I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Khi nim c bn .............................................................................................2

1. Gii thiu .................................................................................................2
2. Op-Amps l tng - Op-Amps thc t ....................................................3
3. H s nn tn hiu kiu chung (CMRR) ..................................................4
Cu to - Nguyn l lm vic ..........................................................................5
1. Cu to .....................................................................................................5
2. Nguyn l lm vic ..................................................................................6
3. Ngun cung cp .......................................................................................7
4. Phn cc cho op-amps lm vic vi tn hiu ac ......................................7
5. Mch so snh v Schmitt Trigger ............................................................8
Phn hi & n nh ch lm vic .............................................................12
1. Phn hi .................................................................................................12
2. B chnh in p lch ............................................................................13
3. B chnh dng lch ................................................................................15
4. B chnh common Mode .......................................................................15
5. B chnh tn s ......................................................................................19
Cc mch c bn ............................................................................................22
1. Mch khuch i o .............................................................................22
2. Mch khuch i khng o ..................................................................22
3. Mch theo in p ..................................................................................22
4. Mch cng o .......................................................................................23
5. Mch khuch i vi sai (mch tr) ........................................................23
6. Mch tch phn ......................................................................................23
7. Mch vi phn .........................................................................................24
8. Mch to hm m ..................................................................................24
9. Mch to hm logarith ...........................................................................24
Phn tch mch s dng Op-Amps ..............................................................25
1. Phng php phn tch ..........................................................................25
2. Cc bi ton in hnh ...........................................................................25
Cc mch ng dng .......................................................................................27
1. Mch so snh ca s ..............................................................................27
2. Mch chnh lu chnh xc .....................................................................28
3. Mch lc ................................................................................................30
4. Ngun dng cng sut ln .....................................................................31
5. Ngun n p ...........................................................................................32

y l mt vi mch tng t. Mch khuch i thut ton (Op-Amps) c

mt ng dng rt rng ri trong k thut in t hin i. C th ni khng ngoa
rng: "Nu hc vi mch m cha bit Op-Amps coi nh cha hc vi mch!". Ni
dung chng ny c trnh by di cc mc sau:

Khi nim c bn
1. Gii thiu
Mch khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier: Op-Amps) c k hiu
nh hnh sau:

y l mt vi mch tng t rt thng dng do trong Op-Amps c tch

hp mt s u im sau:
- Hai ng vo o v khng o cho php Op-Amps khuch i c ngun
tn hiu c tnh i xng (cc ngun pht tn hiu bin thin chm nh nhit ,
nh sng, m, mc cht lng, phn ng ho-in, dng in sinh hc ... thng
l ngun c tnh i xng)
- Ng ra ch khuch i s sai lch gia hai tn hiu ng vo nn Op-Amps
c min nhiu rt cao v khi tn hiu nhiu n hai ng vo cng lc s khng
th xut hin ng ra. Cng v l do ny Op-Amps c kh nng khuch i tn
hiu c tn s rt thp, xem nh tn hiu mt chiu.
- H s khuch i ca Op-Amps rt ln do cho php Op-Amps khuch
i c nhng tn hiu vi bin ch vi chc mico Volt.

- Do cc mch khuch i vi sai trong Op-Amps c ch to trn cng mt

phin do n nh nhit rt cao.
- in p phn cc ng vo v ng ra bng khng khi khng c tn hiu, do
d dng trong vic chun ho khi lp ghp gia cc khi (module ho).
- Tng tr ng vo ca Op-Amps rt ln, cho php mch khuch i nhng
ngun tn hiu c cng sut b.
- Tng tr ng ra thp, cho php Op-Amps cung cp dng tt cho ph ti.
- Bng thng rt rng, cho php Op-Amps lm vic tt vi nhiu dng
ngun tn hiu khc nhau
...
Tuy nhin cng nh cc vi mch khc, Op-Amps khng th lm vic n nh
khi lm vic vi tn s v cng sut cao.
S chn v hnh dng mt op-amps in hnh

2. Op-Amps l tng - Op-Amps thc t

n gin trong vic tnh ton trn op-amps, c th tnh ton trn op-amps
l tng sau thc hin b chnh cc thng s trong mch. c c mt ci
nhn tng quan gia op-amps thc t v op-amps l tng, c th so snh mt vi
thng s gia op-amps l tng v op-amp thng dng (general purpose) nh bng
sau

