Vat Ly Hat Nhan

Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Vt L 12.
Bin son: Trng Vn Thanh

CHUYN VT L HT NHN

Phn I: TM TT L THUYT
1.CU TO CA HT NHN NGUYN T
HT KHI
I. CU TO CA HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Cu ht nhn nguyn t
Ht nhn c cu to bi hai loi ht s cp gi l nuclon gm:
Prtn: ki hiu H p
1
1

m
p
=
27
10 . 67262 , 1

kg , in tch : +e .
Ntrn: k hiu
1
0
n n ,
m
n
=
27
10 . 67493 , 1

kg , khng mang in tch
1.1. K hiu ht nhn:
A
Z
X
- A= s nuctrn : s khi
- Z = s prtn = in tch ht nhn: nguyn t s
-
N A Z
: s ntrn
1.2. Bn knh ht nhn nguyn t:
1
15
3
1, 2 .10 R A
(m)
2.ng v
Nhng nguyn t ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s prtn ( Z ), nhng khc s ntrn (N) hay s
nucln (A).
V d: Hidr c ba ng v
1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
; ( ) ; ( ) H H D H T
+ ng v bn : trong thin nhin c khong 300 ng v loi ny .
+ ng v phng x ( khng bn) : c khong vi nghn ng v phng x t nhin v nhn to .
3.n v khi lng nguyn t
-
u
: c gi tr bng 1/ 12 khi lng ng v cacbon
12
6
C
-
27 2 13
1 1, 66058.10 931, 5 / ; 1 1, 6 .10 u kg MeV c MeV J

Website http://truongthanh85.violet.vn. T: 0974.810.957 1

Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Vt L 12. Bin son: Trng Vn Thanh
II. HT KHI NNG LNG LIN KT CA HT NHN
1. Lc ht nhn
- Lc ht nhn l lc tng tc gia cc nucln, bn knh tng tc khong
15
10 m
.
- Lc ht nhn khng cng bn cht vi lc hp dn hay lc tnh in; n l lc mi truyn tng tc gia cc
nucln trong ht nhn gi l tng tc mnh.
2. ht khi m ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
Khi lng ht nhn
hn
m
lun nh hn tng khi lng cc nucln to thnh ht nhn mt lng m .
. ( ).
p N hn
m Z m A Z m m 1 +
]
3. Nng lng lin kt
lk
W
ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
- Nng lin kt L nng lng ta ra khi to thnh mt ht nhn (hay nng lng thu vo ph v mt ht
nhn thnh cc nucln ring bit).
o Khi n v ca: [ ] [ ] [ ] ;
lk p n hn
W J m m m kg 1
]
Th
2 2
. . . .
lk p n hn
W Z m N m m c m c 1 +
]

4.Nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
- Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng lin kt tnh trn mt nucln
lk
W
A
.
- Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng.
2. PHN NG HT NHN
I. PHN NG HT NHN
- Phn ng ht l mi qu trnh dn ti s bin i s bin i ca ht nhn.

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + + hay A + B C + D.
- C hai loi phn ng ht nhn
o Phn ng t phn r ca mt ht nhn khng bn thnh cc ht nhn khc (phng x)
o Phn ng tng tc gia cc ht nhn vi nhau dn n s bin i thnh cc ht nhn khc.
Ch : Cc ht thng gp trong phn ng ht nhn
Prtn (
1 1
1 1
p H ) ; Ntrn (
1
0
n ) ; Heli (
4 4
2 2
He ) ; Electrn (
0
1
e
) ; Pzitrn (
0
1
e
+
+
)
II. CC NH LUT BO TON TRONG PHN NG HT NHN
1. nh lut bo ton s nucln (s khi A) 1 2 3 4
A A A A + +
2. nh lut bo ton in tch (nguyn t s Z) 1 2 3 4
Z Z Z Z + +
3. nh lut bo ton ng lng:

s P P
t

4. nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn
Ws W
t

Ch :
- Nng lng ton phn ca mt ht nhn: gm nng lng ngh v nng lng thng thng ( ng nng)

2 2
1
2
W mc mv +

- nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn c th vit:
W
1
+ W
2
+ m
1
.c
2
+ m
2
.c
2
= W
3
+ W
4
+ m
3
.c
2
+ m
4
.c
2
- Lin h gia ng lng v ng nng
2
2
d
P mW
hay
2
2
d
P
W
m

III. NNG LNG TRONG PHN NG HT NHN
m
0
= m
1
+m
2
v m = m
3
+ m
4
- Trong trng hp
( ) ; ( ) m kg W J
:

2
0
2
0
) ( ) ( c m m c m m W (J)
- Trong trng hp
( ) ; ( ) m u W MeV
:

5 , 931 ) ( 5 , 931 ) (
0 0
m m m m W
o Nu m
0
> m: 0 W > : phn ng ta nng lng
o Nu m
0
< m : 0 W < : phn ng thu nng lng
3. PHNG X
I. PHNG X
Phng x l hin tng ht nhn khng bn vng t phn r, pht ra cc tia phng x v bin i thnh cc
ht nhn khc.
II. CC TIA PHNG X
1.1 Cc phng trnh phng x:
- Phng x
4
2
( ) He : ht nhn con li hai so vi ht nhn m trong bng tun hon.
4 4
2 2
A A
Z Z
X He Y
+
- Phng x
0
1
( ) e
: ht nhn con tin mt so vi ht nhn m trong bng tun hon.

0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
+
+
- Phng x
0
1
( ) e
+
+
: ht nhn con li mt so vi ht nhn m trong bng tun hon.
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
+
+
- Phng x
:
* 0
0
A A
Z Z
X X +
1.2. Bn cht v tnh cht ca cc loi tia phng x
Loi Tia Bn Cht Tnh Cht
()
o L dng ht nhn nguyn t Heli (
4
2
He ),
chuyn ng vi vn tc c 2.10
7
m/s.
o Ion ho rt mnh.
o m xuyn yu.
(
-
)
o L dng ht lectron
0
1
( ) e
, vn tc c
o Ion ho yu hn nhng
m xuyn mnh hn tia . (
+
)
o L dng ht lectron dng (cn gi l
pozitron)
0
1
( ) e
+
, vn tc
c
.
()
o L bc x in t c nng lng rt cao
o Ion ho yu nht, m
xuyn mnh nht.
III. CC NH LUT PHNG X
1. Chu k bn r ca cht phng x (T)
Chu k bn r l thi gian mt na s ht nhn hin c ca mt lng cht phng x b phn r, bin i
thnh ht nhn khc.
2. Hng s phng x
ln 2
T

(c trng cho tng loi cht phng x)
3. nh lut phng x
S ht (N) Khi lng (m)
phng x (H)
10
(1 3, 7.10 ) Ci Bq
Trong qu trnh phn r, s
ht nhn phng x gim theo
thi gian tun theo nh lut
hm s m.
Trong qu trnh phn r,
khi lng ht nhn phng x
gim theo thi gian tun theo
nh lut hm s m.
- i lng c trng cho
tnh phng x mnh hay yu
ca cht phng x.
- S phn r trong mt giy.
( ) 0 0
. 2 .
t
t
T
t
N N N e

( ) 0 0
. 2 .
t
t
T
t
m m m e

( ) 0 0
. 2 .
t
t
T
t
H H H e

H N
o
0
N : s ht nhn phng x o
0
m : khi lng phng x o
0
H : phng x thi
thi im ban u.
o
( ) t
N : s ht nhn phng x
cn li sau thi gian
t
.
thi im ban u.
o
( ) t
m : khi lng phng x
cn li sau thi gian
t
.
im ban u.
o
( ) t
H : phng x cn li
sau thi gian
t
.
cng thc lin quan :
4 , 22
V
N
N
A
m
n
A

N
A
= 6,023.10
23
nguyn t/mol
IV. NG CA CC NG V PHNG X
- Theo di qu trnh vn chuyn cht trong cy bng phng php nguyn t nh du.
- Dng phng x
tm khuyt tt trong sn phm c, bo qun thc phm, cha bnh ung th

