Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12

Chng 1: ESTE LIPIT

A. Cng thc tng qut
O Este c to bi axit cacboxylic no, n chc mch h v ancol no, n chc, mch h (este no,
n chc, mch h): C
m
H
2m+1
COOC
m
H
2m+1
hay C
n
H
2n
O
2
(m 0; m 1; n 2 ).
O Este a chc c to bi axit cacboxylic a chc v ancol n chc: R(COOR)
n
O Este a chc c to bi axit cacboxylic n chc v ancol a chc: (RCOO)
n
R
O Este a chc c to bi axit cacboxylic a chc v ancol a chc (cng c n nhm chc):
R(COO)
n
R
O Tm li, c th t CTTQ ca este : C
x
H
y
O
z
(x, z 2; y l s chn, y 2x)
B. Cc dng bi tp v cc ch khi gii bi tp
Dng 01: Bi ton v phn ng thu phn este
1. Thu phn mt este n chc
- Trong mi trng axit: Phn ng xy ra thun nghch
RCOOR + HOH

H
+,
t
o
RCOOH + ROH
- Trong mi trng kim (phn ng x phng ho): Phn ng mt chiu, cn un nng
RCOOR + NaOH
0
t
RCOOH + ROH
1 Mt s nhn xt :
C Nu n
NaOH phn ng
= n
Este
Este n chc.
C Nu RCOOR (este n chc), trong R l C
6
H
5
- hoc vng benzen c nhm th
n
NaOH phn ng
= 2n
este
v sn phm cho 2 mui, trong c phenolat:
VD: RCOOC
6
H
5
+ 2NaOH RCOONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
C Nu n
NaOH phn ng
= .n
este
( > 1 v R khng phi C
6
H
5
- hoc vng benzen c nhm th) Este
a chc.
C Nu phn ng thu phn este cho 1 anehit (hoc xeton), ta coi nh ancol (ng phn vi andehit)
c nhm OH gn trc tip vo lin kt C=C vn tn tai gii v t CTCT ca este.
C Nu sau khi thy phn thu c mui (hoc khi c cn thu c cht rn khan) m m
mui
= m
este
+
m
NaOH
th este phi c cu to mch vng (lacton):

C = O
O

NaOH +

HO-CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
COONa
Nu gc hidrocacbon ca R, mt nguyn t C gn vi nhiu gc este hoc c cha nguyn
t halogen th khi thy phn c th chuyn ha thnh andehit hoc xeton hoc axit cacboxylic
VD: C
2
H
5
COOCHClCH
3
+ NaOH
0
t
C
2
H
5
COONa + CH
3
CHO

CH
3
-COO
CH
3
-COO
CH + NaOH CH
3
-COONa + HCHO
C Bi ton v hn hp cc este th nn s dng phng php trung bnh.
' Bi 1: Thc hin phn ng x phng ho cht hu c X n chc vi dung dch NaOH thu c
mt mui Y v ancol Z. t chy hon ton 2,07 gam Z cn 3,024 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c lng CO
2
nhiu hn khi lng nc l 1,53 gam. Nung Y vi vi ti xt thu c kh T c t khi so vi khng
kh bng 1,03. CTCT ca X l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
B. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
C. C
2
H
5
COOC
3
H
7
D. C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
Gii :
- Theo bi: X n chc, tc dng vi NaOH sinh ra mui v ancol X l este n chc: RCOOR.
Mt khc: m
X
+
2
O
m
=
2
CO
m
+
O H
m
2
44.
2
CO
n
+ 18.
O H
n
2
= 2,07 + (3,024/22,4).32 = 6,39 gam
V 44.
2
CO
n
- 18.
O H
n
2
= 1,53 gam
2
CO
n
= 0,09 mol ;
O H
n
2
= 0,135 mol
O H
n
2
>
2
CO
n
Z l ancol no, n chc, mch h c cng thc: C
n
H
2n+1
OH (n 1)
T phn ng t chy Z
2
2
CO
O H
n
n
=
n
n 1 +
=
09 , 0
135 , 0
n = 2.
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 1
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Y c dng: C
x
H
y
COONa T: C
x
H
y+1
M
T
= 12x + y + 1 = 1,03.29

=
=
6
2
y
x
C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
p n D
' Bi 2: un 20,4 gam mt cht hu c A n chc vi 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1 M thu c mui
B v hp cht hu c C. Cho C phn ng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Nung B vi NaOH rn
thu c kh D c t khi i vi O
2
bng 0,5. Khi oxi ha C bng CuO c cht hu c E khng phn
ng vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Xc nh CTCT ca A?
A. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
B. CH
3
COO-CH(CH
3
)
2
C. C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
D. C
2
H
5
COOCH(CH
3
)
2
Gii:
Cht C tc dng vi Na sinh ra kh H
2
C l ancol. Oxi ha C ra E khng phn ng vi AgNO
3
C
khng l ancol bc 1. Cc p n cho A l este n chc. Vy B l mui ca Na.
Nung B vi NaOH rn to ra D c M
D
= 32.0,5 = 16. Vy D l CH
4
Gc R trong D l CH
3
-.
t cng thc ca A l RCOOR
CH
3
COOR + NaOH CH
3
COONa + ROH
ROH + Na RONa + H
2
Ta c:
2
H
n
= 0,1 mol n
Ancol
= 2.0,1 = 0,2 mol
n
NaOH
= 0,3 mol > n
Ancol
NaOH d, este phn ng ht.
n
Este
= n
Ancol
= 0,2 mol M
este
= 20,4/0,2 = 102
R = 102 59 = 43 gc R l C
3
H
7
- v ancol bc 2 p n B ng
' Bi 3: X l mt cht hu c n chc c M = 88. Nu em un 2,2 gam X vi dung dch NaOH d,
thu c 2,75 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca cht no sau y ph hp vi X:
A. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
. B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOH. C. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
. D. HCOOCH(CH
3
)
2
.
Gii:
* Nhn xt: Vi lp lun X l cht hu c no, n chc, phn ng vi dung dch NaOH nn X l axit
hoc este (loi kh nng l phenol v M
phenol
94 > 88 (
OH H C
M
5 6
= 94)).
V nguyn tc ta c th gii tm ra kt qu (p n B).
Tuy nhin, nu lu mt cht ta c th tm ra p n m khng cn li gii:
Do X n chc phn ng vi NaOH d nn n
mui
= n
X
. M li c m
mui
> m
X
nn M
mui
> M
X
Vy R < M
Na
= 23. Vy R ch c th l H- hoc CH
3
-. Vy ch c p n B ng.
!Lu : + Nu bi cho bit X (c th l axit hoc este, c cng thc RCOOR) phn ng vi NaOH,
m m
mui
> m
X
th R < M
Na
= 23. R ch c th l H- hoc CH
3
-
+ Nu cho r X l este m c m
mui
> m
este
th n phi l este ca ancol CH
3
OH (M
R
= 15, R
l CH
3
-)
VD: Cho 4,2 g este n chc no E tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH ta thu c 4,76 g mui natri. Vy
cng thc cu to ca E c th l:
A CH
3
COOCH
3
B. HCOOCH
3
C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
D. HCOOC
2
H
5
Gii:
Ta thy: Khi thy phn este m m
mui
>m
este
, vy gc R l CH
3
- loi p n C v D
V RCOOR RCOONa
Theo phng php tng gim khi lng: C 1 mol este phn ng th khi lng m
tng
= 23 15 = 8
Khi lng tng thc t l 4,76 4,2 = 0,56 g
n
este
= n
mui
= 0,56/8 = 0,07 (mol) M
mui
= 4,76/0,07 = 68
R = 68 67 = 1 (R l H). Vy p n B ng.
' Bi 4: X l mt este no n chc, c t khi hi i vi CH
4
l 5,5. Nu em un 2,2 gam este X
vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c 2,05 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
( khi B 2007)
A. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
. B. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
. C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
D. HCOOCH(CH
3
)
2
.
Gii:
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 2
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
M
este
= 5,5.16 = 88 n
este
= 2,2/88 = 0,025 mol
n
Este
= n
mui
= 0,025 mol M
mui
= 2,05/0,025 = 82
R=82 67 = 15 R l CH
3
- p n C ng
* Ch : Ta c th dng phng php loi tr tm p n:
T bi: m
este
> m
mui
X khng th l este ca ancol CH
3
OH p n A loi.
T phn ng thy phn ta ch xc nh c CTPT ca cc gc R v R m khng th xc nh c
cu to ca cc gc do B v D khng th ng thi ng do ta loi tr tip B v D.
Vy ch c p n C ph hp
' Bi 5: Cho 20 gam cht hu c X (ch cha C, H, O v mt loi nhm chc) c t khi hi so vi O
2
bng 3,125, tc dng vi 0,3 mol NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 23,2 gam b rn.
CTCT ca X c th l:
A. CH
3
COOCH=CH-CH
3
. B. C
2
H
5
COOCH=CH
2
. C. CH
2
CH=CHCOOCH
3
. D. CH
2
=CHCOOC
2
H
5
.
Gii:
* Nhn xt: T cc p n ta thy chng u l este.
t cng thc este l RCOOR
M
este
= 3,125.32 = 100 n
este
= 20/100 = 0,2 mol n
NaOH p
= n
este
= 0,2 mol
n
NaOH d
= 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol m
NaOH
= 0,1.40 = 4 g
m
mui
= 23,2 4 = 19,2 g M
mui
= 19,2/0,2 = 96 R = 96 67 = 29 R l C
2
H
5
-
Vy p n ch c th l B.
* Ch : Nu khng xt s chuyn ha ca ancol khng bn ta c th cng thc ancol l RCOOR
(hoc chi tit hn t cng thc X l RCOOC
x
H
y
).
RCOOC
x
H
y
+ NaOH RCOONa + C
x
H
y+1
O O H C
1 y x +
p dng BTKL: m
este
+ m
NaOH (ban u)
= m
b rn
+ m O H C
1 y x +
m O H C
1 y x +
= 20 + 40.0,3 23,2 = 8,8 g
n O H C
1 y x +
= n
X
= 0,2 mol M O H C
1 y x +
= 8,8/0,2 = 44
12x + y = 27

