Renfrew 1985

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT: THE SANCTUARY AT PHYLAKOPI Author(s): COLIN RENFREW, P. A. MOUNTJOY, ELIZABETH FRENCH, JOHN G.
YOUNGER, JOHN F. CHERRY, ALEC DAYKIN, JENNIFER MOODY, LYVIA MORGAN, NICK BRADFORD, CALLUM MACFARLANE, ROBIN TORRENCE, CLIVE GAMBLE and TODD WHITELAW Source: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, No. 18, THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT: THE SANCTUARY AT PHYLAKOPI (1985), pp. i-xiii, 1-70, 71-513 Published by: British School at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40856003 . Accessed: 22/04/2013 23:31
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The Lady of Phylakopi
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

THE SANCTUARY AT PHYLAKOPI
COLIN RENFREW
With contributionsby P. A. MOUNTJOY, ELIZABETH FRENCH, JOHN G. YOUNGER, JOHN F. CHERRY, ALEC DAYKIN, JENNIFER MOODY, LYVIA MORGAN and NICK BRADFORD and with the assistance of CALLUM MACFARLANE, ROBIN TORRENCE, CLIVE GAMBLEand TODD WHITELAW
by
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 18
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1985
Published by
Publishedby at Athens School ofArchaeology The British 3 1-GordonSquare, London WCiH oPY Distributed by Thames and Hudson London WCiB 3QP Street, 30 Bloomsbury
at Athens1985 School ofArchaeology British ISBN 500 96021 6
The BritishSchoolat Athens to theMarc FitchFund is grateful thepublication for a granttowards of thisvolume
Service Computing Typeseton a MonophotoLasercompat OxfordUniversity in Great Britain Printed at theAlden Press,Oxford
For SinclairHood
Contents
Frontispiece List of TextFigures vii
Listof Tables ListofPlates
x xii 5 11 27 71 89 151 209 281 299 361 393
Preface: The Archaeology of Cult Introduction: The Excavationsat Phylakopi I Towards a Framework of Cult Practice fortheArchaeology II The Excavation III The SanctuarySequence IV The Material V The Pottery, by P. A. Mountjoy VI The Figuresand Figurines, by ElizabethFrench VII The Sealstones, byJohnG. Younger VIII The OtherFinds,by Colin Renfrew and JohnF. Cherry a scarab T. G. H. James) note on the (with by IX The History and Use of the Phylakopi Sanctuary X The Phylakopi in theAegean Cult and Practice Sanctuary Appendices: A Synopsis ofStratigraphie Levels,by Colin Renfrew, JohnF. Cherry, Callum Macfarlaneand Todd Whitelaw Analysis ofJoin Linkages, by Callum Macfarlane C The Chipped Stone,by Robin Torrence D Formation Processes and theAnimalBonesfrom the Sanctuary, by Clive Gamble Concordanceof Melos Museum Numbers
Bibliography Index Plates byLyviaMorganand Nick Bradford
445 453 469 479 485

489 505
List ofText Figures

. i.i 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2. 11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 3.1 3.2 Map of theAegean,withinsetof Melos. and theOtherWorld. The interaction of theworldof temporal experience in thecontext of thesite. The Phylakopi sanctuary ofnomenclature forthesite. System offive-metre Designation squares. area. The designation ofexcavationareas in thesanctuary The numeration ofwalls and structures. and elevations. The locationofdrawnsections North-south sectionin the East Shrine. to thesouthof the East Shrine. North-south sectionin thestreet North-south sectionin theWestShrine. Eastwestsectionin theWestShrine. Walls exposedin pre-shine levels. North-south sectionat thewestof theWestShrine. North-south sectionin theWestShrine(NLc SW east end). halfof Room B. North-south sectionof thesouthern of two floors below phase 2b deposits. Detailed sections The development of thesanctuary successive through phases. construction Hypothetical sequencefortheWestShrine. 5 16 27 28 28 30-1 34-5 38-9, 40-1 foldout, 43 49 foldout, 52-3 54~5 60 62 67 68 77 79 inpocket at rear foldout, 90-1 foldout, 90-1 foldout, 94-5 95 106 109 112 113 118 122 130 132 135 136 139 153 154 155 158 159 160 162 164 166 171
Plan of thesanctuary area. 4. 1 Eastwestelevationof thesanctuary, 4.2 lookingnorth. East westelevationof thesanctuary, 4.3 lookingsouth. Below: thefacade. elevations of theWestShrine.Above: interior. 4.4 and 4.5 North-south in Rooms A and B. North-south elevation 4.6 A ofphase 2b. SketchdiagramofAssemblage 4.7 ofphase 2b. SketchdiagramofAssemblage 4.8 C. SketchdiagramofAssemblage 4.9 4.10 Sketchofobjectsin thenichein Room A. D ofphase 2b in the East Shrine. 4.1 1 SketchdiagramofAssemblage and adjoiningareas. 4.12 Sketchplan of thesanctuary 4. 13 4.14 4. 15 4.16 4.17 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 G ofphase 3b in the WestShrine. SketchdiagramAssemblage SketchdiagramofAssemblage H ofphase 3b in the East Shrine. SketchdiagramofAssemblage J ofphase 3c in the WestShrine. ofphase 3c in theWestShrine. SketchdiagramofAssemblage SketchdiagramofAssemblage L of phase 3c in the East Shrine. Potsherds of theWestShrine. datingtheconstruction Potsherds from theearlyfloor levelsof the WestShrine. Potsherds from theearlylevelsof theWestShrine. Potsherds of the Extension Wall, and of the East Shrine. datingtheconstruction Potsherds of the Fortification Wall. datingtheconstruction Potsherds from below the floor of the East Shrine. Potsherds from thestreet area in phase 2a. Potsherds from thestreet area in phase 2a. Potsherds from thestreet area in phase 2a. ofphases2b to 3c: piriform doublejar. Pottery jar, collar-necked jar, alabastron,
vii
viii
5. 11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6. 11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 ofphases2b to 3c: amphoraand hydria. Pottery askos. ofphases2b to 3c: jug, stirrup Pottery jar, flask, ofphases2b to 3c: krater. Pottery ofphases2b to 3c: krater, Pottery mug,dipper. of phases2b to 3c: liplessconical bowl,kylix. Pottery ofphases2b to 3c: deep bowl. Pottery ofphases2b to 3c: deep bowl. Pottery ofphases2b to 3c: deep bowl. Pottery ofphases2b to 3c: large bowl or basin,cup, bowl,stemmed bowl,lid, tray. Pottery ofphases2b to 3c; amphoraetc.,liplessbowl,cup, mug,dipper,kylikes, Pottery deep bowl, shallowangularbowl,shallowbasin. ofphases2b to 3c: krater, Pottery pedestalvase. ofphases2b to 3c: cookingpot. Pottery NLc North. Potsherds from areas surrounding thesanctuary: thesanctuary: NLd space 2, NLe space d. Potsherds from areas surrounding LH I, LH IIA, LH IIB. Sherdsfoundout ofcontext: LH IIIAi. Sherdsfoundout ofcontext: LH IIIA2. Sherdsfoundout ofcontext: LH IIIB-C. Sherdsfrom theDebrislayers, LH IIIB - C. theDebrislayers, Sherdsfrom LH IIIB - C. thesurface Sherdsfrom layers, Female figurines. Female figurines. Female figure. Female figure: the Lady of Phylakopl. Female figure. Female figure. Female figure. Female figure. Female figure. Male figure Tiryns. fragment (penis)from male. Figurine, possibly Male figures. Male figures. Male figure. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigures. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigures. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigures. Bovinefigure. Chariotgroup. ofchariotgroups. Fragments Chariotgroup. ofchariotgroups. Fragments Animalfigurines. L. from Animalfigurines Assemblage 173 175 177 179 180 182 184 186 188 190 193 194 195 197 200 202 203 205 206 208 210 212 213 214 217 218 219 220 220 224 224 226 228 229 236 237 238 239 241 242 243 245 246 247 253 255 257 259 263 265
ix
7.1 7.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 cat. no. 2. Reverseofsealstone, wood blockto securelentoidsealstone duringengraving. Hypothetical 287 289
The scarab (SF 766). 301 Gold head (SF 192). 303 Male figure of bronze(SF 518). 304 ofbronze(SF 1802). Male figure 305 Bronzebird (SF 1578). 311 Metal objectsand terracotta mouldfragment. 312 Beads. 318 328 Objects ofbone,ivoryand shell. Terracotta drainchannels. 333 Terracotta 334 objects. 8. 11 Stonevessels. 343 workedstone. 8. 12 Objects offinely 344 8. 13 Objects ofcoarsestone. 351 near the 'pillarcrypt'. Bovinefigure foundduringearlierexcavations 375 9.1 from earlierexcavations at Phylakopl. Kamares ware figure 376 9.2 fragments on a sealstone from the Idaean Cave, Crete. Personblowingconch-shell 383 9.3 trumpet, in phase 2a. by Alec Daykin.Above: thesanctuary lookingnorth, 9.4 and 9.5 Reconstructions of the WestShrine. Below: theinterior foldout, 384-5 in perspective theWestShrinein use during Reconstruction by Alec Daykin,showing 9.6 384-5 foldout, phase 1b. 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 11. 1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 12.1 Distribution ofAegean late bronzeage femalefigures. Distribution ofAegean late bronzeage animal figures. of Mycenaeanfemalefigurines of Phi and Psi types. Distribution animal figurines. of Mycenaeanterracotta Distribution forthenorthern Layerdiagrams partof the WestShrine. forthearea to thenorth of the WestShrineand foritssouthern Layerdiagrams part. LayerdiagramsforRooms A and B. Layerdiagramsforthe East Shrine. and courtyard. Layerdiagramsforthestreet forareas adjacentto theshrines. Layerdiagrams 414 416 418 426 446 447 448 449 450 451
Sketchdiagramindicating betweencontexts offigurines with linkages joiningfragments or pots. foldout, 452-3 ofsevenselectedfigurines. 12.2 Distribution offragments 454 offragments ofeightselectedpots. 12.3 Distribution 456
List ofTables
3. 1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4. 11 4. 12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8. 11 8. 12 8.13 8.14 8.15 Sanctuary Stratigraphie sequenceofthe Phylakopi subdivisions of the LH IIICi period Suggested absolutechronology of the Phylakopi Sanctuary Suggested from theWestShrine(Phase o) Earlyfinds Findsfrom theearlyuse of theWestShrine(Phase i/2a) Findsin the East Shrinearea antedating itsconstruction A etc. The WestShrinein Phase 2b: Assemblage Assemblage Otherfinds from theWestShrinein phase 2b Findsfrom Room A Findsfrom Room the East Shrinein phase 2b Findsfrom thestreet and courtyard Findsfrom (phase 2b/3a) thearea north of theWestShrine Findsfrom Findsfrom theEast Shrineof phase 3a Findsofphase 3b in theWestShrine Findsofphase 3b in the East Shrine Findsofphase 3c in theWestShrine Findsofphase 3c in theEast Shrine and courtyard Findsfrom thestreet (phase 3a/3c) Findsfrom area OLd (phase 3D/3C) theDebris and Surfacestrata Findsfrom in theWestShrine,phases ib - 2a Relationofpottery shapesand patterns ware in theWestShrine,phases ib - 2a Numbers ofdifferent of types unpainted in thestreet and OLd in phase 2a Relationofshapesand patterns and OLd in phase 2a ware in thestreet of unpainted Numbers ofdifferent types street and OLd, phases2b- 3c in theshrines, Relationofshapesand patterns and OLd, phases2b- 3c street ware in theshrines, of unpainted Numbers ofdifferent types from and figurines offigures Distribution Phylakopi within theSanctuary and figurines The pairingoffigures Objectsofgold,silverand lead Bronzeobjects Bronzefragments Beads Objectsofivory Ostricheggshell Tortoiseshell Shells Objects ofbone Terracotta objects Plasterwithdecorative designs fragments Shaped plaster Monochrome paintedplaster Roofplaster Fine stoneobjects x 76 82 86 91-2 97-100 I(>3-5 107-8 no in 115 117 119-121 122-3 124-5 126-7 129 I3I-3 134 !37-8 i4I-3 138-4.1 H3-9 156 157 167 168 187 189 278 280 3*3~4 3H-5 316 3!9"22 323-4 325 326 328 33 335~8 339 340 341 342 347~9
xi
8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Saddle querns Mortars Grindstones and hammerstones Discs and slabs ofstone Miscellaneous stone ofphase 2b Principalfinds ofphase 3b Principalfinds ofphase 3c Principalfinds from the Sanctuary Synoptic diagramof theprincipalfinds 352-3 354-5 356-7 358 359 371 380 382 inpocket at rear 402 404 410 458-62 462-8 475 475 476 477 476 478 478 482 482 483 483 483 485 486 487-8
10.1 Social classification ofcult centres 10.2 Approximate forAegean cult in thelaterbronzeage comparative chronologies of the Phylakopi and Tirynsshrines 10.3 The chronology compared . B.2 C. 1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6 C.7 D. 1 D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 . E.2 E.3 Figureand figurine joins Pottery joins and proportions ofobsidianartifact Counts,weights typesby phase,forall levels - floors and proportions ofobsidianartifact Counts,weights typesby phase Relativequantity ofobsidianby phase and context in variousareas within the Sanctuary Assemblage composition Relativequantity ofobsidianin variousareas within the Sanctuary of Sanctuary witharea PLa Comparison assemblage composition Relativeabundanceofobsidianin theSanctuaryand area PLa Animalbonesfrom theSanctuary area Animalbonesby context within the Sanctuary complex size from theSanctuaryarea Averageidentifiable specimen size from therestof the Phylakopi excavation Averageidentifiable specimen ofanimal bonesfrom excavatedareas otherthan theSanctuary Proportions Concordanceof Melos Museumnumbers: variousfinds Melos Museumnumbers: pottery Melos Museum numbers: otherfinds
List of Plates
FRONTISPIECE The Lady of Phylakopi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 from thesouth;(b) Aerial photograph of the East Shrineand partof the Westshrine (a) Phylakopi during excavation. in theEast and tortoise shellsouthoftheplatform (a) Excavationin theEast Shrine;(b) Figurine fragments in the East Shrine. of bovinefigures southof theplatform Shrine; (c) Fragments thenorth:(b) The East Shrineseenfrom thesouth. (a) The East Shrineseenfrom in thestreet between East Shrineand CityWall; (c) thesouth;(b) Stonedebrislying (a) Area OLd seenfrom in of the Wall from the the street. stones City collapse Large crushed levelbetween fallen from theCityWall; (b) Street (a) Pottery CityWall and East Shrine;(c) bystones Lowerstreet levelfrom thesame position. theeast;(c) City Wall seenfrom between (a) Sounding CityWall and East Shrine;(b) The topoftheExtension Wall, Extension Wall, benchand baetyl. in corner withthebaetyl;(c) The between Wall; (b) The courtyard (a) Stonesetting CityWall and Extension from the north-east. baetyl The sanctuary area seen from thewest. The northern theeast. partof theWestShrineseen from in the offloor; corner oftheWestShrine;(b) Close-upofrepeatedplastering (c) Platform (a) The northwest of theWestShrine. north-east corner of wall oftheWestShrine;(b) Lowerbenchrevealedby thepartialremoval ofthenorth (a) Benchat thefoot theWest. of theWestShrine;(d) The East Shrinefrom corner stones;(c) North-west The niche inthenorth-west seenfrom theeast;(b) Assemblage corner oftheWestShrine:(a) The niche J ofphase 3Cin the niche. theeast. The southern partof theWestShrineseenfrom during theeast; (b) Assemblage in thesouth-west corner of theWestShrine;(a) Seen from The platform thenorth-east. excavationon theplatform; (c) Seen from thenorth-west. area from thewest;(b) Room duringexcavationseen from (a) The sanctuary in Room seeninsitu humanand animalfigures, insitu; (b) Bodiesofterracota (a) The headless Lady ofPhylakopi A. in thesouth-east corner oftheWest in thesouthwall oftheWestShrine;(b) Stonesetting doorway (a) Blocked ofthenichein Room A; (e) Doorwaybetween end oftheBlocking Wall; (d) The mouth Shrine;(c) thewestern Rooms A and B; (f) Columnarlamp insitu. thesouth. ofexcavations; (b) Rooms A and from (a) The WestShrineat theconclusion Wall and of the East Shrine. of theExtension Pottery datingtheconstruction ofphase 2b and phase 3c. from contexts Pottery ofphase 2b. Pottery from Pottery phase 2b. from Pottery phase 2b. NLc North. from Pottery Potsherds datingepisodesofconstruction. street levelsofphase 2a. of theEast Shrine;(b) from below the floor Potsherds: (a) from ofphase 2b and 3a. from contexts Potsherds from contexts ofphase 3a etc. Potsherds to LH I IB, LH IIIAi and LH IIIA2. area assignedtypologically from thesanctuary Potsherds to LH IIIB - C. debrisand surface Sherdsfrom layersassignedtypologically The Lady of Phylakopl. Human and bovid figures. Figures:detailsand fragments. and figurines. Female figures SF 1550. Male figure, Male figures. from detailsand fragment Male figures: Tiryns.
xii
xiii
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 The Lady of Phylakopl. SF 2687. Bovid figure, Bovid figures. Bovid figures. Bovid figures: detailsof manufacture. Figureand figurine fragments. Chariotand drivenoxen. Animalfigurines ofAssemblages D and H. Animalfigurines: pairs. Animalfigurines and furniture fragments. Figurine fragments. Sealstone1 from the Sanctuary. Sealstones2 and 3. Sealstones4 and 5. Sealstones6 and 7. Sealstones 8 and 9. Sealstones and 11. and seals and impressions from othersites. Ivoryringfrom Phylakopi Seals and seal impressions from othersites. Seal impressions from othersites. Seal and impressions from othersites,and thescarab from theSanctuary. Gold head and bronzebird. Beads ofvariousmaterials. Shellsand otherfinds. Conch shell. Tortoiseshellsrestored from fragments. ofostrich Fragments egg etc. blossombowl,and terracotta Serpentine objects. Stonecolumnar and querns. lamps,mortars male figure of bronze,SF 518. Smiting male figure, SF 518. Smiting male figure of bronze,SF 1802. Smiting male figure, SF 1802. Smiting
Preface of Cult The Archaeology

It was one ofthefundamental tenets oftheNew Archaeology ofthe1960sand the1970sthatno in areas of humanexperience wereexcluded principle from the archaeological record.Thus severalprocessualarchaeologists (e.g. Binford1968, 21) have quoted withdisapprovalthe in ladderof reliability archaeological inference -2): proposedby Hawkes (1954, 161 " 1. To infer thearchaeological to thetechniques themI take from phenomena producing to be relatively easy . . . to thesubsistence-economies ofthehumangroups concerned is fairly 2. To infer easy. . . to the socio/political institutions of the groups,however,is considerably 3. To infer harder. to thereligious institutions and spiritual life ... is thehardest inference ofall." 4. To infer in myview,thatthere Critics have argued,rightly oftheHawkesposition is nothing inherently obscure or problematicabout the fourthcategory: the ancient civilisations and their are richin monuments whichwe readily as in somesensereligious. The predecessors recognise is notthatthematerial is lacking, northatitisinherently difficult torecognise, butthat problem with a few honourable havemadelittle todevelopa coherent archaeologists, exceptions, attempt conclusions and reconstructions which approach to the subject,but have insteadventured cannotbe shownto relatein a coherent and systematic way to theavailabledata. The present the findsat what will be claimed below to be a religious work,as well as reporting site,a to addresssomeof theserelatedand much-neglected sanctuary, attempts problems. The identification, excavationand interpretation ofa ceremonial centre is one ofthe most in archaeology challenging undertakings today.Nothingmay be assumedby the excavator: is no bodyoftheory there to thearchaeology ofreligion toaid himin hisinterpretation. relating Indeed theinvestigation ofreligion or cultor ritual, on thebasisofthematerial remains alone, tosomecommentators an excursus farbeyondthelimits ofvalid archaeological implies looking inference. Yet there areothers whofeel no suchmethodological inhibitions: for them a thorough of the relevant data coupled withthe freeexercise of the creativehumangift for knowledge can together lead directly to valid insights intolong-vanished belief sympathetic imagination systems. An opportunity in practice oftrying a pathbetween tosteer theextreme oftheone scepticism and thenaiveempathy oftheother cameunexpectedly tous withthediscovery ofa sanctuary at the late bronzeage townof Phylakopi on the Aegean islandof Melos. The discovery was of course an exciting one and wasfollowed theenergetic ofthe below,with up,as described support British SchoolofArchaeology at Athens. Much important newmaterial was unearthed, with the ofrecording morecarefully thanhas been attempted hitherto theexactcontext of opportunity each find. The immediate research followed in theexcavation was a simpleone: to determine strategy theextent oftheceremonial and toinvestigate itin itsentirety with careful excavation complex, and recording Someeffort has beenexpended tomakethis a full procedures. one,so publication thatthedata are available to allow thefuture ofother thatthosewhich investigation questions we ourselves have posed.Indeed theinterpretation is in manywaysa moredifficult taskthanis
useful to topresent those data itisperhaps ofthedata as such.Before thepresentation proceeding be so difficult. the task should consider why interpretive of the what he calls "the splitpersonality" Kent Flannery(1976a, 331) has well described his 'Real Mesoamerican fieldworker traditional, Archaeologist' by experienced typified of religion: withthearchaeology (R.M.A.) - whenconfronted Give ofa conservative. theconscience Formative hamlet and he displays Givehima simple to thetheoretical himtheslightest feature and he's off hintofa ceremonial stratosphere, and hallucinogenic withcults,missionaries, converts, sacrifices, rituals, anthropophagy Mesoamerican are nothardtofind: for this widerangeofresponses mushrooms. The reasons manfor and Thisbeingthecase,it'severy data canbeanalyzed andinterpreted. himself, religious as are as R.M.A.'s guesses good anyone's. Sometimes extreme wherever This is a familiar tryto studyreligion. archaeologists syndrome above. Some in of the dictum caution is expressed,as Hawkes, quoted Christopher as of belief about the thus are as pessimistic systems theyare investigation past archaeologists ofprehistoric social divisions and the essential historical events "Since aboutsocialarchaeology: toarrive it be to in cannot material an adequateexpression remains, right try peoplesdon'tfind the Yet sometimes in at a knowledge ofthem archaeological (Smith1955,7). interpretation" An view. this cautious to is outlookof the traditional opposed archaeologist diametrically aided human exercise of the thatthedirect and untrammelled imagination, optimism prevails A thorough answer. can comeup withtheright and Einfhlung, acquaintancewith byintuition abouta reconstruction from theheart thefacts and a sympathetic can,itisargued, bring impulse to 'anamnesis'(J.Hawkes whichis akinin itsconviction oftheunconscious from somedepths Or at any rate thecold an earlierexistence. of totalrecallfrom 1980,157),thephenomenon more is rejectedin favourof a warmer, inferential argument rigourof pedantic,scientific on thebasisofa thorough invoked humaneinspiration, facts, by acquaintancewiththeknown and dedicatedscholar. thesensitive of the latter rejectsthe facileoptimism processualarchaeologycertainly Contemporary foisted is all too readily commentator ofthemodern upon the approach,in whichanyfantasy are beliefs gratuitously and religious in question, for whomritualbehaviour earlycommunity is theopposite as fancy invented view,theextreme position, pessimist maydictate.In principle at thattoreject on theprudential also rejected anything grounds archaeology bycontemporary is ofpossible a serious consideration without as in principle theoutset unknowable, approaches, of in recent literature Instead thereis much discussion an unproductive cognitive strategy. oftheculture or projective tothesymbolic and manyreferences system. subsystem archaeology, tackled. have been systematically fewofthe real methodological But in reality problems of ofreligious evidence thearchaeological does one recognise behaviour, How, forinstance, a bones and animal with is one for whatit is?On whatgrounds, instance, for cultpractice, pit, evidence with ritual as a is seen another while as domestic dismissed few refuse, deposit artifacts, ofanimals smallterracotta shallwe regard In whatcircumstances ofsacrifice? representations as mere view them we when shall and to the as intended and menas figurines, deity, offerings of basic issues such that evidence I little can find children? of toysfor the amusement in than recent literature in the discussed have been Ucko, (other archaeological interpretation formation ofarchaeological fortheunderstanding concern thecurrent processes 1968),despite a useful'contextual who has undertaken analysisof ritual 1976). Even Flannery, (Schiffer
or ritual theoretical nocoherent andconsistent has absolutely ofwhich framework bymeans archaeology
Problems in Interpretation
PREFACE
'Whatinformation was this ritual themoreadvancedquestion: feature asksfirst paraphernalia', than rather the more basic or artifact transmit?' to one, 'How 1976b,333), (Flannery designed do I knowthisartifact discussion tendsto focus Indeed muchrecent had a ritualsignificance?' in sanctifying which of religious within upon the role activity society important propositions the Drennan and stabilise the social structure of 1976). Such society support (Rappaport 1968, hereofrunning before we can walk, discussion is useful butthere is an element and informative, of discussing of ritual withinsocietybeforewe have any clear criteriafor the functions it at all it archaeologically. or documenting recognising In current to the Americanarchaeologythe issue is all too oftendodged by reference in in Thus as the the same research area. Flannery, identifying trumpets ethnographic presence in Oaxaca conchshells incontexts the of found oftheFormative 1976b, (Flannery Valley period 335) can claim thattheywere: in theValleyofOaxaca. In factcarvedconchshell "Stillin use whentheSpanisharrived in are still used some villages in Oaxaca to summon trumpets Zapotec-speaking in a of communal work forthevillage." kind obligatory participants tequio, The inference it has the same insubstantial is perfectly but basisin logicthatisso often plausible, An analoguefor a usedin dealingwiththepre-Columbian of the American southwest. pueblos in prehistoric in operation in contemporary is found the feature observed contexts and pueblos, function is uncritically assumedto be thesame as themodern one on rather prehistoric vague butitmakesabsolutely ofcontinuity. The argument is often no contribution grounds plausible, to archaeological generaltheory. thesameobjection and has longbeenrecognised, for theinterpretation ofcult holds, Precisely in the prehistoric in and religion the of our much full more and reliable Aegean light very from the written about religious sources, knowledge, practicein the Classic Greekworld,a in thousand for has beenclaimed.Butcontinuity continuity yearslater.In somecasesevidence in does not lack of that and cannot be taken as religious change practice imply practice, certainly ofconstancy ofmeaning. Unlessthecomplexities arerecognised, theinterpretation will evidence in time amount tono morethantheprojection backwards ofthecustoms and concepts which are thehistorical documented for and hence the to the non-literate earlier, period, society ascription ofreligious beliefs and practices which havedeveloped muchlater.Instead, if mayinreality very valid inferences are to be drawn,thereligious of a givenperiodhas to be interpreted system in thelight oftheevidence availablefor thatperiod, and noton thebasisofsubsequent primarily well documented. belief however systems, in the case of early Aegean cult practices,thereis a formidable Fortunately, body of available to draw upon, mostnotablyMartinNilsson'sgreatwork The Minoanscholarship in 1927.In generalhe successfully avoidedthosetwin (1950), first Religion published Mycenaean ofdamagingly on theonehand,and uncritical on theother. negative pessimism pitfalls optimism on thebasisofthearchaeological His analysis is conducted and onlylater finds, systematically withthereligion oftheClassicalGreeks. doeshe proceedto a comparison Contextual is analysis thisfield. At thesame time, thusnothing newwithin Nilsson and his however, contemporaries made more assumptionsin their reasoningthan may seem strictly warranted to the One of the more seriousdifficulties arisesfromhis treatment archaeologist. contemporary from Crete with that from of the material the to Mycenaeanworld,sincetheextent together whichthetworegions sharedsimilar beliefs and practices to be demonstrated rather requires In common with thanassumed. he tooka largely view.The moreover, manywriters, synchronie more abundant evidence now available allows chronological distinctions to be made, for instance betweenthepalatial and post-palatial periodsin Crete.
OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY
such as Rutkowski These difficulties have subsequently been indicatedby writers (1972). which arerelevant as much more fundamental however, Theyareunderlain, byother problems, in anyregion ofritual ofthese, theinitial identification oftheworldas in theAegean.The first has alreadybeen touchedon. The secondis perhapsmoredifficult. material, Whendealing,in a religious withrepresentations ofmen,ofwomenor ofanimals context, of realorsupernatural), howare we todecidewhether we aredealingwith (whether figurations for the in their while intended fashioned divine or with deities, which, image, offerings probably forthe service ofthegods,are notintended to represent them? This mustbe a basic question it where such occur. And is one of cult where general clearly understanding any representations of archaeological should apply verywidely.Naturallyit cropsup principles interpretation in beenaddressed in archaeological discussions but,so faras I am aware,ithas never frequently any verysystematic way. forthe framework theoretical These pointssimply underline that the lack of a consistent in the is as acute to which drew and of attention, data, Flannery analysis interpretationreligious from the rich material in To full to the the World as it is the New. do of Old justice archaeology its lack makes a and work within such it would be to framework, Sanctuary necessary Phylakopi in a preliminary thetaska verydifficult one. Some ofthesepointsare considered way in the following chapter. and intotherituals is to gain insight stated.The objective Our overallaimsmaybe simply them. which motivated of beliefs at and into the structure acts religious practised Phylakopi, morewidelyin the ofcultpractices Such insight, it is hoped,will enlargeour understanding within of the and enable us to understand Aegeansocieties Aegean, place religion prehistoric and in their development. is made to in a preliminary Thesequestions are considered wayin chapterI and an attempt and the initial description followthem up in practicein chaptersIX and X, following of thematerial finds. documentation
Introduction The Excavations at Phylakopi

