Chuyen de Boi Duong HSG Ly THCS

CHUY BI DNG VT L THCS V Phi Thy
Phn I: NHIT HC
I - C S L THUYT:
1/ Nguyn l truyn nhit:
Nu ch c hai vt trao i nhit th:
- Nhit t truyn t vt c nhit cao
hn sang vt c nhit thp hn.
- S truyn nhit xy ra cho n khi nhit
ca hai vt bng nhau th dng li.
-Nhit lng ca vt ny ta ra bng nhit
lng ca vt khi thu vo.
2/ Cng thc nhit lng:
- Nhit lng ca mt vt thu vo nng
ln: Q = mct (vi t = t
2
- t
1.
Nhit cui tr
nhit u
)
- Nhit lng ca mt vt ta ra lnh
i: Q = mct (vi t = t
1
- t
2.
Nhit u tr
nhit cui)
- Nhit lng ta ra v thu ca cc cht
khi chuyn th:
+ S nng chy - ng c: Q = m
( l nhit nng chy)
+ S ha hi - Ngng t: Q = mL
(L l nhit ha hi)
- Nhit lng ta ra khi nhin liu b t
chy:
Q = mq (q nng sut ta nhit
ca nhin liu)
- Nhit lng ta ra trn dy dn khi c
dng in chy qua:
Q = I
2
Rt
3/ Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q
ta ra
= Q
thu vo
4/ Hiu sut ca ng c nhit:
H =
% 100
tp
ch
Q
Q
5/ Mt s biu thc lin quan:
- Khi lng ring: D =
V
m
- Trng lng ring: d =
V
P
- Biu thc lin h gia khi lng v
trng lng: P = 10m
- Biu thc lin h gia khi lng ring
v trng lng ring: d = 10D
II - BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Ngi ta th mt thi ng 0,4kg nhit 80
0
C vo 0,25kg nc nhit 18
0
C. Hy xc
nh nhit khi cn bng nhit. Cho bit nhit dung ring ca ng l 380J/kg.k ca nc l
4200J/Kg.K.
Hng dn gii:
- Nhit lng do ming ng ta ra ngui i t 80
0
C xung t
0
C:
Q
1
= m
1
.C
1
.(t
1
- t) = 0,4. 380. (80 - t) (J)
- Nhit lng nc thu vo nng ln t 18
0
C n t
0
C:
Q
2
= m
2
.C
2
.(t - t
2
) = 0,25. 4200. (t - 18) (J)
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q
1
= Q
2
0,4. 380. (80 - t)

= 0,25. 4200. (t - 18)
t 26
0
C
Vy nhit xy ra cn bng l 26
0
C.
Bi 2: Trn ln ru v nc ngi ta thu c hn hp nng 140g nhit 36
0
C. Tnh khi
lng ca nc v khi lng ca ru trn. Bit rng ban u ru c nhit 19
0
C v nc c
nhit 100
0
C, cho bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/Kg.K, ca ru l 2500J/Kg.k.
Hng dn gii:
- Theo bi ra ta bit tng khi lng ca nc v ru l 140
m
1
+ m
2
= m
m
1
= m - m
2
(1)
- Nhit lng do nc ta ra: Q
1
= m
1
. C
1
(t
1
- t)
- Nhit lng ru thu vo: Q
2
= m
2
. C
2
(t - t
2
)
- Theo PTCB nhit: Q
1
= Q
2
m
1
. C
1
(t
1
- t) = m
2
. C
2
(t - t
2
)
m
1
4200(100 - 36) = m
2
2500 (36 - 19)
268800 m
1
= 42500 m
2
1
42500
268800
1
2
m
m (2)
- Thay (1) vo (2) ta c:
268800 (m - m
2
) = 42500 m
2
37632 - 268800 m
2
= 42500 m
2
311300 m
2
= 37632
m
2
= 0,12 (Kg)
- Thay m
2
vo pt (1) ta c:
(1)
m
1
= 0,14 - 0,12 = 0,02 (Kg)
Vy ta phi pha trn l 0,02Kg nc vo 0,12Kg. ru thu c hn hp nng 0,14Kg 36
0
C.
Bi 3: Ngi ta m
1
(Kg) nc nhit 60
0
C vo m
2
(Kg) nc nhit -5
0
C. Khi c cn
bng nhit lng nc thu c l 50Kg v c nhit l 25
0
C . Tnh khi lng ca nc v nc
ban u. Cho nhit dung ring ca nc l 2100J/Kg.k. (Gii tng t bi s 2)
Bi 4: Ngi ta dn 0,2 Kg hi nc nhit 100
0
C vo mt bnh cha 1,5 Kg nc ang
nhit 15
0
C. Tnh nhit cui cng ca hn hp v tng khi lng khi xy ra cn bng nhit.
Hng dn gii:
Nhit lng ta ra khi 0,2 Kg hi nc 100
0
C ngng t thnh nc 100
0
C
Q
1
= m
1
. L = 0,2 . 2,3.10
6
= 460000 (J)
Nhit lng ta ra khi 0,2Kg nc 100
0
C thnh nc t
0
C
Q
2
= m
1
.C. (t
1
- t) = 0,2. 4200 (100 - t)
Nhit lng thu vo khi 1,5Kg nc 15
0
C thnh nc t
0
C
Q
3
= m
2
.C. (t - t
2
) = 1,5. 4200 (t - 15)
p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q
1
+ Q
2
= Q
3
460000 + 0,2. 4200 (100 - t) = 1,5. 4200 (t - 15)
6780t = 638500
t 94
0
C
Tng khi lng khi xy ra cn bng nhit.
m = m
1
+ m
2
= 0,2 + 1,5 = 1,7(Kg)
Bi 5: C ba cht lng khng tc dng ha hc vi nhau v c trn ln vo nhau trong mt nhit
lng k. chng c khi lng ln lt l m
1
=1kg, m
2
= 10kg, m
3
=5kg, c nhit dung ring ln lt l C
1
= 2000J/Kg.K, C
2
= 4000J/Kg.K, C
3
= 2000J/Kg.K v c nhit l t
1
= 6
0
C, t
2
= -40
0
C, t
3
= 60
0
C.
a/ Hy xc nh nhit ca hn hp khi xy ra cn bng.
b/ Tnh nhit lng cn thit hn hp c nng ln thm 6
0
C. Bit rng khi trao i nhit
khng c cht no b ha hi hay ng c.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Gi s rng, thot u ta trn hai cht c nhit thp hn vi nhau ta thu c mt hn hp
nhit t < t
3
ta c pt cn bng nhit:
m
1
C
1
(t
1
- t) = m
2
C
2
(t - t
2
)
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
C m C m
t C m t C m
t
+
+
(1)
Sau ta em hn hgp trn trn vi cht th 3 ta thu c hn hp 3 cht nhit t' (t < t' < t
3
)
ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:
(m
1
C
1
+ m
2
C
2
)(t' - t) = m
3
C
3
(t
3
- t') (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
'
C m C m C m
t C m t C m t C m
t
+ +
+ +
Thay s vo ta tnh c t' -19

0
C
b/ Nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca hn hp ln 6
0
C:
Q = (m
1
C
1
+ m
2
C
2
+ m
3
C
3
) (t
4
- t') = 1300000(J)
2
Bi 6: Mt thi nc c khi lng 200g -10
0
C.
a/ Tnh nhit lng cn cung cp nc bin thnh hi hon ton 100
0
C.
b/ Nu b thi nc trn vo mt x nc bng nhm 20
0
C. Sau khi cn bng nhit ta thy
trong x cn li mt cc nc coa khi lng 50g. tnh lng nc c trong x lc u. Bit x c
khi lng 100g.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Nhit lng nc thu vo tng nhit t -10
0
C n 0
0
C
Q
1
= m
1
C
1
(t
2
- t
1
) = 3600(J)
Nhit lng nc thu vo nng chy hon ton 0
0
C
Q
2
= m
1
. = 68000 (J)
Nhit lng nc thu vo tng nhit t 0
0
C n 100
0
C
Q
3
= m
3
C
2
(t
3
- t
2
) = 84000(J)
Nhit lng nc thu vo ha hi hon ton 100
0
C
Q
4
= m
1
.L = 460000(J)
Nhit lng cn cung cp trong sut qu trnh:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
= 615600(J)
b/ Gi m' l lng nc tan: m' = 200 - 50 = 150g = 0,15Kg
Do nc tan khng ht nn nhit cui cng ca hn hp l 0
0
C.
Nhit lng m m' (Kg) nc thu vo nng chy:
Q' = m' = 51000 (J)
Nhit lng do m'' Kg nc v x nhm ta ra gim xung t 20
0
C n 0
0
C
Q" = (m"C
2
+ m
nh
C
nh
)(20 - 0)
p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q" = Q' + Q
1
hay:
(m"C
2
+ m
nh
C
nh
)(20 - 0) = 51000 + 3600
m" = 0,629 (Kg)

Bi 7: Khi thc hnh trong phng th nghim, mt hc sinh cho mt lung hi nc 100
0
C
ngng t trong mt nhit lng kcha 0,35kg nc 10
0
C. Kt qu l nhit ca nc tng ln 42
0
C
v khi lng nc trong nhhit k tng thm 0,020kg. Hy tnh nhit ha hi ca nc trong th nghim
ny?
Hng dn gii:
Nhit lng m 0,35kg nc thu vo:
Q
Thu vo
= m.C.(t
2
- t
1
) 46900(J)
Nhit lng m 0,020Kg hi nc 100
0
C ngng t thnh nc
Q
1
= m.L = 0,020L
Nhit lng m 0,020Kg nc 100
0
C ta ra khi h xung cn 42
0
C
Q
2
= m'.C.(t
3
- t
2
) 4860(J)
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q
Thu vo
= Q
1
+ Q
2
hay:
46900 = 0,020L + 4860
L = 21.10
5
(J/Kg)
Bi 8: C hai bnh cch nhit, bnh th nht cha 2Kg nc 20
0
C, bnh th hai cha 4Kg nc
60
0
C. Ngi ta rt mt ca nc t bnh 1 vo bnh 2. Khi bnh 2 cn bng nhit th ngi ta li rt mt
ca nc t bnh 2 sang bnh 1 lng nc trong hai bnh nh lc u. Nhit bnh 1 sau khi cn
bng l 21,95
0
C.
a/ Xc nh lng nc rt mi ln v nhit cn bng bnh 2.
b/ Nu tip tc thc hin ln th hai, tm nhit cn bng mi bnh.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Gi s khi rt lng nc m t bnh 1 sang bnh 2, nhit cn bng ca bnh 2 l t nn ta c
phng trnh cn bng:
m.(t - t
1
) = m
2
.(t
2
- t) (1)
3
Tng t ln rt tip theo nhit cn bng bnh 1 l t' = 21,95
0
C v lng nc trong bnh 1 lc
ny ch cn (m
1
- m) nn ta c phng trnh cn bng:
m.(t - t') = (m
1
- m).(t' - t
1
) (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c pt sau:
m
2
.(t
2
- t) = m
1
.(t' - t
1
)
( )
2
1 2 2
'
m
t t t m
t

(3)
Thay (3) vo (2) tnh ton ta rt phng trnh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2
1 2 1
'
' .
t t m t t m
t t m m
m

(4)
Thay s vo (3) v (4) ta tm c: t = 59
0
C v m = 0,1 Kg.
b/ Lc ny nhit ca bnh 1 v bnh 2 ln lt l 21,95
0
C v 59
0
C by gi ta thc hin rt 0,1Kg
nc t bnh 1 sang bnh 2 th ta c th vit c phng trnh sau:
m.(T
2
- t') = m
2
.(t - T
2
)
C
m m
t m t m
T
0
2
2 1
2
12 , 58
'
+
+

By gi ta tip tc rt t bnh 2 sang bnh 1 ta cng d dng vit c phng trnh sau:
m.(T
1
- T
2
) = (m
1
- m).(t - T
1
)
C
m
t m m mT
T
0
1
1 2
1
76 , 23
' ) (
+

Bi 9: Bp in c ghi 220V-800W c ni vi hiu in th 220V c dng un si 2lt
nc 20
0
C. Bit hiu sut ca bp H = 80% v nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K.
a/ Tnh thi gian un si nc v in nng tiu th ca bp ra Kwh.
b/ Bit cun dy c ng knh d = 0,2mm, in tr sut m
7
10 . 5 c qun trn mt li
bng s cch in hnh tr trn c ng knh D = 2cm. Tnh s vng dy ca bp in trn.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Gi Q l nhit lng m nc thu vo nng ln t 20
0
C n 100
0
:
Q = m.C.t
Gi Q' l nhit lng do dng in ta ra trn dy t nng
Q' = R.I
2
.t = P. t
Theo bi ra ta c:
( ) s
H P
t C m
t
t P
t C m
Q
Q
H 1050
.
. .
.
. .
'

in nng tiu th ca bp:
A = P. t = 233,33 (Wh) = 0,233 (Kwh)
b/ in tr ca dy:
2 2
4
4
d
Dn
d
Dn
S
l
R

(1)
Mt khc:
P
U
R
2
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
P
U
d
Dn
2
2
4
( ) Vng
DP
d U
n 5 , 60
4
2 2

Bi 10: Cu ch trong mch in c tit din S = 0,1mm

2
, nhit 27
0
C. Bit rng khi on mch
th cng dng in qua dy ch l I = 10A. Hi sau bao lu th dy ch t? B qua s ta nhit ra
mi trng xung quanh v s thay i in tr, kch thc dy ch theo nhit . cho bit nhit dung
4
ring, in tre sut, khi lng ring, nhit nng chy v nhit nng chy ca ch ln lt l: C =
120J/kg.K;
m
6
10 . 22 , 0
; D = 11300kg/m
3
;
kg J / 25000
; t
c
=327
0
C.
Hng dn gii:
Gi Q l nhit lng do dng in I ta ra trong thi gian t, ta c:
Q = R.I
2
.t =
t I
S
l
2
( Vi l l chiu di dy ch)
Gi Q' l nhit lng do dy ch thu vo tng nhit t 27
0
C n nhit nng chy t
c
=
327
0
C v nng chy hon ton nhit nng chy, ta c
Q' = m.C.t + m = m(C.t + ) = DlS(C.t + ) vi (m = D.V = DlS)
Do khng c s mt mt nhit nn:
Q = Q' hay:
t I
S
l
2
= DlS(C.t + )
( ) ( ) s t C
I
DS
t 31 , 0 .
2
2
+
III - BI TP T GII
Bi 1: Mt nhit lng k bng ng c khi lng 200g ng 1,6 Kg nc 80
0
C, ngi ta th
1,6Kg nc -10
0
C vo nhit lng k.
a/ Nc c tan ht khng?
b/ Nhit cui cng ca nhit lng k l bao nhiu? Cho bit nhit dung ring ca ng
380J/kg.K; ca nc l 2100J/kg.K; ca nc l 4190J/kg.K; Nhit nng chy ca nc l 336.10
3
J/Kg.
Bi 2: Phi trn bao nhiu nc nhit 80
0
C vo nc 20
0
C c 90Kg nc 60
0
C. Cho
bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200/kg.K.
Bi 3: Ngi ta b mt cc nc c khi lng 100g vo mt nhit lng k bng ng c khi
lng 125g, th nhit ca nhit lng k v nc l -20
0
C. Hi cn phi thm vo nhit lng k
bao nhiu nc 20
0
C lm tan c mt na lng nc trn? Cho bit nhit dung ring ca ng
380J/kg.K; ca nc l 2100J/kg.K; ca nc l 4200J/kg.K; Nhit nng chy ca nc l 3,4.10
5
J/Kg.
Bi 4: C hai bnh cch nhit, bnh th nht cha 4lt nc 80
0
C, bnh th hai cha 2lt nc
20
0
C. Ngi ta rt mt ca nc t bnh 1 vo bnh 2. Khi bnh 2 cn bng nhit th ngi ta li rt mt
ca nc t bnh 2 sang bnh 1 lng nc trong hai bnh nh lc u. Nhit bnh 1 sau khi cn
bng l 74
0
C. Xc nh lng nc rt mi ln.
Bi 5: C hai bnh cch nhit, bnh A cha 4kg nc 20
0
C, bnh B cha 8kg nc 40
0
C. Ngi
ta rt mt lng nc c khi lng m t bnh B sang bnh A. Khi bnh A cn bng nhit th ngi ta
li rt mt lng nc nh lc u t bnh A sang bnh B. Nhit bnh B sau khi cn bng l 38
0
C.
Xc nh lng nc m rt v nhit cn bng bnh A.
Bi 6: B 25g nc 0
0
C vo mt ci cc cha 0,5kg nc 40
0
C. Hi nhit cui cng ca
cc l bao nhiu? Bit nhit dung ring ca nc l C = 4190J/Kg.K; Nhit nng chy ca nc l
. / 10 . 4 , 3
5
Kg J
Bi 7: Trn ln ba phn nc c khi lng ln lt l m
1
= 50kg, m
2
= 30kg, m
3
= 20kg. c nhit
ln lt l t
1
= 60
0
C, t
2
= 40
0
C, t
3
= 20
0
C; Cho rng m
1
truyn nhit cho m
2
v m
3
. B qua s mt mt
nhit, tn nhit ca hn hp. Bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/Kg.K. ( Gii tng t bi s 5)
Bi 8: Mt phch nc nng c nhit khng i, mt ci cc v mt nhit k. Ban u cc v
nhit k c nhit t = 25
0
C. Ngi ta rt nc t phch vo y cc v th nhit k vo cc, nhit k ch
t
1
= 60
0
C. nc c i th nhit ca cc v nhit k l t' = 55
0
C, li rt t phch vo y cc, nhit
k ch t
2
= 75
0
C. Cho rng thi gian t lc rt nc vo cc n lc c nhit l rt nh. Cho nhit
dung ring ca nc l C, ca cc v nhit k l C
1
. hi nhit ca nc trong phch l bao nhiu?
Bi 9: Rt nc nhit 20
0
C vo mt nhit lng k. Th trong nc mt cc nc c khi
lng 0,5kg v nhit -15
0
C. Hy tnh nhit ca hn hp sau khi cn bng nhit. Bit khi lng
ca nc rt vo bng khi lng ca nc .
Bi 10: xc nh nhit ha hi ca nc ngi ta thc hin th nghim nh sau:
Ly 0,02kg hi nc 100
0
C cho ngng t trong ng nhit lng k cha 0,35kg nc 10
0
C. Nhit
cui cng o c l 42
0
C. Hy da vo cc s liu trn tnh li nhit ha hi ca nc.
5
Bi 11: Ngi ta b mt cc st khi lng m
1
= 100g c nhit t
1
= 527
0
C vo mt bnh cha
m
2
= 1kg nc nhit t
2
= 20
0
C. Hi c bao nhiu gam nc kp ha hi nhit 100
0
C, bit
rng nhit cui cng ca hn hp l t = 24
0
C. Nhit dung ring ca st l 460J/kg.K, Nhit ha hi
ca st l L = 2,3.10
6
J/Kg.
Bi 12: Mt t i c qung ng 100km vi lc ko trung bnh l 700N. Hiu sut ca ng
c t l 38%. Tnh lng xng t tiu th. Bit nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 46.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 13: Mt t chuyn ng vi vn tc 36Km/h th ng c c cng sut l 3220W. Hiu sut
ca ng c t l 40%. Hi vi mt lt xng xe i c bao nhiu mt? Cho khi lng ring ca xng
l 700kg/m
3
v nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 46.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 14: Mt t chuyn ng vi vn tc 54Km/h th ng c c cng sut l 4500W. Hiu sut
ca ng c t l 30%. Tnh lng xng t cn dng t i c 100 km. Bit nng sut ta nhit
ca xng l 46.10
6
J/kg, khi lng ring ca xng l 700kg/m
3
.
Bi 15: Mt m nhm c khi lng 250g cha 1,5 lt nc 20
0
C.
a. Tnh nhit lng cn thit un si m nc trn.
b. Ngi ta s dung mt bp du un m, bit hiu sut ca bp khi un nc l 30%. Tnh
lng du cn dng un si m nc.
Bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K, ca nhm l 880J/kg.K v nng sut ta nhit ca
du l 44.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 16: B mt qu cu bng ng thau c khi lng 1kg c un nng n 100
0
C vo trong
mt ci thng bng st c khi lng 500g cha 2 lt nc nhit 20
0
C. Tnh nhit cui cng ca
nc. Bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K, ca ng thau l 380J/kg.K v ca st l 460J/kg.K.
Bi 17: Ngi ta vt mt cc st ang ngm trong nc si ri th vo mt ly nc nhit
20
0
C. Bit khi lng ca cc st bng ba ln khi lng ca nc cha trong ly. Tnh nhit ca nc
sau khi cn bng. B qua s mt mt nhit do ly hp th v ta ra mi trng xung quanh.
Bi 18: a 5kg hi nc nhit 100
0
C vo l dng hi nng, Khi hi ngung t hon ton
thnh nc th l nhn c mt lng nhit l 12340kJ. Tnh nhit ca nc t l i ra. Bit nhit
ha hi ca nc l 2,3.10
6
J/Kg, nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/Kg.K.
Bi 19: Mt m in bng nhm c khi lng 0,4kg cha 1,5kg nc 20
0
C. Mun un si nc
nc trong 15 pht th m phi c cng sut l bao nhiu? Bit rng nhit dung ring ca nc l
4200J/kg.K. Nhit dung ring ca nhm l 880J/kg.K v 20% nhit lng ta ra mi trng xung quanh.
Bi 20: Mt nhit lng k bng nhm c khi lng 200g cha 400g nc nhit 20
0
C.
a/ thm vo bnh mt lng nc m nhit 5
0
C. Khi cn bng nhit th nhit ca nc
trong bnh l 10
0
C. Tnh khi lng m.
b/ Sau ngi ta th vo bnh mt khi nc c khi lng m
3
nhit -5
0
C. Khi cn bng
nhit th thy trong bnh cn li 100g nc . Tnh khi lng m
3
ca nc .
Bi 21: Tnh hiu sut ca ng c t, bit rng khi t chuyn ng vi vn tc 72Km/h th
ng c c cng sut l 30kW v tiu th 12lit xng trn qung ng 80km. Cho khi lng ring ca
xng l 0,7kg/dm
3
v nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 46.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 22: Mt my bm khi tiu th 9Kg du th a c 750m
3
nc ln cao 10,5m. Tnh hiu
sut ca my bm. Bit nng sut ta nhit ca du l 44.10
6
J/Kg.
Bi 23: C mt s chai sa hon ton ging nhau, u ang nhit
0
x
t C. Ngi ta th tng chai
ln lt vo mt bnh cch nhit cha nc, sau khi cn bng nhit th ly ra ri th chai khc vo. Nhit
nc ban u trong bnh l t
0
= 36
0
C, chai th nht khi ly ra c nhit t
1
= 33
0
C, chai th hai khi ly
ra c nhit t
2
= 30,5
0
C. B qua s hao ph nhit.
a. Tm nhit t
x
.
b. n chai th bao nhiu th khi ly ra nhit nc trong bnh bt u nh hn 26
0
C.
Bi 24: Dn m
1
= 0,4 kg hi nc nhit t
1
= 100
0
C t mt l hi vo mt bnh cha m
2
= 0,8 kg
nc t
0
= 0
0
C. Hi khi c cn bng nhit, khi lng v nhit nc trong bnh khi l bao
nhiu? Cho bit nhit dung ring ca nc l C = 4200 J/kg.; nhit ho hi ca nc l L = 2,3.10
6
J/kg v nhit nng chy ca nc l = 3,4.10
5
J/kg; (B qua s hp th nhit ca bnh cha).
6
Bi 25: Mt bp du un si 1 lt nc ng trong m bng nhm khi lng m
2
= 300g th sau
thi gian t
1
= 10 pht nc si .Nu dng bp trn un 2 lt nc trong cng iu kin th sau bao lu
nc si ?(Bit nhit dung ring ca nc v nhm ln lt l c
1
= 4200J/kg.K ; c
2
= 880J/kg.K .Bit
nhit do bp du cung cp mt cch u n.
Bi 26: Mt nhit lng k ng 2kg nc nhit 15
0
C. Cho mt khi nc nhit
-10
0
C vo nhit lng k. Sau khi t cn bng nhit ngi ta tip tc cung cp cho nhit lng k mt
nhit lng Q= 158kJ th nhit ca nhit lng k t 10
0
C. Cn cung cp thm nhit lng bao
nhiu nc trong nhit lng k bt u si? B qua s truyn nhit cho nhit lng k v mi
trng .Cho nhit dung ring ca nc C
n
=4200J/kg.K, nhit dung ring ca nc : C
n
=1800J/kg.K;Nhit nng chy ca nc :
n
= 34.10
4
J/kg.
Bi 27: Ngi ta mt lng nc si (100
0
C) vo mt thng cha nc nhit ca phng
l 25
o
C th thy khi cn bng nhit, nhit ca nc trong thng l 70
o
C. Nu ch lng nc si ni
trn vo thng ny nhng ban u khng cha g th nhit ca nc khi cn bng l bao nhiu? Bit
rng lng nc si gp hai ln lng nc ngui. B qua s trao i nhit vi mi trng.
Bi 28: C 2 bnh cch nhit. Bnh th nht cha 2 kg nc nhit ban u l 50
0
C. Bnh th
hai cha 1kg nc nhit ban u 30
0
C. Mt ngi rt mt t nc t bnh th nht vo bnh th hai.
Sau khi bnh hai cn bng nhit, ngi li rt nc t bnh hai tr li bnh th nht sao cho lng
nc mi bnh ging nh lc u. Sau khi cn bng nhit, nhit bnh th nht l 48
0
C. Tnh nhit
cn bng bnh th hai v lng nc rt t bnh n sang bnh kia. B qua s trao i nhit vi
mi trng bn ngoi trong qu trnh rt nc t bnh n sang bnh kia.
Bi 29: Mt nhit lng k bng nhm c khi lng m (kg) nhit t
1
= 23
0
C, cho vo nhit
lng k mt khi lng m (kg) nc nhit t
2
. Sau khi h cn bng nhit, nhit ca nc gim i
9
0
C. Tip tc thm vo nhit lng k 2m (kg) mt cht lng khc (khng tc dng ha hc vi
nc) nhit t
3
= 45
0
C, khi c cn bng nhit ln hai, nhit ca h li gim 10
0
C so vi nhit
cn bng nhit ln th nht.
Tm nhit dung ring ca cht lng thm vo nhit lng k, bit nhit dung ring ca
nhm v ca nc ln lt l c
1
= 900 J/kg.K v c
2
= 4200 J/kg.K. B qua mi mt mt nhit khc
Bi 30: C ba chai sa ging nhau, u c nhit t
0
= 20
0
C. Ngi ta th chai sa th nht vo
phch ng nc nhit t = 42
0
C. Khi t cn bng nhit, chai sa th nht nng ti nhit t
1
=38
0
C,
ly chai sa ny ra v th vo phch nc mt chai sa th hai. i n khi cn bng nhit xy ra,
ngi ta ly chai sa ra ri tip tc th chai sa th ba vo. Hi trng thi cn bng nhit chai sa th
ba ny c nhit l bao nhiu? Gi thit khng c s mt mt nng lng nhit ra mi trng xung
quanh.
Bi 31: Mt nhit lng k ban u khng cha g, c nhit t
0
. vo nhit lng k mt ca
nc nng th thy nhit ca nhit lng k tng thm 5
0
C. Ln th hai, thm mt ca nc nng
nh trn vo th thy nhit ca nhit lng k tng thm 3
0
C na. Hi nu ln th ba thm vo
cng mt lc 5 ca nc nng ni trn th nhit ca nhit lng k tng thm bao nhiu na?
Bi 32: Ngi ta t mt vin bi c bng st hnh cu bn knh R = 6cm c nung nng ti
nhit
0
325 t C ln mt mt khi nc rt ln
0
0 C . Hi vin bi chui vo khi nc n
su bao nhiu? B qua s dn nhit ca nc v nng ln ca tan. Cho khi lng ring ca
st l D = 7800kg/m
3
, khi lng ring ca nc l D
0
= 915kg/m
3
, nhit dung ring ca st l C =
460J/kg.K, nhit nng chy ca nc ( tc l nhit lng m 1kg nc
0
0 C cn thu vo nng
chy hon ton thnh nc nhit y) l = 3,4.10
5
J/kg. Th tch hnh cu c tnh theo cng thc
3
4
3
V R vi R l bn knh.
Bi 33: Trong hai bnh cch nhit c cha hai cht lng khc nhau hai nhit ban u khc
nhau. Ngi ta dng mt nhit k ln lt nhng i nhng li vo bnh 1 ri bnh 2. Ch s ca nhit k ln
lt l 40
0
C; 8
0
C; 39
0
C; 9,5
0
C.
a. Xt ln nhng th hai vo bnh 1 lp biu thc lin h gia nhit dung q ca nhit k v nhit
dung q
1
ca bnh 1.
b. n ln nhng tip theo ( ln th 3 vo bnh 1) nhit k ch bao nhiu ?
c. Sau mt s rt ln ln nhng nh vy, nhit k s ch bao nhiu .
Bi 34: Mt chu nhm khi lng 0,5kg ng 2kg nc 20
0
C
7
a) Th vo chu nhm mt thi ng c khi lng 200g ly l ra. Nc nng n 21,2
0
C. Tm
nhit ca bp l? Bit nhit dung ring ca nhm, nc v ng ln lt l: c
1
= 880J/kg.K , c
2
=
4200J/kg.K , c
3
= 380J/kg.K . B qua s to nhit ra mi trng
b) Thc ra trong trng hp ny, nhit lng to ra mi trng l 10% nhit lng cung cp cho
chu nc. Tm nhit thc s ca bp l.
c) Nu tip tc b vo chu nc mt thi nc c khi lng 100g 0
0
C. Nc c tan ht
khng? Tm nhit cui cng ca h thng hoc lng nc cn st li nu tan khng ht? Bit
nhit nng chy ca nc l = 3,4.10
5
J/kg
Bi 35: Mt hc sinh dng mt nhit lng k bng ng c khi lng M = 0,2 kg pha m =
0,3 kg nc nhm t nhit cui cng t = 15
o
C. Hc sinh rt vo nhit lng k m
1
gam nc t
1
=
32
o
C v th vo m
2
gam nc t
2
= - 6
o
C.
a. Xc nh m
1
, m
2
.
b. Khi tnh ton hc sinh khng ch rng trong khi nc tan, mt ngoi ca nhit lng k s
c mt t nc bm vo, thnh th nhit cui cng ca nc l 17,2
o
C. Hy gii thch xem sai lm ca
hc sinh u v tnh khi lng nc bm vo mt ngoi ca nhit lng k. Bit NDR ca ng, nc
v nc tng ng l: C = 400J/kgK; C
1
= 4200J/kgK; C
2
= 2100J/kgK. Nhit nng chy ca nc
l = 3,35.10
5
J/kg. Nhit ha hi ca nc 17,2
o
C l L = 2,46.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 36: Mt nhit lng k khi lng m
1
= 100g, cha m
2
= 500g nc

