s lm ci g? )
Lm ci g (n g, ung g, c g)?
Cu hi chung cho tt c cc ng t l:
Bn lm ci g?
V d:
1)
Ti mua rau.
2)
Ch : +
Bn lm g th vin.
Ti c sch..
c thay cho khi cng chung mt hnh ng vi 2 i tng khc
2.
Ti n c v trng.
ngha: Khng lm g c
Cch dng: Khi tr t i sau t hi v i cng vi th ph nh th c ngha ph
nh hon ton mi i tng trong phm vi t hi.
20
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V d:
1)
2)
N1 N2
3.
(Cch ni 1 hnh ng xy ra ti
a im no )
V d:
1)
2)
Ti n cm nh hng.
Ti c sch th vin.
(Cch t cu hi: ai /s lm g u? )
V
V d:
5.
Bn chp bc nh ny u?
Vng, tt qu!
21
i cng
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6.
7.
c l
1) Khi ng trc mt t bt u bng d, n hay t
1)
2)
Ci g vy?
Cng ty g vy?
II.
Cc trng hp khc th c l
Bn n g?
Ti khng ung g
22
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N V
1.
Trong :
N: Danh t ch phng tin, cng c
: tr t ch phng tin, phng thc, phng php thc hin hnh ng
ngha : Lm ~ bng N
V d :
Ti n cm bng a.
Lm ~ bng g?
V d :
Bn ct to bng g th?
Ti ct bng dao.
V d :
2.
(T/Cu)
V d:
(1)
Thank you
(2) Tt
l Thank you.
Tt ting Nht l g?
23
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3.
N2
(Vit)
(Dy, ch bo)
ngha: Lm ~ cho N1
V d:
1)
2)
?
Ti s tng qu cho m.
Lm ~ cho ai?
V d
...
Ch : Vi ng t , N1 khng c dng l
N1(ngi)
4.
N2
(Nhn c)
(Vay, mn)
(Hc)
ngha: (Nhn c) ~ t N1
V d:
2)
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V d:
(Cch t cu hi:)
t ai?
V d:
5.
...
ngha: V ri
vn/cha, ch mt hnh ng hay trng thi cha xy ra, cha hon
thnh thi im ni.
Cu tr li khng nh :
Cu tr li ph nh:
(Khng tr li V )
V d:
Bn n cm ri ?
...
...
25
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&
- Adj
Tnh t ui : C ui tn cng l
V d :
(nh)(to)(nng)(lnh)(cao, t)
Tnh t ui : C ui tn cng l
V d :
(p trai)(tt bng)
(yn tnh)(thun tin)
-Adj []
-Adj
1)
2)
Ni Ph S cao.
3)
H Ni m p.
4)
26
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2.2. Cu ph nh
Cch dng: Trong cu ph nh
+ i vi tnh t ui : Bin i nh vi trng hp danh t. Tc l i
thnh hoc
V d :
H Ni khng yn tnh.
+ i vi tnh t ui : i cm thnh
V d :
Adj
-Adj
-Adj
Khng nh
-Adj
-Adj []
Ph nh
-Adj []
N th no?
...
3.
... Rt vui.
- Adj
- AdjN
27
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V d :
1
Bn An l ngi ni ting.
Ni Ph S l ngn ni cao.
ph nh ca tnh t
1)
2)
3)
...
N1
N2
N1 l N2 nh th no?
V d :
Hue
...
Hu l thnh ph nh th no?
L thnh ph yn tnh.
28
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5.
Cch dng:
u l nghi vn t hi v cm tng, tnh cht, tnh trng ca ngi hay
vt.
N
N nh th no?
N1
N2
N1 l N2 nh th no?
V d:
Mn n Nht th no?
...Ngon nhng t.
...
...
6 Sentence1
Sentence2
ngha: S1 nhng m S2
Cch dng: Tr t c ngha l nhng, dng ni 2 mnh c ngha tng
phn nhau
V d :
...
7
Sentence1 Sentence2
n Nht nh th no?
... Ngon nhng t.
ngha: S1. V S2
Cch dng:
-
l lin t c ngha l v
V d :
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8.
N
ngha: N l ci no?
Cch dng:
-
l t hi c ngha l ci no
V d :
ng h ca Yamda l ci no?
...
... ng h mu xanh.
...
... Ci mu xanh
30
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N
Cch dng:
-
Mt s tnh t nh ...
cng s dng tr t
V d:
Ti thch mn n .
V d:
1)
...
Bn thch n th no?
... Ti thch c.
2)
...
31
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3.
Cch dng :
1)
2)
3)
4)
Ti c nhiu tin.
5)
S1 S2
4.
Hm nay hi lnh.
(Cch ni l do)
ngha: V S1 nn S2
1)
2)
5.
Sentence
ngha: Ti sao ~
Cch dng: - l t hi l do.
- Cu tr li s thm vo cui cu.
V d:
...
V d:
...
V ti c vic.
32
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1.
ngha: C N
Cch dng : -
Hai ng t ch s s hu.
-
s dng khi N l vt
V d:
1)
Ti c my vi tnh.
2)
2.
Ti c anh trai.
N1(a im)
N2
(Cch th hin s tn ti
(ngi v vt)
nhn mnh vo v tr
ngha: C N2 N1 / N1 c N2
V d:
1)
2)
3)
N (ni chn) c ci g?
V d:
Trong cp c g th?
... C sch v bt...
1)
33
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N1
3.
... C c Suzuki.
N2 (a im)
(Cch th hin s tn ti
(ngi v vt)
nhn mnh vo ch th
ngha: N1 N2
Cch dng:
V d:
1)
2)
3)
4)
C Suzuki phng n.
V d:
Dam Sen
4.
(Cch th hin
tng quan v tr)
V d:
Trn bn
Trc th vin
Bn cnh ta nh
Cch dng:
m Sen u?
... Si Gn.
V d:
34
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5.
N1 N2
ngha: N1 v N2
Cch dng:
-
dng ni cc danh t
Khc vi dng lit k ton b, ch lit k mang tnh cht tng trng.
V d:
2
-
V d:
35
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JAPANESE ELEMENTARY II
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 11 Lesson 20)
FU - 2009
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
S m
... l s m chung cho vt n 10. T 11 s dng nh m s
thng thng.
Cc tr t s m: L nhng t c t sau s m cc vt, ngi... ( chi tit
xem thm trong ti liu nh km )
dng m s ln.
Cch dng:
-
V d:
1 4
Ti mua 4 qu to.
3 2
1. Cc t hi cho s m
T hi:
- l t dng hi cho vt m bng
- Cc cch m khc dng tr t s m.
V d:
1)
...
2
...
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3.
V
... Nlng thi gian V
Cch dng:
-
V d:
1)
... 2
T H Ni n TP H Ch Minh i
bng my bay mt bao nhiu lu?
...
4.
V d:
T nh ti n trng ch mt 5 pht.
Ngy ngh ch c ch nht.
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Hin ti
N
-adj
N
-adj
Qu kh
N
-adj
N
-adj
V d:
Hm qua () ma.
1)
2)
Qu kh
Khng nh
-adj
-adj
Ph nh
-adj
-adj
V d:
Hm kia () lnh.
4.
N1
N2
Adj
vui lm.
ngha: N1 ~ hn N2
V d:
1)
2)
My bay nhanh hn t.
