BI 3 : CC THIT B CP NHIT

3.2 MY BIN P 1 PHA

3.2.1 Khi nim chung

Chc nng ca my bin p l g?

a) Cng dng: My bin p l loi thit b in t tnh, dng bin i dng in xoay chiu t cp in p ny sang cp khc v gi nguyn tn s. My bin p (MBA) c dng rt nhiu trong h thng truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Loi MBA mt pha c dng ph bin trong gia nh.

H thng truyn ti v phn phi in nng

Mt s hnh nh ca my bin p

My bin p trong cng nghip

My bin p trong gia nh

b) Phn loi:

Theo s pha: MBA mt pha, MBA ba pha. Theo cu to b dy qun: MBA cch ly (my bin p cm ng, MBA hai dy qun), MBA t ngu. Theo phng php lm mt: MBA lm mt bng du, MBA lm mt bng khng kh.

3.2.2 Cu to my bin p mt pha : Gm c hai phn chnh a) Mch t : Li thp lm bng cc l thp k thut in(dy t 0,35mm n 0,5mm c lp cch in bn ngoi) v ghp li thnh mt khi. Dng dn t cho my.

U-I

Hnh 3.6: Cc dng mch t my bin p mt pha

U-U

E-I

L thp k thut in

b) Dy qun - Lm bng dy in t(trng lp cch in) qun trn li thp. - My bin p mt pha thng c 2 dy qun: + Dy qun s cp: ni vi ngun, k hiu U1, c N1 vng dy. + Dy qun th cp: ly in ra s dng, k hiu U2, c N2 vng dy.

Dy qun s cp

Li thp

Dy qun th cp

Li thp

Dy qun

3.2.3 Nguyn l :

Dy qun s cp

Li thp

Dy qun th cp

S NGUYN L BiN P MT PHA

MBA lm vic da trn hin tng cm ng in t, t mt in p xoay chiu U1 vo cun dy s cp (c s vng dy qun n1) s c dng in xoay chiu I1 chy qua, to nn t thng bin thin trong li thp. Do mch t khp kn nn t thng ny mc vng qua hai cun dy to nn trong cc sc in ng E1 v E2.

Nu b qua in tr ca cc b dy qun v tn hao ta c: U1 = E1 v U2 = E2

U1 E1 n1 K hay l U 2 E 2 n2

K: l t s bin p

K>1 U1 > U2: My bin p gim p. K<1 U1 < U2: My bin p tng p. K=1 U1 = U2: Lm ngun cch ly tng tnh an ton.

3.2.4 Cc i lng nh mc ca my bin p: Cc i lng nh mc ca my bin p cho bit tnh nng k thut ca my, do nh sn xut qui nh.
a) Dung lng nh mc (Sm): l cng sut ton phn a ra pha th cp my bin p trng thi nh mc

Sm = U2m I2m; Sm (tnh bng VA- KVA)

b) in p s cp nh mc (U1m): l in p cho php t vo cun s cp MBA trng thi lm vic bnh thng. (tnh bng V- KV).
c) in p th cp nh mc (U2m ): l in p o c th cp khi khng ti v in p a vo s cp l nh mc (tnh bng V- KV). d) Dng in nh mc s cp (I1m) v th cp (I2m): L dng in cho php chy qua cc cun dy s cp v th cp ng vi cng sut v in p nh mc ca my.

Bi tp My bin p cm ng c n1= 220 vng; n2 = 440 vng, mc vo U1m= 110V. a. Tnh in p th cp U2m. b. Tnh dung lng nh mc ca my? Bit rng my c kh nng cp cho ti thun tr R = 44. c. Tnh dng in nh mc pha th cp. d. pha th cp ngi ta trch ra mt u dy, o c in p l 24V. Tnh s vng dy qun ca on trch ny.