cng nhit t
1
= 15
0
C.
Ngi ta th vo m = 150g hn hp bt nhm v thic c nung nng ti t
2
= 100
0
C. Nhit khi
cn bng nhit l t = 17
0
C. Tnh khi lng nhm v thic c trong hn hp. Nhit dung ring ca cht
lm nhit lng k, ca nc, nhm, thic ln lt l : C
1
= 460J/kg.K ; C
2
= 4200J/kg.K ; C
3
=
900J/kg.K ; C
4
=230J/kg.K.
Bi 37: Mt thi kim loi c khi lng 600g, chm trong nc ang si. ngi ta vt n ln v th
vo trong mt bnh cha 0,33 lt nc nhit 30
0
C. Nhit cui cng ca nc v thi kim loi l
40
0
C. Thi l kim loi g?
Cho bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K v nhit lng do bnh thu c l khng ng k.
Bi 38: Th mt cc nc c mu thu tinh b ng bng trong vo mt bnh hnh tr cha
nc. Khi mc nc trong bnh dng ln mt on l h = 11mm. Cc nc ni nhng ngp hon
ton trong nc. Hi khi cc nc tan ht th mc nc trong bnh thay i th no?. Cho khi lng
ring ca nc l D
n
= 1g/cm
3
. Ca nc l D
= 0,9g/cm
3
. v ca thu tinh l D
t
= 2g/cm
3
.
Bi 39: Mt l si gi cho phng nhit 20
0
C khi nhit ngoi tri l 5
0
C. Nu nhit
ngoi tri h xung ti 5
0
C th phi dng thm mt l si na c cng sut 0,8KW mi duy tr nhit
phng nh trn. Tm cng sut l si c t trong phng lc u?.
Bi 40: Mun c 100 lt nc nhit 35
0
C th phi bao nhiu lt nc ang si vo bao
nhiu lt nc nhit 15
0
C. Ly nhit dung ring ca nc l 4190J/kg.K ?
Bi 41: Mt thi nhm v mt thi st c trng lng nh nhau. Treo cc thi nhm v st vo
hai pha ca mt cn treo. cn thng bng ri nhng ngp c hai thi ng thi vo hai bnh
ng nc. Cn by gi cn thng bng khng ? Ti sao? Bit trng lng ring ca nhm l 27
000N/m
3
v ca st l 78 000N/m
3
.
Bi 42: Mt thc nc cao 100m v chnh lch nhit ca nc nh thc v chn thc l
0,24
0
C. Gi thit rng khi chm vo chn thc, ton b ng nng ca nc chuyn thnh nhit lng
truyn cho nc. Hy tnh nhit dung ring ca nc.
Bi 43: mt t c khi lng 1200kg khi chy trn ng nm ngang vi vn tc v = 72Km/h th
tiu hao 80g xng cho S = 1Km. Hiu sut ca ng c l H = 28%. Hi vi nhng d kin nh vy th
t c th t vn tc bao nhiu khi n leo ln mt ci dc c mi on ng di 100m li cao thm
3,5m. Bit nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 45.10
6
J/Kg.
Bi 44: Tm lng xng tiu hao trn 1km ca mt t chuyn ng u vi vn tc 60Km/h. Cho
bit cng sut ca t l 17158W, hiu sut ca ng c l 30% v nng sut ta nhit ca xng l
45.10
6
J/Kg.
Bi 45: Mt ngun nhit c cng sut l 500W cung cp nhit lng cho mt ni p sut ng
nc c van an ton c iu chnh sao cho hi nc thot ra l 10,4g/pht. Nu nhit lng c cung
cp vi cng sut 700W th hi nc thot ra l 15,6g/pht. Hy gii thch hin tng v suy ra:
a/ Nhit ha hi ca nc ti nhit ca ni.
8
b/ Cng sut b mt mt v nhng nguyn nhn khc ngoi nguyn nhn ha hi.
Bi 46: Ngi ta dng bp in c cng sut khng i duun nc. ngi ta nhn thy rng
phi mt 15pht th nc t 0
0
C s nng ln ti im si, sau phi mt 1h20pht bin ht nc
im si thnh hi nc. Tm nhit ha hi ca nc bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/Kg.k.
PHN II: CHUYN NG C HC - VN TC
A- C S L THUYT
I- VN TC L MT I LNG VC - T:
1- Th no l mt i lng vc t:
- Mt i lng va c ln, va c phng v chiu l mt i lng vec t.
2- Vn tc c phi l mt i lng vc t khng:
- Vn tc l mt i lng vc t, v:
+ Vn tc c phng, chiu l phng v chiu chuyn ng ca vt.
+ Vn tc c ln, xc nh bng cng thc: v =
t
s
.
3- K hiu ca vc t vn tc: v (c l vc t v hoc vc t vn tc )
II- MT S IU CN NH TRONG CHUYN NG TNG I:
1- Cng thc tng qut tnh vn tc trong chuyn ng tng i :
v
13
= v
12
+ v
23
v = v
1
+ v
2
Trong : + v
13
(hoc v ) l vc t vn tc ca vt th 1 so vi vt th 3
+ v
13
(hoc v) l vn tc ca vt th 1 so vi vt th 3
+ v
12
(hoc v
1
) l vc t vn tc ca vt th 1 so vi vt th 2
+ v
12
(hoc v
1
) l vn tc ca vt th 1 so vi vt th 2
+ v
23
(hoc v
2
) l vc t vn tc ca vt th 2 so vi vt th 3
+ v
23
(hoc v
2
) l vn tc ca vt th 2 so vi vt th 3
2- Mt s cng thc tnh vn tc tng i c th:
a) Chuyn ng ca thuyn, can, xung trn sng, h, bin:
B sng ( vt th 3)
Nc (vt th 2)
Thuyn, can (vt th 1)
* KHI THUYN, CA N XUNG CHUYN NG XUI DNG:
Vn tc ca thuyn, can so vi b c tnh bng 1 trong 2 cp cng thc sau:
v
cb
= v
c
+ v
n
<=>
t
AB S ) (
= v
c
+ v
n
( Vi t l thi gian khi can i xui dng )
Trong :
+ v
cb
l vn tc ca can so vi b
+ v
cn
(hoc v
c
) l vn tc ca can so vi nc
+ v
nb
(hoc v
n
) l vn tc ca nc so vi b
* Lu : - Khi can tt my, tri theo sng th v
c
= 0
v
tb
= v
t
+ v
n
9
<=>
t
AB S ) (
= v
c
+ v
n
( Vi t l thi gian khi thuyn i xui dng )
Trong :
+ v
tb
l vn tc ca thuyn so vi b
+ v
tn
(hoc v
t
) l vn tc ca thuyn so vi nc
+ v
nb
(hoc v
n
* KHI THUYN, CA N, XUNG CHUYN NG NGC DNG:
Tng qut: v = v
ln
- v
nh
Vn tc ca thuyn, can so vi b c tnh bng 1 trong 2 cp cng thc sau:
v
cb
= v
c
- v
n
(nu v
c
> v
n
)
<=>
'
) (
t
AB S
= v
c
- v
n
( Vi t l thi gian khi can i ngc dng )
v
tb
= v
t
- v
n
(nu v
t
> v
n
)
<=>
'
) (
t
AB S
= v
c
- v
n
( Vi t l thi gian khi can i ngc dng )
b) Chuyn ng ca b khi xui dng:
v
Bb
= v
B
+ v
n
<=>
t
AB S ) (
= v
B
+ v
n
( Vi t l thi gian khi can i xui
dng )
Trong :
+ v
Bb
l vn tc ca b so vi b; (Lu : v
Bb
= 0)
+ v
Bn
(hoc v
B
) l vn tc ca b so vi nc
+ v
nb
(hoc v
n
c) Chuyn ng xe (tu ) so vi tu:
Tu (vt th 3) Tu th 2 (vt th 3)
ng ray ( vt th 2) ng ray ( vt th 2)
Xe ( vt th 1) tu th 1 ( vt th 1)
* KHI HAI VT CHUYN NG NGC CHIU:
v
xt
= v
x
+ v
t
Trong :
+ v
xt
l vn tc ca xe so vi tu
+ v
x
(hoc v
x
) l vn tc ca xe so vi ng ray
+ v
t
(hoc v
t
) l vn tc ca tu so vi ng
* KHI HAI VT CHUYN NG CNG CHIU:
v
xt
= v
x
- v
t
hoc v
xt
= v
x
- v
t
( nu v
x
> v
t
; v
x
> v
t
)
v
xt
= v
t
- v
x
hoc v
xt
= v
t
- v
x
( nu v
x
< v
t
; v
x
< v
t
)
d) Chuyn ng ca mt ngi so vi tu th 2:
* Khi ngi i cng chiu chuyn ng vi tu th 2: v
tn
= v
t
+ v
n
* Khi ngi i ngc chiu chuyn ng vi tu th 2: v
tn
= v
t
- v
n
( nu v
t
> v
n
)
Lu : Bi ton hai vt gp nhau:
10
- Nu hai vt cng xut pht ti mt thi im m gp nhau th thi gian chuyn ng bng
nhau: t
1
= t
2
=t
- Nu hai vt chuyn ng ngc chiu th tng qung ng m mi vt i c bng
khong cch gia hai vt lc ban u: S = S
1
+ S
2
- Nu hai vt chuyn ng cng chiu th qung ng m vt th nht (c vn tc ln hn)
i tr i qung ng m vt th hai i bng khong cch ca hai vt lc ban u: S = S
1
- S
2
B- BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Lc 7h mt ngi i b khi hnh t A n B vi vn tc 4km/h. Lc 9h mt ngi i xe
p cng khi hnh t A v B vi vn tc 12km/h.
a. Hai ngi gp nhau lc my gi? Lc gp cch A bao nhiu?
b. Lc my gi hai ngi cch nhau 2km?
Hng dn gii:
a/ Thi im v v tr lc hai ngi gp nhau:
- Gi t l khong thi gian t khi ngi i b n khi hnh khi n lc hai ngi gp nhau ti C.
- Qung ng ngi i b i c: S
1
= v
1
t = 4t (1)
- Qung ng ngi i xe p i c: S
2
= v
2
(t-2) = 12(t - 2) (2)
- V cng xut pht ti A n lc gp nhau ti C nn: S
1
= S
2
- T (1) v (2) ta c:
4t = 12(t - 2) 4t = 12t - 24 t = 3(h)
- Thay t vo (1) hoc (2) ta c:
(1) S
1
= 4.3 =12 (Km)
(2) S
2
= 12 (3 - 2) = 12 (Km)
Vy: Sau khi ngi i b i c 3h th hai ngi gp nhau v cch A mt khong 12Km v cch
B 12Km.
b/ Thi im hai ngi cch nhau 2Km.
- Nu S
1
> S
2
th:
S
1
- S
2
= 2 4t - 12(t - 2) = 2 4t - 12t +24 =2 t = 2,75 h = 2h45ph.
- Nu S
1
< S
2
th:
S
2
- S
1
= 2 12(t - 2) - 4t = 2 12t +24 - 4t =2 t = 3,35h = 3h15ph.
Vy: Lc 7h + 2h45ph = 9h45ph hoc 7h + 3h15ph = 10h15ph th hai ngi cch nhau 2Km.
Bi 2: Lc 9h hai t cng khi hnh t hai im A v B cch nhau 96km i ngc chiu nhau.
Vn tc xe i t A l 36km/h, vn tc xe i t A l 28km/h.
a. Tnh khong cch ca hai xe lc 10h.
b. Xc nh thi im v v tr hai xe gp nhau.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Khong cch ca hai xe lc 10h.
- Hai xe khi hnh lc 9h v n lc 10h th hai xe i c trong khong thi gian t = 1h
- Qung ng xe i t A:
S
1
= v
1
t = 36. 1 = 36 (Km)
- Qung ng xe i t B:
S
2
= v
2
t = 28. 1 = 28 (Km)
- Mt khc: S = S
AB
- (S
1
+ S
2
) = 96 - (36 + 28) = 32(Km)
Vy: Lc 10h hai xe cch nhau 32Km.
b/ Thi im v v tr lc hai xe gp nhau:
- Qung ng xe i t A i c: S
1
= v
1
t = 36t (1)
- Qung ng xe i t B i c: S
2
= v
2
t = 28t (2)
- V cng xut pht mt lc v i ngc chiu nhau nn: S
AB
= S
1
+ S
2
- T (1) v (2) ta c:
36t + 28t = 96 t = 1,5 (h)
(1) S
1
= 1,5.36 = 54 (Km)
(2) S
2
= 1,5. 28 = 42 (Km)
11
Vy: Sau khi i c 1,5h tc l lc 10h30ph th hai xe gp nhau v cch A mt khong 54Km v
cch B 42Km.
Bi 3: Cng mt lc hai xe gn my cng xut pht t hai im A v B cch nhau 60km, chng
chuyn ng thng u v i cng chiu nhau t A n B. Xe th nht xut pht t A vi vn tc
30km/h, xe th hai khi hnh t B vi vn tc 40km/h.
a. Tnh khong cch ca hai xe sau khi chng i c 1h.
b. Sau khi xut pht c 1h, xe th nht bt u tng tc v t vn tc 60km/h. Hy Xc nh thi
im v v tr hai ngi gp nhau.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Khong cch ca hai xe sau 1h.
- Qung ng xe i t A:
S
1
= v
1
t = 30. 1 = 30 (Km)
- Qung ng xe i t B:
S
2
= v
2
t = 40. 1 = 40 (Km)
- Mt khc: S = S
1
+ S
2
= 30 + 40 = 70 (Km)
Vy: Sau 1h hai xe cch nhau 70Km.
b/ Thi im v v tr lc hai ngi gp nhau:
- Qung ng xe i t A i c: S
1
= v
1
t = 60t (1)
- Qung ng xe i t B i c: S
2
= v
2
t = 40t (2)
- V sau khi i c 1h xe th nht tng tc nn c th xem nh cng xut mt lc v n lc gp
nhau ti C nn: S
1
= 30 + 40 + S
2
- T (1) v (2) ta c:
60t = 30 +40 +40t
t = 3,5 (h)
(1) S
1
= 3,5. 60 = 210 (Km)
(2) S
2
= 3,5. 40 = 140 (Km)
Vy: Sau khi i c 3,5 h th hai ngi gp nhau v cch A mt khong 210 + 30 = 240Km v
cch B 140 + 40 = 180Km.
Bi 4: Mt ngi d nh i b mt qung ng vi vn tc khng i l 5km/h, nhng khi i
c 1/3 qung ng th c bn o bng xe p i tip vi vn tc 12km/h do n xm hn d
nh l 28 pht. Hi nu ngi i b ht qung ng th mt bao lu?
Hng dn gii:
Gi S
1
, S
2
l qung ng u v qung ng cui.
v
1
, v
2
l vn tc qung ng u v vn tc trn qung ng cui
t
1
, t
2
l thi gian i ht qung ng u v thi gian i ht qung ng cui
v
3
, t
3
l vn tc v thi gian d nh.
Theo bi ra ta c:
v
3
= v
1
= 5 Km/h; S
1
=
3
S
; S
2
=
S
3
2
; v
2
= 12 Km
Do i xe nn ngi n xm hn d nh 28ph nn:
2 1 3
60
28
t t t
(1)
Mt khc: 3
3
3
5
5
t S
S
v
S
t
(2)
v:
15 5
3
1
1
1
S
S
v
S
t
18 36
2
12
3
2
2
2
2
S
S
S
v
S
t
Thay (2) vo (3) ta c:
12
18 15
2 1
S S
t t + +
(3)
18
5
3
3 3
2 1
t t
t t + +
So snh (1) v (4) ta c:
h t
t t
t 2 , 1
18
5
3 60
28
3
3 3
3
+
Vy: nu ngi i b th phi mt 1h12ph.
Bi 5: Mt can chy trn hai bn sng cch nhau 90km. Vn tc ca can i vi nc l
25km/h v vn tc ca dng nc l 2km/h.
a. Tnh thi gian can ngc dng t bn n n bn kia.
b.Gi s khng ngh bn ti. Tnh thi gian i v v?
Hng dn gii:
a/ Thi gian can i ngc dng:
Vn tc ca can khi i ngc dng:
v
ng
= v
cn
- v
n
= 25 - 2 = 23 (Km)
Thi gian can i:
3, 91( ) 3 54 36
ng ng
ng ng
S S
v t h h ph giy
t v

b/ Thi gian can xui dng:
Vn tc ca can khi i ngc dng:
v
x
= v
cn
+ v
n
= 25 + 2 = 27 (Km)
3, 33( ) 3 19 48
x x
x x
S S
v t h h ph giy
t v

