THE STANDARD « * « > ocale.h> * *« * * enal.h > * < = * * LIBRARY PJ. PLAUGERTHE STANDARD LIBRARY PJ. PLAUCER THE STANDARD C LIBRARY shows you how to use all of the fibrary functions mandated by the ANSI and ISO Standards for the programming language C. To help you understand how to use the library, this book also shows you how to implement it. You see approximately 12,000 fines of tested, working code that is highly portable across diverse computer architectures. THE STANDARD C LIBRARY explains how the library was meant to be used and how it car be used. It places particular emphasis on features added to C as part of the C Standard. ‘These features include support for multiple locales (cultural conventions) and very large: character sets (such as Kanij. ‘The code presented in this book has been tested with C compilers from Borland, Saber", Project Gnu, Sun, UNDG, and VAX®, ULTRIX®. It has passed the widely used Plum Hall Validation Suite” tests for library functions. It has also survived an assortment of public- domain programs designed to stress C implementations and ilurinate their darker corners. The mathematical functions are particularly well-enginoered and tested. Finally, THE STANDARD C LIBRARY shows you many principles of library design in ‘general. You learn how to design and implement libraries that are highly cohesive and reusable, PJ. Plaugor is one of the original usors of the C programening language. He chaired the Library Subcommittee of X3/11—the ANStauthorized committee that developed the C Standard. He continues as Secretary to X3J11 and Convenor of WG14, the ISO-authorized ‘committee developing further enhancements ot the C Standard. Dr. Piauger Is co-author (with Brian Kernighan) of several highly acclaimed books, including SOFTWARE TOOLS, SOFTWARE TOOLS IN PASCAL, and THE ELEMENTS OF PROGRAMMING STYLE. With stn Brodie, Chair of X3J11, he co-authored STANDARD C, a complete reference to the C Programming Language. PRENTICE HALL PTR Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632THE STANDARD C LIBRARY PJ. Plauger entice Hall P TR Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632Liprary oF Congress Catalog tng-tn-Publicatton Data Prager, Pe Je The Stendare C library / P.J. Plauger. be ee. Includes bibliographical references and tndex. ISBN 0-12-6380%2-0 (casebound?. ~~ ISBN 0-13-131608-8 (pagerbound) 1. C (Computer grogeam language? 1. Title. (0876. 78.C18P583 1991 005. 18°3—de20 er-ste8a CHP Eaorialproduction supetvision: Brendan M. Stewart ‘Manufacturing buyers: Kelly Behr and Susan Broke ©1992 by P J. Pager Published by Prentice Hall PT R Prentice-Hall, ine, EAE A Simon & Schuster Company Englewood Clif, New Jersey 07632 ‘The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the programe to determine their effective- ness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and pub- lisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing of the author. You may use and redistribute the code frag- ments in this book without royalty or fee onfy as part of executable images, and only pro- vided that the following notice is included prominently in the associated documentation and as part of the executable image: Portions of this work are derived from The Standard ¢ Library, copyright (c) 1992 by P.J. Plauger, published by Prentice-Hall, and are used with permission. For additional licensing of the code, see page xii. Printed in the United States of America 20 19 18 17 16 15 4 13:12 WL ISBN O-13-131509-9 Prentice-Hall international (UIQ Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall of Canada Inc, Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A, Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Debi Prentice Hall of Japan, inc, Tokyo Simon & Schuster Asia Pte. Ltd, Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Lida, Rio de Janeriofor TanaPERMISSIONS Excerpts from the 180 C Standard, ISO/1EC 9899:1990, reprinted by permission of the Intes- national Standards Organization, Geneva. The complete Standard, and the other ISO stand~ ards referred to in this book, may be purchased from the ISO member bodies or directly from: 180 Central Secretariat Case postale 56 1211 Geneva 20 SWITZERLAND Excerpts from William J. Cody, x. and William Waite, Software Manual forthe Elementary Functions. © 1980, pp. 44, 69, 162, 183, 196, 206, 226, and 246 reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Excerpts fromPJ. Plauger and Jim Brodie, Stastdard C, reprinted by permission of the authors, Excerpts fromP.J. Plauger, Standard C, monthly column in The C Usets Journal, reprinted by permission of the author. TRADEMARKS Compag SLT/386-205 is a trademark of Compag Computer Corporation. Corel Draw is a trademark of Corel Systems. IBM PC and System/370 are trademarks of IBM Corporation. ‘Macintosh isa trademark of Apple Computer. MS-DOS, and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation, Multics is a trademark of Honeywell Bull. PDP-11, RSX-1IM, ULTRIX, and VAX are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. “Turbo C++ isa trademark of Borland, International UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. Ventura Publisher is a trademark of Ventura Software Ine. TYPOGRAPHY This book was typeset in Palatino, Avant Garde, and Courier bold by the author using a ‘Compaq SLT /386-208 computer running Ventura Publisher 3.0 and Corel Draw 2.0 under Microsoft Windows 30.Contents Preface The Code Acknowledgments Chapter 0: Introduction Background What the C Standard Says Using the Library implementing the Library Testing the Library References Exercises Chapterl: Background What the C Standard Says Using Implementing Testing References Exercises Chapter 2: Background ‘What the C Standard Says Using Implementing Testing References Exercises Chapter 3: Background What tne C Standard Says Using Implementing Testing References Exercises.Chapter 4: Background What the C Standard Says Using Implementing Testing References Exercises Chapter5: Background Whaf the C Standard Says Using implementing Testing References Exercises Chapter6: Background What the C Standard Says Using Implementing Testing References Exercises Chapter7: Background What the C Standard Says Using Implementing