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5.
N1 N2 Adj
...N1(N2) Adj
ngha: N1 v N2 ci no ~ hn?
V d:
1)
...
...Bng th v hn.
2)
no hn?
...
6.
N1[] N2
Adj
Cch dng:
(Cch ni so snh
cao nht)
V d:
1)
2)
v nht.
N []
Adj
V d:
...2
An
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1.
1)
2)
Ti mun c bn b.
3)
?
Ti mun c my nh.
V d :
1)
...
2)
...
2.
...Ti mun ci ng h.
By gi bn mun ci g nht?
...Ti mun c my tnh.
Th ca ng t : L th ca ng t khi b ui .
V d :
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V d:
Ti mun i Nht
Ti mun mua t
By gi, bn mun n g?
Ti ch mun n g c
...
Ch :
V-
3.
N (a im)
//
N
ngha: i/n/v N lm ~
Cch dng: - y l mu cu s dng ni v mc ch i n/ v u thc
hin hnh ng no .
- ng t ch mc ch th , danh t ch mc ch l nhng danh
ng t.
V d:
1
(Ti i siu th () mua qun o)
2
(Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
3
(Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
Ch : Danh t trc cng c th l cc s kin nh l hi, bui ha nhc... Khi
, ca ngi ni l vic xem hay tham gia vo s kin .
V d:
Giang Vo
(Ti i n Ging V tham gia vo L hi Hoa anh o)
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V d:
C, ti c i.
...
Ngh h, bn c i u khng?
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1. Cc nhm ca ng t
ng t trong ting Nht c chia lm 3 nhm theo cch chia sang cc th ca chng.
(1) Nhm 1
Bao gm cc ng t ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng i
V d :
(2) Nhm 2
Hu ht cc ng t thuc nhm ny c dng ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc
hng e.
V d:
(3) Nhm 3
Bao gm 2 ng t: (lm)
(n)
2. Th ca ng t
Cc ng t kt thc bng c gi l th . Cch chia ca th ph thuc vo
cc nhm ng t. Cch chia nh di y:
(1) Nhm 1:
Ngha
V (i)
Cch chia
V
Vit
V V
Nghe
V V
V V
()
V V
V V
Vi
Ung
c
Mua
Ni
Gi
Cht
Ly, cm ly
C
i
i
Cho mn
Ni chuyn
9
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(2) Nhm 2
V (i)
Cch chia
V (e)
V (i)
V (e)
V (i)
Ngha
n
Dy
Cho, tng
Ng
Xem
C ()
Thc dy
Mn
Ngha
Hc
Thc tp
Mua sm
Tham quan
(3) Nhm 3
V (i)
Cch chia
N N
3.
10
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4.
ngha: ang lm ~
Cu to: ng t th thm
Cch dng: Mu cu ny dng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti thi im
ni.
V d
Vth
...
...
11
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CC MU CU VI NG T DNG (tip)
V
1
...
Ti chp nh y c c khng?
...Vng, c.
2
...
2.
Ti ht thuc c c khng?
...Xin li. Khng c.
Cch ni cm on, khng
c lm g
ngha : Khng c lm ~
Cu to : ng t th thm
Cch dng: Mu cu ny s dng khi mun ni khng c php lm g.
V d:
Khng c ht thuc y.
1
2
...
Ti chp nh y c khng?
...Khng, khng c.
12
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3.
V d:
CMC
FPT
Ti lm vic CMC.
Ti hc trng i hc FPT.
13
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Japanese Language Training Division
1.
VV2 ...V
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2,...
Cch dng: - Mu cu s dng lit k cc hnh ng xy ra theo trnh t thi gian,
hnh ng ng trc xy ra trc.
- Th ca c cu c chia ng t cui cng.
V d:
1
(Hng sng ti chy b ri tm sau n trng.)
2)
Vicom
2.
- adj()
-adj []
N
Cch dng: - Khi ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t ca cng 1 ch th, nu i trc l tnh t
ui th ui s c b i thay th bng , cc tnh t c th
c cch nhau bi du phy ( ).
(to v mi)
(nh v c)
(tt v r)
- Khi ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t ca cng 1 ch th, nu i trc l tnh t
ui th ui s c b i thay th bng , cc tnh t c th c
cch nhau bi du phy ( ).
(khe v tr)
(ni ting v p)
- Cch ni c ngha l v v vy khng s dng ni 2 cu c
ngha tri ngc.
- Th ca c cu c chia cu ng sau.
14
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V d:
3)
4) Hue
5)
(Karina l tu nghip sinh cn Maria l v.)
VV2
4.
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2 / Sau
Cch dng: - Mu cu ny cng din t s lin tip ca hnh ng nhng nhn mnh
hnh ng th nht kt thc ri mi n hnh ng 2.
- Th ca c cu c quyt nh cui cu.
V d:
1
Sau khi v nc ti s lm vic cng ty ca b.
2
Sau khi kt thc bui biu din m nhc ti n nh hng.
5.
N1
N2 Adj
1) Hue
n Hu ngon.
2)
3)
Maria c mi tc di.
Bn Tanaka cao.
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6.
Cch dng:
y l t hi cho cch lm, phng thc lm mt vic no v c ngha l Lm
th no tr li cho cu hi ny thng s dng mu cu s 1
V d:
n trng bn i th no?
... 516
...Ti i b khong 5 pht n bn xe bus, ln xe s 16 v xung ng trc trng.
7.
...
16
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Cch chia v cc mu cu vi ng
t ph nh dng ngn (th )
1.
CC MU CU VI NG T DNG
V
2.
ngha: Xin ng
Cch dng: khi mun khuyn hay yu cu ai khng lm g vic g
V d:
1
(Ti khe lm nn ng lo lng)
2
(Xin ng chp nh y)
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3.
Cch ni bt buc
phi lm g
Cch chia: ng t chia sang th , b +
ngha: phi, bt buc phi
Cch dng: - Mu cu ny biu th mt vic coi nh ngha v phi lm, bt chp
hng ca ngi lm.
- Ch : Mc d ng t chia dng ph nh nhng c cu khng mang
ngha ph nh (thc cht l ph nh ca ph nh khng lm g th
khng c)
V d:
1
(Phi ung thuc)
2
(Hng ngy (ti) phi hc ting Nht.)
4.
1
(Ngi mai bn khng n cng c)
2
(Chiu th 7 khng hc cng c)
1
(Ngi mai khng n cng c ch ?)
2
(Chiu th 7 khng hc c c khng ?)
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N (tn ng)
5.
(ng hnh l y)
( Hnh l th xin ng y)
6.
N(thi gian)
( Cm tra th ti n ti nh n cty)
Tr t ch gii hn, hn nh
(Cuc hp s kt thc trc 5 gi)
(Phi tr sch trc th 7)
Ch : phn bit vi tr t v tr t
ch thi im chm dt mt hnh ng
(Bui tra, ti hc n 12 gi)
ch thi im m mt hnh ng din ra.
(Ti thc dy vo lc 6 gi)
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NG T TH T IN (V ) & MU CU
1. Th nguyn mu (th t in) ca ng t
Th nguyn mu (cn gi l th t in) l th c bn (ng t gc) ca ng t, trong
sch t in cc ng t c trnh by th ny.