Thi gian c i ln v:
t = t
ng
+ t
x
= 7h14ph24giy
Bi 6: Hai bn l ng c hai hng dc cc vn ng vin chuyn ng theo cng mt hng:
Hng cc vn ng vin chy v hng cc vn ng vin ua xe p. Cc vn ng vin chy vi vn tc
6 m/s v khong cch gia hai ngi lin tip trong hng l 10 m; cn nhng con s tng ng vi cc
vn ng vin ua xe p l 10 m/s v 20m. Hi trong khong thi gian bao lu c hai vn ng vin ua
xe p vt qua mt vn ng vin chy? Hi sau mt thi gian bao lu, mt vn ng vin ua xe ang
ngang hng mt vn ng vin chy ui kp mt vn ng vin chy tip theo?.
Hng dn gii:
- Gi vn tc ca vn ng vin chy v vn ng vin ua xe p l: v
1
, v
2
(v
1
> v
2
> 0). Khong
cch gia hai vn ng vin chy v hai vn ng vin ua xe p l l
1
, l
2
(l
2
>l
1
>0). V vn ng vin
chy v vn ng vin ua xe p chuyn ng cng chiu nn vn tc ca vn ng vi ua xe khi chn
vn ng vin chy lm mc l:
v
21
= v
2
- v
1
= 10 - 6 = 4 (m/s).
- Thi gian hai vn ng vin ua xe vt qua mt vn ng vin chy l:
2
1
21
20
5
4
l
t
v

(s)
- Thi gian mt vn ng vin ua xe p ang ngang hng mt vn ng vin chy ui kp
mt vn ng vin chy tip theo l:
1
2
21
10
2, 5
4
l
t
v

(s)
Bi 7: Xe 1 v 2 cng chuyn ng trn mt ng trn vi vn tc khng i. Xe 1 i ht 1
vng ht 10 pht, xe 2 i mt vng ht 50 pht. Hi khi xe 2 i mt vng th gp xe 1 my ln. Hy tnh
trong tng trng hp.
a. Hai xe khi hnh trn cng mt im trn ng trn v i cng chiu.
b. Hai xe khi hnh trn cng mt im trn ng trn v i ngc chiu nhau.
Hng dn gii:
- Gi vn tc ca xe 2 l v vn tc ca xe 1 l 5v
- Gi t l thi gian tnh t lc khi hnh n lc 2 xe gp nhau.
13
(C < t 50) C l chu vi ca ng trn
a/ Khi 2 xe i cng chiu.
- Qung ng xe 1 i c: S
1
= 5v.t; Qung ng xe 2 i c: S
2
= v.t
- Ta c: S
1
= S
2
+ n.C
Vi C = 50v; n l ln gp nhau th n
5v.t = v.t + 50v.n 5t = t + 50n 4t = 50n t =
4
50n
V C < t 50 0 <
4
50n
50 0 <
4
n
1 n = 1, 2, 3, 4.
- Vy 2 xe s gp nhau 4 ln
b/ Khi 2 xe i ngc chiu.
- Ta c: S
1
+ S
2
= m.C (m l ln gp nhau th m, m N
*
)
5v.t + v.t = m.50v 5t + t = 50m 6t = 50m t =
6
50
m
V 0 < t 50 0 <
6
50
m 50
0 <
6
m
1 m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
- Vy 2 xe i ngc chiu s gp nhau 6 ln.
Bi 8: Mt ngi ang ngi trn mt t ti ang chuyn ng u vi vt tc 18km/h. Th thy
mt t du lch cch xa mnh 300m v chuyn ng ngc chiu, sau 20s hai xe gp nhau.
a. Tnh vn tc ca xe t du lch so vi ng?
b. 40 s sau khi gp nhau, hai t cch nhau bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
a) Gi v
1
v v
2
l vn tc ca xe ti v xe du lch.
Vn tc ca xe du lch i vi xe ti l : v
21
Khi chuyn ng ngc chiu
V
21
= v
2
+ v
1
(1)
M v
21
=
t
S
(2)
T (1) v ( 2) v
1
+ v
2
=
t
S
v
2
=
t
S
- v
1

Thay s ta c: v
2
= s m/ 10 5
20
300

b) Gi khong cch sau 40s k t khi 2 xe gp nhau l l
l = v
21
. t = (v
1
+ v
2
) . t
l = (5+ 10). 4 = 600 m.
l = 600m.
Bi 9: Hai vt chuyn ng thng u trn cng mt ng thng. Nu chng chuyn ng li
gn nhau th c sau 5 giy khong cch gia chng gim 8 m. Nu chng chuyn ng cng chiu (
ln vn tc nh c) th c sau 10 giy khong cch gia chng li tng thm 6m. Tnh vn tc ca mi
vt.
Hng dn gii:
Gi S
1
, S
2
l qung ng i c ca cc vt,
v
1
,v
2
l vn tc va hai vt.
Ta c: S
1
=v
1
t
2
, S
2
= v
2
t
2

Khi chuyn ng li gn nhau gim khong cch ca hai vt bng tng qung ng hai vt i:
S
1
+ S
2
= 8 m
S
1
+ S
2
= (v
1
+ v
2
) t
1
= 8
14
v
1
+ v
2
=
1
2 1
t
S S +
=
5
8
= 1,6 (1)
- Khi chng chuyn ng cng chiu th tng khong cch gia hai vt bng hiu qung ng
hai vt i: S
1
- S
2
= 6 m
S
1
- S
2
= (v
1
- v
2
) t
2
= 6
v
1
- v
2
=
1
2 1
t
S S -
=
10
6
= 0,6 (2)
Ly (1) cng (2) v vi v ta c 2v
1
= 2,2 v
1
= 1,1 m/s
Vn tc vt th hai: v
2
= 1,6 - 1,1 = 0,5 m/s
Bi 10: Lc 6 gi sng mt ngi i xe gn my t thnh ph A v pha thnh ph B cch A
300km, vi vn tc V
1
= 50km/h. Lc 7 gi mt xe t i t B v pha A vi vn tc V
2
= 75km/h.
a. Hi hai xe gp nhau lc my gi v cch A bao nhiu km?
b. Trn ng c mt ngi i xe p, lc no cng cch u hai xe trn. Bit rng ngi i xe p
khi hnh lc 7 h. Hi.
-Vn tc ca ngi i xe p?
-Ngi i theo hng no?
-im khi hnh ca ngi cch B bao nhiu km?
Hng dn gii:
a/ Gi t l thi gian hai xe gp nhau
Qung ng m xe gn my i l :
S
1
= V
1
.(t - 6) = 50.(t-6)
Qung ng m t i l :
S
2
= V
2
.(t - 7) = 75.(t-7)
Qung ng tng cng m hai xe i n gp nhau.
AB = S
1
+ S
2
AB = 50. (t - 6) + 75. (t - 7)
300 = 50t - 300 + 75t - 525
125t = 1125
t = 9 (h)
S
1
=50. ( 9 - 6 ) = 150 km
Vy hai xe gp nhau lc 9 h v hai xe gp nhau ti v tr cch A: 150km v cch B: 150 km.
b/ V tr ban u ca ngi i b lc 7 h.
Qung ng m xe gn my i n thi im t = 7h.
AC = S
1
= 50.( 7 - 6 ) = 50 km.
Khong cch gia ngi i xe gn my v ngi i t lc 7 gi.
CB =AB - AC = 300 - 50 =250km.
Do ngi i xe p cch u hai ngi trn nn:
DB = CD = km
CB
125
2
250
2
.
Do xe t c vn tc V
2
=75km/h > V
1
nn ngi i xe p phi hng v pha A.
V ngi i xe p lun cch u hai ngi u nn h phi gp nhau ti im G cch B 150km
lc 9 gi. Ngha l thi gian ngi i xe p i l:
t = 9 - 7 = 2gi
Qung ng i c l:
DG = GB - DB = 150 - 125 = 25 km
Vn tc ca ngi i xe p l.
V
3
= . / 5 , 12
2
25
h km
t
DG

C - BI TP T GII:
Bi 1 :Mt ngi i xe my v mt ngi i xe p cng xut pht mt lc t hai im A v B
cch nhau 40km. Ngi i xe my i t A vi vn tc V
1
= 25km/h, Ngi i xe p i t B v A vi
vn tc V
2
= 15km/h. Xc nh thi im v v tr hai ngi gp nhau.
15
Bi 2: Hai t cng khi hnh mt lc t hai im A v B, Cng chuyn ng v im O. Bit
AO = 180km; OB = 150km, xe khi hnh t A i vi vn tc 60km/h. Mun hai xe n O cng mt lc
th xe i t B phi i vi vn tc l bao nhiu?
Bi 3: Mt vt chuyn ng t A n B cch nhau 300km. Trong na oan ng u i vi
vn tc 5m/s, na on ng cn li i vi vn tc 6m/s.
a. Sau bao lu vt ti B?
b. Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca vt trn c on ng AB?
Bi 4: Mt can Chy ngc dng sng di 100km. Vn tc ca can i vi nc l 45km/h
v vn tc ca dng nc l 5km/h.
a. Tnh thi gian can i ht on ng ny.
b. Nu i xui dng nc th can i ht on ng ny l bao lu?
Bi 5: Lc 7h hai xe gn my cng xut pht t hai im A v B cch nhau 20km, chng
chuyn ng thng u v i cng chiu nhau t A n B. Xe th nht xut pht t A vi vn tc
40km/h, xe th hai khi hnh t B vi vn tc 30km/h.
a. Tnh khong cch ca hai xe sau khi chng i c 30 pht.
b. Hai xe c gp nhau khng? Nu c th chng gp nhau lc my gi v cch A bao xa?
Bi 6: Mt can chy t bn sng A n bn sng B. Cho bit AB = 30km. Vn tc ca can
i khi nc ng yn l 15km/h. Hi sau bao lu n B khi:
a. Nc sng ng yn.
b. Nc sng chy t A n B vi vn tc 3km/h.
Bi 7: Mt ngi i xe p t A n B d nh mt t = 4h. Do na qung ng sau ngi y
tng vn tc thm 3 km/h nn n sm hn d nh 20 pht.
a. Tnh vn tc d nh v qung ng AB.
b. Nu sau khi i c 1h do c vic ngi y phi gh li mt 30 pht . Hi on ng cn li
ngi y phi i vi vn tc bao nhiu n ni nh d nh.
Bi 8: Hai bn Ho v Bnh bt u chy thi trn mt qung ng S. Bit Ho trn na qung
ng u chy vi vn tc khng i v
1
v trn na qung ng sau chy vi vn tc khng i v
2
(v
2
<
v
1
). Cn Bnh th trong na thi gian u chy vi vn tc v
1
v trong na thi gian sau chy vi vn tc
v
2
.
a. Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca mi bn ?
b. Ai v ch trc? Ti sao?
Bi 9: t chuyn ng vi vn tc 54 km/h , gp on tu i ngc chiu. Ngi li xe thy
on tu lt qua trc mt mnh trong thi gian 3s .Vn tc tu 36 km/h.
a. Tnh chiu di on tu
b. Nu t chuyn ng ui theo on tu th thi gian t vt ht chiu di ca on tu l bao
nhiu? Coi vn tc tu v t khng thay i.
Bi 10: T 2 im A v B cch nhau 70Km, cng mt lc c hai xe xut pht,chng chuyn
ng cng chiu t A n B. Xe khi hnh t A i vi vn tc 40Km/h xe khi hnh t B i vi vn tc
50Km/h.
a) Hi khong cch gia hai xe sau 2h k t lc xut pht?
b) Sau khi xut pht c 2h30pht, xe khi hnh t A t ngt tng tc v t n vn tc
60Km/h. Hy xc nh thi imv v tr 2 xe gp nhau?
Bi 11: Mt ngi i xe p trn on ng MN. Na on ng u ngi y i vi vn
tc v
1
=20km/h.Trong na thi gian cn li i vi vn tc v
2
=10km/h cui cng ngi y i vi vn tc
v
3
= 5km/h.Tnh vn tc trung bnh trn c on ng MN?
Bi 12: Mt ngi i t A n B. on ng AB gm mt on ln dc v mt on xung
dc .on ln dc i vi vn tc 30km , on xung dc i vi vn tc 50km. Thi gian on ln dc
bng
3
4
thi gian on xung dc .
a. So snh di on ng ln dc vi on xung dc .
b.Tnh vn tc trung bnh trn c on ng AB ?
16
Bi 13: Mt ngi phi i t a im A n a im B trong mt khong thi gian qui nh
l t. Nu ngi i xe t vi vn tc v
1
= 48km/h th n B sm hn 18 pht so vi thi gian qui nh.
Nu ngi i xe p vi vn tc v
2
= 12km/h th n B tr hn 27 pht so vi thi gian qui nh.
a. Tm chiu di qung ng AB v thi gian qui nh t.
b. i t A n B ng thi gian qui nh t, ngi i t A n C (C nm trn AB) bng xe
p vi vn tc 12km/h ri ln t i t C n B vi vn tc 48km/h. Tm chiu di qung ng AC
Bi 14: Lc 10h hai xe my cng khi hnh t hai a im A v B cch nhau 96Km i ngc
chiu nhau , vn tc xe i t A l 36Km, ca xe i t B l 28Km
a. Xc nh v tr v thi im hai xe gp nhau
b. Hi: - Trc khi gp nhau, sau bao lu hai xe cch nhau 32 km.
- Sau khi gp nhau, sau bao lu hai xe cch nhau 32 km
Bi 15: Trn mt on ng thng c ba ngi chuyn ng, mt ngi i xe my, mt ngi
i xe p v mt ngi i b gia hai ngi i xe p v i xe my. thi im ban u, ba ngi
ba v tr m khong cch gia ngi i b v ngi i xe p bng mt phn hai khong cch gia ngi
i b v ngi i xe my. Ba ngi u cng bt u chuyn ng v gp nhau ti mt thi im sau
mt thi gian chuyn ng. Ngi i xe p i vi vn tc 20km/h, ngi i xe my i vi vn tc
60km/h v hai ngi ny chuyn ng tin li gp nhau; gi thit chuyn ng ca ba ngi l nhng
chuyn ng thng u. Hy xc nh hng chuyn ng v vn tc ca ngi i b?
Bi 16: Mt ngi i du lch bng xe p, xut pht lc 5 gi 30 pht vi vn tc 15km/h.
Ngi d nh i c na qung ng s ngh 30 pht v n 10 gi s ti ni. Nhng sau khi ngh
30 pht th pht hin xe b hng phi sa xe mt 20 pht. Hi trn on ng cn li ngi phi i
vi vn tc bao nhiu n ch ng gi nh d nh?
Bi 17: Mt ng t xut pht t A chuyn ng trn ng thng hng v im B vi vn
tc ban u v
1
=32m/s. Bit rng c sau mi giy vn tc ca ng t li gim i mt na v trong mi
giy ng t chuyn ng u.
a. Sau bao lu ng t n c im B, bit rng khong cch AB = 60m
b. Ba giy sau k t lc ng t xut pht, mt ng t khc cng xut pht t A chuyn ng v B
vi vn tc khng i v
2
= 31m/s. Hai ng t c gp nhau khng? Nu c hy xc nh thi im gp
nhau .
Bi 18: Mt ca n i ngang sng xut pht t A nhm thng hng n B. A cch B mt
khong AB = 400m. Do nc chy nn ca n n v tr C cch B mt on bng BC = 300m . Bit vn
tc ca nc chy bng 3m/s.
a. Tnh thi gian ca n chuyn ng
b. Tnh vn tc ca ca n so vi nc v so vi b sng.
Bi 19: Ba ngi i xe p u xut pht t A i v B. Ngi th nht i vi vn tc v
1
=
8km/h. Sau 15pht th ngi th hai xut pht vi vn tc l v
2
=12km/h. Ngi th ba i sau ngi th
hai 30 pht. Sau khi gp ngi th nht, ngi th ba i thm 30 pht na th s cch u ngi th
nht v ngi th hai. Tm vn tc ca ngi th ba.
Bi 20: Mt ngi i xe p i na qung ng u vi vn tc v
1
= 15km/h, i na qung
ng cn li vi vn tc v
2
khng i. Bit cc on ng m ngi y i l thng v vn tc trung
bnh trn c qung ng l 10km/h. Hy tnh vn tc v
2
.
Bi 21: Mt ngi n bn xe but chm 20 pht sau khi xe but ri bn A, ngi bn i
taxi ui theo kp ln xe but bn B k tip. Taxi ui kp xe but khi n i c 2/3 qung
ng t A n B. Hi ngi ny phi i xe but bn B bao lu ? Coi chuyn ng ca cc xe l
chuyn ng u.
Bi 22:Hai xe xut pht cng lc t A i n B vi cng vn tc 30 km/h. i c 1/3
qung ng th xe th hai tng tc v i ht qung ng cn li vi vn tc 40 km/h, nn n B sm
hn xe th nht 5 pht. Tnh thi gian mi xe i ht qung ng AB.
Bi 23: Mt t xut pht t A i n ch B, trn na qung ng u i vi vn tc v
1
v
trn na qung ng sau i vi vn tc v
2
. Mt t th hai xut pht t B i n ch A, trong na thi
gian u i vi vn tc v
1
v trong na thi gian sau i vi vn tc v
2
. Bit v
1
= 20km/h v v
2
= 60km/h.
17
Nu xe i t B xut pht mun hn 30 pht so vi xe i t A th hai xe n ch cng lc. Tnh chiu di
qung ng AB.
Bi 24: Mt ngi nh c bi thuyn ngc dng sng. Khi ti chic cu bc ngang sng,
ngi nh ri mt ci can nha rng. Sau 1 gi, ngi mi pht hin ra, cho thuyn quay li v
gp can nha cch cu 6 km. Tm vn tc ca nc chy, bit rng vn tc ca thuyn i vi nc khi
ngc dng v xui dng l nh nhau
Bi 25: Minh v Nam ng hai im M, N cch nhau 750 m trn mt bi sng. Khong cch
t M n sng 150 m, t N n sng 600 m . Tnh thi gian t nht Minh chy ra sng mc mt thng
nc mang n ch Nam. Cho bit on sng thng, vn tc chy ca Minh khng i v = 2m/s; b qua
thi gian mc nc.
Bi 26: Lc 12 gi kim gi v kim pht trng nhau( ti s 12).
a. Hi sau bao lu, 2 kim li trng nhau.
b. ln th 4 hai kim trng nhaul lc my gi?
Bi 27: Mt ngi i b v mt vn ng vin i xe p cng khi hnh mt a im, v i
cng chiu trn mt ng trn chu vi 1800m. vn tc ca ngi i xe p l 26,6 km/h, ca ngi i b
l 4,5 km/h. Hi khi ngi i b i c mt vng th gp ngi i xe p my ln. Tnh thi gian v a
im gp nhau?.( gii bi ton bng th v bng tnh ton)
Bi 28:. Mt ngi ra i vo bui sng, khi kim gi v kim pht chng ln nhau v trong
khong gia s 7 v 8. khi ngi y quay v nh th tri ng v chiu v nhn thy kim gi, kim pht
ngc chiu nhau. Nhn k hn ngi thy kim gi nm gia s 1 v 2. Tnh xem ngi y vng
mt my gi.
Bi 29:. Mt ngi ng cch con ng mt khong 50m, trn ng c mt t ang tin
li vi vn tc 10m/s. Khi ngi y thy t cn cch mnh 130m th bt u ra ng n n t
theo hng vung gc vi mt ng. Hi ngi y phi i vi vn tc bao nhiu c th gp c
t?
Bi 30: Mt cu thang cun a hnh khch t tng trt ln tng lu trong siu th. Cu thang
trn a mt ngi hnh khch ng yn ln lu trong thi gian t
1
= 1 pht. Nu cu thang khng
chuyn ng th ngi hnh khch phi i mt thi gian t
2
= 3 pht. Hi nu cu thang chuyn ng,
ng thi ngi khch i trn n th phi mt bao lu a ngi ln lu.
Bi 31: Hai bn A v B cng mt pha b sng. Mt ca n xut pht t bn A, chuyn ng
lin tc qua li gia A v B vi vn tc so vi dng nc l v
1
= 30 km/h. Cng thi im ca n xut
pht, mt xung my bt u chy t bn B theo chiu ti bn A vi vn tc so vi dng nc l v
2
= 9
km/h. Trong thi gian xung my chy t B n A th ca n chy lin tc khng ngh c 4 ln khong
cch t A n B v v A cng lc vi xung my. Hy tnh vn tc v hng chy ca dng nc. Gi
thit ch hot ng ca ca n v xung my l khng i ; b qua thi gian ca n i hng khi n A
v B; chuyn ng ca ca n v xung my u l nhng chuyn ng thng u .
Bi 32: C hai b con bi thi trn b bi hnh ch nht chiu
di AB = 50m v chiu rng BC = 30m. H qui c l ch c
bi theo mp b. B xut pht t M vi MB = 40m v bi v
B vi vn tc khng i v
1
= 4m/s. Con xut pht t N vi
NB = 10m v bi v C vi vn tc khng i v
2
= 3m/s (hnh l).
C hai xut pht cng lc
a. Tm khong cch gia hai ngi sau khi xut pht 2s.
b. Tm khong cch ngn nht gia hai ngi (trc khi chm thnh b i din).
Bi 33: Mt cht im X c vn tc khi di chuyn l 4m/s. Trn ng di chuyn t A n C,
cht im ny c dng li ti im E trong thi gian 3s (E cch A mt on 20 m). Thi gian X di
chuyn t E n C l 8 s. Khi X bt u di chuyn khi E th gp mt cht im Y i ngc chiu. Cht
im Y di chuyn ti A th quay ngay li C v gp cht im X ti C (Y khi di chuyn khng thay i
vn tc).
a) Tnh vn tc ca cht im Y
b) V th th hin cc chuyn ng trn (trc honh ch thi gian; trc tung ch qung ng)
18
Bi 34: Trn mt ng ua thng, hai bn l ng c hai hng dc cc vn ng vin chuyn
ng theo cng mt hng: mt hng l cc vn ng vin chy vit d v hng kia l cc vn ng vin
ua xe p. Bit rng cc vn ng vin vit d chy u vi vn tc 20km/h v khong cch u gia
hai ngi lin k nhau trong hng l 20m; nhng con s tng ng i vi hng cc vn ng vin ua
xe p l 40km/h v 30m. Hi mt ngi quan st cn phi chuyn ng trn ng vi vn tc bng
bao nhiu mi ln khi mt vn ng vin ua xe p ui kp anh ta th chnh lc anh ta li ui
kp mt vn ng vin chy vit d tip theo?
Hng dn:
- K hiu vn tc ca VV chy, ngi quan st v VV ua xe p ln lt l v
1
, v
2
v v
3
;
khong cch gia hai VV chy lin k l l
1
v gia hai VV ua xe p lin k l l
2
.
- Ti mt thi im no ba ngi v tr ngang nhau th sau thi gian t ngi quan st ui
kp VV chy v VV ua xe p pha sau ui kp ngi quan st. Ta c cc phng trnh:
2 1 1
v t v t l
(1)
3 2 2
v t v t l
(2)
- Cng hai v cc phng trnh trn ri tm t, ta c:
1 2
3 1
l l
t
v v
+
(3)
- Thay (3) vo (1) ta c:
1 3 1
2 1
1 2
( ) l v v
v v
l l
+
+
(4)
- Thay s vo (4) ta c:
2
v
= 28 (km/h)
PHN III: CNG - CNG SUT - NH LUT V CNG
I - C S L THUYT:
1/ Cng c hc:
- Mt lc tc dng ln vt chuyn di theo phng ca lc th lc thc hin mt cng c
hc ( gi tt l cng).
- Cng thc tnh cng c hc:
A = F.S
2/ Cng sut:
- Cng sut c xc nh bng cng thc hin c trong mt n v thi gian.
- Tng thc tnh cng sut:
t
A
P

3/ My c n gin:
RNG RC C
NH
RNG RC NG N BY
MT PHNG
NGHING
C
U

T
O
19
Trong :
A: Cng c hc (J)
F: Lc tc dng (N)
S: Qung ng vt dich chuyn (m)
Trong :
A: Cng c hc (J)
P: Cng sut (W)
t: Thi gian thc hin cng (s)
F
S
1 S
2
F
S
1
S
2
P
h
2
h
1
l
1
l
2
P
l
h
T
C