(*) Trn thc t c nhng op-amps c ch to vi mc ch chuyn dng

(trong k thut hng khng v tr, qun s, y t, cng nghip ...), cc c tnh ca
n rt gn vi c tnh ca op-amps l tng. y ch so snh vi loi ph dng
gi thnh thp cht lng cng khng cao.
3. H s nn tn hiu kiu chung (CMRR: Common Mode Rejection
Ratio)
Do op-amps c ng vo l mch khuch i vi sai nn c mt ch s rt quan
trng khi nh gi cht lng ca mch khuch i vi sai cng dng c cho opamps: l h s CMRR. Gi tr CMRR cng cao mch c tnh trit nhiu ng
pha cng tt. Thng s ny c nh ngha nh sau:

Vi Avd l h s khuch i vi sai v AvCM l h s khuch i common

mode.Kt hp vi cc cng thc khi tnh trong mch khuch i vi sai, ta c:

T cng thc ny ta thy: RE cng ln cng tt cho vic trit nhiu ng pha
nhng lm nh vy li lm gim h s khuch i p ca mch. Do c li
i ng ngi ta s dng ngun dng thay th cho RE.

Cu to - Nguyn l lm vic
1. Cu to
Op-Amps l tng c cu to nh hnh v

- Khi 1: y l tng khuch i vi sai (Differential Amplifier), nhim v

khuch i sai lch tn hiu gia hai ng vo v+ v v-. N hi cc u im
ca mch khuch i vi sai nh: min nhiu cao; khuch i c tn hiu bin
thin chm; tng tr ng vo ln ...
- Khi 2: Tng khuch i trung gian, bao gm nhiu tng khuch i vi sai
mc ni tip nhau to nn mt mch khuch i c h s khuch i rt ln, nhm
tng nhay cho Op-Amps. Trong tng ny cn c tng dch mc DC t mc
phn cc DC ng ra.
- Khi 3: y l tng khuch i m, tn ny nhm tng dng cung cp ra
ti, gim tng tr ng ra gip Op-Amps phi hp d dng vi nhiu dng ti khc
nhau.
Op-Amps thc t vn c mt s khc bit so vi Op-Amps l tng. Nhng
d dng trong vic tnh ton trn Op-Amps ngi ta thng tnh trn Op-Amps
l tng, sau dng cc bin php b chnh (b) gip Op-Amps thc t tim cn
vi Op-Amps l tng. Do thun tin cho vic trnh by ni dung trong
chng ny c th hiu Op-Amps ni chung l Op-Amps l tng sau s thc
hin vic b chnh sau.

2. Nguyn l lm vic
Da vo k hiu ca Op-Amps ta c p ng tn hiu ng ra Vo theo cc
cch a tn hiu ng vo nh sau:
- a tn hiu vo ng vo o, ng vo khng o ni mass: Vout = Av0.V+
- a tn hiu vo ng vo khng o, ng vo o ni mass: Vout = Av0.V- a tn hiu vo ng thi trn hai ng vo (tn hiu vo vi sai so vi
mass): Vout = Av0.(V+-V-) = Av0.(Vin)
vic kho st mang tnh tng quan, xt trng hp tn hiu vo vi sai so
vi mass (lc ny ch cn cho mt trong hai ng vo ni mass ta s c hai trng
hp kia). Op-Amps c c tnh truyn t nh hnh sau

Trn c tnh th hin r 3 vng:

- Vng khuch i tuyn tnh: trong vng ny in p ng ra Vo t l vi tn
hiu ng vo theo quan h tuyn tnh. Nu s dng mch khuch i in p vng
h (Open Loop) th vng ny ch nm trong mt khong rt b.
- Vng bo ho dng: bt chp tn hiu ng vo ng ra lun +Vcc.
- Vng bo ho m: bt chp tn hiu ng vo ng ra lun -Vcc.
Trong thc t, ngi ta rt t khi s dng Op-Amps lm vic trng thi
vng h v tuy h s khuch i p Av0 rt ln nhng tm in p ng vo m OpAmps khuch i tuyn tnh l qu b (khong vi chc n vi trm micro Volt).