In the summerof 1974, excavations at the site of Phylakopi in Melos were resumedon behalfof the BritishSchool of Archaeology at Athens afteran interval of 63 years. The site was first from1896 to 1899, and the resulting investigated report(Phylakopi 1904) set a new standard for in Duncan Mackenzie was in day-to-daysupervisionof the archaeological publication Aegean. the work, and his notebooks (Mackenzie 1963) usefullysupplement the published report. A season ofre-excavationwas conducted at thesitein 19 11 (Dawkins and Droop 191 1). singlebrief
FIG.. Map of theAegean,withinsetof Melos
A principal aim ofthenewexcavations was toobtaina moredetailed record for stratigraphie there ofthelaterpartofthebronzeage thewholesequenceat thesite.In particular thehistory at was little thatrelevant laterlevelswouldbe bestpreserved and it seemedlikely understood, thesouthern later downwash from of the there covered and site, by higher part being protected made by Mackenzieat the to the north.This pointwas succinctly partsof the settlement, in 1899.He noted:"thattheregion from itsdeeper conclusion oftheexcavations D4 to H4 with chances of initial will afford while more labour, exceptional super-soil, involving probably in strata" note discoveries the later (Mackenzie 1963,232, 3). interesting Two excavation OLd and OLc wereopenedinJuly1974to thewestofone areas,designated removal ofthesuperficial levels oftheprincipal area PLa (fig.2.2). After sections, stratigraphie Finds of a tumble ofstones stone walls was revealed. and ofdownwash from thenorth, overlying of ostrich a rather animal and human terracotta nature of figurines, pieces special fragments - emerged in one area ofTrenchOLc. Then, on thelast day of that egg shell,a conchshell in 1974 beingcurtailed theunsettled season'sexcavation, through 23rdJuly(the excavation It in became a small head sheet international apparent gold appeared (plate 59). situation), a special that we were excavatingan area containing special objects and thus possessing a or sanctuary. function, possibly shrine in the"shrine" in 1975,workwas continued at Phylakopi wereresumed Whenexcavations inquestion the between the on thesite, area,as wellas elsewhere building revealing relationship richfinds wall the south. The the fortification to theEast Shrine)and designated (subsequently in in and the a thirdexcavationseason 1976,resulting weresuch as to necessitate discovery examination to the It did not,however, oftheWestShrine. provepossible complete exploration in 1977to bringthe seasonwas organised oftheWestShrineduring1976,and so a finalshort workto a conclusion. one ofthefinds, thespecialcharacter area became,through The exploration oftheSanctuary as a whole oftheassemblage oftheworkin Melos. The significance oftheprimeundertakings to publishthe have made it appropriate finds ofmanyindividual and theparticular interest oftwowhichwilltogether is thefirst The present volumetherefore area separately. Sanctuary The second SchoolofArchaeology. at Phylakopi therecent excavations describe by theBritish from all periods on thesite, work theother and willdescribe volumeis in preparation, covering the volumedescribing theveryearlybronzeage to theend oftheMycenaeanperiod.A third whilethe carried outon theislandofMelos as a whole, environmental project interdisciplinary and environment ofsettlement a study and including at Phylakopi werein progress, excavations and Wagstaff, has been published(Renfrew timesto the present, in Melos from the earliest 1982). whichtheir full and theopportunities finds ofmanyoftheindividual interest The exceptional have led us to an of so for laterre-interpretation important assemblage, willoffer documentation indeed The excavation detail. in considerablestratigraphie publish the Sanctuaryarea resolved. I believe, nowsatisfactorily most ofthem, ofstratigraphy, many complexities presented full without a to either were in preparing a report The alternatives stratigraphie give synopsis, a documented a muchmorethoroughly or to present account,necessitating documentation, that an is the But this too elaborate. almost at times levelofdetailwhichmay onlyway appear tothe willbe able toreturn workers suchthat subsequent adequatebodyofdata can be provided the chain of Moreover to them. an answer find to and materialwithnew questions, hope the evidence in since be set out to deserves rests which the inferences detail, interpretation upon
of thisvolume Organisation
INTRODUCTION
in supportof each point is considerable. We believe then that,while the current trendin in less detail than was usual the be to offer archaeological may past, relegating publishing at oftheSanctuary documentation to somehypothetical 'archive',theimportance supporting a full merits treatment. very Phylakopi theorderofthe following ChapterII setsout an accountoftheexcavation, approximately a a It is as factual with minimum of account, therefore, work, digging interpretation. intended, It isfollowed usedin thefield and in thelaboratory. thedetailedrecording by employing system of an interpretive sequence,whichallowsa division chapter, ChapterIII, on thestratigraphie theSanctuary levelsintosuccessive This sets the essential relativeand itsstratigraphie phases. and framework forthefollowing chronological chapter, ChapterIV, in whichthestructures, in in finds their The order of discussion are set out some order. unearthed, detail, chronological in thischapter(from thatin ChapterII (from to deeply earlyto late) thusreverses superficial in full with Then follow the various classes of and finds, stratified). offering dealing chapters further discussion. The drawings ofobjectsin thevolumeare almostentirely by MissJennifer offinds Moody,and thephotographs byDr LyviaMorganand ofthesitebyMr NickBradford, Dr David Leighand Mr Clive Tilley.The architectural plansare by Mr Alec Daykinand the the site have been for sections, initially by byMrsFiona Gale. supervisors prepared publication Mr MartinOake drewthe assemblage diagrams. In view of the complexity of the site,it may be helpfulto presenthere a verybriefand of the which isarguedingreater detailin Chapter summary preliminary stratigraphie sequence, III. It shouldbe read in conjunction fig. with 3.1. The earliest shrine ofwhichwe have any traceis represented building by theWestShrine, RoomsA and lying to thewestofthemainroom.As willbe arguedin ChapterIII including thisstructure was builtduringthe Late Helladic Period. The nextstageoftheshrine ofan extension wall bytheconstruction (phase ic) is represented eastwards from thesouth-east corner of the WestShrine. (Wall 661) leadingapproximately The secondmajorconstructional of the Late Helladic phase (2a) beginswiththe building IIIB fortification wall to the east of the West Shrine,and, probablya littlelater,by the of the East Shrineimmediately construction to the north of thefortification wall. The entire was seriously complex damagedin theLate Helladic IIIC period,and thedebris this from therichest finds from theSanctuary. The damage,which damage (phase2b) contains was accompanied to as the'collapse'. wall,is referred by thepartialcollapseofthefortification a blocking wall (Wall 626/733)was builtacrosstheWestShrine, and thearea Subsequently insideit to thesouthof thewall filled withlargestones. The area in theWestShrine to thenorth ofthis oftheEast Shrine, were wall,and theinterior re-used additions werelatermadeinternally (phases3a and 3b) and smallstructural (phase3c), whichthe entirecomplexwas finally abandoned,laterin the Late Helladic IIIC following period. these statements and arejustified Obviously anticipate, by,thedetailedaccountgivenin the a picture ofwhichwe had absolutely no inkling at theoutset of following pages:they represent theexcavation.
of theSanctuary Sequence Synopsis
Our first and debt is to theBritish School ofArchaeology at Athens forinitiating, supporting it. the and to the Greek Service for financing excavation, Archaeological authorising N. G. L. The ManagingCommittee Professor oftheSchool,and itsChairmen, successively Dr Dr R. E. the the late V. R. and Hammond, Desborough Higgins, generously supported work Dr H. of the as the of W. The did Director the School, throughout, Catling. representative third and fourth all the first two seasons and much of the Committee of Management through on was Mr M. S. F. Hood, whoseadvice,support and collaboration provedofgreatassistance much Dr the contributed occasions. David the administrative director of many Hardy, project, debtof and theexcavation oweshima considerable hisenergy and organising abilities, through the work. of for his efficient of gratitude organisation manypracticalaspects to excavate,to the Our thanks Serviceforpermission are due to theGreekArchaeological E. Zervoudaki Mr Miss I. Tsedakis and of for the (1974 1975), Cyclades, Ephors Antiquities in visits the site and Ph. whose to and Mrs 1974 1977 were (1976) Zapheiropoulou(1977), MissE. at the excavation of the as well as to the itself, particularly helpful, representatives Ephor Tsivilika(1974- 6) and Mrs PollyMuhly (1977). in Plaka, wherewe wereoffered On Melos we werereceived withmanykindnesses, notably the goodwillof Miss in Scholeion without the Demotikon accommodation (through charge thegoodoffices in Mr the Konstantiniadou and , Gymnasion (through Vrettos) Georgios Sophia former and the former ofMr G. Kamakaris)and in theunoccupied Gymnasion policestation of the Mr custodian former of the Proedros of Plaka). Spiros Markadonis, (by permission at an excavation notion of in the was Museum, helpful many ways, having encouraged the excavation. with us in and worked visit to the site since first throughout 1963, my Phylakopi seasons included area inoneormore inthesanctuary and assistant Sitesupervisors supervisors Dr Bill Mr Professor Dr JillCarington Richard Smith, JohnYounger,Miss Heyhoe, Phelps, Mark Nick Messrs Dr Susan and Catherine Miss Bradford, Shennan, Follett, Jennifer Moody, Demetrios David Tim Richard Richard Matsas, Farwell, Darvill, Brisbane, Doughty, Catling, SebastianRahtz,Guy Sanders,Stewart Mike Parker Simmons, Pearson, StephenWalkerand Todd Whitelaw. was Mr to whomwe owe a specialdebtofgratitude, The foremen ofour Cretanworkforce, Mr in one or moreseasonsby his skilled ofKnossos,assisted AndonisZidionakis compatriots Mr Mr Andonis Mr Kostas Mr Nikos Vassilis Kritsalakis, Karkaloutsos, Daskalakis, Christakis, AndonisLambrakis,Mr GeorgiosVassilakisand Mr AndonisVlachakis. Several Melian in Plaka, including Messrs on thesiteand in thelaboratory workmen and boysalso assisted Nikos MarkosKamakaris,SteliosKendrotas, NikosGiannadopoulos, Mallis, Mallis, Georgios and VassiliosNinos. SteliosMavrogiannis, StamatisMarkadonis, in 1977byMr Matt assisted was Mr AlecDaykin, in all four seasons architect The excavation Dr David Leigh were the on-site for Bruce.The sitephotographers photography responsible Mr Nick Bradford and Dr Mr Clive (1977). Each Tilley(1975), Lyvia Morgan (1976) (1974), the from of final the Most of find also undertook Sanctuary photographs objects photography: theobjects taskofdrawing theformidable are byDr Morgan.MissJennifer Moody undertook The sections are byMissP.-A. Mountjoy. The pottery for theshrine from drawings publication. Gale. Mrs Fiona forpublication werere-drawn by was organised The field byMissSara Paton,MrsKatie Heywoodand Mr Callum laboratory times various at aided Macfarlane, by Miss Carol Delaney,Miss AntheaEwbank,Mrs Max Waiteand MissChristine Mr Miss Claire Lahde, MissSeona Macfarlane, Halpin, Jrg Daykin,
Acknowledgements
INTRODUCTION
Miss Roxana Waterson. and figurine restoration was in the able hands of Mr Petros Pottery Petrakis and the Hon. Mrs Vronwy O.B.E., the School's vase mender.Dr Susan Sherratt in theearlyexcavationseasonsand gave useful advice Hankeystudiedthepottery in manyways from The excavationbenefited the goodwilland kindness of manyMelian and to themand to otherhelpers and benefactors we express friends, gratitude. In thepreparation Dr JohnCherry ofthedata forpublication, undertook someveryuseful collation ofmaterial(providing thebasisforAppendixA), Mr Callum Macfarlane in assisted thedetailedphasingofstrataand organised the recordoffigurine joins. He and Mr Todd Whitelawhave both played a major role in preparing thisreportfor whileworking as ResearchAssistants withthesupport ofa generous publication grantmade available by the Committee forAdvanced Studiesof the University Mr of Southampton. Whitelawcheckedmany of the stratigraphie the details,while Mr Macfarlaneundertook onerous task ofpreparing thefind lists for IV and VIII, and thecollation ofmuchofthe Chapters text and illustrations. Mr Whitelaw also contributed in thefinal ofthe significantly preparations volume for thepress, work which wassupported Grantfrom theBritish bya Research Academy. are also due to MrsSusan Stephenson, MrsAnkeElbornand MissJunePaynter for My thanks theconsiderable care whichtheyhave devotedto the typing.
ChapterI fortheArchaeology of Towards a Framework Cult Practice

between The purposeofthischapteris to makeexplicit someoftheconcepts, and distinctions in any discussion has no ofreligion and ofcult.The archaeologist whichlie implicit concepts, must of hisknowledge ofthem direct accesstothecultpractices ofearlytimes: come,bya process Still lessdoes he have directaccess to the the studyof the materialremains. from inference, ofthe heldfortheir or to thereligious beliefs whichthesecultpractices meaning practitioners, thatthey can validly be reconstructed at all,must be elucidated time. Thesetoo,totheextent by a process themodern worker ofinference. through and scholarly workcarriedout over manydecades on systematic Despite the excellently theprocesses variousearlyreligions on thebasisofthearchaeology, ofinference by employed have generally received lessattention thantheconclusions whichthey scholars contemporary and progressive have reached.But ifthe studyis to be a well-founded one, each step in the In this isalwaysthedanger must be opentoexamination. field there ofrunning before argument whichno realwarranty can be we can walk,ofbeingimpelled to makea series ofstatements for other thantheir internal coherence and their theparticular modern offered, qualityofsatisfying observer who makesthem.Anyfollower ofrecent on prehistoric willreadily writings religions recallmanyexamples.The need,however, is notformorereligious reconstructions ofgreater and complexity, but fora distinction betweenthose elements which can be completeness from theavailable evidence, and thoseothers which,however by careful argument supported cannotbe shownto have such support. writers, plausibleto somecontemporary WhatI am arguing isa framework ofinference, ofthekindwhich LewisBinford for, therefore, 'middlerangetheory', whichwould allow one to makewarranted statements (1977, 6) terms about the past, in thiscase about past cult practiceand religious on the basis of the belief, evidence. It is notmycase thatthestatements made bysucheminent scholars as archaeological Sir Arthur Evans or MartinNilssoncannotbe givensuchwarranty by meansofan inferential framework of thatkind,but simply thattheframeworks whichtheythemselves undoubtedly in somerespects usedremain The samecomments implicit. applyto most, perhapsall, existing treatments ofprehistoric The aim here,therefore, is to outlinehow thegroundwork religion. be laid for suchinferential structures. Recentanthropological workon myth and ritual, might whileoften and indeedtheclarity whichare desirable, has at leasthad the lackingtherigour ina pioneering merit ofexploring thefield and often have illuminating way.So farthese insights notbeenappliedto thearchaeological record withanyscholarly It is theintention here rigour. to review someofthecritical issues whichwillrequire resolution before of anysystematic study can be written on the basis of thearchaeological evidence. earlyreligion a belief Religionmaybe defined (Onions 1973, 1978) as: 'Actionor conductindicating in,or reverence and desire toplease,a divineruling on thepartofmanof for, power. . .: Recognition somehigher unseenpoweras havingcontrol ofhisdestiny, and as beingentitled to obedience,
11
1. ReligiousBeliefand the Material World
12
whichis of the essential reverence and worship.'This definition distinction, helps to clarify faith and between belief and between the concern to cult, practice. archaeologist, particular to general be restricted Nor can these ofbeliefs. is someframework ofreligion For theessence orforces toentities relate orevenaboutitsorigin. abouttheworld, beliefs Theymust philosophic it. transcend worldbutwhich material oftheeveryday which are notmerely those it, go beyond or be transcendental theterm mustalso- to warrant These forces, whileimmanent, religion Oxford or at least superhuman (Spiro 1966,91). In the wordsof the Shorter supernatural, 'That is above on the once concept'supernatural': Dictionary again (Onions 1973, 2193), of nature.' course of the the nature;transcending powers ordinary Durkheim A number mostnotably ofscholars, (1915,47), have notacceptedthedistinction do not on the groundsthat some religions drawn here betweennaturaland supernatural, the the social stressed have makethis distinction. themselves Church, institution, They generally of religion is a unified is inseparable: to Durkheim, whichaccording from system religion set apart and forbidden thatis to say,things to sacredthings, relative beliefs and practices all those who calleda Church, moralcommunity unite intoonesingle which beliefs and practices a definition of religion adhereto them'(Durkheim1915,47). Geertz(1966, 4) indeedoffers 'a or institution: and ofa church ofthesupernatural whichmanagesto avoid boththeconcept moods and and establish which acts to of long-lasting pervasive powerful, system symbols and clothing ofa generalorderof existence, in men by formulating motivations conceptions seem motivations the moods and that an of with such aura these uniquely factuality conceptions between allowus todistinguish wouldnot,however, as this realistic'Such a definition religious to kingship. beliefs and rituals instance secularones,for or rituals and purely beliefs pertaining 'an institution definition The alternative proposedby Spiro (1966, 96) seemsfarpreferable: with interaction of beings.' culturally superhuman postulated consisting culturally patterned of these the relativemerits to examineexhaustively It is not our purposehere,however, definitions The dictionary-based different definitions. adequately proposedearlierharmonise us withthose ofHorton(i960), Goody (1961) and Spiro (1966), and willnotin practice bring of course Durkheim withthatoriginally hereseriously intodisagreement (which proposedby - whichis so vague formulation leansheavily upon theconceptofthe'sacred'). Only Geertz's - wouldlead us directly as wellas itdoesreligion todefine thatitcouldserve economy monetary intoerror. one can onlyworkwith beliefs: cannotobserve it shouldbe remembered, The archaeologist, in as we are discussing In such favourable actions. of the material cases, remains, consequences as can which we actions the results of remains are this these volume, interpret arising plausibly belief. from religious nor can the is not alone in the inabilityto observebeliefsdirectly: The archaeologist record if use the we are to else. And or indeed correctly, archaeological anybody anthropologist, haveat ofdata whichthecontemporary theclasses itispertinent toreview might anthropologist These are as follows: circumstances. his disposalin favourable of the whether oral or written, 1. Verbal testimony, relatingto the religiousactivities its it to ascribed the or practices. by religious community, elucidating meaning the use of expressive of cult practices, 2. Direct observation action, of vocal involving materials. and and ofsymbolic utterances objects whichdocumenteither(a) the beliefs records, mainlydepictions, 3. Studyof non-verbal outin carried or (b) thecultpractices deities ormythical events; themselves, e.g.portraying thecommunity. and symbolic structures remains ofcultpractices, objects including 4. Studyofthematerial and materials.
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
13
But under(1), mayhope to have thereligion The anthropologist, explainedby a participant. in documentation either because ofthesecondcategory, literature is richer muchethnographic or because thelanguageofthecommunity understand did notsufficiently theobserver studied, the in translating into thebeliefs and concepts wereexperienced difficulties language effectively in is richer to theobserver. Most ofthebestearlyethnographic familiar and concepts writing ourinformation about eighteenth material ofthesecondcategory: century Polynesian religious practices,for instance, comes more from (2) than from (1). Captain Cook and his than theywereinterpreters. werein generalmoreaccurateobservers contemporaries ifdealingwitha literate ofclass 1, The archaeologist, maywellhave sometestimony period, The religions ofclassicalGreece theviewoftheparticipants. from theinsideas it were,giving in thisway. In caseswherethesocieties wellunderstood are tolerably and Rome,for instances, in class(2) maybe available:suchis all or not at evidence under were literate, study onlypartly In Europe,theclassicalwriters Mesoamerica or South America. thecase for sixteenth century left us accounts ofthereligious behaviour oftheCeltsand Scythians whichare in havesimilary than their of the beliefs. But ofcoursefor more analysis underlying general religious persuasive at bestlikethehistorian, is neverdirect: one mayworkwith thearchaeologist theobservation authentic accountsofsuch directobservations. Prehistoric thestudent ofthePhylakopi must work with archaeologists, including Sanctuary, in categories The lack of evidence of classes a material and and serious (3) (4). (1) (2) imposes limitationon our possibilities of elucidatingbelief systems, as opposed to the simple In theabsenceofwritten reconstruction ofsacredrituals and observances. we must testimony workwithmaterials wherethe meaninghas, to some extent, been made explicit: withsigns, and iconography. symbols symbol as a thing thevalue or meaning ofwhich is bestowed maybe defined uponitbythose who use it' (White 1949,25). Many anthropologists have emphasised thatthe abilityto use isa particularly humanone. It isofcourse crucialtothevery In the existence ofreligion. symbols wordsof Leach (1976, 37): Foranthropologists themost area where. . . material isin evidence is important symbolism inreligious Allmetaphysical ritual. entities start outas inchoate in if the we mind; concepts are tothink abouttheideaswhich are represented suchas 'god' and 'spirit' clearly bywords we have toexternalise in twoways:(i) bytelling them. We do this in which stories (myths) themetaphysical ideas are represented the activities of by supernatural beings, magnified non-natural men and animals; (ii) by creating and special materialobjects,buildings which serve as of the ideas and their mental spaces representations metaphysical environment. stress thatthemeaningofa symbol is arbitrarily ascribed(or thatthespecific Many workers which is as the a for is chosento represent that thing designated symbol concept arbitrarily In the terms of Leach's useful discussion that a would be nonce But concept). (1976, 3) symbol. there are three which are of to as in to make some sense ofa points help us, archaeologists, trying collection ofobjects or representations ofobjects which we feel have functioned as may symbols: between and meaning thatistosaythe (a) The relation symbol maybecomeconventionalised: is repeatedly and regularly and thatform is repeatedly meaning by thesameform, represented and regularly used to conveythatmeaning. are often usedtogether within thesamecontext. Whensucha context (b) Symbols habitually be an association of with in one case established, may symbols meaning may be assumedin
2. Material Symbolsand the Role of Iconography
14
associated another whenitis lessapparent. Forinstance theclearassociation ofseveral emblems in with in a certain contexts be sufficient to that one of these symbols may suggest single kingship in the cartouche this another context indicates It was the of recognition royal Egyptian kingship. of theRosettaStone. thefirst clue to thedecipherment way whichgave Champollion but relatesgraphically to the concept of symbols is frequently not arbitrary, (c) The form - for In intrinsic to nature natural instance some cases the association is (a index) represented. thefrequent itfunctions use ofa crescent to depictthemoon.In others (thepart bymetonymy thecrownas a signforroyalty. thewhole),forinstance representing In favourable of casesit maybe possible forus to use suchcluesto elucidatesomeelements in An human here is the of symbolic meaning. important frequency redundancy (repetition) help in thefield is usedagain and again,and a ofreligion. The samesymbol expression, particularly as structure ofthecontext, careful ofitsassociations analysis mayhelp to indicatetheinternal much can be documented, in (b) above.Bytheanalysis ofcontext, where cultpractice indicated notofitscontent structure ofbelief, oftheunderlying (evidence although perhaps maybe learnt can be securely ofdeities, wherethey ofclass (4) or ofclass (3b) above). Depictions recognised of ofthemeaning a study ofclass(3a) maybegintogiveindications ofevidence maygo further: cult to the details of thebelief as system, opposed practice. of ofanyelements a study Forinstance ofChristian entirely ignorant bysomeone iconography the revealthatthemost therelevant doctrine wouldrapidly commonly occurring symbol, cross, tosuggest with a crucified adultmale. It wouldnotbe difficult isfrequently usedin conjunction a for in a context is the cross such to that difficult everywhere symbol confirm) very (although indicate that two the circumstances crucifixion. The attendant thieves) might (e.g. iconographie in blueat thefoot ofthe Detailsoftheladydressed historical event. this crucifixion was a specific infant. His in with a male seen other with the cross her ladyfrequently depictions identify might the further malewouldbe supported withthecrucified identification associations, including by in his hand. holds cross which the sometimes small baby as to the I think, thatthepessimism This exampleshows, by somearchaeologists expressed belief from content of of the ofreconstructing archaeological religious any elements possibility of Rappaport (1968, 237) and Pike (1954, 8) the data alone is misplaced.Using the terms - arenotexcluded - that from ourconsideration istosaythebeliefs or'emic'elements 'cognised' actual of that is the or 'etic'aspects, The Operational' ofearly maybe more practic cult, religion. That of further. take us oficonography Butthestudy observable. is, course, exactly may readily have assumed.Some of theirotherassumptions what Evans, Nilssonand others may be less warranted.
of Cult 3. Ritual and the ArchaeologicalRecognition
of the elements in lifethrough its formality, Ritual behaviouris readilyrecognised through - ithas tobe seento be done, character its and involved purposive through evidently repetition It is useful to in thepresence ofthedeity. ofpeople,orprivately whether bya gathering publicly are social there to in its not restricted term is the notethat phenomena: application religious inoffice Noris the ofcivicdignitaries. suchas theinstallation secular rituals ofan entirely nature, of animal behaviouremploy it, students to human activities: use of the termrestricted seenin manyanimalspecies(Hinde 1966). to activities with'display',to refer synonymously - both to: 'defineritual to followRappaport (1971b, 25) who resolves Here it is convenient - as conventional which one or actsofdisplay and secular humanand animal,religious through or their information transmit more participants psychological physiological, concerning their or more of to one or to themselves either states participants.' socioogical
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
15
It shouldbe noted, thatmanyofthefeatures ofritualare sharedbyplay,for one of however, thedefining from the features ofgames,likethatofritual,is their rules. Seen governance by a cricket. outsidethere are fewdefinitions ofritualwhichwouldexclude,for of instance, game soleobjective, whereritual Conventionally gamesand playare seenas havingpleasureas their in an has a moreserious and is often conducted of But purpose, atmosphere solemnity. Huizinga us to think of seriousgames,and thereare (1949), viewingman as Homoludens, encourages for abuse which can be instance those and mockery, conversely many rituals, involving in an atmosphere conducted ofjocularity. The archaeological ofsecularritual, and itsdistinction from recognition gamesofno serious can never be It will the where of easy. usually places purpose, dependupon interpretationspecial theritualconventionally or of for occurs, equipment designed use in (paraphernalia) specifically thecourse oftheritual. The regaliaofa king, and other ofofficials (suchas sumptuary equipment In the Mycenaeanworld,themagnificent themayor's chain ofoffice) fallintothiscategory. from Kourionin Cyprus(Vermeule1964,pl. 44 d) offers an obviousexample.In goldensceptre Mesoamericatheball-courts and theequipment forthe ball game exemplify both,whilethe courts and 'thtral areas' of the Minoan are often great thoughtto be designed palaces In for ritual favourable circumstances the evidenceof place and of specifically purposes. is a in communal of equipment supplemented bydepiction, giving representation peopleinvolved endeavour whichhas no obviousutilitarian thedocumentation of however, purpose.Clearly, ritualdoes not in itself indicatereligious activity. We are concerned not withritualin thisgeneral,secularsense,but with here,however, ritual or cult: form of religious to its religious particular worship;especiallyin reference external ritesand ceremonies' it? (Onions 1973,470). And how shall we recognise The question isnotan idleone.The archaeological literature aboundswith assertions thatthis or thatbuilding or objecthad a ritualor religious on no veryclear grounds. purpose,often Indeedit is an oldjoke thatwhenan archaeologist finds whosefunction he does not something he ascribes to itjust sucha ritualpurpose. The pleasantry is notan entirely foolish understand, between: one, fortheanthropologist (Leach 1976,9) distinguishes - digging technical which serve toalterthephysical state oftheworld outthere a hole actions, in theground, boilingan egg; whicheither about thestateoftheworldas it is,or actions, expressive simply saysomething else purport to alterit by physical means. How are thetwotobe distinguished? The former are functional in a materialist sense.The latter are purposive iftheintention functional is to altertheworld.The distinction also,and certainly hereisoneofintention, and intention cannotbe directly documented archaeologically anymore thancan anyother state ofmind.It isnothowever clearthattechnical and expressive actions can infact be distinguished: readily indeed,raises anygivenactionmayat oncebe both.Thispoint, thewholequestionof the embeddedness ofreligious actionswithin the everyday of practices - a pointimplicit life in thediscussion ofdomestic and communalobservances below. In practice therecognition ofcultmustbe on thebasisofcontext: indications are rarely single in themselves. sufficient cultsignificance, be Anysinglefindofsupposedly could,forinstance, in theabsenceofotherevidence dismissed as either a toyor as a secularprestige object.But,as statedabove, theinference of cult significance one context to may plausiblybe carriedfrom anotherin favourable If a particularsymbolhas been identified circumstances. as of cult an analysis in one assemblage, ofcontext itsoccurrence in another significance, through may wellcarry somepresumption ofa ritualcontext there also. The issueofthescaleofthecontext under consideration is in fact a crucialone. Ideallyitwouldbe preferable tolimit thediscussion
16
totheevidence from a single without reference toother and to recovered site, initially examples, in in a single that of few But we shall see this a maygive years. practice, ChapterIX, period just toorestricted a perspective, and thatitmaybe necessary toconsider several sites simultaneously. The questionthenarisesas to theextent thatthesemaybe expectedto sharethesame beliefs, evenin those forms. there aredangers herein caseswhere do share similar symbolic Clearly they a the scale one. of the beyond sub-regional increasing comparisons It is necessary, someofthefrequent features ofcultpractice, on a crosstoconsider therefore, in cultural if that is which of them considered and to basis, determine, conjunction may possible, be takenas implying thepracticeofsacredritual. reasonably
4. Aspectsof Sacred Ritual
force or power, or of belief asserts theexistence ofsometranscendental, supernatural Religious sometimes and also ofcultto bring theparticipating several ofthese.It is thepurpose humans, realities. relation withthesetranscendental thosewhomtheyrepresent, intosomemoredirect ofthe what called the sense well defined he Rudolf Otto (1928) in hisworkTheIdeaofthe Holy One feature of at of which he saw as the root numinous, many religious experience. lying into closer is brought ritualsis to induce thissenseof awe, so that the participant religious In ecstatic this life. rituals thanineveryday with thedeity ordeities maybe brought relationship In silence about bydance,song,noiseand byhallucinogenic ones,order, drugs. contemplative ritual is to of sacred But one feature facilitate this sense. and solitude clearly very general may an In this induce cases world some this world and the other the between may beyond. bridge gulf actual epiphany, an appearance,ofa deity. as a supernatural 'To honour orrevere entails sacredritual being normally worship: Secondly, ceremonies' rites or or poweror as a holything; to adorewithappropriate acts, (Onions 1973, entails whichinevitably thepowerofthedeity, ofworship is toacknowledge 2575). The essence between act the and theworshipper's asymmetrical relationship highly bygesture emphasising and offerings, ofadoration, to be specialgestures himself and thedeity.Thus thereare likely directed towards 'Acts of the often ofmaterial to powers supernatural deity: propitiation objects, ofdrink), libations(offerings blood sacrifice), and especially ofsacrifice consist (foodofferings ofrespect" and the"payment material ofnon-consumable (verbalofferings) objects, prayer gifts not of These other forms of payments respect onlyacknowledge gesture.' (Goody 1961,157). by seeksomeact ofdivine butoften ofhumankind, thedeity's powerovernatureand thefortunes which we may expect to have intercession. These pointsalready establishsome features correlates. archaeological - whether itis specialbyits can often takeplace in a speciallocation The religious experience forthepurpose.And constructed or specially likea cave or a groveoftrees, naturalpositon, to a are directed For thatreason,mostsacredrituals a focusofattention. adorationrequires at that are made not an altar whether or sometimes sacred spot.Manyuse offerings spot, special - whetherthis be simplysome natural object to which focusof attention some symbolic in person. thedeity a cultimagerepresenting is ascribed, extreme, or,at theother significance of a and be cult there is to redundancy symbols. equipment, Certainly likely specific some of thesepoints(1976, 82) in a convenient Leach has summarised diagram(FIG.1.1) 'This World and the Other World conceivedas separatetopographical spaces representing is zonewhich ofboth.It is theliminal ofthequalities zonewhich bya liminal partakes separated thefocusofritualactivity shrines).' graveyards, (e.g. churches,
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
17
of temporal This World A experience
/////// ///A////
of World The Other reversed not- A experience-
-A" zone "BothA andnot Liminal Sacred area Fieldof ritualactivity
FIG.i.i
and theOtherWorld (after of theworldof temporal The interaction Leach) experience
Thisdiagram reminds us thatthesacredarea for ofritual islikely tobe a place apart, thepractice ofpurity withspecialrequirements associatedwithprescribed observances and proscriptions, risks ofpollution. and attendant also thatanotheroccasionwhenwe come intocontactwiththe It shouldbe remembered ofdeath,and the bear also on theproblem beliefs OtherWorldis at death.Religious inevitably standin a special life todeath,including burialitself, withthetransition from rituals associated and musttherefore relationto the sacred ritualsof life.The archaeologist expectpatterns of ritual which recovers and the indications remains he between the funerary relationships activity. of sacred ritualwhichmay help the It is now possibleto develop a numberof features in be remembered, indications. It should, ofcourse, its archaeologist recognising archaeological in questionwillform a moreor lesscoherent or structure, to beliefs thatthereligious system is not,therefore, to advocatea willrelate.To listcommon features whichthecultobservances in ofcoherence and structure 'check-list' mechanical, approach.But nordoes therecognition so beliefs assert somemystical towhichmanystructuralists necessarily 'deep structure' religious in thebelief in cultpractice, and itis Structure shouldengender system opaquelyrefer. pattern thiswhichwe as archaeologists may hope to discern.
18
THE ARCHAEOLOGYOF CULT
5. ArchaeologicalCorrelates:the DeductiveSystem
the to underline it is important In developing a seriesof potential correlates, archaeological in last out the which has been set ritual in whichthey flow from theconceptofsacred manner ofwhatSpiroterms correlates thisviewthematerial or deduce from section. We seekto infer withculturally interaction beings'.Alreadythe superhuman postulated 'culturally patterned beginsthistask. quoted in thelast section, detailing by Goody ofacts ofpropitiation, actionsofworship ofexpressive as I see it,is theperformance The essence ofreligious ritual, towards thetranscendent and propitiation special being.This is a very bythehumancelebrant in severalways. relationship toinduceinhim) In thefirst ofthehumancelebrant demands (and maybe expected place ritual In communalacts of worshipthis excitement. a stateof heightened awarenessor religious and temporally devices.These are spatially a rangeofattention focussing invariably requires at special places, and theseplaces are often that is to say the acts are performed specific: and And they takeplace at well-defined ofattention. tofacilitate thefocussing times, organised welldefined. time(i.e. thesequenceoftheritual)is thedevelopment oftheactsthrough usually soundthrough thewholerangeofsensesmaybe involved: Moreover sightalmostinvariably, the the use of perfumes, musicand chant,smellthrough taste,and of coursetouchthrough and hallucinogenic in gesture and dance. Fasting ofthecelebrants movement drugsand other used. stimulants are amongthedevicescommonly liminal 2. Special zone ofthe aspects isa specialand mysterious ofritual is thefocus The liminal carrying zone,which region, activity, of is approprate awareness ofhiddendangers.Heightened therisks here,and thereare risks to be developed The attributes withappropriate to comply and offailing procedures. pollution thehuman zone between acrosstheliminal oftherapport thespecialnature from belowspring celebrant and thedivinepresence.
/. Attention focussing
anditssymbolic transcendent focus ofthe 3. Presence a main often in somesensebe present: must force thedeity or transcendent For effective ritual, attention human as the as well it is the divine and its ritual is to ensure of the presence, purpose form or is symbolised thedeity In most societies which needstobe heightened. bysomematerial ofa signin two theoutline instance for symbol, simple maybe no morethana very image:this arenotseen(as insomePolynesian whosecontents ora container , ora communities) dimensions, cultimage. three-dimensional andoffering 4. Participation in theliminalzone, and behaviour If theworship attention, appropriate heightened requires Theseinclude celebrant. the on demands italso makes thedeity, somesymbol often representing active butalso often and respect ofprayer and gestures notonlywords involving participation, it functions. and in somecasesother and drinking Frequently bodily movement, eating perhaps and sacrifice both the to ofmaterialthings also the transfer involves by gift. by deity, in form outin this them butitisworth are obviousenough, Thesepoints very general spelling inevitable own of one's the an attemptto avoid, or at least to mitigate, consequences ofexpectations series is a largeand complex is toshowthatthere The intention ethnocentricity. in be realised will them all of if not even case, and that anyspecific ritual, religious concerning
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
19
is a as defined above. Each ofthese from theverynatureofritualitself do derivelogically they if material thethird neednotfind behaviour nearuniversal ofreligious expression the (although anyway). deityis conceivedas omnipresent listof and no doubt selective Such considerations allow one to make a veryincomplete elaboratethepointsalreadymade. For instance Most ofthemsimply behavioural correlates. results fromthe need to specify number 12, the use of special equipment, closelywhat is has to be zone. Oftenthatbehaviour within thesacredarea, theliminal behaviour appropriate wellthecommonplace and everyday, and for this tobe different from seentobe special, purpose in their to religious are appropriate. whichmaybe restricted defined ritual, forms, employment thegreat ofritual towealth, reflect tomanyin the Points17 and 18,relating significance activity as a whole. to thecommunity and indeedoften community actsofworship: within topublicorcommunal domestic Theseremarks ritual, applyprimarily below. thefamily, is further discussed
List of Correlates
Some ofthesepointsmay be listedas follows: 1. ritual oftrees, associations: e.g. a cave,a grove maytakeplace in a spotwith special,natural a spring, a mountain top. it may take place in a special building set apart from sacredfunctions. 2. Alternatively whose 3. It may involveboth conspicuous public display,and hiddenexclusivemysteries, in the architecture. practicewill be reflected - gestures - and these willinvolve and specialmovements ofadoration 4. Worship may prayer in theiconography ofdecorations or images. be reflected such as dance, 5. The ritualmay employvariousdevicesforinducingreligious experience, musicand drugs. 6. The structure and equipment used mayemploya number ofattentiondevices, focussing in thearchitecture reflected and in themovableequipment. withtheomnipotent in theuseofa cultimageof 7. The association (s) maybe reflected power thatpower,or itsaniconicrepresentation. 8. The chosenplace willhave specialfacilities forthepractice ofritual, e.g. altars,benches, pools or basinsofwater,hearths, pitsforlibations. ofanimalsor humansmay be practised. 9. The sacrifice 10. Food and drink and possibly consumed as offerings, orburnt/poured maybe brought, away. 11. Othermaterial and offered . The act ofoffering objects maybe brought (votives) mayentail breakage. 12. Special portable in thecultpractice, maybe employed equipment e.g. specialreceptacles, lampsetc. 13. The sacredarea is likelyto be richin repeatedsymbols (redundancy). used willoften relateiconographically to thedeities and to their 14. The symbols worshipped In particular associated animalsymbolism myth. specific (ofrealor mythical animals)may be employed, animalsrelating to specific deitiesor powers. particular used may relateto thatseen also in funerary of 15. The symbolism ritual,and in otherrites passage. 16. Concepts ofcleanliness and pollution in thefacilities and maintenance of maybe reflected thesacredarea. 17. Greatinvestment ofwealthmaybe reflected bothin theequipment usedand in theofferings made.
2O
18. Great investment in the structure ofwealthand resources itself and its may be reflected facilities. To listthepoints in this form someofthematerial ofritualbehaviour, suggests consequences but it does not considerthe archaeologicalformation which these material processesby become embodied within the record itself. Nor it giveclear does consequences archaeological as the in to which circumstances the of one or more of these features listed, guidance recognition taken in isolation,could also arise in circumstances where religiousritual was not being practised. a suitable Whatis neededin each case,toestablish is notmerely scorefrom religious practice, - 'expressive the checklist. The phrase at the head of thissection actionsof worshipand - must be bornein mind. towards thetranscendent bythehumancelebrant being' propitiation of Andingeneral are: evidence for actions thetwonecessary (ofprayer, ingredients (i) expressive a transcendent is involved. The of some indications that and sacrifice, offering being etc.); (ii) of latter be demonstrated maymostsatisfactorily by thesymbolism employed: representations In in sucha form is some thedeityitself, thata transcendent indicated. or offerings recipient in the is notwelldeveloped or is suppressed instance, cases,where (as, for religious iconography in the associated extreme formalisation Islamicreligion), other factors be such as may indicative, material wealthand magnificence. or in somecases their artefacts, The first is thatwe may correctly There are severalobviouspitfalls. recognise expressive secularin thosethatare entirely actions but mistakenly as religious ofa ritualnature, identify as a of a such towards non-transcendental and directed intention, entity, person highstatus. that lead us to infer Another is thattheuse ofan elaboratesymbolic mayerroneously system in play,orfor in question other nonwereundertaken ritual is involved wheninfacttheactions ritualpurposes whichwe may failto recognise. actionand ina religious indications bothofexpressive ifwe ingeneral context However expect the of consideration to if due and we to ofsymbolism possibility give appropriate transcendence, a framework we have coherent then secularritual, ofplay and ofothersymbolic behaviour, forinstance whichto operate.In ideal cases theactionsmay be recorded within directly: by or thefrequent animal species, of a specific evidenceforthe repeatedsacrifice breakageof a intheform ofspecialbuildings suchactions, In others thepreparations for vessel form. particular certain to It may be possible, mustbe sufficient. and equipment, also, identify objectsas the seem to precludeotherexplanation. iftheir and quantity character result ofofferings and it is muchmoredifficult, to transcendence The recognition ofthesymbolism appropriate be of is here,ofcourse,thata richiconography greathelp. may or criteria on archaeological offer thehope ofrecognising, These features alone,any shrine far so criterion not essential one There discovered. that be is,however, sufficiently sanctuary may inthelight ofwhat insecular terms shouldnotbe explicable thattheassemblage stressed, namely the defeat ofpotential Thismayseema sad admission we knowofthesociety. archaeological by data arebeingusedto one. Forthematerial a very Butitisnot,infact, surprising methodologist. ofthe evidence Directmaterial to thesupernatural. ofa belief infer theexistence relating system invoked should the criteria of that is inevitable it hard to find, many being supernatural and ofthe'sacred'is thatitis not'profane' criterion be secondary ones.One defining ultimately the here of the observer it is the out as Goody( 1961 archaeologist , 157) points responsibility and rational. between to make thedistinction symbolic wouldfulfil stadium a changing roomat a football To takean example, manyofthecriteria ones. Here we are, by listedabove, althoughnot perhapstheiconographical fora sanctuary ritualand play alreadytouchedon to the analogybetweenreligious returning implication,
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
21
is seen when the existence of iconicrepresentations is takenas a earlier.The same difficulty a series a collection of rather solemn dolls from of little to criterion. Thereis,after all, distinguish for serious cult other than the small-scale of deities made underlying purpose representations For oftheAmerican southwest theparadoxis complete. intention. Indeedin thepueblovillages for the to instruct Kachina dollsare there use of made,depicting children, supernatural beings, in the inevitableabsence of direct themabout the relevantreligious concepts.Ultimately, indications of high seriousness of evidenceof beliefto guide the prehistoric archaeologist, in the and of considerable investment intention arehelpful. The existence ofa separate building, Another relevant factor a reasonable basisfor inference. maybe thescale mayprovide offerings, In somecases,for thantheir intrinsic nature. votive orquantity offinds rather instance, deposits in the occurs be found where same item,perhapscommonplace enough itself, again and may in indicating whenthenature ofthedeposit goes again.A quantitative approachcan be helpful in functional an takes on which cannot be described the and readily beyond mundane, aspect terms. In general the most convincing indicationsof cult practiceare generallythe symbols ofmenorofanimals.For these a when these include representations employed, especially imply a the natural world or the 'other' and there when one of whether world, are, figuration world, an iconicrepresentation considers thematter, rather fewreasons fordesiring ofthe ultimately - and itisstill world. One ofthese is thedesire for decoration uncleartowhatextent thesplendid frescoes of Minoan Creteor ofLate BronzeI Phylakopi or to what respondto such a desire, in A extent a association. is had instead(or addition) sacred secondreason play,as we have they A with or seenwhether children's couldbe theneedfor somesort toys adultgaming pieces. third - generalswithtoy of analogue computer forplanningpurposes, or as a tallyof ownership soldiers wargameswouldfallwithin thiscategory. Wheniconicrepresentations can be playing found(and when theseare not simplythe assertions of secularpower,like Roman imperial If they thepossibilities ofplayand ofsimple decoration shouldbe explored. cannotbe statues), a ritual context must be a considered possibility. sustained, Much of theforegoing discussion dealt primarily withcommunalritual has, by implication, thanwithdomestic rather or individual ones.Such is indeedthefocus ofthis activities, chapter, foritsultimate aim is to elucidatetheproblems attendent ofa possible upon the recognition sanctuary. The concept ofa communal ritual does not,ofcourse, thatparticipation is open to the imply wholecommunity: it need not be public in thatsense,althoughit could be so. The right of in specific ritualsmay be rigidly defined. Moreover it is likely thatsomeofthe participation rituals carriedout on behalfofthecommunity, willbe conductedby one or moredesignated individuals. It is possible thatthey out in privacy, or evenin secrecy mayindeedbe carried by those individuals. But this willstillrankas communal ritual(as opposedto domestic) whenthe celebrant isa priest orother official on behalf ofthatcommunity. In general, itis however, acting fairto say thatcommunalreligious ritualsare carriedout, either by groupsofpeople,or by individuals and often designated actingon the communalbehalf, doingso in a communally sacred area. recognised Such rituals and observances from thosecarried out at thelevelofthe maybe distinguished basic residence when this is the nuclear or some other small kin-defined unit, family group. such domestic rituals are carried out members ofthat Invariably religious by group.(We should notein passing thatitis notimpossible for a communal to be conducted, on occasion, ceremony
6. Domestic and Communal Ritual
22
or within a domesticunit: the locationof the ritualdoes not in itself defineit as domestic a communal and the of but the of communal, communally degree participation, presence celebrant). officiating recognised The problems of recognising domestic cult practicefrom the archaeological evidencemay which oftenbe considerable, since those veryqualities of separateness and specialisation Each ofthefour of the act characterise communal cultmaybe lacking. religious which aspects were definedearliermay be modified, even if its underlying natureis not fundamentally transformed. with arestill tobe used,often theritual actsbeingselectively Attention devices focussing likely in thecommunal a modest scale than or to the but on more directed instance east), (for upwards, zonearelikely tobe lessinevidence, sincemystery and the case.The specialaspects oftheliminal and in a domesticcontextand the same levelsof prescription terrible are less appropriate of transcendent in cannot be maintained. The the relation to presence proscription purity but as on a communal ritual be expected, or notto thesameextent cannotnecessarily occasion, a thus will take definite material and focus This somesymbolic form, is,however, usually likely. are to and offering albeiton a modest somedistinctive scale,islikely. Participation iconography, be expected. theothers is to distinguish theseactivities from forthearchaeologist The problem naturally arefulfilled: in In when two conditions home. this be the only taking practice may possible place area and ritual roomorpartofa roomissetaside (as liminal focus) (a) a specific place,a defined in are either forthe used secular not well defined contexts, employed forms, commonly (b) used in offering. or fortheequipment focus, symbolic ifittakes from house standardised form is the morelikely The recognition ofsucha specific place And the are excavated. when several houses sincea detectable tohouse, mayemerge patterning in be more in cult will or whether welldefined forms, easily images equipment, again religious with are closely houseto house.If they ifthey from are standardised comparable recognisable identification. will be an aid to this too communal cult known from forms contexts, already cult may ofdomestic obviousenough,and the recognition These pointsare in themselves lack clear its of its modest scale and in both of on account difficulties very many practice present But the presenceof domesticritualwithina from otherdomesticactivities. differentiation in somesacredplace shouldnotbe observances to thecommunal as a counterpart settlement consideration. are under when the latter ignored to recognise, it is clearly ofpast religious elements In seeking to reconstruct belief, important It is of the are themselves who or of of deities where exist, objects worship. spirits they portrayals in occur which the other them from to to seek therefore figurations distinguish necessary often be will votive These votive from given contexts, offerings offerings. sanctuary particularly But in manycases deities. be takento depictanthropomorphic and could readily humanform aboutits tellus nothing and therefore tothedeity, humanofferings couldinstead represent they own form. to be drawn. are further distinctions out to me,there Indeed,as Dr. ElizabethFrench points itis useful in a found ofanthropomorphic thestatus Whenconsidering context, religious images thefollowing to consider categories: as normally whichare conceived i.e. deities ofanthropomorphic 1. Representations deities, form. human taking butcouldequallybe takehumanform whooccasionally deities ofabstract 2. Representations else. shownas something
7. Cult image or Votive?
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
23
ofworshippers individual orgeneral) thatis tosaytheimages , placedin (whether 3. Votaries, ofworship or as a reminder ofan act ofworship theshrine either togivecontinuity already performed. or offerings, made in theirown rightto the deity,and which might 4. Votive figures a either themselves deityor a human. represent of where there areseveral Thisisa problem which willfaceusin thePhylakopi figures sanctuary, or both. either as votives, or as cultfigures, men and ofwomenwho might be regarded A singleimageofgreatsize in a religious A first willbe one ofscale and number. criterion ofa god. Butin be takenas a depiction for instance than life size,might context, readily larger - the Egyptians of factcolossalsize is not enough and the earlyGreeksused it in a variety inwhich one.Yet ifthesingle, contexts thefiguration was nota divine very largeimageoccupies For the a key,centrallocationwithina sanctuary, the case is clearlyverymuch stronger. an is for such liminal this and the other the as the zone between world, right sanctuary, place image. roleemphasised A secondcriterion, ofscale,is a highly asymmetrical independent potentially An without rivals for devices. attention attention, image,focally markedly by focussing placed, which as to and accompanied be dedicated it,maywell mayplausibly interpreted byofferings about theform ofthedeity.The situation as a cultimage,and hencegiveinformation qualify be when there are several such however, may complicated, images, placed.On the prominently same onehandthey several of the deities, deity)oron the (ormultiple might depictions represent othersimply be dedications offered to thedeity. is possible.For instancethe gesture of Gesturemay be ofsome help,but again ambiguity I an could the some as indication of ("Here am,behold!"), raising arms, by epiphany interpreted HolyOne!"), very muchlike ofadoration ("All praisetothee, equallybe seenas an indication in Christian church. Gestures must also be theorans of the position prayer early displaying power in a votive. takenas an indication ofthedeity, sincesuchgestures wouldseeminappropriate a male in the'smiting' Thus thetwobronzefigurines from thePhylakopi sanctuary, depicting attitude ofthrowing or brandishing a weapon,maydespite their diminutive sizebe putforward as divinerepresentations. in Attributes thecarrying ofspecific offer a further including symbols, possibleindication, can be interpreted, in relation thoseoccasionsthatthey either to an iconograhy alreadypartly or whenthey have naturalor mtonymie referents. For instance a cultimagewith understood, thesun'srays, orwith themoon'screscent be regarded as depicting thesunor might respectively moondeity, or a deitywiththesun or moon as attribute. There is one otherhighly class ofdepiction whichmustusuallybe regardedas important to the Other and hence when the choice is between cultimageand votiveWorld, pertaining as indicating theformer. This is the mythical or fantastic beast: usuallya composite animal features of several different Thus a on human form or on a mammal showing living wings species. an origin in theOtherWorld,as do bird-headed indicate men,plumed (e.g. a griffin) generally and all theothercomposites in the mythology ofmany demons,chimeras serpents, dragons, It is true that such often have a subordinate status to deities for instance religions. composites or or as do the underworld demons of But centaurs, winged horses, putti manyreligions. their in occur contexts where could be either as votives or as representations rarely they interpreted cultimageswithequal plausibility. Such mythical monsters often occur not as individualimages,but in largericonographie where takea subordinate role.And heretheymay be ofcrucial compositions theyfrequently since in the the interpretive significance, entity (usually Aegeanan anthropomorphic one) who
24
dominates themor is flanked mustgenerally have divinepowers. No simplehuman by them, - althoughsome mythical could dominatein this way the creatures of the Other World narratives willsometimes havequasi-human heroes likeTheseus, or Perseus orindeedOrpheus, contact with them. a Such beast can a have and hencesecular, decorative, briefly making purely function. Butwhenshownas evidently subordinate to another a it is being, plausibleinference that that being has divinestatus.(The case of heraldicsupporters, is an e.g. the unicorn, for the medieval In the of apparently contrary example Europeancontext.) interpretationearly "Cherchezle monstre" can be a useful first religious iconography step. theremay be some methodological in studying benefits an individualsanctuary Although in as in we shall to more assemblage isolation, attempt do ChapterIX below,it is ultimately informative tosetanyone find within itsbroaderreligious context as a whole.In doingso,due accountmustbe givento variation in space and in time.That willbe attempted in ChapterX. as indicated within a structured and no one siteis likely to For, above,symbols context, operate revealadequatelyall thevariousfacets of thatstructure. in identifying fromthe veryoutsetas sacred or Moreover,the difficulties givencontexts make from severalsitesifnecessary, of a numberof religious advantageousthe recognition, as carrying a religious contexts which, symbols meaning.They can thenbe used to identify on theirown, and without the external of thosesymbols, could not standing interpretation be so identified. readily is therefore theidentification ofa cult assemblage. Step within it ofcertainspecific as carrying a religious Step 2 is therecognition symbols meaning (althoughthe contentof that meaningneed not, and in generalcannot, be identified . explicitly) to identify as ritualor sacredother whosecultstatus contexts Step 3 is theuse ofthese symbols not otherwise be evident. might This in turnpermits the recognition of further or iconographie and the elements, symbolic ofa wholerecursive Atthesametime, thepotentially nature development strategy. self-fulfilling ofsucha sequence an erroneous at an ofreasoning shouldbe recognised: orinference assumption seriesofquite unwarranted inferences. earlystagecould lead to a further, ramifying As an exampleofthissequenceofreasoning from theprehistoric Aegean,let us takethewell knownAghia Triadha sarcophagus, withitspaintedscenes(Long 1974). The second 1 On onesideofthis and four women. we seea manplaying Step sarcophagus pipes, and lyingupon a four-legged oftheseis layingherhandsupon a bull or calf,whichis trussed on a table.The first womanstandsin front ofthisand placesherhands,witha similar gesture, which In a on a a front is similar stands jug, on solidplatform. bowl,nearwhich larger, platform have followed is a smalltree, flanked on each sideby twoobjectswhichMinoan archaeologists the and the smaller in consecration'. Between SirArthur Evans calling'horns of platform larger is a pole surmounted by a double-axe. ofthe thattheslaughter and therecognition an abundanceofexpressive Thereis,here, action, is an act of thus be in a particularly formal and bullorcalfisbeingconducted sacrifice, way, may the In this a it is not case, however, just commonplaceslaughter. particularly important: a richsymbolism is evidently there is notclear,although oftranscendence involving symbolism clearthat referents Therearenosymbolic thedoubleaxe and the'horns ofconsecration'. making
Example: theAghia TriadhaSarcophagus
8. Steps in the Analysisof Prehistoric Religion
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK
25
a deity is involved as theobjectofreverence. Giventheposition ofthepaintings on thesideofa it is certainly to see thisas a funerary ritualrather thanas an act of sarcophagus, permissible butin thebroadsensewe can recognise it as a cultscene.Alternative are worship, explanations difficult tofind, ofthegestures and themusical as well givenboththesolemnity accompaniment, as theformal ofplatforms withtherecognition ofthecontext as a cultone (which, arrangement we might term'altars'). 2 The prominent ofthe'horns ofconsecration' and ofthedoubleaxe establishes Step position these as symbols ofsomething. The recognition oftheensemble as a cultscenedocuments them as whoseprecisemeaningis notyetknownto us. potential (or funerary) symbols, religious Minoancontexts with horns ofconsecration, orwith a double-axe ofthis form, 3 Anyother Step mustin consequence be regardedas ofpossiblereligious significance. Such a conclusion no-oneat all who is familiar withthe Minoan will,of course,surprise material. Butthepoint hereisthattheargument isa general toreligious material one,pertaining from The framework ofinference is an explicit one. any context. 9. What we wish to know In concluding this on theapproachtoearly from thearchaeological preliminary chapter religion itisperhaps worth outsomeofthequestions towhich one wouldlikean answer. material, setting Each ofthem can in principle be answered from thearchaeological record alone,in favourable circumstances offigurative . The following (which mayincludethepreservation representations) are amongthematters on whichwe shall seekinformation. A. Thepractice cult ofthe 1. The existence of temples(i.e. separatebuildings forthe cult practice.their architectural and layout facilities). 2. The existence ofplaces set apart forreligious ruralshrines, practice:caves,groves, fana. Household of the cult at household shrines. 3. practice 4. Relationto funerary practice. and seasonality ofobservances. 5. Periodicity 6. Natureofofferings, and their quantity. forthepracticeof ritual. 7. Facilities 8. Equipmentforthe practiceof ritual. 9. Practiceofsacrifice? 10. Accompaniment ofmusic? 11. What is actuallydone? ofwater? 12. Use offire, recurrent features of templedesign. 13. Special, Cult 14. image? or figures as votaries. 15. Votivefigures, 16. Depictions ofscenesofdeities,etc. 17. Depictionofscenesofcult. 18. Use ofreligious symbols. B. Beliefs the cult underlying 1. Anthropomorphic deities? 2. Composite deities(i.e. part man, part beast)? ofdeities? 3. Aniconicrepresentation 4. One deityor several(pantheon)?
26
of male and female. 5. Role and relationship 6. Role ofanimals,e.g. as supporters beastsor totems. or accompanying Role of animals. 7. mythical 8. Context ofoccurrence ofspecific symbols. Scenes of action thedepiction ofmyth. 9. implying 10. Symbolism forsun,moon and stars. 11. Special aspectsofthecultof thedead. C. Placeofthe cult andreligion inSociety 1. Scale ofinvestment in cultfacilities and observance. 2. Wealthand scale ofofferings. ofscale ofparticipation by 3. Indications by thepopulace,and ofdifferential participation rankor othercriteria. ofcultorganisation withgovernment 4. Association organisation. in society. and/or 5. Role and statusofpriests priestesses in society(possiblesyncretism). 6. Presence ofotherreligions - comparison and after. withbefore 7. Change in religion - does it extendbeyondtheindividual settlement? 8. Scale ofreligious organisation and popularreligion. between statereligion 9. Distinction ofthe or withlocal variations 10. Religious uniform observance beyondtheterritory spatially, polity? koine. 11. Role in establishing a widercultural in area ofinfluence/belief withculturalarea and ethnicarea. 12. Correlation of the excavationat the in mind,we can now proceedto a description Withthesequestions X willbe madeto IX an In and the various finds. and of attempt Chapters sanctuary, Phylakopi inthe finds in thelight ofthePhylakopi first answer someoftheabovequestions, alone,and then ofAegean prehistory. moregeneralcontext
II Chapter The Excavation