- Xc nh tui c vt.
4. PHN NG PHN HCH - PHN NG NHIT HCH
NH MY IN NGUYN T
I. PHN NG PHN HCH
1. Phn ng phn hch
Phn ng phn hch l mt ht nhn rt nng nh Urani (
235
92
U ) hp th mt ntrn chm s v thnh hai ht
nhn trung bnh, cng vi mt vi ntrn mi sinh ra.
1 2
1 2
235 1 236 1
92 0 92 0
200
A A
Z Z
U n U X X k n MeV + + + +
2. Phn ng phn hch dy chuyn
Nu s phn hch tip din lin tip thnh mt dy chuyn th ta c phn ng phn hch dy chuyn, khi
s phn hch tng ln nhanh trong mt thi gian ngn v c nng lng rt ln c ta ra.
iu kin xy ra phn ng dy chuyn: xt s ntrn trung bnh k sinh ra sau mi phn ng phn hch ( k
l h s nhn ntrn).
o Nu 1 k < : th phn ng dy chuyn khng th xy ra.
o Nu 1 k : th phn ng dy chuyn s xy ra v iu khin c.
o Nu 1 k > : th phn ng dy chuyn xy ra khng iu khin c.
o Ngoi ra khi lng
235
92
U phi t ti gi tr ti thiu gi l khi lng ti hn
th
m .
3. Nh in nguyn t
B phn chnh ca nh my in ht nhn l l phn ng ht nhn.
II. PHN NG NHIT HCH
1. Phn ng nhit hch
Phn ng nhit hch l phn ng kt hp hai ht nhn nh thnh mt ht nhn nng hn.
2 2 3 1
1 1 2 0
3, 25 H H H n Mev + + +
2. iu kin xy ra phn ng nhit hch
- Nhit cao khong t 50 triu ti 100 triu .
- Hn hp nhin liu phi giam hm trong mt khong khng gian rt nh.
3. Nng lng nhit hch
- Tuy mt phn ng nhit hch ta nng lng t hn mt phn ng phn hch nhng nu tnh theo khi lng
nhin liu th phn ng nhit hch ta ra nng lng ln hn.
- Nhin liu nhit hch c th coi l v tn trong thin nhin: l teri, triti rt nhiu trong nc sng v
bin.
- V mt sinh thi, phn ng nhit hch sch so vi phn ng phn hch v khng c bc x hay cn b phng
x lm nhim mi trng.
Phn II: BI TP P DNG
I. XC NH CU TO HT NHN- HT KHI V NNG LNG LIN KT:
Loi 1 : Xc nh cu to ht nhn, nng lng lin kt ht nhn:
Bi 1 : Xc nh cu to ht nhn
238
92
U , Na
23
11
, He
4
2
+
238
92
U c cu to gm: Z=92 , A = 238 N = A Z = 146
p n:
238
92
U : 92 proton ; 146 ntron
+ Na
23
11
gm : Z= 11 , A = 23 N = A Z = 12
p n: : Na
23
11
: 11 proton ; 12 ntron
Bi 2 : Khi lng ca ht
10
4
Be l m
Be
= 10,01134u, khi lng ca ntron l m
N
= 1,0087u, khi lng ca
proton l m
P
= 1,0073u. Tnh ht khi ca ht nhn
10
4
Be l bao nhiu?
- Xc nh cu to ht nhn
10
4
Be c Z = 4proton, 6 notron
- Vn dng cng thc ht khi :

. ( ).
p N hn
m Z m A Z m m 1 +
]
= 4.1,0073u + 6.1,0087u 10,01134u
m = 0,069u
p n: m = 0,069u
Bi 3: Ht nhn teri
2
1
D c khi lng m
D
N
proton l m
P
= 1,0073u. Tnh nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn
2
1
D.
Xc nh cu to ht nhn
2
1
D c Z = 1proton, N = 1 notron
Vn dng cng thc ht khi t tinh nng lng lin kt :

. . . 931, 5 . 931, 5
lk p n hn
W Z m N m m m 1 +
]
W
lk
= (1.1,0073+ 1.1,0087 2,0136).931,5
p n: W
lk
= 2,23 MeV
Bi 4 : Ht nhn
60
27
Co c khi lng m
Co
N
proton l m
P
= 1,0073u. Tnh nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn
60
27
Co .
Tng t :
p n: W
lk
= 70,5 MeV
Loi 2 : Tnh nng lng lin kt ring v so snh tnh bn vng ca cc ht nhn.
Bc 1:Tnh nng lng lin kt ring bng :
A
W
lk
MeV/nuclon.
Bc 2 : So snh nng lng lin kt ring ca cc ht nhn vi nhau : ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln
th cng bn vng .
Ch : ht nhn c s khi t 50 70 trong bng HTTH thng bn hn cc nguyn t ca cc ht nhn cn li .
Bi 1: Ht nhn Be
10
4
c khi lng 10,0135u. Khi lng ca ntrn (ntron) m
n
prtn (prton) m
P
= 1,0073u, 1u = 931 MeV/c
2
. Nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn 10 l Be
10
4
A. 0,6321 MeV. B. 63,2152 MeV. C. 6,3215 MeV. D. 632,1531 MeV.
Gii
- Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn Be
10
4
l :
W
lk
= m.c
2
= (4.mP +6.mn m
Be
).c
2

= 0,0679.c
2

= 63,215 MeV.
- Suy ra nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn Be
10
4
l : 3215 , 6
10
125 , 63

A
W
lk
MeV/nucln.
Chn p n : C.
Bi 2 : Tnh nng lng lin kt ht nhn tri D
2
1
? Cho m
p
= 1,0073u, m
n
= 1,0087u, m
D
= 2,0136u; 1u = 931
MeV/c
2
.
A) 2,431 MeV. B) 1,122 MeV. C) 1,243 MeV. D)2,234MeV.
Gii
- ht khi ca ht nhn D :
m = m
p
+ m
n
m
D
= 1.m
p
+1.m
n
m
D
= 0,0024 u
- Nng lng lin kt cu ht nhn D l :
W
lk
= m.c
2
= 0,0024.uc
2

= 2,234 MeV .
Chn p n D.
Bi 3 : Cho bit m

= 4,0015u;
999 , 15
O
m
u;
u m
p
007276 , 1
,
u m
n
008667 , 1
. Hy sp xp cc ht nhn
He
4
2
, C
12
6
,
O
16
8
theo th t tng dn bn vng :
Cu tr li ng l:
A. C
12
6
, ,
4
2
He O
16
8
. B. C
12
6
,
O
16
8
, ,
4
2
He
C. ,
4
2
He C
12
6
,
O
16
8
. D. ,
4
2
He O
16
8
, C
12
6
.
Gii
- bi khng cho khi lng ca
12
C nhng ch v y dng n v u, m theo nh ngha on v u bng
1/12 khi lng ng v
12
C do c th ly khi lng
12
C l 12 u.
- Suy ra nng lng lin kt ring ca tng ht nhn l :
He : W
lk
= (2.mp + 2.mn m )c
2
= 28,289366 MeV W
lk ring
= 7,0723 MeV / nuclon.
C : W
lk
= (6.mp + 6.mn m
C
)c
2
= 89,057598 MeV W
lkring
= 7,4215 MeV/ nuclon.
O : W
lk
= (8.mp + 8.mn m
O
)c
2
= 119,674464 meV W
lk ring
= 7,4797 MeV/ nuclon.
Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng. Vy chiu bn vng ht nhn tng dn l : He
< C < O.
Chn p n C.
Bi 4:Bit khi lng ca cc ht nhn
u m u m u m u m
n p C
0087 , 1 ; 0073 , 1 ; 0015 , 4 ; 000 , 12
v
2
/ 931 1 c Mev u . Nng lng cn thit ti thiu chia ht nhn C
12
6
thnh ba ht
theo n v Jun l
A. 6,7.10
-13
J B. 6,7.10
-15
J C. 6,7.10
-17
J D. 6,7.10
-19
J
Tm tt: Gii
; 000 , 12 u m
C

C12 3 He
; 0015 , 4 u m
Nng lng ph v mt ht C12 thnh 3 ht He
u m u m
n p
0087 , 1 ; 0073 , 1
W = ( m
ri
- m
hn
)c
2
= (3.4,0015 12). 931= 4.1895MeV
W? W = 6,7.10
-13
J
Chn p n A
Loi 3 : Tnh s ht nhn nguyn t v suy ra s ntron, proton c trong lng cht ht nhn .
- Cho khi lng m hoc s mol ca ht nhn X
A
Z
. Tm s ht p , n c trong mu ht nhn .
Nu c khi lng m suy ra s ht ht nhn X l : N =
A
N
A
m
. (ht) .
Nu c s mol suy ra s ht ht nhn X l : N = n.NA (ht) . vi NA =
1 23
10 . 022 , 6

mol
Khi : 1 ht ht nhn X c Z ht p v (A Z ) ht n . Do trong N ht ht nhn X c :
N.Z ht proton v (A-Z). N ht notron.
Bi 1: Bit s Avgar l 6,02.10
23
mol
-1
, khi lng mol ca ht nhn urani U
238
92
l 238 gam / mol.
S ntron trong 119 gam urani U
238
92
l :
A.
25
10 . 2 , 2 ht B.
25
10 . 2 , 1 ht C
25
10 . 8 , 8 ht D.
25
10 . 4 , 4 ht
Gii
- S ht nhn c trong 119 gam urani U
238
92
l :
N =
A
N
A
m
.
23 23
10 . 01 . 3 10 . 02 , 6 .
238
119
ht
- Suy ra s ht ntron c trong N ht nhn urani U
238
92
l :
(A-Z). N = ( 238 92 ).3,01.10
23
= 4,4.10
25
ht
p n : D
Bi 2. Cho s Avgar l 6,02.10
23
mol
-1
.
S ht nhn nguyn t c trong 100 g It
131
52
I l :
A. 3,952.10
23
ht B. 4,595.10
23
ht C.4.952.10
23
ht D.5,925.10
23
ht
Gii
- S ht nhn nguyn t c trong 100 g ht nhn I l :
N =
23
10 . 02 , 6 .
131
100
.
A
N
A
m
ht .
Chn p n B.
II.NH LUT PHNG X- PHNG X
Loi 1: Xc nh lng cht cn li:
Vn dng cng thc
Khi lng cn li ca X sau thi gian t : m = t
T
t
e m m
.
0 0
. 2 .