(1) Nhm 1 K hiu G1 hoc (I)
L cc ng t c kt thc bi cc m sau:
[-] ] [-] [-]
[-] ] [-] [-]
V d :
(xem)
Tr mt s ng t c bit:
(tr v)
(bit)
(3) Nhm 3 K hiu G3 hoc (III)
Bao gm 2 ng t:
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CC MU CU VI NG T TH T IN
2.
N
V
(Ti bit/c th li xe)
(Anh Miler bit ting Nht (c th ni ting Nht))
b) Trng hp ng t: khi biu th mt kh nng c th lm c mt chuyn g th
phi thm sau ng t th nguyn mu bin thnh mt nhm danh t.
( danh t ha)
V d:
(Anh Miler bit/c th c c ch Hn)
(C th thanh ton/tr tin bng th)
Ch : Ngha ca ng t
Nng lc
( Bit c ch Hn)
Kh nng
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3.
V
ngha: s thch (ca ti) l
Cch dng : - Ni v s thch.
- Khi mt danh t khng th biu hin y ngha th ta c th din
t dng cch danh t ha trnh by r, c th hn
V d:
(S thch ca ti l hi ha)
(S thch ca ti l (vic) v tranh)
(S thch ca ti l (vic) ngm tranh)
4.
V
N
S t (thi gian)
V2
(Ti hc ting Nht trc khi n Nht)
(Trc khi i ng, ti c sch)
b) Danh t
- Thm tr t gia danh t v
- Danh t ng trc l nhng danh t biu th hnh ng
V d
(Trc ba cm/Trc khi n cm, (ti) ra tay.
(Hy n vn phng trc gi hc)
c) S t (thi gian)
- ng sau danh t ch s th khng cn
V d
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5.
ngha: mi m khng
Cch dng: lun i vi ng t dng ph nh
V d
( Nht, mi m ti khng th nhn thy con nga no)
(Xe but mi m khng thy ti)
6.
ngha: nht nh
Cch dng: - c dng biu th s hy vng hay yu cu
- thng i vi cc dng cu V V
vi ngha nhn mnh s biu th
V d
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NG T QU KH DNG NGN (V ) & CC MU CU
Cch to ng t th : ging y nh th
Ch no chia l v th thay bng v .
Nhm I:
Nhm II:
Nhm III:
CC MU CU VI NG T TH
(Cha ln no)
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3.
V V
ngha: lc th lc th v...
Cch dng: - dng khi mun biu hin mt vi hnh ng i din trong s nhiu
hnh ng m ch th thc hin m khng cn bit ci no xy ra trc,
ci no xy ra sau
- th ca mu cu c biu th cui cu.
V d:
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Hm qua, lc th ti i mua sm, lc th nghe nhc)
Ch : khng nhm vi cu vn s dng ni cu hc bi 16.
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Ch Nht, ti chi tenis, xong ri xem phim.)
cu 2 ngha l hnh ng xem phim din ra sau khi chi tennis.
cu 1 khng c mi quan h v mt thi gian gia hai hnh ng. Trong rt
nhiu cc hot ng din ra vo ngy ch nht s bao gm hai hnh ng chi
tennis v xem phim. V s khng t nhin khi dng lit k nhng hnh ng
mang tnh cht hng ngy ca con ngi nh ng dy, n cm hay i ng...
A
A
N
Cch ni tnh t vi ng t
bin tnh t thnh ph t
ngha: tr nn (c)
Cch dng: ch s thay i mt tnh trng hay mt iu kin.
25
25
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1. Th vn thng thng v th vn lch s
- Th lch s: l cch ni m kt thc cu lun l desu (vi tnh t, danh t) v masu
(vi ng t) v cc dng phi sinh ca n (-deshita, -dewa arimasen, -masen, -mashita) .
- Th thng thng: l cch ni khng c desu hay masu. Dng lun dng c bn,
dng gc v cc dng phi sinh dng ngn ca cc loi t .
Cch dng:
Th lch s
Th thng thng
a. Ngi km tui
Ngi ln tui
b. Ngi ngang tui
Ngi gp ln u tin
c. Bn thn
Cp trn
d. Ngi trong gia nh
Mnh l nhn vin mi
Trong cc s kin nghim tc (hp
hnh, pht biu)
Ch :
(1) Trong trng hp t n m s dng th thng thng th b coi l tht l.
(2) Ngi Nht i vi ngi nc ngoi hay nhn vin lu nm khi ch o, hng dn nhn
vin mi th hin s thn mt ty thuc vo vn c th s dng c th thng
thng.
(3) T a~d, cng ty thuc vo trng hp vn c th s dng th lch s
V d: a: mun gio dc con nh
b: trc khi gp g bit nhau
d: xng h vi b m
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2.
(th t in)
(th )
ng t
(th )
(th qu kh)
Tnh t -i
Tnh t -na
Danh t
(b )
i ung
Xin hy vit
ang vit
C th vit
Khng cn phi vit
S vit gip cho
Nh vit gip
Vit gip i
Phi i
C th n
(l) n
C c
c, vit v
Bi
13
14
15
24
17
18
19
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Ch :
Khi i nhng cu c ni vi nhau bng hay (thng s dng trong hi
thoi) thnh th vn thng thng th tt c cc t lch s trong cu phi c i sang th
thng thng.
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4.
Th thng thng ca
(pht m
u u n
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GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 21 Lesson 30)
FU - 2009
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 3
21
CC MU CU VI TH THNG THNG
1.
Th thng thng +
ng t
Tnh t ui i
dng
ngn
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
V d:
Ch :
(1) Khi ni cu ph nh, c 2 cch th hin
Xem v d sau:
C 2 u th hin s phng on, kin th ph nh, nhng v ngha c cht khc bit. Cch
ni th c ngha ph nh mnh hn.
Tuy nhin, trong s cp v trong bi ny, chng ta ch dng cch ni
2
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Ting Nht c s 3
A:
B:
Ti cng ngh nh vy
C:
Ti th khng ngh l nh vy
V d:
Sentence
2.
ng t
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
dng
ngn
Danh t
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V
3.
Adj
Adj
Ting Nht c s 3
th thng thng
th thng thng
4.
N2
1.
2.
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Ting Nht c s 3
22
NH NG
1. Cc cch b ngha cho danh t:
hc: b ngha bng n v t
Ngi nh mi (bi 8)
Ngi nh p (bi 8)
ng t
Ngi s i Kyoto
DANH T
V V V
Ngi i Kyoto
Ngy mai ti s gp bn ti
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Ting Nht c s 3
V d: vi nh ng
L 1 v ng
L 1 ch ng
L 1 tn ng
L 1 danh t
ch v tr
L 1 danh t
ch a im
3.
V d:
Cu bnh thng
Cu nh ng
Cu bnh thng
Ch Carina v tranh.
Cu nh ng
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Ting Nht c s 3
ngha: khi , lc
Cch dng: ging ht cch to 1 nh ng. V bn cht, cng l 1 danh t, v vy, cch
cu thnh mu cu ny p dng ton b quy tc b ngha danh t hay to 1 nh ng (i vi
ng t)
V V V
ng t dng ngn
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
V d:
Bn s n nh ti chi khi rnh ri ch?