D
N
G
B
I
I

L
C
Ch c tc dng bin
i phng chiu
ca lc:
F = P
Bin i v ln ca
lc:
2
P
F
Bin i v phng, chiu v ln ca lc.
1
2
l
l
F
P
l
h
P
F
N
G
C
C
H
A
ich
= P.S
1
A
ich
= P.S
1
A
ich
= P.h
1
A
ich
= P.h
C
N
G

T
O
N

P
H
N
A
tp
= F.S
2
A
tp
= F.S
2
A
tp
= F.h
2
A
tp
= Fl
T
N
H

C
H
T

C
H
U
N
G
A
sinh ra
= A
nhn c
( Khi cng hao ph khng ng k)
H
I
U

S
U
T
% 100
tp
ch
A
A
H
4/ nh lut v cng:
Khng mt my c n gin no cho ta li v cng. c li bao nhiu ln v lc th thit by
nhiu ln v ng i v ngc li.
II/ BI TP P DNG:
Bi 1: Mt ngi ko mt gu nc t ging su 10m. Cng ti thiu ca ngi phi thc hin
l bao nhiu? Bit gu nc c khi lnh l 1Kg v ng thm 5lt nc, khi lng ring ca nc l
1000kg/m
3
.
Hng dn gii:
Th tch ca nc: V = 5l = 0,005 m
3
Khi lng ca nc: m
n
= V.D = 0,005 . 1000 = 5 (Kg)
Lc ti thiu ko gu nc ln l: F = P
Hay: F = 10(m
n
+ m
g
) = 10(5 + 1) = 60(N)
Cng ti thiu ca ngi phi thc hin: A = F.S = 60. 10 = 600(J)
Bi 2: Ngi ta dng mt rng rc c nh ko mt vt c khi lng 10Kg ln cao 15m vi lc
ko 120N.
a/ Tnh cng ca lc ko.
b/ Tnh cng hao ph thng lc cn.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Cng ca lc ko: A = F.S = 120.15 = 1800(J)
b/ Cng c ch ko vt: A
i
= P.S = 100.15 =1500(J)
Cng hgao ph: A
hp
= A - A
i
= 1800- 1500 = 300 (J)
Bi 3: a mt vt coa khi lng 200Kg ln cao 10m ngi ta dng mt trong hai cch sau:
20
a/ Dng h thng mt rng rc c nh, mt rng rc ng. Lc ny lc ko dy nng vt ln l
F
1
= 1200N.
Hy tnh:
- Hiu sut ca h thng.
- Khi lng ca rng rc ng, Bit hao ph nng rng rc bng
4
1
hao ph tng cng do ma
st.
b/ Dng mt phng nghing di l = 12m. Lc ko lc ny l F
2
= 1900N. Tnh lc ma st gia vt
v mt phng nghing, hiu sut ca c h.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Cng dungd nng vt ln 10m:
A
1
= 10.m.h = 20 000 (J)
- Khi dng h thng rng rc trn th khi vt ln cao mt on h th phi ko dy mt on S = 2h.
Do cng dng ko vt:
A = F
1
. S = F
1
. 2h = 24000(J)
- Hiu sut ca h thng:
% 33 , 83 % 100
24000
20000
% 100
1

A
A
H
- Cng hao ph: A
hp
= A - A
1
= 4000(J)
- Cng hao ph nng rng rc ng:
) ( 1000
4
.
' J
h A
A
hp
hp

- Khi lng ca rng rc ng:
) ( 10
10
'
' '. . 10 ' Kg
h
A
m h m A
hp
hp

b/ Cng c ch dng ko vt l A
1
= 20000(J)
- Cng ton phn ko vt lc nay:
A = F
2
. l = 22800(J)
- Cng hao ph do ma st: A
hp
= A - A
1
= 2800(J)
- Lc ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing:
) ( 33 , 233 . N
l
A
F l F A
hp
ms ms hp

- Hiu sut ca mt phng nghing:
% 72 , 87 % 100
1

A
A
H
Bi 4: Mt u tu ko mt toa tu chuyn ng t ga A ti ga B trong 15pht vi vn tc 30Km/h.
Ti ga B on tu c mc thm toa v do on tu i t ga B n ga C vi vn tc nh hn
10Km/h. Thi gian i t ga B n ga C l 30pht. Tnh cng ca u tu sinh ra bit rng lc ko ca
u tu khng i l 40000N.
Hng dn gii:
- Qung ng i t ga A n ga B:
S
1
= v
1
.t
1
= 7,5 (Km) = 7500m
- Qung ng i t ga B n ga C:
S
2
= v
2
.t
2
= 10 (Km) = 10000m
- Cng sinh ra:
A = F (S
1
+ S
2
) = 700000000 (J) = 700000(KJ)
Bi 5: Ngi ta dng mt mt phng nging c chiu di 3m ko mt vt c khi lng 300Kg
vi lc ko 1200N . Hi vt c th ln cao bao nhiu? Bit hiu sut ca mt phng nghing l 80%.
Hng dn gii:
- Cng ca l ko vt:
A = F.l = 3600(J)
- Cng c ch:
21
A
1
= P.h = 10.m.h = 3000h (J)
- cao vt c th ln c:
) ( 96 , 0
3000 . 100
3600 . 80
% 100
3600
3000
% 80 % 100
1
m h
h
A
A
H

Bi 6: Ngi ta dng h thng rng rc trc mt vt c bng ng c
trng lng
P = 5340N t y h su H = 10m ln (hnh v). Hy tnh:
1) Lc ko khi:
a. Tng pha trn mt nc.
b. Tng chm hon ton di nc.
2) Tnh cng tng cng ca lc ko tng t y h ln
pha trn mt nc h = 4m. Bit trng lng ring ca ng v
ca nc ln lt l 89000N/m
3
, 10000N/m
3
. B qua trng lng ca cc rng rc.
Hng dn gii:
1a/ Dng rng rc ng c li hai ln v lc, nn lc ko khi vt ln khi mt nc:
) ( 2670
2
N
P
F
1b/ Khi vt cn di nc th th tch chim ch:
( )
3
06 , 0
89000
5340
m
d
P
V
- Lc y Acsimet tc dng ln vt:
F
A
= V.d
0
= 0,06.10000 = 600(N)
- Lc do dy treo tc dng ln vt:
P
1
= P - F
A
= 5340 - 600 = 4740 (N)
- Lc ko vt khi cn trong nc:
) ( 2370
2
1
N
P
F
2/ Do dng rng rc ng nn b thit hai ln v ng i nn cng tng cng ca lc ko:
A =F
1
.2H + F. 2h = 68760 (J)
Bi 7: Ngi ta ln 1 ci thng theo mt tm vn nghing ln t. Sn xe t cao 1,2m, vn di 3m.
Thng c khi lng 100Kg v lc y thng l 420N.
a/ Tnh lc ma st gia tm vn v thng.
b/ Tnh hiu sut ca mt phng nghing.
Hng dn gii:
- Nu khng c ma st th lc y thng l:
) ( 400
.
' N
l
h P
F
- Thc t phi y thng vi 1 lc 420N vy lc ma st gia vn v thng:
F
ms
= F - F' = 20(N)
- Cng c ch a vt ln:
A
i
= P . h = 1200(J)
- Cng ton phn a vt ln:
A = F. S = 1260 (J)
- Hiu sut mt phng nghing:
% 95 % 100
1

A
A
H
Bi 8: Ngi ta dng mt palng a mt kin hng ln cao 3m. Bit qung ng dch chuyn
ca lc ko l 12m.
a/ Cho bit cu to ca palng ni trn.
22
b/ Bit lc ko c gi tr F = 156,25N. Tnh khi lng ca kin hng ni trn.
c/ Tnh cng ca lc ko v cng nng vt khng qua palng. T rt ra kt lun g?
Hng dn gii:
a/ S cp rng rc:
2
6
12
2
'

S
S
n
(Cp)
Vy palng c cu to bi 2 rng rc c nh v 2 rng rc ng.
b/ Ta c:
2
6
12
2
'
2

S
S
F
P
n
- Trng lng ca kin hng:
P = 4F = 4. 156,25 = 625(N)
- Khi lng ca kin hng:
) ( 5 . 62
10
10 Kg
P
m m P
c/ cng ca lc ko:
A
k
= F
K
.S' = 156,25.12 = 1875 (J)
- Cng ca lc nng vt:
A
n
= P.S = 625.3 = 1875(J)
- H thng palng khng cho li v cng.
Bi 9: Cho h ging nh hnh v. vt m
1
c khi lng 10Kg, vt m
2
c khi lng 6Kg. Cho
khong cch AB = 20cm. Tnh chiu di ca thanh OB h cn bng.

Hng dn gii:
- Trng lng ca vt m
1
:
P
1
= F
1
= 10.m
1
= 100N
- Trng lng ca vt m
2
:
P
2
= F
2
= 10.m
2
= 60N
- Do vt m
1
nng hn m
2
nn m
1
i xung vy u B c xu th i ln:
- ln lc tc dng ln u B
23
m
1
m
2
B
O
A
P
1
= F
1
P
2
= F
2
F'
N
F
F 50
2
100
2
'
- p dng h thc cn bng ca n by ta c:
( )
CM OA
OA OA
OA
OA
AB OA
OA
OB
OA
F
F
100
. 6 20 5
20 60
50
'
2

+
+

+

- Chiu di thanh OB:
OB = OA + AB = 100 + 20 = 120 (cm)
Bi 10: Thanh AB di 160cm, u A ngi ta treo mt vt c khi lng m
1
= 9Kg, im ta O
nm cch A mt on 40cm.
a/ Hi phi treo vo u b mt vt m
2
c khi lng bao nhiu thanh cn bng?
b/ Vt m
2
gi nguyn khng i, bay gi ngi ta dch chuyn im O v pha u B v cch B
mt on 60cm. Hi vt m
1
phi thay i nh th no thanh vn ccn bng?
Hng dn gii:
a/ Ta c: OA = 40cm
cm OA AB OB 120 40 160
Trng lng ca vt m
1
:
P
1
= F
1
= 10.m
1
= 90N
p dng h thc cn bng ca n by:
OA
OB
l
l
F
F

1
2
2
1
Lc tc dng vo u B:
N
OB
OA F
F 30
.
1
2

Vy thanh AB cn bng th phi treo vo u B vt m
2
= 3Kg.
b/ Ta c: OB = 60cm
cm OB AB OA 100 60 160
p dng h thc cn bng ca n by, thanh AB cn bng th lc tc dng vo u A:
N
OA
OB F
l
l F
F 18
100
60 . 30 . .
'
2
1
2 2

Vy vt m
1
= 1,8Kg tc l vt m
1
phi bt i 7,2Kg.
III/ BI TP T GII:
Bi 1: Mt khi g hnh hp ch nht c din tch y l S = 150 cm
2
cao h = 30cm, khi g c
th ni trong h nc su H = 0,8m sao cho khi g thng ng. Bit trng lng ring ca g bng 2/3
trng lng ring ca nc v
O H
d
2
= 10 000 N/m
3
.
B qua s thay i mc nc ca h, hy :
a) Tnh chiu cao phn chm trong nc ca khi g ?
b) Tnh cng ca lc nhc khi g ra khi nc H
theo phng thng ng ?
c) Tnh cng ca lc nhn chm khi g n y
h theo phng thng ng ?
Bi 2: Dng mt mt phng nghing ko mt vt c khi lng 200kg,trng lng ring
d=8800(N/m
3
) ln cao 4m vi vn tc 0,2m/s ,trong thi gian 1pht 40giy.Hiu sut ca mt
phng nghing 80%.
a/Tnh trng lng v th tch ca vt.
b/Tnh chiu di v lc ko trn mt phng nghing.
c/Tnh cng sut nng vt.
24
Bi 3: Dng mt phng nghing y mt bao xi mng c khi lng 50Kg ln sn t . Sn t
cch mt t 1,2 m.
a/Tnh chiu di ca mt phng nghing sao cho ngi cng nhn ch cn to lc y bng 200N
a b xi mng ln t . Gi s ma st gia mt phng nghing v bao xi mng khng ng k .
b/ Nhng thc t khng tht b qua ma st nn hiu sut ca mtphng nghing l 75% . Tnh lc ma
st tc dng vo bao xi mng.
Bi 4: Mt thang my c khi lng m = 580kg, c ko t y hm m su 125m ln mt t
bng lc cng ca mt dy cp do my thc hin.
a) Tnh cng nh nht ca lc cng thc hin vic .
b) Bit hiu sut ca my l 75%. Tnh cng do my thc hin v cng hao ph do lc cn.
Bi 5: Ngi ta ko mt vt A, c khi lng m
A
= 10g, chuyn ng u ln mt phng nghing
(nh hnh v).
Bit CD = 4m; DE = 1m.
a/ Nu b qua ma st th vt B phi
c khi lng m
B
l bao nhiu?
b/ Thc t c ma st nn ko vt
A i ln u ngi ta phi treovt B
c khi lng m
B
= 3kg. Tnh hiu
sut ca mt phng nghing. Bit dy
ni c khi lng khng ng k.
Bi 6: T di t ko vt nng ln cao ngi ta mc mt h thng gm rng rc ng v rng rc
c nh. V hnh m t cch mc c li:
a/ 2 ln v lc.
b/ 3 ln v lc.
Mun t c iu ta phi ch n nhng iu kin g?
Bi 7: Cho 1 h nh hnh v ,thanh AB c khi lng khng
ng k , hai u c treo hai qu cu bng nhm c trng
lng P
A
v P
B
.Thanh c treo nm ngang bng mt si dy ti
im O hi lch v pha A . Nu nhng hai qu cu ny vo
nc th thanh cn cn bng na khng? ti sao?
Bi 8: Ngi ta dng mt ci x beng c dng nh hnh v (Hnh2) nh mt cy inh cm su vo
g.
a/ Khi tc dng mt lc F =100N vung gc vi OB ti u B ta s nh c inh. Tnh lc gi ca
inh lc ny? Bit OB= 10.OA.(C biu din lc trong hnh v)
b/ Nu lc tc dng vo u B c hng vung gc vi tm g th phi c ln l bao nhiu mi
nh c inh.(C biu din lc trong hnh v).
Bi 9: t c khi lng 1200 kg khi chy trn ng nm ngang vi vn tc V= 72 km/h th tiu
hao 80g xng trn on ng S = 1 km. Hiu sut ng c l 20%.
a/ Tnh cng sut ca t.
b/ Hi vi nhng iu kin nh vy th t t vn tc bao nhiu khi n leo dc ? Bit rng c mi
qung ng l = 100m th cao tng thm h = 2 cm. Cho bit nng sut to nhit ca xng l q = 45.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 10: Cho mt h thng nh hnh v.
Hai vt A v B ng yn. Ma st khng ng k. Vt A
v vt B c nng bng nhau khng ?
Cho MN = 80 cm, NH = 5 cm. Tnh t s khi
lng ca hai vt A v B
N
A
B

H M
25
C
D
E
A
B
O
B A
P
A P
B
Bi 11: Tnh lc ko F trong cc trng hp sau y. Bit vt nng c trng lng P = 120 N (B
qua ma st, khi lng ca cc rng rc v dy ).
Bi 12: Trong bnh ng hai cht lng khng trn ln c trng lng ring d
1
=12000N/m
3
;
d
2
=8000N/m
3
. Mt khi g hnh lp phng cnh a = 20cm c trng lng ring d = 9000N/m
3
c th
vo cht lng.
a/ Tm chiu cao ca phn khi g trong cht lng d
1
?
b/ Tnh cng nhn chm khi g hon ton trong cht lng d
1
? B qua s thay i mc nc.
Bi 13: t c khi lng 1200 kg khi chy trn ng nm ngang vi vn tc V= 72 km/h th tiu
hao 80g xng trn on ng S = 1 km. Hiu sut ng c l 20%.
a/ Tnh cng sut ca t.
b/ Hi vi nhng iu kin nh vy th t t vn tc bao nhiu khi n leo dc ? Bit rng c mi
qung ng l = 100m th cao tng thm h = 2 cm. Cho bit nng sut to nhit ca xng l q = 45.10
6
J/kg.
Bi 14: Vt A hnh bn c khi lng 2kg. Hi lc k ch bao nhiu ?
Mun vt A i ln c 2cm, ta phi ko lc k i xung bao nhiu cm ?
Bi 15: Mt xe ct kt ch mt vt nng 1500N. Khi ngi cng nhn y cho xe chuyn ng u
phng ca trng lng ct mt xe mt im cch trc bnh xe 80cm.
a/ Tm lc tc dng thng ng ca mi tay vo cng xe, bit rng mi tay cch cng xe mt on l
1,6m.
b/ Tm lc ca bnh xe ln mt ng.
Bi 16: Cng sut trung bnh ca ng c ko ti l 73,5W v hiu sut ca ti l 0,9. Hy tnh:
a/ cao m ng c ko vt nng 588N ln c trong mt pht.
b/ S vng quay ca ti trong mt pht. Bit bn knh ca ti l 5cm.
c/ ln ca lc tc dng vung gc vo tay quay, cho bit chiu di tay quay l 30cm.
Bi 17: Mt b nc hnh tr thng ng cao 3m ng knh 0,7m. Ngi ta bm nc cho y b
t mt mc nc thp hn y b 8m.
26
F
F F
F F F
P
4F
F
F F
2F 2F
4F
P
F
F F F F F
F
P

A
a/ Tnh cng thc hin bm nc y bb vai gi thit ma st gia nc v ng dn khng ng
k.
b/ Tnh cng sut my bm bit rng cn 20pht bm y b.
Bi 18: Mt trc ko vi tay quay di 60cm v hnh tru c bn knh 15cm, c dng ly nc
mt ging sau 10m. Thng cha nc c dung tch 10lt.
a/ Tnh lc tc dng vo tay quay khi ko mt thng nc ln.
b/ Tnh cng cn dng ko 100lt nc ln.
c/ Tnh qung ng i ca u tay quay v s vng quay khi ko ln c mt thng nc.
d/ Tnh cng sut trung binh khi ko c 100lit mi gi.
Bi 19: Mt xe la c rng ca i trn mt on ng dc di 5Km. Khong cch thng ng gia
hai im u ca dc l 1,5Km. mi toa xe k c hnh khch nng 5tn.
a/ Tnh lc ko ca ng c li mt toa xe ln theo ng dc.
b/ Tnh cng cn dng ko toa xe ln.
c/ Xe la ln dc vi vn tc trung bnh l 12Km/h. Tnh cng sut ca ng c dng ko hai toa
xe ln.
d/ Dng nng lng mt thc nc cao 10m. Bit cng hao ph l 25% cng pht ng. Tnh lng
nc cn dng mi gi lm chuyn vn ng c ko hai toa xe ln.
Bi 20: Mt ngi i xe p c khi lng c ngi ln xe l 80Kg chuyn ng trn mt ng
bng vi vn tc 18Km/h. Cc lc ma st nghch chiu vi chuyn ng l 7N v lc cn ca khng kh
l 5N. tnh:
a/ Cng to nn bi ngi xe p khi i 1Km trn ng bng.
b/ cng sut ca ngi xe p trong iu kin cu a.
c/ Cng sut ca ngi xe p trong trng hp ngi ny phi chuyn ng trn mt ng dc
100
2
nhng mun gi vn tc trn ng bng. Dc
100
2
l c cao 2m lc ng i di 100m.
Bi 21: Cng a mt vt ln cao 4m bng mt phng nghing l 6000J.
a/ Tnh trng lng ca vt. Bit mt phng nghing c hiu sut 80%.
b/ Tnh cng thng lc ma st khi ko vt ln v xc nh lc ma st , bit mt phng nghing
c chiu di l = 20m.
c/ a vt li xung t phi tc dng vo vt mt lc nh th no? Tnh ln ca lc .
PHN IV: P SUT - P SUT CHT LNG - P SUT KH
QUYN - LC Y AC-SI-MET
I - C S L THUYT:
1/ p sut:
- Cng thc tnh p sut:
S
F
P
'
P
F
S
S P F .
- n v p sut l paxcan(Pa):
2
1
1
1
m
N
Pa
2/ p sut cht lng:
- Cht lng ng trong bnh s gy p sut theo mi phng ln y bnh, thnh bnh v mi vt t
trong n.
27
- Cng thc tnh p sut cht lng: P = d.h
'
d
P
h
h
P
d
( Vi d l trng lng ring ca cht lng; h
l chiu cao ( su) ca ct cht lng tnh t mt thong cht lng)
Ch :
Trong ct cht lng ng yn, p sut ca mi im trn cng mt phng nm ngang c ln nh
nhau (cng su)
Mt vt nm trong lng cht lng, th ngoi p sut cht lng, vt cn chu thm p sut kh quyn
do cht lng truyn ti.
3/ Bnh thng nhau:
- Trong bnh thng nhau cha cng cht lng ng yn, cc mt thong ca cht lng cc nhnh
khc nhau u mt cao.
- Trong bnh thng nhau cha hai hay nhiu cht lng khng ha tan, th mc mt thong khng
bng nhau, trong trng hp ny p sut ti mi im trn cng mt phng nm ngang c gi tr bng
nhau.
- Bi ton my dng cht lng: p sut tc dng ln cht lng c cht lng truyn i nguyn vn
theo mi hng.
+ Xc nh ln ca lc: Xc nh din tch ca pittng ln, pittng nh.
+ i n v thch hp.
f
Fs
S
F
fS
s
S
Fs
f
s
S f
F
s
S
f
F

.
4/ p sut kh quyn:
- Do khng kh c trng lng nn Tri t v mi vt trn Tri t chu tc dng ca p sut kh
quyn. Ging nh p sut cht lng p sut ny tc dng theo mi phng.
- p sut kh quyn c xc nh bng p sut ct thy ngn trong ng T-ri-xe-li.
- n v ca p sut kh quyn l mmHg (760mmHg = 1,03.10
5
Pa)
- Cng ln cao p sut kh quyn cng gim ( c ln cao 12m th gim 1mmHg).
5/ Lc y Acsimet:
- Mi vt nhng trong cht lng u b cht lng y thng ng t di ln vi mt lc c ln
bng trng lng ca phn cht lng m vt chim ch. Lc ny c gi l lc y Acsimet.
- Cng thc tnh: F
A
= d.V
- iu kin vt ni, chm, l lng:
+ F
A
> P Vt ni
+ F
A
= P Vt l lng
+ F
A
< P Vt chm
II - BI TP P DNG:
Bi 1: Bnh thng nhau gm hai nhnh hnh tr tit
din ln lt l S
1
, S
2
c cha nc nh hnh v. Trn mt nc
c t cc pittng mng, khi lng m
1,
m
2
. Mc nc hai nhnh
chnh nhau mt on h = 10cm.
a. Tnh khi lng m ca qu cn t ln pittng ln
mc nc hai nhnh ngang nhau.
b. Nu t qu cn sang pittng nh th mc nc hai nhnh
lc by gi s chnh nhau mt on H bng bao nhiu?
Cho khi lng ring ca nc D = 1000kg/m
3
, S
1
= 200cm
2
, S
2
= 100cm
2
v b qua p sut kh quyn.
Hng dn gii:
28
h
S
2
S
1
a. -p sut mt di pittng nh l :
2 1
2 1
10 10
10
m m
Dh
S S
+
<=>
2 1
2 1
m m
Dh
S S
+
(1)
- Khi t qu cn m ln pittng ln mc nc hai bn ngang nhau nn:
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
10 10( ) m m m m m m
S S S S
+ +

(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c :
1 1
1 1
10
m m m
Dh
S S
+
+

1
.
m
Dh
S

=> m = DS
1
h = 2kg
b. Khi chuyn qu cn sang pittng nh th ta c :
2 1
2 1
10( ) 10
10
m m m
DH
S S
+
+