In this oftheconduct a narrative accountwillbe offered oftheexcavation, each taking chapter can then as ofa Thissummary serve the basis for the establishment yearinsuccession. description in III. are a and relative Both to the more detailed necessary preliminary chronology Chapter in ChapterIV. of the finds systematic presentation The recording forthe Phylakopiexcavationscloselyfollows thatestablished forthe system excavationsat Sitagroi in East Macedonia in 1968 and 1969. The aim was to work all findsto a stratum indicative of stratigraphie content.Threeassigning stratigraphically dimensional co-ordinates are also givento all important the finds, supplementing stratigraphie location. The initial excavations Schoolat Athens a survey established the bytheBritish gridfor I sitedividedinto20 metre and Dawkins work 1904, II). pl. by squares(Phylakopi, Subsequent and Droop (1911) followed thesame grid,whichlabelledalphabetically on thehorizontal Eon thevertical The Sanctuary area W) axis (A at west)and numerically (N-S) axis ( 1 at north). fallswithin squaresF5 and G5 ofthatgrid (fig.2.1).
i. RecordingSystemand Nomenclature
FIG.2.1 The Phylakopi in thecontext of thesite sanctuary 27
28
In 1974ourexcavation Mr Daykinsetup a newgrid, inorientation and architect conforming as but dividedinto 10 metre position closelyas possiblewiththeoriginal, squares. On the Gridnorth thuscorresponds to thatofMackenzieand hiscolleagues. approximately newgridbothaxesare labelledalphabetically at thesouth-west withtheorigin 2.2), giving (FIG. I is omitted). before each tenmetre The reference eastings squareis (theletter northings pegfor at itssouth-west ofsquare corner to thesouthwest corner. Peg OM ofthenewgridcorresponds G4 of the 1897 grid.
north AE AD west AC AB AA BD BC BB BA CC CB CA DB DA etc. east
forthesite ofnomenclature FIG.2.2 System
thick at thenorth was to leave baulksone metre The general system adoptedforexcavation, Howeverit has usually excavation. sidesofthesquare,leavingan area 9 m by 9 m for and east to sub-dividethe 10 metresquares into four5 m by 5 m squares, been more convenient is thenorth-west instance, quadrantofsquareNL. a,b,c,d(FIG. 2.3), so thatNLc, for designated wide. and 1 metre and east at the north are m in the baulks convention sides, 5 squares again By
c a
d b
of five-metre FIG.2.3 Designation squares
from our dictateddepartures unearthed and as thestructures As theexcavation developed, is The nomenclature used. were hoc ad of a number by depicted designations space gridsystem, fig.2.4.
THE EXCAVATION
29
or layernumber within thesquareis indicated bya stratum (enclosed Stratigraphie position in this so that NLc 53 thetriangle omitted within a triangle on labelsand records, volume), being The term this volume NL or 'stratum' c stratum 53. 'layer' throughout implies square quadrant thatindividualnumbered refers to a numbered excavationunit.It does notfollow, however, criteria. 'layers' were clearlyseparatedfromthose above or below by good stratigraphie 10 was In other cases about the true followed. of Wherever arbitrary layers possible stratigraphy inconsequence In stratum cmdepthweredefined, the and thecontents keptseparately. general 1976 1for area (squareorquadrant). Butfrom numbers runconsecutively from each excavation that it was foundmoreconvenient between so to avoid numerical areas, unique duplication ofeach area. (It shouldbe blocksofnumbers (e.g. 800- 899) wereassignedto thesupervisor number alone is notuniquetothe thatfor theseasons1974and 1975thestratum noted, however, area. Thus therecan exist, forexample,bothan OLc layer7 and an OLd layer7). In additionto thearea and stratum co-ordinates wererecorded three-dimensional number, formanyfinds. refer to the distance east of The threeco-ordinates respectively peg, distance metresquare in question.For vertical northof peg and depthbelow peg datum forxhefive measurements a local working datum pointwithinthe 5 m square was used, but in general at oncetothevaluefrom the10msquarevertical vertical were converted datumbefore readings in in the Care must however be exercised the field notebooks to check notebook. entry using whichvertical datumpointis beingused. in the trenches in fivedifferent Findson thesitewererecorded Potsherds were categories. in a or zembil labelled both with the area and stratum number (basket) placedimmediately bag and witha "pottery a new bag number"("zembilnumber")unique to thatzembil.Naturally zembilwas initiated for each newstratum, so thatin no case can finds twostrata have the from samezembilnumber On theother hand finds from different canhave partsofthesamestratum different zembil numbers.This has proved usefulin clarfying details and in stratigraphie occasional errors. Zembil numbers were and are rectifying labelling centrally assigned uniqueto thesite.In this volumetheabbreviation is used to indicate that which the number follows is a pb = number. pottery bag ( zembil) Findsofbone (withshell) wereseparately bagged and markedwiththe area and stratum as well as the serial number of the zembilthenin use. Findsofobsidianwere number, pottery in a handled similar separately way. in anymaterial Findsofartefacts other thanpottery and obsidianweregivena serialnumber to the the find" encircled on volumepreceded site, "special number, labels,and in this unique by theletters SF. The 3-dimensional co-ordinates ofeach specialfind in addition wererecorded, to An inventory thestratum number. of"specialfinds" foreach excavationarea was keptin the notebook forthatarea. supervisor's The fifth is that of"sample".Theseweretreated ina manner category separately analogousto thatforthespecialfinds, their serial numbers are to the trench but notto the although unique site. was routinely carried out when small objects were being found or were Dry-sieving at the discretion of in recovery thesupervisor. anticipated, Experiments procedures, involving bothwetand drysieving, werecarried outat thesite, in theSanctuary notsolely area. although accounts have and will be in discussed Summary alreadyappeared (Cherry1976; 1977) they Volume II of theexcavationreport. volume of soil Throughoutthe site an attemptwas made to estimatethe approximate in each stratum, excavated thenumber ofbarrows An averagebarrow discarded. byrecording contains are useful for occurrence 23,000cc ofloose,dug soil.The figures densities, calculating
30
u H
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area ofexcavationareas in thesanctuary FIG.2.4 The designation
THE EXCAVATION
31
! "*: !
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32
of but the grossnatureof the approximation arisingfromthe simple,if practicalsystem in must be borne mind. measurement, for ease ofreference. Individual wallswereeach givena uniquenumber Theyare seenin FIG. 2-5 Sectionswere drawn at a scale of 1:10, formost verticalsoil faces exposed duringthe this havebeenre-drawn for and several ofthem excavation, (figs.2.7,2.8,2.9,2. 10,2.12, report in sections are seen fig. The locations of the drawn 2.6. and 2.13 2.14). eacharea under In addition was sent a schematic or level section, dailyfrom diagram, running at the area was revised The for each excavated excavation tothefield laboratory. layer diagram in A. be noted that It should are conclusion oftheexcavation: together Appendix they presented are not intended as wellas observation. and interpretation these are baseduponinference They data. The of complexstratigraphical as a primary recordbut as a simplified presentation in ChapterIII) has,for achieved(and discussed division intophasessubsequently convenience, been superimposed upon these. tothewest ofthe with theopening ofarea PLa, immediately Work July beganin 1974on the8th area excavatedin squaresH4 and H5, and also G5, of the old gridby Dawkinsand Droop (1911). The westfaceofPL (new grid)is 10 m westoftheG/H line oftheold grid(fig 2.1). and a detailedaccountofthe a deepstratigraphie The aimin PLa was toundertake sounding, II in of the excavation willbe given Volume work there Later,in 1975,thearea PK tothe report. in detail this and too willbe reported the southofPL was openedto investigate fortifications, there. relevanceto the present in areas PLa and PK are of considerable Two findings concern, beachstones, oflargeand rounded made defensive isthatthesubstantial however. The first wall, intoOLd and OLc, was westwards ofPL and running north faceisseenat thesouth whose inner plate 3, a). in Late IIIBi the Helladic shownto have beenconstructed period(fig.4.3,lower; wide. metres have been some in PK it seems to but identified Its outerfacewas notclearly 3 in in area was found I wall the line of a Late Bronze fortification PK, running Secondly, south. The outer to the metres and some3.5 as itssuccessor, thesamedirection approximately to whatis assumedto be thesame faceofan analogousLate BronzeI defensive wall,belonging in area KKd. Thereis no doubt the west metres to was found someforty offortifications, system was notwell ofdifferent offortification thatwe have heretwosystems dates,whosechronology in the site were of this established part duringthe 1896-9 excavations.The fortifications can be In little at thattime weight soundings. consequence irregular onlybyrather investigated of the old and in shown of indications walling grid G5 squares F5 placed on the sketchy tobe ofLate BronzeI and LH IIIBi date wallsnowdemonstrated 1904pl. II) where (Phylakopi are not well distinguished respectively OLc and OLd and itwasherethat ofPLa wereopenedin 1974,namely Two areastothewest to first came of the evidence light. Sanctuary (a) AreaOLd and east.However baulksto north one metre a 4 m by4 m squarewith AreaOLd is notionally thethickness to increase it advisable made the to area of thegreat east, PLa, immediately depth thattheexcavatedarea in OLd measured themto 1.50m,withtheresult ofthebaulkbetween to extendtheexcavatedarea a it seemedappropriate eastto west.Moreover only3.50 m from wall (wall IIIBi fortification LH face of the thenorth to thesouthso as to uncover little (inner)
2. The East Shrine:1974ExcavationSeason
THE EXCAVATION
33
100). This extensionbrought the lengthof OLd up to approximately 7 m fromnorthto south instead of the canonical 4 m. Fourteen layerswere dug during the ten days beforethe excavation in 1974 was terminated. Beneath superficiallevels, and the extremelyhard underlyingdownwash reported by earlier excavators, a spread of stones was uncovered at the east (Wall 102) which ran approximately north-south along the lengthof the trench.From it, another line ofstones (Wall 103) ran to the south-west.(The designation"wall" heredoes not implya judgement about function, but simply the systematicnumeration of a stone feature.) After much careful cleaning, drawing and photographyofthesestonestheirstatusas verylate was establishedand, as reportedbelow, they were cleared away early in the 1975 season. The lines ofstonesin question were irregular,and no innerface was observed,nor were more than two lines of superposed stones noted. No associated artefactswhatever were found with themand theyappeared to lie withinthelate downwash. They certainlypostdated the LH IIIBi wall. The first fortification account of excavations at the site mentionsrecentterracewalls, and theaccompanying sketchplan (Smith 1897, pl. lib) indicates one such in thisgeneral area. The stonesmay be regarded as terracing, perhaps of the nineteenthcentury.Nothing to counterthis view was found in their removal. The point is of relevance to discussions during the 1976 excavation season about analogous walls in squares ML and NL, to the west. (b) Area OLc Area OLc was also notionallya 4 m by 4 m square. It was again extended to thesouthas faras the fortification wall, Wall 100, giving the area a north-southlength of nearly 7 metres. Beneath the topsoil, fine brown and rather hard soil was found extending over the whole trench.Stones were foundat itssouthernend which seemed to be a westwardextensionofWall 102 in OLd. These were removed and the brown soil continued. At a depth of ca. 70 cms in Ole layer 11 the first signs of a structurewere seen, Wall 101, animal figurine runningeast-westabout 1 metre fromthe north face of the trench. The first was found in OLc 12, and in OLc 14 a mass of stones was found to the south of Wall fragment 101. (In thespace to the northloosersoil was foundindicatingwhat in retrospect may have been a sounding along the northofthiswall by Mackenzie.) Already in OLc 14 an offset in theline of Wall 101 was observed which may in fact indicate different phases of contruction. In stratumOLc 15 at a depth ofabout 1 metre,Wall 104, parallel to Wall 101 and 2.3 m to the south appeared, as did the hypotheticalline ofa north-south wall joining themat the east of the and numbered trench,but barelydiscerniblein the stone debris. (This wall was later confirmed to distinguish walls from uniform in 106.) At thisstage itwas verydifficult debris,whichwas itself character (PLATE since thereis a possibility that the East Shrine 4 b) . This pointis ofgreatinterest was deliberatelyfilledor covered with stones when it finallywent out of use. Careful removal of stones revealed (stratum 19) a rectangular room bounded by Walls 101,106, and 104. To the west,Wall 105 was now revealed projectingsouth fromWall 101 but less than 2 m long, thus leaving a gap or doorway to the west between it and Wall 104 to the south. Sherds ofMycenaean potteryhad been occurringin moststrata,as is common on thispart of thesite.At a depth ofca. 1. 10 m fromthesurface,a conch shell,SF 170 was foundwithfragments ofplaster,and a pedestal vase (Cat. No. 375) (plate 2, a) and thenfragments ofostrichegg shell of another (SF 166). (SF 167) and a whole terracottaanimal figurine(SF 168) and a fragment This and thesucceedingexcavated layers,OLc 21-23 and 26 - 28, to theeast ofWall 105 but still within the area enclosed by Walls 100, 104 and 106, continued to yield ostrichegg shell
34
j.;.:.;.;.;.:.;.:.;.;.;.;.;:;:X........::*:;j^j
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^^
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Platforms 1 ? ?
Benches
and
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t:$:S:$S3 Pre-shrine
W Walls
ofwalls and structures FIG.2.5 The numeration
THE EXCAVATION
35
'J510 !1~~~
~- - >^_
104 "
/7
^:;.'^:;.:;:;.: "^S7^
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36
OLc Floor i. The finds includetwo down to a hardpackedlayerofsoildesignated fragments and FIG. several animal Psi form and of Mycenaean figurines 174, 6.1), figurines (SF 172 FIG. are listed as as as of tortoise-shell well 4.17). They Assemblage fragments (SF 188) (see pieces L in ChapterIV. and at this It was in OLc 26,onJuly23rd,thata smallhead insheet gold (SF 192) wasfound, a to be faced. as shrine had the that this small room served clearly stage possibility beatenearthfloor some 13 cm BeneathFloor 1, thedigging ofstratum 29 revealedanother of a number of OLc contained belowthefirst: OLc Floor2 (see plan,FIG. fragments 4.14). 29 of ostrich plate No more animalfigurines and theshellofa tortoise 63). egg fragments (SF 195, between Floors1 and 2 shellwerefound and this confirms theobserved stratigraphie separation H in ChapterIV. in OLc. The finds from Floor 2 are listedas Assemblage ofa telegram, occasioned Workat thesitewas concluded for the1974seasonon receipt bythe in all to excavations Service the Greek difficult international sent situation, by Archaeological in the Plaka Museum. Greece.The moreimportant finds werelodgedforsafety 3. East Shrine 1975- 7 Seasons of Excavations wereresumed on Monday,7thJuly1975. Workwas carriedout in a number wereOLd, and NLa to theSanctuary PLa and PK. Those relevant areas ofthesite,including (withOLc). (a) AreaOLd (plate 4, a) clearedaway,and soiland in 1974 (as described The terrace wallsuncovered above) werefirst downwashlevelsbeneaththemwereremoved.It was in stratum 45, some 60 cm below the This wall, running 108 became clear. Wall stones of that the upper ground surface, wall ofa southern to be the in of the the north east-west trench, proved part approximately corner ofthe in the north-east clear became Wall soon narrow street. The north wall, very 107, metres wide. to have been 2 the street trench, nearly showing Wall itwas designated eastintoPLa where wallofthis street The north (Wall 107) continues PLa into 1 in continuation its eastward Wall is labelled wall Its south (fig.2.5). (Wall 108) 3. and an earlierstreet a street In thisstreet area stratum surface, 53 appeared to represent faceofWall 108,labelledWall 111, north 66. Belowlevel53 an earlier is seenat stratum surface reached. wall was not of this The base appears. The main focusof the workwas in the space southof Wall 108, betweenit and the Late Wall ofa wall,designated wall.It was instratum HelladicIIIBi fortification 51 thatindications This wall uncovered. were its to Wall and metres 108 2 to south, provedto 109,running parallel a of for distance OLd into westwards It runs the in PLa Wall of 2 the continuation be east). (to metres wall of a short 1 is Wall 12 and thensimply about 2.5 metres 1.3 running length stops. between a spaceofabout0.7 metres Wall 108intheeastern from south leaving partofthetrench, and south a smallroomwhosenorth Wall 4 ofPLa itmaydefine with itand Wall 109.Together walls are Walls 108 and 109 respectively. to the downward was evidently It shouldbe notedthattheoriginal sloping groundsurface lies some 108 Wall of the south to observed floor level The of this south 1.30 m highest point. the north. to observed surface street the stratum than highest 53, deeper of theabandonment from thecollapseofWall 108after thetumble Strata55 and 58 represent ofWall 109) and in level60 to thesouth, in level59 (to thenorth thearea. Beneaththetumble debris fewer with is earth, 62 and 61 with in strata stones, and then representing 63 belowthese, metres some two level earth beaten a clear is 1 which Floor and accumulation lying , overlying
THE EXCAVATION
37
below the surface(2.64 below OLd datum). Potsherds,bone and obsidian were, as usual, found in these levels, and a fragment of a chariot figurinewas found in stratum59 (SF 511) and an animal figurinefragmentin stratum 61 (SF 517). Although finds were not numerous, the importantdiscoverywas made in stratum63, south ofWall 109, at a depth of2.66 m below OLd datum, of a bronze figurineof the so-called 'Reshef 'or 'Smiting God' form(SF 518, FIG.8.3, PLATE 68) . The change oftextureand thesherdslyingflatsuggestthat thebottomofthisstratum is a flooror streetsurface,equivalent to Floor 1 north of Wall 109. Beneath this,strata65 and 67 were excavated down to Floor 2, a good dark burntearthfloor, on which a numberofstoneswere lying.It is 8.07 m below theOLd trenchdatum (2.76 m below PLa area datum), and can be recognised as the equivalent of Floor 2 in PLa. At thispoint the excavation in OLd ended. The structures revealed may be thoughtof as the westward extension of those in area PLa which may well be of a domestic nature. There is nothing other than several terracotta figurinefragmentsand the imported bronze figureto suggesta functionrelated to that of the Sanctuary. Clearly the street,at a higher level, north of Wall 108 continues west to run north of the continueswest to formWall 506 which abuts onto Wall 101 of OLc, Sanctuary. Wall 108 itself the north wall of the East Shrine. The street between the fortification wall and Wall 109 continuesto thewest,givingaccess to theopen space southofthe East Shrine, (see plan, fig. 2.5) . It is not clear why Wall 109 ends so abruptly,as it seems to do, and the bottomof Wall 109 was not reached in area OLd (the same is true forWalls 108/111 and 112). The excavation in PLa shows it (in the guise of Wall 2) to go some 80 cm deeper, probably as footingsbelow Floor 2. Study of the potterysuggeststhat all the strata excavated in OLd may be assigned to the late period (Period F forthe site as a whole) whose beginningis definedby the constructionof the FortificationWall in the LH IIIBi period. The pottery from the stratigraphie sequence indicates that floorsprior to PLa Floor 2 are already associated with LH IIIC pottery.At first this led to the suggestion that the upper levels in PLa and floors 1 and 2 in OLd are to be consideredlater than thecollapse, and theywere provisionallyassigned to phase 3. However, reassessment of the findsin PLa shows that theseare perfectly consistent with thosefromthe street levels in NLe space c, where LH IIIC potteryis foundin levels stratified well below thoseof the of It now 2b. seems that the finds on the collapse phase likely uppermostfloorin OLd, Floor 1, date fromthephase 2b collapse. In thiscase thoseoverlyingFloor 2 (fromOLd layers65 and 67) should be assigned to phase 2a. Afterthe collapse the space in area OLd, like the streetarea in space c southofthe East Shrine,would not have been further occupied. OLc) withNLb (b) Area NLd'e (including At thebeginningofthe 1975 excavation season, workwas resumedin area OLc. At thesame time trenchNLd was laid out to the west. Like OLc and OLd it was extended 3 metressouth of the canonical 5 m x 5 m square (south into thegridarea NLb) so as to extendwithoutbreak as faras the fortification wall. Area NLd thus measured 7 m north-south, and 4 m east-west,leaving a baulk of 1 m at its eastern side (between NLd and OLc). It was at once clear that the two areas (NLd and OLc) should be dug in relationto a singlecoordinate system, since partsofthe same structure and the same room fellinto the two areas, and would need to be considered together. Area OLc was thus now designated NLe, and all measurementsforthisarea were related to the NL trenchdatum. Once the baulk between NLe (i.e OLc) and NLd spaces 1 and 4 was removed (late in the 1975 excavation season) the entire area was oftenreferred to as NLd/e. It was also foundconvenientto designateseparatelythevarious rooms,spaces and otherareas recovered. That part of the room in the East Shrine east of the protruding Wall 105 was
38
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THE EXCAVATION
39
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40
designated NLe space a (or NLd/e space a). The area to the west ofthat wall was space b. The wall was designated area to the south of the East Shrine,between Wall 104 and the fortification NLe space c. The small area to the north of Wall 101, the north streetarea, is NLe space d. WithinNLd, removal of topsoilindicated recentdisturbancein the south-west corner. It was here that the earlierexcavations reportedby Mackenzie had followedthe tops ofwalls, and the some with lily backfill,surmounted by Mackenzie's spoil heap, contained frescofragments, motifs,which almost certainly originated from the Pillar Room area, grid square G3 on Mackenzie's plan. The westwardcontinuationof Wall 101 of OLc was soon found,here termedWall 500. And the westwardcontinuationof Wall 104, here termedWall 501, was located, ending with a well dressed squared stone. Walls 502 and 503 were observed as indicated on the plan. The area withinthe East Shrine was now termedNLd space 1; the area to the south, south of Wall 501, was NLd space 4. Wall 502 (with Wall 504) definedthe westwardlimitsof spaces 1 and 4. The area in NLd westofspace 1 was designated NLd space 2. That to thewestofWall 502- thearea which eventuallywas seen as the eastermostpart of the West Shrine,was NLd space 3. Initially these designations seemed somewhat cumbersome. However the stratigraphyin these areas proved complex, and this somewhat lengthynomenclature demonstrated its worth, proving both accurate and intelligible.For that reason it has been retained in the presentaccount. A sketchdiagram of NLd/e is seen in FIG.2.4. (i) NLe spacesa and b the eastern end of the East Shrine. It is the northernpart OLc) represents This area (formerly bounded to the northby Wall 101 (which is designated Wall 500 in NLd), at the east by Wall 106, at the south by Wall 104 (becoming Wall 501 in NLd) and at the west by NLd east baulk. Beforeworkin area b was undertakenduring 1975 theavailable space was enlarged by removing 50 cm fromthe one-metrebaulk on the west side. (It should be noted that NLe space b thus encroached by 50 cm westintosquare NLd.) Wall 105 in part separatesspace a (to theeast) from to the level diagram (fig. space b. The stratigraphiesequence is best understood by reference 11.4). The strata in this area down to the top of Floor 2 were excavated in 1974 (see above). the removal of 5 to 10 cm of earth and material Stratum59 in both spaces a and b represents offlatstonesmeasuring0.95 m by 1.35 m in the below Floor 2, down to and revealinga platform north-east cornerofspace a. Its top lay 3.45 m below trenchdatum (equivalent to about 1.80 m was given the featurenumber below the datum point used during 1974 forOLc). This platform of terracotta a number in IV included listed The finds (see PLATE fragments figurine chapter 508. 45, *). Stratum 60, beneath 59, constitutes5 to 10 cm of similar yellow-brownfine soil largely without stones. In space a, a harder yellow-brownlayer was uncovered designated Floor 4, although its status as a floor was not entirelycertain. In space b this floor was not clearly recognised,and a grey floorsurface,Floor 5, was revealed at a lower level, which evidently underlay Floor 4 in the easternmostpart of the area (space a). It should be stressedthat these and by the manner and angle in which floors ofbeaten earth are recognisedas much by texture, and thereis no doubt as to are earth debrislies upon them,as by visibledistinction. floors, They the realityofFloors, 1, 2 and 5. Floor 4 was probably a trampledearth surfacein the same way, but its existencein space b was not observed by us, with the resultthat the fewmaterials above and below it in space b were not collected and recorded separately. This stratum included and other findslisted in Chapter IV. further figurinefragments
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THE EXCAVATION
41
Stratum 61 is another shallow level of up to 10 cm, consistingagain offineyellow-brownsoil rich in finds.These included a sealstone (SF 808), a metal ring (SF 813), fragments of tortoiseshell (SF 814 and 815), a bronze arrowhead (SF 820) and several figurine Many of fragments. it (see plan, FIG.4. 11 thesepieces were around thestoneplatform(508) and may have fallenfrom and PLATE theclearance in spaces a and b down 2, b and c) . The following stratum, 62, represents to Floor 5 (depth 3.55 to 3.76 below trenchdatum). Stones with softer earth around themwere found in space b, and again there were numerous small finds,with a concentrationnear the platform. They include several sealstonesand otherfindslistedas Assemblage D in Chapter IV, and seen in plan in FIG.4. 11. A pot (Cat. No. 268) lay above Floor 5 crushed against Wall 101, much as did the pot ( Cat. No. 350) on Floor 3 in NLd space 1 (see below) . In thesouth-eastcornerwere threesmall declivitiesca. 15 cm deep, below thelevel ofthefloor, it. The same expalanation is where thefloorhad sunk into the rubble oflargerstonesunderlying in stratum63. It soon believed to hold forthe small findsrecoveredin and below the flooritself became clear that Floor 5 represents the earliestfloorofthe East Shrine,and thatit is theprecise stratigraphie equivalent of Floor 3 in NLd space 1, immediatelyto the west,and stillwithinthe East Shrine. It is convenienthere to mentionthat permissionto remove Wall 105 was received during the 1976 excavation season. Beneath it, layers 149 and 150 overlay Floor 2, with findsof figurine finds, fragments. Layer 151, withfurther overlay Floor 4. Beneath this,layer 152 overlayFloor 5 its Finds included a piece of rock crystal(SF 1747), halfof a (layer 153 representing removal). seal stone (SF 1748) and other special finds.Beneath Floor 5, the rubble make-up previously reportedwas found. During the 1976 excavation season it was also possible to make a sounding below Floor 5 in NLe space b in order to investigatethe sequence ofconstruction ofWalls 10 1 and 104. Wall 105 at this stage was still in position, although belonging to a late phase of the East Shrine, since permissionhad not been received fromthe Greek Archaeological Service to remove it. The sounding was thus less than a metre wide fromeast to west, with Wall 105 (and the layers underlyingit) at the east, and NLd east baulk to the west. Beneath Floor 5, a loose rubble ofstonesup to 15 cm in diameterwas found.In layers 123, and 124, were foundseveral figurine and a boar's tusk (SF 1723) which are interpreted as fragments debris from the earlier use of the West Shrine or as this into being alternatively having slipped fromabove during the lifeofthe shrineor during excavation. The interior face ofWall 104 ends some 10 cm below Floor 5, although the exteriorface extends much farther, since the south level is much than Wall lower the interior of the shrine. The inner 10 1 seems to of (street) facing be built on the rubble fillbut lower coursesslope under toward the north.Clearly the retaining wall or its predecessor antedates the rubble fillto the south of it, underlyingthe shrine floor (Floor 5). This wall may have been pushed out of the vertical,in itslower courses by pressureof the earth to the north,which it retains. The bottomrubble fillwas reached at a depth of0.60 m below Floor 5, and withit the bottom ofWall 101 to the north.At a depth ofca. 1 m below Floor 5, Wall 642 is seen at the northof the lie sounding, runningapproximatelyeast-west. This underliesWall 101, whose rough footings on it, and followsapproximately the same direction. At a depth of ca. 1.3 m below Floor 5, Floor 17, a white clay floor,was reached. It runs up against Wall 642 and extends over the whole area of this narrow sounding. It is of the same character as Floor 16, found in the deep sounding of NLe space c, to be described below. This floor,and the accompanying wall, belong to the Late Bronze I period. They are importantas
42
showing that the shrine has no predecessor at this spot: these earlier featuresdo not appear related to it. (it) NLd space Following thedivisionofNLd into spaces to 4, with the removal ofthe layer of tumbledstones and a patch of (layer9), thenextstratumin space 1 (layer 15) yielded ostrichegg shellfragments and its beaten earth near the west end ofthe Wall 501 . In view ofthe ostrichegg shell fragments 1 in as the of Floor below this surface is datum, OLc/NLe. equivalent depth interpreted Lower, in layer 52, a seriesofstoneslyingon an earth surfacewere apparently the equivalent of stoneslyingon Floor 2 in OLc/NLe. The findshere included an animal figurine(SF 774) a of painted plaster (SF 775) and a drainage tile (SF 777). The next excavated layer fragment the area down to the hard surfaceof Floor 3 correspondingto Floor 5 in OLc/NLe, the brought floor of the building. (It should be noted that the equivalent of OLc Floor 4 was not original it was best seen in the eastern part- space a - of OLc). observed; drain tile (SF 786). On this floor,Floor 3, were found a pot (Cat. No. 350) and a further Floor 3 was now removed, and thresholdstones revealed between walls 501 and 502. Stone rubble underlay the floor. In the rubble, the top of an earlier wall, Wall 509, was observed, This was interpretedas belonging to a structureearlier running approximately north/south. than the shrine.However a small sounding conducted in 1976 (layers 122 and 126- 147) made clear thatWall 509 does not extendas deep as thebottomofthe rubble which underliesWall 50 1 (and Wall 104). Wall 509 thusdoes not seem as early as Wall 642 foundin the deep sounding in NLe space b, or Floor 17 accompanying that Wall, dateable to the Late Bronze I period. It is with that Wall 509 had some retainingfunction.It is apparentlycontemporary likelytherefore, ofthe East Shrine. But it is thebuilding worksand stone rubble associated with the construction overlain by the earliest floorof the shrine,Floor 3/5. definitely with those in OLc/NLe spaces a and The findsin NLd space 1 thusharmonisedsatisfactorily b. The two areas togetherconstitutethe interiorof the East Shrine. (Hi) NLe spacec withinthe East Shrine,workwas continuingoutside it, At the same timeas theseinvestigations to the south of Wall 104 and to the east of Wall 106. This excavation area, NLe space c, was baulk. At an earlystage the upper levels NLd space 4 by the intervening initiallyseparated from to it was reduced and of this baulk were removed, 50 cm in thicknessby the removal of the cm. eastern 50 During the 1974 excavation season, Walls 104 and 106 had emergedclearly,and a supporting or retainingwall, Wall 107, against Wall 106 became evident. were soon found in the space between the south wall of the Fragmentsof broken figurines shrine(Wall 104) and the City Wall, Wall 100, including (in layer 34) the head ofa bull rhyton (SF 1561). Stones were frequent,seeminglybelonging to the fillwhich had blocked the upper levels of the East Shrine. This stone layer sloped downwards to the south-east,towards square continued to be made as soil was removed,some ofthemprovingtojoin with OLd. Furtherfinds within the East Shrine (see Appendix B) . Similar findswere made to the east of found fragments Wall 107. findsrelatingto the contentsof the In a declivityagainst the City Wall (stratum46) further shrinewere found, including the legs of the bull rhyton(SF 1561), a human leg (SF 756) the companion to one found a little higher in stratum 38 (SF 757). A scarab (SF 766) fromthis stratumwas recovered fromthe sieve.
THE EXCAVATION
43
Below thismaterial,large boulders, (plate 4, c), evidentlyfallenfromthe City Wall and now finds,and with pottery, lyingat itsfoot,began to appear (stratum72), intermixedwith further crushed in the fall of these boulders, which had evidentlylain on the ground or floorsurfaceat thefootofthewall priorto thecollapse. With some difficulty theseboulderswere removed.They had fallenupon a surface (Floor 7) of small flagstones and of earth, and destroyeda number of pots, including Cat. Nos 86, 96 and 111 (plate 5, a). The complete assemblage from this importantdestructionis listed in Chapter IV as assemblage E, and the potteryis discussed in detail in Chapter V. It provides the best ceramic evidence forthe date of the collapse ofthe City Wall and of the shrine.Floor 7 in space c was later identifiedas the stratigraphieequivalent of Floor 6 in space 4 to the west. Floor 7 may be interpreted as a streetsurfacebetween the East Shrine and the City Wall. It was removed and some 10 cm below was a further surface,Floor 10, of burntearth, with many small flatslabs on its surface near the City Wall (plate 5, b). This surfacewas removed, and surface,Floor 11, again with flat stones. again some 30 cm below was a further Several minorfigurine (SF 883) underlay Floor 7, and an animal figurine fragments fragment Floor 10. (SF 888) underlay Amongstthe debris of Floor 11 was a stone vase fragment(SF 889) and a pierced shell (SF 890). These findsare froma period afterthe constructionof the East Shrine and below the collapse phase PLATE 5, c). Some 40 cm below Floor 12, the bottom of the south wall of the shrine,Wall 104/501 was reached.
NORTH
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FIG.2.8 Section76/2: north-south section in thestreet to thesouthoftheEast Shrine, seenfrom thewest.Scale 1:25
44
in the western Duringthe 1976 season a sondagewas undertaken part of NLe space c to Wall It was boundedbyWall 501 the at a than the foot of levels 104. investigate greater depth Wall at the the the levels at the the south, baulkwith north, City (and space 4 at it) underlying 1 a of thewest, m At a of cm below Floor and measured from west to east. 2, tumble 2.5 depth 50 the CityWall, stonesslopingfrom NW to SE was foundacrossthesounding. This underlies whosebase is at about thesame level as thatofWall 501 (PLATE 6, a). But Wall 501 is built the Wall sits on some on this tumble of while stones, 30 cm ofearthoverthe City immediately tumble. 111 and 117).Amongst SF 1717,part them wasfound The stones werenowremoved (stratum ofan LBI blossom bowl (plate 65, a). Mrs V Hankeylatershowedthatthis joins witha large in Dawkins Plaka the excavations of and Droop the Museum from earlier deriving fragment ca. metres to the east. (1911, 22) 15 25 inthe north-south thetopofa wall,Wall 641 appeared,running Beneath this tumble ofstones, Wall the Shrine under both the and middleofthesounding, and hencerunning directly City Wall 501 (FIG. wall,at about 20 cm beneathitstop,a clearplaster 2.8). On theeastsideofthis above it wereencountered Floor 16 was encountered. Four scrapsofred paintedplaster floor, wall. The LBI the of the floor and was date The of date,clearly (SF 1720). indicating pottery excavationcontinued down a further 20 cm on bothsidesofWall 541 without encountering further floor surfaces. This sounding was important therefore,in establishing first the approximate itdocumented walloftheEast Shrine. oftheCityWall and thesouth Secondly contemporaneity Thereis orientation. was a different the shrine on thattheLBI structure completely underlying as a cult building. of thisearlierstructure no reasonto think (iv) NLd space 4 itbythebaulk.It isbounded from ofNLe spacec, separated tothewest Space 4 liesimmediately Wall the west to on thenorth by the 502, and to thesouth, by by theEast Shrine(Wall 501), Wall 661. Extension end ofthe CityWall, and by the western Wall, and hereoverall thetrench, ofthearea was observed seenin other The spreadofstones parts Wall were the stones from Shrine. in thesouth walloftheEast thedoorway City Large blocking - perhaps thepotson Floor7 (stratum broke from theinitial alsofound here 74) collapse(which ofspace c), or perhapsthelaterfinalcollapse. a in thenorthern halfofNLd space 4, Floor 1 appeared.Further Beneaththese south, stones, In stratum wasobserved an earth hardyellow surface, 70,amongst 58). (stratum layer, possibly This material somemud-bricks thelargeboulders clearly recognisable. (unbaked)werefound in lumpsup to 20 cm long.Such material in homogeneous form was herepreserved mayhave now than is structures of the used for been morecommonly appreciated. upperparts thesurface ofthestep(layer510) and ofthesouthern The clearance partofthearea revealed was c. Broken in NLe Floor with be which Floor6, oftheflooring, pottery 7 space may equated Floor floor a further Floor 6 Below this level. associatedwith surface, 9. lay (v) NLb thus NLd space 4 and NLe space c was removed, Duringthe 1976season,thebaulkseparating Wall uncovered also clearance 100. This Wall of the the west end CityWall, clearly revealing ofit (plate 6, b and c). The round Wall and Wall 663,thebenchto thenorth 661, theExtension stoneor baetylto the northof the bench to the east of the doorwayin Wall 502 was now discovered (plate 7).
THE EXCAVATION
45
faceoftheCity The southern extension ofNLd space4, south ofthelineoftheinterior (north) debrisabove Wall 661 (stratum Wall,Wall 100,was dug as partofsquareNLb. Amongst 409) thebronzefigure SF 1802 (plate 70) was found, thecounterpart oftheexamplefrom square OLd (SF 5 18) . It was amongst from theCityWall,butat this highlevel relatively largeboulders thanfrom these are probably itsabandonment, rather from thelaterdereliction ofthesiteafter theinitialcollapse.The stratigraphy was complicated here,however, dug by by the trenches at a level Mackenziealongthetopofthewallfaces(hissquareF5) . The bronzefigure was found 1.88 m above the top of the 'omphalos'or baetyl. In thelowerlevelat thefoot oftheCityWall,stratum ofthecollapsephase 418, moredebris was found, several This debris was also collected from strata 420 and 42 1. including pots. The Extension Wall 661 was in an followed eastwards to itsrelationship define Wall, attempt to theCityWall. Evidently itranbehind theCityWall and continued behindit, for somemetres totheeast.Thisdid not,in itself, define therelationship, however. that Foritwas possible either Wall 66 1 was in existence whentheCityWall was built,or thattheCityWall existed first and Wall 661 was builtagainstit (and outsideit). ofWall 661 and Bench663 season,thearea at theintersection Duringthe 1977excavation withtheCityWall (Wall 100) was investigated, a 1 m eastmeans of by sounding measuring west.This was designated NLb space 4. In thiscorner was a kerbofstones, a forming quarter circleofradiusca. 1 m, thequadrantbeingdefined by thewestend oftheCityWall, and the easternmost metre ofBench663 (plate 7,a). Within itwereindications ofburning, underwhich wasa floor offlat stones. The declivity formed this kerb to have in been use at thetime by appears of thecollapse,documented broken within it and it. around by pottery Further herenecessitated theremoval ofBench663 for thelength ofone metre, investigation for whichthepermission oftheEphorofAntiquities was obtained.The sounding was backfilled and thislengthof bench was reconstructed when the investigation was completed. The flat stones ofFloor55, first within the to underlie and Bench kerb, it, recognised proved 663 as well. This floor, must be the earliest floor with connected the use of the bench. 55, Beneathwas a layerofbrownsoilwithcharcoalflecks, downontoan earthsurface, coming ranunderneath Floor56,which thebench.Within itwas a roughly circular some14 depression, cmdeep and 60 cmindiameter. It is notimpossible thatthis was a bedding holefor a stone, and itsposition is central to thearea delimited the by thequartercircleofthestonekerb,although kerb was laterthanthestoneFloor55 which overlies bothFloor56 and this circular depression. Floor 56 constitutes theearliest in the area after floor theconstruction of the CityWall. A clearsequenceofthinlayers this floor. Stratum some 60 cm belowFloor55, underlay 452, was observed to underlie the Wall but to run Wall 661. Stratum clearly City up against 454, 74 cm belowFloor5, ranbeneathbothwalls.The sounding thusdocumented theimportant point thattheCityWall was builtafter and againstWall 661. BeneathWall 661 (and theCityWall), this charcoal(NLb 454) wasobserved, which correlates with thelayer layer containing probably seen to thesouthofWall 661 in area NKc/d, (NKc/d layer814) whichis significant in postof theWestShrine. datingtheconstruction Thus thesequenceis established: WestShrine;Wall 661; CityWall plus East Shrine. corner ofthearea (thenorth-east corner of the Space d in NLe is thespace in the north-east former north of Wall the north wall of the shrine. This squareOLc) lying 500/101, high-level surface is a westward continuation ofthestreet seennorth ofWall 108insquareOLd, and north ofWall 1 (and south ofWall 3) insquarePLa. The vertical areseeninFIG.11.6. It is relationships