.
S ht nhn X cn li sau thi gian t : N = t
T
t
e N N
.
0 0
. 2 .

.
Cng thc lin h :
A
m
N
N
n
A

Ch :
+ t v T phi a v cng n v .
+ m v m0 cng n v v khng cn i n v
Bi 1: Cht It phng x
131
53
I dng trong y t c chu k bn r 8 ngy m. Nu nhn c 100g cht ny th sau
8 tun l cn bao nhiu?
A. O,87g B. 0,78g C. 7,8g D. 8,7g
Gii
Ta c : t = 8 tun = 56 ngy = 7.T
Suy ra sau thi gian t th khi lng cht phng x
131
53
I cn li l :
7
0
2 . 100 2 .

T
t
m m
= 0,78 gam .
Chn p n B.
Bi 2 :Mt lng cht phng x c khi lng ban u l
0
m
. Sau 5 chu k bn r khi lng cht phng x cn
li l bao nhiu?
A.m= m
0
/5 B.m = m
0
/8 C. m = m
0
/32 D. m = m
0
/10
Gii :
t = 5T
Sau t = 5T khi lng cht phng x cn li l

32
2 . 2 .
0 5
0 0
m
m m m
T
t

p n: C :
0
m
/32
Bi 3 : Mt cht phng x c chu k bn r l 3,8 ngy. Sau thi gian 11,4 ngy th phng x (hot phng
x) ca lng cht phng x cn li bng bao nhiu phn trm so vi phng x ca lng cht phng x ban
u?
A. 25%. B. 75%. C. 12,5%. D. 87,5%.
Gii
- Ta c : T = 3,8 ngy ; t = 11,4 = 3T ngy . Do ta a v hm m hai gii nhanh nh sau :

T
t
T
t
m
m
m m

2 2 .
0
0

8
1
2
3
0

m
m
= 12,5%
Chn p n : C.
Bi 4 : Mt cht phng x ban u c N
0
ht nhn. Sau 1 nm, cn li mt phn ba s ht nhn ban u cha phn
r. Sau 1 nm na, s ht nhn cn li cha phn r ca cht phng x l
A.

N
0
/6 B. N
0
/16. C. N
0
/9. D. N
0
/4.
Gii
- Ta c : t
1
= 1nm th s ht nhn cha phn r (cn li ) l :
3
1
2
1
0
1

T
t
N
N
- Sau 1nm na tc l t
2
= 2t
1
nm th s ht nhn cn li cha phn r l :

T
t
T
t
N
N
1 2
2
0
2
2
1
2
1

9
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
0
2

,
_
,
_
T
t
N
N
.
Hoc N
2
=
9 3 3
0
2
0 1
N N N

Chn p n : C
Loi 2: Xc nh lng cht b phn r :
- Cho khi lng ht nhn ban u ( hoc s ht nhn ban u N0 ) v T . Tm khi lng ht nhn hoc s ht nhn
b phn r trong thi gian t ?
Khi lng ht nhn b phn r : m =
) 1 ( ) 2 1 (
.
0 0 0
t
T
t
e m m m m

S ht nhn b phn r l : N =
) 1 ( ) 2 1 (
.
0 0 0
t
T
t
e N N N N

Ch : l khng c p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng nh trong phn ng ho hc.
A -> B + C . mA mB + mC
Bi 1:Tnh s ht nhn b phn r sau 1s trong 1g Rai
226
Ra . Cho bit chu k bn r ca
226
Ra l 1580 nm.
S Avgar l N
A
= 6,02.10
23
mol
-1
.
A). 3,55.10
10
ht. B). 3,40.10
10
ht. C). 3,75.10
10
ht. D).3,70.10
10
ht.
Gii
- S ht nhn nguyn t c trong 1 gam
226
Ra l : N
0
=
21 23
10 . 6646 , 2 10 . 022 , 6 .
226
1
.
A
N
A
m
ht .
- Suy ra s ht nhn nguyn t Ra phn r sau 1 s l :

10
86400 . 365 . 1580
1
21
0
10 . 70 , 3 2 1 10 . 6646 , 2 ) 2 1 (
,
_

T
t
N N
ht .
Chn p n D.
Bi 2: ong v phong xa Coban
60
27
Co phat ra tia

va vi chu ky ban ra T = 71,3
ngay. Trong 365 ngay, phan tram chat Coban nay b phan ra bang
A. 97,12% B. 80,09% C. 31,17% D. 65,94%
Gii
% lng cht
60
Co b phn r sau 365 ngy :
m = ) 1 (
.
0 0
t
e m m m

% 12 , 97 1
0
3 , 71
2 ln . 365

e
m
m
.
Hoc m =
) 2 1 (
0 0
T
t
m m m

T
t
T
t
m
m
2
2 1
0
97,12%
Chn p n A.
Bi 3: Mt cht phng x c chu k bn ra T. Sau thi gian t = 3T k t thi in ban u, t s gia s ht nhn
b phn r thnh ht nhn ca nguyn t khc vi s ht nhn ca cht phng x cn li
A. 7 B. 3 C. 1/3 D. 1/7
Gii :
Thi gian phn r t = 3T
S ht nhn cn li : 7
8
7
8
1
2
0 3
0

N
N
N N N
N
N
Loi 3 : Xc nh khi lng ca ht nhn con :
- Cho phn r : Y X
B
Z
A
Z '
+ tia phng x . Bit m0 , T ca ht nhn m.
Ta c : 1 ht nhn m phn r th s c 1 ht nhn con tao thnh.
Do : NX (phng x) = NY (to thnh)
S mol cht b phn r bng s mol cht to thnh
Y
X
X
n
A
m
n

Khi lng cht to thnh l
A
B m
m
X
Y
.
. Tng qut : mcon =
con
me
me
A
A
m
.
Lu : trong phn r : khi lng ht nhn con hnh thnh bng khi lng ht nhn m b phn r
Bi 1: ng v
24
11
Na l cht phng x
-
to thnh ht nhn magi
24
12
Mg. Ban u c 12gam Na v chu k bn
r l 15 gi. Sau 45 h th khi lng Mg to thnh l :
A. 10,5g B. 5,16 g C. 51,6g D. 0,516g
Gii
Nhn xt : t = 3.T nn ta dng hm m 2 gii cho nhanh bi ton :
- khi lng Na b phn r sau 45 = 3T gi : m =
) 2 1 ( 12 ) 2 1 (
3
1
0

T
t
m

m = 10,5 g .
Suy ra khi lng ca mg to thnh : m
con
=
5 , 10 24 .
24
5 , 10 .

me
con me
A
A m
gam.
Chn p n A
Bi 2 : Cht phng x Poloni Po
210
84
c chu k bn r T = 138 ngy phng ra tia v bin thnh ng v ch
Pb
206
82
,ban u c 0,168g poloni . Hi sau 414 ngy m c :
a. Bao nhiu nguyn t poloni b phn r?
b. Tim khi lng ch hnh thnh trong thi gian
Gii :
t = 414 ngy = 3T
a.S nguyn t b phn r sau 3 chu ki:
0
3
0 0 0
8
7
2 N N N N N N

hay khi lng cht b phn r m =
0
8
7
m
= 0,147g
20 23 0
10 . 214 , 4 10 . 023 , 6 .
210 . 8
168 , 0 . 7
8
7

A
N
A
m
N nguyn t
b.Khi lng ch hnh thnh trong 414 ngy m:
m
con
= con
me
me
A
A
m
.
=
g 144 , 0 206 .
210
147 , 0
Loi 4: Xc nh chu k bn r T:
a) Cho m & m
0
( hoc N & N
0
) hay H&H
0
:
- Bit sau thi gian t th mu vt c t l m/m0 ( hay N/N0 ) . Tm chu k bn r T ca mu vt ?
Nu
0
m
m
=
0
N
N
=
n
2
1
(vi n N
*
)
n
t
T n
T
t
.
Nu t s :
0
m
m
=
0
N
N
khng p th:
m T
t
m