Ch cn mt tn hiu nhiu nh hay b tri theo nhit cng lm in p ng ra

Vcc. Do mch khuch i vng h thng ch dng trong cc mch to xung,
dao ng. Mun lm vic ch khuch i tuyn tnh ngi ta phi thc hin
vic phn hi m nhm gim h s khuch i vng h Av0 xung mt mc thch
hp. Lc ny vng lm vic tuyn tnh ca Op-Amps s rng ra, Op-Amps lm
vic trong ch ny gi l trng thi vng kn (Close Loop).
3. Ngun cung cp
Op-Amps khng phi lc no cng i hi phi cung cp mt ngun n p
i xng 15VDC, n c th lm vic vi mt ngun khng i xng c gi tr
thp hn (v d nh +12VDC v -3VDC) hay thm ch vi mt ngun n
+12VDC. Tuy nhin vic thay i v cu trc ngun cung cp cng lm thay i
mt s tnh cht nh hng n tnh i xng ca ngun nh Op-amps s khng
ly in p tham chiu (reference) l mass m chn nh hnh sau:

Mc d ngun n c u im l n gin trong vic cung cp ngun cho

op-amps nhng trn thc t rt nhiu mch op-amps c s dng ngun i i
xng.
4. Phn cc cho op-amps lm vic vi tn hiu ac
Cng nh mch khuch i ni tng RC, cc op-amps dng trong khuch i
tn hiu ac cn c t lin lc trnh nh hng ca thnh phn dc gia cc tng
khuch i. Di y l s mt mch khuch i m tn c li 40dB S
dng ngun n.

5. Mch so snh v Schmitt Trigger

Hai dng mch ny c mt im chung l c phn cc lm vic vng
bo ho. Tuy nhin gia chng vn c nhng im khc bit.
a. Mch so snh
Mch so snh tn dng ti a h s khuch i vng h trong op-amps (ti
thiu khong 100 000 ln) v c ch to thnh nhng vi mch chuyn dng
(comparators) nh LM339, LM306, LM311, LM393, NE527, TLC372 ... Cc VI
MCH NY C THIT K P NG RT NHANH THEO S THAY
I CA TN HIU VO (Slew rate khong vi ngn volt/microsecond). Tuy
nhin vi p ng cc nhanh nh vy i lc dn n nhng phin toi, v d trong
mch in sau

R rng tn hiu ng ra b dao ng mi khi chuyn trng thi, iu ny rt

nguy him cho cc mch pha sau. khc ph nhc im trn ngi ta s dng
mch Schmitt Trigger.
b. Mch Schmitt Trigger
Mch Schmitt Trigger l mch so snh c phn hi nh hnh sau

Lc ny do vin so snh vi tn hiu ng vo v+ l in th trn mch phn p

R4-R2, nn theo s bin thin gia hai mc in p ca vout, mch Schmitt Trigger
cng c hai ngng so snh l VH v VL.

Qua hnh trn ta nhn thy, mch Schmitt Trigger l mch so snh vin theo
hai ngng VH v VL. Khi in p vin vt qua VH th gi tr ca vout l 0V v khi
vin thp hn VL th vout s +Vcc (ngha l c s o pha). minh ho trc quan
cho dng mch ny ngi ta thng s dng k hiu

Mch Schmitt Trigger cn c mt dng k hiu khc ngc chiu vi k

hiu trn khi ta thay i cc tnh ng vo vin, lc ny vin v vout s ng pha.

Phn hi & n nh ch lm vic

1. Phn hi
Nh trnh by trong phn nguyn l lm vic, khi dng mch khuch i
vng h ch cn tri nhit, ngun cung cp khng n nh, hay nhiu bin in
p ng vo rt b cng a ng ra trng thi bo ho. Minh ha qua mch
in sau

Vi Vcc=15 VDC, ch cn V+V- khong 1 miliVolt cng a Vo bo

ho (vng lm vic phi tuyn). iu ny dn n mch khuch i sai dng: bt n.
gim thiu s bt n ny ngi ta thc hin phn hi.
Thng thng, OP-AMP s dng phn hi theo 2 dng:
- Phn hi dng
- Phn hi m

Thot nhn c v phn hi dng l tt (lm tng li), nhng tht ra

phn hi m mi tht s lm h thng n nh.

