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S m
... l s m chung cho vt n 10. T 11 s dng nh m s
thng thng.
Cc tr t s m: L nhng t c t sau s m cc vt, ngi... ( chi tit
xem thm trong ti liu nh km )
dng m s ln.
Cch dng:
-
V d:
1 4
Ti mua 4 qu to.
3 2
1. Cc t hi cho s m
T hi:
- l t dng hi cho vt m bng
- Cc cch m khc dng tr t s m.
V d:
1)
...
2
...
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3.
V
... Nlng thi gian V
Cch dng:
-
V d:
1)
... 2
T H Ni n TP H Ch Minh i
bng my bay mt bao nhiu lu?
...
4.
V d:
T nh ti n trng ch mt 5 pht.
Ngy ngh ch c ch nht.
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Hin ti
N
-adj
N
-adj
Qu kh
N
-adj
N
-adj
V d:
Hm qua () ma.
1)
2)
Qu kh
Khng nh
-adj
-adj
Ph nh
-adj
-adj
V d:
Hm kia () lnh.
4.
N1
N2
Adj
vui lm.
ngha: N1 ~ hn N2
V d:
1)
2)
My bay nhanh hn t.
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5.
N1 N2 Adj
...N1(N2) Adj
ngha: N1 v N2 ci no ~ hn?
V d:
1)
...
...Bng th v hn.
2)
no hn?
...
6.
N1[] N2
Adj
Cch dng:
(Cch ni so snh
cao nht)
V d:
1)
2)
v nht.
N []
Adj
V d:
...2
An
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1.
1)
2)
Ti mun c bn b.
3)
?
Ti mun c my nh.
V d :
1)
...
2)
...
2.
...Ti mun ci ng h.
By gi bn mun ci g nht?
...Ti mun c my tnh.
Th ca ng t : L th ca ng t khi b ui .
V d :
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V d:
Ti mun i Nht
Ti mun mua t
By gi, bn mun n g?
Ti ch mun n g c
...
Ch :
V-
3.
N (a im)
//
N
ngha: i/n/v N lm ~
Cch dng: - y l mu cu s dng ni v mc ch i n/ v u thc
hin hnh ng no .
- ng t ch mc ch th , danh t ch mc ch l nhng danh
ng t.
V d:
1
(Ti i siu th () mua qun o)
2
(Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
3
(Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
Ch : Danh t trc cng c th l cc s kin nh l hi, bui ha nhc... Khi
, ca ngi ni l vic xem hay tham gia vo s kin .
V d:
Giang Vo
(Ti i n Ging V tham gia vo L hi Hoa anh o)
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V d:
C, ti c i.
...
Ngh h, bn c i u khng?
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1. Cc nhm ca ng t
ng t trong ting Nht c chia lm 3 nhm theo cch chia sang cc th ca chng.
(1) Nhm 1
Bao gm cc ng t ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng i
V d :
(2) Nhm 2
Hu ht cc ng t thuc nhm ny c dng ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc
hng e.
V d:
(3) Nhm 3
Bao gm 2 ng t: (lm)
(n)
2. Th ca ng t
Cc ng t kt thc bng c gi l th . Cch chia ca th ph thuc vo
cc nhm ng t. Cch chia nh di y:
(1) Nhm 1:
Ngha
V (i)
Cch chia
V
Vit
V V
Nghe
V V
V V
()
V V
V V
Vi
Ung
c
Mua
Ni
Gi
Cht
Ly, cm ly
C
i
i
Cho mn
Ni chuyn
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(2) Nhm 2
V (i)
Cch chia
V (e)
V (i)
V (e)
V (i)
Ngha
n
Dy
Cho, tng
Ng
Xem
C ()
Thc dy
Mn
Ngha
Hc
Thc tp
Mua sm
Tham quan
(3) Nhm 3
V (i)
Cch chia
N N
3.
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4.
ngha: ang lm ~
Cu to: ng t th thm
Cch dng: Mu cu ny dng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti thi im
ni.
V d
Vth
...
...
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CC MU CU VI NG T DNG (tip)
V
1
...
Ti chp nh y c c khng?
...Vng, c.
2
...
2.
Ti ht thuc c c khng?
...Xin li. Khng c.
Cch ni cm on, khng
c lm g
ngha : Khng c lm ~
Cu to : ng t th thm
Cch dng: Mu cu ny s dng khi mun ni khng c php lm g.
V d:
Khng c ht thuc y.
1
2
...
Ti chp nh y c khng?
...Khng, khng c.
12
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3.
V d:
CMC
FPT
Ti lm vic CMC.
Ti hc trng i hc FPT.