Gii : a) in p th cp :

b) Dung lng nh mc ca my

c) Dng in nh mc pha th cp

d) S vng dy qun ca on trch

3.2.5 Cc loi MBA 1 pha thng s dng v c bit

3.2.5.1 MBA cch ly

220

110

MAY BIEN AP CACH LY 220 / 110

3.2.5.2 Cc loi MBA c bit a) MBA t ngu : l loi my bin p m cun dy th cp l mt phn ca cun s cp hoc ngc li. Nguyn l ca loi my bin p ny hon ton tng t nh MBA hai dy qun.
U1

U1

U2

U2 Hnh 3.8: My bin p t ngu loi gim p Hnh 39: My bin p t ngu loi tng p

b) My bin p hn (my hn in):

1 5 3

U1

8 7 6

Hnh 3.10: S nguyn l bin p hn 1. Mch t 3. Cun dy th cp 5. Li thp iu chnh khe t 7. Vt cn hn 2. Cun dy s cp 4. Cun khng 6. Tm kim loi 8. Que hn

Cun s cp ni vi ngun U1, dy qun th cp ni tip vi cun khng in (4) v ni vi que hn, cc kia ni vi tm kim loi bn trn t vt cn hn. Chm que hn vo vt cn hn to nn dng ngn mch v lm nng ch tip xc. Khi nhc que hn ln mt khong nh, khng kh b ion ho lm pht sinh h quang gia que hn v vt cn hn. Li thp (5) dng iu chnh khe h cun khng c tc dng iu chnh dng in hn.

c) M hn sng:

Da trn nguyn l dng in; ngn mch ca my bin p. n cng tc K cp ngun cho my bin p,do pha th cp c ni ngn mch nn dng in sinh ra rt ln, nhit lng to ra nhiu lm nng chy ch hn. Khi s dng khng nn bm cng tc lin tc trnh lm gim tui th ca thit b.

3.2.6 Cc bin p mt pha thng dng + My bin p ngun :

My bin p ngun l loi my bin p dng cung cp ngun cho cc thit b in t nh Ti vi, u my... V nhng mch in t cn c nhng ngun in p khc nhau nn phn th cp ca my bin p ny c nhiu cun dy khc nhau, mi cun sau khi nn thnh in mt chiu s cung cp cho nhng mch khc nhau.

5V AC 35V AC

in p vo
110V
18V AC 12V AC

Hnh 3.12: S dy qun mt bin p ngun

+ Survolter :
7
1 A
VAO

1. Gallet G1 t in p vo. 2.Gallet G2 chnh in p vo. 3.Ng a ngun in vo.

3 4

110
80
1 0

160 220
2
33

V RA

9 110

220

KET CAU MAT NGOAI SURVOLTUER

4. Ng ly in p ra. 5. Volt k o in p ra. 6. Ampe k o dng in ti. 7. n bo ngun

220
160

G1 NGUON VAO G2
9
8

110

80

S
7 6 5 4 3 2

C 220 A 0 RA 110

1 0

S O NGUYEN LY SURVOLTEUR

Mt trong nhng thit b in gn gi vi chng ta l Survolteur. ng ra phi gi l my tng, gim p v in p th cp c th tng hoc gim so vi in sap s cp. Survolteur l mt my bin p t ngu, ngha l phn dy qun s cp v th cp c ni lin vi nhau v in. in p u vo sau khi qua cu ch bo v c a n 2 gallet iu chnh. Gallet th nht (K1) c 4 nc iu chnh in p u vo: 220V, 160V, 110V v 80V. Gallet th hai (K2) c 9 nc iu chnh in p u vo: 220V, 160V, 110V v 80V. Ty theo nh ch to m n bo v ng h vn s dng trc tip in p 220V hay in p cm ng 6V. bo v qu p c th dng mt trong ba phng php sau y:

- Dng chung bo qu ti in p :
Chung in c mc ni tip vi mt tcte (thng c gi l con chut), khi in p vt qua in p ngng ca stcte th tip im ca n ng li. Dng in i qua mch lm chung rung ln bo hiu qu in p. Mch ny c u im l n gin nhng nu ta chung reo qu lu m khng iu chnh h bt in p xung kp th chung s b chy v c th h hng cc thit b ang s dng.

Li thp n hi Li thp t tnh

Dy qun trn li L bt vo nn

Hnh 3.13: Cu to chung bo sur

- Dng rle (relay) ct sur ct in khi in p cao:

Nu thay chung bo bng rle ct sur th an ton s cao hn.