(vi) Le spaced
46
clear that the streetlevel was always considerablyabove the shrinefloor:some 2 m above Floor 3/5 in NLe space a/b. The sequence of strata is seen in the levels diagram. In stratum48, gravel, sand and many stones were found. This may representa streetsurface,although no neatly paved area was located to compare with the streetsurfaceseen in PLa/PLc. Beneath thislevel thematerialin thenarrowspaces was ratherrubbly,composed oflargerand smaller stones and with many sherds. Beneath stratum 85, the top of a wall, Wall 512, was at the east end of the trenchwith Wall 500/101, and divergingfromit observed, intersecting further west at an angle of about 30o(to the north). On each side of the wall the fragmentary ceramic material soon took on an entirely LBI character. This wall mustclearlyhave acted as a terracewall in LBI times (as did Wall 500/101 later). At a depth of 40 cm below the top of the wall, a thick plaster floor,Floor 15, was found to the north of Wall 512. (vit) NLd space2 cornerofthe area, definedby thewest baulk, by Wall Space 2 ofsquare NLd is at the north-west at Wall the at the south north,by 500 503, (the northwall oftheWest Shrine) and at the east by the interior of the East Shrine. As will be seen below, the relationshipbetween space 2 space 1, and the East Shrine proper was not entirelyclear, since Wall 502, the east wall of the West Shrine,naturallydid not extend northbeyond the northeast cornerof the West Shrine (plate 11, d). The fragmentary Wall 504 laterpartially blocked the opening to this space. The sequence of excavation began here, as in other areas, with the removal of superficial removal ofstratum4, the south wall of the East levels,revealinga tumble offallenstones.After Wall was north was as its wall, Wall 500. To the westofWall 501 , a Shrine, 501 , clearlydefined, wall was beginningto emergewhich later turnedout to be the east wall (Wall 502) of the West Shrine. After stratum9, the area was divided into spaces 1, 2 and 3. The area withinspace 2 was stratum 12. designated this wall of the West Shrine, Wall 503 was also clear. What seemed to be the north By point of a wall Wall 502 northwards, beyond the line of503, was designated Wall 504. extending part itsnorthern Wall 504 appeared to projectsome 70 cm northofWall 502. The 90 cm from point on excavation as a passageway blocked withstones. to thesouthface ofWall 500 was interpreted These stoneswere removed,revealing an earth surface (stratum 14) with potsherdslyingon it, ofthe East Shrine). A fragment which equated withFloor 1 (stratum15) in space 1 (the interior of rock crystal (SF 572) was found at this level. However the next stratumto be excavated, layer 16, revealed stones fallen in the doorway, suggestinga line continuing northwardsfromWall 504. forthis wall or an A line of stones at the bottom of Wall 500 now appeared, eitherfootings earlier phase of it. It was noted that Wall 500 undergoes a change in constructioneast of this point: clearly two phases of constructionare involved although it was not possible to decide which part was earlier. Some 80 cm below stratum14, a line ofstonesimmediatelyto thenorthofWall 503 was noted, which may be the eastward extensionof Wall 605, designated Wall 507. ofspace 2, nor whetherit could determinethe function did not definitely These investigations East the 1 the life of east to the be enteredfrom Shrine,since the evidence appeared during space contradictory. During the 1977 excavation season, the partial removal of the baulk between NLc and NLd allowed the western end of space 2 to be furtherdefined. The western end of space 2 is determinedby the room to the northof square NLc, which lies at a much higherlevel (see FIG.
THE EXCAVATION
47
stratum 2.4), Floor1 ofNLc North beingsome1.5 mabove Floor1 ofspace 1 and theequivalent Wall 605,ofLate BronzeI date, in NLc Northis theearlier this floor 14 in space 2. Underlying butthenature inan eastat most2.7 m eastwest direction. west, running Space 2 thusmeasured It may have been a small space of little of its western clarified. end was nevercompletely itmayhaveformed oftheEast Shrine. thetime Alternatively partofthesame importance during at thesame timeas roomas NLc North whoseeastwall,Wall 504, mayhave beenconstructed the East Shrine. 4. The West Shrine: 1975-6Seasons of a separateWest Shrinewas still At the end of the 1974 excavationseason,the existence ofNLd space 3 (described By theend ofthe 1975season,withtheinvestigation unsuspected. itsextent at thattime tothewest, was indeeda structure although below)itwas clearthatthere ofthis ofthe 1976seasonwas thustheinvestigation was notknown. One ofthemainobjectives excavation area werethuslaid out: Two five-metre building. squaresto thewestoftheexisting from each other and from 2.4). Theywereseparated squaresNLa and NLc on thesitegrid(FIG. thoseto theeast by 1 metrebaulks. but it soon became clear thatsome The excavationin square NLc was highly productive, in orderto understand thewestendoftheWestShrine. wouldbe necessary westward extension north-south thewestsideofNLc) and twometres A trench west(from three metres east(from of a smallroomtothewest thesouth sideofNLc) wasopened,ingridsquareMLd. Thisrevealed NLc, termedRoom B. Work did not proceed so well in square NLa. Large stoneslying werefoundover muchofitsarea. They wereinterpreted by us as a rubblefillof irregularly Wall stones.It laterprovedto be thecase thattheywerea fillbehind(southof) theBlocking The of the the baulk. at beneath which this NLa/NLc representative stage lay largely (Wall 733) should not be removed felt that these stones Greek Service of the large Archaeological Ephor to was notat thattimefree Since Miss Zervoudaki without theapprovaloftheEphorherself. at thatpointfortheseason. visitMelos, workin square NLa was curtailed fill ofstonefound The 5 metre MLb, was nextopened,and a comparable squareto thewest, Room B. to the south of MLd within the Room room A, immediately designated lying packed in the whose continued this material without the of we could not remove authority Ephor, Again excavationfortheseason. absencewe felt obligedto terminate in thefollowing These difficulties wereovercome (1977) season,whentheplan oftheWest evident thatin with itstworooms at thewest(RoomsA and B) becameclear.It was then Shrine, Wall (Wall 733a relatively was dividedin twobytheBlocking latestageofitsuse,theshrine in use. The southern Wall 626), withapparently half(NLc) remaining onlythenorthern part it here to was with stones. At this seems blocked however, (NLa) large stage, appropriate in the orderin whichtheywereexcavated,and to deal describethe trenches approximately with the of the 1977 season. findings subsequently The divisionof the trench designated square NLd into smallerareas, definedby the walls was discussed earlier. at itseast by Wall 502 (whichlay at the uncovered, Space 3 was defined western endofspace4) . The baulkwith thewestern sideofspace3,and Wall squareNLc defined in shape,without side. The space was triangular a southern side. 503 itsnorthern theremoval offallen a plaster was recognised at thenorth ofthetrench, stone, Following layer which wassubsequently seentobe thetopsurface ofa platform oraltarinthe(north-east) corner defined ofWalls503 and 502. Thisplatform wasdesignated Wall 505 and was bytheintersection
MLd space3 (a) Trench
48
rectangularin plan, 0.60 m east-westby 0.80 m north-south(plate 10, c). On it were found a stonemortar (SF 580), the rimofa pithos,a small double vase, Cat. No. 95, fourglass beads (SF the base of a female figurine(SF 582) and a much-wornbody fragmentof a terracotta 581), and may have been used as a stand for figure(SF 583) . The stonemortarwas rectangularin form corner of this and probably fallenfrom it below the south-west Immediately offerings. platform were a Psi figurine, SF 579 (plate 34, c) and several glass beads. Together thesefindsconstitute Assemblege K. Withinthefillin the upper levelsassociated withthe upper part ofthe platform(strata 22, 24, 27, 28) were a knuckle bone (SF 591), a pedestal vase (Cat. No. 374) and other minor finds. Plasterwas observedboth against Walls 503 and 502 indicatingthat thesehad been plastered, was a also between and fragments platform505 and Wall 503. This indicated that the platform later addition to the already plastered wall, an impressionconfirmedby findinga horizontal on its west face some 66 cm below the top. It became clear layer of plaster withinthe platform that this earlier plaster decorated a low bench, presumably contemporarywith the plaster decoration of Wall 503. Some tracesof the plasteron thisbench could be seen extendingto the It may be that thisrelatesto the bench ofstonesfoundin NLc immediately westofthe platform. to the west of the interveningbaulk. At a later stage the platformwas built higher and replasteredon itssides and top. At thesame level as thisplastersurfaceon the bench (although not of a stemmed krater (Cat. No. 130). necessarilyso early) were found fragments floor of the room, was a tripod pot (Pot 91) and a and on the Nearby, lying plaster monochrome deep bowl (Cat. No. 264). in or "altar" ofthe West Shrine,is significant This importantfeature,the north-east platform an the shrine. The to use of with the refates The two bench, first, early documenting phases. as discussed again below, may followthe "collapse" ofphase 2b. second with the platform itself, (b) Area NLc (1976) Trench NLc was laid out in the normal way as a 4 metreby 4 metresquare, with 1 metrebaulks to the northand east. The upper eleven levels (201 to 2 11) contained only the indicationsoflate field walls, such as those seen earlier in OLd and later in MLb and d. Their examination, and theirremoval was authorisedby yielded nothingofsignificance, although time-consuming, a trenchentirelyfreefromthese at last revealed the Ephor of Antiquities.Strata 210 and 212 1 Stratum 2 2 was exceedinglyhard, recalling levelslay below. and stratified features, prehistoric about the superficialstrata at thispart of the remarkswhich Mackenzie (1963, 232) had made the site. levelsofsignificance With stratum213, stratified emerged. It gradually became apparent that in situ lying on Floor 1. This area was had material half the trench of the more northerly at the west Wall and a at the south bounded by Wall 601 . South ofWall 603, this 603, by wall, much continued stones but the soil and not floorwas found, deeper. It emerged that Wall 603 is was 1.57 m below the modern floor level whose the West north wall of the Shrine, original The Wall north of 1 in to the the room surface relationshipbetween the two 603. (Floor ) ground with the here to deal first It will be convenient in seen section is areas clearly 76/4 (FIG.2.9). excavations in the northernroom. (i) NLc North This space is bounded to the south by Wall 603 and to thewest by Walls 601 and 602, to the east by theeast baulk ofsquare NLc and to thenorthby thenorthbaulk ofthe trench.The alignment of Wall 500 at the northof NLd, picked up again as Wall 841 in the later north extensionof
THE EXCAVATION
49
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sectionin the WestShrine,seen from FIG.2.9 Section76/4:north-south thewest.Scale 1:25
5O
north ofthebaulk.No wall lay onlysomefewcentimetres thatthenorth squareMLd, suggests evenwhentheeastbaulkofNLc was cleardemarcation oftheeastend oftheroomwas found, laterpartially removed. The muchlowerlevelofthearea to theeast,NLd space 2, has already intoNLd space 2 at aboutthetime beenindicated. It ispossible thattheeastwalloftheroomfell this uncovered on NLc NorthFloor 1. Alternatively ofthedestruction whichburiedthefinds area Wall whole The roommayhave includedNLd space 2, itseastend beingformed 504. by with somehard with little belowwhichwerestones was covered earth, very bya massofstones, earth. The assemblageof findson Floor 1 is listedin Chapter IV below as AssemblageF. It a withthree stone ofpottery an important constitutes pounders, (plate 24) together assemblage an in This material a and saddle stonegrindstone generalgave (SF 1508) quern(SF 2397). in any way the presenceof shrinedomesticimpression. Very fewfindssuggested entirely was a figurine SF 1586.Another material. One suchwas an animalfigurine, associated leg (SF from NLe animal 15 14) which a terracotta with of layer153.Thisisa (SF810) figurine joins part from themaincollapseoftheEast Shrine, derives sincetheleg hereclearly significant linkage, of the not it does and suggests contemporaneity demonstrate) possible approximate (although ofa hereon Floor 1 withthatcollapse.A secondwas a fragment thebreakageofthepottery from insitubutrecovered animalfigure wheel-made pb 1321oflayer (SF 1078),notrecognised various contexts SF from as with It B) all (seeAppendix 836, catalogued manypieces, 213. joins themaincollapseperiodin NLe space a/band thestreet, in theEast Shrinearea, mainly from NLe space c. tosuggest is nowlittle thatthere twopiecesto theEast Shrine ofthese The ascription implies their as 1 to the shrine on Floor contents and its thatthis , belong room, complex such,although 1 Floor of shrine main with the well be destruction does, collapse. period contemporary may in its withWall 603, and is thuslikelyto be contemporary seem contemporary however, to thesouthofWall 603 (namelyFloor 4). These floors oftheshrine withthefirst inception not however need equivalence. implya functional chronological equations above thetopoftheparallelWall some cm was 80 Wall 601 over wide,standing 3 - 4 courses have servedas a bench.It appearsto have onlyan eastern face,and 602, whichmaypossibly north a defined had well Wall it. to runs which the floor above standstwocourses 603 right up bonded and on several rebuilt have been south. It occasions, appears face,lessneatat the may withWall 602. overfine sandand claystrewn offine clearand evenfloor wasa splendidly Floor1 itself gravel east was excavated to the baulk metre the one season the with someburnt During 1977 patches. a hydria included ivory (Cat. No. 539) and a pieceofa worked 259- 262). The finds (NLc layers The ivory, finds. associated the other with These disc (SF 2396). beingexoticmaterial, belong all relatedto theshrine. is after thattheassemblage serveto suggest might itexcavated.This at oncerevealed beneath and 222 removed 1 was Floor layer subsequently but not precisely Wall an of the top east-west, wall, approximately 605, running underlying Wall 606,which another at it meets end its west At Wall with wall, early angles right 603. aligned I period,and Bronze Late the to level this that indicate finds The Wall 602. underlies belongs are 606 and Walls shrine the antedates pre-shrine. 605 complex. (ii) NLc Proper earththanto thenorth.It softer ofstoneswithrather Layer 213 southofWall 603 consisted withtheunderlying as associated be which a contained largefigurine may regarded (SF 1520) in particular marked somewhat is these between distinction The by arbitrary, layers layer214. theendingof thelargestones.
THE EXCAVATION
51
At a depth of 3.75 m below datum, thus 1 metre below Floor 1 in the room to the north,a double line oflarge flat-surfaced yetrounded boulders appeared along thesouthfaceofWall 603 or altar at the west,seen more clearly (plate 11, a) . Already therewere indicationsofa platform found may have fallen. later, fromwhich the figurines Layer 214 revealed the first group of this important assemblage of finds (Assemblage G). and Their positionsare seen in FIG.4.13. They include a conch shell (SF 1522), male figures, of a terracottachariot(SF 1563). At the bottom of thislayer a compact, sand strewn fragments level was found,designated Floor 2. During the course ofexcavation it was not always clear that thiswas indeed a deliberate floor,or just a weatheringsurface.But it showed clearly in section 76/3 (fig. 2.10) and is here accepted as a floor. Materials fromlevels 215 and 216 are also associated with it. It measured 3.74 to 4.01 m below trenchdatum. fromthat in the lower levels, and This group of findswas clearly separated stratigraphically discussed below, is feature, clearlyindicatesa later phase in the use oftheshrine.One interesting that therewerejoins between theseobjects and those foundlower. This does not introduceany forthe contextswere entirelyclear. It implies rather that some of the stratigraphiedifficulty, material fromthe earlier phase was re-used,afterpartial breakage, in the later phase. At this point, it is appropriate to acknowledge the care given to the excavation of this area and to its recordingby Dr JillCaringtonSmithand herspecialistKnossian pickman Mr Nikos Daskalakis. The precisionboth in thediggingand in thedocumentationoftheselevelshas greatlyaided their further subsequent interpretation. The nextlayer, 217, represents the removal of Floor 2 in the easternhalfof the trench.It was hard-packed, dry, rathersandy earth. During its removal a second, lower series of stones was detected beneath those already seen runningalong the footof Wall 603 (PLATE11, A). It soon became clear that thesenewlyappeared stonesoriginallyformeda low bench runningalong the wall, and that theywere subsequentlyadded to, witha second course ofstones,in the later phase ofshrineuse. The equivalent oflayer2 17, in thesouthwestern was layer 220. It part ofthetrench, liftedveryneatlyoffa surface,recognisable more by its hard packed texturethan by its colour, which was designated Floor 3, lying at a depth of 4.08 m below datum (not seen clearly in section). There were few findsin these levels and only a single, small figurinefragment(SF 1556). The next layers,218 (below 217, in the eastern part of the trench) and 221 (below 218 and below 220 in the west) revealed the original floorof the shrine,Floor 4. There were numerous offigurines finds (Assemblage A), some ofwhich actually lay partlybelow theupper stonesofthe bench (fig. 4.7). These were the torsoofa male figure(SF 1553), part ofanother male figure(SF 1550) and theleg ofan animal figure(SF 1552). Small finds1575 to 1579, mainlyfroma broken chariot group (SF 1558) actually lay entirely beneath those stones. The possibility was considered, but rejected, that the figurines might post-date the upper stones,having perhaps been forcedbetween them by later packing of the soil. It was concluded that the upper stones had indeed been placed on the lower ones, and on the debris of figurines which still lay upon them, during a rebuilding or restorationprocess. Floor 4 was 4.19 to 4.27 m below trench datum. It was a very clear and partly plastered surface.The plasteralso ran under thelower stonesofthe bench and onto the lower part ofWall 603 to a heightof 30 cm, indicating that the floorand at least part of the walls of the shrinehad been plastered PLATE10, a). The bench was added subsequentlyto the plastering.As described later,theplasteringofthealtar or platform arrangementat thewestend ofNLc was particularly clear. At theeast part ofthe trenchtheplasteringwas no longerseen and Floor 4 was revealed as a light brown clay surface. Floor 4 would appear contemporarywith Wall 603, and hence possibly with Floor 1 in the (higher) room to the north.
52
inform, some16- 18 The stones ofthelowerbenchwereirregularly placed,butrectanguloid face.Floor4, although cmdeep. Someofthem onlyhere squared-off appearedtohave a simple of thinearthlayersbetweenfineplaster in section, was seen as a succession some 3 cm thick had been floor offine theappearanceoflayers (plate 10,b). Clearlythis pastry coatings, giving whitewashed. successively in ChapterIII; the further ofthefigurine The significance joins are detailed joins is discussed ofthechariot(SF 1558) from in Appendix B. It is ofinterest thatone fragment layer218 was SF 1561 ofthebovinerhyton and thatfragments inNLe spacec, south oftheEast Shrine, found foundherein layer218 werealso foundin NLe space c. levels. Withtheremoval ofFloor4 (in theeastern 2 monlyofthis space) we wereinpre-shrine The topofa wall,Wall 607, running veryapproximately parallelto Wall 603 but notaligned was ofLate BronzeI date. fill on each side.The material withrubbly with it,was soonrevealed of are seenin section The stratigraphical 76/4(fig.2.9). Withthedocumentation relationships in was this area work with the shrine clear levels structure, relationship any lacking pre-shrine in thefollowing season. to be resumed concluded, (c) Mid (Room B) (1976season) The smallarea MLd, 2.5 mby2.5 m,waslaid outtothewest ofNLe, as described whenit earlier, was clear thatWall 603 continued westbeyondthe limits of NLe. Once again late walling without associated artefacts was found in superficial levels.It is regarded as contemporary with thelate terrace workseen elsewhere on thesite. With layers507 and 508 came the ubiquitouslayer of packed stones,with verylittle earth. smalltrench contained theinner faces of intervening Bylayer 509 itbecameclearthatthis three wallsofa smallroom,laterdesignated Room B. The north extension ofWall 603, thenorth wall oftheWest wall,Wall 721,is thewestward Shrine. The westwall,Wall 722,was correctly as thewestwall oftheWestShrine interpreted The east wall,Wall 723 servedto separateRoom from themainarea oftheWest complex. in squareNLe to theeast (separated Shrine from itsface MLd bya one metre baulk). Initially was notclear,beingsetjust a little eastofthefaceofthebaulk.The southfaceofMLd at this stagewas a baulk. ofred-brown on Floor 1, a layerofgrey earth, Layers509 to5 11 werea fill claywitha resting number and two of stonesresting on it. It measured2.96 m below trench datum.A mortar hammerstones on this floor and thematerial (SF 2024,2025) werefound. Layer512 represents theremoval ofthefloor itself. Significant layer512 and layers1035to 1038of potjoins between thatFloor 1 hereis contemporary with belowand in thenextchapter, MLb, discussed suggest Floor6 in MLb and henceFloor4 inNLe (Cat. No. 208,Cat. No, 206). A later join (Cat. No. 87) this. betweenMLd layer510 and NLe layer212 does not contradict below Floor 1. Some small red Layers515 to 517 (and 519) weredark earthwithstones, inlayers 5 17 Floor 5 15 and 517. Withlayer (SF 2028- 30) werefound plaster fragments painted ofpatchywhiteclay. 2 was reached,consisting inlayer5 11 theupperstones ofa 'bench'ofstones (724), some30 cmwide,at thefoot Already of the east wall (Wall 723) wereseen,and thisbenchwas now muchclearer.In layer515 a ofthenorth wall,Wall 721,was seen. comparablebench(725), about 50 cm wide,at thefoot Floor 2 ran underbench724 and perhapsunderbench 725. shallowbowl (Pot 675) and a a stirrup In thesouth-east corner jar (Cat. No. 25), a possible in and a stone vessel(SF 2034) werefound layer519, stone quern(SF 2035) and saddle spouted Cat. No. 32 were later Cat. No. and west. Pots Cat. No. 33, 31 quern (SF 2031) further from thislevel. from sherds reconstructed
NLc
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THE EXCAVATION
53
It should be noted that thewestwall, Wall 722, was in layer 5 15 seen to be resting squarely on an earlierwall, Wall 726, on thesame orientationand withitseast face some 20 cm further to the east. This later proved to be of Late Bronze I date, and was re-usedby the buildersof the shrine. The removalofFloor 2, withlayer5 18, revealed a distinctfurther floor,Floor 3, ofhard yellow with small stones and sand and ash This was the earliestflooroftheshrine colour, many patches. in B. Room it a on were lentoid sealstone of rock period Resting crystal(SF 2036, PLATE splendid and two of red and In view of the painted plaster 49) fragments painted plaster (SF 2038 2040). foundin thistrenchin earlier,pre-shrine, it would be to levels, possible regard the fewpainted here as intrusive from the I levels. On the otherhand Late Bronze plasterfragments underlying the findof red plaster fragments stratified within the floorlevel sequence, layer 1038 of MLb, could supportthenotionthattheearlyshrinewas in part decorated withred plasteror contained objects decorated with red plaster. Two glass beads (SF 2037 and 2039) and a fragmentof bronze (SF 2041) were recovered during sieving. Below Floor 3, the top ofan earlierwall, Wall 727, runningeast-west across the middle of the square was revealed. Material to northand south ofthissuggestedit to be ofLate Bronze I date. It intersectedWall 726 to the west, which was clearly also of Late Bronze I date. These walls therefore thesurviving coursesofWall 726 being later used as structure, belonged to a pre-shrine a base forWall 722. The findsfromthese pre-shrinelevels (520 - 4) included several decorated frescofragments ofa stonevessel (SF 2046). The decorated (SF 2042, 2044, 2045, 2047 and 2049) and a fragment indicates that came from rooms of plaster clearly they importance. But there is nothingmore definite,and no indication of a large room, to hint at a precursorforour West Shrine itself. One particular and importantfeatureof this room is the aperture or niche in the east wall. This became clear as the east baulk face was cleared back to reveal the westface ofWall 723. As clearlyseen in plate 15 (see fig. 4.6) , thewestface ofthewall is not presentin thesouthernhalf, leaving instead an almost arch-likeniche. The apertureis widestat thefootofWall 723 and was 1.05 m high, being surmountedby the stones of the upper courses of Wall 723 which crown it. These topmoststonesare clearly seen in section 76/3 (fig. 2.10). Unfortunately it did not prove practicable to investigatethesouthernpart ofthis'arch'. We did not wish to removethesoil from the feature, for the upper courses of Wall 723 would then be liable to collapse. The understandable reluctance of the Ephor to authorise the removal of stones fromthe top of the with Wall 723 was a further constraint.The east side of BlockingWall 733 where it intersected this feature is seen in PLATE12 a. The disposition there is discussed below with the 1977 excavations in NLc. At the east (in NLc) therewas clearly a niche at thispoint (see FIG.4.4). It was at most 1 metrehigh (as estimatedin MLd), and considerablyless as seen fromthe east. The aperture,ifit existed,may have been reduced in heightby the subsequent alterationsin NLc. In this connection it is pertinent to mention the evidence for the niche or aperture in square NLa/MLb to the south. It should be noted that the niche was blocked fromthe MLd side during the 1977 season. The blocking of dry stone work, admirably constructedby our excavation foreman Mr Andonis Zidionakis was undertaken to prevent subsequent collapse of the feature. For clarificationof future visitors to thesiteit is seen newlyblocked in plates 8 and 15 a, which should be compared with PLATE15 b. The otherinteresting constructionalfeaturein square MLd is thedepth to which thedifferent walls extend.Wall 72 1 wentdown well below thelevel ofFloor 3. Wall 722 was ofcourse founded on theLate Bronze I wall 726. Wall 723, theeast wall, terminatedat about thesame level as floor 2, withwhichit may have been associated. Floor 3 thusseems to have underlain Wall 723. If this
54
As
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Late BronzeI
HUI Other
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FIG. 2.1 1 Walls exposed in pre-shrinelevels
THE EXCAVATION
55
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509
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56
the areas later enclosedwithinRooms A and B, might was so, the West Shrine,including wall (721/603) Wall 723 abutson to thenorth have been a originally singlespace. Certainly different whether this is later without and episodes merely represents although bonding clearly in a single or a moreconsiderable by lapse oftimecannotbe determined phaseofconstruction themasonry alone. whichare onlypartly at thewestendoftheshrine, a number ofproblems Room thusraises A. in and of Room of its southern resolved the excavations part 1977 by (d) AreaNLa (1976season) this was thesitegrid.Unfortunately squarefollowing Square NLa was laid outas a 4 by4 metre had been located,so thatthis the 1896- 9 excavations the area wherethespoil dump from a this material Beneath exertion. ofconsiderable at theexpense tobe removed, material had first in other in those character to similar 1 Wall was wall 62 encountered, ) (designated superficial on rubble. twocourses It was merely artefacts. associated areasand without deep,and founded levels in thestill A cup (Cat. No. 574) wasfound It wasdulyremoved. (NLa relatively superficial thisfeature. layer307) underlying slantwithlooseearthbetween, ofstones, Beneathwas a tumble wise,and clearly manylying lineofstones 1 an in the In of the north notin an original square layer3 3 irregular part position. as the was what later of the first indication This was east-west. was discerned, recognised lying Wall 626. Wall', 'Blocking the wallsat thisstagein NLa it was decidedto remove In theabsenceofanyclearly defined was This wall Wall 662. more of in order to baulk of the east levels expose (withNLb) upper to thesouthofWall 502,thewestwall oftheEast Shrine, as thecounterpart alreadyrecognised as jointlyforming and indeedwas soon confirmed (withWall 502) the east side of theWest westwall,Wall and thentheeastShrine.In thisway thesouthend ofWall 662 was revealed, Shrine. the East of corner south-east with it the it and 622, intersecting forming levels theremaining ofNLa was nowdug (preserving A 2 by2 metre squareat thesouth-east datumPot459,a smallplain of3.51mbelowtrench oftheeastbaulkofNLa) . Ata depth jar, was channel drain Another SF 2 drain of a terracotta found and nearby channel, (SF 193. fragments 2252) was foundin layer316. in linewhich stones was seen,and twoupright In thesouth-east corner decayedwhite plaster at a area. a corner a form feature, depthof4.15 m Layer320, perhapsdefining might together a dipper associated 1 it were . With Floor for was as floor identified belowtrench datum, deposit of a coarse and No. cauldron a No. jug or fragments 376) cooking pot (Cat. 158), tripod (Cat. pithos(P. 669). itsinner At 0.80 m from revealedas thesouthwall oftheshrine. Wall 622 was now clearly with m wide blocked a of the eastern was Wall with 662 the corner 0.70 doorway jamb east) (at of this door outside of the itself. Wall as 622 same character of the Investigation walling drystone on thesouthsideofthedoor,thewestern revealed jamb in thestonework onlytheeasternmost was ofthewallat this somerebuilding pointwhenthedoorway suggesting jamb was notvisible, "Wall" blocked(plate 17a). AlongthefootofWall 622 was a low socleor bench(designated sideof ofWall 603 at thenorth as analogoustothebenchat thefoot maybe regarded 623) which theshrine. intothe Wall 622 running the1976season, roomwas notrevealed The westendofthis during however NLa did of corner in the south-west westbaulkofthesquare.Plaster suggest fragments tobe the which be found oraltarmight thata platform thepossibility there, subsequently proved thetwo made clearer corner in thesouth-east seasoncleaning case. Duringthe1977excavation
THE EXCAVATION
57
is an upright slab ca. 30 cm longand ca. 25 cmhighaligned stones. The morenortherly upright ca. 35 cmlongand 30 cm The second, ofthecorner. east-west closetoWall 662,about 1 m north a floor Traces of Wall cm north of the corner. is and 662 20 plaster (partofFloor1) high, against corner of their locationin thesouth-east werefound between them(plate 17). Wereit notfor have been anticipated, an altar might theshrine, where(by analogywiththeothercorners) in withtheplatforms Theirdissimilarity attention. these little modest stones wouldhaveexcited thattheywerein factofany specialsignificance. othercorners makesit unlikely stonesstill filloflargestones, Had it not been fortheproblems by the extensive presented have been to clear in would the excavation thenorthern occupying partofNLa, thenextstage in with those floor ofthat therelationship downto Floor 1 throughout thesquareand establish it rubble seemed to clear the NLc to thenorth. Since we werenotat thisstageauthorised fill, to go below Floor 1, in the southern part of NLa, again leavingthe east baulk appropriate undug. the removalof Floor 1, and of the depositbelow,some 5 cm thick, Layer 321 represents theplasterfloor beneath,Floor 2. A silverring(SF 1613), and piecesof terracotta revealing ofa series ofclosely interrelated drainchannel(SF 2192) werefound. This provedto be thefirst of ofplaster and soil,designated Floors2, 3, 4 and 5. They maywell be theequivalent layers the was considered that theysimplyrepresent Floor 4 in NLc, and here too the possibility ofthefloor oftheshrine. The lowest ofthese Floor5, ranup against floors, periodic whitewashing thebench(Wall 623) which waslaterfound toendthree courses {ca. 10 cm)belowFloor5.Later of the blockeddoorwayindicatedthe Floor 2 ran up againstthe clearingin the threshold inuseafter which was therefore effected theshrine it.Excavation at earlier, blocking, continuing this did notgo belowlayer thatthedoorwasopenduring theearliest use 322,butitislikely point of theshrine here,indicatedby Floor 5. in a sounding in theeastern2 metres Excavationwas continued ofthe trench. The topsof Walls624 and 625 wererevealedforming a corner in thenorth-east Wall partofthesounding, westand Wall 625 southfrom thecorner 624 running (see fig.2. 11) . Theseprovedtobe ofLate BronzeI date.Ata depthof92 cmbelowthepresent walls,and 1.43 mbelowFloor5, topofthese a hard earthlevelwas encountered whichmay be a floor surface associatedwiththesewalls (Floor 6). At thispointexcavationin NLa was concludedfortheseason. 5. The West Shrine: 1977 Season At theend ofthe 1976seasonthenorth and westbaulksofsquareNLa werein place. The fill of in thenorthern to further work.Superficial work largestones partofNLa was an impediment was impededbya beganin MLb, to thewestofNLa, at theend ofthe1976season,butprogress wall structure likethose elsewhere on thesite.Withtheinitiation ofthe 1977season, superficial wasgreatly facilitated tothesiteoftheEphorofAntiquities for theCyclades progress bythevisit Mrs Ph. Zapheiropoulou. Sufficient stones oftherubblefill could nowbe removed to revealits as a pack or fill truecharacter ofstones behind(southof) the'Blocking a Wall', Wall 626/733, wall withbut a single(north)face. in NLc withtheexcavation Workproceeded oftheNLa/NLc baulk (to revealthisnorth face oftheBlocking to Wall). At thewestofNLc, theNLc/MLd baulk could now be investigated theplatform at thewestend ofNLc. And theMLd/NLa baulkwas excavated, structure clarify thewestendoftheroomlocatedmainly in NLa (namely thesouthern yielding partoftheWest MLb was also now the small room, Room A, the excavated, defining Shrine). Square to the south of Room in MLd. It proved to containsome interesting and counterpart material. important
58
(a) NLa West (MLb East) in thedescription of MLb below,the upper season,as discussed Duringthe 1976 excavation levels ofsquareMLb wereinvestigated. Attheoutset ofthe1977seasontheupperbaulkbetween MLb and NLa was removed. Since thisbaulkbelongs within theMLb gridsquare,it was dug within theMLb system ofnomenclature. soon MLb wall Very (in layer12) thetopofthewestern ofthemainarea oftheWestShrine, heredesignated Wall 728,came intoview.Thiswall is also wall ofMLb Room A, withwhichin this theeastern section we are notfurther concerned. The here to wall. relates the levels to the east of this Reference should be made both to the description leveldiagram for MLb East (FIG. .2), sincethestrata inquestion weredesignated to according theMLb nomenclature, and to thatfor since these two areas and MLb form a NLa, (NLa East) singleuninterrupted space. in this The fill oflargestones area included theupperpartofa stone standorcolumn lamp (SF of tuff be at thesouth-west whose base was found to on the 2004) conglomerate resting platform corner oftheroom.Its base (itwas in twopieces)is seenin situin PLATE withthe 14 b,together in in other an the on what was Their find corner, objects extremely important group. position, in of the the is FIG. are listed above the column to seen left) 4.8. They top platform (immediately in ChapterIV (Assemblage (SF 2007 and SF 2015), two B) and includedtwofemale figurines A further double 'kernos' vessels(Cat. Nos. 93 and 94), variousbeads and otherfinds. pot,a 1 the No. was further to the east The of found (layer26). largestone jar (Cat. 14) stirrup position fill buried that this and the other material had been byit,as the clearly suggested partially pot that this area also indicate. This is an conclusion, (MLb East photographs important implying Wall. and NLa) wentout ofuse at the timeof theconstruction of theBlocking a hardearthsurface, Floor2, and East ofthis removal oflayer19yielded surface, designated a now revealed distinct belowfurther similar Floors and Removal of 22 surfaces, very 3 4. layer without finds. Floor These levels were surface, 5. important clean plaster BeneathFloor5 a richer levelwas found(layers23 and 30) on a further floor, in this floor Thiswas thelowest Floor6. In itwereseveral beadsand metalfragments. area,and thatFloors1 to 5 ofNLa be equatedwithFloor5 ofNLa. Indeed it is possible mayreasonably a thickness of 6 which form with Floors to of 2 MLb, 70 cm. together equate beneath the hardpackofFloor6, was a softer Beneath Floor6, inlayer24 which rubbly layer the earliestfloor lie below an important seriesof beads were found.Stratigraphically they and may have fallen recorded in thisarea. But theyclearlybelongto the use of the shrine, downand plastered. itwas finally trodden floor before thestoney oftheshrine amongst make-up thatthelatest it was concluded levels of these the of the excavation Following completion Wall 623, abut the it. These 6 beneath was Floor with Floor laid floor bench, layers 5, properly whileFloors2 to 4 are above it. It isnowseennotso much more itsconstruction oftheplatform area revealed clearly. Clearing corner the south-west from as an altar than as a shelf, north, perhapsas faras the running shelf is nowobscured of the northern the west into Room B, although by part doorway leading at the end is a stonecolumn,witha thickening Wall 626/733.At the southern theBlocking and 80 cm high:itsbase was some 16 cm belowFloor6. It is capital,some20 cm in diameter in section(although in PLATE c. It seen onlyhalfitscircumference 14 clearly appearedcircular common on Melosand usedalsofor white . The stone istherough wasvisible) tuff, conglomerate thebaetylin NLb. some70 cm square. It seems offlatstones thiscolumnwas a rectangular platform Adjoining a bench some 30- 40 cm, high,which may have that to the norththerewas originally oftheplatform been made up to thefullheight (80 cm above Floor6), and was subsequently withat leastfivesubsequent thenplastered, replasterings.
THE EXCAVATION
59
featurewas noticedin the west wall, Wall 728. There are clear One otherimportant in thestonework thatan aperture some80 cmwide,immediately above theplatform indications plate and fig. . This has been blocked discussed, ' 4.4) blockage mayhavebeen already up (see in turn initsentirety the finds on earlier thanthefinal useoftheplatform, indicated it,which by in Wall fill. the courses of stones theBlocking and theensuing Alternatively, lowerthree precedes the use of the while the less the niche may represent deliberateblockingduring platform, from thecollapseofthenicheat thetime (and earth)above could result regularly placedstones ofthecollapsewhich theabandonment ofthisarea. This aperture or nichehas clearly preceded to be comparedwiththatin Wall 723 betweenNLc and MLd. The finding of a matching in thewestsideofWall 728,in Room A ofMLb, isdirectly is and thequestion relevant, aperture in section(c) below. discussed further The platform and shelf at thewestthuscomprises severalunits: at thesouth-west ca. 1.0 north-south, corner and 0.80 cm east-west. (i) A platform measuring Its northend is approximately below the northend of the niche above. The platform extends some64 cm above the earlyfloor, Floor 6 (and Floor 10). this nearthesouth endofitseastface,and an integral (ii) Within platform, partofitsstructure, is a columnofconglomerate tuff. orshelf extends north from at thesameheight and is (iii) A narrow (i) . It runs platform platform ca. 50 cm wide. The northern end of thisfeature is not visible,being obscuredby the Wall 626/733, but it may have run northas faras thedoorwayin Wall 728. Blocking ofthis some20 cmlower, itsfront flush withthefront ofplatform shelf, (iv) A benchto thefront in plan ofa singleline ofstones, some 30 cm wide. (i). It consists Features (iii) and (iv) may represent a single constructional episode. Subsequent to the of(iv), thewholeplatform, withshelf and bench,was plastered and re-plastered on completion at leastfourlateroccasions. (b) NLc South The removal ofthebaulkat thesouth ofNLc (between NLc and NLa) wasofgreatsignificance, in revealing thenorth face(indeedtheonlyface)oftheBlocking Wall,Wall 626/733(plates in terms ofthesitegrid,thisbaulkis thenorthern f, and 18a). Technically, partofsquareNLa, butitwas moreconvenient to adopt for it theNLc nomenclature and numeration, sinceitwas thatside,and thelayers excavatedcould readily be correlated withthosein approachedfrom NLc proper. theareas excavatedweresmall,thestratigraphie observations wereof Although of the relativechronology of the various areas. great importancefor the interpretation thenomenclature is complicated, sincelayers in thisarea wereseparately and floors Inevitably numberedand only then equated with those previously excavated in NLc proper. This is at times but it separates observation from cumbersome, procedure stratigraphie subsequent in a manneressential inference witha stratigraphy of thiscomplexity. The first and interesting result was therecognition ofsurfaces with finds on them(such resting surfaces termed"floors", whether or not thesewereindications ofdeliberate beingroutinely suchas plaster) which wereundoubtedly laterthantheassemblage offinds associated make-up, withFloor 2 ofNLc. The upperstone and withlayers removed, layerofthebaulkwas first 231 and 232 (with247) an earth Floor defined flat stones on it.Withthese werea surface, 5, wasreached, byseveral lying coarse orlampstandofconglomerate tuff jug (Pot889) and a column 43.7 cmhigh(SF 2309). It resembles thecolumn(SF 2004) found on thewest ofNLa. The column, whose strongly platform lowerpart extendedbelow Floor 5, is seen from the north-east in plate 17,/. It was found
6o
SOUTH