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V
V
Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
3 V
V
Chic cp ny c mua
trn ng i n Tokyo
Chic cp ny c mua
sau khi n Tokyo
(cch ni gi nh, gi s
loi 1: v 1 s vic chn chn s xy ra )
ngha: Nu th; c th s
Cch dng: cu gi s kiu ny dng khi din t 1 tnh hung m , do kt qu ca 1 hnh
ng no m 1 hnh ng, 1 s vic khc chn chn s xy ra. Tr t (mang
ngha l nu) c t gia ni 2 cu v ng vai tr xc nh mnh gi s.
V d:
Nu vn ci ny th ting s to ln.
Nu r phi th s c mt ci bu in.
FPT University
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Ting Nht c s 3
Nu c thi gian
Kiu gi s ny chng ta s hc bi 25 vi mu cu
AdjV
Cch dng: khi biu th mt tnh trng hay mt quang cnh nh n vn c, th tr t c s dng
sau ch ng s l
V d:
Ting nh.
5
N (a im) V (ng t di chuyn)
Nu bm nt ny th v s ra.
: i b
: bng qua
: i do
i qua cu.
FPT University
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Ting Nht c s 3
1.
OK
OK
SAI
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2.
Ting Nht c s 3
3.
11
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4.
Ting Nht c s 3
ngha: ai lm cho ci g
Cch dng: - ging vi cng ni ln s cm t ca ngi nhn
hnh vi gip .
- khc vi ch ng l ngi nhn, cn trong cu
ch ng l ngi thc hin hnh ng.
- ngi nhn thng l ngi ni nn (ch ngi nhn) thng c lc b.
V d:
V ti gi nh my a con (cho ti).
Bn Kato np bi tp (gip ti)
12
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Ting Nht c s 3
Th qu kh thng thng +
(cch ni gi nh, gi s
loi 2: dng cho hu ht cc tnh hung )
ng t
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
ngha: nu, gi s
Cch dng: - thm ch th qu kh thng thng ca ng t, tnh t th s bin mnh
ng trc n thnh mnh biu hin iu kin.
- c th dng khi ngi ni mun by t lp trng, kin, yu cu, li mi ca
mnh trong iu kin .
V d:
Nu c tin ti s i du lch.
2.
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Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
V nh l ti i tm ngay
ngha: d, mc d, cho d
Cch dng: - thm sau l c c mt t ch iu kin nghch.
- ngc vi mu cu , mu cu dng trong tnh hung hy vng mt
vic g ng nhin s xy ra trong iu kin cho trc nhng li khng xy ra,
hoc kt qu xy ra tri ngc vi nhng g k vng.
V d:
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4.
Ting Nht c s 3
Cch dng:
- c s dng trong mu cu ~bao hm nhn mnh v gi thuyt ca ngi ni.
- c s dng trong mu cu ~, nhn mnh v mc iu kin.
V d:
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Ting Nht c s 3
1.
V
A
Th thng
Th thng
A
N
ngha: (nhn mnh mun ni, mun hi; dng trong vn ni nhiu)
Cch cu to:
V V V
ng t dng ngn
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
Cch s dng:
(1). Trong cc cu hi:
a) Dng trong trng hp xc nhn li thng tin xem c ng nh ci m mnh ang nhn thy hoc
ang suy on khng.
V d:
Anh watanabe thnh thong dng ting Osaka nh. Anh sng Osaka ?
c) Khi ngi ni mun nghe gii thch nguyn nhn, l do ca s vic m anh y nghe hoc nhn thy.
V d:
FPT University
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Ting Nht c s 3
Ti v xe but khng n.
b) Khi ngi ni trnh by thm nguyn nhn, l do. (pha sau khng cn na)
V d:
Ti l Miler
2.
thng dng gii thiu mt ch , gii hn li cu chuyn mun ni. Theo sau n
thng l mt yu cu, mt li mi hay xin li khuyn. [] trong trng hp ny c dng ni
cc v cu 1 cch t nhin va biu th s ngp ngng do d t pha ngi ni ch khng mang ngha l
nhng. bi ny c dng trong 2 mu cu sau:
2.1.
Cch dng: dng yu cu, nh ai lm g gip mnh nhng c ngha yu cu, nh v lch
s hn V rt nhiu.
* Ch :
ch khng phi l
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Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
2.2
s ch dn )
FPT
(2)
Nga
18
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Ting Nht c s 3
I. ng t th kh nng.
1. Cch chia
*Nhm I: L cc ng t c vn [ i ] ng trc chuyn sang ng t th kh nng ch cn
chuyn [ i ] thnh [ e ].
*Nhm III:
1.
Ti ni ting Nht
Ti c th ni ting Nht
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2.
Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
Ti c th c c ch Hn.
V d:
II.
20
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 3
(cch ni cha th lm c g)
III. V kh nng
ngha: Cha th (lm g)
Cch dng: th hin 1 vic trong thi im ni th cha th lm c nhng s c gng sau
ny c th thc hin c
V d:
Ti cha th ht c bi ht Nht
IV.
ngha: Ch
Cch dng: th hin s gii hn trong thc hin hnh ng. ng t i sau lun chia
dng ph nh. Loi cu ny thuc hnh thc ph nh nhng lun mang ngha
khng nh (ngi Nht dng vi khim tn).
* Ch : trc y chng ta hc [] vi ngha l ch. S khc nhau c bn y l:
[] i vi cu dng khng nh
[ ] i vi cu dng ph nh
Ngoi ra, [ ] c th thay th cho cc tr t nh []
V d:
Ti ch c th vit c ch Hiragana.
V.
NN
ngha: N1 th , nhng N2 th
Cch dng: dng th hin 2 iu tri ngc hoan ton, thng l v kh nng vi ngha ci
ny th lm c, cn ci kia th khng lm c. Khi , tr t c dng y l
[] thay cho []; cn tr t [] gia l ni 2 v vi ngha l nhng
V d:
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VI.
Ting Nht c s 3
N1 N2
V d:
22
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 3
1 V
Anh y va i lm va i hc i hc.
2.
V d: FPT
Ti ang hc ti i hc FPT.
V d: Ti kt hn ri.
bi ny, gn ging nh ngha trn, V dng din t 1 thi quen, 1 hnh ng c
tnh cht lp i lp li nhiu ln trong cuc sng sinh hot hng ngy.
23
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Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
Hi cn b ti no ti cng vo lc 8 gi.
3. Th thng Th thng
ngha: va th ny, li th kia na; v th ny, v v th ny nn
Cch dng:
V V V
ng t
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
dng
ngn
Danh t
va va hn na
(1)
(2)
V v v nn
24
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Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
(1)
(2)
Ca hng ny n, gi li r nn rt ng khch
c)
Ti sao bn li vo cng ty ny lm vic?
V khng phi lm thm gi, v tin thng li nhiu.
25
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Ting Nht c s 3
1 V
1.1
Ca s ng
( ca s ang trong trng thi ng, c th l do gi hoc ai lm n ng li)
Ci gh b hng
( ci gh ang trong trng thi hng, c th l do ai lm hng)
Ci ti b rch
( ci ti ang trong trng thi rch, c th l do vng vo u hoc ai lm rch)
V d:
1.2.
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
Ci gh ny th b hng ri
Ci a th v ri
Ci a kia th bn qu, em i ra i.