V d, ngay sau khi dng xong mt mn c nhiu ng lm cho nng

ng trong mu s tng ln. x l hin tng ny ngi ta tim vo mu mt
liu INSULIN kch thch s tch t ng trong mu lm nng ng trong
mu gim xung. Hin tng ny gi l phn hi m?
Nh vy nh vo phn hi m ta c th la chn c h s khuch i ca
mch thng qua vic hiu chnh cc gi tr in tr xung quanh Op-Amps. Tu vo
tnh cht mch, ngi ta s chnh nh li cc thng s ca cc linh kin a
Op-Amps vo vng lm vic tng ng. iu ny tng t nh khi phn cc
transistor.
2. B chnh in p lch
a. in p lch khng
Trong Op-Amps l tng khi Vin=0 th Vout=0. Nhng vi Op-Amps thc
t th khng c nh vy. Do cc linh kin bn trong mch khng hon ton i
xng, nh hng ln nht trong op-amps l mch khuch i vi sai ng vo
nn lc ny ng ra vn xut hin mt in p khc 0, gi l in p lch khng ng
ra Voffset (output offset voltage).

b. B chnh in p lch khng

iu chnh li in p ng ra ging nh Op-Amps l tng, ngi ta t
mt in p nh gia hai ng vo sao cho khi Vin=0 th Vout=0.
i vi mt s vi mch c sn chn hai chn a ra hiu chnh (thng
l Null hay Offset) cho php mc thm vo mt bin tr hiu chnh in p lch
ng vo. Minh ho trn hnh sau

Vi cc vi mch khng c hai chn trn, ta c th mc thm mch chnh bn

ngoi nh hnh

R1 phi ln hn nhiu ln so vi R2 nhm trnh s phn dng qua R1.

3. B chnh dng lch

a. Dng phn cc ng vo v dng lch khng
Trong Op-Amps l tng, do tng tr ng vo v cng ln do dng phn
cc ng vo bng 0. Nhng vi Op-Amps thc t th khng c nh vy, dng
in ng vo vn tn ti kh nh (hng trm nA). Mt khc do cc linh kin bn
trong mch khng hon ton i xng nn gi tr hai dng ny cng khng bng
nhau v lng chnh lch gia chng c gi l dng chnh lch ng vo (input
offset current). Minh ho qua hnh sau

Hnh a

Hnh b

Hnh a trnh by p lch ng ra do Iib- gy ra v hnh b a thm

dng Iib+ nhm b li p lch 0 do Iib- gy ra.
b. Bin php b chnh
Khi lp vo u vo khng o mt in tr R, dng phn cc Iib+ to ra mt
st p l VR=R.Iib+ . Chn R sao cho in p ny b c p lch ng ra do Iib- gy
ra. Tnh ton theo iu kin Iib- = Iib+, ta c:
R = RF // Rin
4. B chnh common Mode
Vi op-amps l tng in p common mode (Vcm) bng khng do mch ch
khuch i s sai lch gia hai tn hiu ng vo. Nhng op-amps thc t th khng
nh vy, ta c th kim tra in p common mode qua mch in sau

Vi ngun Vin c bin 1VAC, thay i tn s ngun theo tn s lm vic

ca mch khuch i. Do h s nn tn hiu kiu chung (CMRR) n nh 80 n
100 dB, nn vi bin tn hiu ng ra (chnh l Vcm) < 10V l t. Vi OpAmps thc t in p ny lun hin hu v khng phi l hng khi tn s lm vic
thay i trong khong rng. gim thiu gi tr Vcm c th thc hin theo nhiu
cch, cch n gin thc hin nh hnh sau

Gi tr ca RCM1 v RCM2 phi ln khng nh hng bi tng tr

vo ca Op-Amps. Vi mt s op-amps chuyn dng, ngi ta trang b thm cc
mch trit gim common mode ngay bn trong vi mch, v d vi vi mch LH0026
c th mc thm mch trit gim common mode nh sau

 y ngun vCM c chn c bin l 1V v tn s nm trong vng tn

s lm vic ca mch khuch i, sau khi cp ngun chnh li gi tr ca R3 sao
cho vout = 0V l c.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s phng thc trit gim common mode khc trit b
in p ny ngay t ngun tn hiu vo minh ho qua hnh