NORTH
Y^^y.-p^-yr^'f/1'-/:;^
' ! ' , '/ /' , ' /.'['-Y'*'^y^&R&f^^
^//////y/y/fy/j': ~: - '
''''-'. , ",<1
of Wa" 601 Top ôK*" 4 Pa'^^^*^
JAlljS*i?V^y^^ ||||1|1||||| ajISjliliHll
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'
' I J"''""^"wW
Limit ofexcavation
Bottom of v^ 734
Cj^
'
north-south section and 76/8: at thewest oftheWestShrine(NLc westend) seenfrom theeast. FIG.2.12 Sectioji77/1 Scale 1:25
THE EXCAVATION
61 *
covers the latestshrine upright,held in positionby the stonesof the stone fillwhich everywhere levels.Beneath thisfloortheremoval oflayer233 revealed a further surface, by fine distinguished clay, designated during excavation Floor 6, on which were a saddle quern fragment(SF 231 1) and a stone pounder (SF 2312). Beneath thislayer,layer 234 containinga number offinds, lay the earth Floor 7. Section 77/2 (the east section of NLc South) when compared with Section 75/3, the south section of NLc proper (FIGS.2.13 and 2.7) confirmsthat this was the equivalent of Floor 2 of NLc. Excavation oflayers 263 and 237 (and 251 and 252) revealed the clear plaster floor,Floor 8, which may be equated with the upper surfaceofFloor 4 in NLc proper. The findshere included beads, a tortoise-shell fragmentand the lower part of a male figure (SF 2340), joining with found in layer 218/221 to the north during 1976. fragments This floor,and the layers restingupon it, were seen clearly to run beneath Wall 626/733, indicating that this floor and the deposit of broken figurinesand other materials upon it antedate theconstruction oftheBlockingWall. On theotherhand, Floor 7 was seen to definitely abut Wall 626/733. This floor and its associated material post-dates the constructionof the are clearlyseen in BlockingWall. Naturally thefindsofFloor 5 are laterstill.These relationships Section 77/2 (fig. 2.13). the removal ofFloor 8, a thicklayer composed ofthinlevels ofplaster,as Layer 238 represents describedearlier.Thirty-four separate thinlayersofplasterwere counted in thisfloormake-up, whose lowestlevel,ofsmall whitepebbles, is designated Floor 9. Together theyrepresent a single ofthe floor,and are theequivalent ofFloor 4 in NLc. It is safe long period ofuse and replastering to infer that the equivalent in square MLb East is Floor 6, and in NLa, Floor 5. A sketchsection ofthisFloor 8 in NLc South is seen in FIG.2.15. The clearance ofthe baulk fromthe northface of theBlockingWall along itslength(plate c) revealed moreclearlyboth itscarefulconstruction ofrounded stones (derivingultimatelyfromthe beach beside the site,and more immediately(it wall, Wall 100, and its curving may be supposed) fromthe partial collapse of the fortification nature. One striking feature,clearlyseen in plate c, is that thereappear to be two structural phases, with Wall 626 (the eastern length) preceding Wall 733 to the west. There may, then, have been a gap or passage at the northend ofWall 626 fora briefperiod. Fortunately,we have sections (FIGS.2.12 and 2.13) both against the easternstretch, Wall 626 (Section 77/2) and the western,Wall 733 (Section 77/1). It is clear that Floor 8 runs beneath both, with the material overlying it, while Floor 7 abuts both. Within the shrine sequence, therefore,both were constructedat nearly the same time. The opportunitywas taken at this point to investigate and clean the west face of NLc, back the baulk to reveal the plasterface of the platformat the west end of the trench. trimming This area was a difficult one to investigate,both Wall 723 (the east wall of MLd) and the platformagainst it to the east lying originally within the MLd/NLc baulk. Moreover the BlockingWall 626/733 to thesouth,and thelate rubble ofstoneswhich encumbered it,obscured thesouthernpart ofWall 723. In addition, a curiousstumpofwall, Wall 604, projectedeast from Wall 723, lyingover the top of the platform.This had seemed altogetherenigmaticin 1976 (see Some cautious excavation in the space south of thiswall, which was thus in the proximity of the NLc/MLd niche, yielded some clarification(layers NLc 239 to 241- although technically, in termsof the grid, this space lies at the eastern extremity of MLd). This established a fillof stones,which could equally be interpretedas the make-up of the platformat this point. On it were a complete potterytray (Cat. No. 315), and an animal figurine(SF 2348) (AssemblageJ). The traycan be seen clearly fromabove in plate 2 6, and appears in its contextin plate 2 .
PLATE Hi).
62