2 .
0

,
_
0
2
0
log 2
m
m
T
t
m
m
T
t
T=.
Tng t cho s nguyn t v phng x:
N T
t
N

2 .
0

,
_
0
2
0
log 2
N
N
T
t
N
N
T
t
T=.
H T
t
H

2 .
0

,
_
0
2
0
log 2
H
H
T
t
H
H
T
t
T=.
Bi 1 : Mt lng cht phng x sau 12 nm th cn li 1/16 khi lng ban u ca n. Chu k bn r ca cht
l
A. 3 nm B. 4,5 nm C. 9 nm D. 48 nm
Gii :
Ta c
0
m
m
=
n
2
1
=
4
2
1
16
1

n
t
T n
T
t
. =
4
12
= 3 nm
Chon p n A. 3 nm
Bi 2 : Sau thi gian t, phng x ca mt cht phng x
-
gim 128 ln. Chu k bn r ca cht phng x l
A. 128t. B.
128
t
. C.
7
t
. D. 128 t.
Gii:
Ta c
0
H
H
n
2
1
=
7
2
1
128
1

7
7
t
T
T
t
p n C
Bi 3: Sau khong thi gian 1 ngy m 87,5% khi lng ban u ca mt cht phng x b phn r thnh cht khc. Chu k
bn r ca cht phng x l
A. 12 gi. B. 8 gi. C. 6 gi. D. 4 gi.
Tm tt Gii :

?
24
% 5 , 87
0
T
h t
m
m
Ta c :
3
0 0
0
2
1
8 8
7
8
7
100
5 , 87

m
m
m
m
m
m

Hay
h
t
T
T
t
8
3
24
3
3
b.Dng my o xung phng x pht ra:
- Mt mu vt cht cha phng x. ti thi im t1 my o c H1 xung phng x v sau 1 khong t ti t2 o c
H2 xung phng x. Tm chu k bn r ca ng v phng x l ?
Chn thi im ban u ti t1. Khi : t0 t1 c H0 H1 v t t2 c H H2 .Suy ra c :

t
e H H
.
0
.

0
.
H
H
e
t
,
_
0
ln
2 ln .
H
H
t
T

Hoc T
t
H H

2 .
0

0
2
H
H
T
t
,
_

0
2
log
H
H
T
t
Bi 1:Ti thi im t
1
, phng ca Po
210
84
l H
1
= 3,7.10
10
Bq. Sau khong thi gian 276 ngy phng x
ca mu cht trn l 9,25.10
9
Bq. Tim chu ki bn r ca poloni
Tm tt: Gii
Po
210
84
t H
1
= H
0
v H
2
= H t = t =276 ngay
t
1
: H
1
= 3,7.10
10
Bq Ta c T
t
H H

2 .
0

0
2
H
H
T
t
,
_

0
2
log
H
H
T
t
t = 276 ngy
138
2
2
t
T
T
t
ngy
t
2
: H
2
= 9,25.10
9
Bq
T = ?
Bi 2 : Magi Mg
27
12
phng x vi chu k bn r l T, lc t
1
phng x ca mt mu magie l 2,4.10
6
Bq.
Vo lc t
2
phng x ca mu magi l 8.10
5
Bq. S ht nhn b phn r t thi im t
1
n thi im t
2
l
13,85.10
8
ht nhn. Tim chu k bn r T
A. T = 12 pht B. T = 15 pht C. T = 10 pht D.T = 16 pht
Tm tt Gii
t
1
: H
1
= 2,4.10
6
Bq H
0
= H
1
= N
0
t
2
: H
2
= 8.10
5
Bq H
2
= H = N H
1
H
2
= H
0
H = (N
0
N)
N= 13,85.10
8

H H N
T

0
.
2 ln

s N
H H
T 600 .
2 ln
0

= 10 pht
T = ?
Loi 5: Xc nh thi gian phng x , tui th vt cht.
Tng t nh dng 4 :
Lu : cc i lng m & m
0
, N & N
0
, H &H
0
phi cng n v ..
Bi 1: Mt ng v phng x c chu k bn r T. C sau mt khong thi gian bng bao nhiu th s ht nhn b
phn r trong khong thi gian bng ba ln s ht nhn cn li ca ng v y?
A. 2T. B. 3T. C. 0,5T. D. T.
Tm tt Gii
m=3m Theo , ta c :
3
2 .
) 2 1 (
0
0

T
t
T
t
m
m
m
m

t = ?T
4 2 3 1 2
T
t
T
t
t = 2T.
Chn p n : A
Bi 2: Mt cht phng x c chu k bn r l 360 gi. Sau bao lu th khi lng ca n ch cn 1/32 khi lng
ban u :
A. 75 ngy B. 11,25 gi C. 11,25 ngy D. 480 ngy
Gii
T = 360h Ta c
32
1
0

m
m
5
2
1

5
T
t
t = 5T

32
1
0

m
m
t = 1800 gi = 75 ngy.
t = ? Chn p n A.
Bi 3: phng x ca mt tng g bng 0,8 ln phng x ca mu g cng loi cng khi lng va mi
cht. Bit chu k ca
14
C l 5600 nm. Tui ca tng g l :
A. 1900 nm B. 2016 nm C. 1802 nm D. 1890 nm
Tm tt Gii
m nh nhau Theo ta c :
H=0,8H
0

32 , 0 8 , 0 log 8 , 0 2
2
0

T
t
H
H
T
t
.

t = ? t = 0,32T = 0,32.5600 = 1802 nm
Chn p n C
III. PHN NG HT NHN:
Loi 1: Xc nh ht nhn cn thiu v s ht ( tia phng x ) trong phn ng ht nhn .
a) Xc nh tn ht nhn cn thiu :
- p dng nh lut bo ton s khi v in tch .
Ch : nn hc thuc mt vi cht c s in tch thng gp trong phn ng ht nhn (khng cn quan tm n s
khi v nguyn t loi no ch ph thuc vo Z : s th t trong bng HTTH
- Mt vi loi ht phng x v c trng v in tch, s khi ca chng :
ht
4
2
He , ht ntron
1
0
n , ht proton
1
1
p , tia

0
1
e , tia
+

0
1 . +
e , tia c bn cht l sng in
t.b) Xc nh s cc ht ( tia ) phng x pht ra ca mt phn ng :
- Thng thng th loi bi tp ny thuc phn ng phn r ht nhn . Khi ht nhn m sau nhiu ln phng x to
ra x ht v y ht ( ch l cc phn ng ch yu to loi

v ngun phng x
+
l rt him ) . Do khi gii bi tp
loi ny c cho l
, nu gii h hai n khng c nghim th mi gii vi

+
- Vic gii s ht hai loi tia phng x th da trn bi tp dng a) trn.
Bi1 : Tm ht nhn X trong phn ng ht nhn sau :
10
5
Bo + X +
8
4
Be
A.
3
1
T B.
2
1
D C.
1
0
n D.
1
1
p
Gii
Xc nh ht c Z= ? v A= ? .
4
2
He
p dng nh lut bo ton s khi v in tch.
Khi suy ra : X c in tch Z = 2+ 4 5 =1
v s khi A = 4 + 8 10 = 2.
Vy X l ht nhn
2
1
D ng v phng x ca H.
Chn p n B.
Bi 2. Trong phn ng sau y : n +
235
92
U
95
42
Mo +
139
57
La + 2X + 7
; ht X l
A. Electron B. Proton C. Hli D. Ntron
Gii
Ta phi xc nh c in tch v s khi ca cc tia & ht cn li trong phn ng :

1
0
n ;
0
1

p dng nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi ta c : 2 ht X c
2Z = 0+92 42 57 7.(-1) = 0
2A = 1 + 235 95 139 7.0 = 2 .
Vy suy ra X c Z = 0 v A = 1. l ht ntron
1
0
n .
Chn p n : D
Bi 3 . Ht nhn
24
11
Na phn r
v bin thnh ht nhn X . S khi A v nguyn t s Z c gi tr

A. A = 24 ; Z =10 B. A = 23 ; Z = 12 C. A = 24 ; Z =12 D. A = 24 ; Z = 11
Gii
- T bi, ta c din bin ca phn ng trn l :
24
11
Na X +
0
1
.
- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi , ta c : X c Z = 11 (-1) = 12.
v s khi A = 24 0 = 24 ( ni thm X chnh l
24
12
Mg ).
Chn p n C.
Bi 4. Urani 238 sau mot loat phong xa va bien thanh ch. Phng trnh cua phan
ng la:

238
92
U
206
82
Pb + x
4
2
He + y
0
1
. y co gia tr l :
A. y = 4 B. y = 5 C. y = 6 D. y = 8
Gii
- Bi tp ny chnh l loi ton gii phng trnh hai n , nhng ch l ht

c s khi A = 0 , do phng
trnh bo ton s khi ch c n x ca ht . Sau thay gi tr x tm c vo phng trnh bo ton in tch
ta tm c y.
- Chi tit bi gii nh sau :
'
'
'
+
+
6
8
10 2
8
10 82 92 ). 1 ( 2
32 206 238 . 0 4
y
x
y x
x
y x
y x
.
- Vy gi tr y = 6.
Chn p n : C
Bi 5. Sau bao nhiu ln phng x v bao nhiu ln phng x
th ht nhn
232
90
Th bin i thnh ht nhn
208
82
Pb ?
A. 4 ln phng x ; 6 ln phng x
B. 6 ln phng x ; 8 ln phng x
C. 8 ln phng x ; 6 ln phng x
D. 6 ln phng x ; 4 ln phng x
Gii .
- Theo ta c qu trnh phn ng :
232
90
Th
208
82
Pb + x
4
2
He + y
0
1
.
- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi , ta c :