13
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1.
VV2 ...V
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2,...
Cch dng: - Mu cu s dng lit k cc hnh ng xy ra theo trnh t thi gian,
hnh ng ng trc xy ra trc.
- Th ca c cu c chia ng t cui cng.
V d:
1
(Hng sng ti chy b ri tm sau n trng.)
2)
Vicom
2.
- adj()
-adj []
N
Cch dng: - Khi ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t ca cng 1 ch th, nu i trc l tnh t
ui th ui s c b i thay th bng , cc tnh t c th
c cch nhau bi du phy ( ).
(to v mi)
(nh v c)
(tt v r)
- Khi ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t ca cng 1 ch th, nu i trc l tnh t
ui th ui s c b i thay th bng , cc tnh t c th c
cch nhau bi du phy ( ).
(khe v tr)
(ni ting v p)
- Cch ni c ngha l v v vy khng s dng ni 2 cu c
ngha tri ngc.
- Th ca c cu c chia cu ng sau.
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V d:
3)
4) Hue
5)
(Karina l tu nghip sinh cn Maria l v.)
VV2
4.
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2 / Sau
Cch dng: - Mu cu ny cng din t s lin tip ca hnh ng nhng nhn mnh
hnh ng th nht kt thc ri mi n hnh ng 2.
- Th ca c cu c quyt nh cui cu.
V d:
1
Sau khi v nc ti s lm vic cng ty ca b.
2
Sau khi kt thc bui biu din m nhc ti n nh hng.
5.
N1
N2 Adj
1) Hue
n Hu ngon.
2)
3)
Maria c mi tc di.
Bn Tanaka cao.
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6.
Cch dng:
y l t hi cho cch lm, phng thc lm mt vic no v c ngha l Lm
th no tr li cho cu hi ny thng s dng mu cu s 1
V d:
n trng bn i th no?
... 516
...Ti i b khong 5 pht n bn xe bus, ln xe s 16 v xung ng trc trng.
7.
...
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Cch chia v cc mu cu vi ng
t ph nh dng ngn (th )
1.
CC MU CU VI NG T DNG
V
2.
ngha: Xin ng
Cch dng: khi mun khuyn hay yu cu ai khng lm g vic g
V d:
1
(Ti khe lm nn ng lo lng)
2
(Xin ng chp nh y)
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3.
Cch ni bt buc
phi lm g
Cch chia: ng t chia sang th , b +
ngha: phi, bt buc phi
Cch dng: - Mu cu ny biu th mt vic coi nh ngha v phi lm, bt chp
hng ca ngi lm.
- Ch : Mc d ng t chia dng ph nh nhng c cu khng mang
ngha ph nh (thc cht l ph nh ca ph nh khng lm g th
khng c)
V d:
1
(Phi ung thuc)
2
(Hng ngy (ti) phi hc ting Nht.)
4.
1
(Ngi mai bn khng n cng c)
2
(Chiu th 7 khng hc cng c)
1
(Ngi mai khng n cng c ch ?)
2
(Chiu th 7 khng hc c c khng ?)
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N (tn ng)
5.
(ng hnh l y)
( Hnh l th xin ng y)
6.
N(thi gian)
( Cm tra th ti n ti nh n cty)
Tr t ch gii hn, hn nh
(Cuc hp s kt thc trc 5 gi)
(Phi tr sch trc th 7)
Ch : phn bit vi tr t v tr t
ch thi im chm dt mt hnh ng
(Bui tra, ti hc n 12 gi)
ch thi im m mt hnh ng din ra.
(Ti thc dy vo lc 6 gi)
19
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NG T TH T IN (V ) & MU CU
1. Th nguyn mu (th t in) ca ng t
Th nguyn mu (cn gi l th t in) l th c bn (ng t gc) ca ng t, trong
sch t in cc ng t c trnh by th ny.
(1) Nhm 1 K hiu G1 hoc (I)
L cc ng t c kt thc bi cc m sau:
[-] ] [-] [-]
[-] ] [-] [-]
V d :
(xem)
Tr mt s ng t c bit:
(tr v)
(bit)
(3) Nhm 3 K hiu G3 hoc (III)
Bao gm 2 ng t:
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CC MU CU VI NG T TH T IN
2.
N
V
(Ti bit/c th li xe)
(Anh Miler bit ting Nht (c th ni ting Nht))
b) Trng hp ng t: khi biu th mt kh nng c th lm c mt chuyn g th
phi thm sau ng t th nguyn mu bin thnh mt nhm danh t.