SOUTH
[
NORTH S
s*:-
7~^'
Wal1626
.U-'o-L'o^FLOORyidJ-o " "" I i?f^ I
!TTTlf^'6'Tm I P 'L
X Bottom of
III III '' 1111=

II I V^-^ i (24|) 42]
j= lM=L^r
LLOOR8î|7T1
I I I I I '
i/o n^9 ^ r~^ /' W

'y
^ Wall 734
I I I II EARTH light dark
rm
loo
^~ | GRAVEL
I ^) i^ ^ f^' ^ O 2-1
1 RUBBLE
1|"1 PLASTER
um,tof excavate
12-^ 1-4^-FLOOR
JOÔHXIA!
*-wi|
2M
FIG.2.13 Section77/2:north-south thewest.Scale 1:25 section in theWestShrine(NLc SW east end) seenfrom
this was considered At thetime ofexcavation toequatestratigraphically withFloor5 in layer was at a depthof3 m belowtrench datumand Floor5 at 3.50 m below, NLc South.Butthetray at thewestwas, even at thisstage,at a slightly level.There is no so thattheplatform higher these from to doubt the the and from however, reason, chronological equation: objects platform the latestfindsfromthe area, and the contexts NLc Floor 5, are stratigraphically may be as regarded contemporary. Wall 604 as a verylate construction to interpret It is now possible (PLATE ii), withwhich like be associated. would be laterthan levelsand finds these It, them, distinctly mayreasonably
THE EXCAVATION
63
withthe the materialof NLc Floor 2 and NLc South Floor 7, whichis itself contemporary Wall 626/733. Blocking ofthewestendofNLc, seenin elevation Thisclarification makesmoresimple theelucidation 1 on FIG. 4.4 and in plates 9 and 2 a. There are severalcomponents here: below whosesouthern ofhorizontally setstones edgemaybe seenimmediately (i) A platform thesouthfaceofwall 604: in thenorth-west an additional smallpodiumsurmounted end ofthis, corner, (ii) At thenorth The sidesofthissmallpodiumare slab at thesameheight as theplatform. bya horizontal a continuation Floor4 of theplaster ofthesurface oftheplaster heavily forming plastered, NLc. The north-west corner above thisslab is also plastered: immediately ofa bench,whoselowercorners are, like (iii) To thesouthoftheplatform (i) are indications thoseofplatform (i) likewise plastered: to intersect withWall 733 (and may be continues, (iv) South of thisbench the stonework withit). But NLc Floor4 ( = NLc SouthFloor8) underlies thisstonework, contemporary whichis notat thispointplastered. This stonework, has itsuppersurface some40 to 50 cm thanthetopoftheplatform and smallplastered corner surface higher lay podium.On this thetray and animalfigurine ofthefinal laywhatappearstobe an open phase.Behindthese withsquare MLd. This smallnichewouldhave beenonly35 cm highin this space linking late period. The configuration totheconstruction ofWall 733islessclear.It is perfectly that prior possible behindthis latestonework liesanother, narrower which NLc Floor4 might abut bench,against witha connecting thismight have aperture(niche) above thebench.Alternatively originally - apparently - intosquareMLd, which a doorway formed roofed was subsequently blocked by thebenchto form a niche.This secondpossibility wouldimplythatthere weretwodoorsinto Room B. Thereare indications in Room thatthemain (southern) was some70 cm doorway wide.The construction ofWall 733 effectively masks theeastfaceofWall 723 at this and point, further north theeast faceofWall 723 is obscuredby Wall 604. The bestindications on these to be gained from Rooms A and B. pointsweretherefore One further thatthis indication was notoriginally isgivenbytheinclination of justa doorway theplaster NLc SouthFloor8, which inthesouth-west rather floor, corner, clearly slopesupwards in thesamemanner as in thenorth-west. Thisdoessuggest thatWall 733 and thelatestonework in thenichearea obscure an earlier narrower thantheplatform in thenorth-west bench, corner, and hencenot now visible. Workcontinued in NLc South below Floor 9, theearliest floor oftheshrine. In therather dressweight(SF 2354) and several rubbly underlying layer243 (and in 244 below) a steatite beadswerefound. This parallelstheposition in MLb East wherevery smallobjectswerefound thesmallstonerubbleunderlying thelowest floor. Thesefinds relateto an amongst presumably thefloor of theshrine was well plastered. earlyphase ofuse, before in Layer 244, however,revealed the top of a wall, Wall 734, runningapproximately with Wall 733butwith itswestern face30 cmfurther west. Thiswas at first assumed to alignment be a wall ofLate BronzeI date,liketheothers hitherto found beneaththeshrine. to However, oursurprise, itslowest course was found , FIG. 50 cmdeeper(seeSection77/1 2.12) and wasfound to be resting on an earlierwall, Wall 736, running transverse to it (see FIG.2.5). Some 70 cm - although a floor inassociation with Wall 736 (toitseast). It seems deeper (Floor 12) wasfound - thatWall 736 intersects thiswas not directly demonstrated withWall 607, foundin 1976, beneaththeshrine levelsofNLc. Walls607 and 736 withtheassociated floor form partofthe
64
ofLate BronzeI structures documented and there is no reasontothink them elsewhere, complex in their in function relation to thesubsequent shrine. significant It is puzzling, to find Wall 734 intermediate in date between theseLate BronzeI therefore, = wallsand theearliest floor oftheshrine, Floor8 ofNLc South( Floor4 ofNLc) . The associated layers245 and 246 containeda purplestonebead (SF 2362), a shallowbowl and some red wallplaster inthearea, (SF 2365). Thisisscarcely painted enoughtosuggest anyritual practices to the construction oftheshrine The bead mayhavefallen downamongthestones prior proper. from thelevels beenofresidual Late BronzeI material. above,and theshallowbowland plaster Withthissounding workin area NLc concluded. A (c) MLb Room seasonthefivemetre Towardstheend ofthe 1976 excavation square MLb was laid out. The substantial hardpackedtumble ofstones soonmadeclearthatvery walling, partofthedefensive at wallcomplex(believed to thewest. tobe ofLate BronzeI date) layimmediately this, Against was a wall was Wall which the of thewest ofMLb and running north-south, top 712, recognised, south of Wall 722. It the west wall of the entireshrinecomplex,the extension evidently east-west. Thisis thesouth ofMLb withWall 713,running intersected at thesouth-west corner to the east (into NLa) is Wall 732/622.With the wall of the complex,whose continuation ofthefive in 1977oftheone metre baulkat theeast ofsquare MLb (theeasternmost removal A MLb East and NLa. MLb Room from Wall was the of discerned, 728 metres), top separating eastwest acrossMLb was Wall 7 11 (with710) running A superficial and latewall,designated Room RoomA (toitssouth)from and separating removed. BelowitWall 821 running east-west, (to itsnorth)emerged. in place. It was thus it from baulkofMLb, separating At thisstagethenorth MLd, was left within Room A willbe described, locatedwithin Room B. At thispointthefinds leavingthe in the nextsection. ofWall 821 to be considered excavationto the north revealed. and thetopofWall 821 clearly was removed, thepackedrubbleofstones Initially and withfew brownand loose,witha fewcharcoalspecks, The fill southofWall 821 was light finds boneand obsidian.Important ofpotsherd, smallfragments other thantheubiquitous finds, the was still weremade in layer961. In thesouth-west corner, standing pedestal-like upright, beside thehead at this terracotta (SF 2660). Standing stagelacking figure, bodyofa wheel-made . fabric of a solid was the south wall, (SF 2658) Theyare her, figurine rougher very fragile against The head ofthewheel-made in 16 a. room plate of the in corner the south-west seen clearly south oftheprevious to the in next was found the arbitrary layer(layer963) immediately figure on and indicated in IV as in are listed finds this area The other C, Assemblage Chapter findspot. SF 2661. a further No. and vase a include FIG. (headless)figure 373) (Cat. pedestal 4.9. They a bovine and itshead found The levelimmediately below,layer separately figure, 965,yielded Floor 2, appeared.This was a smooth surface, designated (SF 2670), and belowthisthefloor on The finds a number ofcharcoalfragments. ofgrey surface loam,with laydirectly compressed These 16 described otherthanthosein thesouth-west thissurface, corner, b). (plate already in an remained in anycase they stoodon a woodenshelf; ofhavingperhaps gave theimpression finds various The level. a at their This would higher slightly sitting explain position. upright on the above the those of with and shown in are listed this from plan,FIG. layer layer ChapterIV, 4-9and schist micaceous ofgreen offlat stones a series ofFloor2 ( = layer971) revealed Clearing was a There surface. blackangularbasalt.They gave theappearanceofa deliberately paved in the ran into Two stones the room. in of the middle this surface on of doorway patch burning
THE EXCAVATION
65
thatthisflooring continues towards Room B. In thesouth-east Wall 821, suggesting through on Floor2 a fine head ofa figure and the four of corner (SF 2670) (SF 2672) legs thebovidfigure In thenorth-west a SF wererecovered. corner, pithosbase, 2675, mayhave servedas a small stand. Clearanceof Floor 2 againstthe east wall, Wall 728, revealedin it an aperture or niche, to the it have been as much as cm some cm wide: wide,butnot east, 65 opening 35 originally may 17 rfand all thefallen it (PLATE FIG. . It could be followed stones couldsafely be removed from 4.6) some60 to 70 cm intothedepthofthewall. Within itwas theremarkable ofobjects assemblage seenon FIG. 10. These four wheel-made terracotta bovids 4. (SF 2685,2689,2687and comprised a and head from a female ceramic These 2690), (SF 2691). objectswereplaced in the figure some indicated be the resultof subsequent the niche, already broken,although may joins within. breakage inlevels963,965 and 970. Their Thisgroupoffinds isclearly withthose found contemporary on Floor which runs to Wall is since Floor 2 should be the 2, 821, significant, position up in Room B. As this is theequivalent ofFloor4 in ofFloor6 MLb discussed below, contemporary NLc and Floor 8 in NLc South,and henceof Floor 6 in MLb East and Floor 5 in NLa. The contemporaneity withthose ofthemajorcollapsephasein themain oftheRoom A finds roomoftheWestShrine, the in and indeed is indicatedby thejoin collapse the East Shrine, between thewheel-made terracotta bovinefragments theniche(layer976) and (SF 2690) from inlayer ofWall 82 1. Thesepoints arefurther reviewed belowand in 962 inRoomB, tothenorth the nextchapter.They are, however, relevantto the understanding of the use and directly abandonment of Room A. In RoomA, Floor2 iscontemporary withtheearly floor in themainroomoftheWestShrine, and specifically withthe main plasterFloor 6 on the other(east) side of Wall 728 in MLb on Floor2 in MLb maybe equatedwiththecollapsedeposit in theWest East/NLa.The deposit theobjectsfoundon theplatform ofMLb East. By thistimethenichehad Shrine, including blocked,at least in part. The niche in Room A itself alreadybeen deliberately evidently with theblocked inthewest itwas wall,Wall 728,ofMLb East. Fora while corresponds aperture Room A and themain area oftheWestShrine, before blocked, open,linking beingcarefully as discussed thelowerpartoftheniche.In above, theblockagemayonlyhave filled although sucha case,thepartialblocking orfollowed theraising ofthefloor level mayhave accompanied within RoomA. The materials found in thenicheand inRoom A are presumably contemporary withthose on thebenchofNLa/MLb East. It is notable, in the thatsomeofthefinds however, werebroken before in thenicheafter Whether werehidden niche, beingputthere. they breakage themajorcollapsephase,or broken somewhat in thenichein a earlier and simply stored during routine The insideof the niche,onlypartially cleared (for way,cannotnow be determined. reasonsofsafety) is seen in plate d. BelowFloor2,represented a number ofsmallobjects. Atthis bylayer 97 1, layer972 contained level a line of stonesrunning north-south and some 40 cm east of the westwall, Wall 712, ofa lowbench, Wall 822, appearedinRoomA. Theyappearedtohave thecharacter designated rather likethatseenat thefootofWall 603 in NLc. It runsup to,and underneath, Wall 821, inRoom as Wall 740.Beneath lineofstones wasfound reappearing layer 972,a further parallel to Wall 712,itseastfacesome30 cm eastofthebench822. This newwall was designated Wall a lowerfloor, Floor3, witha bead (SF 2695) it,layer974 was removed, 823. Against revealing and a fragment ofred paintedplaster(SF 2259). Floor 3 lay 0.43 m below Floor 2. SomeLate BronzeI sherd material wasfound on Floor3. The circumstances ofexcavation did notallowitsrelationship to Wall 728, to theeast,to be established. Thereare twoalternatives
66
here.Wall 823 and Floor3 mayrepresent a structure earlierthantheshrine, ofLate BronzeI and in Or could unrelated function to the later structure. date, conceivably they probably a phaseofconstruction indicate laterthanLate BronzeI, yetearlier oftheshrine, presumably thanFloor 2, and thefloors in otherareas whichare contemporary withit. in Wall is ofinterest. The construction ofthewallsoftheshrine its south-west corner complex the wall main Wall west wall of the south of the area West Shrine and the of the area, 732, 728, of later make a smoothwell-built corner.Wall 713, the southwall of Room A, is evidently withWall 732. The various construction thanthiscorner, and does notin factalignproperly alterations whichtookplace in thisarea were clearlypriorto Floor 2 of Room A (and the as a theshrine material with found complex it) whichis partofan important phasethroughout whole.The earliest is discussed further below. period (d) MLb Room the seasonthatpartofRoom whichlaywithin gridsquareMLd was During 1976excavation walls ofRoom B, leaving north and east as revealed the excavated. west, This, described earlier, an earthbaulk to thesouth. In the 1977 season,as first MLb Room A was excavated.At thesame timethe described, in ofWall 82 1, stillwithin excavationwas conducted also Room B, to the north gridsquare At a later baulkat thenorth. MLb, and leavinga one metre stage,as we shallsee,muchofthat baulk was removed. to be consideration The simultaneous excavation ofthisarea withRoom A allowedcareful was 1 wall whose 82 ineach (acrosstheintervening tothecorrelation ofthelayers , doorway given left AppendixA). (see levelcharts, blocked),whichmuchfacilitated interpretation the top ofWall 821, and then As in Room A, packedstoneswerefirst removed, revealing bovinefigure, was found. It provedtojoin soil.In layer962 theback halfofa terracotta brown in the head found the in and niche Room A half of the the other with body (SF 2690). The in to Floor Room 2 was found a Floor little lower(layer floor effective level, A, 6, equivalent 1037). baulkofMLb was excavated, At thispointthenorth leavinga stubsome30 cm wide at its Walls 723 and between in thedoorway to theblocking eastern end to givemechanical support in MLd of end southern endoftheBlocking forms thewestern Wall,Wall 733. (The 728,which in the 1977 us earlier had alreadybeen strengthened Wall 723, withitsnicheor by aperture, of a wall ofstonesat itswestern season,by theconstruction side.) that wasno indication butthere at thetop,analogoustothatfurther Rubblewasfound south, area. into this thedoorway westthrough Wall 733 extended an earthsurface, Beneaththelowest designated layerofthisrubble(Layer 1035) was found be the use level.It maypossibly or a habitation it was that this did notimply Floor4, although contained this below fill. The ofwall collapseupon weathered result surface, layer1036, layer cauldron a deep bowl (Cat. No. 218), a tripod Thisincluded muchbroken cooking pot pottery. a numberof revealed SF a 2873. Laboratorystudy (Cat. No. 377), and large clay disc, was debris below.Clearlythis to be considered from these levels, joins withmaterial significant of a from majorphase damage. excavationyielded a further surface, designatedFloor 5, which was again Continuing thana rather roof ofthecollapseofdebris, to be theresult considered material, perhapsfrom of is the broken much with This surface. horizontal level, equivalent layer962 utilised, pottery, was found(SF bovidfragment terracotta to thesouth,in whichthewheel-made immediately with a real Floor of the surface uncovered of excavation floor, 6, layer1037 2690). Continuing
THE EXCAVATION
NORTH
67
SOUTH
r-f^ - ,
f~
m
I
I I EARTH
f?^ cTI ^ 1^ I
RUBBLE
> >I GRAVEL I

""''"'
:;:.:^ ASH
1-
||1
CLAY
Plaster floor
*%t"mm""m"""1 Clay floor
Wall set back fromline of section
Limitof excavation
2M
FIG.2.14 Section77/9:north-south halfof Room B, seen from sectionof thesouthern thewest.Scale 1:25
of severalsmallflatstones on a clay surface. further Floor6, discussed below,consisted sitting and severallayers ofclay and plaster, character a cm. Its total of 20 position attaining depth allow itscorrelation withFloor 4 ofNLc and Floor 8 ofNLc South. oftwofurther a shallowangularbowl (Cat. No. Lyingon it werefragments pots,including a stone disc and a terracotta drain channel 364), (SF 2879) (SF 2877). The pottery joins hereare ofgreatinterest (see AppendixB): Cat.Mo.208withpiecesfrom MLd Room from layers1036and 1038, joiningwitha fragment and from NLe c and layer512, space layers77 84. Cat.No. 206from layers1033, IO35 and 1037joiningagain withMLd Room layer512, NLa layer324 and NLd area 3 layer36. Cat.Mo.81from NLe space c layers layers1036and 1037joiningwith 74 and 75,NLb layer418, NLd space 4 layer79. Cat.No.508 from layer1036withOLd layers 59, 61 and 62 and MMb layer1002.Alsoa sherd
68
S NLc

N Room
E^HT"^ ^**
O
f^k <^_j
-pj-
Tbpof Fk)or
1038
':)^:^
Floor 4/8
"ijl j V-jjîl^C^TTT
_-
jH^dSIgT.i
s ! .! I if
..
an
FIOOr9
Yellow/Grey P''""N ^
^ ^ M ^ "^
P- - <^'
1040
"
Â ft- r ~
Black
5cm
FIG. 2.15 Detailed sections of floorsbelow phase 2b deposits at the positions indicated X on FIGS. 2.12 and 2.14
from layer1036and 1037joiningwithMLd Room layer1035joiningwithOLd 53 and from layer 1033joiningwithNLc East baulk layer258). layer512 (and from ofFloor6 withNLc Floor4 and ofthis in generalthecorrelation with Theyconfirm deposit and indeedtheEast Shrinealso. The correlation in theWestShrine, with thecollapsedeposit MLd Room layer512 (Floor 1 of MLd) is also veryuseful. but an accretion of The removalofFloor6 showedclearlythatit was not a singlesurface, which had clearly accumulated overa longperiodof some20 cm thick, manysurfaces, together In theeastern smallflat stones. half ofthedoorway wasmarked Itsuppersurface time. byseveral and this floor was was a block associated with to Room A in Wall 821 threshold found, clearly a in a stone with hole some cm diameter the door the east of to that door. 3.4 (SF 2880) jamb Just floor.It may embeddedin whiteclay, withits top 2 cm above the surrounding was found, thelowersocketfora door post. represent charcoaland burnt weresmallpiecesofplaster, surfaces Within thiscomplexoffloor brick, Pot 1430,manybeads (SF this included within found Small few stones. butvery complex objects
THE EXCAVATION
69
2882- 5, 2893, 2897, 2902), some small pieces of bronze (SF 2887, 2890, 2904), a piece of tortoise-shell (SF 2894) and severalsmall pieces of red-painted plaster(SF 2892, 2895 6, rather These this last in as have that finds other 2898 9, 2901, 2906). areas, during suggest, or contained decoration earlyphaseofuse,theshrine objects mayhave had someredplastered decorated withredplaster. oftheselevels(1038 and 1039) thetopofWall Duringtheremoval theexisting west 740appeared,running wall,Wall 722.Wall 740maybe paralleltoand beneath considered thecounterpart ofWall 822 inRoomA, and isequivalent toWall 726in MLd. Beside to the a line of stones a bench oflayer was found. The removal it, east, constituting (Wall 741) 104 1 revealedFloor 7, a grey-green which bench to run under the clay floor, (Wall appeared a deepsemi-globular in belowthis, centimetres 741) . On itwasfound cup (Cat. No. 18) . Twenty a smallsounding, a thinwhiteplasterfloor, Floor 8, was located. The interpretation oftheselowerlevelsis noteasy,sincethey a wereexcavatedin so narrow It is clear from FIG. that 6 Floor and Floor run the wall of Room east space. B, 2.14 7 up against Wall 728.Floor8 runs whether toendor tocontinue beneath itwas notclear.Floor up toitsfoot: 8 appeared to underlie Wall 82 1 whichis seen from thesouth(from Room A) in PLATE 17 e. It is clear here thatWall 740 was superseded the new WestWall, Wall 722; Wall 821 by liesoverWall 740. The chronological oftheseearlyfeatures is further naturally interpretation in the nextchapter. discussed areas:MMb, MLd, MLa, MKd (e) Other the was takenofmaking a superficial examination ofthe During 1977seasontheopportunity areastothewestand north oftheshrine to thenorth ofRoom ofMLd, complex. Immediately at a highlevel,is a room(Room G) boundedon theeastby Wall 601 (alreadyencountered in NLc North)and to thenorth ofthesouth wallofthestreet which runs byWall 841,an extension side oftheshrine right along thenorth complex.Room G's westwall is Wall 739 whichruns southto (and abuts against)Wall 721, the north wall of Room B. WestofroomG liesa space,designated roomH. Itseastwall is Wall 739. Its north wall,Wall ofWall 841,although a little 840 is an extension positioned (ca. 30 cm)to thenorth. Layer 1002 ofsquare MMb, whichlieswithin Room H yieldeda sherd joiningPot 1515 whichhas sherds from thecollapsephase bothofsquaresMLb and OLd. Clearanceimmediately to thewestofRoom showedthatat this westwall of pointthethick the shrine in factconsists of the westwall proper,Wall 722, and an adjoiningwall running to thewest, Wall 737. At itsnorth end ithas a corner to thewestwith it,immediately alongside Wall 738 (thesouthern wallofspace H). It islikely, notcertain, thatwalls738and 737 although form at a higher level than theshrine itself and unconnected withit. partofa structure To thewestofRoom A ofMLb liessquare MLa. Superficial werecarried out investigations hereto clear thesurface ofa massive feature. Its rectangular, dressed stones roughly suggested thatthis wasofLate BronzeI date,and partofthefortification thewest wall complex. Evidently oftheshrine had been builtright structure. MLa was dug as a 5 by 5 up againstthismassive metre trench thewholeofthegridsquare. The inside(north)faceoftheCityWall occupying east-west was clearly revealed.A secondsuchface(Wall 951) lay 1.6 m to (Wall 950), running thenorth, and may represent a laterphase ofreinforcement. parallelto thefirst, Withtheintention oflocating thesouth-face oftheCityWall,Wall 950, a trench 1.5 m wide sideofgridsquareMKd, which liesimmediately tothe by5 mlongwasexcavated alongthewest southofsquare MLb. The groundfallsaway rather to thesouthat thispoint,and this steeply thelocation ofa southfaceofWall 950,although this south. mayhaveprevented maybe further The eastfaceofWall 950 was followed southwards downthewestfaceofWall 7 12, thewestwall oftheWestShrine(Room A) . No facefor Wall 950 wasseensouth ofthesouth-west corner ofthe
70
Wall 950 may have collapsedsouthwards shrine. at thispoint,wherethe groundfallsaway sharply. (f) AreaNKc/d at its outside theWestShrine NKc/d,was conducted Duringthe1977season,a smallsounding, south-east corner.Its main purposewas to elucidatethe relationship betweenthe Extension theexcavation to thenorth ofWall 661, in NLb structures: Wall, Wall 661 and neighbouring with was conducted at the same time and the same space 4, purpose. Wall Wall 661 was found Wall 662. Beneath to abut againsttheeastwall oftheWestShrine, 1 1 with of 66 and running Wall 662 wasa layer ofashand carbon, 8 4, indications layer up against werefound, Stones ofwhatmayhavebeena hearth thewalloftheWestShrine. burning against withindications ofburnt ca. 70 cmsouth-east corner oftheshrine, ofthesouth-east clayamong Wall 661 and was observedin NLb (as layer454), them.This burntlayerrunsunderneath thustookplace herepriorto the where it also underlay theCityWall, Wall 100. This burning construction of the CityWall and the East Shrine be Below Wall 662 werefoundindications of an earlierwall, Wall 782, whichmay either It is for662 or perhapsremainsof an earlier(probablyLate Bronze I) structure. footings corner oftheshrine south-east at right ofthe(subsequent) intersected by anglesca. 1.2 m north inviewofthenarrowness ofWall 783couldbe observed Wall 783.Onlysome50 cmofthelength Wall ofwalling, be packedrubble.(Small stretches ofthesounding, and indeedit maymerely Wall 781, eastfrom southfrom thesouthend ofWall 662, and Wall 780 running 781,running later than the West Shrine but may antedate the were also noted. They are definitely isin any their construction construction ofWall 661. Theywerenotsystematically investigated; or regular.) case not impressive areas (g) Unexplored in 1974,was thediscovery oftheshrine in thisarea,following oftheproject The mainobjective It maybe useful, fulfilled. This aim was largely ofitsinterior. and interpretation theexploration thatremain. on thesite,to indicatetheproblems forlaterworkers Becausetheland oftheshrine. ofthearea tothesouth issueis thenature The mainunresolved But somefortification fallsaway so steeply here,therecan neverhave been manystructures. from theLate BronzeI period.It is notat present must haveexisted clear,despite arrangements norhow wall950 waslocated, faceofthedefensive in MLd, where theexternal theinvestigations wereextendedto theeast. works thedefensive led. Our side (Wall 622) oftheWestShrine doorin thesouth theblocked Noris itclearwhere overburden in NKc/dwererestricted (mainly by timeand by theconsiderable investigations to thesouthis preserved, ofanystructure thatthefloor Mackenzie's from dump). It is unlikely below thelevelof theWestShrinefloor. unlessthatfloor lay considerably oftheExtension and function extent is theoriginal Another Wall, Wall interesting question 100. In Wall later fortification the behind for somethree 661. It was traced wall, metres, running to examine be it would these orderto investigate systematically necessary adequately questions also thedefensive working alongthesouthsideofthesite.This wouldnecessitate arrangements therefore and that into or and fromthe fieldto the south, field, through removing spoil withitsowner. negotiations preliminary productive The oftheshrine The area to thenorth-west study. repayfurther complexwouldcertainly have suffered to and well be there damage or preserved, mayprove Mycenaeanlevelsshould shrine main the time of the at destruction collapse.
III Chapter The Sanctuary Sequence