'
'
'
+
+
4
6
8 2
6
8 82 90 ). 1 ( 2
24 208 232 . 0 4
y
x
y x
x
y x
y x
.
Vy c 6 ht v 4 ht

. Chn p n : D.
Bi 6. Cho phn ng ht nhn : T + X + n . X l ht nhn .
A. ntron B. proton C. Triti D. tri
Gii
- Ta phi bit cu to ca cc ht khc trong phn ng :
3
1
T ,
4
2
He ,
1
0
n .
- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi , ta c :
X c in tch Z = 2 + 0 1 = 1 & s khi A = 4 + 1 3 = 2 . Vy X l
2
1
D
Chn p n : D
Loi 2: Tm nng lng to ra ca phn ng phn hch, nhit hch khi bit khi lng v tnh nng lng
cho nh my ht nhn hoc nng lng thay th :
o Lu phn ng nhit hch hay phn ng phn hch l cc phn ng ta nng lng
- Cho khi lng ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn ng : M0 v M . Tm nng lng to ra khi xy 1 phn ng ( phn
hch hoc nhit hch ):
Nng lng to ra : E = ( M0 M ).c
2
MeV. (3.1)
o Suy ra nng lng to ra trong m gam phn hch (hay nhit hch ) :
E = Q.N = Q.
A
N
A
m
. MeV
Bi 1:
235
92
U +
1
0
n
95
42
Mo +
139
57
La +2
1
0
n + 7e
-
l mt phn ng phn hch ca Urani 235. Bit khi
lng ht nhn : m
U
= 234,99 u ; m
Mo
= 94,88 u ; m
La
= 138,87 u ; m
n
= 1,0087 u.Cho nng sut to nhit ca xng
l 46.106 J/kg . Khi lng xng cn dng c th to nng lng tng ng vi 1 gam U phn hch ?
A. 1616 kg B. 1717 kg C.1818 kg D.1919 kg
Tm tt Gii
m
U
= 234,99 u S ht nhn nguyn t
235
U trong 1 gam vt cht U l :
m
Mo
= 94,88 u N =
A
N
A
m
. =
21 23
10 . 5617 , 2 10 . 02 , 6 .
235
1
ht .
m
La
= 138,87 u Nng lng to ra khi gii phng hon ton 1 ht nhn
235
U m
n
= 1,0087 u
phn hch l:
q = 46.106 J/kg E = ( M
0
M ).c
2

Khi lng xng m?

= ( m
U
+ m
n
m
Mo
m
La
2m
n
).c
2
= 215,3403 MeV
Nng lng khi 1 gam U phn ng phn hch :
E = E.N = 5,5164.10
23

MeV = 5,5164.10
23

.1,6.10
3
J
= 8,8262 J
- Khi lng xng cn dng c nng lng tng ng
Q = E
m
1919
10 . 46
6

Q
kg.
Chn p n D
Bi 2 : Cho phn ng ht nhn: X He T D + +
4
2
3
1
2
1
. Ly ht khi ca ht nhn T, ht nhn D, ht nhn He ln
lt l 0,009106 u; 0,002491 u; 0,030382 u v 1u = 931,5 MeV/c
2
. Nng lng ta ra ca phn ng xp x bng :
Tm tt Gii
T= 0,009106 u y l phn ng nhit hch to nng lng c tnh theo D= 0,002491 u
ht khi ca cc cht.
He = 0,030382 u Phi xc nh y ht khi cc cht trc v sau
1u = 931,5 MeV/c
2
phn ng.
E ? Ht nhn X l n
1
0
l ntron nn c m = 0.
E = ( m
sau
m
trc
)c
2

= (m
He
+ m
n
m
H
+ m
T
)
.
c
2
= 17,498 MeV
Chn p n : B
Bi 3: Tm nng lng ta ra khi mt ht nhn
234
92
U phng x tia v to thnh ng v Thri
230
90
Th . Cho cc
nng lng lin kt ring ca ht l 7,1 MeV, ca
234
U l 7,63 MeV, ca
230
Th l 7,7 MeV.
Tm tt Gii
W
r
= 7,1 MeV y l bi ton tnh nng lng to ra ca mt phn r
W
rU
= 7,63 MeV phng x khi bit Wlk ca cc ht nhn trong phn ng .
W
rTh
= 7,7 MeV. Nn phi xc nh c W
lk
t d kin W
lk ring
ca bi.
E ? W
lk U
= 7,63.234 = 1785,42 MeV ,
W
lk Th
= 7,7.230 = 1771 MeV ,
W
lk
= 7,1.4= 28,4 MeV
E = W
lk sau
W
lk trc

= W
lk Th
+ W
lk
W
lk U
= 13,98 MeV
Chn p n : B
Bi 4:Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: MeV n He H H 25 , 3
1
0
4
2
2
1
2
1
+ + +
Bit ht khi ca H
2
1
l
2
/ 931 1 0024 , 0 c MeV u v u m
D
. Nng lng lin kt ht nhn He
4
2
l
A. 7,7188 MeV B. 77,188 MeV C. 771,88 MeV D. 7,7188 eV
Tm tt: Gii
u m
D
0024 , 0 MeV n He H H 25 , 3
1
0
4
2
2
1
2
1
+ + +

2
/ 931 1 c MeV u Nng lng ta ra ca phn ng:

lk
W
E = ( m
sau
m
trc
)c
2

= W
lksau
2m
D
c
2
W
lk
= E +2m
D
c
2
= 7,7188MeVChn p n A
Bi 5 : cho phn ng ht nhn:
3
1
T +
2
1
D

4
2
He + X +17,6MeV . Tnh nng lng to ra t phn ng trn khi
tng hp c 2g Hli.
A. 52,976.10
23
MeV B. 5,2976.10
23
MeV C. 2,012.10
23
MeV D.2,012.10
24
MeV
Gii:
- S nguyn t hli c trong 2g hli:
N =
A
N m
A
.
=
4
10 . 023 , 6 . 2
23
= 3,01.10
23
MeV
- Nng lng to ra gp N ln nng lng ca mt phn ng nhit hch:
E = N.Q = 3,01.10
23
.17,6 = 52,976.10
23
MeV
Chn p n A.
Loi 3: Xc nh phn ng ht nhn ta hoc thu nng lng
- Xt phn ng ht nhn : A + B C + D .
- Khi : + M0 = mA + mB l tng khi lng ngh ca cc ht nhn trc phn ng .
+ M = mC + mD l tng khi lng ngh ca cc ht nhn sau phn ng .
- Ta c nng lng ca phn ng c xc nh : E = ( M0 M)c
2
+ nu M0 > M E > 0 : phn ng to nhit .
+ nu M0 < M E < 0 : phn ng thu nhit .
Bi 1 :Thc hin phn ng ht nhn sau :
23
11
Na +
2
1
D
4
2
He +
20
10
Ne .
Bit m
Na
= 22,9327 u ; m
He
= 4,0015 u ; m
Ne
= 19,9870 u ; m
D
= 1,0073 u. Phn ng
trn to hay thu mt nng lng bng bao nhiu J ?
A.thu 2,2375 MeV B. to 2,3275 MeV. C.thu 2,3275 MeV D. to 2,2375 MeV
Gii
- Ta c nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn trn l :
E = ( M
0
M ).c
2
= ( m
Na
+ m
He
m
Ne
m
D
)c
2
= 2,3275 MeV> 0
y l phn ng to nng lng .
Chn p n B.
Bi 2 : Cho phn ng ht nhn: n Ar H Cl
1
0
37
18
1
1
37
17
+ + phn ng trn ta hay thu bao nhiu nng lng? Bit mCl =
36,956563u, mH = 1,007276u, mAr =36,956889u, 1u = 931MeV/c
2

Tm tt Gii:
Xc nh phn ng Tnh E
ta hay thu nng lng E= ( mCl + mH mAr mn ) 931= -1,6 MeV
mCl = 36,956563u Phn ng thu nng lng 1,6MeV
mH = 1,007276u, mAr =36,956889u 1u = 931MeV/c
2.
.