=
=
3
2
y
x
gc Hidrocacbon R: CH=CH
2
ch c p n B ph hp.
' Bi 6: un nng 0,1 mol este no, n chc mch h X vi 30 ml dung dch 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ca
mt hiroxit kim loi kim A. Sau khi kt thc phn ng x phng ho, c cn dung dch th thu c
cht rn Y v 4,6 gam ancol Z, bit rng Z b oxi ho bi CuO thnh sn phm c kh nng phn ng
trng bc. t chy cht rn Y th thu c 9,54 gam mui cacbonat, 8,26 gam hn hp CO
2
v hi
nc. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH
3
COOCH
3
B. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
C. HCOOCH
3
D. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
Gii :
X l este no, n chc, mch h : C
n
H
2n+1
COOC
m
H
2m+1
( 0 n; 1 m)
Ta c: n
X
= n
AOH
(p) = n
Z
= 0,1 mol M
Z
= 14m + 18 =
1 , 0
6 , 4
= 46 m = 2
Mt khc:
n
A
=
) 17 M .( 100
20 . 2 , 1 . 30
A
+
= 2.
60 M 2
54 , 9
A
+
M
A
= 23 A l Na n
NaOH
(ban u) = mol 18 , 0
40
2 , 7
=
Y

=
+
mol 08 , 0 1 , 0 18 , 0 : d NaOH
mol 1 , 0 : COONa H C
1 n 2 n

+
0
2
t , O

O H
CO
CO Na
2
2
3 2
Vy: m
Y
+
/) p ( m
2
O
=
O H CO CO Na
2 2 3 2
m m m + +

http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 3
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Hay 0,1(14n+68) + 0,08.40 +
32 . 1 , 0 .
2
) 1 n 3 ( +
= 9,54 + 8,26 n = 1 X : CH
3
COOCH
3
p n
A
2. Thu phn hn hp cc este
' Bi 7: Mt hn hp A gm 2 este n chc X, Y (M
X
< M
y
). un nng 12,5 gam hn hp A vi
mt lng dung dch NaOH va thu c 7,6 gam hn hp ancol no B, n chc c khi lng phn
t hn km nhau 14 vC v hn hp hai mui Z. t chy 7,6 gam B thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v
9 gam H
2
O. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y trong hn hp A ln lt l:
A. 59,2%; 40,8% B. 50%; 50% C. 40,8%; 59,2% C. 66,67%; 33,33%
Bi gii :
T bi A cha 2 este ca 2 ancol ng ng k tip
t cng thc chung ca ancol l
OH H C
1 n 2 n +

2
CO
n
= 7,84/22,4 = 0,35 mol; O H
2
n
= 9/18 = 0,5 mol n
B
=
O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= 0,5 0,35 = 0,15 mol
n =
B
CO
n
n
2

= 2,33. Vy B

mol 05 , 0 : OH H C
mol 1 , 0 : OH H C
7 3
5 2
t cng thc chung ca hai este l
R COO R n
este
= n
NaOH
= n
mui
= n
Y
= 0,15 mol
m
Z
= 12,5 + 0,15.40 7,6 = 10,9 g
mui M =
R
M
+ 67 =
15 , 0
9 , 10
=72,67
R
M
= 5,67
Nh vy trong hai mui c mt mui l HCOONa
Hai este X, Y c th l:
(I)

7 3
5 2
H COOC H C
H HCOOC
y x
hoc (II)

5 2 y x
7 3
H COOC H C
H HCOOC
- trng hp (I)

=
=
3 y
1 x
- trng hp (II) 12x + y = 8 ( loi)
Vy A

% 8 , 40 : H COOC CH : Y
% 2 , 59 : H HCOOC : X
7 3 3
5 2
n n A
3. Thu phn este a chc
+ R(COOR)
n
+ nNaOH R(COONa)
n
+ nROH , n
ancol
= n.n
mui
+ (RCOO)
n
R + nNaOH nRCOONa + R(OH)
n
, n
mui
= n.n
ancol
+ R(COO)
n
R + nNaOH R(COONa)
n
+ R(OH)
n
, n
ancol
= n
mui
' Bi 8: Cho 0,01 mol mt este X ca axit hu c phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2
M, sn phm to thnh ch gm mt ancol Y v mt mui Z vi s mol bng nhau. Mt khc, khi x
phng ho hon ton 1,29 gam este bng mt lng va l 60 ml dung dch KOH 0,25 M, sau khi
phn ng kt thc em c cn dung dch c 1,665 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca este X l:
A. C
2
H
4
(COO)
2
C
4
H
8
B. C
4
H
8
(COO)
2
C
2
H
4
C. C
2
H
4
(COOC
4
H
9
)
2
D. C
4
H
8
(COO C
2
H
5
)
2
Gii:
Ta c: n
Z
= n
Y
X ch cha chc este
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 4
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
S nhm chc este l:
X
NaOH
n
n
=
01 , 0
2 , 0 . 1 , 0
= 2 CT ca X c dng: R(COO)
2
R