in thepreceding The almost ofthePhylakopi outlined excavation sanctuary, chapter, complete whicharose allowsthe resolution of manyof the problems of chronology and interpretation thefour seasons offield work. The sequenceofevents was an unusually one, during complicated of the and stratigraphie was made more difficult by the compartmentation interpretation withlittle or no direct area intoa number ofsmallrooms, often sanctuary linkage stratigraphie linkwhatever betweenthem.For instancethereis no good directstratigraphie betweenthe insidetheWestShrine, and thoseto theeast,in theEast Shrineand thespace to the deposits southofit. Severalwell-founded do nevertheless allow a resolution oftheproblem. arguments Moreoverthe broad agreement of the various categories of evidencewith the conclusions thevalidity of the centralpoints. reacheddispelsdoubt concerning in thelastchapter in outline in The procedure has been to describe followed thestratigraphy each separatearea excavated, on thebasisofdirect observations made in thefield.Inferences aboutcorrelations in between these areashave beenkepttoa minimum, and those made earlier thediscussion here.So far,therefore, we have builtup severalsound largemeasure anticipate but localised stratigraphie formwith a sequences,which are presentedin diagrammatic minimum ofinterpretation be for themoment (ifthephasedesignations ignored)in Appendix A. These level synopses are in manycases diagrammatic of thestratigraphie representations sections drawnin thefield.FIG.2.6 indicates thepositions oftheactual drawnsections which weremade,ofwhicha number have been re-drawn forpublication here(figs.2.7 to 2.10 and 2. 12 to 2. 14). The essential basisfor therelative is thusthestratigraphie chronology sequence in each area takenin turn. observations allow linkagebetween Justa fewimportant adjoining areas.The interior oftheEast Shrine, for involves workin spacesa, b and 1 ofsquare instance, linked. these areas and thoseto the NLd/e,and thelevelsherecan be directly Linkagebetween southwas moredifficult, but it was strongly observedboth within the suggested by features western inspace 1, and outside inspace4. Thesepoints ittothesouth, are partoftheEast Shrine, further discussed below.Similarly, thelongsequenceofplaster in theWestShrine(Floor4 floors ofNLc and Floor8 ofNLc South)may,bytheir in character, be equatedwithFloor6 similarity ofMLb East,in thearea to thesouth, and withFloor6 in MLb Room B. Thus,within theEast Shrinearea, and within theWest Shrinearea, some important equationscan be made. A second, and perhaps rather sourceofvaluablestratigraphie information comes unexpected from theinterpretation ofjoin patterns. can be chronologically useful. Here they wereparticularly Naturally joins on anyexcavation indeed at first so. A glance at Appendix showsthewide rangeof numerous, bewilderingly inwhich contexts from thesamefigurine orthesamepotmight be found. stratigraphie fragments the work ofMr C.B.H. Macfarlane for thefigurines, and ofMissP.Through very systematic A. Mountjoy and ourvase mender Mr Petros Petrakis for thepots,a greatnumber of joins were These were recorded Mr and thepatterns areofgreat recognised. Macfarlane, systematically by For although on anyexcavation there are sometimes someunexpected, individual significance. which come from contexts so remote as to herethelinks wereso joins virtually defy explanation, numerous thata morecoherent therewas an episode (or approach was needed. Evidently 71
72
of in theverywidespread distribution whichresulted episodes)of breakagein thesanctuary fragments. It is not,ofcourse, ofthesame in whichfragments to assumethatcontexts justifiable simply vessel orfigurine a longtime occurare contemporary. a for on site can knock around Fragments before in in fact and can and sometimes some cases be buried, clearly beingultimately they - re-used were after is to tryto discarded.The right breakagebefore beingfinally procedure - thatis tosaythelocation establish the and context oftheobject inwhich itwas broken, primary wheresome fragments of it stillremain.In generalthisshouldbe the earlieststratigraphie context the where in contemporary are found. Whenthere are occurrences fragments deposits, in context are some cases will be from the where the number of primary object greatest fragments in closeproximity, found can disrupt individual eventhatsimplerule. although complications In such cases, othercontexts wherefragments fromthe same object occur may be either two or later the butnever earlier. with, than, primary When,therefore, context, contemporary each in in a each of of are the linked contexts, primary respect object, by particular presence from the other's This is their effective can be established. fragments object, contemporaneity the within a site of the of simply application widelyapplied single principle cross-dating, betweenregions. It will be seen below thatsystematic ofjoins allowedsome crossrecording ofthis kindto be established, of and thusverified thehypothesis ofthecontemporaneity datings themain'collapse'phasesin theEast and theWestshrines, whichhad beenformulated on the othergrounds. The thirdsourceof chronological whichhas deliberately been leftuntilthe information, two were is that the of the finds. The relative of offered stated, preceding by typology chronology the of Furumark as modified later is well workers, Mycenaean pottery, using system by and is a thirdmajor sourceof relative-chronological information forthe site. understood, with it for the well mustbe takenthecloselyrelatedrelative Together chronology figurines, Dr a established thework of ElizabethFrench on number ofMycenaeansites, and most through serve both to confirm the internalrelative effectively applied here. These considerations in a wider for thesite, and terminology. The and togiveitmeaning chronology Aegeancontext considerable shouldbe notedthatin the laterpart of the sanctuary's use, the complication in character, of did notchangegreatly and it cannotbe expectedthatthesuccession pottery in ceramic with thatin themuchbetter understood styles Meloswillhavebeenidentical potteryof the pottery some initial centres of the Argolid.The interpretation presented producing of a relatively small numberof and it is only the sound stratigraphie contexts problems, oftheFurumark to whichallow thereliableascription diagnostic terminology potsand sherds in and the thematerial ofthelatesanctuary. matters are discussed conclusions These V, chapter reachedthereare supported by thosein chapterVI. thePhylakopi with Withthecorrelation sanctuary bythismeansoftheinternal sequencefor it is to absolute dates for the for theexisting Mycenaeanphasesequence Aegean, possible give our local phases,whichare based on thoseforthe Mycenaeansequenceas a whole. (a) TheEast Shrine werethree bodiesofmaterial from seasonitbecameclearthatthere Duringthe1974excavation theEast Shrine: 1. Finds associatedwith NLd/e Floors 3 and 5, the earliestfloorsin the East Shrine D). (Assemblage 2. FindsassociatedwithFloor 2, above these(Assemblage H).
Elements i. The Main Chronological
THE SANCTUARY SEQUENCE
73
L). 3. FindsassociatedwithFloor 1, above these(Assemblage In addition thatthearea between theEast Shrineand theCityWall had been it was evident some stones from theCityWall (plate 5 a) Beneaththesestones by a fallofmassive disrupted were crushed E). (Assemblage pots evidenceallowed thelevel beneaththesegreatstonesto be equated withthe Stratigraphie lowestfloor(Floor 5) in the east Shrine. linkbetween where theEast Shrine, Thereis,ofcourse, no direct stratigraphie space a within c to where street was best and its the itsinternal observed, south, space immediately stratigraphy The levelsbetween theshrine and theCityWall (Wall 100) weremostfully investigated. south wall of the East Shrine(Wall 104/501) standsbetweenthe two areas. thelevelsin space a, at theeastend ofthe It was,however, to linkstratigraphically possible, to thewest.These stratigraphie East Shrine, and thosein space 1, immediately equationswere further are seen on the checkedwhentheeast baulk ofNLd was removed. They appropriate phase diagramin AppendixA (fig. .4) . between thestratigraphie to thesouthofspace a, and linkages space c, immediately Similarly to the west of were clear and were c, enough, space 4 lyingdirectly again confirmed by the of the east baulk of removal oftheappropriate NLd. west face of this baulk, (The part square seen from thewest,is drawnin FIG.2.8.) with The doorway which thehope joinsspace 1 oftheEast Shrine space4 to thesouthoffered in a which was fact ofsomestratigraphie fulfilled. in indications of linkage, hope Slight burning butwhichwerenotmorewidespread, theregion ofthedoorway, werenotedbothto thenorth thatFloor3 in NLd space 1 shouldbe (inlayer56) and to thesouth(in layer73). Thisindicated in NLd with 6 Floor space 4. equated These observations were confirmed by the patternofjoins betweenthe two areas. We a periodofuse,following therefore have in theEast Shrine itsconstruction, thenthecollapseof thelargestones withassociateddeposits, and thentwofurther of use. Withthelastof periods thesethesmallwall insidethe East Shrine,Wall 105,is associated. ofpoints Whilethere are a number ofdetailto be considered thatis theunequivocal further, result ofworkin theEast Shrineand thespace immediately to itssouth. Shrine. (NLc) (b) The West in NLc duringthe 1976 seasonrevealed: The excavations 1. The early floor oftheWestShrine(NLc Floor4) witha deposit ofbroken material uponit, several . including figurines (Assemblage A) 2. The overlying associatedwithFloor 2 ofNLc (Assemblage depositof material, G). Further workin thearea to thesouth, NLc South,during1977,indicated another phase,later thanthese: withsome material on it, NLc South Floor 5 (Assemblage 3. A late surface J). Thereis no doubtaboutthese observations. Moreover thecharacter ofthelower Floor4 of floor, NLc and Floor8 ofNLc South,allowitsequationwith Floor6 ofMLb East and Floor6 ofMLb Room B. Wall in theWest Shrine (c) TheBlocking werecaused by the Duringthe 1976 and 1977 excavationseasons,greatpracticaldifficulties in NLa ofthelargeroundedstones, a fill behind what was identified in presence constituting 1977 as a wall, witha singlenorthface,designatedWall 626 and 733. It was an obvious thatthe'collapse'in theEast Shrine, with thelargestones from possibility it,couldhaveresulted
74
from thesameseries toblockoff thesouthern ofevents which led to thedecision partoftheWest was notat that there Shrine with stones ofsimilar Butwhilethatwas a fair character. hypothesis, the evidence to it. stage verify thatthe Excavationduring1977 in NLa and theadjoiningMLb East did serveto confirm was to be the Room of finds on the at the west end of B) (Assemblage assemblage platform NLc Floor as with floor of the room to the those on the north, 4. regarded contemporary early For the NLc South stratigraphy showed that the BlockingWall was built later than this ofAssemblage ofFloor2 ofNLc and theformation and builtbefore theoccupation destruction, Wall. And underlay theBlocking G. Someofthefinds stones from thefill behind ofAssemblage in there was no later whilethismight nothave been entirely conclusive, occupation NLa and MLb East to comparewithAssemblage G and J ofNLc in theWest Shrine (d) FourPeriods The coherent thus ofa single, prior majorphaseofdamagein theWestShrine, emerged picture associated withthis The material to theinsertion within itoftheBlocking Wall,Wall 626/733. majorphase is: 1. Floor4 ofNLc, as mentioned above (Assemblage A) . East of MLb 2. The platform B). (Assemblage deposit on Floor 6 of MLb Room B, whichcan be relatedto NLc Floor 4. 3. The depositresting theniche(Assemblage those from from MLb Room A, including finds C). 4. The important This levelequateswithFloor6 ofMLb Room B. Thereis no lateruse ofRoom A,just as is none in NLa and MLb East, to theeast. there on Floor 1 ofNLc North. ofNLc proper, from theroomto thenorth The 5. groupoffinds thisroommaynothave beenpartof Thesebelongto thesamephaseofdamage,although theshrine F). complexas such (Assemblage thanthis in theshrine earlier ofoccupation Thereisclearevidence phaseofdamage.NLc Floor4 within itwerenot finds of use. And at least itself significant stratified although 35 years represents 6 of MLb Room of Floor succession the floor within in several there were found NLc, actually there which were of floors is a there In at floor 1 . MLb level, East, separately sequence (layer 038) ofNLc Floor4. To theeastin NLa are theequivalent numbered (Floors3 to 6) whichtogether betweenthefloors. wereintercalated thesame is true(Floors 1 to 5) and a fewfinds in NLc and lowestfloors beneath the and other small beads of There are also finds objects beneath a more A there is In to the west and stratigraphy complicated NLa/MLb East. rooms below. further which is considered floors these theevidence of and 'collapse'respectively, as 'pre-collapse', If thesetwophasesbe regarded a NLc is of corner In the north-east two'post-collapse' NLc indicates (actually platform phases. whichare notonly'post-collapse', several as NLd space 3). On itwerefound excavated objects the verylast use of thisroom (Assemblage but mustrepresent K) . They are to be equated in of use last with the NLc, namelyAssemblage J. phase chronologically Shrines East and West between (e) Relationship thelaterBlocking ifwe disregard ofthesanctuary elements mainstructural The four complex, the East the to the its rooms Shrine West are the Shrine, CityWall (Wall 100) west), Wall, (with theWest and theExtension to thesouthoftheEast Shrine, Wall, Wall 661, whichrunsfrom Shrineeast behindthe CityWall. betweenthe in space c, the relationship season,in a sounding Duringthe 1976 excavation It was concluded and theCityWall, Wall 100,was investigated. southwall oftheEast Shrine,
75
wereseparated thattheconstruction oftheCityWall and oftheEast Shrine byno greatlapseof Wall the timeand may be regardedas approximately beingmarginally contemporary, City earlier. the was takentoinvestigate therelationship between Duringthe1977seasontheopportunity in that and NLb. It was determined Extension Wall and these structures, bysoundings NKc/d Wall 662. Thisresult walloftheWestShrine, theExtension Wall,Wall 661, islaterthanthewest Wall appearstoabutagainst butthe isinnowaysurprising, sincetheExtension theWestShrine, an worth the documentation. is and one, stratigraphie point important Wall is earlier itwas shownthattheExtension thantheCityWall, Wall 100.This Secondly, Wall being toimagine theExtension toois important, sinceitwouldhave beenquiteas possible builtbehindthe CityWall as to imaginethelatterbeingbuiltin front of theformer. - Extension Wall- CityWall (withEast The constructional sequenceis thus:WestShrine Shrine). inEast and West Shrines (f) Simultaneity ofthe Collapse Asstated the nature of the rounded stones thefill behind(south)ofthe earlier, large constituting in Wall those c and from thepartialcollapseoftheCity Blocking (Wall 733/626) space resulting Wall there, thatthecollapsein space c was contemporary withthedamage initially suggested intheWestShrine. haveevidence We then for re-use bothintheEast Shrine and inthe occurring WestShrine(in NLc). This pointdoes however requireconfirmation. The pattern of at thispoint.It was established thatthecollapsein earlier joins is veryuseful c withthedepositon Floor5 oftheEast Shrine.Thereare space ofNLd/ewas contemporary several linksbetween important space c and theearlyphase ofdamage in NLc. Some ofthem includelinkages within theEast Shrinealso. In a fewcases thejoins linkup withRoom of MLb. It shouldbe noted, thatthere are nojoinswith NLa or MLb East. The data are however, in B. presented Appendix Thisevidence confirmation ofthesimultaneity ofthedamagein thetwoareas,and givesfirm it is thusreasonableto speak ofa single'collapsephase' forthesanctuary area as a whole. Phases (g) Ascription ofNumerical it is possible now to developa phasesequenceforthesanctuary area, based Usingtheseresults internal the evidence It willbe seenthatthetypological alone. evidence isinharmony with upon this. Phase1 beginswiththe initiation ofconstruction of the WestShrine. Phase2 beginswiththeconstruction of the CityWall and the East Shrine. Phase ofthecollapseand thebuilding oftheBlocking Wall in the 3 beginswiththeaftermath WestShrine. The subdivisions table. may be indicatedin thefollowing The mainassemblages from theshrines can nowbe phasedin accordancewiththis sequence. Details of thephasingforeach layerin each area are seen in AppendixA.
76
OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY Table 3.1 The Stratigraphie Sanctuary sequenceof the Phylakopi
EVENT Final stonefill PHASE USE/FINDS
Construction of Late Walls 604 and 105 Wall Build Blocking
3c 3b 3a
(East Shrineand NLc only) (East Shrineand NLc only) Post-collapse: clearing East Shrineand NLc
Collapse Build CityWall and East Shrine Wall Build Extension EarlyOccupationofWest floors Shrine:first Begin Construction of WestShrine
2b 2a
Collapse deposits Streetlevelsin space c. in use Bothshrines
ic ib
Early use of theWestShrine
1a
floorsof the Finds below first WestShrine
Pre-Shrine Deposits
at theextreme ofconstruction The stratigraphy ofRoomsA and B, and particularly theoddities comment. westof theShrinerequirefurther in NLc clear.The floor at thetimeofthecollapsephase is entirely theposition Fortunately with the main be the there upperpartoffloor (Floor4) may equated underlying collapsedeposit in 6 in MLb Room B, and thiswithFloor2 in MLb Room A. It was ofcourseupon thatfloor bovidin theniche a terracotta finds weremade,and a join between Room A thattheimportant the Floor 6 in MLb Room confirms froma layer overlying (SF 2690) and a fragment in this between context there are several in the last As reviewed joins chapter, relationship. Floor1 in MLd Room was toconfirm theequations. elsewhere Room and collapsematerials MLd layer512, (themake-upof butjoins between withthesefloors, correlated lessevidently This muchseemsperfectly others. link it with these Floor 1) and other firmly collapsedeposits clear. It is the earlierphasesthatappear morecomplex.
(h) The Early Use of RoomsA and
77
1b
1c
2a/2b
35
of thesanctuary FIG.3. 1 The development successive through phases
3c
construction of the south-west One complicating circumstance is the curiously irregular corner oftheshrine. As stated itis perfectly clearthatWall 713 abutsontothesouth-west earlier ofWall 728 to the corner ofNLa, i.e. ontoWall 728. But it is also clear thatthecounterpart Wall 721. Wall abuts the north wall of the shrine at that onto north, namely 723, namely point, It may be thatone possibleexplanationis simplyin terms of constructional phases. Our Mr AlecDaykinhas independently architect that communication) thewellsuggested (personal constructed south-east cornerof the West Shrinecould be the initialcornerstoneforthe Ifconstruction had simultaneously and west from there, enterprise. developednorth completion in thisconfiguration of the workcould conceivablyhave resulted (see FIG.3.2). Wall 821 appearedto bond withWall 728 to theeast and withWall 712 and 722 to thewest.The high - Floor6 to thenorth, in it,levelwiththelaterfloor threshold ofthedoorway and Floor2 tothe south butsome0.6 and 0.3 m respectively above Floor8 to thenorth and Floor3 to thesouth shouldbe noted.
78
The second complication is that at the footof the west walls 712 and 722, thereare in Room A labelled823, in MLb Room constructions of earlier'walls' or rather benches, labelled741. TheseabutagainsttheLate BronzeI wallat thewestoftheWestShrine, on which theshrine wallswereconstructed. theLate Thus Wall 722, thewestwall ofRoom B, overlies I Wall of Wall Bronze and Wall 712,whichis simply thesouthward continuation 722, 726/740, Wall 822, thesouthward continuation of726 and 740. beingthewestwall ofRoom A, overlies because oftheverylimited thestratigraphy is not entirely clear, Partly space forexcavation, there is no doubtthatthefloors to thecollapsephaseranoverthese although immediately prior earlierconstructions and up to Walls 712 and 722. It seemslikely thatthewestwall oftheWestShrinewas builton partially demolished, prelevelsin this area insomecasesrun walls,Walls822, 740 and 726,so thattheearlyfloor existing as wellas thewayWall 723 re-used walls.But there are circumstances, earlier, up againstthese whether thewestwall of abutsagainst Wall 721 (thenorth led us towonder wall),whichat first theWestShrineunderwent or modification some reconstruction duringphase 1 or 2a of the infavour of this viewwasfinally wellprior tothephase2b collapse.Although rejected sanctuary, of theevidence. The complexity thesingle, initial toreview construction phase,itis appropriate thenomenclature to thephase diagramsofAppendixA essential. makesreference In each ofthethree MLb and Room within area units, Room A, Room within MLd, the and naturally floor thephase 2b collapserunsnormally walls, againsttheshrine underlying are Floor2 ofRoomA, Floor RoomsA and B, Wall 821. Thesefloors theWall between including 6 of MLb Room and Floor 1 of MLd Room B. Floor 3. It ran up to thebench,Wall 823, In Room A onlyone lowerfloor was observed, nor was its withthe benchcould not be ascertained, its chronological although relationship In Room B, Floor 7 ofMLb ran up to and withtheother wallsin theroomobserved. contact underthe bench,Wall 741, whichlikewise adjoins the Late BronzeI westwall whichitself underlies the shrinewest wall. Here the bench, 741, and the floor,Floor 7, appear to be in MLd Floor7 hererunsup againstand is laterthanWall 821. Further north, contemporary. Room B, Floor2 seemedtositat a lowerlevelthanthebase oftheeastwall,Wall 723,butmay runup againstitsfootings. Floor8 in MLb Room and Floor3 in MLd RoomB, that series offloors, It iswith thelowest small in each trench thearea excavatedat this someproblems arise,although depthwas a very one. For in MLd Room B, Floor3 is at a depthwellbelowthebase ofWall 723,and Floor8 of at first tosomeofthewallsaroundit.Theseobservations related MLb Room maybe similarly in this relateto someearlierarrangement thesefloors raisedthequestionas to whether might Walls theshrine before ofWall 723,and possibly totheconstruction 722 and area,perhaps prior and them(Walls 726, 740, 822). 712 werebuilton the Late BronzeI walls now supporting wall ofRoom B, Wall 721 was alreadystanding thatthenorth Thereis no doubthowever more Wall 722. It seemstherefore was laid and used,and itdoesbondwith Floor3 there before of construction founded and more theearly thattheconstruction deeply sequenceentailed likely in Room floor levels The Wall 723 following. very with Wall 721 at thenorth-west corner, early ofWall 723. The nextfloors courses weresetlowerthanthelowest (Floor 7 ofMLb Room at the thebenches with and associated level rather and Floor2 ofMLd RoomB) wereat a higher ran over and now level at a were the before collapse, westside. The finalfloors, again higher west. to the benchfeatures theseformer of no great theseare ratherminorand local modifications In the last analysis, therefore, for area available limited from the arose uncertainties and ourinitial very mainly significance, the shrine west end of at the substantial of re-shaping Clearlyany conclusion investigation.
THE SANCTUARYSEQUENCE
79

j
1 I 723 ' |
721
603
503
'm
! (
I '712 728 /
l/
/ 502 ) | 662 /
-J^-''- 622 |||| J^1
L--
713
732
'
/ !
FIG.32
construction Hypothetical sequenceforthe WestShrine
but detailed considerationofthestratigraphy would have been ofmore general interest, does not sustain such a view. There is no evidence formore than one actual constructionalperiod here, and Late Bronze I walling was indeed used at the west end of the shrine.It may well be that the odd shape ofthe south-west cornerarose, as suggestedearlier,fromthe completionof the corner to the east of Walls 728 and 732 beforeit was itselfconstructed. theShrine (j) Before In several areas it was possible to make soundingsbelow the shrinedeposits. These are shown in FIG. 2.1 1. In several of these, earlier walls were found, in positions which bore no apparent relationto the shrinewalls which followed.In general material of Late Bronze I date was found in association with these. In some cases, floorswere reached which were associated with these walls, notably Floor 16 in NLd/e space c, layer 120, and Floor 12 in NLc, layer 257. In general thefindsin theseearlylayerswere not such as to suggestany veryspecial use, ofthe in the later sanctuary. A blossom bowl, SF 1717, fromNLe space c layer 117, is kind reflected an in the Melos Museum fromthe earlier certainly importantfind.But itjoins with a fragment excavations of Dawkins and Droop (191 1, 22). It may have come fromthe area which they excavated ca.20 metresto the east. So one should not assume that its primarycontext was in space c, although this is possible.
8o
Wall 950 (with951) determines At thewestend oftheshrine, theLate BronzeI fortification neednotsuggest thattheshrine thewestern oftheshrine area. Butthis extremity plan tookshape in thisearlyphase,sinceWall 950 remained a prominent feature theLate BronzeI longafter in thelastsection, thefirst seems Asdiscussed Walls726,740and 822,ofwhich definitely period. for theconstruction ofthe and theother ofLate BronzeI date,wereusedas a foundation possibly theconstruction oftheshrine was laterWalls7 12 and 722at thewest To this extent oftheshrine. wason thesiteof seems no suggestion thattheshrine influenced works. Butthere bypre-existing an earlierreligious complex. in MLb East (plate 14 c) maynothave been The columnat thesouthend oftheplatform if a re-used But it was manufactured foritspresent possible, piece,whichis perfectly position. area. an earlier structure locatedin thisprecise there is no reasonto assumethatit came from material Dr French inchapter thepossibility thatone or twopiecesofthefigurine VI suggests in theshrine oftheWestShrine.That raises theconstruction found actuallyante-date might within at this location for an earlier but we have no evidence issues, building religious interesting the Phylakopi site.
of the Sanctuary 2. Ceramic Chronology
in ChapterV below. discussed to thesanctuary evidence The ceramic sequenceis fully relating ofwell-preserved, Therewerefewmajorassemblages relatively complete potsotherthanthose thelaterphases(2 and 3) ofthesanctuary to thecollapsephase,2b. Moreover during relating The appropriate in thebulkofthepottery. evolution little there is relatively descriptive stylistic in thesuccessive found to relatethepottery is therefore followed by Miss Mountjoy procedure relative tothewell-established welldefined) arestratigraphically (which phasesofthesanctuary oftheAegeanas a wholeestablished for theMycenaeanpottery ; ( 1941 byFurumark chronology within standardisation The highdegreeofinter-regional bylaterworkers. 1944) and extended since makesthisa validprocedure, theLate Helladic and 11IB periods theAegeanduring in the from finds in form established and decoration thechanges means,largely by typological first todeal with therefore It isconvenient muchmorewidely. very maybe documented Argolid, theseearlierphases. of Late Bronze I date, as In severalareas the walls of the West Shrinereston structures werefound oftheWestShrine belowthefloors above.The relevant documented mainly deposits dateable ofpottery V there wereconsiderable in MLd Room B. As setoutin chapter quantities to whichcould be assigned and twosherds to theLH phase,alongwithearlier material, LH IIIA2 (Cat. Nos. 1 and 2). theLate Helladic within oftheWestShrine tosettheconstruction It isappropriate, therefore, of the construction the West Shrine IIIA2 period.The materialfrom earlylevelsfollowing of LH levels(phase 2a) material LH IIIAi, and in subsequent (phase ib) is predominantly LH IIIBi LH and IIIA2 of thesmallquantity in general is found, IIIB C character although is notable. material Floor from One oftheanimalfigurines withthis conform finds thefigurine In general picture. LH IIIAi in found to a SF 1557,belongs typegenerally 4 in square NLc oftheWestShrine, The Lady ofPhylakopi latertypes. are ofstylistically but theremainder (SF 2660) is contexts, earlyLH IIIA2 in type.
of theWestShrine (a) Construction
THE SANCTUARYSEQUENCE (b) Construction of theCityWall and East Shrine
81
ofthefortification Phase 2a ofthePhylakopi by theconstruction sanctuary sequenceis defined wall (Wall 100). The buildingof the East Shrineis stratigraphically only a littlelater,as fortification wall is ofthecity theconstruction discussed above and in ChapterIV. The date for area. These to theeastofthesanctuary established belowitin trench PK, immediately byfinds arediscussed in Chapter to theLate Helladic IIIBi phase, V (Cat. Nos. 39 and 40) and assigned oftheCityWall. It is concludedthattheCity a terminus forthebuilding establishing postquern Wall and the East Shrinewerebuiltin LH IIIBi, perhapsearlyin thisphase. withthisview, The sherdsfoundbelow the City Wall in square NLe space c harmonise LH IIIBi laterthanLH IIIA2. Thereis however nonecouldbe placedwith certainty although thesouth at thefoot ofthefortification walland underlying material (Cat. Nos.49 to52) inlevels wall of the East Shrine,together withsherds ofearlierdate. can thusbe fixed with ofbothWestand East Shrines The relative datesfortheconstruction confidence. II IC Problems (c) Chronological ofLateHelladic form The typological oftheLH IIIC periodin theAegeanon thebasisofceramic periodisation thanforLH and B. Desborough(1964, 9) and decoration is muchlessstraightforward this which contrasts with therelative of stressed thediversity oflocalstyles for uniformity period, inall areasoftheAegeanbyreference earlier thefinds toa easytocorrelate phases.It isno longer standardised and the terminology used mustbe moreclosely classification, singlerelatively in relation in detail defined tospecific areas.As we shallsee below,and as MissMountjoy shows in ChapterV, thesepointsare highly relevant to thepottery of Melos at thistime. The terminology to be used has therefore to be workedout in relationto areas wherethe ceramic and where local variations can be studied in thelight sequencecan be wellestablished, ofsecurestratigraphie Much of the mostimportant materialcomes,as forthe relationships. in theArgolid. earlier The cemetery ofPeratiin Atticahas Mycenaeand Tiryns phases,from tomb material.The excavationsat Lefkandiin Euboia, although yieldedmuch important in area,havegivenperhaps limited theclearest settlement for this stratigraphy period(Popham and Sackett1968)witha division intothree evolution has beenwellsetout phases.The ceramic in a preliminary ofphases ia report (Popham and Milburn1971) whichallowsthedefinition and ib, and 2a and 2b, whilephase 3 remains undivided. This sequencehas been used in an informative sites in theArgolid study byRutter(1977) tosetup a widerclassification, including and the Corinthia. Its main features are indicatedbelow (Table 3.2). Recentimportant workat Tiryns, in theUnterburg and in thenorth-west partofthetown, has allowedKilian and Podzuweit(1978, 1979,1980) tosubdivide thesequencefound after the destruction of the Upper City at the end of LH IIIB into fourphases: bergangshorizont and IIIC Spt. FrhesIIIC can be further IIIB/C; FrhesIIIC; IIIC Entwickelt; subdivided intothree and typological in the north-west phaseson thebasisofthestratigraphy development sectorof the town. Numerousceramicsimilarities linkFrhesIIIC withLefkandi1, and particularly the ib of the IIIC Entwickelt phase. Podzuweit(1978, 497) writing phase states: "... these at Mycenaeand correspondingly with phasesat Tiryns beginwiththeGranary Lefkandi Phase 2a ..." The end of IIIC Entwickelt shouldcorrespond to the end ofRutter'sphase 4: Kilian (1980, Phase" seen in certain buildingswhose Zusammenfassung) speaks of a "fortgeschrittene destruction marks theend ofIIIC Entwickelt and whichis equatedbyhimwiththedestruction
82
of theGranaryat Mycenae.Phase IIIC Entwickelt is thusindeedtheequivalentofRutter's ofLefkandi and its later would therefore be the phase2b. PhaseIIIC phase4, contemporary part and ofLefkandi of Rutter's be as the phase phase5, Spt may regarded approximate equivalent 3 with Rutter's Podzuweit's phase 1 which, maybe equatedapproximately bergangshorizont intheterminology in LH at falls late IIIB2, immediately phase1 of preceding adopted Lefkandi, LH IIIC as defined thereat thatsite. Attica and for theLH IIIC 1 period subdivisions oftheArgolid, Table 3.2 Suggested Corinthia, is for the absolute with Euboia, (The chronology sanctuary. equivalences Phylakopi proposed discussed below) date gutter Lefkandi Approx. (1977) BC
1030 ,
Ti
Perati
Other sites
E^rv sanctuary
F"* LH1112 1060 5

I OQO ~~~ ^~~~ - " ~- ~~~"~-~ ~" -^
cists Kermeikos Mycenaegrave 3

"" "" - - - - ^-
Salamis
Spt (Fortgeschrittenes Entwickelt) Entwickelt 3 Frh 2 - - - - - ^- -
III
- - - - ~ - - -~~~
AsineHouse G Kea temple MycenaeLion Gate X, XI destruction Granary House W at Tiryns Close Style Argive Lefkandi pictorial
^- - - - - ^- ^- - - - - - - -
(iioo)v 1110 " ( 1 120) 1130
2b 2a -
Abandonment 6, 3a 2b collapse
II
ofOctopusStyle Beginning Korakou MycenaeN. Baulk I Korakou Iria N. slopeofAcropolis
3 1150 2 1170 1 1190
id 1a (LH 11IB)
2a
bergang
2a (cont)
in the Table 3.2 these havebeenadded toRutter's In order toconstruct scheme, equivalences Dr French which I have benefitted from information from Elizabeth of interpretation LH IIIC, as revised in thelight ofherwork her1974phasing for during1980on the concerning of as well as from her on the suggestions chronological equivalences Mycenaestratification, Perati. structure for theLH IIIC periodseemsthemostuseful relative This emerging chronological Butitshouldbe firmly stressed that we aredealingnowwith ofcomparison. areas thepurposes for ceramic It is notable from the for instance that autonomy standpoint. manyOctopus of high regional Or again thelipless at Perati, and hardly conical anyin theArgolid. jars are found stirrup Style also Cat. No. 161 at Lefkandi 2 and at bowl (FS 242) is common Perati, below) phase (see yetis in the rare Argolid. extremely
THE SANCTUARYSEQUENCE (d) The later of theSanctuary pottery
83
- thatis to say thestylistically At first thelaterpottery later ofthePhylakopi sight sanctuary, in of the in material found of b is 2a and the 2 and part 3, lacking phase pottery phases largely It character. is dominated both and and monochrome, a diagnostic by deep bowls, patterned number in LH of monochrome These monochrome IIIA2: large kylikes. shapes begin decoration is prevalent and in generalthesanctuary shows little internal It evolution. pottery lacksmanyofthemoreobviousfeatures ofLH IIIC seen on othersites, such as thesplendid in theArgive on Naxos (Kardara 1977),ormaterial CloseStyle OctopusStyle jars found stirrup orindeedin theLefkandi a Pictorial At it is so characterless thatour Style. superficial inspection in at an its to of it as a 'Limbo' on examination, pottery earlystage experts, began speak Style, accountof the paucityof diagnostic features. At first it well be dismissed as glance might LH 1 1 IB an in with admixture of some features which other areas would be provincial reminiscent of LH IIIC. Closerexamination, as documented in MissMountjoy's meticulous study, altogether changes thisassessment. For despitethe generally conveyedby much of the nondescript impression are numerous LH IIIC material there ofspecific with resemblance from Euboia material, points and theArgolidwhichare sufficiently well-defined to be chronologically significant. It shouldbe bornein mindthatone ofthemostsignificant features oftheassemblage is the absenceofimported in substantial The absence of in sherds the Close pottery quantities. Argive is in anycase vanishingly rareoutsidetheArgolid)or theOctopusStyleneednot, Style(which thatthecollapseofphase2b occurred indicate before theinception ofRutter's therefore, phase4 orofLefkandi Indeed LH 2. the term IIIC as Miss used phase 'Developed by Mountjoy implies an equivalencewiththefirst partof Rutter's phase 4, and withLefkandi phase 2a. Therearemany well-stratified ceramic finds from various ofthesanctuary, the parts although is much with between different areas and sometimes between strata broken, pottery many joins todifferent above this needcause little for belonging stratigraphie phases.As discussed surprise: instance itis clearthatdebris clearedoutoftheEast Shrine in 2a accumulated the during phase street to thesouth(NLe spacec). The crucialprinciple must be bornein mindthat immediately a welldefined sealed the of is to be datedbythelatest strata, layer, by superposition subsequent material found within it. The presence ofmuchothermaterial oftypologically earlier form or decoration need cause no surprise: it indicates either thecontinuing use ofsuch pottery or its continued in the same area forsome considerable timeafter its breakage.Equally, presence whenwe arespeaking ofa vessel from in found several different strata, piecedtogether potsherds thatvesselwas alreadyin use at thetimeof (or possibly earlierthan) theearliest stratigraphie context from whichsherds ofit occur. Account must be taken, ofcourse, ofthepossibility oflaterdisturbance to thedeposits which wasnotnoticed and of the risk of of finds excavation orin excavation, during mislabelling during thelaboratory: itwouldbe unwise to lay toomuchemphasis the context a of small upon single, sherd.But theevidencefrom thesanctuary is bothabundantand consistent. This pointmay be illustrated to pottery cited in chapterV as typologically by reference from three of the contexts documented there. Each represents an significant just many associationof findssecurelystratified the of the and thus together by collapse sanctuary tophase2b ofthesequence.In somecasessherds from thesamepotare found also in belonging otherareas and in laterlevels,but thisin no way diminishes thevalidity of thecontext: /. Room at the west Shrine: ofmotifs oftheWest deep bowls(FS 284) decoratedwitha variety No. (Cat. Nos. 206, 207,208. 218); shallowangularbowl (FS 295), undecorated (Cat. 364); cookingpot (Cat. No. 377), and otherfinds. tripod
84
Shrine: 2. Cult bench atsouth-west corner (Cat. No. 114); doiiblejars(Cat. Nos. 93 ofWest stirrupjar and 94), Late Psi figurine ofdevelopedLH IIIC type(SF 2007). collection street south conicaldiscofstirrup 3. Large of pottery from ofEastShrine: jar (Cat. No. 123); with LH IIIC No. collardecoration (Cat. 81); complete complete jar piriform developed necked with crater with decoration mended lead rivets No. jar, (Cat. 86); chequerpanel in infloor ofthis vessel werefound and itmayhavebeenbroken already (fragments make-up, No. No. No. decorated 160); phase 2a) (Cat. 127); 150); dipper(Cat. mug (FS 226) (Cat. deep bowl (Cat. No. 218); kylix(Cat. No. 350), and otherfinds. In additiontherewere a fewfindsof LH IIIC pottery fromphase 2a levels,in contexts also in levelsof the base No. antedating collapse,e.g. plate (Cat. 307); deep bowlswithsherds from levels below Nos. and 2b 208); deep bowls, immediately 207 collapsephase phase (Cat. floors (Cat. Nos. 205 and 209). within These ceramicindications set the collapse (phase 2b) of the Phylakopisanctuary LH far into that and hence Rutter's fourth for not IIIC, although necessarily phase, phase within the time Lefkandi 2a. probably phase span for this The material from again there impression, support phases3b and 3c at thesanctuary monochrome bowlwith are several Nos. and band bowls (Cat. 254 255); pieces(medium deep fall rim(Cat. No. 266); lipless conicalbowl (Cat. No. 161); tray(Cat. No. 315)) which reserved the is not of and of Rutter's The duration within sanctuary 3c phases3b typologically phase4. theend ofRutter's there tookplace before thatthefinalabandonment clear,but it is possible even be setlater, fourth theendofLefkandi perhaps phase2. It could,however, phase,i.e. before as late as theabandonment of the Kea shrine. Dr ofthischronological was one ofthefirst indicators The evidence ofthefigurines picture. in thecollapsephase SF 2007 (plate 38 b),found French drewattention totheLate Psifigurine, a figurine, SF in thesouthern closely partoftheWestShrine(MLb East layer13). (It matches is no NLc There 1521, foundin a phase 3b contextin the north-west corner, layer 214.) LH IIIC the of for the during period chronology development Mycenaeanfigurines published ofthis class evidence. torefer totheLefkandi allowsDr French butMr Pophamkindly Figurines theLH IIIC periodthere. witha crosspaintedon the bodyare knownthroughout a theLate Linearanimal,SF 1575 (plate 47 a) from A similar inference maybe drawnfrom 1 . Its the West Shrine 2 in corner of the north-west (NLc layer 8) particular collapsephasedeposit isagainwell which itas a form ofsimplified bandsalongthesidesofthebodydistinguish features in LH IIIC. knownat Lefkandi allow of closer dating, but these first The Lefkandievidencedoes not, unfortuantely, The evidence. well are now indications for by thepottery supported Phylakopi chronological LH date but an from ceramics do not arise features of the IIIB) early (e.g. sanctuary particular IIIC Helladic the Late Melos isolation of otherfactors, the from during notably apparent period.
3. AbsoluteChronology
must rest for thePhylakopi The absolute entirely upon thesynchronisms sanctuary chronology for theArgolid, established ceramic and theMycenaean between sequence Phylakopi attempted betweenthissequenceand the withAtticaand Euboia, and upon the relationships together The direct ofEgyptand theEast Mediterranean. established imports chronologies historically scarab (SF 766), perhapsthe few:thefaience are exceedingly to Phylakopi from theseregions theostrich God' figurines twobronze'Smiting eggshell.They (SF 518 and 1802),and probably methods ofdating There are no convenient are notofgreathelp chronologically. laboratory
85
and thelack of available, in the absence both ofwood or charcoal samples fordendrochronology abundant organic materialsforradiocarbon dating,whose precisionis in any case not great.Nor is that of thermoluminescence dating. Dates in calendar years can thus only be assigned to the sanctuary by arrivingat absolute dates forthe significant points in the Late Helladic ceramic sequence, as set out above. For the earlier stages (LH and B) there is fairlywidespread agreement about the Mycenaean chronology,since links within the Aegean and beyond are fairlycommon. For the LH IIIC period the relative lack of such links makes the task much more problematical. The LH III A2 period was originallyset by Furumark (1941b, 115) at 1400 to 1300 BC. Later such as Mylonas (1966, 236) have broughtthe beginningof the LH IIIAi period up to writers, ca. 1400 BC, beginningLH IIIA2 between ca. 1385 and 1370 BC (Hankey and Warren 1973, oftheWest Shrinebegan earlyin the LH IIIA2 period, theabsolute 401 ). Since theconstruction date may be set at somewherenear 1360 BC, although it could differ fromthisdate by at least 20 in either direction. years The nextsignificant of the City Wall and of the East point in our sequence is the construction ShrineduringLH IIIBi . Furumark ( 1941 b, 115) originallyset the LH II IB period at ca. 1300 to 1230 BC, but later writershave tended to lower the end of the period to ca. 1190 BC (e.g. be appropriate to set the construction of the City Wall at Mylonas 1966, 236). It may therefore within and hence the of about of 2a 20 beginning phase years 1270 BC. These dates Phylakopi, do not differ from those which would have been offered radically by Furumark forty years ago, and most scholars are in agreement to within 20 years or so (see Table 3.3). Furumark originallydivided the LH IIIC period into IIICi early,IIICi late and IIIC2, assigninga range ofca. 1230 to 1100 BC forthe totality(Furumark 1941b, 115). Later he divided the IIICi period into three sub-phases, a, b and c instead of two, and assigned a range of 1230 to 1025 BC (Furumark 1944). Desborough (1964, 241) has re-evaluated the evidence forthe beginningof LH IIIC and Hankey and Warren (1973, 339) cite otherrelevantevidence to suggestthe initial date of 1190 BC quoted above. Iakovidis, using his Perati material, would set the inception between 1190 and 1185 BC. It does not seem likelythat the destructionat Mycenae and Tiryns, which may be taken as definingthe end of I1IB and hence the inceptionof IIIC, occurred at a date differing by more than two or three decades fromthese figures. With theend ofLH IIIC thematteris much less clear. The end ofthe Sub-Mycenaean (or LH IIIC2) phase, as seen in the Salamis and Kerameikos cemeteries,is definedby the inception of the Protogeometricceramic style in Athens. The dating of this event is arrived at largely by extrapolationbackwards froma date ofca. 750 BC forthe beginningofthe Late Geometricstyle. Desborough (1972, 79) set it between 1075 and 1050 BC, aftera duration ofsome 50 yearsforthe Sub-Mycenaean style, but already (ibid, note 10) saw the implications of evidence from Mycenae fora suggesteddate of 1120 BC or afterforthe final (Granary) destructionthere.If we were to accept thispoint ofDesborough's, we should returnto thelater chronologyofFurumark (1944) ofca. 1025 or IO3 frtheend ofthesub-Mycenaean (LH IIIC2) period. This date will be assumed here, although it could be shiftedby at least half a centuryeitherway withoutdoing violence to the uncertain evidence upon which it is based. A beginningof ca. 1060 BC forthe Sub-Mycenaean period would allow it a duration of 30 years,compared to the50 allowed by Furumark (1944) and the 25 proposed by Iakovidis (1979, 462). These suggestions leave us witha span ofca. 1190 to 1060 BC forthe LH IIICi period,withits subdivisions as set out in Table 3.2: some 130 years compared with the 155 proposed by Furumark( 1944) , and the 115 allowed by Iakovidis. The further subdivisionmustbe completely
86
Table 3.3 absolutechronology forthe Phylakopi Suggested Sanctuary