( danh t ha)
V d:
(Anh Miler bit/c th c c ch Hn)
(C th thanh ton/tr tin bng th)
Ch : Ngha ca ng t
Nng lc
( Bit c ch Hn)
Kh nng
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3.
V
ngha: s thch (ca ti) l
Cch dng : - Ni v s thch.
- Khi mt danh t khng th biu hin y ngha th ta c th din
t dng cch danh t ha trnh by r, c th hn
V d:
(S thch ca ti l hi ha)
(S thch ca ti l (vic) v tranh)
(S thch ca ti l (vic) ngm tranh)
4.
V
N
S t (thi gian)
V2
(Ti hc ting Nht trc khi n Nht)
(Trc khi i ng, ti c sch)
b) Danh t
- Thm tr t gia danh t v
- Danh t ng trc l nhng danh t biu th hnh ng
V d
(Trc ba cm/Trc khi n cm, (ti) ra tay.
(Hy n vn phng trc gi hc)
c) S t (thi gian)
- ng sau danh t ch s th khng cn
V d
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5.
ngha: mi m khng
Cch dng: lun i vi ng t dng ph nh
V d
( Nht, mi m ti khng th nhn thy con nga no)
(Xe but mi m khng thy ti)
6.
ngha: nht nh
Cch dng: - c dng biu th s hy vng hay yu cu
- thng i vi cc dng cu V V
vi ngha nhn mnh s biu th
V d
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NG T QU KH DNG NGN (V ) & CC MU CU
Cch to ng t th : ging y nh th
Ch no chia l v th thay bng v .
Nhm I:
Nhm II:
Nhm III:
CC MU CU VI NG T TH
(Cha ln no)
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3.
V V
ngha: lc th lc th v...
Cch dng: - dng khi mun biu hin mt vi hnh ng i din trong s nhiu
hnh ng m ch th thc hin m khng cn bit ci no xy ra trc,
ci no xy ra sau
- th ca mu cu c biu th cui cu.
V d:
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Hm qua, lc th ti i mua sm, lc th nghe nhc)
Ch : khng nhm vi cu vn s dng ni cu hc bi 16.
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Ch Nht, ti chi tenis, xong ri xem phim.)
cu 2 ngha l hnh ng xem phim din ra sau khi chi tennis.
cu 1 khng c mi quan h v mt thi gian gia hai hnh ng. Trong rt
nhiu cc hot ng din ra vo ngy ch nht s bao gm hai hnh ng chi
tennis v xem phim. V s khng t nhin khi dng lit k nhng hnh ng
mang tnh cht hng ngy ca con ngi nh ng dy, n cm hay i ng...
A
A
N
Cch ni tnh t vi ng t
bin tnh t thnh ph t
ngha: tr nn (c)
Cch dng: ch s thay i mt tnh trng hay mt iu kin.
25
25
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1. Th vn thng thng v th vn lch s
- Th lch s: l cch ni m kt thc cu lun l desu (vi tnh t, danh t) v masu
(vi ng t) v cc dng phi sinh ca n (-deshita, -dewa arimasen, -masen, -mashita) .
- Th thng thng: l cch ni khng c desu hay masu. Dng lun dng c bn,
dng gc v cc dng phi sinh dng ngn ca cc loi t .
Cch dng:
Th lch s
Th thng thng
a. Ngi km tui
Ngi ln tui
b. Ngi ngang tui
Ngi gp ln u tin
c. Bn thn
Cp trn
d. Ngi trong gia nh
Mnh l nhn vin mi
Trong cc s kin nghim tc (hp
hnh, pht biu)
Ch :
(1) Trong trng hp t n m s dng th thng thng th b coi l tht l.
(2) Ngi Nht i vi ngi nc ngoi hay nhn vin lu nm khi ch o, hng dn nhn
vin mi th hin s thn mt ty thuc vo vn c th s dng c th thng
thng.
(3) T a~d, cng ty thuc vo trng hp vn c th s dng th lch s
V d: a: mun gio dc con nh
b: trc khi gp g bit nhau
d: xng h vi b m
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2.
(th t in)
(th )
ng t
(th )
(th qu kh)
Tnh t -i
Tnh t -na
Danh t
(b )
i ung
Xin hy vit
ang vit
C th vit
Khng cn phi vit
S vit gip cho
Nh vit gip
Vit gip i
Phi i
C th n
(l) n
C c
c, vit v
Bi
13
14
15
24
17
18
19
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Ch :
Khi i nhng cu c ni vi nhau bng hay (thng s dng trong hi
thoi) thnh th vn thng thng th tt c cc t lch s trong cu phi c i sang th
thng thng.
28
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4.
Th thng thng ca
(pht m
u u n
29