T phn ng thy phn: n

axit
= n
mui
=
2
1
n
KOH
=
2
1
.0,06.0,25 = 0,0075 mol
M
mui
= M
R
+ 83.2 =
0075 , 0
665 , 1
= 222 M
R
= 56 R l: -C
4
H
8
-
M
este
=
0075 , 0
29 , 1
= 172 R + 2.44 + R = 172 R = 28 (-C
2
H
4
-)
Vy X l: C
4
H
8
(COO)
2
C
2
H
4
p n B.
' Bi 9: un nng 7,2 gam este X vi dung dch NaOH d. Phn ng kt thc thu c glixerol v 7,9
gam hn hp mui. Cho ton b hn hp mui tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
long thu c 3 axit hu c no,
n chc, mch h Y, Z, T. Trong Z, T l ng phn ca nhau, Z l ng ng k tip ca Y. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
A.
CH
2
CH
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
5
OCOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
OCOCH(CH
3
)
2
B.
CH
2
CH
CH
2
OCOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
OCOC
2
H
5
OCOCH(CH
3
)
2
C.
CH
2
CH
CH
2
OCOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
OCOCH(CH
3
)
2
OCOC
2
H
3
D. A hoc B
Gii :
V Y, Z l ng ng k tip v Z, T l ng phn ca nhau
c th t cng thc chung ca este X: C
3
H
5
(OCO
1 n 2 n
H C
+
)
3
(1) C
3
H
5
(OCO
1 n 2 n
H C
+
)
3
+ 3NaOH 3
1 n 2 n
H C
+
COONa + C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
Theo (1), ta c : n
mui
= 3n
este

68 n 14
9 , 7
3 .
) n 14 45 ( 3 41
2 , 7
+
=
+ +

67 , 2 n=
CTCT cc cht:

COOH ) CH ( CH : T
COOH CH CH CH : Z
COOH H C : Y
2 3
2 2 3
5 2
p n D
Dng 02: Bi ton v phn ng este ho.

RCOOR' + H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
, t
0
RCOOH + R'-OH
c im ca phn ng este ho l thun nghch nn c th gn vi cc dng bi ton:
C Tnh hng s cn bng K:

K
cb
=
RCOOR' H
2
O
RCOOH R'OH
C Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ho:

H =
l ng este thu c theo thc t
l ng este thu c theo lthuyt
. 100%
C Tnh lng este to thnh hoc axit cacboxylic cn dng, lng ancol
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 5
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
* Ch : Nu tin hnh phn ng este ha gia mt ancol n chc vi m axit cacboxylic n chc th s
este ti a c th thu c l:

< +
=
+
=

+
n m n m m
n m
n n n n
n
, ) 1 )( 1 ( 2
,
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
(C th chng minh cc cng thc
ny v mt ton hc)
' Bi 1: Hn hp A gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia A thnh ba phn bng nhau.
+ Phn 1 tc dng vi Kali d thy c 3,36 lt kh thot ra.
+ Phn 2 tc dng vi Na
2
CO
3
d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO
2
thot ra. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
+ Phn 3 c thm vo vi git dung dch H
2
SO
4
, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng este ho bng 60%. Khi lng este to thnh l bao nhiu?
A. 8,80 gam B. 5,20 gam C. 10,56 gam D. 5,28 gam
Bi gii:
Hn hp A

mol b : OH H C
mol a : COOH CH
5 2
3

= =
= = + =
mol 1 , 0 n 2 a
mol 3 , 0 n 2 b a n
2
2
CO
H A

=
=
mol 2 , 0 b
mol 1 , 0 a
V a < b ( hiu sut tnh theo axit) s mol este thc t thu c: n = 0,1.60% = mol 06 , 0
Khi lng este thc t thu c: m = 0,06.88 = 5,28 gam p n D
' Bi 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol axit cacboxylic n chc X cn 3,5 mol O
2
. Trn 7,4 gam X
vi lng ancol no Y (bit t khi hi ca Y so vi O
2
nh hn 2). un nng hn hp vi H
2
SO
4
lm
xc tc. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 8,7 gam este Z (trong Z khng cn nhm chc no khc).
Cng thc cu to ca Z l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
5
B. C
2
H
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
3
C. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOCH
3
D. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
OCOH
Bi gii:
Phn ng chy: C
X
H
y
O
2
+ (x +
4
y
-1)O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O (1)
Theo (1), ta c : x +
4
y
-1= 3,5 x +
4
y
= 4,5

=
=
6 y
3 x
X : C
2
H
5
COOH
Ancol no Y : C
n
H
2n+2-m
(OH)
m
(1 m n) este Z : (C
2
H
5
COO)
m
C
n
H
2n+2-m
M
este
= 73m + 14n + 2 m =
m .
1 , 0
7 , 8
hay 14n + 2 = 15m (2)
Mt khc
2
O Y
d
< 2 hay 14n + 2 + 16m < 64 30m + 2 < 64 (v m n) m < 2,1
T (2)

=
=
2 m
2 n
ancol Y : C
2
H
4
(OH)
2

Z : C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
5
p n A.
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 6
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Dng 03: Bi ton v phn ng t chy este
- t cng thc ca este cn tm c dng: C
x
H
y
O
z
( x, z 2; y l s chn; y 2x )
Phn ng chy:
O H
y
xCO O
z y
x O H C
t
z y x 2 2 2
2
)
2 4
(
0
+ + +
C Nu t chy este A m thu c O H
n
2
=
2
CO
n
Este A l este no, n chc, mch h
C Nu t chy axit cacboxylic a chc hoc este a chc, s c t 2 lin kt

tr ln O H
n
2
<
2
CO
n
C Phn ng t chy mui C
n
H
2n+1
COONa: 2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + (3n+1)O
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ (2n+1)CO
2
+
(2n+1)H
2
O
' Bi 1: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp hai este X, Y, n chc, no, mch h cn 3,976 lt oxi
(ktc) thu c 6,38 gam CO
2
. Cho lng este ny tc dng va vi KOH thu c hn hp hai
ancol k tip v 3,92 gam mui ca mt axit hu c. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
v C
2
H
5
COOC
3
H
7
B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
C. CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
D. HCOOC
3
H
7
v HCOOC
4
H
9
Bi gii :
t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 este X, Y l: C
n
H
2n+1
COO
1 m 2 m
H C
+

V X, Y u l este n chc, no, mch h nn:
O H
n
2
=
2
CO
n
= 6,38/44 = 0,145 mol
m
este
+
2
O
m
= 44.
2
CO
n
+ 18.
O H
n
2
m
este
= 3,31 gam
Ta c : m
O

(trong este)
= m
este
m
C
m
H
= 3,31 12.0,145 2.1.0,145 = 1,28 g
n
O
= 1,28/16 = 0,08 mol n
este
= 0,04 mol
n
mui
= n
este
= 0,04 mol M
mui
= 14n + 84 = 3,92/0,04 = 98 n = 1
Mt khc:
este M = 3,31/0,04 = 82,75 12.1 + 46 + 14 m = 82,75 m= 1,77
Vy: X l CH
3
COOCH
3
v Y l CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
p n C
' Bi 2: t chy 0,8 gam mt este X n chc c 1,76 gam CO
2
v 0,576 gam H
2
O. Cho 5 gam X
tc dng vi lng NaOH va , c cn dung dch sau phn ng c 7 gam mui khan Y. Cho Y tc
dng vi dung dch axit long thu c Z khng phn nhnh. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A.
C
O
O
B.
C
O
O
CH
3
C.
C
O
O
D. CH
2
=CH-COOC
2
H
5
Bi gii :
Cng thc X: C
x
H
y
O
2
( 2 x; y 2x )
Theo bi: m
c
=
48 , 0
44
12 . 76 , 1
=
gam; m
H
=
064 , 0
18
2 . 576 , 0
=
gam m
O (X)
= 0,256 gam
x