2 1
2 1
m m m
Dh
S S
+
+
2 1
2 1
m m m
Dh
S S
+
+
(3)
Kt hp (1), (3) v m = DhS
1
ta c :
H = h( 1 +
1
2
S
S
)
H = 0,3m
Bi 2:Trong mt bnh nc hnh tr c mt khi nc ni c gi bng mt si dy
nh, khng gin (xem hnh v bn). Bit lc u sc cng ca si dy l 10N. Hi mc nc
trong bnh s thay i nh th no, nu khi nc tan ht? Cho din tch mt thong ca
nc trong bnh l 100cm
2
v khi lng ring ca nc l 1000kg/m
3
.
Hng dn gii:
Nu th khi nc ni (khng buc dy) th khi nc tan ht, mc nc trong bnh
s thay i khng ng k.
Khi buc bng dy v dy b cng chng t khi nc chm su hn so vi khi th ni mt
th tch V, khi lc y Ac-si-met ln phn nc ngp thm ny to nn sc cng ca si dy.
Ta c: F
A
= 10.V.D = F
<=> 10.S.h.D = F (vi h l mc nc dng cao hn so vi khi khi nc th ni)
=> h = F/10.S.D = 0,1(m)
Vy khi khi nc tan ht th mc nc trong bnh s h xung 0,1m
Bi 3: Mt khi g hnh hp y vung ,chiu cao h=19cm, nh hn cnh y, c khi lng
ring D
g
=880kg/m
3
c th trong mt bnh nc. thm vo bnh mt cht du (khi lng ring
D
d
=700kg/m
3
), khng trn ln c vi nc.
a/ Tnh chiu cao ca phn chm trong nc.Bit trng lng ring ca nc d
n
=10000N/m
3
b/ xc nh nhit dung ring ca du C
x
ngi ta thc hin th nghim nh sau: khi lng
nc m
n
vo mt nhit lng k khi lng m
k
.Cho dng in chy qua nhit lng k nung nng
nc.Sau thi gian T
1
nhit ca nhit lng k v nc tng ln
1
t
(
0
C).Thay nc bng du vi
khi lng m
d
v lp li cc bc th nghim nh trn. Sau thi gian nung T
2
nhit ca nhit lng
k v du tng ln
2
t
(
0
C). tin tnh ton c th chn m
n
=m
d
=m
k
=m.B qua s mt mt nhit lng
trong qu trnh nung nng.Hy tnh c
x
.
(Bit
1
t
=9,2
0
C
2
t
=16,2
0
C. c
n
=4200J/KgK; c
k
=380J/KgK. Cho rng T
1
=

T
2
)
Hng dn gii:
a/ Gi h
1
v h
2
ln lct l phn g chm trong nc v trong du:
29
h=h
1
+h
2
=19(cm) (1)
Khi g chu tc dng ca ba lc cn bng nhau:
-Trng lc:P=d
g
.V=d
g
.S.h
-Lc y Ac-si-met ca nc:F
n
=d
n
S.h
1
-Lc y Ac-si-met ca du : F
d
=d
d
S.h
2
Ta c: Fn+Fd=P
d
d
S.h
2
+d
n
S.h
1
=d
g
.S.h
d
d
.h
2
+d
n
.h
1
=d
g
.h
7000h
2
+10000h
1
=8000.19
7h
2
+10h
1
=167,2 (2)
Thay (1) vo (2),suy ra:
3h
1
=34,2 =>h
1
=11,4(cm) :
h
2
=19-11,2=7,6 (cm)
Vy :-phn chm trong nc l 11,4(cm)
-phn chm trong du l 7,6(cm)
b/ Nhit lng m nc v nhit lng k hp thu:
Q
1
=(m
n
.c
n
+m
k
.c
k
)
1
t
=m(4200+380)9,2=42136m
Nhit lng m du v nhit lng k hp thu:
Q
2
=(m
d
.c
d
+m
k
.c
k
)
2
t
=m(c
d
+380)16,2
Dng mt loi dy nung do cng sut nh nhau v thi gian T
1
=T
2
nn Q
1
=Q
2
<=> 42136m=m(c
d
+380)16,2
=> c
d
=2221J/Kg.K
Bi 4: Mt qu cu c trng lng ring d
1
=8200N/m
3
, th tch V
1
=100cm
3
, ni trn mt mt bnh
nc. Ngi ta rt du vo ph kn hon ton qu cu. Trng lng ring ca du l d
2
=7000N/m
3
v
ca nc l d
3
=10000N/m
3
.
a/ Tnh th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc khi du.
b/ Nu tip tc rt thm du vo th th tch phn ngp trong nc ca qu cu thay i nh th
no?
Hng dn gii:
a/ Gi V
1
, V
2
, V
3
ln lt l th tch ca qu cu, th tch ca qu cu ngp trong du v th tch
phn qu cungp trong nc. Ta c V
1
=V
2
+V
3
(1)
Qu cu cn bng trong nc v trong du nn ta c: V
1
.d
1
=V
2
.d
2
+V
3
.d
3
. (2)
T (1) suy ra V
2
=V
1
-V
3
, thay vo (2) ta c:
V
1
d
1
=(V
1
-V
3
)d
2
+V
3
d
3
=V
1
d
2
+V
3
(d
3
-d
2
)
V
3
(d
3
-d
2
)=V
1
.d
1
-V
1
.d
2

2 3
2 1 1
3
) (
d d
d d V
V
Tay s: vi V
1
=100cm
3
, d
1
=8200N/m
3
, d
2
=7000N/m
3
, d
3
=10000N/m
3
b/T biu thc:
2 3
2 1 1
3
) (
d d
d d V
V
. Ta thy th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc (V

3
) ch ph
thuc vo V
1
, d
1
, d
2
, d
3
khng ph thuc vo su ca qu cu trong du, cng nh lng du
thm vo. Do nu tip tc thm du vo th phn qu cu ngp trong nc khng thay i
Bi 5: Mt khi nc hnh lp phng cnh 3cm, khi lng ring 0.9 g /cm
3
. Vin ni
trn mt nc. Tnh t s gia th tch phn ni v phn chm ca vin , t suy ra chiu cao ca
phn ni. Bit khi lng ring ca nc l 1g /cm
3
.
Hng dn gii:
D
1
= 1g/cm
3
=> d
1
= 10N/ g/cm
3
;
D
2
= 0.9g/cm
3
=> d
2
= 9N/ g/cm
3
;
Gi d
1
v d
2
l trng lng ring cu nc v
30
V
1
v V
2
l th tch phn nc b chm v ni
Khi vin ni th lc y c simet bng trng lng ca vt ta c
d
1
. V
1
= d
2
( V
1
+ V
2
)
1
(
2
1
1
) 2 1
2
1
+
+
V
V
V
V V
d
d
Hay
11 , 0
9
1
9
9 10
1
9
10
1
2
1
1
2

d
d
V
V
Vy
11 , 0
1
2
V
V

cao ca phn ni l:
h
2
= 0,11.3 = 0,33 cm
Bi 6: Mt thanh ng cht, tit din u c chiu di AB =
l = 40cm c ng trong mt chu (hnh v ) sao cho
OB
3
1
OA
. Ngi ta nc vo chu cho n khi thanh bt
u ni (u B khng cn ta trn y chu). Bit thanh c
gi cht ti O v ch c th quay quanh O.
a. Tm mc nc cn vo chu. Cho khi lng ring
ca thanh v nc ln lt l : D
1
= 1120kg/m
3
; D
2
=1000kg/m
3
.
Hng dn gii:
a. Gi x = BI l mc nc vo chu thanh bt u ni, S l tit din ca thanh. Thanh chu
tc dng ca trng lc P t ti im M ca AB v lc y Archimede t ti trung im N ca BI.
Theo iu kin cn bng ta c :
P.MH = F.NK
Trong P = 10D
1
Sl
F = 10D
2
Sx
Suy ra : D
1
l.MH = D
2
x.NK
1
2
.
Dl MH
x
D NK

(1)
Xt hai tam gic ng dng :
OMH ONK :
ta c
MH OM
NK ON
Vi OM = MA OA = 20 10 = 10cm
ON = OB NB =
60
30
2 2
x x

T :
1
2
20
(2)
60
D
x l
D x
( )
1120
60 .40.20 896
1000
x x
2
60 896 0 x x +
2
32
28
x cm
x cm
Loi nghim x
1
= 32cm v ln hn OB. Phi ngp nc mt on 28cm.
31
B
A
O
A
B P
N
I
O
K H
F
M
b. T phng trnh (2) ta suy ra ;
1
2
20
60
D
D l
x x
Mc nc ti a vo chu l x = OB = 30cm, ng vi trng hp ny, cht lng phi c khi

lng ring l
( ) ( )
3
1
2
20 20.1120.40
995, 5 /
60 30 60 30
Dl
D kg m
x x

Vy, thc hin c th nghim, cht lng vo chu phi c khi lng ring
3
2
995, 5 / D kg m
Bi 7: Mt cc nc ang tan trong n c cha mt mu ch c th vo trong nc. Sau khi
c 100g tan chy th th tch phn ngp trong nc ca cc gim i mt na. Khi c thm 50g
na tan chy th cc nc bt u chm. Tnh khi lng ca mu ch. Cho bit khi lng ring ca
nc , nc v ch ln lt l 0,9g/cm
3
, 1g/cm
3
v 11,3g/cm
3
Hng dn gii:
Trng lng ca nc v ch l P = (m
c
+ m
d
).10
Trc khi tan 100g nc tan P = (m
c
+ m
d
).10 = V
c
. D
n
.10
Sau khi 100g nc tan chy: P
,
= (m
c
+ m
d
-0,1

).10 =
1
2
. V
c
. D
n
.10
Bin i v => m
c
+ m
d
= 0,2
Th tch ca khi nc sau khi tan chy 150 g l:

c
d
c
c
D
m
D
m
V
15 , 0
+
khi cc bt u chm (m
c
+ m
d
- 0,15

).10 = V. D
n
.10
=> m
c
+ m
d
- 0,15 =
,
_

+
d
d
c
c
D
m
D
m 15 , 0
D
n
bin i v thay s vo ta c h pt
m
c
+ m
d
= 0,2
103 1 0, 05
113 9 3
c d m m

gii h phng trnh ta c
m
c
5,5 g ; m
d

194,5g
Bi 8: Trong bnh hnh tr, tit din S cha nc c chiu cao H = 15cm. Ngi ta th vo bnh
mt thanh ng cht, tit din u sao cho n ni trong nc th mc nc dng ln mt on h = 8cm.
a) Nu nhn chm thanh hon ton th mc nc s cao bao nhiu? (Bit khi lng ring ca
nc v thanh ln lt l D
1
= 1g/cm
3
; D
2
= 0,8g/cm
3
b) Tnh cng thc hin khi nhn chm hon ton thanh, bit thanh c chiu di l = 20cm; tit
din S = 10cm
2
.
Hng dn gii:
a) Gi tit din v chiu di thanh l S v l. Ta c trng lng ca thanh:
P = 10.D
2
.S.l
Th tch nc dng ln bng th tch phn chm trong nc :
V = ( S S).h
Lc y Acsimet tc dng vo thanh : F
1
= 10.D
1
(S S).h
32
Do thanh cn bng nn: P = F
1

10.D
2
.S.l = 10.D
1
.(S S).h

h
S
S S
D
D
l .
'
'
.
2
1

(*)
Khi thanh chm hon ton trong nc, nc dng ln mt lng
bng th tch thanh.
Gi V
o
l th tch thanh. Ta c : V
o
= S.l
Thay (*) vo ta c:
h S S
D
D
V ). ' .(
2
1
0

Lc mc nc dng ln 1 on h ( so vi khi cha th thanh
vo)
h
D
D
S S
V
h .
'
2
1 0

H
h
l
P
F
1
S
H
h
P
F
2
S
F
l
T chiu cao ct nc trong bnh l: H = H +h =H +
h
D
D
.
2
1
H = 25 cm
Lc tc dng vo thanh lc ny gm : Trng lng P, lc y Acsimet F
2
v lc tc dng F. Do
thanh cn bng nn :
F = F
2
- P = 10.D
1
.V
o
10.D
2
.S.l
F = 10( D
1
D
2
).S.l = 2.S.l = 0,4 N
T pt(*) suy ra :
2
1
2
30 ' . 3 ' . 1 . cm S S
h
l
D
D
S
,
_
+
Do khi thanh i vo nc thm 1 on x c th tch V = x.S th nc dng thm mt on:
2 ' 2 '
x
S
V
S S
V
y
Mt khc nc dng thm so vi lc u:

cm h
D
D
h h 2 . 1
2
1
,
_

ngha l :
4 2
2
x
x
Vy thanh c di chuyn thm mt on: x +
cm x
x x
3
8
4
2
3
2

.
V lc tc dng tng u t 0 n F = 0,4 N nn cng thc hin c:
J x F A
3 2
10 . 33 , 5 10 .
3
8
. 4 , 0 .
2
1
.
2
1

Bi 9: Ti y ca mt ci ni hnh tr tit din S
1
= 10dm
2
,
ngi ta khot mt l trn v cm vo mt ng kim loi
tit din S
2
= 1 dm
2
. Ni c t trn mt tm cao su nhn,
y ln ngc ln trn, rt nc t t vo ng pha trn.
Hi c th rt nc ti cao H l bao nhiu nc khng
thot ra t pha di.
(Bit khi lng ca ni v ng kim loi l m = 3,6 kg.
Chiu cao ca ni l h = 20cm. Trng lng ring ca nc d
n
= 10.000N/m
3
).
Hng dn gii:
Nc bt u chy ra khi p lc ca n ln y ni cn bng vi trng lc:
P = 10m ; F = p ( S
1
- S
2
) (1)
*Hn na: p = d ( H h ) (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
10m = d ( H h ) (S
1
S
2
)
H h =
1 2 1 2
10m 10m
H h
d(S S ) d(S S )
+

33
h
S
1
S
2
H
*Thay s ta c:
H = 0,2 +
10.3,6
0,2 0,04 0,24(m) 24cm
10000(0,1 0,01)
+
Hng dn gii:
- p lc ca qu cn ln nc v g l nh nhau ta c:
f = P = 10m = 100N
- p sut ca qu cn ln gc v nc:
( ) Pa
S
f
P
4
3
1
10 . 5
10 . 2
100

- i vi bnh a ta thy bnh a ng g l cht rn nn g truyn ton b p lc ca qu cn

ln y bnh:
F
1
= f = 100N
- p sut ca qu cn ln dy bnh a:
( ) Pa
S
F
P
5
3
2
1
1
10
10
100

- i vi bnh b ng nc l cht lng nn nc truyn nguyn vn p sut ca qu cn ln

y bnh do ta c: P
2
= P = 5.10
4
Pa
- p lc ln y bnh b:
( ) N S P F
S
F
P 50 10 . 10 . 5
3 4
2 2 2
2
2
2

III - BI TP T GII:
Bi 1: Mt bnh hnh tr c din tch y l 400cm
2
, ng 6lt nc.
a/ Tnh cao ca ct nc trong bnh.
b/ Ngi ta th vo bnh mt cc nc c th tch 2dm
3
. Hi phn nc ni trn mt nc
c th tch l bao nhiu?
c/ Khi nc tan ht ct nc trong bnh cao bao nhiu?
( Bit trng lng ring ca nc v nc ln lt l 10000N/m
3
, 9200N/m
3
),
Bi 2: Mt b cha 112 lt nc, c 4 chn. Mt tip xc gia chn b v mt phng ngang l hnh
vng c di mi cnh l 9cm, p xut ca mt b tc dng ln mt t l 50000N/m
2
. Khi lng
ring ca nc l 1000kg/m
3
. Hy tnh:
a/ Din tch mt b p ca b ln mt t.
b/ p lc ca b nc ln mt t.
c/ khi lng ca b khi khng cha nc.
Bi 3: Mt bnh thng nhau hnh ch U tit din u S = 6 cm
2
cha nc c trng lng ring
d
0
=10000 N/m
3
n na chiu cao ca mi nhnh. Ngi ta vo nhnh tri mt lng du c trng
lng ring d =

8000 N/m
3
sao cho chnh lch gia hai mc cht lng trong hai nhnh chnh lch
nhau mt on 10 cm.Tm khi lng du rt vo?
Bi 4: Mt tu ngm ang di chuyn di bin. p k t ngoi v tu ch p sut 2,02.10
6
N/m
2
. Mt lc sau p k ch 0,86.10
6
N/m
2
.
a/ Tu ni ln hay ln xung ? v sao khng nh nh vy ?
b/ Tnh su ca tu ngm hai thi im trn. Cho bit trng lng ring ca nc bin
bng 10300N/m
3
.
34
Bi 10: Hai bnh (a) v (b) ging ht nhau (nh hnh v).
Ming bnh c tit din S
1
, y bnh c tit din S
2
ln lt c gi
tr 20cm
2
v 10cm
2
. Trn pittng ca hai hnh c t qu cn c
khi lng 10kg. B qua khi lng ca pittng. Tnh p lc v
p sut ln y mi bnh.
Nc
F
2
F
1
S
2
f
G
f
S
1
Hai qu cn nh nhau
Bi 5: Hai qu cu bng kim loi c khi lng bng nhau c treo vo hai a ca mt cn n.
Hai qu cu c khi lng ring ln lt l D
1
= 7,8g/cm
3
; D
2
= 2,6g/cm
3
. Nhng qu cu th nht vo
cht lng c khi lng ring D
3
, qu cu th hai vo cht lng c khi lng ring D
4
th cn mt
thng bng. cn thng bng tr li ta phi b vo a c qu cu th hai mt khi lng m
1
= 17g.
i v tr hai cht lng cho nhau, cn thng bng ta phi thm m
2
= 27g cng vo a c qu cu th
hai. Tm t s hai khi lng ring ca hai cht lng.
Bi 6: Mt qu bng bay ca tr em c thi phng bng kh Hir c th tch 4dm
3
. V bng
bay c khi lng 3g buc vo mt si dy di v u c khi lng 1g trn 10m. Tnh chiu di ca
si dy c ko ln khi qu bng ng cn bng trong khng kh. Bit khi lng 1lt khng kh l
1,3g v ca 1 lt Hr l 0,09g. Cho rng th tch qu bng v khi lng ring ca khng kh khng
thay i khi qu bng bay ln.
Bi 7: Mt bnh cha mt cht lng c trng lng ring d
0
, chiu cao ca ct cht lng trong bnh
l h
0
. Cch pha trn mt thong mt khong h
1
, ngi ta th ri thng ng mt vt nh c v ng
cht vo bnh cht lng. Khi vt nh chm y bnh cng ng l lc vn tc ca n bng khng. Tnh
trng lng ring ca cht lm vt. B qua lc cn ca khng kh v cht lng i vi vt.
Bi 8: Mt thit b ng vi nc t ng
b tr nh hnh v. Thanh cng AB c th quay
quanh mt bn l u A. u B gn vi mt
phao l mt hp kim loi rng hnh tr, din tch
y l 2dm
2
, trng lng 10N. Mt np cao su
t ti C, khi thanh AB nm ngang th np y
kn ming vi AC =
2
1
BC
p lc cc i ca dng nc vi ln np y l 20N. Hi mc nc ln n u th vi nc ngng
chy. Bit khong cch t B n y phao l 20cm. Khi lng thanh AB khng ng k
Bi 9: Mt thi hp kim c th tch 1 dm
3
v khi lng 9,850kg to bi bc v thic . Xc nh
khi lng ca bc v thic trong hp kim , bit rng khi lng ring ca bc l 10500 kg/m
3
, ca
thic l 2700 kg/m
3
. Nu :
a/ Th tch ca hp kim bng tng th tch ca bc v thic
b/ Th tch ca hp kim bng 95% tng th tch ca bc v thic .
Bi 10: Mt bnh thng nhau hnh ch U tit din u S = 6 cm
2
cha nc c trng lng ring d
0
=10 000 N/m
3
n na chiu cao ca mi nhnh .
a/ Ngi ta vo nhnh tri mt lng du c trng lng ring d =

8000 N/m
3
sao cho
chnh lch gia hai mc cht lng trong hai nhnh chnh lch nhau mt on 10 cm.Tm khi lng
du rt vo ?
b/ Nu rt thm vo nhnh tri mt cht lng c trng lng ring d
1
vi chiu cao 5cm th mc
cht lng trong nhnh tri ngang bng ming ng . Tm chiu di mi nhnh ch U v trng lng
ring d
1
Bit mc cht lng nhnh phi bng vi mt phn cch gia du v cht lng mi vo ?
Bi 11: Trong chu ng 2 cht lng khng ho tan vo nhau v khng c phn ng ho hc vi
nhau. Trng lng ring ca cht lng nng l d
1
, ca cht lng nh l d
2
. Th vo chu mt vt hnh
tr c chiu cao h, trng lng ring d (d
1
>d>d
2
)
a/ Tnh t s cc phn th tch ca vt trong hai cht lng khi vt ngp hon ton vo cht lng
theo chiu thng ng v khng chm vo y chu.
b/ su ca cc lp cht lng phi tho mn iu kin g vt c th nh ln khi mt cht
lng nh, theo chiu thng ng m khng chm vo y chu.
Bi 12: Mt bnh thng nhau c hai nhnh ging nhau. Cha thu ngn. vo nhnh A mt ct
nc cao h
1
=30cm. Vo nhnh B mt ct du cao h
2
=5 cm . Tm chnh lch mc thu ngn hai
nhnh A v B. Cho trng lng ring ca nc, ca du v ca thu ngn ln lt l d
1
=1000N/m
3
d
2
=800N/m
3
; d
3
=136000N/m
3
.
35
B
C
A
Bi 13: Mt qu cu c trng lng ring d
1
=8200N/m
3
th tch V
1
=100 m
3
ni trn mt mt bnh
nc. Ngi ta rt du vo ph kn hon ton qu cu. Tnh th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc khi
du . cho trng lng ring ca du v ca nc ln lt l d
2
=700N/m, d
3
=10000N/m
3
.
Bi 14: Ngi ta th mt khi g hmh tr bn trn c t mt vt m
1
= 50g vo trong mt bnh
nc mui th n ni thng ng phn chm trong nc c cao h nh hnh v . Nu b vt ra th
phn chm trong nc mui c cao gim so vi ban u h
1
= 0,5 cm.
By gi ngi ta pha thm mui vo bnh sao cho phn chm ca g trong nc c cao gim
so vi chiu cao h mt on h
2
= 0,6 cm. phn chm ca g c chiu cao h nh ban u ngi ta
phi t ln trn n mt vt c khi lng m
2
= 63g. Tm khi lng ca g.
Bi 15: Hai bnh hnh tr thng nhau v cha nc. Tit din bnh ln c din tch gp 4 ln bnh
nh. du vo bnh ln cho ti khi ct du cao h=10cm. Lc y mc nc bn bnh nh dng ln bao
nhiu v mc nc bnh ln h i bao nhiu? Trng lng ring ca nc v du l:
d
1
=10000N/m
3
;d
2
=8000N/m
3
.
Bi 16: Mt bm ht du t m su 400m vi lu lng 1000 lt trong 1 pht.
a/ Tnh cng bm thc hin trong mt gi bit d
du
=9000N/m
3
b/ Tnhcng sut ca my bm.
Bi 17: Mt hnh khi lp phng c cnh thng ng cao 20cm c nhn chm trong du c
trng lng ring 9000N/m
3
. Tm C ca mt phng ng cch mt thong nm ngang ca du l 25cm.
a/ Tnh p sut ca du C
b/ Tm hiu sut tc dng ln hai mt nm ngang ca hnh khi. Hiu p sut ny c thay i
khng nu ta thay i su ca tm C.
Bi 18: Hai khi hnh tr ng cht hnh dng bn ngoi ging ht nhau c D
vt
<D
nc
. Mt khi
c; mt khi rng; l rng hnh tr c trc song song vi trc ca khi; chiu di ca l rng bng
chiu di ca khi.
Cc dng c gm: Mt thc o thng; mt bnh nc c khi lng ring l D
nc
= D. Hy trnh by
v gii thch mt phng n thc nghim xc nh.
a/ Khi lng ring ca cc cht cu to nn 2 khi trn
b/ Bn knh l ca khi rng.
Bi 19: ng knh tit din pittng ca mt ci bm l 2,5cm. Ni vi bm vi van ca mt
bnh xe ang c p sut 120000N/m
2
v m van. Hi mun tip tc a khng kh vo trong lp xe th
phI tc dng ln pittng mt p lc ti thiu bng bao nhiu?
Bi 20: Bn knh ca hai xi lanh ca mt ci kch dng du ln lt l 10cm v 2cm.
a/ t ln pittng ln ca kch mt vt c khi lng 250kg cn phI tc dng ln pittng nh
mt lc l bao nhiu nng c vt nng ln?
b/ Ngi ta ch c th tc dng ln pittng nh mt lc ln nht l 500N. Vy phi ch to
pttng ln c tit din thng l bao nhiu c th nng c mt t c khi lng 2500kg
Bi 21: Treo mt vt nng vo lc k, ngi ta thy lc k ch 216N; Nhng vt ngp hon ton
trong nc, lc k ch 136N. Bit trng lng ring ca nc sl 10000N/m
3
.
a/ Tnh th tch v trng lng ring ca vt rn.
b/ Nhng vt vo trong cht lng c trng lng ring 8000n/m
3
th lc k ch bao nhiu?
Bi 22: Mt bnh thng nhau c ba nhnh ng nc; ngi ta vo nhnh (1) ct thu ngn c
cao h v vo nhnh (2) ct du c cao bng 2,5.h .
a/ Mc cht lng trong nhnh no cao nht? Thp nht? Gii thch?
b/ Tnh chnh lch ( tnh t mt thong ) ca mc cht lng mi nhnh theo h?
c/ Cho d
Hg
= 136000 N/m
2
, d
H2O
= 10000 N/m
2
, d
du
= 8000 N/m
2
v h = 8 cm. Hy tnh
chnh lch mc nc nhnh (2) v nhnh (3)?
Bi 23: 1) Mt bnh thng nhau gm hai nhnh hnh tr ging nhau cng cha nc. Ngi ta th
vo nhnh A mt qu cu bng g nng 20g, qu cu ngp mt phn trong nc th thy mc nc
dng ln trong mi nhnh l 2mm. Sau ngi ta ly qu cu bng g ra v vo nhnh A mt
lng du 100g. Tnh chnh lch mc cht lng trong hai nhnh ? Cho D
n
= 1 g/cm
3
; D
d
= 0,8 g/cm
3
2) Mt ng thu tinh hnh tr, cha mt lng nc v lng thu ngn c cng khi lng. cao
tng cng ca cht lng trong ng l 94cm.
36
a/ Tnh cao ca mi cht lng trong ng ?
b/ Tnh p sut ca cht lng ln y ng bit khi lng ring ca nc v ca thu ngn ln
lt l: D
1
= 1g/cm
3
v D
2
= 13,6g/cm
3
?
Bi 24: Hai hnh tr A v B t thng ng c tit din ln lt l 100cm
2
v
200cm
2
c ni thng y bng mt ng nh qua kho k nh hnh v. Lc u kho
k ngn cch hai bnh, sau 3 lt du vo bnh A, 5,4 lt nc vo bnh B.
Sau m kho k to thnh mt bnh thng nhau. Tnh cao mc cht lng
mi bnh. Cho bit trng lng ring ca du v ca nc ln lt l: d
1
=8000N/m
3
;
d
2
= 10 000N/m
3
;