S dng hai cun dy cm ng cng thng s v mc h cm vi nhau nh

hnh c. Dng tn hiu (khng ng pha) c th qua d dng (do XL=L. rt nh)
minh ho trn hnh a, nhng khi tn hiu C.M i qua s b dng cm ng ca chnh
n tr kh hnh b.
Cch lp cun dy trit gim C.M v c tuyn trit gim nh hnh sau

Cc dng cun dy C.M c ch to trit gim C.M hin c trn th

trng

5. B chnh tn s
a. c tnh bin - tn s
Trong thc t, khi khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu li A s t l nghch vi
tn s tn hiu cn khuch i, minh ha cc c tuyn bin tn ca cc op-amps
741, 748, 739 khi khuch i vng h nh hnh sau

iu ny c ngha op-amps khng khuch i c khi tn s ngun tn hiu

ng vo qu cao. iu ny c th l gii d dng do in dung k sinh ca cc
transistor v cc in tr trong mch to thnh cc mch lc thng thp, minh ho
qua hnh

y xt mt op-amps l tng c ng vo l mt mch khuch i vi sai

(KVS) c h s khuch i A=A0 (h s khuch i vng h); Cc khu +1 v
mch RC c trng cho in tr v in dung tp tn ca mch (cc khu +1 c

trng cho khu ghp in khng ph thuc vo tn s v c h s truyn t bng

1). T y c th tnh c h s khuch i:

Vi f1 , f2 , f3 l tn s ti hn ca 3 khu lc thng thp.

T cng thc ny c th thy khi tn s tng th gc lch pha gia ng ra v
ng vo s tng theo, khi gc lch pha ny t n 180 th c th xy ra hin
tng dao ng (nu tho thm iu kin v bin ). Nh vy mch khuch i s
dng op-amps s do ng khi tn s ngun tn hiu vo t n mt gi tr tn s
no mch bt n.
b. Cc bin php b c tuyn tn s (b pha)
d tr v bin v pha cng ln th h thng cng n nh. Nhng do
hai thng s ny lin quan chc ch vi nhau nn trong thc t ch cn xt mt
trong hai tham s l . Thng thng ngi ta s dng h s d tr v pha.
Vi b khuch i c mch hi tip m khng ph thuc tn s ngha l
mch hi tip khng gy ra mt gc lch pha no, th d tr ch cn 45 l .
Nhng khi mch hi tip khng phi l thun tr, ngha l c lm lch pha th yu
cu d tr v pha phi ln hn (thm ch c khi ngi ta chn n 90 ).
V nguyn tc, b tn s hay cn gi l b pha thc cht l lm thay i c
tnh tn s ca h s khuch i vng kn sao cho |Av|=|A0.Afeedback|<1 trc khi
gc lch pha = 180 . thc hin c iu ny, c th thay i A0 gi l b
trong hay Afeedback gi l b ngoi cn thay i c A0 v Afeedback gi l b hn hp.
Thng thng ngi ta cho b trong v khi thay i A0 s t nh hng n hm
truyn chung ca mch khuch i c hi tip.
Cc mch b c th mc ng ra, ng vo hay gia cc tng khuch i opamps nh hnh

Tu vo c tuyn truyn t ca cc mch b ngi ta to ra nhiu dng

mch b khc nhau, cc mch b c tnh cht chung l lm gim dc ca c
tnh bin theo tn s ca h s khuch i xung quanh tn s ct fc, ngha l
gim gc lch pha ti thi im c kh nng xy ra dao ng (|A0.Afeedback|=1). C
th cc dng mch b l

Cc mch c bn
Do gio trnh ch t nng phn ng dng, do y ch trnh by nguyn
l lm vic v cng thc quan h gia ng ra vi ng vo. xem phn chng
minh cng thc hy Click Here!
1. Mch khuch i o
Tn hiu ng ra o pha so vi tn hiu ng vo

2. Mch khuch i khng o

Tn hiu ng ra cng pha so vi tn hiu ng vo

3. Mch theo in p
Mch ny khng khuch i in p, ch khuch i dng

4. Mch cng o
Tn hiu ng ra l tng gia cc thnh phn ng vo nhng tri du.

5. Mch khuch i vi sai (mch tr)

Mch ch khuch i khi gia hai tn hiu ng vo c s sai lch v in p.