:

y

:

2 = 0,04

:

0,064

:

0,016 = 5

:

8

:

2
Cng thc ca X: C
5
H
8
O
2

V X l este n chc (X khng th l este n chc ca phenol) n
X
= n
Y
= n
z
= n
NaOH
= 0,05 mol
Ta c : m
X
+ m
NaOH (p)
= 5 + 0,05.40 = 7 gam = m
mui Y

E l este mch vng p n C
Dng 04: Bi ton hn hp este v cc cht hu c khc ( ancol, axit cacboxylic, ...)
Khi u bi cho 2 chc hu c khi tc dng vi NaOH hoc KOH m to ra:
+ 2 mui v 1 ancol th c kh nng 2 cht hu c l
RCOOR v RCOOR c n
NaOH
= n
ROH
Hoc: RCOOR v RCOOH c n
NaOH
> n
ROH
+ 1 mui v 1 ancol c nhng kh nng sau
RCOOR v ROH
Hoc: RCOOR v RCOOH
Hoc: RCOOH v ROH
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 7
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
+ 1 mui v 2 ancol th c nhng kh nng sau
RCOOR v RCOOR
Hoc: RCOOR v ROH
* c bit ch : Nu ni cht hu c ch c chc este th khng sao, nhng nu ni c chc
este th chng ta cn ch ngoi chc este trong phn t c th c thm chc axit hoc ancol!
' Bi 1: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c X, Y, Z n chc ng phn ca nhau, u tc dng c vi
NaOH. un nng 13,875 gam hn hp A vi dung dch NaOH va thu c 15,375 gam hn hp
mui v hn hp ancol c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 20,67. 136,5
0
C, 1 atm th tch hi ca 4,625 gam
X bng 2,1 lt. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y, Z (theo th t KLPT gc axit tng dn) ln lt l:
A. 40%; 40%; 20% B. 40%; 20%; 40% C. 25%; 50%; 25% D. 20%; 40%; 40%
Bi gii :
Ta c :
mol 0625 , 0
) 5 , 136 273 ( 082 , 0
1 , 2 . 1
n
X
=
+
=
M
X
=
74
0625 , 0
625 , 4
=
Mt khc: X, Y, Z n chc, tc dng c vi NaOH X, Y, Z l axit hoc este
CTPT dng: C
x
H
y
O
2
, d dng

=
=
6 y
3 x
Vy A

mol c : H HCOOC : Z
mol b : COOCH CH : Y
mol a : COOH H C : X
5 2
3 3
5 2

= + + =
=
+
+
=
= + + =
gam 375 , 15 c 68 b 82 a 96 m
67 , 20
) c b ( 2
c 46 b 32
d
mol 1875 , 0 c b a n
mui
H / ancol
A
2

=
=
=
075 , 0 c
0375 , 0 b
075 , 0 a

p n B
Dng 05: Bi ton xc nh cc ch s ca cht bo: ch s axit, ch s x phng ho, ch s este, ch
s iot...
lm cc bi tp dng ny, cn nm vng cc khi nim sau:
O Ch s axit (a
axit
): l s mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
O Ch s x phng ho (a
xp
): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t do c
trong 1 g cht bo
O Ch s este (a
este
): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit ca 1 gam cht bo
O Ch s iot (a
iot
): l s gam iot c th cng vo ni i C=C ca 100 gam cht bo
O Ch s peoxit (a
peoxit
): l s gam iot c gii phng t KI bi peoxit c trong 100 gam cht bo.
' Bi 1: x phng ho 35 kg triolein cn 4,939 kg NaOH thu c 36,207 kg x phng. Ch s axit
ca mu cht bo trn l:
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
Bi gii :
Theo bi: n
RCOONa (x phng)
=
mol 102 , 119
304
1000 . 207 , 36
=
n
NaOH
(dng x phng ho) = 119,102
mol
n
NaOH
( trung ho axit bo t do) =
mol 375 , 4 102 , 119
40
1000 . 939 , 4
=
n
KOH
( trung ho axit bo t do) = 4,375 mol
m
KOH
(trong 1 g cht bo) =
mg 7 1000 .
35000
56 . 375 , 4
=
ch s axit = 7 p n A
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 8
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
' Bi 2: Mt loi cht bo c ch s x phng ho l 188,72 cha axit stearic v tristearin. trung
ho axit t do c trong 100 g mu cht bo trn th cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,05 M
A. 100 ml B. 675 ml C. 200 ml D. 125 ml
Bi gii :
a
xp
= 188,72.10
-3
phn ng vi 100 g cht bo cn m
KOH
= 188,72.10
-3
.100 = 18,872 g
n
KOH
=
) ( 337 , 0
56
872 , 18
mol =
n
NaOH
= 0,337 mol

= + =
= + =
g 100 n 890 n 284 m
mol 337 , 0 n 3 n n
tristearin axit chtbo
tristearin axit NaOH

=
=
mol 109 , 0 n
mol 01 , 0 n
tristearin
axit
Vy: Trong 100 g mu cht bo c 0,01 mol axit t do n
NaOH (p)
= 0,01 mol
V
dd NaOH
= 200 ml p n C
C. Bi tp vn dng
I. Hon thnh s phn ng
Cu 1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng di dng tng qut v ly VD hon thnh cc phn ng sau:
1. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ancol 2. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 2 ancol
3. Este + NaOH 2 mui + 1 ancol 4. Este + NaOH n (phn t) mui + m (phn t)
ancol
5. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 andehit 6. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 xeton
7. Este + NaOH 2 mui + nc. 8. Este + NaOH 2 mui + 1 ancol + nc
9. Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht
Cu 2. Hon thnh cc phn ng theo s sau (di dng cng thc cu to).
1. C
3
H
4
O
2
+ NaOH (A) + (B)
2. (A) + H
2
SO
4
(long) (C) + (D)
3. (C) + AgNO
3
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O (E) + Ag + NH
4
NO
3
4. (B) + AgNO
3
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O (F) + Ag + NH
4
NO
3
Cu 3. Hon thnh cc s phn ng sau:

II. Bi tp trc nghim
Bi 1: Thu phn 11,18 gam este X n chc, mch h (c xc tc axit) n khi phn ng hon ton thu
c hn hp hai cht hu c Y v Z. Cho Y, Z phn ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
d thu c 56,16
gam Ag. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. HCOOC(CH
3
)=CH
2
B. CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
C. HCOOCH=CHCH
3
D.
HCOOCH
2
CH=CH
2
Bi 2: Este X no n chc lu ngy b thu phn mt phn to ra 2 cht hu c Y v Z. Mun trung
ho lng axit to ra t 13,92 gam X phi dng 15 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. x phng ho lng
este cn li phi dng thm 225 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. Nu oxi ho Y s c mt anehit c
mch phn nhnh. Khi ho hi 0,4 gam Z c th tch bng th tch ca 0,214 gam O
2
. Cng thc este
X l:
A. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
B. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH(CH
3
)
2
C. CH
3
COOCH(CH
3
)CH
2
CH
3
D. C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
CH(CH
3
)
2
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 9
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Bi 3: X phng ho 3,52 gam este X c to ra t axit n chc v ancol n chc bng dung dch
NaOH va c mui Y v ancol Z. Nung nng Y vi oxi thu c 2,12 gam Natri cacbonat, kh
CO
2
v hi nc. Ancol Z c chia lm hai phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng vi Na va thu
c kh H
2
c s mol bng s mol ancol phn ng v 1,36 gam mui. Phn 2 cho tc dng vi CuO
d, nung nng c cht hu c T c phn ng trng bc. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. HCOOC
2
H
5
B. CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
D. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
Bi 4: X phng ho este X n chc, no ch thu c mt cht hu c Y cha Na. C cn, sau thm
NaOH/CaO ri nung nng thu c mt ancol Z v mt mui v c. t chy hon ton ancol ny thu
c CO
2
v hi nc theo t l v th tch l 2 : 3. Cng thc phn t ca este X l:
A. C
4
H
6
O
2
B. C
3
H
6
O
2
C. C
2
H
4
O
2
D. C
3
H
4
O
2
Bi 5: Hai este n chc X, Y l ng phn ca nhau. Khi ho hi 7,77 gam X thu c th tch hi
ng bng th tch ca 3,36 gam O
2
(o cng iu kin). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X, Y ln lt
l:
A. HCOOC
2
H
5
v CH
3
COOCH
3
B. C
2
H
3
COOC
2
H
5
v C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
3
C. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
D. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v HCOOCH(CH
3
)
2
Bi 6: X phng ho hon ton 9,7 gam hn hp hai este n chc X, Y cn 100 ml dung dch NaOH
1,5 M. Sau phn ng, c cn dung dch thu c hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip v mt mui duy
nht. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca 2 este l:
A. H-COO-CH
3
v H-COO-CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
. B. CH
3
COO-CH
3
v CH
3
COO-CH
2
CH
3
.
C. C
2
H
5
COO-CH
3
v C
2
H
5
COO-CH
2
CH
3
. D. H-COO-CH
3
v H-COO-CH
2
CH
3
.
Bi 7: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c n chc X, Y, Z. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp A phn ng va vi
250 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2 M. C cn dung dch thu c 4,1 gam mt mui khan v thu c 1,232
lt hi mt ancol duy nht ( 27,3
0
C; 1 atm). Cng thc ca X, Y, Z ln lt l:
A. CH
3
COOH; CH
3
CH
2
OH; CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
B. HCOOH; CH
3
CH
2
OH; HCOOC
2
H
5
C. C
2
H
5
COOH; CH
3
CH
2
OH; C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
D. CH
2
=CH-COOH; CH
3
CH
2
OH; CH
2
=CH-
COOC
2
H
5
Bi 8: Ho hi 2,64 gam hn hp hai este X, Y ng phn ca nhau thu c th tch hi bng th tch
ca 0,84 gam kh nit cng iu kin, nhit , p sut. Nu un hn hp X, Y vi mt lng dung
dch NaOH d n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 2,32 gam hn hp hai mui ca hai axit k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l:
A. HCOOC
3
H
7
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
B. HCOOC
3
H
7
v HCOOC
3
H
7

C. HCOOC
3
H
7
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
3
D. C A, B u ng
Bi 9: Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c mch h, cha cng mt loi nhm chc ho hc. Khi un nng
47,2 gam hn hp X vi lng d dung dch NaOH th thu c mt ancol n chc v 38,2 gam hn
hp mui ca 2 axit hu c n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Mt khc, nu t chy ht
9,44 gam hn hp X cn va 12,096 lt kh O
2
, thu c 10,304 lt kh CO
2
. Cc kh o ktc. Cng
thc cu to ca cc cht trong X l:
A. HCOOCH
2
-CH=CH
2
v CH
3
COOCH
2
-CH=CH
2
B. CH
3
COOCH
2
-CH=CH
2
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
-
CH=CH
2

C. CH
2
=CHCOOCH
2
CH
3
v CH
3
CH=CHCOOCH
2
CH
3
D. CH
2
=CHCOOCH
3
v CH
3
CH=CHCOOCH
3
Bi 10: un nng 7,66 gam hn hp A gm X, Y l hai cht hu c n chc, c cng loi nhm chc,
vi 95 ml dung dch NaOH 1 M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c cn dung dch thu c hn hp
hai mui ca hai axit k tip nhau trong dy ng ng v mt ancol Z, c t khi so vi khng kh bng
1,59. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y ln lt l:
A. 48%; 52% B. 45,60%; 54,40% C. 50%; 50% D. 48,30%; 51,70%
Bi 11: Hn hp X gm hai este n chc, l ng phn ca nhau. cng iu kin v nhit , p
sut, t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh l 3,03. Nu x phng ho hon ton 22 gam X bng 250 ml
dung dch KOH 1,25 M (H = 100%) thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c 29,75 gam
cht rn khan. Cho lng cht rn tc dng vi axit HCl d thu c hn hp hai axit k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng. Thnh phn % v khi lng cc este trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 50%; 50% B. 60%; 40% C. 45; 65% D. 75%; 25%
Bi 12: X l este mch h do axit no A v ancol no B to ra. Khi cho 0,2 mol X phn ng vi NaOH thu
c 32,8 gam mui. t chy 1 mol B cn dng 2,5 mol O
2
. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. (C
2
H
5
COO)
2
C
2
H
4
. B. (HCOO)
2
C
2
H
4
. C. (CH
3
COO)
2
C
2
H
4
. D. (HCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
.
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 10
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Bi 13: Cho hp cht X (cha C, H, O), c mch C khng phn nhnh, ch cha mt loi nhm chc tc
dng va ht 91,5 ml dung dch NaOH 25% (D = 1,28 g/ml). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c dung dch Y cha mt mui ca axit hu c, hai ancol n chc, no ng ng lin tip trung
ho hon ton dung dch Y cn dng 153 ml dung dch HCl 4 M. C cn dung dch sau khi trung ho th
thu c hn hp hai ancol c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 26,5 v 47,202 gam hn hp mui khan. Hp cht
X c cng thc cu to l:
A. C
3
H
7
OOC-C
4
H
8
-COOC
2
H
5
B. CH
3
OOC-C
3
H
6
-COO-C
3
H
7

C. C
3
H
7
OOC-C
2
H
4
-COOC
2
H
5
D. C
2
H
5
OOC-C
3
H
6
-COO-C
3
H
7

Bi 14: X l mt este a chc to bi mt ancol no, mch h, ba chc Y v mt axit Z khng no, n
chc l dn xut ca mt olefin. Trong X cacbon chim 56,7% khi lng. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. (CH
3
CH=CHCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
B.
(CH
2
=CHCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
C. [CH
2
=C(CH
3
)COO]
3
C
3
H
5
D. A hoc C
Bi 15: un nng 0,05 mol X vi lng va dung dch NaOH thu c 6,7 gam mui ca axit hu
c a chc B v 4,6 gam ancol n chc C. Cho ancol C bay hi 127
0
C v 1 atm s chim th tch
3,28 lt. CTPT ca X l:
A. CH(COOCH
3
)
3
B. C
2
H
4
(COOCH
3
)
2
C. (COOC
3
H
5
)
2
D. (COOC
2
H
5
)
2
Bi 16: un nng 21,8 g cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,5 M thu c 24,6 g
mui ca axit n chc Y v 1 lng ancol Z. Nu cho lng ancol Z bay hi 136,5
0
C v 1,5 atm,
th tch kh thu c l 2,24 lt. Lng d NaOH c trung ho bng 2 lt dung dch HCl 0,1 M. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
A. (CH
3
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
B. (C
2
H
5
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
C. (HCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
D. CH(COO)
3
C
3
H
5
Bi 17: Khi x phng ho 5,45 gam X c cng thc phn t C
9
H
14
O
6
dng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1
M thu c ancol no Y v mui ca mt axit hu c. trung ho lng xt d sau phn ng phi dng
ht 50 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. Bit rng 23 gam ancol Y khi ho hi c th tch bng th tch ca 8
gam O
2
(trong cng iu kin). Cng thc ca X l:
A. (C
2
H
5
COO)
2
-C
3
H
5
(OH) B. (HCOO)
3
C
6
H
11