2 V
ngha: (1) (lm g) ht / xong ri; (2) (lm g) mt ri (nui tic)
Cch dng: c 2 cch dng tng ng vi 2 ngha bn trn
2.1.
V V
a)
V d:
Bi tp th ti lm ht ri.
Ti ung ht ru ri.
b)
2.2.
ngha: (lm g) mt ri
Cch dng: Mu cu ny c dng biu th s hi tic, tm trng bit li ca ngi ni
trong mt tnh hung xu.
V d:
Ti lm mt h chiu mt ri.
Ti nh ri v ti siu th mt ri.
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Ting Nht c s 3
1 V
1.1.
N N
Trn tng c dn bn .
Trong lp hc c t tivi.
1.2.
N N V
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
Bn u vy?
(1)
(2)
Bn c dn trn tng.
Cc ng t dng trong mu cu ny l t ng t
V d:
Ca s (ang) ng.
Ca s (ang) c ng.
(1 mu cu mi vi ng t dng -te)
2 V
ngha:
Cch dng:
V
2.1.
V
Din t 1 hnh ng cn thit phi lm sau khi 1 vic no kt thc
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Ting Nht c s 3
V d:
2.3.
(1)
(2)
A
Ti tt tivi c c khng?
B
V sp n gi thi s ri nn c bt nh th.
V V
Cch dng: Din t hnh ng hay trng thi vn ang tip din th dng cu dng khng nh;
cn din t vn cha hon thnh ti thi im hin ti th dng cu ph nh
V d:
Ti vn cha nh c ch Hn.
30
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
JAPANESE ELEMENTARY IV
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 31 Lesson 40)
FU - 2009
1
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
ng t th ch
(Dng ng t din t mun, d nh)
1.
Th ch
Th mnh lnh
Nhm III
Th t in
Th ch
FPT University
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2.
Ting Nht c s 4
V d :
...
Ngh mt lt khng?
, ngh i!
Ngh mt lt i!
2.2. Mu cu:
th ch
ngha: (ti/ai ) nh lm g / d nh s lm g
Cch dng: dng biu l d nh, mun lm mt chuyn g cho ngi nghe bit.
V d:
V
V
V d:
3
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
Nm ti ti d nh s kt hn.
V
N
ngha: d nh lm g; c k hoch lm g
Cch dng : cng din t 1 d nh, k hoch g nhng ch dng vi nhng s kin
c nh sn m khng ph thuc vo ch ca bn thn ngi ni
V d:
ngha: cha lm ~
V d:
...
Cha, ti cha vit xong.
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6.
Ting Nht c s 4
Anh cm tra ri ?
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
1.
ngha: nn lm g / khng nn lm g
Ti b st.
...
......
Ti mun i thm cha ca Nht.
...
Vy th i Kyoto c y.
V d din t tnh hung m l mt li gi n gin c a ra. Trong nhng
trng hp ny, c s dng. ch so snh v la
chn 2 vt.
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V
A
A
N
Ting Nht c s 4
phng on (1))
ngha: c l l
Cch dng: biu th suy lun ca ngi ni cn c vo mt s thng tin no . N
thng c s dng chung vi ph t nh (c l) hay (nht nh). Khi
s dng cu hi, ngi ni mun bit suy lun ca ngi nghe.
V d :
3.
V
A
A
N
phng on (2))
Cch dng: cng biu th s phng on ca ngi ni nhng kh nng xy ra thp hn.
Nu din t s vic c th xy ra mc 70 80% th mu cu ny ch p dng
cho nhng hnh ng m kh nng xy ra tng i thp, ch khong 50%.
7
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Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
V d:
V d :
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
Th ch
Th mnh lnh
Nhm III
Th t in
Th mnh lnh
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
Ting Nht c s 4
2. Cch chia ng t th cm on
ng t th t in +
(ng t dng masu th phi chuyn v dng t in v thm na)
V d:
V d:
Hy ng sm.
Khng c n mun.
V d:
10
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Ting Nht c s 4
c) Trong nhng trng hp khn cp, khi khng c thi gian ni nhng li
lch s Trong trng hp ny, ngi ni cng l ngi c a v, tui tc cao.
V d:
Chy i.
Tt cng tc in i.
V d:
C ln.
Chy i.
Khng c thua.
e) Trong nhng khu hiu, bin bo mang tnh sc tch, c tnh tuyn truyn cao.
V d:
Dng li.
Cm vo.
V d:
Hy hc i.
Hy ng sm i.
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4.
Ting Nht c s 4
V d:
Hy gip ti mt cht.
5.
Cho ti mn ci ko mt cht.
c l.
Vit l.
V d:
Ch Hn kia c l g?
6.
ngha: X c ngha l Y
Cch dng: Mu cu ny c dng nh ngha t c biu din bi X
( bt ngun t )
Cm n
Arigatou c ngha l Cm n.
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7.
Ting Nht c s 4
Cu vn
(Th thng)
Phn bit: v
13
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Ting Nht c s 4
th -
V d:
Hy lm ging ht ti lm.
S t
Cch dng: dng din t tun t ca cc hnh ng. Ty tng loi t m cch kt
hp s khc nhau: (+) vi ng t th chia dng ta ; (+) vi danh t th c ; (+)
vi s t th ghp trc tip
V d:
14
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Ting Nht c s 4
2 tun sau, ti s v nc
Ch :
1. Vi mu cu ny, v ng t lun chia th , khng b nh
hng ca thi im din ra
2. Tng hp cc cch kt hp ca
Vdict
S t
S t
S t
Din t lm
hnh ng A
xong, tip ngay
sau l hnh
ng B
Din t tun t
cc hnh ng:
A c lm trc
v B c lm
sau
Din t thi gian
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3.
Ting Nht c s 4
4.
(CHN 1 TRONG 2)
V d:
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Ting Nht c s 4
ng t th iu kin
(Dng ng t iu kin loi 3)
1. Cch chia:
a) Th khng nh:
* ng t:
Th iu kin
Th mnh lnh
Nhm III:
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* Tnh t ui i:
Ting Nht c s 4
B thm .
* Tnh t ui na v danh t:
+ Tnh t ui na b thm
+ Danh t thm
(cng c nhng c dng nhiu hn)
b) Th ph nh:
* ng t: Chuyn t ng t th -nai v chia nh 1 tnh t ui i
* Tnh t ui i: Chuyn sang th ph nh () v chia nh 1 tnh t ui i
* Tnh t ui na+ danh t: Chuyn sang th ph nh ()
v chia nh 1 tnh t ui i
V d:
1)
2)
4)
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Ting Nht c s 4
5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
V d:
(1)
A:
B:
B:
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Ting Nht c s 4
1.
V
V
* ngha:
* Cch dng: khi biu hin mt hnh ng no c mc ch ta dng . Mnh
1 ch mc ch, mnh 2 ch hnh ng c ch t c mc ch mnh 1 a ra.
V d:
c c bo, ti hc ch Hn.
Ch : ng t
m l ng t th kh nng, v nhng ng t nh
2.
1)
Ti c th ni c ting Nht.
2)
Lc u ti khng th n c Nht nhiu lm nhng by gi c th n c
mi th.
Ch :
ng t
ng t nh
Trong cu nghi vn V nu tr li bng th s nh sau:
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Ting Nht c s 4
Bn vit c ch Hn cha?