Bi 25: Mt chic vng bng hp kim vng v bc, khi cn trong khng kh c trng lng P
0
= 3N. Khi
cn trong nc, vng c trng lng P = 2,74N. Hy xc nh khi lng phn vng v khi lng phn bc
trong chic vng nu xem rng th tch V ca vng ng bng tng th tch ban u V
1
ca vng v th tch ban
u V
2
ca bc. Khi lng ring ca vng l 19300kg/m
3
, ca bc 10500kg/m
3
.
PHN V: IN HC
I. C S L THUYT:
1/ nh lut m: Cng dng in chy qua dy dn t l
thun vi hiu in th t vo hai u dy v t
l nghch vi in tr ca dy .
37
B
A
k
I =
R
U
I : Cng dng in ( A ) .
U : Hiu in th ( V ) ; R : in tr ( ) .
2/ on mch ni tip :
Cng dng in : I = I
1
= I
2
.
Hiu in th : U = U
1
+ U
2 .
in tr tng ng : R
td
= R
1
+ R
2 .
Hiu in th t l thun vi in tr :
2
1
2
1
R
R
U
U
3/ on mch song song :

I = I
1
+ I
2
U = U
1
= U
2 .
2 1
1 1 1
R R R
td
+
=>
2 1
2 1
.
R R
R R
R
td
+
Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr

1
2
2
1
R
R
I
I
4/ on mch hn hp :
R
1
nt ( R
2
// R
3
) .
I

= I
1
= I
23
= I
3
+ I
2 .
U

= U
1
+ U
23
(m U
23
= U
2
= U
3
) .
R
td
= R
1
+ R
23
( m
3 2
3 2
23
.
R R
R R
R
+
)
( R
1
nt R
2
) // R
3
.
I
AB
= I
12
+ I
3
( m I
12
= I
1
= I
2 ) .
U
AB
= U
12
= U
3
(m U
12
= U
1
+ U
2
) .
3 12
3 12
.
R R
R R
R
td
+
( m R
12
= R
1
+ R
2
) .
1K = 1000
1M = 1000 000

in tr dy dn t l thun vi chiu di
dy dn :

2
1
2
1
R
R
l
l
.
in tr ca dy dn t l nghch vi tit
din ca dy :
2
1
1
2
R
R
S
S
Cng thc tnh in tr :

S
l
R
: in tr sut ( m) .
l : chiu di ca dy ( m )
S : tit din ca dy dn ( m
2
) .
1mm= 1 .10
-6
m
2
; d = 2r =>
2
d
r
S = 3,14 .r
2
;
d : ng knh
r :bn knh ca dy .

V
m
D
D : khi lng ring ( kg / m
3
)
m: khi lng ca dy ( kg ) .
V : th tch ca dy ( m
3
)

S
V
l
l: chiu di ca dy ( m ) .
V : th tch ca dy ( m
3
) .
S : tit din ca dy (m
2
) .
Chu vi ng trn :2
r (vi
=3,14)
Cng sut in :P = U .I = I
2
. R =
R
U
2
P : cng sut ( W ) .
Hiu sut :H =
Atp
Q
i
; H : hiu sut ( % )
A
i
= Q
i
: in nng c ch ( J )
(Q
i
=m.C. t)
A
tp
: in nng ton phn ( J )
5/Cng ca dng in :
A = P . t = U.I.t = I
2
.R.t =
R
U
2
.t
A : cng ca dng in ( J )
P : cng sut in ( W )
t: thi gian ( s )
1kW = 1000 W .
1 h = 3600 s .
1kWh = 3,6 .10
-6
J
nh lut Jun Len-X : Nhit lng ta
ra dy dn khi c dng in chy qua t l
thun vi bnh phng cng dng in, vi
in tr ca dy v thi gian dng in chy
qua .
Q = I
2
. R . t .
Nu o nhit lng Q bng n v calo
th h thc ca nh lut Jun Len-X l
Q = 0,24 . I
2
.R. t
S vng dy
r
l
n
. 2

II - MT S VN CN LU KHI GII BI TP IN:
1/. Mun duy tr mt dng in lu di trong mt vt dn cn duy tr mt in trng trong vt
dn . Mun vy ch cn ni 2 u vt dn vi 2 cc ca ngun in thnh mch kn.
Cng gn cc dng ca ngun in th cng cao. Quy c in th ti cc dng ca ngun
in, in th l ln nht , in th ti cc m ca ngun in bng 0.
38
Quy c chiu dng in l chiu chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in tch dng, Theo
quy c bn ngoi ngun in dng in c chiu i t cc dng, qua vt dn n cc m ca
ngun in (chiu i t ni c in th cao n ni c din th thp).
chnh lch v in th gia 2 im gi l hiu in th gia 2 im : V
A
- V
B
= U
AB
. Mun
duy tr mt dng in lu di trong mt vt dn cn duy tr mt HT gia 2 u vt dn ( U = 0
I = 0)
2/. Mch in:
a. on mch in mc song song:
*c im: mch in b phn nhnh, cc nhnh c chung im u v im cui. Cc nhnh
hot ng c lp.
*Th cht: 1. Uchung
2. Cng dng in trong mch chnh bng trng cng dng in trong cc
mch r: I=I
1
+I
2
+...+I
n

3. Nghch o ca in tr tng ng bng tng cc nghch o ca cc in tr
thnh phn:
n
R R R R
1
...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + +
-T t/c 1 v cng thc ca nh lut m .I
1
R
1
= I
2
R
2
=....= I
n
R
n
= IR
- T t/c 3 on mch gm n in tr c gi tr bng nhau v bng r th in tr ca on mch
mc song song l R =
n
r
- T t/c 3 in tr tng ng ca on mch mc song song lun nh hn mi in tr
thnh phn.
b. on mch in mc ni tip:
*c im:cc b phn (cc in tr) mc thnh dy lin tc gia 2 cc ca ngun in ( cc b
phn hot ng ph thuc nhau).
*tnh cht: 1.I chung
2. U = U
1
+ U
2
+....+ U
n
.
3. R = R
1
+ R
2
+,...+ R
n
.
*T t/c 1 v cng thc ca nh lut m I=U/R U
1
/R
1
=U
2
/R
2
=...U
n
/R
n
. (trong on mch ni
tip, hiu in th gia 2 u cc vt dn t l thun vi in tr ca chng) U
i
=U R
i
/R...
T t/s 3 nu c n in tr ging nhau mc ni tip th in tr ca on mch l R =nr. Cng
t tnh cht 3 in tr tng ng ca on mch mc ni tip lun ln hn mi in tr thnh
phn.
C.Mch cu :
Mch cu cn bng c cc tnh cht sau:
- v in tr:
4
3
2
1
R
R
R
R
( R
5
l ng cho ca cu)
-V dng: I
5
= 0 -v HT : U
5
= 0

4 2 3 1
4
4
3
1
2
2
1
; ; ; I I I I
R
R
I
I
R
R
I
I

Mch cu khng cn bng:
4
3
2
1
R
R
R
R
I
5
0; U
5
0
* Trng hp mch cu c 1 s in tr c gi tr bng 0; gii bi ton cn p dng cc quy
tc bin i mch in tng ng ( phn di )
*Trng hp c 5 in tr u khc 0 s xt sau.
3/. Mt s quy tc chuyn mch:
a/. chp cc im cng in th: "Ta c th chp 2 hay nhiu im c cng in th thnh mt
im khi bin i mch in tng ng."
39
R R R
R R
x
3 2 1
3 1
.
+ +
R R R
R R
z
3 2 1
3 2
.
+ +
R R R
R R
y
3 2 1
2 1
.
+ +

(Do V
A
- V
b
= U
AB
= I R
AB
Khi R
AB
= 0;I 0 hoc R
AB
0,I = 0 V
a
= V
b
Tc A v B cng
in th)
Cc trng hp c th: Cc im 2 u dy ni, kha K ng, Am pe k c in tr khng
ng k...c coi l c cng in th. Hai im nt 2 u R
5
trong mch cu cn bng...
b/. B in tr: ta c th b cc in tr khc 0 ra khi s khi bin i mch in tng
ng khi cng dng in qua cc in tr ny bng 0.
Cc trng hp c th: cc vt dn nm trong mch h; mt in tr khc 0 mc song song vi
mt vt dn c in tr bng 0( in tr b ni tt) ; vn k c in tr rt ln (l tng).
4/. Vai tr ca am pe k trong s :
* Nu am pe k l tng ( R
a
=0) , ngoi chc nng l dng c o n cn c vai tr nh dy ni
do :
C th chp cc im 2 u am pe k thnh mt im khi bin i mch in tng ng( khi
am pe k ch l mt im trn s )
Nu am pe k mc ni tip vi vt no th n o cng d/ qua vt.
Khi am pe k mc song song vi vt no th in tr b ni tt ( ni trn).
Khi am pe k nm ring mt mch th dng in qua n c tnh thng qua cc dng 2 nt
m ta mc am pe k ( d theo nh l nt).
* Nu am pe k c in tr ng k, th trong s ngoi chc nng l dng c o ra am pe k
cn c chc nng nh mt in tr bnh thng. Do s ch ca n cn c tnh bng cng thc:
I
a
=U
a
/R
a
.
5/. Vai tr ca vn k trong s :
a/. trng hp vn k c in tr rt ln ( l tng):
*Vn k mc song song vi on mch no th s ch ca vn k cho bit HT gia 2 u on
mch :
U
V
= U
AB
= I
AB
.R
AB
*TRong trng hp mch phc tp, Hiu in th gia 2 im mc vn k phi c tnh bng
cng thc cng th: U
AB
= V
A
- V
B
= V
A
- V
C
+ V
C
- V
B
= U
AC
+ U
CB
....
*c th b vn k khi v s mch in tng ng .
*Nhng in tr bt k mc ni tip vi vn k c coi nh l dy ni ca vn k ( trong s
tng ng ta c th thay in tr y bng mt im trn dy ni), theo cng thc ca nh lut m
th cng qua cc in tr ny coi nh bng 0 ,( I
R
= I
V
= U/
= 0).
b/. Trng hp vn k c in tr hu hn ,th trong s ngoi chc nng l dng c o vn k
cn c chc nng nh mi in tr khc. Do s ch ca vn k cn c tnh bng cng thc
U
V
=I
v
.R
v
...
6/ mt s quay tc i mch
*Quy tc bin i mch hnh sao
thnh mch hnh tam gic:
R
1
=
z
zx yz xy + +
, R
1
=
x
zx yz xy + +
,
R
1
=
y
zx yz xy + +
*Quy tc chuyn mch hnh tam gic
thnh hnh sao:
III/ BI TP P DNG:
40
Bi 1: Cho mch in MN nh hnh v di y, hiu in th hai u mch in khng i
U
MN
= 7V; cc in tr R
1
= 3 v R
2
= 6 . AB l mt dy dn in c chiu di 1,5m tit din
khng i S = 0,1mm
2
, in tr sut = 4.10
-7
m ; in tr ca ampe k A v cc dy ni khng
ng k :
M U
MN
N a/ Tnh in tr ca dy dn AB ?
R
1 D
R
2
b/ Dch chuyn con chy c sao cho AC = 1/2 BC.
Tnh
cng dng in qua ampe k ?
A c/ Xc nh v tr con chy C I
a
= 1/3A ?

A C B
Hng dn gii:
a/ i 0,1mm
2
= 1. 10
-7
m
2
. p dng cng thc tnh in tr
S
l
R .
; thay s v tnh R
AB
= 6
b/ Khi
2
BC
AC
R
AC
=
3
1
.R
AB
R
AC
= 2 v c R
CB
= R
AB
- R
AC
= 4
Xt mch cu MN ta c
2
3
2 1

CB AC
R
R
R
R
nn mch cu l cn bng. Vy I
A
= 0
c/ t R
AC
= x ( K : 0 x 6 ) ta c R
CB
= ( 6 - x )
* in tr mch ngoi gm ( R
1
// R
AC
) ni tip ( R
2
// R
CB
) l
) 6 ( 6
) 6 .( 6
3
. 3
x
x
x
x
R
+
+
+
= ?
* Cng dng in trong mch chnh :

R
U
I
?
* p dng cng thc tnh HT ca mch // c : U
AD
= R
AD
. I =
I
x
x
.
3
. 3
+
= ?
V U
DB
= R
DB
. I =
I
x
x
.
12
) 6 .( 6
= ?
* Ta c cng dng in qua R
1
; R
2
ln lt l : I
1
=
1
R
U
AD
= ? v I
2
=
2
R
U
DB
= ?
+ Nu cc dng ca ampe k gn vo D th : I
1
= I
a
+ I
2
I
a
= I
1
- I
2
= ? (1)
Thay I
a
= 1/3A vo (1) Phng trnh bc 2 theo x, gii PT ny c x = 3 ( loi gi tr -18)
+ Nu cc dng ca ampe k gn vo C th : I
a
= I
2
- I
1
= ? (2)
Thay I
a
= 1/3A vo (2) Phng trnh bc 2 khc theo x, gii PT ny c x = 1,2 ( loi 25,8 v
> 6 )
* nh v tr im C ta lp t s
CB
AC
R
R
CB
AC
= ? AC = 0,3m
Bi 2: Cho 3 in tr c gi tr nh nhau bng R
0
, c mc vi nhau theo nhng cch khc
nhau v ln lt ni vo mt ngun in khng i xc nh lun mc ni tip vi mt in tr r .
Khi 3 in tr trn mc ni tip th cng dng in qua mi in tr bng 0,2A, khi 3 in tr
trn mc song song th cng dng in qua mi in tr cng bng 0,2A.
a/ Xc nh cng dng in qua mi in tr R
0
trong nhng trng hp cn li ?
b/ Trong cc cch mc trn, cch mc no tiu th in nng t nht ? Nhiu nht ?
c/ Cn t nht bao nhiu in tr R
0
v mc chng nh th no vo ngun in khng i c
in tr r ni trn cng dng in qua mi in tr R
0
u bng 0,1A ?
Hng dn gii:
a/ Xc nh cc cch mc cn li gm :
cch mc 1 : (( R
0
// R
0
) nt R
0
) nt r cch mc 2 : (( R
0
nt R
0
) // R
0
) nt r
Theo bi ta ln lt c cng dng in trong mch chnh khi mc ni tip :
41
I
nt
=
0
3R r
U
+
= 0,2A (1)
Cng dng in trong mch chnh khi mc song song :
A
R
r
U
I 6 , 0 2 , 0 . 3
3
0
SS

+
(2)
Ly (2) chia cho (1), ta c :
3
3
3
0
0
+
+
R
r
R r
r = R
0
. em gi tr ny ca r thay vo (1)
U = 0,8.R
0

+ Cch mc 1 : Ta c (( R
0
// R
0
) nt R
0
) nt r (( R
1
// R
2
) nt R
3
) nt r t R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
0
Dng in qua R
3
: I
3
=
A
R
R
R
R r
U
32 , 0
. 5 , 2
. 8 , 0
2
0
0
0
0

+ +
. Do R
1
= R
2
nn I
1
= I
2
= A
I
16 , 0
2
3

+ Cch mc 2 : Cng dng in trong mch chnh I =
A
R
R
R
R R
r
U
48 , 0
3
. 5
. 8 , 0
. 3
. . 2
0
0
0
0 0

+
.
Hiu in th gia hai u mch ni tip gm 2 in tr R
0
: U
1
= I.
0
0 0
. 3
. . 2
R
R R
= 0,32.R
0
cng
dng in qua mch ni tip ny l I
1
=
A
R
R
R
U
16 , 0
. 2
. 32 , 0
. 2
0
0
0
1

CD qua in tr cn li
l I
2
=
0,32A.
b/ Ta nhn thy U khng i cng sut tiu th mch ngoi P = U.I s nh nht khi I trong
mch chnh nh nht cch mc 1 s tiu th cng sut nh nht v cch mc 2 s tiu th cng
sut ln nht.
c/ Gi s mch in gm n dy song song, mi dy c m in tr ging nhau v bng R
0
( vi m
; n N)
Cng dng in trong mch chnh ( Hv ) I + -
n
m
R
n
m
r
U
I
+
1
8 , 0
.
0
( B sung vo hv cho y )
cng dng in qua mi in tr R
0
l 0,1A ta phi c :

n
n
m
I . 1 , 0
1
8 , 0
m + n = 8 . Ta c cc trng hp sau
m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
S in tr R
0
7 1
2
15 16 15 12 7
Theo bng trn ta cn t nht 7 in tr R
0
v c 2 cch mc chng :
a/ 7 dy //, mi dy 1 in tr. b/ 1 dy gm 7 in tr mc ni
tip.
Bi 3 Cho mch in sau
Cho U = 6V , r = 1 = R
1
; R
2
= R
3
= 3 U r
bit s ch trn A khi K ng bng 9/5 s ch R
1
R
3
ca A khi K m. Tnh :
a/ in tr R
4
? R
2 K
R
4
A
b/ Khi K ng, tnh I
K
?
Hng dn gii:
42
* Khi K m, cch mc l ( R
1
nt R
3
) // ( R
2
nt R
4
) in tr tng ng ca mch ngoi l
4
4
7
) 3 ( 4
R
R
r R
+
+
+
Cng dng in trong mch chnh : I =
4
4
7
) 3 ( 4
1
R
R
U
+
+
+
. Hiu in
th gia hai im A v B l U
AB
=
I
R R R R
R R R R
.
) )( (
4 3 2 1
4 2 3 1
+ + +
+ +
I
4
=
+ + +
+
+
4 3 2 1
3 1
4 2
). (
R R R R
I R R
R R
U
AB

Thay s ta c I =
4
5 19
4
R
U
+
* Khi K ng, cch mc l (R
1
// R
2
) nt ( R
3
// R
4
) in tr tng ng ca mch ngoi
l
4
4
4 12
15 9
'
R
R
r R
+
+
+
Cng dng in trong mch chnh lc ny l : I =
4
4
4 12
15 9
1
R
R
U
+
+
+
.
Hiu in th gia hai im A v B l U
AB
=
' .
.
4 3
4 3
I
R R
R R
+
I
4
=
4 3
3
4
' .
R R
I R
R
U
AB
Thay s ta c I =
4
19 21
12
R
U
+
* Theo bi th I
4
=
4
.
5
9
I
; t tnh c R
4
= 1
b/ Trong khi K ng, thay R
4
vo ta tnh c I
4
= 1,8A v I = 2,4A U
AC
= R
AC
. I =
1,8V
I
2
=
A
R
U
AC
6 , 0
2

. Ta c I
2
+ I
K
= I
4
I
K
= 1,2A
Bi 4: Mt hp kn cha mt ngun in c hiu in th khng i U = 150V v mt in tr
r = 2. Ngi ta mc vo hai im ly in A v B ca hp mt bng n c cng sut nh mc P
= 180W ni tip vi mt bin tr c in tr R
b
( Hv )
A U B
1/ n sng bnh thng th phi iu chnh R
b
= 18. Tnh r
hiu in th nh mc ca n ?
2/ Mc song song vi n mt bng n na ging ht n. Hi R
b
c hai n sng bnh thng th phi tng hay gim R
b
? Tnh
tng ( gim ) ny ?
3/ Vi hp in kn trn, c th thp sng ti a bao nhiu bng n nh n ? Hiu sut s dng
in khi l bao nhiu phn trm ?
Hng dn gii:
1/ Gi I l cng dng in trong mch chnh th U.I = P + ( R
b
+ r ).I
2
; thay s ta c mt
phng trnh bc 2 theo I : 2I
2
- 15I + 18 = 0 . Gii PT ny ta c 2 gi tr ca I l I
1
= 1,5A v I
2
=
6A.
+ Vi I = I
1
= 1,5A U
d
=
d
I
P
= 120V ; + Lm tt vi I = I
2
= 6A Hiu sut s dng in
trong trng hp ny l : H =
20
6 . 150
180
.