Hnh 3.14: Cu to rle ct sur

Cun dy ca rle ct sur c mc ni tip vi stcte cn tip im ca n c gn mch vo. Khi in p qu cao, cun dy rle ht thanh gi. Di tc ng ca l xo y tip im lm ct mch. Sau khi gim in li, n nt reset, tip im s c gi ni mch in tr li. Phng php ny c u im l tc ng nhanh, bo v an ton cho thit b khi in tng t ngt. Khuyt im ca n l phi n nt reset li mi c in v sau mt thi gian s dng tip im b h phi thay ci mi.

- Dng rle c mch in t iu khin ct ti:

Hnh 3.15: s bo v qu p bng mch in t

Phng php ny c u im l khi in p gim xung, mch t ng ng li. Khuyt im ca n l ch ct mch in ra ch khng ct mch in vo. Mch in ca n gm mt cu phn p lm mch so snh in p. mt it zener 6V ni vi cu phn p v cc B ca hai transistor ni vi mt rle. Khi in p cao, in p ca cu phn p vt qu ngng ca it zener, dng in i qua cc B lm T1 dn ko theo T2 dn. Rle c in ct mch ti ra. Khi in p xung thp, T1 v T2 ngt, rle mt in ng mch ti li.

* Cch s dng survolteur:

Khi in p ngun gim, tng nm iu chnh 2 tng bc ln cho n khi in p ra U2 t nh mc. Khi in p ngun mnh, tr li in p bnh thng, th lc in p ra U2 li tng ln qu in p nh mc. D nhin in p hai u stcte cng tng ng tng ln gn 100V, lm stcte hot ng, ng mch h chung bo, dn dng in qua chung bo reo vang bo hiu cho ngi s dng phi iu chnh li nm 2 v cho n bc m in p U2 ng nh mc, th chung bo khng reo na. khu vc c ngun in tng in p bt thng th dng my bin p mt phn cun dy hiu chnh in p ra U2 gim xung cho ng nh mc.

Ngun vo 110 0 220V

Ngun ra 110V 0 220V

9 8 7
K

Stcte 6 5 4 3 2 Chung

1 0
a) b)

Hnh 3.16: s my tng gim in p (Dng 1) a). Hnh dng bn ngoi. b). S nguyn l.

Ngun vo 110V/220V 220

Ngun ra 110 0 220 V V

160
K1 110

80
9 8 7 6 K2 5 4 3 2 1 0
V

Stcte

Chung

a)

b)

Hnh 3.17: s my tng gim in p (Dng 2) a). Hnh dng bn ngoi.

b). S nguyn l.

C th hn: Trng hp ngun vo 220V: t K1 v tr 220V; K2 v tr s 0 v cp ngun cho survolteur. Bt K2 tng dn t s 1 ln, quan st ng h nu thy ch 220V th dng li. Nu khi tng K2 ti a (s 9) m in p ra vn cn thp (< 220V) th tt my. Chuyn K2 v, sau chuyn K1 v v tr 160V v cng tng K2 ln tng t. Trng hp ngun vo 110V: t K1 v tr 110V v kt hp iu chnh K2 tng t trn. Nu ngun b st p nhiu, th chuyn K1 sang v tr 80V v iu chnh li K2 tng t.

S i ngun

CD CHNH

NGUON RA TAI

NGUON RA TAI

CD SUR

SUR

SUR

RA

RA

SURVOLTUR VAO

SURVOLTUR VAO

S O OI NGUON DUNG CD AO 1 PHA

S O OI NGUON DUNG CD AO 3 PHA

2) n p: Nhn chung cc loi n p trn th trng rt a dng. Tuy nhin ta c th phn ra lm ba loi chnh: n p st t, n p s dng rle, n p s dng mch servo iu chnh in p. Do hai mch sau c lin quan nhiu v nhng kin thc in t nn s c xt mn in t ng dng. y ch gii thiu s b nguyn l lm vic v s khi ca chng.