V
V
* ngha: hy lm th no
* Cch dng: yu cu, nh v ai lm g, lm i lm li nhiu ln, c tnh cht lin
tc lu di
V d:
1)
4.
(X)
5. :
* ngha: kh, kh l
* Cch dng: ch mt s vic no vt qu s k vng thng thng, biu hin
mt s phn on khch quan.
V d:
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Ting Nht c s 4
ng t th Ukemi ()
I. Cch chia:
Nhm III:
* ngha: b, c
* Cch dng: khi danh t 2 lm hnh ng no i vi danh t 1, danh t 1 l
pha nhn hnh ng .
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Ting Nht c s 4
V d:
Ch ng:
B ng:
Ti c gim c khen.
B ng:
Ti b gim c mng.
Ti b k trm ly tin.
N + Ukemi
* ngha: c
* Cch dng: khi mt hnh ng no c thc hin v ngi lm hnh ng
khng c c bit ch n, khi s vt s tr thnh ch t.
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Ting Nht c s 4
V d:
30
Thn xe c hn y.
1,500
24
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Ting Nht c s 4
DANH T HA NG T BNG TR T
1.
(Cu tnh t vi tr t )
hc ( bi 8)
Bng th th v.
Chi bng th th v.
Xem bng th th v.
2.
(Cu tnh t vi tr t )
V d:
Ti thch hoa.
(1 )
(1)
(2)
(2)
( hc)
Ngi nh my nhanh
3 V
(Cu ng t)
V d:
(1 )
(1)
Ti qun s in thoi
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(2 )
Ting Nht c s 4
(2)
Th thng thng
A
A
N
Th thng thng
V d:
FPT
(N)
Phn bit v
V d:
(1) Q: FPT
A:
A :
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Ting Nht c s 4
V d (1) s dng v ngi nghe cha bit thng tin, v khng nhn c
thng tin g t cu hi. Cn v d (2) s dng v trong trng hp ny
ngi nghe nhn c thng tin t cu hi.
5.
V
A
A
N
Th thng thng
Th thng thng
6.
(2)
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7.
Ting Nht c s 4
v
Th ca mt s ng t c th c s dng lm danh t.
(1)
Lc i th ng ng nhng lc v th vng.
(2)
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Ting Nht c s 4
1 V
V
A A
A
v th ph nh ca ng t kh nng: ...
Ti khng th i c v th 7 bn ri.
mnh lnh, r r, yu cu). Khi mnh sau c ni dung bao hm ch th mnh trc
khng s dng th thay vo dng th vn .
1.3 Trong mu cu ny, mnh trc v mnh sau ca cu c s lin h trc sau v
mt thi gian. Ngha l s vic ca mnh trc c trc, s vic ca mnh sau c sau:
29
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2.
Ting Nht c s 4
V d:
3. ~
3.2 ngha:
- Ging nh ~ m chng ta hc bi s 9, ch nguyn nhn, l do.
nhn mnh nguyn nhn, l do mt cch ch quan, trong khi l cch biu hin trnh
by mt cch khch quan v lin h gia nguyn nhn v kt qu theo din bin t nhin.
- S dng lm cho s ch quan ca ngi ni nh nhng i khin ngi nghe
khng c cm tng b p buc, n cng thng c s dng trnh by mt cch nh nhng
v l do khi xin php.
V
A
A
N
Th thng thng
Th thng thng
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Ting Nht c s 4
3.4 i theo th thng thng nh trnh by trn, khi mun biu hin mt cch
lch s, l php hn th t n ng sau th lch s:
V d:
3.4.
Phn bit v
V d:
V d:
khoi.
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Ting Nht c s 4
Tr t nghi vn
A :
B : Ti khng bit.
Bi ny hc:
(1) A+B =
V
A
A
N
Th thng thng
Th thng thng
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Ting Nht c s 4
(2)
2. V
A
A
N
(C ~ hay khng)
Th thng thng
Th thng thng
V d:
(1)
(Th lm vic g )
V d:
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4.
Ting Nht c s 4
Ta c th bin mt tnh t ui sang danh t tru tng miu t tnh cht, trng thi
bng cch i ui thnh .
V d:
(cao)
( cao)
(mi)
c bit (tt)
(s mi, ci mi)
34
(ci tt)
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JAPANESE ELEMENTARY V
GRAMMAR
EXPLANATION
(Lesson 41 Lesson 50)
FU - 2009
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Ting Nht c s 5
1
bi 7 v bi 24, chng ta hc v cc biu hin cho v nhn vt hay mt hnh ng
qua vic s dng 3 ng t. Bi ny chng ta s hc
thm v cc biu hin cho nhn phn nh mi quan h Trn - Di (a v, tui tc) ,
quan h Trong Ngoi, quan h thn thuc gia ngi cho v ngi nhn (bao hm c
sc thi tm l, tnh cm...).
* Quan h Trong () Ngoi
Trong ()
Ngoi
Nhng ngi trong cng ty, trng hc - Nhng ngi ngoi cng ty, trng hc
hay trong nhm ca mnh
1.
V d:
Ti nhn c ci ng h t gim c.
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Ting Nht c s 5
SAI
Ti nhn c tin t b.
Trong trng hp ny, mc d (b) l ngi trn, ngi ln tui hn mnh nhng v l ngi nh
nn khng dng ng t m dng
NG
Ti nhn c tin t b.
2.
bao gi l (ti)
-
V d:
Gim c cho ti ci ng h.
SAI
M tng ti hoa.
3
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Ting Nht c s 5
Trong trng hp ny, (m) mc d l ngi trn, ln tui hn mnh nhng v l ngi trong gia
nh ( nn khng dng ng t m dng ng t .
NG
M tng ti hoa.
V d:
Ti cho em trai ci v.
Ti cho mo n c
Ti ti nc cho hoa.
* Ch :
Cng l hnh ng cho, tng nhng trong trng hp ngi ni mun th hin s thi tn knh
vi ngi nhn l ngi c a v, tui tc cao hn th dng
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Ting Nht c s 5
Ging , c v u kt
hp vi ng t dng TE th hin hnh ng cho, tng, biu, nhn no nhng vi sc thi
tnh cm theo ngha vn c ca t m ta tm hiu trn.
4.1
- ch ng ca cu lun l (ti)
V d:
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Ting Nht c s 5
V d:
V d:
Ti dt ch i do.
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Ting Nht c s 5
V d 1:
KHNG DNG
NG
- Trng hp cu hi
V d 2:
Trng hp ny(con ca ngi khc) nn ngi hi cng phi dng cch ni lch
s l V ch khng dng V
5.
~V
V .
* Ch : ch khng phi l
V d:
Th ph nh
(Bi 33
(Bi 20)
(Bi 14)
(Bi 26)
(Bi 26)
(Bi 41)
(Bi 41)
(Bi 33
(Bi 20)
(Bi 14)
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Ting Nht c s 5
ngha:
V1 V2
1.1
V d:
Ti mua t in hc ch Hn.
Ch :
1/ Phn bit(bi 36) vi
* S ging nhau:
- Mnh trc l mc ch ca mnh sau, mnh sau l hnh vi t c mc ch y.
- ng t c s dng mnh trc l ng t c tnh ch. Cn mnh sau, c ng
t c tnh ch v ng t khng c tnh ch u s dng c.