C. C
2
H
5
COO-C
2
H
4
-COO-C
2
H
4
COOH D. (CH
3
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
Bi 18: X l este ca axit A v ancol n chc B. un nng 32,34 g X vi dung dch NaOH d n khi
phn ng hon ton. C cn dung dch thu c cht rn Y v ancol B. un ancol B vi H
2
SO
4
c thu
c 12,0736 lt kh Z 27,3
0
C, 1 atm v d
Z/B
= 0,609. Nung Y vi vi ti xt thu c 5,488 lt kh T
duy nht c t khi so vi hiro bng 8. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH
2
(COOC
2
H
5
)
2
B. CH
2
(COOCH
3
)
2
C. (COOC
2
H
5
)
2
D. CH
3
-COO-C
2
H
5
Bi 19: t chy a gam mt este X cn 11,76 lt O
2
(ktc), sau phn ng thu c hn hp CO
2
v hi
nc. Dn hn hp ny vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh tng 26,04 gam v
thy xut hin 42 gam kt ta trng. Bit este ny do mt axit n chc v ancol n chc to nn. Cng
thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
4
H
8
O
2
B. C
2
H
4
O
2
C. C
3
H
6
O
2
D. C
5
H
10
O
2
Bi 20: Khi t chy hon ton 2,75 gam hp cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy ch gm
2,8 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,25 gam H
2
O. Nu cho 2,75 gam X tc dng vi NaOH va n khi phn ng
hon ton thu c 3 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l:
A. Metyl propionat B. Etyl propionat C. Etyl axetat D. Isopropyl axetat
Bi 21: t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X cn va 3,92 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c CO
2
v H
2
O
c t l mol l 1

:

1. Bit X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
3
H
6
O
2
B. C
3
H
4
O
2
C. C
2
H
4
O
2
D. C
4
H
8
O
2
Bi 22: t chy hon 0,1 mol este X thu c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,3 mol H
2
O. Cho 0,1 mol X tc dng
ht vi NaOH th thu c 8,2 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HCOOC
2
H
5
B. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
C. CH
3
COOCH
3
D. HCOOC
2
H
3
Bi 23: t chy hon ton m gam este X to bi ancol no, n chc, mch h v axit khng no, mch
h, n chc (thuc dy ng ng ca axit acrylic, CH
2
=CHCOOH) thu c 3,584 lt CO
2
(ktc) v
2,16 gam H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,72 g B. 4 g C. 7,44 g D. 3,44 g
Bi 24: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp cc este no, n chc, mch h. Sn phm chy c dn
vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh tng 151,9 gam. Khi lng kt ta to ra l:
A. 245 gam B. 482,65 gam C. 325 gam D. 165 gam
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 11
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
*Bi 25: t chy hon ton 6,24 gam mt este X (M
A
< 180) cn 6,272 lt kh oxi (ktc). Sn phm
chy c hp th hon ton vo dung dch nc vi trong d thy c m gam kt ta, khi lng dung
dch nc vi trong gim 12,8 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
4
H
6
O
2
B. C
7
H
10
O
2
C. C
7
H
8
O
4
D. C
7
H
10
O
4
Bi 26: Hn hp X gm axit fomic v axit axetic (t l mol 1

:

1). Ly 6,36 gam X tc dng vi 6,9 gam
ancol etylic (xc tc H
2
SO
4
) thu c 7,776 gam hn hp este, hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho bng
nhau. Gi tr ca H l:
A. 60% B. 80% C. 85% D. 50%
Bi 27: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH
3
COOH (t l mol 1

:

1). Ly 5,3 gam hn hp X tc
dng vi 5,75 gam C
2
H
5
OH (c xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc
phn ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 10,12. B. 6,48 C. 8,10 D. 16,20.
Bi 28: Cho 0,1 mol glixerol phn ng vi 0,15 axit axetic c xc tc H
2
SO
4
c, thu c m gam este
B (khng cha chc khc) vi hiu sut phn ng l 80%. Gi tr m l:
A. 8,72 g B. 14,02 g C. 13,10 g D. p n khc.
Bi 29: Khi cho 58,5 gam mt cht bo c thnh phn chnh l tristearin phn ng vi dung dch iot th
thy cn mt dung dch cha 9,91 gam iot. Ch s iot ca mu cht bo trn l:
A. 16,93 B. 16,39 C. 19,63 D. 13,69
Bi 30: Khi x phng ho 0,9 gam cht bo cn 24 ml dung dch KOH 0,25 M. Ch s x phng ho ca
mu cht bo l:
A. 37,333 B. 3,733 C. 0,3733 D. 373,33
III. Bi tp t lun
Dng 01: Phn ng thu phn mt este
Bi 1.1. Cho m gam este X to bi mt axit hu c n chc v mt ancol n chc tc dng ht vi
dung dch NaOH. Sau phn ng thu c 3,2 g ancol. Cho lng ancol ny phn ng vi Na d, thu
c kh 1,12 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc, m gam X ch lm mt mu 16 gam brom v sn phm thu
c cha 61,54% brom theo khi lng.
a. Xc nh m, cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to ca X. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v gc
axit trong X c cu to mch nhnh.
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng trng hp X? Gi tn sn phm to ra. (H GTVT-98)
Bi 1.2. Cho hn hp E gm 1 ancol no n chc X, 1 axit n chc Y v 1 este Z to bi X v Y. Ly
0,13 mol hn hp E tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch KOH 1 M un nng thu c p g ancol X. Ha hi
p g X ri dn qua ng ng CuO d, nung nng thu c andehit F. Cho ton b F trng Ag thu c
43,2 g Ag.
a. Xc nh X v tnh p.
b. t chy 0,13 mol hn hp E thu c 5,6 lit ( ktc) CO
2
v 5,94 g H
2
O. Xc nh Y, Z, % khi
lng ca E.
Bi 1.3. Cho 1 este n chc A tc dng vi 0,2 lit dung dch NaOH a M. Sau phn ng thu c
12,3 g mt mui ca axit B v p gam mt ancol D. un nng p gam D vi H
2
SO
4
c thu c anken E.
t chy E ri hp th ht sn phm vo bnh cha 3 lit dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,125 M th c 59,1 g kt
ta to ra.
a. Tnh a, bit A c ti a 5 nguyn t C.
b. Xc nh cng thc c th c ca cc cht A, B, D, E.
Bi 1.4. Cho a gam hn hp A gm 1 axit hu c no n chc, 1 ancol no n chc v 1 este ca chng
tc dng vi 30 ml dung dch NaOH 1 M thu c cht B v b gam ancol. t chy ht a gam hn
hp thu c 4,144 lit (ktc) CO
2
v 3,6 g H
2
O. Cn khi t chy b gam ancol B thu c 5,5 g CO
2
v
2,7 g H
2
O.
Xc nh cc cht trong hn hp A.
Bi 1.5. Cho 1,22 gam mt hp cht hu c n chc A phn ng va vi 200 ml dung dch
KOH 0,1 M ch thu c dung dch ch cha 2,16 gam mui. t chy lng mui ny thu c a gam
K
2
CO
3
, 2,64 gam CO
2
v 0,54 gam nc. Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A v tnh a, bit M
A
< 140.
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 12
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Bi 1.6. Hp cht X (C, H, O) cha mt nhm chc trong phn t, khng tc dng vi Na, tc dng vi
NaOH c th theo t l 1