6. Mch tch phn

Tn hiu ng ra l tch phn tn hiu ng vo.

7. Mch vi phn
Tn hiu ng ra l vi phn tn hiu ng vo

8. Mch to hm m

9. Mch to hm logarith

Phn tch mch s dng Op-Amps

1. Phng php phn tch
Phn tch v thit k l hai qu trnh thun nghch, khi nm vng phng
php phn tch s h tr rt nhiu cho qu trnh thit k. phn tch mt mch
in s dng Op-Amps l tng, u tin thay th Op-Amps l tng bi s
tng ng

Sau tun t thc hin ba bc sau:

- Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho u vo V+
- Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho u vo V_
- Cho V+=V_, ta tm c mi quan h gia Vin v Vo.
Gia op-amps l tng v thc t c c nhiu im khc bit, gim thiu
s chnh lch ny ngi ta thc hin cc bin php b chnh (b) dng, p, tn s,
common mode...
2. Cc bi ton in hnh
a. Bi ton 1: Phn tch mch in sau

- Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho u vo V+.

v+=0
- Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho u vo V_.

- Cho v+=v- v+=v-= 0, ta tm c mi quan h gia vin v vout: vout =

RF/Rin .vin
b. Bi ton 2: Phn tch mch in sau

- Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho u vo V+.

v+=0
- Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho u vo V_.

- Cho v+=v- v+=v-= 0, ta tm c mi quan h gia Vin v Vout.

Cc mch ng dng
Phm vi ng dng ca Op-Amps rt phong ph, y ch nu mt s ng
dng mang tnh minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca Op-Amps.
1. Mch so snh ca s
y l mch in ng dng trong vic cnh bo qu nhit hay thiu nhit
ca mi trng cn theo di. Mch lm vic theo nguyn l so snh ca s, mt
nguyn l rt thng dng trong cc thit b cng nghip. Minh ho qua hnh.

Hnh 1: Nguyn l so snh ca s

Khi mun khng ch nhit l 40oC, ngi ta tin hnh nh sau: t nhit
mi trng ang l 27oC, bt u cp nhit cho l (im A). Nhit l tng
dn vt qua 36oC (im B), ri qua 40oC mch vn tip tc cp nhit cho n khi
nhit ca l n 44oC (im C), l mi ct in tr gia nhit. Nhit l bt
u gim dn t 44oC (im D). Gim qua 40oC vn tip tc gim. Cho n 36oC
(im E) th li tip tc cp nhit cho l (im B) nhit l tng dn ln.

Hnh 2: S nguyn l mch bo nhit

R rng gi nhit l nm trong khong 40oC, ngi ta cp nhit cho l
theo chu trnh B, C, D, E ri tr li B: hnh dng nh mt ca s nn c tn l
mch so snh ca s (window comparator). Nguyn l so snh ny c ng dng
rt rng ri trong cng nghip, dn dng, qun s, y t... Tm tt nguyn l lm
vic nh sau:
in tr nhit PTR phi hp vi R1 v R2 to ra Vs l mt hm bin
thin theo nhit mi trng t PTR. C th c th tnh Vs:
R rng Vs = f(To) l mt hm ca nhit . Do , o Vs chnh l o nhit
. C th cc gi tr in tr trong mch c cn chnh 2 OP-AMPS lm vic
nh sau :
* Khi thiu nhit:
Lc ny VS < VA < VB, u vo v+ ca op-amps II nh hn u vo v- nn
ng ra op-amps II xung thp, LED 2 sng. Trong khi u vo v+ ca op-amps
I ln hn u vo v- nn ng ra op-amps I ln cao, LED 1 tt.
* Khi nhit:
Lc ny VA < VS < VB, u vo v+ ca op-amps II ln hn u vo v- nn
ng ra op-amps II ln cao, LED 2 tt. Trong khi u vo v+ ca op-amps I ln
hn u vo v- nn ng ra op-amps I ln cao, LED 1 tt.
* Khi qu nhit:
Lc ny VA < VB < VS, u vo v+ ca op-amps II ln hn u vo v- nn
ng ra op-amps II ln cao, LED 2 tt. Trong khi u vo v+ ca op-amps I nh
hn u vo v- nn ng ra op-amps I xung thp, LED 1 sng.
R rng ch cn nhn vo sng ti ca 2 LED, ta c th nhn bit c
nhit ca mi trng cn cnh bo nhit . mch cnh bo hiu qu hn c
th thm vo mt mch dao ng, mch ny gip khi c s c cc LED s khng
sng lin tc m nhp nhy.