E ?
Loi 3. ng nng v vn tc ca cc ht trong phn ng ht nhn .
- Xt phn ng ht nhn : A + B C + D .
a) Khi bit khi lng y ca cc cht tham gia phn ng .
- Ta s p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng :
M0c
2
+ KA +KB = Mc
2
+ KC +KD E = (M0 M )c
2
Nn: E + KA + KB = KC + KD
Du ca E cho bit phn ng thu hay ta nng lng
b) Khi bit khi lng khng y v mt vi iu kin v ng nng v vn tc ca ht nhn .
- Ta s p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng :
D C B A
P P P P

+ +
- Lu :
m
P
K mK P
2
2
2
2
( K l ng nng ca cc ht )
Bi 1: Ht bn vo ht nhn Al ng yn gy ra phn ng : +
27
13
Al
30
15
P + n. phn ng ny thu nng
lng Q= 2,7 MeV. Bit hai ht sinh ra c cng vn tc, tnh ng nng ca ht . ( coi khi lng ht nhn
bng s khi ca chng).
A. 1,3 MeV B. 13 MeV C. 3,1 MeV D. 31 MeV
Gii
- Ta c
n
P
n
p
m
m
K
K
=30 K
p
= 30 K
n
M Q = K
( K
p
+ K
n
) (1)
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng: m

.v
= ( m
p
+ m
n
)v
n P
m m
v m
v
+

M tng ng nng ca h hai ht : K
p
+ K
n
=
) 2 (
) ( 2
) ( 1
2
) (
2
1
2
2
2
n P n P
n P
n P
n P
m m
K m
m m
v m
m m
v m m m
v m m
+
,
_
+
+
+

Th (2) vo (1) ta c K
= 3,1MeV
Chn p n C.
Bi 2 : ngi ta dng ht prtn c ng nng W
p
= 2,69 MeV bn vo ht nhn Liti ng yn thu c 2 ht c
cng ng nng . cho m
p
= 1,,0073u; m
Li
= 7,0144u; m
=4,0015u ; 1u = 931 MeV/c

2
. tnh ng nng v vn tc
ca mi ht to thnh?
A. 9,755 MeV ; 3,2.10
7
m/s B.10,55 MeV ; 2,2.10
7
m/s
C. 10,55 MeV ; 3,2.10
7
m/s D. 9,755.10
7
; 2,2.10
7
m/s.
Gii
Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn l : Q = ( M
0
M ).c
2
= 0,0187uc
2
= 17,4097 MeV.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ta c Q +W
p
= 2W
W

= MeV
W Q
p
05 , 10
2

+
Vn tc ca mi ht l: v =
0015 , 4 . 931
2

W
c =2,2.10
7
m/s.
Chn p n B.
Bi 3: Mt ntron c ng nng W
n
= 1,1 MeV bn vo ht nhn Liti ng yn gy ra phn ng:

1
0
n +
6
3
Li X+
4
2
He .
Bit ht nhn He bay ra vung gc vi ht nhn X. ng nng ca ht nhn X v He ln lt l :?
Cho m
n
= 1,00866 u;m
x
= 3,01600u ; m
He
= 4,0016u; m
Li
= 6,00808u.
A.0,12 MeV & 0,18 MeV B.0,1 MeV & 0,2 MeV
C.0,18 MeV & 0,12 MeV D. 0,2 MeV & 0,1 MeV
Gii
- Ta c nng lng ca phn ng l : : Q = ( m
n
+ m
Li
m
x
m
He
).c
2
= - 0,8 MeV ( y l phn ng thu
nng lng )
- p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng:

+
X He
p p pn

2 2 2
X He n
P P P +
2m
n
W
n
= 2m
He
.W
He
+ 2m
x
W
x
(1)
- p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng :Q =W
x
+W
He
W
n
= -0,8 (2)
T (1),(2) ta c h phng trnh:
'
'
+
+
1 , 0
2 , 0
3 , 0
1 , 1 3 4
X
He
X He
X
e
H
W
W
W W
W W
MeV
Chn p n B.
C. KT LUN
Qua thi gian ging dy ti thy rng vi vic phn loi bi tp nh trn gip hc sinh
c ci nhn ng n v hng th hn khi hoc phn vt l ht nhn. Cc em khng cn tng
tng b ng khi gp cc bi tp ny. Chnh v vy m kt qu thi i hc v thi hc sinh gii
c hiu qu nht nh. Trong thc t ging dy ti thy cn c nhiu cu hi i lin vi
bi ton ny .Tuy nhin do trnh v thi gian c hn nn ti cha th cp ti cc vn
mt cch su rng c rt mong c s gp ca cc ng nghip ti c hon
thin hn.
Tnh nng lng lin kt ring ca cc ht nhn sau suy ra bn vng ca cc ht nhn:
IX.1. Cho phn ng ht nhn
25 25
12 12
Mg X Na + + , ht nhn X l ht no?
p n: ht
IX.2. Cht phng x

210
84
Po pht ra tia
v bin i thnh
206
82
Pb . Bit khi lng ca cc ht l
205, 9744
Pb
m u
,
209, 9828
Po
m u
,
4, 0026 m u

. Tnh nng lng ta ra khi mt ht nhn Po phn r.
p n: 5,4 MeV
IX.3.
24
11
Na l cht phng x
vi chu k bn r l 15h. Ban u c mt lng

24
11
Na th sau mt thi gian bao
nhiu th lng cht phng x trn b phn r 75%?
p n: 30h
D. BI TP LUYN TP
9.1 Pht biu no sau y l sai khi ni v ht nhn nguyn t?
A. Ht nhn c nguyn t s Z th cha Z prtn.
B. S nucln bng s khi A ca ht nhn.
C. S ntrn N bng hiu s khi A v s prtn Z.
D. Ht nhn trung ha v in.
9.2 Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to t
A. prtn, ntron v lectron. B. ntron v lectron.
C. prtn v ntron. D. prtn v lectron.
9.3 S ntron trong ht nhn Al
27
13
l bao nhiu ?
A. 13. B. 14. C. 27. D. 40.
9.4 Cc nucln trong ht nhn nguyn t Na
23
11
gm
A. 11 prtn. B. 11 prtn v 12 ntrn.
C. 12 ntrn. D. 12 prtn v 11 ntrn.
9.5 ng v l nhng nguyn t m ht nhn:
A. c cng khi lng. B. cng s Z, khc s A.
C. cng s Z, cng s A. D. cng s A
9.6 Pht biu no sau y l sai?
A. 1u = 1/12 khi lng ca ng v C
12
6
. B. 1u = 1,66055.10
-31
kg.
C. 1u = 931,5 MeV/c
2
D. Tt c u sai.
9.7 Lc ht nhn l lc no sau y?
A. lc in. B. lc tng tc gia cc nucln.
C. lc t. D. lc tng tc gia Prtn v lctron
9.8 Bn cht lc tng tc gia cc nuclon trong ht nhn l
A. lc tnh in B. lc hp dn
C. lc tnh in D. lc tng tc mnh
9.9 Phm vi tc dng ca lc tng tc mnh trong ht nhn l
A. 10
-13
cm B. 10
-8
cm C. 10
-10
cm D. V hn
9.10 *Mt lng kh oxi cha N = 3,76.10
22
nguyn t. Khi lng ca lng kh l
A. 20g B. 10g C. 5g D. 2,5g
9.11 *S nguyn t oxi cha trong 4,4g kh CO

2
l
A. 6,023.10
22
nguyn t B. 6,023.10
23
nguyn t
C. 1,2046.10
22
nguyn t D. 1,2046.10
23
nguyn t
9.12 ht khi ca ht nhn X

A
Z
A. lun c gi tr ln hn 1
B. lun c gi tr m
C. c th dng, c th m.
D. c xc nh bi cng thc
. ( ).
p N hn
m Z m A Z m m 1 +
]
9.13 so snh bn vng gia hai ht nhn chng ta da vo i lng
A. Nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn.
B. ht khi ca ht nhn.
C. Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn.
D. S khi A ca ht nhn.
9.14 Khi lng ca ht nhn
232
90
Th l m
Th
= 232,0381(u), bit khi lng ca ntrn l m
n
=1,0087 (u) khi lng
prtn l m
p
= 1,0073 (u). ht khi ca ht nhn
232
90
Th l
A. 1,8543 (u) B. 18,543 (u) C. 185,43 (u) D. 1854,3 (u)
9.15 Khi lng ca ht nhn Be

10
4
l 10,0113 (u), khi lng ca ntrn l m
n
= 1,0086 (u) khi lng prtn
l m
p
= 1,0072 (u) v 1u = 931 MeV/c
2
. Nng lng lin kt ht nhn Be
10
4
l
A. 64,332 (MeV) B. 6,4332 (MeV) C. 0,64332 (MeV) D. 6,4332 (KeV)
9.16 Cho bit m

p
= 1,0073u ; m
n
= 1,0087u ; m
D
= 2,0136u ; 1u = 931 MeV/c
2
. Tm nng lng lin kt ca
nguyn t tri H
2
1
A. 9,45 MeV B. 2,23 MeV C. 0,23 MeV D. Mt gi tr khc.
9.17 Cho
2
4, 0015 ; 1, 0087 ; 1, 0073 ; 1 931, 5 /
n p
m u m u m u u MeV c

. Nng lng cn thit tch cc ht
nhn trong 1g
4
2
He thnh cc proton v cc notron t do l
A. 4,28.10
24
MeV B. 6,85.10
11
J C.1,9.10
5
kWh D. Tt c u ng
9.18 Mt khi lng prtn l m

p
= 1,0073u ; khi lng ntrn l m
n
= 1,0087u ; khi lng ht l m
=
4,0015u ; 1u = 931,5 MeV/c
2
. Nng lng lin kt ring ca He
4
2
l
A. 28,4 MeV B. 7,1 MeV C. 1,3 MeV D. 0,326 MeV
9.19 Cho khi lng cc ht nhn : m