a. Mch n p st t:
Nguyn l c bn ca mch ny l li dng c tnh n nh in p ca mch LC to mt in p n nh u ra. Tiu biu cho loi ny l n p st t 500W ca Lin X rt thng dng trn th trng in p mo mt u c ni vi bin p chnh hnh xuyn ng thi ni vi mt cun khng c li st hnh ch U to cm ng. u gia ca cun khng ny c ly lm ng ra cn u kia c ni vi mt t in khong 16mF. u in p vo cn li c i qua cun khng th hai trc khi vo bin p chnh hnh xuyn. Mt cun dy th ba qun chung trn li cun khng th hai mt u ni vi u cui ca bin p chnh cn u kia ni mi u cn li ca t. (xem s hnh 3.16)

Do tnh cht bo ha t ca li st v mch LC, in p hai u ra hu nh khng i trong khi in p u vo thay i rt nhiu. S chnh lch gia hai in p ra v vo nm hai cun khng trn. u im ca loi n p st t l in p ra khng dao ng khi in p vo thay i, n nh in p cao ( 5%) trong khi in p vo thay i n 50%. Khuyt im ca n l li st nng v chy ch bo ha. V vy ch nn s dng khi cng sut trn 50% cng sut nh mc. iu cn nh th hai l khng nn qu gn nhng thit b in t d b nh hng ca t trng nh TV, u my VHS v t trng ca n p st t rt mnh.

b. n p s dng r le n p dng r le c cu to tng t nh survolteur ch khc ch l dng rle chuyn i in p t ng c hai u ca bin p. y mch in t ng vai tr so snh in p, gii m tn hiu v iu khin rle ng m sao cho in p ra ch dao ng trong mt phm vi nh.
in p vo in p chun

So snh in p

Khuch i tn hiu

Gi m sang SCD

R le ng ct

Hnh 3.19: S khi ca n p dng rle

Trong s , ta nhn thy rng tn hiu in p vo c gim p v so snh vi cc mc in p chun. S sai lch ny s c khuch i ln v a qua b gii m ng cc r le gi cho in p ra n nh. u im ca loi n p ny l c cu ti tng i n gin, gi thnh h. Khuyt im ca n l in p ra thay i trong mt khong ch khng n nh cao nh trong trng hp n p dng mch servo, sau mt thi gian s dng rle thng b h hng mt vt.

c. n p dng mch servo:

khc phc nhng khuyt im ca mch n p dng rle, ngi ta ch to n p dng mch servo. Cu to mch ny gm mt cun dy c hai lp c qun trn mt li st hnh xuyn. Lp ngoi ca cun dy c mi mn lp may cch in. Mt gi than c gn ng c DC c iu khin bi mt mch servo. Mch ny c nhim v ly in p chun u ra em v so snh v iu khin ng c DC qut trn cun dy c c mt in p ra khng i. in p u vo mt u c ni vi gi than cn u kia ni vi u dy 110V hoc 220V. Ng ra c ly trn cun dy sao cho n p c th lm c c hai chc nng: tng p v gim p.

in p chun

So snh

Khuch i tn hiu

iu khin ng c servo

in p ra

X L tn hiu

Hnh 3.20: S khi ca h thng servo iu chnh in p

 bo v qu p trong trng hp mch c s c, cc nh sn xut cn thit k thm b bo v qu p. Khi in p cao so vi mc chnh nh, r le s tc ng lm ct mch ra, bo v cc thit b khng b h hng. Ngoi ra mt s loi n p cn c trang b thm mch tr (Delay times) s dng cho t lnh, my lnh...Khi in p vo nhp nhy, mch s t ng ct. Sau 5 pht mch mi t ng ng in tr li. Thi gian tr ny cho lng ga trong t lnh, my lnh kp ngng t v bu cha, khng b qu ti trong lc khi ng lm chy bm.

u im ca loi n p ny l in p ra rt n nh, c th ch to cng sut t vi trm watt n hng trm kW, in p vo c th thay i rt rng v in p ra vn ng vng. Khuyt im ca chng l gi thnh cao, thi gian iu chnh chm v phi ch ng c quay chi than. Ngoi ra nhng h hng v phn c kh v in t cng thng hay xy ra.