2. Mch chnh lu chnh xc

Trong thc t, i lc ngi ta cn mch chnh lu c in p ng ra nh

hnh v trong iu kin l tng, nhng trn thc t d diode c phn cc thun
v dn dng th vn c mt st p ng k trn diode (chnh lu cu st p ny l
2VD). iu ny dn n s mo dng in p ng ra nh hnh v.

Hnh 3: Chnh lu diode v chnh lu chnh xc

khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta s dng mch chnh lu chnh xc
s dng Op-Amps nh hnh v

Hnh 4: Chnh lu chnh xc mt bn k

Do dng in hai ng vo ca Op-Amps bng khng nn trong chu k phn

cc thun ca diode (chu k chnh lu) Vin=Vout, v vy sng dng in p ng ra
b chnh lu nh sng dng b chnh lu l tng. c chnh lu ton sng
nh hnh 3, ta thc hin ghp song song v ngc chiu hai mch op-amps hnh
4.
3. Mch lc
Mch lc th ng c u im l rt n gin, tuy nhin h s truyn t
nh do b tn hao trn RC, ph thuc nhiu vo ti, kh phi hp tng tr vi cc
mch ghp. Mun hn ch suy gim th phi lp nhiu mt lc lin tip, lc ny
tn s ct ca b lc s khc vi cc tn s ct ca cc mt lc. Cch khc phc
nhc im trn l s dng cc mch lc tch cc. C th l a mt lc RC
vo ng hi tip ca Op-Amps tng h s truyn t, tng h s phm cht,
ng thi lm gim nh hng ca ti bng cch dng tng m phi hp tr
khng.
Cng nh mch lc th ng, c th phn mch lc tch cc theo tn s lm
vic nh: mch lc thng thp, mch lc thng cao, mch lc dy. y gii thiu
mt mch lc tch cc lc thng thp: mch lc m tn s thp c truyn qua
nguyn vn, c tn s cao b suy gim v chm pha vi tn hiu vo.

Hnh 5: mch lc thng thp

C th dng cng thc tnh ton v thnh lp biu Bode v bin - tn
ca mch lc trn nh hnh

Hnh 6: c tnh bin/ tn ca mch lc thng thp

Cc nhn xt v mch lc thng thp:
- Ti tn s ct fc c lch pha l -45o; bin in p ra gim gn 3 dB.
- Ti tn s thp f << fc: bin |A| = 1 0dB
- Ti tn s cao f >> fc: bin |A| = 1/RC, h s khuch i t l nghch
vi tn s theo quan h: tn s tng 10 ln th h s khuch i gim 10 ln tc l
gim 20dB/decade hay 6dB/octave.
4. Ngun dng cng sut ln
Trong thc t i khi ngun dng cung cp nng lng ra ti s tt hn
ngun p v d nh khi np bnh c qui, nu s dng ngun dng bnh s lu h
hn nhiu ln so vi np bng ngun p; c bit khi ngun p cung cp thng
xuyn c gi tr bt n nh (nh ly in t nng lng mt tri, sc gi ...).
Nhng lc nh vy ta c th s dng ngun dng trnh by trn hnh sau:

Hnh 7: n dng
C th tng thm dng cho mch in trn khi thay Q2 bng cc transistor
darlington (transistor c lp ghp sn dng darlington bn trong linh kin).
Nhng lc ny R1 cng phi gim theo mt cch tng ng.
5. Ngun n p
Hin nay, n p DC s dng vi mch chuyn dng t n n nh rt
cao, tuy nhin mun ch to mt b n p s dng Op-Amps c n nh tng
i tt cng khng phi l iu kh! C th thc hin theo mch sau:

Hnh 8: n p
Khi chnh nh t s gia R2 v R3 thay i h s khuch i vng kn ca
mch s lm thay i c in p ng ra mc n nh mi. Vi dng ti ti a
l 1A trong khi in p ng vo bin thin trong mt dy in p rng, b ngun
ny chc chn s dng c kh nhiu vic trong lnh vc in t vi mch.