I U
p
% nn qu thp loi b nghim I
2
= 6A
2/ Khi mc 2 n // th I = 2.I
d
= 3A, 2 n sng bnh thng nn: U
d
= U - ( r + R
b
).I R
b
?
gim ca R
b
? ( S : 10 )
3/ Ta nhn thy U = 150V v U
d
= 120V nn cc n sng bnh thng, ta khng th mc ni
tip t 2 bng n tr ln c m phi mc chng song song. Gi s ta mc // c ti a n n vo
2 im A & B
cng dng in trong mch chnh I = n . I
d
.
Ta c U.I = ( r + R
b
).I
2
+ n . P U. n . I
d
= ( r + R
b
).n
2
.I
2
d
+ n . P U.I
d
= ( r + R
b
).n.I
d
+ P
43
R
b
=
0
.
.
2

r
I n
P I U
d
d

10
) 5 , 1 .( 2
180 5 , 1 . 150
.
.
2 2

d
d
I r
P I U
n
n
max
= 10 khi R
b
= 0
+ Hiu sut s dng in khi bng : H =
U
U
d
= 80 %
Bi 5: Mt m in c 2 in tr R
1
v R
2
. Nu R
1
v R
2
mc ni tip vi nhau th thi gian
un si nc ng trong m l 50 pht. Nu R
1
v R
2
mc song song vi nhau th thi gian un si
nc trong m lc ny l 12 pht. B qua s mt nhit vi mi trng v cc iu kin un nc l
nh nhau, hi nu dng ring tng in tr th thi gian un si nc tng ng l bao nhiu ? Cho
hiu in th U l khng i .
Hng dn gii:
* Gi Q (J) l nhit lng m bp cn cung cp cho m un si nc th Q lun khng i trong
cc trng hp trn. Nu ta gi t
1
; t
2
; t
3
v t
4
theo th t l thi gian bp un si nc tng ng vi
khi dng R
1
, R
2
ni tip; R
1
, R
2
song song ; ch dng R
1
v ch dng R
2
th theo nh lut Jun-lenx ta
c :

2
4
2
1
3
2
2 1
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
2 2
. .
.
. . .
R
t U
R
t U
R R
R R
t U
R R
t U
R
t U
Q
+
+

(1)
* Ta tnh R
1
v R
2
theo Q; U ; t
1
v t
2
:
+ T (1) R
1
+ R
2
=
Q
t U
1
2
.
+ Cng t (1) R
1
. R
2
=
2
2 1
4
2 1
2
2
. .
) .(
.
Q
t t U
R R
Q
t U
+
* Theo nh l Vi-et th R
1
v R
2
phi l nghim s ca phng trnh : R
2
-
Q
t U
1
2
.
.R +
2
2 1
4
. .
Q
t t U
=
0(1)
Thay t
1
= 50 pht ; t
2
= 12 pht vo PT (1) v gii ta c = 10
2
.
2
4
Q
U
=
Q
U
2
. 10
R
1
=
+
Q
U t Q
U
Q
t U
. 2
). 10 (
2
. 10 .
2
1
2
1
2
30.
Q
U
2
v R
2
= 20.
Q
U
2
* Ta c t
3
=
2
1
.
U
R Q
= 30 pht v t
4
=
2
2
.
U
R Q
= 20 pht . Vy nu dng ring tng in tr th thi
gian un si nc trong m tng ng l 30ph v 20 ph .
Bi 6. Cho mch in nh hnh v
U = 60V, R
1
= R
3
= R
4
= 2 m, R
2
= 10 m,
R
6
= 3,2 m. Khi dng in qua R
5
l 2A
v c chiu nh hnh v. Tm R
5
?
Hng dn gii:
Ti nt C. I
3
+I
5
= I
1
=> I
3
= I
1
- 2
Ti nt D. I
2
+I
5
= I
4
=> I
4
= I
2
+2
U
AE
= U
1
+ U
3
= U
2
+ U
4
=> 2I
1
+2( I
1
- 2) = 10 I
2
+ 2( I
2
+ 2)
=> 4I
1
= 12I
2
+ 8 => I
1
= 3I
2
+ 2
dng in qua R
6
: I
6
= I
1
+ I
2
= 4I
2
+ 2
Ta c U
AB
= U
AE
+ U
6
=> I
2
= 2A => I
1
= 8A
U
5
= U
CD
= - U
AC
+ U
AD
= - U
1
+ U
2
= 4V
44
A
I1
I2
R1
I3
R3
R2
I4
R4
I5
R5
I6 R6
B
E
C
D
Vy in tr R
5
l 2 m
Bi 7: Mt m un nc bng in c 3 dy l xo, mi ci c in tr R=120 , c mc
song song vi nhau. m c mc ni tip vi in tr r=50 v c mc vo ngun in. Hi
thi gian cn thit un m ng y nc n khi si s thay i nh th no khi mt trong ba l
xo b t?
Hng dn gii:
*Lc 3 l xo mc song song:
in tr tng ng ca m:
R
1
=
) ( 40
3

R
Dng in chy trong mch:
I
1
=
r R
U
+
1
Thi gian t
1
cn thit un m nc n khi si:
Q = R
1
.I
2
.t
1

2
1
1
2
1
1
,
_
+

r R
U
R
Q
I R
Q
t
hay t
1
=
1
2
2
1
) (
R U
r R Q +
(1)
*Lc 2 l xo mc song song: (Tng t trn ta c )
R
2
=
) ( 60
2

R
I
2
=
r R
U
+
2
t
2
=
2
2
2
2
) (
R U
r R Q
+
+
( 2 )
Lp t s
2
1
t
t
ta c:
1
242
243
) 50 60 ( 40
) 50 40 ( 60
) (
) (
2
2
2
2 1
2
1 2
2
1

+
+
+
+
r R R
r R R
t
t
*Vy t
1
t
2
Bi 8: trang tr cho mt quy hng, ngi ta dng cc bng n 6V-9W mc ni tip vo
mch in c hiu in th U=240V chng sng bnh thng. Nu c mt bng b chy, ngi ta
ni tt on mch c bng li th cng sut tiu th ca mi bng tng hay gim i bao nhiu phn
trm?
Hng dn gii:
in tr ca mi bng:
R
=
) ( 4
2

d
d
P
U
S bng n cn dng chng sng bnh thng:
n =
40
d
U
U
(bng)
Nu c mt bng b chy th in tr tng cng ca cc bng cn li l:
R = 39R
= 156 ( )
Dng in qua mi n by gi:
I =
) ( 54 , 1
156
240
A
R
U

Cng sut tiu th mi bng by gi l:
P
= I
2
.R

= 9,49 (W)
Cng sut mi bng tng ln so vi trc:
Pm - P = 9,49 - 9 = 0,49 (W)
Ngha l tng ln so vi trcl:
45
% 4 , 5 .%
9
100 . 49 , 0
Bi 9: Mt m in bng nhm c khi lng 0,5kg cha 2kg nc 25

o
C. Mun un si
lng nc trong 20 pht th m phi c cng sut l bao nhiu? Bit rng nhit dung ring ca
nc l C = 4200J/kg.K. Nhit dung ring ca nhm l C
1
= 880J/kg.K v 30% nhit lng to ra mi
trng xung quanh.
Hng dn gii:
*Nhit lng cn tng nhit ca m nhm t 25
o
C ti 100
o
C l:
Q
1
= m
1
c
1
( t
2
t
1
) = 0,5.880.(100 25 ) = 33000 ( J )
*Nhit lng cn tng nhit ca nc t 25
o
C ti 100
o
C l:
Q
2
= mc ( t
2
t
1
) = 2.4200.( 100 25 ) = 630000 ( J )
*Nhit lng tng cng cn thit:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
= 663000 ( J ) ( 1 )
*Mt khc nhit lng c ch un nc do m in cung cp trong thi gian 20 pht
( 1200 giy ) l:
Q = H.P.t ( 2 )
( Trong H = 100% - 30% = 70%; P l cng sut ca m; t = 20 pht = 1200 giy )
*T ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) : P = W)
Q 663000.100
789,3(
H.t 70.1200

Bi 10: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bit U
AB
= 10V;
R
1
= 2; Ra = 0 ; R
V
v cng ln ; R
MN
= 6 .
Con chy t v tr no th ampe k ch 1A. Lc ny
vn k ch bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
*V in tr ca ampe k R
a
= 0 nn:
U
AC
= U
AD
= U
1
= I
1
R
1
. = 2.1 = 2 ( V ) ( Ampe k ch dng qua R
1
)
*Gi in tr phn MD l x th:
( )
( )
x DN 1 x
DN
AB AD DN
2 2
I ;I I I 1
x x
2
U 1 6 x
x
2
U U U 2 1 6 x 10
x
+ +
_
+

,
_
+ + +

,
*Gii ra c x = 2 . Con chy phi t v tr chia MN thnh hai phn MD c gi tr 2
v DN c gi tr 4 . Lc ny vn k ch 8 vn ( Vn k o U
DN.
Bi 11:Cho mch in nh hnh v. Hiu in th hai du on mch
U = 60 V, R
1
= 10,R
2
= R
5
= 20, R
3
= R
4
= 40
Vn k V l l tng, b qua in tr cc dy ni.
Cu a: Tm s ch ca vn k
u b: Nu thay vn k V bng mt bng n c dng in nh mc
I
d
= 0,4 A mc vo hai im P v Q ca mch in th bng n
sng bnh thng.Tm in tr ca bng n
Hng dn gii:
a) Khi vn k mc vo hai im P v Q ta c (R
2
n tR
3
)// (R
4
nt R
5
)
46
A
+
V
A
B
C
R
1
M N D
-
V
R
1
R
5 R
4
R
2
R
3
R
23
= R
45
= 60
=> R
MN
= 30
- in tr tng dng ton mch:
R = R
MN
+ R
1
= 30 + 10 = 40
- Cng dng in trong mch chnh
60
1, 5
40
U
I A
R

- Cng dng n qua R2 v R4
I
2
= I
4
=
1, 5
0, 75
2 2
I
A
=> U
PQ
= R
4
.I
4
R
2
.I
2
= 40.0,75 -20. 0,75 = 15 V
Vy s ch ca vn k l 15 V
b) Khi thay vn k V bi n .
Do R
2
=R
5
v R
3
=R
4
(mch i xng)
Ta c: I
2
=I
5
; I
3
=I
4
=> I=I
2
+I
3
v I
=I
2
-I
3
=0,4A (1)
Mt khc ta c: U = U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
= (I
2
+I
3
)R
1
+ R
2
I
2
+ R
3
I
3
60 = 10(I
2
+ I
3
) + 20I
2
+ 40I
3
6 = 3I
2
+ 5I
3
(2)
Gii 2 h phng trnh (1) v (2)
Ta c: I
2
= 1A = I
5
; I
3
= 0,6A = I
4
Mt khc ta c: U
MN
= I
2
R
2
+ I
3
R
3
= I
2
R
2
+ I
+ I
5
R
5
I
3
R
3
= I
+ I
5
R
5
0,6.40 = 0,4R
+ 1.20
=> R
=10
Bi 12: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v bn.
in tr ton phn ca bin tr l R
o
, in tr ca vn k rt
ln. B qua in tr ca ampe k, cc dy ni v s ph
thuc ca in tr vo nhit . Duy tr hai u mch mt
hiu in th U khng i. Lc u con chy C ca bin tr
t gn pha M. Hi s ch ca cc dng c o s thay i
nh th no khi dch chuyn con chy C v pha N? Hy gii
thch ti sao?
H ng dn gii:
Khi dch chuyn con chy C ca bin tr v pha N th s ch ca cc dng c o s tng. (nu
khng gii thch ng th khng cho im ny)
Gii thch:
Gi x l phn in tr ca on MC ca bin tr; I
A
v U
V
l s ch ca ampe k v vn k.
in tr tng ng ca on mch:
R
m
= (R
o
x) +
1
1
R x
xR
+
<=> R
m

1
2
R x
x
R
+

= R
2
1
x
R
x
1
1
+
Khi dch con chy v pha N th x tng => (
2
1
x
R
x
1
1
+
) tng => R
m
gim
=> cng dng in mch chnh: I = U/R
m
s tng (do U khng i).
Mt khc, ta li c:
x R
I
R
I I
x
I
A A
+
47
V
A
R
M
C
N
=> I
A
=
x
R
1
I
x R
x . I
+
+
Do , khi x tng th (1 +
)
x
R
gim v I tng (c/m trn) nn I
A
tng.
ng thi U
V
= I
A
.R cng tng (do I
A
tng, R khng i)
Bi 13: Cho hai vn k V
1
, V
2
ging ht nhau,
hai in tr c gi tr mi ci bng R hai in tr kia
gi tr mi ci bng 3R (hnh v ) S ch ca cc my o
l 6 mA, 6 V v 2 V.Tnh R ?
*Hng dn gii:
* Hng dn hc sinh xc nh cch mc :
* Hng dn hc sinh xc nh c s ch cc my
o:
V
1
ch 2V , V
2
ch 6V , A ch 6mA
*Tm c in tr ca vn k:
R
V
=
2
2
V
v
I
U
= 1000( ).
* Xc nh I
V1
=
V
V
R
U
1
= 0,002(A).
* Xc nh c chiu dng in i t P n Q v do mch i xng nn I
2
= I
4
; I
1
= I
3

* I
1
= I
V1
+I
2
I
1
- I
2
= 0,002A, I
1
+ I
2
= 0,006. Tnh I
2
, I
1
* Ta c U
PQ
=U
PC
+ U
CQ
=U
V1
thay vo tnh c: - I
1
R + I
2
3R = 1
R.
*M rng:
- Nu thay i s ch ca V
1
l 1V th bi ton s i n mt iu v l.
Bi 14: C mt ampek, hai vn k ging nhau v bn in tr
gm hai loi m gi tr ca chng gp bnln nhau c mc vi nhau
nh hnh v. Sch ca cc my o l 1V, 10V v 20mA.
a) CMR cng dng in chy qua bn in tr trn ch c hai gi
tr?
b) Xc nh gi tr ca cc in tr mc trong mch?
* Hng dn gii:
a) *Tng t, hng dn hc sinh cch xc nh cch mc cc in
tr v s o ca cc dng c o, t v hnh.
* Khi V
1
ch 10V, V
2
ch 1V v A ch 20mA.
* T xc nh c R
V
= 500
2
2
2
V
U
I
R

(mA)
* U
AB
= RI
1
+ 4RI
3
= 4RI
2
+ RI
4
* T hng dn hc sinh chng minh c : I
1
= I
4
, I
2
= I
3
Vy cng dng in chy qua 4 in tr trn ch c hai gi tr.
b) * V I
1
+ I
2
= I
a
= 20mA. T hng dn hc sinh tnh I
1
v I
2
: I
1
= 11mA v I
2
= 9mA.
* Xt mch vng ACD:
U
AD
= U
AC
+ U
CD
thay s vo tnh c: R = 40 v 4R = 160

48
V
1
A V
2
C
P
Q
D
M
N
V
1
A V
2
C
P
Q
D
M
N
R
R 3R
3R
V
2
A V
1
C
D
A
B
+ -
A
B
V
2
A V
1
C
D
+ -
R
R
4R
4R
I
4
I
3
I
2
I
1
Bi 15: Hai cm dn c dng chung mt trm in, in tr ti
hai cm bng nhau v bng R (nh hnh v), cng sut nh mc mi
cm l P
0
bng 48,4 KW, hiu in th nh mc mi cm l U
o
,
hiu in th hai u trm lun c duy tr l U
0
. Khi ch cm I dng
in (ch K
1
ng) th cng sut tiu th cm I l
P
1
= 40 KW, khi ch cm II dng in (ch K
2
ng) th cng sut tiu
th cm II \l P
2
= 36,6 KW.
1) Hy tm biu thc lin h gia r
1
, r
2
v R?
2) Khi c hai cm dng in th tng cng sut tiu th trn hai
cm l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
* Khi ch cm I dng in( ch K
1
ng):
+ Cng sut nh mc trn mi cm: P
0
=
2
0
U
R
(1)
+ Khi cng sut tiu th trn cm I: P
1
=
2
1
U
R
(2)( U
1
l hiu in th trn cm I khi ch
cm I dng in)
+ T (1) v (2) ta c:
1 1
0 0
1
1,1
U P
U P

+ Theo bi ra ta c:
0 1 1
1
1 0 1
1
0,1
1,1
U U U R
r R
R R r U R r

+ +
* Khi ch cm II dng in( ch K
2
ng):
+ Khi cng sut tiu th trn cm II: P
2
=
2
2
U
R
(3) ( U
2
l hiu in th trn cm II khi ch
cm II dng in)
+ T (1) v (3) ta c:
2 2
0 0
1
1,15
U P
U P

+ Theo bi ra ta c:
2
2
1 2 0
0, 05
U R
r R
R r r U

+ +
*Khi c hai cm dng in (K
1
v K
2
u ng) ta c in tr ton mch R
M
:
+ R
M
= r
1
+
( )
2
2
0, 6122
2
R R r
R
R r
+
+
. in tr on mch AB: R
AB
=
( )
2
2
0, 5122
2
R R r
R
R r
+
+
+ Ta c:
0
0, 5122
0, 6122
AB AB
M
U R
U R

* Gi cng sut tiu th trn cm I khi c hai cm dng in l P
I
ta c:
+
2 2
2 2
0 0
0, 5122
33, 88
0, 6122
I AB
I
P U
P
P U

(KW)
+ Ta c:
2 0
1 0, 5122 1
. 0, 7968
1, 05 0, 6122 1, 05
CB CB
AB
U U R
U R r U

+
* Gi cng sut tiu th trn cm II khi c hai cm dng in l P
II
ta c
+
2
2
2
0 0
0, 7968 30, 73
CB II
II
U P
P
P U

(KW)
* Vy khi c hai cm dng in th tng cng sut tiu th trn hai cm l:
P = P
I
+ P
II

P = 64,61(KW)
* M rng
49
r
1
r
2
A C
R
R
D B
K
1
K
2
Nu khng tnh c hai cm dng chung th tng cm dng in khi c hai kho u ng th kt
qu nh th no? y l mt bi tp rt hay, s dng nhiu kin thc c bn v gip hc sinh t duy
cao t rn luyn kh nng tng hp cc kin thc lm bi tp ca hc sinh.
Bi 16: C hai loi bng n dy tc, loi D
1
c ghi 110V 100 W, loi n D
2
c ghi 110V
40W.
a/ So snh in tr cu hai loi n ny khi chng thp sng bnh thng
b/ C th mc ni tip hai n ny ri mc vo hiu in th 220 V c khng?. Nu phi s
dng hiu in th 220V vi hai loi n ny v dy dn th c my cch mc thch hp(cc n
sng bnh thng) khi s n c hai loi c a vo mch khng qu 14 chic (gii thch c tnh
ton)
Hng dn gii:
a) C th tnh ra gi tr cu R
1
, R
2
ri so snh
b) - T cng thc : P = U.I = U
2
/ R =>R = U
2
/p
- Nn : R
1
= U
1
2
/P
1
= 110
2
/100 = 121 ()
- TT : R
2
= U
2
2
/P
2
= 110
2
/40 = 302.5 ()
- Vy ta c :

121
5 . 302
1
2
R
R
2,5 (ln)
b) * Khng nn mc v :
- Mc ni tip hiu in th t vo mi n t l vi in tr mi n nn
U
2
= I. R
2
=
+
5 . 302 .
121 5 . 302
220 220
2
2 1
R
R R
157(V)
U
2
ln hn U
m2
nhiu nn n D
2
chy.
U
1
= 220 -157 = 63(V) khng sng bnh
* Tm cch mc thch hp :
V hiu in th l 220V nn khng th mc song song cc n m phi mc thnh hai on mch ni
tip, mi on mch gm mt s n mi loi mc song song sao cho hiu in th chia u cho mi
on mch U
AB
= U
BC
= 110V.
- Khi in tr ca mi on mch ni tip c gi tr l : R
AB
= R
BC
* Trc ht ta xt mi on mch ni tip ch mi loi n trn mc song song:
- Hay
1 2
R R
x y
trong x, y l s n D
1
v D
2
. Theo so snh trn nn y = 2,5 x
x, y l s nguyn dng v x + y 14 ( bi). Vy y nguyn nn x = 2,4,6,..
Vy y = 5; 10 nn c cch sau : 0,50
x 2 4
y 5 10
x + y 7 14
Bi 17: Mt dy xon cu m in c tit din 0.20 mm
2
, chiu di 10 m. Tnh thi gian cn
thit un si 2 lt nc t 15
o
C nu hiu in th c t vo hai u dy xon l 220V. Bit hiu
sut cu m l 80%, in tr sut cu cht lm dy xon l 5,4. 10
-5
m, nhit dung ring cu nc l
4200 J/kg.K
Hng dn gii:
- Tnh c in tr cu dy xon l:
5
6
10
5, 4.10 .
0, 2.10
l
R
s

27( )
- Cng dng in qua bp : I =
220
8,14
27
U
R
(A)
- Tnh c nhit lng cn cho nc cho n si(Q hu ch):
Q = cm(t
2
t
1
) = 4200 J/kg.K.2kg.(100 -15) = 714000J
- Do bp c hiu sut nn nhit lng bp phi cp :
50
.100%
Qi
H
Q

80% =>
.100% 71400.100%
892500
80%
Qi
Q
H
(J)
- Nhit lng ny do in nng chuyn thnh t dy xon. Vy thi gian cn thit cho nc si :
Q = A = U.I.t = >t =
892500
220.8,14
Q
UI

497,9(s) = 8,3(pht)
Bi 18: Cho cc dng c sau: mt ngun in c hiu in th khng i, mt vn k c in
tr R
v
cha bit, mt ampe k c in tr R
A
cha bit, mt in tr R cn xc nh.
Da vo cc dng c trn, v cc s mch in v nu cch tnh chnh xc gi tr ca in tr R
da trn s ch ca vn k v ampe k trong cc mch in . Cho bit khng th mc trc tip ampe
k vo 2 cc ca ngun in v khi ampe k s b h.
Hng dn gii:
- Xc nh in tr R
V
ca vn k v in tr R
A
ca ampe k bng hai s :

- o in tr R :

Bi 19: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v:
Bit R
1
=
2
1
; R
2
=
2
3
; R
5
=
3
2
;
R
3
= R
4
= R
6
= 1
a/ Tnh R
AB
.
b/ Cho U
AB
= 2V. Xc nh I
4
.
Hng dn gii:
a/ Do dy dn c in tr khng ng k nn cc im M, N, B coi nh l trng nhau nn ta v
li c mch in nh sau:
51
V
R
V
V
A
U
R
I
A
R
'
'
V
A
A
U
R
I
A
Nu R nh :

V
R
A
V
R
V
M
A
R
4
B
R
5
B
R
6
N
C
A
D
R
5
R
1
R
4
R
2
R
6
R
3
A
R
1 C
Nu R ln :
D
R
3
R
2
in tr tng ng ca on mch:

+
2
1 .
6 3
6 3
36
R R
R R
R
R
236
= R
2
+ R
36
= 2

+
2
1 .
5 236
5 236
2365
R R
R R
R
R
12365
= R
1
+ R
2365
= 1

+
2
1 .
12365 4
12365 4
R R
R R
R
AB
b/ Cng dng in chy trong mch:
) ( 4 A
R
U
I
AB
AB

Mt khc: R
4 //
R
12365
nn ta c:
I = I
1
+ I
4
= 4(A)(1)
( ) 2
4 1
12356
4
4
1
I I
R
R
I
I