Al
= 26,974u ; m
= 4,0015u ; m
p
= 29,970u ; m
n
= 1,0087u v 1u = 931,5
MeV/c
2
. Phn ng : n Al
30
15
27
13
+ + P s ta hay thu bao nhiu nng lng?
A. Phn ng ta nng lng = 2,98MeV. B. Phn ng ta nng lng = 2,98 J.
C. Phn ng thu nng lng = 2,98MeV. D. Phn ng thu nng lng = 2,98 J.
9.20 *Cho khi lng cc ht nhn m

C12
= 11,9967 u ; m
= 4,0015 u. Nng lng ti thiu cn thit chia ht

nhn
12
C thnh ba ht c gi tr bng
A. 0,0078 (
2
c
MeV
) B. 0,0078 (uc
2
) C. 0,0078 (MeV) D. 7,2618 (uc
2
)
9.21 Chn pht biu sai

A. Phng x l qu trnh ht nhn t pht ra tia phng x v bin i thnh ht nhn khc.
B. Phng x l qu trnh tun hon c chu k T gi l chu k bn r.
C. Phng x l trng hp ring ca phn ng ht nhn.
D. Phng x tun theo nh lut phng x.
9.22 Trong phng x th ht nhn con s
A. li hai trong bng phn loi tun hon. B. tin hai trong bng phn loi tun hon.
C. li mt trong bng phn loi tun hon. D. tin mt trong bng phn loi tun hon.
9.23 Khi phng x , ht nhn nguyn t s thay i nh th no?
A. S khi gim 4, s prtn gim 2. B. S khi gim 2, s prtn gi nguyn.
C. S khi gim 4, s prtn tng 1. D. S khi gim 2, s prtn gim 1.
9.24 Trong phng x
, trong bng phn loi tun hon, ht nhn con so vi ht nhn m

A. tin hai . B. Li mt .
C. tin mt . D. Khng thay i v tr.
9.25 Trong phng x
+
, trong bng phn loi tun hon, ht nhn con so vi ht nhn m
A. tin hai . B. Li mt .
C. tin mt . D. Khng thay i v tr.
9.26 Chn cu tr li sai
phng x H
(t)
ca mt khi cht phng x xc nh ph thuc vo
A. Khi lng cht phng x. B. Chu k bn r.
C. Bn cht ca cht phng x. D. iu kin ngoi.
9.27 Tia phng x khng b lch hng trong in trng l
A. tia
B. tia
C. tia
D. c ba tia
9.28 Tia phng x chuyn ng chm nht l
A. tia
B. tia
C. tia
D. c ba tia nh nhau
9.29 Tia phng x m xuyn km nht l
A. tia
B. tia
C. tia
D. c ba tia nh nhau
9.30 S ging nhau gia cc tia
, ,
l
A. u l tia phng x, khng nhn thy c, c pht ra t cc cht phng x.
B. Vn tc truyn trong chn khng bng c = 3.10
8
m/s.
C. Trong in trng hay trong t trng u khng b lch hng.
D. Kh nng ion ho cht kh v m xuyn rt mnh.
9.31 Chn pht biu ng
Phn ng ht nhn tun theo nh lut bo ton no?
A. Bo ton in tch, khi lng, nng lng.
B. Bo ton in tch, s khi, ng lng.
C. Bo ton in tch, khi lng, ng lng, nng lng.
D. Bo ton in tch, s khi, ng lng, nng lng.
9.32 Chn cu tr li ng. Phng trnh phng x: X Po
A
Z
+
210
84
. Trong Z , A l
A. Z=82, A=206. B. Z=82, A=208. C. Z=85, A=210. D. Z=84, A=210
9.33 Ht nhn C
14
6
phng x
. Ht nhn con sinh ra l

A. 5p v 6n. B. 6p v 7n C. 7p v 7n D. 7p v 6n
9.34 Ht nhn poloni Po

210
84
phn r cho ht nhn con l ch Pb
206
82
. c s phng x tia
A. B.
-
C.
+
D.
9.35 Phng trnh phng x : Ar n X Cl

37
18
A
Z
37
17
+ + . Trong Z, A l
A. Z = 1 ; A = 1 B. Z = 1 ; A = 3 C. Z = 2 ; A = 3 D. Z = 2 ; A = 4
9.36 Hy cho bit x v y l cc nguyn t g trong cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn sau y
n x Be
9
4
+ + v y O F p
16
8
19
9
+ + .
A. x : C
14
6
; y : H
1
1
B. x : C
12
6
; y : Li
7
3
C. x : C
12
6
; y : He
4
2
D. x : B
10
5
; y : Li
7
3

9.37 Urani phn r theo chui phng x:
238
92
A
Z
U Th Pa X

+ +
. Trong Z, A l:
A. Z=90; A=236. B. Z=90; A=238. C. Z=92; A=234. D. Z=90; A=234.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
9.38 Ht nhn urani U

235
92
sau khi pht ra cc bc x
,
cui cng cho ng v bn ca ch Pb
206
92
. S ht
,
pht ra l
A. 8 ht
v 10 ht
+
B. 8 ht
v 6 ht

C. 4 ht
v 2 ht
D. 8 ht
v 8 ht
Bi 4: Mt phng th nghim nhn c mt mu cht phng x c chu k bn r l 25 ngy. Khi em ra s dng

th thy khi lng mu cht ch cn khi lng ban u. Thi gian t lc nhn mu v ti lc em ra s dng
A. 5 ngy B. 25 ngy C. 50 ngy D. 200 ngy
9.39 Cht phng x Po

210
84
phng x ra tia
v bin thnh ch
206
82
. Bit chu k bn r ca Po l 138 ngy. Ban
u c 336 mg Po
210
84
. Khi lng ch c to thnh sau 414 ngy l
A. 228,4 mg B. 294 mg C. 228,4 mg D. 294 g
9.40 Gi H
0
v H
(t)
ln lt l phng x thi im t = 0 v t =2T.
A. H
(t)
= 2 H
0
B. H
(t)
= 4 H
0
C. H
(t)
= H
0
/ 2 D. H
(t)
= H
0
/ 4

9.41 Mt ng v phng x c chu k bn x T. Sau 105 gi k t thi im ban u (t

0
= 0) th s nguyn t ca
mu cht gim i 128 ln. Chu k bn r T l.
A. 15 h B. 30 h C. 45 h D. 105 h

9.42 Mt khi cht phng x it I

131
53
sau 24 ngy th khi cht phng x gim bt 87,5%. Tnh chu k bn r ca
I
131
53
A. 8 ngy B. 16 ngy C. 24 ngy D. 32 ngy
9.43 Mt ngun phng x nhn to c chu k bn r 5 ngy, ban u ngun c phng x ln hn mc phng
x cho php 16 ln. Thi gian ti thiu c th lm vic an ton vi ngun ny l
A. 1,25 ngy B. 80 ngy C. 20 ngy D. mt gi tr khc
9.44 Mt tng c bng g c phng x ca n gim 93,5% ln phng x ca mt khc g c cng khi
lng vi tng c v va cht. Bit chu k bn r ca C
14
l 5600 nm. Tui ca tung g l
A. 1400 nm B. 11200 nm C. 16800 nm D. 22400 nm
9.45 Ht nhn no sau y khng th phn hch?

A. U
239
92
B. U
238
92
C. C
12
6
D. Pb
239
94
9.46 Phn ng phn hch trong l phn ng ht nhn c iu khin s ntron l
A. k=0. B. k=1. C. k=2. D. k=3.
9.47 Pht biu no sau y l sai khi ni v phn ng phn hch?
A. To ra hai ht nhn c khi lng trung bnh.
B. Xy ra do s hp th ntrn chm.
C. Ch xy ra vi ht nhn nguyn t U
235
92
.
D. L phn ng ta nng lng.
9.48 *Bit khi lng ca cc ht nhn
u m u m u m u m
n p C
0087 , 1 ; 0073 , 1 ; 0015 , 4 ; 000 , 12
v
2
/ 931 1 c Mev u . Nng lng cn thit ti thiu chia ht nhn C
12
6
thnh ba ht
theo n v Jun l
A. 6,7.10
-13
J B. 6,7.10
-15
J C. 6,7.10
-17
J D. 6,7.10
-19
J
9.49 iu no sau y sai khi ni v phn ng tng hp ht nhn ?