- Cvu i vi ng t th t in. (Ngi ta khng hay dng
dng V )
* S khc nhau:
mnh trc mnh th hin mc ch ca mu cu c th s dng c
ng t khng c tnh ch.
2/ ng t c tnh ch v ng t khng c tnh ch:
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Ting Nht c s 5
V d: ng t (Ra)
-
Ra khi nh ng t c tnh ch
V d:
N V
Khi kt hp vi danh t, mnh N mang 2 ngha:
Nu l nhng danh t ch s vic, th mnh ny cng th hin mc ch (ging vi
mu cu vi ng tV )
Cy ti (v) bo.
tng
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Ting Nht c s 5
V ...
(1 cch s dng na ca tr t :
th hin mc ch)
N ...
)
Lu : ring vi cc ng t nhm III c dngth khi kt hp, khng kt hp theo
kiu
VD:
V ngha th hin mc ch, mu cu ny kh ging vi nhng khng mnh
m bng v mnh sau ca mu cu ny thng ch gii hn 1 s ng t, tnh t mang
tnh trng thi nh:
~ (cch s dng)
~ (nh gi)
~ (tnh ton)...
V d:
a) N V : Cch s dng
b) N V
Ci ko ny dng ct giy.
/// : nh gi
c) N V
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Ting Nht c s 5
THAM KHO:
1/ Chng ta tng gp tr t th hin mc ch trong nhng bi trc nh:
Bi 13
i mua sch.
Bi 32
Tt/khng tt cho sc khe
Bi 36
Mu cu
Bi 13
ng t c
tnh ch
Cch
dng
(Cu n)
()
Bi 36
Bi 42
Bi 42
V
V
Mnh
trc
- ng t khng
c tnh ch
- ng t th kh
nng
Mnh
sau
Mnh
trc
ng t
ng t
c tnh
c tnh
ch
ch
Mnh
sau
- ng t
c tnh
ch
- ng t
Mnh
trc
ng t
c tnh
ch
ng t
trng thi
trng thi
ngha
Mnh
sau
i (n, tr v) mt
Nhn mnh vo mc
So vith
ni no lm vic
thnh c kh nng l mc
ch ca mnh trc
tnh mc ch yu
g (ng t c tnh
ch y l mc ch)
s n lc tin n kh
nng y. (Trng hp ch
ng 2 mnh l khc nhau
th c th s dng ng t
c ch)
11
i Shinjuku th tu
in ngm l tin
nht.
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Ting Nht c s 5
1.
ngha: sp
Cch dng: dng din t tnh trng, tri thi ang hin hu b ngoi, ni ln 1 n
tng c c t 1 hin tng m mnh nhn thy tn mt hay gii thch v tnh trng s
vt, s vic ngay trc khi n thay i.
Cch chia:
V d :
Tri sp lnh.
Hnh l sp ri.
Hoa sakura sp n.
ngha: c v
Cch dng: dng din t nhng phn on, suy xt mt cch trc tip khi nhn thy
s vt, s vic no . C th hiu nm na mu cu ny l nhn v ngh l, cho l n nh
th.
Cch chia:
Trng hp c bit:
12
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Ting Nht c s 5
V d :
Mn n ny c v ngon.
C y c v bn.
Qu to ny c v . (sai v b ngoi l mu )
Qu da hu ny bn trong c v .
(ng v t bn ngoi khng bit c, ch phn on)
i vi cc tnh t th hin tnh cm hoc cm gic ca con ngi nh
, v chng ta khng th din t, miu t mt
cch trc tip cm gic, tnh cm, tm trng ca ngi khc m ch c th suy on nn phi
dng
V d: vi tnh t ch cm xc (vui)
Mu cu ny khng kt hp vi danh t
Tham kho M rng:
S khc nhau gia v
biu th suy lun ca ngi ni cn c vo mt s thng tin no cn
biu th suy lun ca ngi ni theo iu m ngi ni quan st c.
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Ting Nht c s 5
(Cch din t i u , lm g ri
quay li)
V ti i gi in mt cht nn hy ch ti y.
V qun ng h lp hc nn ti s i ly.
Ch : a im i n v thc hin hnh ng c th hin bng tr t . Tuy
nhin, khi a im l ni ly i (hoc di chuyn) mt vt th ta dng tr t .
So snh M rng:
S khc nhau gia
Ch bao hm 2 hnh ng
Bao hm 3 hnh ng
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Ting Nht c s 5
ngha: (ci g ) qu
V d :
Ti n qu nhiu Sushi.
Ch :
l ng t nhm II
Ci o s mi ny qu to.
Bi thi kh qu nn ch hiu g c.
V ti n nhiu qu nn b au bng.
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2.
Ting Nht c s 5
Cch chia:
V d :
Thuc ny d ung.
o s mi trng d b bn.
Tokyo kh sng.
My tnh ny d s dng.
Cc ny kh b v.
Ci cc ny kh v nn an ton y.
16
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3.
Ting Nht c s 5
4.
V d :
17
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Ting Nht c s 5
1.
Vi ng t:
Vi tnh t:
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Ting Nht c s 5
2.
ngha: th m, vy m
Cch dng: dng khi mun din t vic khng t c kt qu nh mong i trong 1
tnh hung no . im khc bit cn lu mu cu ny (so vi cch ni cng ngha
nh hay)l n bao hm nhng tnh cm, cm gic mnh m ca ngi
ni nh s bt mn, khng ng
V d :
Ti n king th m vn b bo.
Hn ri vy m c y khng n.
Ti n nt ri th m vn khng th copy.
Nh va c li hp th m tin nh li t .
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Ting Nht c s 5
Phng ca ti hp nhng m p.
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Ting Nht c s 5
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(cch mu cu vi cm t )
V
ngha ch thi im ca s thay i ty theo thi ca ng t i trc n.
(v l 1 danh t nn ng t kt hp vi n tt c u l dng ngn)
C th gm 3 trng hp sau:
1.1.
V dict.
V d:
(1) A:
Bn n tra ri ?
B:
(2) A:
Cuc hp bt u ri ?
B: Cha, sp sa bt u.
(3)
Ting Nht c s 5
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V d:
A:
B:
B:
V d:
A:
B:
A:
Vng, va m i i.
B:
Chuyn xe 8 gi i ri ?
Yoshiko va tr v nh.
Bn n H Ni sng nay ?
Vng, ti va n.
Ch :
Tt c cc mu cu u mang t li trng thi ti 1 thi im 1 cch n thun.
V d:
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Ting Nht c s 5
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Tng kt:
2.
ngha: mi / va mi (lm )
Cch dng: Dng din t hnh ng va mi hon thnh, va mi kt thc nhng
cha lu lm. Thi im xy ra cha lu hon ton l do phn on ch quan ca
ngi ni (c th l mi y hoc cng c th l lu ri)
V d:
Ci my nh ny hm qua ti va m ua.
M rng:
Th hin quan h nhn qu vi
Bi v va n nn ti vn cn no.
V va m i sn xong nn ng ng vo
Th hin quan h nghch l, khng ng vi
Ci ng h ny va m i m ua vy m hng mt ri.
Ting Nht c s 5
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V V
V
cm tm l ca ngi ni.
qu kh no khc ngoi
kh nh
C th dng bt u cu chuyn.
cu hi hay 1 s bt u cu chuyn ca 1 ai .