:

1 hay 1

:

2. Khi t chy 1 phn t gam X cho 7 phn t gam CO
2
. Tm cng
thc cu to ca X?
Dng 02: Phn ng thu phn este a chc
Bi 2.1. un nng este E (mch C khng nhnh) vi 0,15 lit dung dch NaOH 1 M. trung ha dung
dch sau phn ng phi thm 60 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c
11,475 g hn hp 2 mui v 5,52 g hn hp 2 ancol n chc. Xc nh CTCT ca axit, ancol v este.
Bi 2.2. Khi cho 16 gam hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C
7
H
12
O
4
, ch c 1 loi nhm chc tc
dng va vi 200 gam dung dch NaOH 4% thu c mt ancol Y v 17,8 gam hn hp 2 mui. Xc
nh CTCT ca X?
*Bi 2.3. E l hn hp ca 2 ng phn mch khng nhnh (cha C, H, O) ch cha mt loi nhm
chc. un nng m gam hn hp E vi 1,5 lt dung dch NaOH 0,2 M n khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton. trung ho NaOH d cn thm vo hn hp sau phn ng 120 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. C cn
hn hp sau khi trung ho thu c 22,71 gam hn hp mui khan (trong cc mui hu c c s
nguyn t C bng nhau) v 11,04 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc bc 1 c phn t lng khc nhau.
a. Xc nh cng thc cu to 2 ancol trn.
b. Xc nh cng thc cu to 2 cht trong hn hp E.
(HYHN - 99)
Bi 2.4. Cho 0,01 mol mt este ca axit hu c phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2 M,
sn phm to thnh ch gm mt ancol v mt mui vi s mol bng nhau. Mt khc, khi x phng ha
hon ton 1,29 gam este bng mt lng va 60 ml dung dch KOH 0,25 M, sau khi phn ng kt
thc em c cn dung dch thu c 1,665 gam mui khan. Cho bit cng thc cu to ca este?
Bi 2.5. Hp cht Y cha C, H, O ch c mt loi nhm chc, khng tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, c t
khi hi so vi khng kh bng 3,173. Cho 3,45 g Y phn ng vi natri d ta c 1,36 lt hiro 25
0
C,
p sut 770 mmHg
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca Y.
b. thu phn 16,51 gam este ca Y vi axit cacboxylic n chc B cn dng 7,8 gam NaOH. Khi
thu phn 0,03 mol este cn dng 180 ml NaOH 0,5 M. Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca B v ca
este.
c. Hy dng mt thuc th phn bit Y, B v este ni trn. (H Thng Long - 2001)
*Bi 2.6. un nng 7,2 g este A vi dung dch NaOH d. Phn ng kt thc thu c glyxerol v 7,9 g
hn hp mui. Cho ton b hn hp mui tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
long thu c 3 axit hu c no n
chc mch h D, E, F. Trong E, F l ng phn ca nhau, E l ng ng k tip ca D.
a. Tm CTCT ca 3 axit, vit CTCT c th c ca este A.
b. t chy hon ton hn hp 3 axit trn ri cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo 500 ml dung dch
NaOH 1 M. Tnh khi lng mui natri to thnh. (H Thng mi-99)
Dng 03: Phn ng thu phn hn hp cc este
Bi 3.1. C hai este l ng phn ca nhau v u do cc axit no mt ln v ancol no mt ln to
thnh. x phng ha 22,2 gam hn hp hai este ni trn phi dng ht 12 gam NaOH nguyn cht.
C cn dung dch thu c 21,8 gam mui khan (gi thit l hiu sut phn ng t 100%). Cho bit
cng thc cu to ca hai este?
Bi 3.2. X l hn hp ca hai este ng phn vi nhau c t khi hi so vi CO
2
l 2. Thy phn 35,2
gam X bng 4 lt dung dch NaOH 0,2 M c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c 44,6 gam cht rn khan.
Bit hai este do ancol no n chc v axit no n chc to thnh. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca cc
este.
Bi 3.3. t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp hai este no n chc, mch h cn 3,976 lt oxi (
ktc) thu c 6,38 g CO
2
. Cho lng este ny tc dng va vi KOH thu c hn hp hai ancol k
tip v 3,92 g mui ca mt axit hu c. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca hai cht hu c trong hn
hp u?
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 13
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Bi 3.4. Hn hp Y gm hai este n chc, mch h l ng phn ca nhau. Cho m gam hn hp Y
tc dng va vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M, thu c mt mui ca mt axit cacboxylic v hn
hp hai ancol. Mt khc t chy hon ton m gam hn hp Y cn dng 5,6 lt O
2
v thu c 4,48 lt
CO
2
(cc kh u o ktc). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca 2 este trong hn hp Y?
Bi 3.5. Hn hp A gm 2 este ca cng mt axit hu c n chc v hai ancol n chc l ng ng
k tip nhau. X phng ho hon ton 26,5 gam hn hp A bng mt lng dung dch NaOH va thu
c m gam mui v 10,3 gam hn hp hai ancol. Cho ton b lng ancol ny tc dng ht vi Na
(d) thu c 3,36 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy hon ton.
a. Xc nh cng thc cu to v gi tn hai este?
b. Xc nh m?
Bi 3.6. Cho hn hp 2 cht hu c cng chc tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (ly d) thu c 2 mui
v 1 ancol n chc, c t khi hi so vi hiro l 23. Cho cc mui tc dng vi HCl thu c 2 axit
no mt ln axit ng ng k tip. Ho tan 10 gam hn hp 2 axit ny vo 190 ml dung dch KOH 1 M
th phn ng va .
a. Cho bit 2 cht trong hn hp ban u thuc chc g.
b. Vit CTCT ca cc este.
Bi 3.7. t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp 2 este, cho sn phm phn ng chy qua bnh ng P
2
O
5
d, khi lng bnh tng thm 6,21 g; sau cho qua tip dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thu c 34,5 g kt
ta.
a. Cc este ni trn thuc loi g? (n chc hay a chc, no hay khng no).
b. Cho 6,825 g hn hp 2 este tc dng va vi dung dch KOH, thu c 7,7 g hn hp 2 mui
v 4,025 g mt ancol. Tm cng thc phn t v khi lng mi este, bit rng khi lng phn t ca 2
mui hn km nhau khng qu 28 n v cacbon. (HBK - 99)
Bi 3.8. Thu phn hn hp 2 este n chc bng mt lng va dung dch NaOH thu c 49,2
gam mui ca mt axit hu c v 25,5 gam hn hp 2 ancol no ng ng k tip. Trn u 2 ancol ri
chia lm 2 phn bng nhau. t chy ht phn 1 thu c 0,525 mol CO
2
. Phn 2 un vi H
2
SO
4
c
140
0
C thu c hn hp 3 ete. (Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton).
a. Xc nh cng thc, c tn, tnh s mol mi este ban u.
b. Xc nh cng thc 3 ete, tnh tng khi lng 3 ete to thnh. (HV Qun Y - 99).
Dng 04: Phn ng este ho
Bi 4.1. Hn hp X gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia X thnh 3 phn bng nhau. Cho phn 1 tc dng vi
natri d thy c 3,36 lt (ktc) thot ra. Phn 2 tc dng vi CaCO
3
d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO
2
thot ra