Kt hp (1) v (2):
I
4
= 2A
Bi 20: Nu dng hiu in th U = 6V np in cho cquy c in tr r = 0,5. Ampe k
ch 2A. Acquy c np trong 1h.
a/ Tnh in nng tiu th ca cquy.
b/ Tnh nhit lng ta ra trong cquy.
c/ Tnh phn nhit ngn chuyn ha thnh ha nng trong cquy.
Hng dn gii:
a/ in nng tiu th: A = UIt = 43200J
b/ Nhit lng m cquy ta ra : Q = I
2
rt =7200J
c/ in nng chuyn ha thnh ha nng: A
1
= A - Q =3600J
IV- BI TP GII:
Bi 1: Cho mch in gm 4 in tr ging ht nhau c mc ni tip vi nhau nh hnh v.
Hiu in th hai u mch l U = 132V. Khi ni vn k vo hai im Av C th vn k ch 44V. Hi
khi ni vn k vo hai u AD th vn k ch bao nhiu?
Bi 2: in tr sut ca ng l m
8
1
10 . 7 , 1 , ca nhm l 2,8.10
-8
m. Nu thay mt
dy dn in bng ing, tit din 2cm
2
, bng dy nhm th dy nhm phi c tit din l bao nhiu?
Khi lng ng dy gim bao nhiu ln? Bit khi lng ring ca ng v nhm ln lt l
8,9.10
3
Kg/m
3
v 2,7.10
3
Kg/m
3
.
Bi 3: Gia hai im ca mt mch in c hai in tr R
1
v R
2
mc song song ri ni tip
vi in tr R
3
= 6. in tr R
1
nh hn in tr R
2
v c gi tr R
1
= 6. Bit cng sut tiu th
trn R
2
l 12W. Tnh R
2
, bit hiu in th hai u on mch l 30V.
Bi 4: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v. n
1
ghi 6V-12W.
in tr R c gi tr 6. Khi mc mch in ny vo ngun th hai n
1
v
2
sng bnh thng v vn k ch 12V.
a/Tnh hiu in th ca ngun in.
b/ Tnh cng dng in chy qua R,
1
v
2
.
c/ Tnh cng sut ca n
2
.
d/ Tnh cng sut tiu th trn ton mch.
Bi 5: C 4 bng n loi 110V, cng sut 25W, 40W, 60W, 75W.
52
A
B
D
2
C
R
1 R
2
R
3
R
4
V
1
X
A
B
R
C
X
a/ Tnh in tr ca mi n v cng dng in qua n khi n c mc ng hiu in
th nh mc.
b/ C th mc 4 bng n ny vo li in 220V nh th no chng vn sng bnh
thng?
c/ Cc bng n c mc nh cu b. Bng n loi 110V- 25W b chy. Cc bng khc
sng nh th no?
Bi 6: Mt m un nc bng in, khi un nhit lng to ra mi trng t l vi thi gian
un. Nu dng hiu in th U
1
= 200V th sau t
1
= 5pht th
nc si. Nu dng hiu in th U
2
= 100V th sau t
1
=
25pht th nc si. Hi nu dng hiu in th U
3
= 150V th
sau bao lu (t
3
) th nc s si.
Bi 7: Cho mch in nh hnh v H.2. R
1
= R
3
= 2;
R
2
= 3, R
4
= 6 v R
A
0. Ampe k ch 1A .Tnh cng
dng in qua mi in tr v U
AB
.
Bi 8: Cho mch in nh hnh v H.3. U
AB
khng i;
R
1
= 10; R
2
= 50, R
3
= 20 v R
V
= . on DB gm hai
in tr ging nhau. Khi R nt R th s ch ca vn k l U
1
,
khi R//R th s ch ca vn k l U
2
= 3U
1
.
a/ Xc nh R v U
1
.
b/. Nu on DB ch c mt in tr R th s ch ca
vn k l bao nhiu ?
c/ Nu on DB b h mch hay ni tt th vn k ch
bao nhiu ?
Bi 9: Ngun hiu in th U khng i, mt vn k
v hai in tr R
1
= 300, R
2
= 225 mc vo ngun.
a/ R
1
ni tip R
2
, vn k mc vo hai u R
1
ch 9,5V. Tm s ch vn k nu mc vo hai u
R
2.
b/ R
1
song song R
2
, c hai mc ni tip vi vn k. Tm s ch ca vn k.
c/ R
1
, R
2
, vn k mc ni tip vi nhau vn k ch 12V.
Tm s ch ca vn k khi R
1
, R
2
, vn k mc song song.
Bi 10: Cho mch in nh hnh v H.2. Cc ampe k ging
nhau v c cng R
A
. A
1
ch 1,5A, A
2
ch 2A.
a/. Tm ch s ca cc ampe k A
3
v A
4
, cng dng
in I qua R.
b/ Bit R = 1,5, tnh R
A
.
Bi 11: Cho mch in nh hnh v H.3. U
MN
= 28V khng
i; R
1
= 6; R
2
= 12. AB l mt dy dn c l = 3m, S = 0,1mm
2
v =
0,4.10
-6
m. Ampe k v dy ni c in tr khng ng k.
a/ Tnh in tr R
AB
ca dy AB.
b/ t C v tr AC = CB/2. Tm s ch ca ampe k.
c/ Xc nh R
AC
ampe k ch 1/3A.
Bi 12: a/Hai bng n c cng hiu in th nh mc nhng c
cng sut nh mc khc nhau:P
1
=40W v P
2
=60W.Nu mc ni tip hai bong n ny ri mc vo
ngun c hiu in th bng hiu in th nh mc ca mi bong n l bao nhiu?Coi in tr
cc n khng thay i ;b qua in tr v dy ni.
b/ Hai in tr R
1
=5k v R
2
=10k mc ni tip nhau ri mc vo ngun c hiu in th
khng i.Dng mt vn k o hiu in th gia hai u R
2
. in tr vn k phi tho mn iu kin
no sai s ca php o khng vt qu 2%?B qua in tr ca dy ni.
Bi 13: Cho mch i n nh hnh v:U
AB
=4,2V;R
1
=1 ;
R
2
=2 ;R
3
=3 ;R
4
l mt bin tr.Vn k c in
53
tr v cng ln .
a/ Tm gi tr R
4
cng dng qua n l 0,4A.
Tm s ch vnk khi .
b/ .Thay vn k bng ampe k c in tr kng ng k.
iu chnh R
4
cng sut to nhit ca n t gi tr cc i.Tm R
4
v s ch ca ampe k khi .
Bi 14: Hai dy dn hnh tr, ng cht c khi lng bng nhau. Bit ng knh ca dy th
hai bng hai ln ng knh ca dy th nht v tng in tr ca hai dy bng 68 . Hy xc nh
in tr tng ng ca hai dy dn khi chng mc song song vi nhau.
Bi 15: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Cho bit U = 24V; R
1
= 12; R
2
= 15; R
3
= 8 v R
4
l mt bin tr. B qua in tr ca ampe k v dy ni.
a) Tnh cng dng in qua ampe k
Khi iu chnh R
4
= 10.
b) iu chnh R
4
sao cho dng in qua ampe k c
chiu t C n D v c cng l 0,15A. Tnh
gi tr ca R
4
khi tham gia vo mch in lc .
.Bi 16: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Hiu in th ca
mch in l U = 24V (khng i). in tr ca hai vn
k V
1
v V
2
u ging nhau v cng bng R
V
. Cho bit
cc in tr R u bng nhau v vn k V
1
ch 12V.
Xc nh s ch ca vn k V
2
.
Bi 17: Mt hp en c ba u ra, bn trong cha mt
mch in gm mt ngun in l tng ( khng c in tr trong)
v mt in tr R cha bit gi tr, nu mc mt in tr R
0
bit
gia hai u 1 v 2 th dng in i qua in tr ny l I
12
0.
Nu mc R
0
vo gia hai u 1 v 3 th dng in qua n l I
13
0 v I
12
I
13
. Cn khi mc R
0
vo gia hai u 2
v 3 th khng c dng in i qua. Hy v s mch in trong Hp en xc nh hiu in th ca ngun
in, gi tr in tr R trong hp theo cc gi tr I
12
, I
13
, R
0.
R
1
= R
4
= 1; R
2
= R
3
= 3; R
5
= 0,5; U
AB
= 6V.
Hy xc nh s ch ca ampe k, bit ampe k c in
tr khng ng k.
Bi 19: Cho mch in nh hnh v:
Bit R
1
= R
3
= R
5
= 1; R
4
= 2; R
2
= 3
a/ Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch khi K ng v khi K m.
b/ Bit dng in qua R
3
v R
4
l 1A khi K ng. Hy tm hiu hhin th gia hai u on
mch v cng dng in qua mi in tr.
Bi 20: Mt cun dy dn bng ng c khi lng 1,068Kg, tit din ngang ca dy dn l
1mm
2
c in tr sut l 1,7.10
-8
m, khi lng ring ca ng l 8,9.10
3
Kg/m
3
.
a/ Tnh in tr ca cun dy ny.
b/ Ngi ta dng dy ny cun thnh mt bin tr. Bit li bin tr hnh tr trn ng knh
4cm. Tnh s vng dy cun thnh bin tr.
Bi 21: in nng c ti t my pht in n ni tiu th. Tng in tr ca ng dy ti
in n ni tiu th l r = 4 . u ng dy t mt my tng th c h s bin i l 0,05. Cui
54
V
2
V
1
R
R
R
R
R
R
N M
C
D
A
B
- +
B A
U
R
4
R
3
R
2
R
1
A
C
D
A
B
+
-
A
C D
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
K
A
B
+ -
ng dy t mt my h th c h s bin i l 10. Hiu sut ca my h th l 88%. Ni tiu th
in l mt khu nh s dng 88 bng n loi 220V-60W mc song song v cc n u sng bnh
thng. B qua in tr ca dy dn t my h th n ni tiu th v in tr ca cc dy ni trong
khu nh.
a/ Ti sao khi truyn ti in nng i xa bng dy dn ngi ta phi dng hai my bin th t
hai u ng dy ti in.
b/ Tnh hiu in th hai u ra v vo ca my h th.
c/ Tnh hiu in th hai u ra v vo ca my tng th.
d/ Nu khu nh dng 112 bng n gm cc loi 40 W ; 60W ; 150W c cng hiu in th nh
mc 220 V m cc n vn sng bnh thng th cn bao nhiu n mi loi ?
Bi 22: C hai loi bng n dy tc, loi
1
c ghi 110V 100 W, loi n
2
c ghi 110V
40W.
a/ So snh in tr cu hai loi n ny khi chng thp sng bnh thng
b/ C th mc ni tip hai n ny ri mc vo hiu in th 220 V c khng?. Nu phi s
dng hiu in th 220V vi hai loi n ny v dy dn th c my cch mc thch hp(cc n
sng bnh thng) khi s n c hai loi c a vo mch khng qu 14 chic (gii thch c tnh
ton)
Bi 23: Cho mch in nh hnh v: n
1
ghi 12V - 12W; n
2
ghi 3V - l,5W; U
AB
= 19,2V c
gi khng i; Rx l bin tr; b qua in tr dy ni.
1. Chnh Rx n gi tr thch hp cc n sng bnh thng.
a. Tm gi tr thch hp ca Rx
b. Tnh nhit lng ta ra trn in tr R trong 10 pht theo n v
Calo.
2. Chnh Rx = Ro cng sut tiu th trn on mch MN bng cng sut
tiu th trn R.
a. Tm R
0
.
b. Bnh lun v sng ca n 1 v n 2.
Bi 24: Cho 4 n ging nhau mc theo s hnh bn, thnh on mch AB. Lp 2 u
AB mt hiu in th U. Nhn thy vn k ch 12v; ampek ch 1A Cho bit in tr vn k v cng
ln; ca ampek v dy ni khng ng k
a/ Tm in tr tng ng ca on mch AB. t suy ra in tr ca mi n.
b/ Tm cng sut tiu th ca mi n.
c/ C th tm in tr n m khng qua din tr tng ng khng. Nu c , lm cc php
tnh tm cng sut mi n. So snh vi kt qu ca cu a v cu b.
Bi 25: Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch sau: Bit cc in tr u ging nhau v u bng r.
Bi 26: Tnh cng dng in chy qua mi in tr v hiu in th hai u mi in tr
ca mch in sau bit:
R
1
= 6; R
2
= 4
R
3
= 24; R
4
= 24
R
5
= 2; R
6
= 1
U = 6V
55
1
R
x
R
M N
r
A
B
C
D
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
A B
U
+
-
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
Bi 27: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v bit:
R
1
= 6; R
2
= 4
R
3
= 12; R
4
= 7
R
5
= 5; U = 12V
B qua in tr ca cc kha K.
Tnh cng dng din qua
mi in tr khi:
a/ K
1
, K
2
m; K
3
, K
4
ng.
b/ K
1
, K
3
m; K
2
, K
4
ng
c/ K
1
, K
4
m; K
3
, K
2
ng
d/ K
3
, K
2
m; K
1
, K
4
ng
e/ K
4
, K
2
m; K
3
, K
1
ng
f/ K
1
m; K
2
, K
3
, K
4
ng
g/ K
2
m; K
1
, K
3
, K
4
ng
h/ K
3
m; K
2
, K
1
, K
4
ng
k/ K
4
m; K
2
, K
3
, K
1
ng
R
1
= R
2
= 10
R
3
= R
4
= 20
R
5
= R
6
= 12
R
4
= 4; U = 12V
Tnh cng dng din qua
mi in tr
R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= 5; R
5
= 10; R
6
= 12; R
7
= R
8
= R
9
= 8; U = 12V
B qua in tr ca cc kha k v in tr ca ampe k.
a/ Khi K
1
, K
2
u m, ampe k ch
A
8
3
. Tnh in tr R
4.
b/ Khi K
1
ng, K
2
m ampe k ch bao nhiu?
c/ Khi K
1
m, K
2
ng ampe k ch bao nhiu?
d/ Khi K
1
, K
2
cng ng ampe k ch bao nhiu?
56
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
K
1
K
2
K
3
K
4
D
E
B
C
U
+
-
A
R
1
R
2
R
3 R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
A B
C
D
U
+ -
A
A
B
C
R
1
R
2
K
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
K
2
D
U
+
-
Bi 30: Gia hai im A, B c hiu in th U = 24V ngi ta mc ni tip mt bin tr vi
mt b ngun gm 6 bng n ging ht nhau loi 6V-3W. Khi iu chnh bin tr tham gia vo
mch l R
0
= 6, ngi ta thy cc bng trong b n u sng bnh thng.
Hi cc bng phi mc nh th no v trong cc cch mc th cch no li hn. v s
cch mc .
Bi 31: C 4 n gm: 1 n
1
loi 120V-40W; 1 n
2
loi 120V-60W; 2 n
3
loi 120V-
50W.
a/ Cn mc chng nh th no vo mng in c hiu in th 240V chng sng bnh
thng? V s mch in.
b/ Nu mt n b t dy tc, sng ca cc n cn li s thay i nh th no?
Bi 32: Mt n c ghi 24V - 12W. s dng vo hiu in th 120V ngi ta mc n vi
bin tr R theo hai s sau. Bit bin tr Rc gi tr ti a l 200.
a/ Tm v tr con chy C mi s .
b/ Hiu sut ca mi cch s dng trn?
Bi 33: Cho mch in nh hnh v:
U = 18V; R
2
= 10; Bng n c ghi: 5V - 2,5W.
a/ Khi iu chnh con chy C bin tr tham gia vo mch l R
0
= 8,4. Th n sng bnh
thng. Tm gi tr in tr R
1
.
b/ Dch chuyn con chy C t v tr cu trn v pha B th n sng mnh hay yu hn? Ti
sao?
R
1
= 8; R
2
= 4; R
3
= 2; U =12V
B qua in tr ca ampe k v ca kha K
Khi K ng ampe k ch 0. Tnh in tr R
4
v cng dng in qua mi in tr.
57
X
A
B
C
+
-
120V
Cch 1
X
120V
C
A
B
Cch 2
X
M
N
A
B
C
R
2
R
1
R
0
U
A B
C
D
U
A
K
+ -
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
A B
C
D
U
A
+
-
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
1
= 15; R
2
= 10; R
3
= 12; U =12V
B qua in tr ca ampe k.
a/ Cho R
4
= 12. Tnh cng dng in v ch r chiu dng in qua ampe k.
b/ Cho R
4
= 8. Tnh cng dng in v ch r chiu dng in qua ampe k.
c/ Tnh R
4
khi cho dng in qua ampe k c chiu t C n D v c cng 0,2A.
R
1
= 8; R
2
= 4; R
3
= 6; U =12V
Vn k c in tr rt ln, in tr kha K khng ng k.
a/ Khi K m, vn k ch bao nhiu?
b/ Cho R
4
= 4. Khi K ng vn k ch bao nhiu?
c/ K ng, vn k ch 2V. tnh R
4.
Bi 37: cu ch trong mch in c tit din S = 0,1mm
2
, nhit 27
0
C. Bit rng khi on
mch th cng dng in qua dy ch l I = 10A. Hi sau bao lu th dy ch t? B qua s ta
nhit ra mi trng xung quanh v s thay i in tr, kch thc dy ch theo nhit . Cho bit
nhit dung ring, in tr sut, khi lng ring, nhit nng chy v nhit nng chy ca ch l:
C = 120J/Kg.K; = 0,22.10
-6
m; D = 11300kg/m
3
; = 25000J/Kg; t
c
= 327
0
C.
Bi 38: Mt bn l c ghi 120V - 1000W. khi mc bn l vo mch in th hiu in th trn
cm in gim t U
1
= 125V xung U
2
= 100V.
a/ Xc nh in tr cc dy ni (Coi in tr bn l khng thay i theo nhit ).
b/ Thc t, in tr ca bn l b thay i theo nhit v cng sut tiu th thc t ca bn l
l P' = 650W. Tnh hiu in th hai u cm in lc ny v in tr R' ca bn l khi .
Bi 39: Gia hai im A v B c hiu in th 120V, ngi ta mc song song hai dy kim loi.
Cng dng in qua dy th nht l 4A, qua dy th hai l 2A.
a/ Tnh cng dng in trong mch chnh.
b/ Tnh in tr ca mi dy v in tr tng ng ca mch.
c/ tnh cng sut in ca mch v in nng s dng trong 5 gi.
d/ c cng sut c on l 800W ngi ta phi ct bt mt on ca dy th hai ri mc
song song li dy th nht vo hiu in th ni trn. Hy tnh in tr ca on dy b ct .
Bi 40: Khi hot ng bnh thng mt bp in c in tr R= 90 th cng dng in
qua bp lc l 2,9A.
a/ Nhit lng m bp ta ra trong 1pht l bao nhiu?
b/ Nu dng bp un si 0,5 lt nc c nhit ban u l 25
0
C th mt thi gian l 5pht.
coi rng nhit lng cn thit un si nc l c ch. Tnh hiu sut ca bp. Bit nhit dung ring
ca nc l 4200J/Kg.K.
58
V
C
K
+
-
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
A B
D
U
A
V
A B
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
U
Bit: R
1
= 15, R
2
= 8
R
3
= 5, R
4
= 200
U = 24V, vn k ch 8V
ampe k ch 1A. Tnh
R
V
ca vn k v R
A
ca
ampe k.
Bi 42: Ba in tr c gi tr R, 2R, 3R c mc ni tip vo hiu in th U khng i. Dng
vn k ln lt o hiu in th gia hai u R, 2R th vn k ch U
1
=40,6V, U
2
=72,5V vn k c
in tr R
v
. nu ta chuyn vn k sang o hiu in th hai u n tr 3R th vn k ch bao nhiu?
59
PHN VI: QUANG HNH HC
I - C S L THUYT:
1. nh lut truyn thng ca nh sng:
Trong mi trng trong sut v ng tnh nh sng truyn i theo ng thng.
2. Phn x nh sng:
- Tia phn x nm trong mt phng cha tia ti
v ng php tuyn ca gng ti im ti.
- Gc phn x bng gc ti.
Trn hnh v:
SI: Tia ti; IS': Tia phn x
IN: ng php tuyn ca gng
I: im ti.
SIN = i: Gc ti
INS' = i' Gc phn x
3. nh ca mt vt to bi gng phng:
- nh lun l nh o.
- Khong cch t vt n gng phng bng khng cch t gng n nh.
- ln ca anh bng ln ca vt.
4. S khc x nh sng:
4.1. Hin tng khc x: L hin tng nh sng khi truyn t mi
trng trong sut ny sang mi trng trong sut khc b gy khc ti
mt phn cch gia hai mi trng.
4.2. nh lut khc x:
- Tia khc x nm trong mt phng cha tia ti v php tuyn
ti im ti. Tia khc x nm bn kia php tuyn.
- Khi gc ti tng th gc khc x cng tng.
5. Thu knh hi t:
5.1 Cch nhn dng:
- Thu knh c lm bng vt liu trong sut c phn ra mng hn phn gia. Thu knh hi
t thng dng c tit din l hai mt cu, mt mt cu v mt mt phng v c k hiu:
- Trc chnh: Trong cc tia ti vung gc vi thu knh c mt tia cho tia l truyn thng
khng i hng. Tia ny trng vi mt ng thng c gi l trc chnh ca thu knh.
- Quang tm: Trc chnh ca thu knh hi t, ct thu
knh ti im O. im O c gi l quan tm ca thgu knh.
- Tiu im: Mt chm tia ti song song vi trc chnh ca
thu knh hi t cho chm tia l hi t ti mt im F nm trn
trc chnh. im l tiu im ca thu knh hi t v nm khc
60
S
S'
N
I
i
i'
S
R
I
N
i
r
P Q
F' F
O

pha vi tia ti. Mi thu knh c hai tiu im F,F' nm hai pha thu knh cch u quang tm O.
Chm tia sng t ti F, chiu ti thu knh s cho chm tia l l chm tia song song.
- Tiu c: Khong cch t quang tm n tiu im OF = OF' =f gi l tiu c ca thu knh.
5.2. ng truyn ca mt s tia sng c bit qua thu knh hi t:
- Tia ti n quang tm th cho tia l tip tc truyn thng theo phng ca tia ti.
- Tia ti song song trc chnh cho tia l qua tiu im ca thu knh.
- Tia ti qua tiu im cho tia l song song vi trc chnh.
5.3. nh ca mt vt to bi thu knh hi t.
5.3.1. Cch v nh:
-Mun dng nh ca mt im sng S to bi thu knh hi t ta dng hai trong ba tia ti c
bit xut pht t S hai tia l hoc ng ko di ca hai tia l ct nhau ti S', S' l nh ca S (Hnh v)
- Mun dng nh ca mt vt AB (AB vung gc vi trc chnh, im A nm trn trc chnh)
trc tin ta dng nh B' ca B ri t B' h ng thng vung gc vi trc chnh ct trc chnh ti
A', A' chnh l nh ca im A. A'B' l nh ca AB qua thu knh. (Hnh v)
5.3.2. Tnh cht ca nh
- Vt nm ngoi khong tiu c ca thu knh hi t cho nh tht ngc chiu vi vt.
- Vt t trong khng tiu c ca thu knh hi t cho nh o cng chiu v ln hn vt.
- Vt t ngay trn tiru im ca thu knh hi t cho nh xa .
- Vt t rt xa thu knh hi t cho nh c v tr cch thu knh mt khong bng tiu c.
6. Thu knh phn k.
6.1. Cch nhn dng:
- Thu c lm bng cc vt liu trong sut c phn ra dy hn phn gia. c k hiu:
-
MC LC
PHN I: NHIT HC
1/ C s l thuyt. 1
2/ Bi tp vn dng. 1
3/ Bi tp t gii. 5
61
O
O
F F
F' F'
S
S
S'
S'
nh tht
nh o
O O
F F
F' F' A A A' A'
B
B'
B
B'
nh tht
nh o
PHN II: CHUYN NG C HC - VN TC
1/ C s l thuyt. 9
2/ Bi tp vn dng. 10
3/ Bi tp t gii. 15
PHN III: CNG - CNG SUT - NH LUT V CNG
1/ C s l thuyt. 19
2/ Bi tp vn dng. 21
3/ Bi tp t gii. 15
PHN IV: P SUT - P SUT CHT LNG - P SUT KH QUYN
LC Y AC-SI-MET
1/ C s l thuyt. 9
2/ Bi tp vn dng. 10
3/ Bi tp t gii. 15
PHN V: IN HC
1/ C s l thuyt. 9
2/ Bi tp vn dng. 10
3/ Bi tp t gii. 15
PHN VI: QUANG HNH HC
1/ C s l thuyt. 9
2/ Bi tp vn dng. 10
3/ Bi tp t gii. 15
62

Chuyen de Boi Duong HSG Ly THCS

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CHUY BI DNG VT L THCS V Phi Thy

0,4. 380. (80 - t)

460000 + 0,2. 4200 (100 - t) = 1,5. 4200 (t - 15)

Thay s vo ta tnh c t' -19

m" = 0,629 (Kg)

Bi 10: Cu ch trong mch in c tit din S = 0,1mm

300 = 50t - 300 + 75t - 525

. Ta thy th tch phn qu cu ngp trong nc (V

Mc nc ti a vo chu l x = OB = 30cm, ng vi trng hp ny, cht lng phi c khi

Mt khc nc dng thm so vi lc u:

- i vi bnh a ta thy bnh a ng g l cht rn nn g truyn ton b p lc ca qu cn

- i vi bnh b ng nc l cht lng nn nc truyn nguyn vn p sut ca qu cn ln

3/ on mch song song :

Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr

Cng thc tnh in tr :

CHUY BI DNG VT L THCS V Phi Thy

Bi 9: Mt m in bng nhm c khi lng 0,5kg cha 2kg nc 25

CHUY BI DNG VT L THCS V Phi Thy

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