Khng dng bt u cu chuyn.
Ting Nht c s 5
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1.
Th thng thng +
ngha: (ti) nghe ni l ~
Cch dng: Dng truyn t nhng thng tin m mnh nghe thy u n ngi th
3 v khng c nhn nh ca bn. nhn mnh thm s chc chn ca thng tin, c th
dn thm ngun gc ca thng tin vi cm t
Cch kt hp:
V V V
ng t
Tnh t ui i
Tnh t ui na
dng
ngn
Danh t
V d:
Xem v d sau:
C v nh tri sp ma.
Ting Nht c s 5
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Ting Nht c s 5
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2.
Sentence
ngha: Hnh nh l
Cch dng: Dng din t nhng suy lun, phn on 1 cch trc quan, hon ton da
trn nhng cm gic, cm nhn (5 gic quan) ca bn thn. V th, nhng suy on c th
khng chnh xc.
Cch kt hp:
V V V
ng t
Tnh t ui i
dng
ngn
Tnh t ui na
Danh t
V d:
Ting Nht c s 5
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Ha
Th sai khin
(Dng ng t din t mnh lnh, yu cu)
1.
Th sai khin
Nhm I I : b thm
Th t in
Th sai khin
Nhm I I I
Th t in
Th sai khin
Ting Nht c s 5
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2.
2.1. ng t th sai khin biu hin cho php (cho lm g) hay mnh lnh, yu cu, cng
ch (bt lm g). Do y l mu cu th hin sai khin, mnh lnh rt mnh ca ngi
trn yu cu ngi di lm g v ngi di phi lm theo. V th, khng s dng mu
ny i vi nhng quan h ngang bng hay i vi ngi trn, thay vo s dng cc
mu hc v quan h cho nhn nh:
(tuy nhin nhng ng t mang din t tm l, tnh cm nh
th vn c th dng vi ngi trn vi : lm cho lo lng, lm cho
ngc nhin, lm cho kh khn)
2.2. Mu cu:
Osaka.
(Trng phng l ch th ca cu nhng ngi thc hin hnh ng i cng tc Osaka l anh
Kato)
Ting Nht c s 5
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V d:
2. Trng hp vi ch th hnh ng ca t ng t +
2.1. Trng hp 1:
Nhng ng t nhl t ng t nhng cng c khi i vi tr t
trnh lp tr t
2.2. Trng hp 2:
Nhng ng t nhl nhng t
ng t thc hin hnh vi c hng n 1 i tng no nhng c nhiu khi dng tr t
thay cho tr t
10
Ting Nht c s 5
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2.2.3.
Cch dng : dng xin php, nh v, yu cu ngi nghe xc nhn v cho php mnh
c thc hin 1 hnh ng no
Cu trc mu cu:
ng t chia dng
V d:
M rng:
ai lm g
mnh c lm g
11
Ting Nht c s 5
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KHI QUT V
KNH NG TRONG TING NHT
1. Knh ng:
Knh ng gm 1 h thng cc t ng (danh t, ng t, tnh t, tr t), mu cu dng th
hin s tn trng, knh trng ca ngi ni vi ngi nghe hoc ngi ngi th ba (ngi c
nhc ti trong hi thoi gia ngi ni v ngi nghe). V c bn, trong ting Nht c nhiu
trng hp dng knh ng khc nhau v ngi ni thng by t s knh trng ca mnh vi
ngi nghe (hoc ngi c nhc ti) ty theo mi quan h gia ngi ni vi nhng ngi ny.
C ba mi quan h chnh khi s dng knh ng:
- Ngi ni l ngi t tui hn, cp di hoc l ngi c a v x hi thp hn. Khi s
s dng knh ng vi vi nhng ngi nhiu tui hn, vi cp trn hoc vi ngi c a v
x hi cao hn mnh.
- Ngi ni khng c quan h thn thit vi ngi nghe (v d trong ln u tin gp g).
- Cn c vo mi quan h trong v ngoi: theo mi quan h ny, ngi trong c
quan nim l gm nhng ngi cng mt gia nh, cng cng ty Cn ngi ngoi l
nhng ngi khng cng nhm nu trn. Khi ngi ni nhc n mt ngi trong nhm
ca mnh vi mt ngi ngoi nhm th ngi c ni ti cng c coi nh ngang
hng vi chnh ngi ni d ngi ny c a v x hi cao hn hay nhiu tui hn. V th,
trong trng hp ny ngi ni khng cn dng knh ng.
2. Cc loi knh ng: C 3 loi chnh:
-
Tuyt i khng s dng cho bn thn (A) hoc ngi trong ca (A) trong trng hp
(B) l ngi ngoi.
-
s dng cho (B) hoc (C) (tr trng hp i vi ngi trong nh ngi trong gia
nh)
-
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
T thun Nht ()
Hn ng ()
A, Na
nh: .
V d:
Danh t:
Tnh t:
Ph t:
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
2. S dng ng t TH B NG:
Cch dng: V hnh thc, ng t th hin knh ng kiu ny c cch chia ging ht ng
t dng b ng. Hu ht tt c cc ng t u c th p dng c tr ng t dng
kh nng () v mt s ng t nh:
C nam v n u s dng c nhng nam gii thng s dng nhiu hn. Ngoi ra,
kiu th hin ny cng hay c dng trong vn vit.
V d :
Gim c i ra ngoi lc ny ri .
Anh b ru ri ?
B:
(
Khi no bn v nc?
Ngy kia ti v.
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
V d :
Ngi/Bn c c bo khng ?
Gim c v ri .
B:
(
Ti s gp lc 6 gi 15
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
*tn knh ng ca
Khim nhng ng
NaN
NaN
*V
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Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch:
1. Mt s danh t ch chc danh nh bn thn n bao hm tn knh nn
khng cn thm (khc vi ting Hn Quc)
2. Vi nhng danh t cha bao hm knh trng th c th thm tng thm
lch s
Ting Nht c s 5
FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
A-A-
(Ph t)
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
V d:
(2)
Cch ni lch s ca
V d:
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
(KHIM NHNG NG)
Khim nhng ng l cch ni khim tn, nhn nhng dng cho nhng hnh ng, hnh vi ca
ngi ni A hay nhng ngi thuc quan h trong ca A i vi ngi nghe B hay ngi c ni ti
C. Chnh v vy, cch ni ny tuyt i khng c s dng i vi nhng hnh vi ca ngi thuc
quan h ngoi, vi ngi B hay C.
khim nhng ng ca ng t
Cch cu to: V
V d:
Nhm I:
Nhm II:
Nhm III:
Ch :
Mu cu ny c s dng khi ngi ni thc hin hnh ng g cho ngi nghe
hay ngi c nhc ti nn s khng dng vi trng hp m hnh ng ca ngi
ni khng lin quan n ngi nghe, ngi c nhc ti. (quy tc ny ging vi
trng hp cc mu cu v quan h cho nhn hc bi 24 v 41)
(1)
(2) A
B:
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
2.
Khim nhng ng ca
danh ng t
V d:
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FPT University
Japanese Language Training Division
4. Th lch s
Cch dng: s dng khi ngi ni mun by t s knh trng vi ngi nghe.
IMC
Cho ti c ph.
22