(ktc).
a. Tnh phn trm khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp X.
b. Thm vi git axit H
2
SO
4
vo phn 3, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Tnh khi lng este to
thnh nu hiu sut ca phn ng este ho bng 60,00%
Bi 4.2. Hn hp A gm ancol metylic v mt ancol ng ng. Cho 4,02 gam hn hp A tc dng ht
vi Na thy bay ra 672 ml hiro (ktc).
a. Tnh tng s mol hai ancol tc dng vi natri.
b. Cho 4,02 gam hn hp A tc dng vi 10 gam axit axetic c mt H
2
SO
4
c xc tc. Tnh khi lng
este thu c, gi s hiu sut phn ng este ho l 100%.
Bi 4.3. Cho 90 g mt axit hu c A tc dng vi 55,2 g ancol B c H
2
SO
4
c, un nng thu c 72,6
g mt este D. t chy D thu c 145,2 g CO
2
v 59,4 g H
2
O.
a. Xc nh este D.
b. Nu ban u n
B
= 0,8n
A
. Hy xc nh CTCT ca A, B, D.
c. Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ha.
Bi 4.4. Hn hp X gm axit no, n chc A v ancol no, n chc B c cng s nguyn t C. Chia hn
hp thnh 3 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na thu c 2,8 lit kh (ktc).
- Phn 2: t chy ht thu c 22 g CO
2
v 10,8 g H
2
O.
a. Xc nh A, B v tnh % khi lng ca hn hp X.
http://chuyendeonthi.wordpress.com Trang: 14
Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
b. un nng phn 3 vi H
2
SO
4
c thu c 7,04 g este. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng
Dng 5: Bi tp T gii
Bi 1. C hai este n chc l ng phn ca nhau. Cho 22,2 gam hn hp hai este trn vo 100 ml
dung dch NaOH 4 M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc, c cn dung dch thu c 25,8 gam cht rn khan.
Ngng t hn hp hai ancol bay hi khi tin hnh c cn, lm khan ri cho tc dng vi Na (d) thy
thot ra 3,36 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
a. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca mi este.
b. Trnh by phng php ho hc phn bit 2 este .
Bi 2. Hn hp Y gm 2 este n chc, mch h, l ng phn ca nhau. Cho m g hn hp Y tc dng
va vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M thu c mui ca 1 axit hu c v 2 ancol. Mt khc t
chy hon ton m g hn hp Y cn dng 5,6 lt O
2
v thu c 4,48 lt CO
2
. Cc th tch kh u o
ktc.
a. Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca cc cht trong Y.
b. Cho Y ln lt tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
v Cu(OH)
2
/NaOH. Vit phng trnh phn ng
xy ra.
Bi 3. Cho hn hp 2 este n chc (to bi 2 axit l ng ng k tip) tc dng hon ton vi 1,5 lt
dung dch NaOH 2,4 M thu c dung dch A v mt ancol B bc 1. C cn dung dch A thu c 211,2
gam cht rn khan. Oxi ho B bng O
2
(c xc tc) thu c hn hp X. Chia X thnh 3 phn bng
nhau:
+ Phn 1 cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
trong dung dch NH
3
(d) thu c 21,6 gam Ag.
+ Phn 2 cho tc dng vi NaHCO
3
d, thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc).
+ Phn 3 tc dng vi Na va to ra 8,96 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c 48,8 g
cht rn khan. Xc nh cng thc cu to v tnh % khi lng mi este trong hn hp ban u.
Bi 4. Hn hp A gm 3 este n chc, mch thng, to thnh t cng mt ancol B vi 3 axit hu c,
trong 2 axit no l ng ng k tip nhau v mt axit khng no cha mt lin kt i. X phng ho
hon ton 14,7 gam A bng dung dch NaOH, thu c hn hp mui v p gam ancol B. Cho p gam
ancol B vo bnh ng natri d, sau phn ng c 2,24 lt kh thot ra v khi lng bnh ng natri
tng 6,2 gam. Mt khc t chy hon ton 14,7 gam A, thu c 13,44 lt CO
2
v 9,9 gam H
2
O. Xc
nh cng thc cu to ca tng este trong A.
Bi 5. Hn hp A gm 2 cht hu c mch h, cha cng mt loi nhm chc ho hc. Khi un nng
47,2 gam hn hp A vi lng d dung dch NaOH th thu c mt ancol n chc v 38,2 gam hn
hp mui ca hai axit hu c n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Mt khc, nu t chy ht
9,44 gam A cn va 12,096 lt kh O
2
, thu c 10,304 lt kh CO
2
. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht c trong hn hp A.
b. Tnh % khi lng cc cht c trong trong hn hp A. ( H khi A - 2004)
Bi 6. Hn hp X gm 2 este n chc, mch h, l ng phn ca nhau. Cho a gam hn hp X tc
dng va vi 150 ml dung dch NaOH 0,25 M thu c mui ca mt axit cacboxylic v hn hp hai
ancol. Mt khc t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X cn dng 4,2 lt O
2
, thu c 3,36 lt CO
2
(cc
th tch o ktc).
Xc nh cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca este.
Bi 7. Mt hp cht hu c A ch cha C, H, O trong phn t. t chy hon ton 1,60 gam cht A, dn
ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh tng thm 4,16 gam
v c 13,79 gam kt ta. Bit khi lng phn t ca A nh hn 200.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
b. Bit A ch c mt loi nhm chc, khi cho 16 gam A tc dng va vi 200 gam dung dch NaOH
4% thu c mt ancol B v 17,8 gam hn hp hai mui. Xc nh CTCT ca A v B.
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Cc dng bi ton Este Ho 12
Bi 8. Hn hp X gm mt axit n chc, mt ancol n chc v este c to bi axit v ancol . t
chy hon ton 6,2 gam hn hp X c 5,04 gam H
2
O v 6,944 lt CO
2
( ktc). Mt khc 3,1 gam hn
hp X tc dng va vi 250 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1 M, sau phn ng thu c 1,48 gam ancol. Cho
ton b lng ancol ny phn ng ht vi Na thu c 224 ml H
2
( ktc).
Xc nh CTPT v vit CTCT mi cht trong hn hp X?
Bi 9. un nng a gam mt hp cht hu c X c cha C, H, O mch khng phn nhnh vi dung dch
cha 11,20 gam KOH n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch B. trung ho va ht
lng KOH d trong dung dch B cn dng 80 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. Lm bay hi dung dch sau khi
trung ho mt cch cn thn thu c 7,36 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc v 18,34 gam hn hp 2
mui. Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca X v cc cht hu c c trong dung dch B.

Bi 10. Cho hn hp gm 2 cht hu c cng chc ho hc. Khi t chy hon ton 27,2 g hn hp ny
phi dng va 33,6 lt O
2
v thu c 29,12 lt CO
2
. Cc th tch kh u o ktc. Nu un nng
13,6 g hn hp u vi lng d dung dch NaOH th thu c hn hp gm mui mt axit hu c n
chc v 5,5 g hn hp 2 ancol no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng.
Xc nh CTPT, CTCT v khi lng mi cht trong 13,6 g hn hp
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