A. phn ng tng hp ht nhn l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu ht nhn nh hp li thnh mt ht nhn
nng hn.
B. phn ng ch xy ra nhit rt cao (50-100 triu ).
C. l loi phn ng ta nng lng.
D. nng lng tng hp ht nhn gy nhin nng cho mi trng.
9.50 Chn cu tr li sai
Phn ng nhit hch
A. Ch xy ra nhit rt cao.
B. Trong lng mt tri v cc ngi sao xy ra phn ng nhit hch.
C. Con ngui to ra phn ng nhit hch di dng kim sot c.
D. Dc p dng ch to bom kinh kh.
9.51 L do khin con ngui quan tm n phn ng nhit hch v
A. n cung cp cho con ngui ngun nng lng v hn.
B. v mt sinh thi, phn ng nhit hch sch hn phn ng phn hch.
C. c t cht thi phng x lm nhim mi trng.
D. C ba cu trn u ng.
9.52 Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: p T D D
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
+ + . Bit khi lng cc ht nhn H
2
1
l
. / 931 1 0073 , 1 ; 016 , 3 ; 0163 , 2
2
c MeV u v u m u m u m
p T D

Nng lng to ra ca phn ng
A. 1,8 MeV B. 2,6 MeV C. 3,6 MeV D. 8,7 MeV
9.53 Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: Ne He X Na

20
10
4
2
23
11
+ + .
. / 931 10 . 66 , 1 1 ; 0073 , 1 ; 9870 , 19 ; 0015 , 4 ; 9837 , 22
2 27
c MeV kg u u m u m u m u m
X Ne He Na

Phn
ng trn
A. to nng lng 2,33 MeV B. thu nng lng 2,33 MeV
C. to nng lng 3,728.10
-15
J D. thu nng lng 3,728.10
-15
J
9.54 Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: n He T D

1
0
4
2
3
1
2
1
+ + . Bit ht khi khi to thnh cc ht nhn
He v T D
4
2
3
1
2
1
; ln lt l:
2
/ 931 ; 0395 , 0 ; 0087 , 0 ; 0024 , 0 c MeV u u m u m u m
He T D
.
Nng lng to ra ca phn ng
A. 1,806 MeV B. 18,06 MeV C. 180,6 MeV D. 18,06 eV
9.55 *Tm nng lng to ra khi mt ht nhn U

234
phng x tia
to thnh ng v Th
230
. Cho cc nng lng
lin kt ring ca ht
l 7,10 MeV; ca U
234
l 7,63 MeV; ca Th
230
l 7,70 MeV
A. 13,98 eV B. 13,98 MeV C. 42,82 MeV D. 42,82 MeV.
E. CC CU TRC NGHIM TRONG THI TNPT I HC
I. CC CU TRC NGHIM TRONG THI TNPT
ST-C9.1. Khi ni v phn ng ht nhn, pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Tng ng nng ca cc ht trc v sau phn ng ht nhn lun c bo ton.
B. Tng khi lng ngh ca cc ht trc v sau phn ng ht nhn lun c bo ton.
C. Tt c cc phn ng ht nhn u thu nng lng.
D. Nng lng ton phn trong phn ng ht nhn lun c bo ton
ST-C9.2. Trong ht nhn nguyn t
o
p
210
84
c
A. 84 prtn v 210 ntron. B. 126 prtn v 84 ntron.
C. 210 prtn v 84 ntron. D. 84 prtn v 126 ntron.
ST-C9.3. Cc ht nhn ng v l nhng ht nhn c

A. cng s nucln nhng khc s prtn.
B. cng s ntron nhng khc s prtn.
C. cng s nucln nhng khc s ntron.
D. cng s prtn nhng khc s ntron.
ST-C9.4. Cho phn ng ht nhn X P Al + +
30
15
27
13
th ht X l
A. prtn. B. ntrn. C. pzitrn. D. lectrn.
ST-C9.5. Ht nhn bn vng nht trong cc ht nhn l

A.
e
H
4
2
. B. U
235
92
. C.
e
F
56
26
D.
s
C
137
55
.
ST-C9.6. Ban u c mt lng cht phng x X nguyn cht, c chu k bn r l T. Sau thi gian t = 2T k t
thi im ban u, t s gia s ht nhn cht phng x X phn r thnh ht nhn ca nguyn t khc v s ht nhn
cht phng x X cn li l
A. 3. B. 4/3. C. 4. D. 1/3
ST-C9.7. Ban u c N
0
ht nhn ca mt cht phng x. Gi s sau 4 gi, tnh t lc ban u, c 75% s ht
nhn N
0
b phn r. Chu k bn r ca cht l
A. 8 gi. B. 4 gi. C. 2 gi. D. 3 gi.
ST-C9.8. Plni
o
p
210
84
phng x theo phng trnh:
o
p
210
84

X
A
Z +
b
p
206
82
. Ht X l
A.
e
0
1 B.
e
0
1 C.
H
4
2 D.
H
3
2
II. CC CU TRC NGHIM TRONG THI I HC

ST-C9.9. Gi s hai ht nhn X v Y c ht khi bng nhau v s nucln ca ht nhn X ln hn s nucln ca
ht nhn Y th
A. ht nhn Y bn vng hn ht nhn X.
B. ht nhn X bn vng hn ht nhn Y.
C. nng lng lin kt ring ca hai ht nhn bng nhau.
D. nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn X ln hn nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn Y.
ST-C9.10. Mt ng v phng x c chu k bn r T. C sau mt khong thi gian bng bao nhiu th s ht nhn b
phn r trong khong thi gian bng ba ln s ht nhn cn li ca ng v y?
A. 0,5T. B. 3T. C. 2T. D. T.
ST-C9.11. Mt cht phng x ban u c N

0
ht nhn. Sau 1 nm, cn li mt phn ba s ht nhn ban u cha
phn r. Sau 1 nm na, s ht nhn cn li cha phn r ca cht phng x l
A.
0
16
N
. B.
0
9
N
C.
0
4
N
D.
0
6
N
ST-C9.12. Ly chu k bn r ca plni

210
84
Po l 138 ngy v N
A
= 6,02. 10
23
mol
-1
. phng x ca 42 mg plni
l
A. 7. 10
12
Bq B. 7.10
9
Bq C. 7.10
14
Bq D. 7.10
10
Bq.
ST-C9.13. Cho phn ng ht nhn:

3 2 4
1 1 2
T D He X + + . Ly ht khi ca ht nhn T, ht nhn D, ht nhn He
ln lt l 0,009106 u; 0,002491 u; 0,030382 u v 1u = 931,5 MeV/c
2
. Nng lng ta ra ca phn ng xp x bng
ST-C9.14. Trong s phn hch ca ht nhn

235
92
U , gi k l h s nhn ntron. Pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Nu k < 1 th phn ng phn hch dy chuyn xy ra v nng lng ta ra tng nhanh.
B. Nu k > 1 th phn ng phn hch dy chuyn t duy tr v c th gy nn bng n.
C. Nu k > 1 th phn ng phn hch dy chuyn khng xy ra.
D. Nu k = 1 th phn ng phn hch dy chuyn khng xy ra.

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Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Vt L 12.

Bin son: Trng Vn Thanh

: ht nhn con tin mt so vi ht nhn m trong bng tun hon.

tm khuyt tt trong sn phm c, bo qun thc phm, cha bnh ung th

, nu gii h hai n khng c nghim th mi gii vi

v bin thnh ht nhn X . S khi A v nguyn t s Z c gi tr

=4,0015u ; 1u = 931 MeV/c

IX.2. Cht phng x

vi chu k bn r l 15h. Ban u c mt lng

9.11 *S nguyn t oxi cha trong 4,4g kh CO

9.12 ht khi ca ht nhn X

9.15 Khi lng ca ht nhn Be

9.16 Cho bit m

9.18 Mt khi lng prtn l m

9.19 Cho khi lng cc ht nhn : m

9.20 *Cho khi lng cc ht nhn m

= 4,0015 u. Nng lng ti thiu cn thit chia ht

9.21 Chn pht biu sai

, trong bng phn loi tun hon, ht nhn con so vi ht nhn m

. Ht nhn con sinh ra l

9.34 Ht nhn poloni Po

9.35 Phng trnh phng x : Ar n X Cl

Website http://truongthanh85.violet.vn. T: 0974.810.957 31

9.38 Ht nhn urani U

Bi 4: Mt phng th nghim nhn c mt mu cht phng x c chu k bn r l 25 ngy. Khi em ra s dng

9.39 Cht phng x Po

9.41 Mt ng v phng x c chu k bn x T. Sau 105 gi k t thi im ban u (t

Website http://truongthanh85.violet.vn. T: 0974.810.957 32

9.42 Mt khi cht phng x it I

9.45 Ht nhn no sau y khng th phn hch?

9.49 iu no sau y sai khi ni v phn ng tng hp ht nhn ?

9.53 Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: Ne He X Na

9.54 Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: n He T D

9.55 *Tm nng lng to ra khi mt ht nhn U

ST-C9.3. Cc ht nhn ng v l nhng ht nhn c

ST-C9.5. Ht nhn bn vng nht trong cc ht nhn l

II. CC CU TRC NGHIM TRONG THI I HC

ST-C9.11. Mt cht phng x ban u c N

ST-C9.12. Ly chu k bn r ca plni

ST-C9.13. Cho phn ng ht nhn:

ST-C9.14. Trong s phn hch ca ht nhn

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