Date BC
(1060)-
ArgolidPeriod
Late LH IIIC
Phase
Event
Use
(1090)
I IOO-
Mid LHIIIC 3^ |a
Abandonment Re-useofEast and WestShrine
1 120
(1130)
BuildBlocking Wall
-
2b
Collapse F
Early LH IIIC
(IIQO)
2a
..
..
Use ofEast and WestShrines
LH IIIB
1270
ic
BuildCityWall and East Shrine
( 13)
ib
'
-'
Earlyuse of WestShrine
LH IIIA2
ia
1360 (1370) LH IIIAi (1400)
WestShrine Construct
87
one approach is to allow a span of 20 to 30 years foreach of the six subdivisionsin the arbitrary: ofsettingthe finaldestruction(Granary) at Mycenae withina table. This would have the effect few decades of 1090 BC. The collapse at the Phylakopisanctuarywas set above as withinLefkandiphase 2a, and a date within a few decades of n 20 BC is here proposed. The duration of phase 3 is a matter of guesswork:ifwe allow 20 to 30 years, then the final abandonment of the Phylakopi sanctuary would be withina fewdecades of 1100 BC or 1090 BC. These dates are set out in the table below that each date could be moved by several decades in (Table 3.3) but it should again be Stressed eitherdirectionwithout seriouslycontradictingthe available data.
IV Chapter The Material

allowsthe The course has nowbeendescribed, and thereasoning setoutwhich oftheexcavation at was The phasesequencearrived relative ofthesanctuary area to be established. chronology V and VI, the in the last chapter.There, anticipating the discussion of chapters described withtheMycenaeanceramic relative for thesanctuary was correlated sequencefor chronology in chronological theAegean as a whole.All of thisis a useful forthediscussion, preliminary ofthedevelopment oftheartifactual material associated ofthesanctuary order, buildings,and withsuccessive at thisstage. phases.The phase diagramsin AppendixA are relevant The most architectural features theLate BronzeI periodin whatwas laterto prominent during becomethesanctuary walls950 and 95 1 (FIG. faceof area werethemassive 2.11) . The southern Wall 950 was notlocatedin thecourse oftheexcavation oftrench facemaywell MKd, and this havecollapsed at sometime, southwards downthesteepslopehere.Excavation at greater depth would be requiredto locate thelowercourseof theouterfaceof thefortification wall here. metres to thewest,a smallsounding in square KKd exposed(and dated) thesouth Twenty faceoftheLate BronzeI fortification wall in thatposition but themanner ofitscontinuation eastward is not clear. The plans of the earlier(1896- 9) excavations are ambiguouson this and muchof thesesuperficially point,sincein thisarea onlythe topsofwalls werefollowed, werecoveredby the excavation's exposedremains theycould be accurately spoil tip before in 1904. recorded forthefinalplan published Our other relevant information comesfrom trench to theeastofMKd,where PK, 25 metres theouter faceoftheLate BronzeI fortification wallwas locatesome8.5 msouth oftheinner face oftheLate Helladic IIIB fortification wall.The excavations in KKd and PK willbe reported in a subsequent volume.The possibility cannotbe excludedthatthere was a gatealongthis stretch ofwalling south ofthesanctuary morelikely thatthenorth faceoftheLate area,butitisperhaps BronzeI fortification wall ran no morethansomefivemetres southoftheposition ofthesouth wall ofthesubsequent WestShrine.These are matters whichonlysubsequent excavation can resolve. The northern limits ofthisarea are fortunately muchclearer.In NLc North, to thenorth of theWestShrine, Walls605 and 606 ofLate BronzeI date,werefound beneaththe immediately Late Helladic III floor(fig.2.11). The floor herewas some 1.6 m higher thanthefloor ofthe WestShrineimmediately to thesouth,and it is clear thatthisdisparity in absolutelevels,the result of terracing down the naturalslope of the hill,follows the earlierLate approximately BronzeI configuration. To thenorth ofthisroomtheMycenaeanstreet runseastward intoNLe space d, and on into OLd and PLc. The topofWall 5 12, towhich a Late BronzeI datewas assigned, wasfound some level.Thisconfirms thatthestructures in Late BronzeI 1.3m belowthelatest Mycenaeanstreet times to thenorth ofWall 500 were,as later,at a muchhigher level.It also indicates somerein the direction or position ofthestreet between Late BronzeI and Late BronzeIII adjustment times. 89
i. Use of the area prior to the construction of the West Shrine(Phase O/ia)
90
street didnottakeplaceinOLd orPLc, butthe levels ofthis Excavation belowtheMycenaean thesouthern forboth.Moreover is amplydocumented in levelin Mycenaeantimes difference was wallofthis street faceoftheLate BronzeI predecessor ofthesouthern investigated (Wall ) as at thattime a function ofterracing in Pla/PLc,and there can be little doubtthatitperformed as sidein Late BronzeI times a street at higher levelon itsnorth wellas later.That it retained the where and of Dawkins the excavations wellas later isclearly Droop (1911,plateI) by implied in indicated Mycenaean("ThirdCity")and theLate BronzeI walls("SecondCity")areclearly in a volume. in PLa PLc will be and The excavation subsequent published square G5. indicatethatalreadyin area itself, belowtheshrine and thesoundings These observations, was muchas in Mycenaean ofthehill,withitsterracing, theconfiguration Late BronzeI times area wasboundedat thewest times. Whatbecamethesanctuary by byWall 950 and at thenorth we have theLate BronzeI Wall To the east Wall or the line of terrace 605. 500 wallingalong in G5 and H5 ofDawkins'and Droop's "Second City". in Pia, and beyond structures revealed in PLa extended thatsuchstructures islessclear,butitmaybe assumed To thesouththematter wall. I Bronze fortification the Late face of southto thenorthern (inner) could thatlaterMycenaeanshrine which oftheLate BronzeI structures The nature preceded have these Most of offered. as occasion be investigated alreadybeen soundings onlythrough FIG. 2.1 here be and above, 1). (see may recapitulated concisely reported Floor4, the beneath wascontinued (i) NLc In theeastern partofgridsquareNLc, excavation I Wall a Late Bronze As reported oftheWestShrine. floor earliest wall, above, 607,was found the WestShrine, wall of north the not to with) aligned very parallel (but running approximately Wall 603. of belowFloors8 and 9, theequivalent was conducted (ii) NLc South In thisarea excavation Floor12 in association a wallofLate BronzeI date,Wall 736,with revealed Floor4 in NLc. this in this withWall 607. The puzzlingoccurrence withit. It is likelythatWall 736 intersects the on and and later than Wall a of stretch of latter, resting wall, 736 607 734,clearly sounding earlier. was the West of the construction Shrine, reported yetpreceding twointersecting oftheWestShrine, corner thesouth-east walls,Wall ( Hi) NLa Here,towards Shrine. the West of floor the earliest below found I were Bronze of Late Wall and date, 624 625, m the floor 1 below a of at with was associated Floor An earthen them, depth .4 (Floor 6, surface, 5) oftheWestShrine. walloftheWestShrine A and In RoomB, thewest andMLb Rooms complex, (iv) MLdRoom at right was intersected Wall Wall Wall 722, was underlain anglesby Wall 727. 726 726. by are Late can be no doubtthatthese Although pureLate BronzeI levelswerenotreachedthere Bronze I walls, and that the West Shrinewas built on top of them,usingWall 726 as a foundation. to thesouth(designated to continue season,Wall 726 was found Duringthe1977excavation shrine westWall 821 ofthesubsequent undertheeastWall 740 in MLb Room B) and continue to reappearas Wall 822 in MLb Room A. a building thatin Late BronzeI times It is cleartherefore against alreadystoodimmediately at 6m was least this wall of west the that and Wall fortification themassive building wall, 950, long. of indications revealed oftheWestShrine corner thesouth-east outside (v) NKc/d Excavations clear Wall 662. It was not however the east wall of theshrine, a wall, Wall 782, underlying wall a footing ofLate BronzeI date,or simply earlier was a genuine this whether wall,possibly end (and hencerunning itat right construction. theshrine for anglesat itsnorthern Intersecting of indications Wall 661) werefound in linewithand beneath eastwest, approximately roughly
FIG.4.2 East-west ofthesan elevation
West Shrine
I
Wall 502
Bast-westelevation of the sanctuary by Alec Daykin (along the line indicated on ( 2.6). Looking north. Scale 1:50.
I
Wall 502
East Shrine
Scale 1:50. .ngnorth.
East
Street and Courtyard

Wall 100
-^
Wall 661
ofth( elevation FIG. 4.3 East-west
West Shrine
Wall 662
Wall 626/733
on FIG.2.6). Looking ofthesanctuary elevation /vest south. Scale 1:50 byAlec Daykin(along thelineindicated
Room B
West
niche
doorway Room A
^Z^"nL (' j
North-west Platform
Wall 722
THE MATERIAL
91
Wall 783. In thenarrowsounding no more than 0.7 m ofthiswall was uncovered,and neitherits in date nor itsnature was investigated.It is likelyto be another part of the pre-shrine structures this area. (vi) NLe spacealb In a small sounding below the East Shrine, it was possible to establish that thebottomofthenorthwall, Wall 1, lies some 0.6 m below thelowestfloorFloor 5. Some 0.4 m lower, below the rough footingsof Wall 101, the Late Bronze I wall, Wall 642 was revealed, runningbeneath and in roughlythesame directionas Wall 1. A whiteclay floor,Floor 17, was found in association with this wall, at a depth of 1.3 m below Floor 5 (see FIG.2.7) During theperiod ofearly use ofthe East Shrine itsfloor(in space a/b) was initiallyabout 1 m above the exterior streetlevel in NLe space c to thesouth. It is interesting, to note that therefore, the Late Bronze I predecessor,Floor 17, in space a/b was about 1.1 m above its contemporary ofWall 501 , the south wall equivalent in space c, Floor 16. This implies that the terracingeffect of the East Shrine, was anticipated in the Late Bronze I period by some earlier and analogous arrangement. (mi) NLe spacec In the westernpart of thisarea a sounding was undertakenbeneath Floor 12, the earlieststreetlevel ofthe shrineperiod. Wall 641 ofLate Bronze age date was foundrunning and hence directlyunder the City Wall, Wall 100, and the south wall of the East north-south, Wall Shrine, 501 (fig. 2.8). On its east side, a clear plaster floor,Floor 16 was revealed, with associated Late Bronze I material. Floor 16 is some 1.4 m below the early streetlevel, Floor 12. (viii) PLa Trench PLa, to theeast ofthesanctuaryarea, was theonlyone in thispart ofthesite where more extensiveLate Bronze I levels were uncovered. This work will be discussed in a subsequent volume. As noted earlier, the Late Bronze I levels theremay probably be equated with what Dawkins and Droop (191 1, Plate 1) term those of the "Second City". Pre-Shrine Materialin theWestShrine Area: Table 4.1 from the East Shrine area is listedin Section 3. Furtherrelevantmaterial is also listed (Material in the next section.) Table 4. 1: Early Finds fromthe West Shrine
wall (Phase o) north of laterblocking (i) WestShrine, Pottery
P. 805 P. 808 P. 810 P. 893 Possibleshallowbowl Shallow cup or bowl Shallow cup or bowl Possibleshallowbowl NLe NLe NLe NLe layer224 layer225 layer225 South layer257
Primary Figurine MinorFragment

SF 2170
PL.47 e PL.61 a
Legs ofseated figurine Shell Loomweight, fragment Loomweight, fragment Scraps,paintedred
NLe layer224 NLe South layer257 NLe layer224 NLe layer224 NLe Southlayer257
Organic
SF 2390 SF 2215 SF 2216
Terracotta
Plaster
SF 2391
92 Coarse stone
SF 1587 SF 1588 SF 2388

Hammerstone Marble hammer stone Marble grinder? NLc layer224 NLc layer225 NLc Southlayer257
south wall (phase o/ia) (ii) NLa: WestShrine, of laterblocking Metals

SF 1616 SF 1618 Bronzefragment Bronzefragment Spindlewhorl Scrap, withpaintedbands ofyellowand red-brown Scrap, paintedpale blue NLa layer327 NLa layer327 NLa layer327 NLa layer328 NLa layer330
Terracotta
SF 1615
Plaster
SF 1096 SF 2175
(Hi) Room (MLd) Phase o/ia Pottery

P. 694 Middle Cycladicspoutedbowl Bronzefragment, possibly slag Loom weight Scraps,painteddark blue and pale blue Scrap, paintedred Scraps,paintedred and black Scrap, yellowand black bands,red circles Scrap, withred band FIG.8. 11 Possibledouble bowl,serpentine Pounder/grindstone MLd Room layer522 MLd Room layer520 MLd Room layer523 MLd MLd MLd MLd MLd Room layer520 Room layer520 Room layer520 Room layer52 1 Room layer52 1
Metals
SF 2043
Terracotta
SF 2217
Plaster
SF SF SF SF SF 2042 2044 2045 2047 2049
Fine stone
SF 2046 MLd Room layer52 1 MLd Room layer52 1
Coarse stone
SF 2048
In plan, with The West Shrineappears to have been builtin a singlephase of constructon. in final seen the certain it was essentially thestructure differences, 4. 1 (in plan,FIG. significant of insertion the Blocking pocketat rear).The mostobviouslaterchangesare thepost-collapse feature or altarin thenorth-east and theadditionoftheplatform corner, Wall, Wall 626/733, 505 ofthewestwall ofthenichesand platforms in thearrangement Therewerealso alterations 'benches' were set out along the and additional the late addition of wall 604), (including very theconstruction of theshrine. footofcertainwalls after
and earlyuse of the West Shrine(Phases ia to ic, with2a) 2. The construction
THE MATERIAL
93
A bearing faceofthe is approximately east-west. The axisoftheWestShrine alongtheinner north(in 1977). The southwall runseasteastwall (Wall 662/502)reads 1ieastofmagnetic a towithin one degree.It forms a rectangular with west(in relation tomagnetic north) complex m m 6 The north-south east-west. maincentral of interior measurements room, by principal 5.8 inthewest oftheeastwall (plate 9) . A central wasfrom entrance theeast,in themiddle doorway Wall 821, intoa Thiswasdividedbya cross-wall, wallled intothemuchnarrower roombehind. 1 m ca. .6 north-south with interior measurements smallsouthern Room room, A, by 1.6 m easta northern and west (althouththe room is not perfectly room, Room B, larger square), A m m 1.6 north-south east-west 15 a). subsidiary doorwayintothe (PLATE 3.8 by measuring theeast wall,was laterblocked(PLATE mainroomfrom thesouth,and about 1 m from 17 ). wherelarge The original workof the WestShrineis clearlyseen at thesouth-east corner, white tuff wereused (fig.4.5). (This blocks(up to60 by32 by 25 cm) ofdressed, conglomerate stone on the the stone is thematerial for dressed site, re-used building pillarofthealtar preferred inthesouth-west two decorated or found corner and the (SF 2004and (plate 14c)9 pillars lamps that result The wall is well laid of so the overall are of this stone, 2309) material.) roughly-dressed is a smooth face.Some ofthestones are squared,but there is little of outerand inner regularity in a that wall is not laid courses. The contains few of the reddish so the size, regular walling pieces oftheLate BronzeI city colouris wall,and thepredominant rhyolite by thebuilders preferred laterusedin theLate HelladicIIIBi white tocreamorpale brown. The big,blacksea boulders, in theBlocking Wall 626/733 and thefill toitssouth)are notused,and their CityWall (and then are notseen exceptin a fewcases. roundedsurfaces and dark colouring Mr AlecDaykin, The excavation's thatthis south-east corner was first laid architect, suggests both to north and construction and to from there out,as a corner continued, "Pillar", east, (FIG. courses at thecorner are together The eastfacadeisnot 3.2). The four 95 cminheight. preserved A fewsmallstones ornamented. ofthickness onlyca. 7 cm are usedin itsconstruction. specially The wall is ca. 70 cms (65 to 75 cm) in thickness. The handsome doorway (PLATES 7 b and 9) is notinfact centrally placedin theeastwall,butis some2.9 m from itssouthend,and 3.4 m from thenorth. It is 84 cmwide.We did notdigdown belowthelargeboulderwhichblockedit to seeka threshold slab. The lowest slab on thenorth and the slab the second course on the both stretched the full wallthickness of side, south, forming 1 cm. Here the first four courses a of m. This is excellent the ashlar, 70 give height .35 given rough A holeinthemiddle nature oftheconglomerate tuff ofthesouth side,80 cmabovethe employed. measured6 cm in diameterand 5 cm in depth. It may have takena door bolt,thus floor, thatthisroomwas closedby a door. implying Thereislittle evidence for theuseat this ofthespacetotheeast.Howevera small'hearth' time wasfound ofstones some60 cmsouth-east ofthesouth-east with traces ofburning corner, against Wall 662, and a layerof ash and charcoalextending to north and east forsome 5 m. The north-east corner at theoutsidea slab ofconglomerate tuff (plate 18 a) incorporates 73 cmlong.Wall 504 tothenorth wasapparently added later.On theinside theeastwallstands toa of1.4 m initsoriginal with whatseems a rather laterwork work, height it,with rubbly overlying smaller morethan50 cm long in theface. stones, rarely showing The north as theeastwallinitslower wall,Wall 603 (fig.4.2) isofthesamecharacter courses, of 1.2 m. Above thisis a further metre oflaterworkemploying undressed stone. up to a height This presumably thecollapseofphase 2b, and may represents rebuilding, possibly following therefore notbelongto theearlyphaseofconstruction. Thereare indications in thenorth-east corner thattheinterior ofthiswall was plastered. (The benchat thefootofthiswall is a later and the platform in thenorth-east corner is laterstill.) addition,
94
At the westernend of this room, its west wall, Wall 723, abuts onto the north wall, Wall 603/721, which was clearlybuilt as a singleunit: it is only 55 cm thickat thispoint. (It should be noted that thisjunction at the westernface of Wall 723 is partlyobscured by a late fieldwall or which has nothing to do with the shrine itself.) mandra, The southwall ofthismain room is 65 cm wide. Its mostnotable featureis thedoorway, 70 cm in width,and neatlyblocked (plate 170). Both sides of the doorway are clearlyvisiblefromthe inside,thejambs showingclearly.But at the outside only the easternjamb may be discerned,as at the timeofblockingthereseems to have been some rebuildingoftheouter,westernface ofthe wall which merges with the blocking. This blocking of course was later than the initial level is clear on theinside,and a threshold construction here under consideration.The threshold slab is seen on theoutside. (At 1.08 metreswestofthedoorway,a rubblywall abuts theoutsideof Wall 784. Only itseast face was seen and it was not further theshrine, investigated.Clearly it is a later addition.) West of the doorway a low bench, 'Wall' 623, runs along the footof the south wall (plate 14 c). It apparently belongs with the initial constructionof the shrine,running deeper than theearliestobservedfloor.(The bench at thefootofthe northwall lies on theplaster floorof the early phase.) The south wall of the shrine,Wall 622/732 makes a neat cornerat the south-west, turningnorthas Wall 728. Here then it is the westward continuation (Wall 713) with that at the northwhich abuts onto thiscorner,and the arrangementis not symmetrical west corner. The westwall, Wall 728 and 723, (fig. 4.4), is interrupted by a doorway the canonical 70 cm is much obscured by theBlocking wide. At thispoint Wall 728 is 74 cm thick.The doorway itself Wall 626/733 which we were not authorised to remove. In the south-west cornerofthe West Shrine was a platform measuringsome 1 m north-south, It a and with a depth of ca. 80 cm east-west (PLATE14 c). incorporatesa circular column of east of its front at the southernend face), whose diameter is 23 cm. The (i.e. conglomeratetuff cm below Floor its base 6/10) was ca. 80 cm. The platformand 15 heightof the column (from above the column stand at a heightof ca. 64 cm original floow,Floor 6/10. East of the platform of or shelf some 50 cm wide. The bench in front a and at thesame heightruns narrowerplatform far as as the have extended later. Both been added this,and at a lower level, may have may doorway, but the arrangementhere is now obscured by the Blocking Wall 626/733. a niche opened in the west wall, Wall 728, communicating Immediatelyabove the platform, A the west withMLb Room to (fig. 4.4) . This niche was 75 cm wide, and although itslowerpart its was subsequentlyblocked, position is clearly seen in PLATES13 and 14 a. corner of the West Shrine (FIG.4.4). The A second platformwas located in the north-west of Wall 604, which we were not the later addition was much obscured here by arrangement authorised to remove (plate c). The platformmeasures 1.10 cm fromnorth to south, and stood to a height of 85 cm above Floor 4/8 of NLc (plate 10 a). It seems that some bench extended to the south. Above this,but south of the arrangementpossiblyof later construction, to have a niche opened, connectingwith MLd Room in a manner closely appears platform, the south. niche to with the analogous The main roomoftheWest Shrine may now be visualised,withitsmain doorwaysat westand east, with a pair of niches in the west wall, and with platformand shelfarrangementsin the north-westand south-west corners (FIGS. 9.4 and 9.5). The roofing of the room is more forcolumns,to act as supportsforroofbeams, were observed. These problematical. No settings could well have been located along the central,east-west,axis of the room and would therefore be obscured by the later Blocking Wall which we were not authorised to remove. discussed in chapter IX. The question of roofingis further
South
niche
doorway
niche
Wall 622/732
South-west Platform
Wall 626/733
North
West Shrine
doorway
elevations oftheWestSI FIGS. 4.4 and 4.5 North-south Above: interior, lookingwest.Below: thefacade,lookin
North
Platform North-west
Wall 603 North
Wall 500
yard
East Shrine
tionsoftheWestShrineby Alec Daykin(along theline indicated on FIG.2.6.) : thefacade,lookingwestfrom thestreet area. Scale 1:50
THE MATERIAL
95
- *
^g^f
Room
niche |< baulk >J
RoomA
niche ^^
Wall 721
Wall 821
Wall 713
elevationin Rooms A and by Alec Daykin,lookingeast. Scale :5 FIG.4.6 North-south
laterobstructed The doorin thewest Wall,Wall 733/626, wall,Wall 728/723, bytheBlocking A and B, opening ontoRoom (plate 18 b,FIG. 4.6). No directly gave accessto thewestrooms was none.The floor level indication ofa threshold stonewas noted, and itis probablethatthere thesame as thatofthe at thewestend ofthelargerroom(Floor4/8ofNLc) is approximately lowestfloor, Floor 3, of MLd. At thewestsideofRoom at thistimethefloor ranup againstthestuboftheLate BronzeI wall (Wall 726/740) on which thewestwalloftheshrine was built.At thenorth Wall 721 proper from floor level(and indeedfrom 4.2) stoodfirm (FIG. below)buttheeastwall,Wall 723,was not so deeplyfounded, on rubbleand earth,as was thesouthwall,Wall 821. At thistime resting in Room B. Subsequently, there wereno benches thefloor levelwas raisedbysome40 however, and eastbenches(Walls 725 and 724) wereconstructed, and a bench(Wall 741) cm,and north along thesouthern partof thewestwall. Between Room and themainroomoftheWestShrinethere appearsto have beena niche, perhaps analogoustothatin Room A (FIG. 4.6 and plate 15). The levelofthebase oftheniche is nothowever whichwe werenotable to remove, the clear,and thelateradditions, prevented resolution of thispoint. Room A to thesouthwas entered from in Wall 82 1 (fig.4.3), whose Room bythedoorway was60 cmaboveFloor7 ofRoom and 30 cmabove Floor3 ofRoomA. Thisdoorway threshold was ca.40 cmwide (plate 17 *). The floor levelin Room A was initially some30 cmhigher than thatin Room B. Already, from theoutset, there was a bench(Wall 823) againstthewestwall. The nicheconnecting withthemainroomoftheWestShrine openedintoRoom A (plate d), itsbase beingsome35 cm above Floor3. The irregular construction ofthesouth-west corner of Room A was notable,thecorner itself beinglessthana right angle.The southwall ofRoom A thesouth-west corner of earlier, (Wall 713) abutsagainsttheeastwall (Wall 728). As indicated themainroomoftheWestShrine was constructed in a single (fig.3.2). As discussed operation itdoesnotfollow thatRoom A was constructed later.Thereare arguments earlier, significantly
OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY g6 thesinglemajor constructional are merely thatthesedifferences forthinking episodeswithin ofbuildingtheWestShrineas a whole. enterprise The Extension Wall, Wall 661, was added to the West Shrineat some latertime,and its faceis preserved, is takento markphase ic oftheshrine construction sequence.Only itsnorth faceis theeastwall oftheWestShrine(fig.4.3, plate 6 c). This north from eastwards running of It consists at theeastendoftheWestShrine. sideofthedoorway ofthesouth some40 cmsouth face is The north in size. cm to of reddish 55 boulders, 75 by rhyolite, up mainly irregular large on thisside,but noton dressed have been roughly thattheboulders neat and flat, suggesting to the east,behindthe southside of the otherfaces.This facewas tracedforsome 7 metres 1 b). Thereis no reasontosuppose wall (see PLATE Late Helladic IIIBi fortification subsequent and it may extendmuchfurther. Wall stopsafter thatthe Extension Only some 3 7 metres, thelaterCityWall obscures before faceis clearly ofthenorth metres it,and even seen,however, faceof ofthesouthern Wall 663. The position herethelower bythelaterbench, partisobscured ash and ofcharcoal thelayer in NKc/d,whilerevealing thesounding wallis nowuncertain: this itsoriginalthickness. underit,did not clarify running in thesouthwall oftheWest ofthedoorway wall ( theblocking ofthis Withtheconstruction was thespace totheeastoftheWestShrine couldwellbe a contemporary Shrine modification), in Floor 2 use of ofthedoorwaytookplace priorto the The blocking restricted. considerably NLa. in theEast Shrine withthose in theWestShrine tosynchronise It isnotpossible developments did takeplace modifications priorto thecollapseofphase 2b. Howeverit is clear thatcertain also by is The passageoftime represented oftheEast Shrine. oftheconstruction aroundthetime B. levelsmostclearlyseen in NLa and in MLb Room thesequenceoffloor and mainroom,thelongsequenceofre-plastering In thenorthern partoftheWestShrine's was A bench . ofthefloor place (PLATE b) 4/8was taking byNLc floor represented re-surfacing and Some wall. floors ofthese on topoftheuppermost constructed re-shaping againstthenorth was west at the the of some taking place. platform re-plastering certainly Floors6 to 1 was in in NLa, thesequenceofsixfloors, In thesouthern partofthesameroom, the the south-west corner, there use,thedoorway beingblockedpriorto theuse ofFloor2. At time At some it. over bench,Wall 623 was in use withFloors6 and 5, but Floors4, 3 and 2 go of withtwocourses blocked withRoom A was partially this during periodthenicheconnecting a bench. of addition below it was widenedby the stones.It may be thattheplatform Floor2 ofMLd Room levelin Room had risen thefloor to thewest, In therooms greatly. now 1 was Floor 3, and Floor was already25 cm above theinitialfloor, 65 cm above Floor2 west the to thebenchat thenorth (Wall 741) as wellas the (Wall 725) and thebench obscuring to a height had nowrisen level floor A the Room belowthewestwall. In Late BronzeI walling Wall the 823, and the some 10 or 15 cm above thebase oftheoriginal niche, obscuring bench, minor These Wall 822. upon stubofLate BronzeI walling, however, consequent were, changes, ofthedifferent thatthefunctioning to suggest is nothing and there partsof thepassageoftime, theWestShrinechangedsignificantly. withthecollapsephase, wereassociated finds thesanctuary area, themostprolific Throughout that antedate which finds those with are concerned we phase.We are therefore phase2b. Here but in theWestShrine, floor lowest the which materials first recognised underlay considering And East MLb from finds as such shrine with associated be 25. layer can which plausibly usage, floors butbelowthelatest on orabovetheearliest found materials arethose there floors, secondly ofphase 2b was found. on whichthecollapsematerial
Thefinds
THE MATERIAL
97
on severalgrounds. in Room is ofinterest The quantity ofred and pink The assemblage cannot be assumed to that these be derived from is so fragments underlying plaster great painted Late Bronze I levels.But at the same time theyneed not denote mural decorationin the thatthey derive from somemovable theLH III period.It is perfectly possible sanctuary during a rather than from wall. with decorated plaster object in this roomin levelsofphase2 (seeAppendix was found Much obsidiandebris C), as wellas indicate and these some utilitarian function for it. of coarse Nonetheless several stone, may pieces the cult to functions of the related West itcontained several a number Shrine, objects including and themagnificent sealstone ofrockcrystal, S F 2036 (PLATE metalobjects, ofbeads,four 49). the Early Use of theWest Shrine Table 4.2: Findsfrom
wall (Phase ia/2a) north of theblocking (i) NLc: Westshrine, Pottery
P. 894 SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF Possibleshallowbowl FIG.8.7 FIG.8.7 White,glass Black,glass Black,glass Green-white, glass Grey,glass Grey,glass Grey,glass Stone,purpleamethyst? Cowrieshell 2 scraps,paintedred FIG.8.12 FIG.8.12 Steatitedressweight Steatitedressweight NLc Southlayer246 NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc Southlayer242 South layer242 South layer243 Southlayer244 South layer244 South layer244 South layer244 Southlayer245
Beads
2352 2353 2355 2356 2357 2359a 2359b 2362
FIG.8.7 PL.61 a
Organic
SF 2351 SF 2365
NLc South layer242 NLc Southlayer246 NLc South layer242 NLc Southlayer243
Plaster Fine stone

SF 2350 SF 2354
Phase ia (MLb East layer neartheS. W. Platform 25) of theWestShrine floor (it) Finds frombelowtheearliest Metals
SF 2819 SF 2825 Bronzefragment Bronzefragment PL.60 , FIG.8.7 PL.60 a, FIG.8.7 PL.60 a PL.60 a PL.60 a PL.60 a, fig.8.7 Stone Blue faience Cylindrical, glass Glass,black withwhitespots White,glass Cylindrical, glass Half,whiteglass Black,glass White,glass MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25
Beads
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2814 2821 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2815 2816
PL.60 b
98
SF SF SF SF SF 2817 2818 2822 2823 2824 PL.60 b PL.60 b PL.60 b PL.60 b PL.60 b FIG.8.10

Grey,glass Grey,glass Grey-green, glass Grey,glass Black,glass Spindlewhorl MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25 East layer25
Terracotta
SF 2820 MLb East layer25
south wall, neartheS. W. Platform (Phase ib/2a) (in) WestShrine of theblocking MLb East Metals
SF 2802 SF 2807 FIG.8.6 Lead ringbezel Bronzerod,fragment rosette Greyschist, shaped White,glass White,glassor shell White,probablyglass Steatite dressweight MLb East layer23 MLb East Iayer23 MLb MLb MLb MLb East layer23 East layer23 East layer23 East layer23
Beads
SF SF SF SF 2803 2805 2804 2806 fig.8.7, PL.60 a
PL.60 b FIG.8.12
Fine stone
SF 2808 MLb East layer24
Plaster
SF 1094 Scrap, paintedred
NLa
NLa layer322
A (Phaseib/2a) (iv) MLb Room

Pottery
P. 1512, Cat. No. 463 Goblet/Kylix MLb Room A layer972

SF 2679
PL.33 e-J
and arm shoulder Female figure, right only Bronzestrip, fragment Bronzefragment Half,greyglass Grey,glass Grey,glass Bone point fragment Spindlewhorl, Spindlewhorl Scrap, paintedred
MLb Room A layer972
Metals
SF 2681 SF 2676
MLb Room A layer972 MLb Room A layer97 1 MLb Room A layer972 MLb Room A layer973 MLb Room A layer974 MLb Room A layer972 MLb Room A layer973 MLb Room A layer973 MLb Room A layer974
Beads
SF 2678 SF 2694 SF 2695
Organic
SF 2677
Terracotta
SF 2684 SF 2683
Plaster
SF 2259
THE MATERIAL
Coarse stone
SF 2680 Marble slab MLb Room A layer972
99
(Phaseib/2a) Room Shrine, () West

Pottery
P. 675 P. 680, Cat. No. 25 P. 1408,Cat. No. 33 P. 1414, Cat. No. 18 P. 1500,Cat. No. 31 P. 1501, Cat. No. 32 Possibleshallowbowl PL. 19 PL. 19 PL. 19 Stirrup jar Cookingpot Deep semi-globular cup Jug Miniaturebowl Lentoidofgreyrockcrystal Bronzefragment Bronzeawl fragment and smallfragment Bronzefragment, perforated Bronzearrowhead fragment Grey-white, glass Grey,glass Half,glass Glass,disc shaped 7 Glass beads, 4 yellow, 3 grey-blue Yellow,glass Glass Grey,glass 2, whitish glassdisc shaped Ivorycylindrical object Tortoise-shell, fragments Murexshell,fragment ofPlarnax Fragments 2 scraps,paintedred Scrap, paintedpink Scrap, paintedred Scrap withtracesofpinkpaint Scrap, paintedpink Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred MLd MLd MLd MLb MLd MLd Room layer519 Room layer519 Room layer519 Room layer 1041 Room layer519 Room layer519
Sealstone
SF 2036, Cat. No. 1 PL.49 MLd Room layer518 MLd MLb MLb MLb MLd MLd MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb Room layer518 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1040 Room layer518 Room layer518 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1039
Metals
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2041 2887 2890 2904 2037 2039 2882 2883 2884 2885 2893 2897 2902 FIG.8.6 FIG.8.6
Beads
FIG.8.7
Organic
SF 2264 SF 2894 SF 2900 PL.61 a
MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1039 MLb Room layer 1038 MLd MLd MLd MLd MLd MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb Room layer515 Room layer5 17 Room layer517 Room layer5 18 Room layer518 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1039 Room layer 1040
Terracotta
SF 2886
Plaster
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2028 2029 2030 2038 2040 2892 2895 2896 2898 2899 2901 2906
100 Fine stone

SF 2881 FIG.8.12

MLb Room layer 1038 MLd MLd MLd MLb MLb MLb MLb Room layer5 16 Room layer519 Room layer519 Room layer1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer1039 Room layer 1040
Rectangular plaque, pierced Quern Quern,fragment Spoutedvessel Door socket Two flatdiscs,possibly pithoscaps Marble slab Marble slab
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2031 2035 2034 2880 2266 2903 2905
Areanorth Shrine (vi) NLc north: (Phase2a) : 2a) oftheWest

Metals
SF 1573 Bronzering Pounder NLc Northlayer222 NLc Northlayer222
Coarse stone
SF 1574
Shrine (vii) NKc/d:Areasouth oftheWest (Phaseib)

P. 898, Cat. No. 36 PL.19 Stemmed bowl NKc/dlayer814

SF 2281 SF 2505
Throne,arm only Lead strip FIG.8.8 Bone pin Stone rubber?
NKc/dlayer816 NKc/dlayer816 NKc/dlayer816 NKc/dlayer814
Metals Organic
SF 2507
Coarse stone
SF 2504
thearea to theeastoftheWest totheconstruction Prior oftheCityWall and oftheEast Shrine, an Shrine have been The occupiedbytheEast Shrine may opencourtyard. space subsequently becamethe which a that to the south was certainly at level than subsequently already higher and street as at the time of excavation. seen courtyard the construction of the Extension Before Wall, Wall 661, thedoorwayof the WestShrine boundedto thesouth.A an which was notimmediately eastwards out into openspace, opened in ChapterII, and this withcharcoal (NLb layer454) was foundhere,as described stratum no evidence inrelation toofferings, thedeliberate useoffire indicate couldconceivably although the of construction to the this. ofthestreet for The stratigraphy wasfound area,prior CityWall, ofa thisperiod.They includea hornfragment oflevelsfrom Wall 100,allowstherecognition Shrine. the West as from debris which be bovinefigure (SF 1713) may interpreted
oftheEast Shrineand theuse oftheArea priorto theCollapse 3. The Construction Phase (Phase to 2a)
THE MATERIAL
At sometimeduringtheLate Helladic IIIBi period,as indicatedby thepottery recovered in trench Wall was beneathit,notably the massive constructed PK, (Wall ioo) (fig.4.3, City plates 3 a and 5 b, left).It was built along the line of the Extension wall, Wall 661, and thickand is builtof massiveand immediately againstit. The CityWall is some 2.5 metres cm theseashore rounded boulders to Such black stones come from to immediately long. up 90 theeastofthesite.Thisgreat wallstands to a of m: its is unknown. today height 3 original height At about thesametimethesouthwall oftheEast Shrine, Wall 501/104 was constructed (fig. a rather narrow it and theCityWall whichwas street between 4.2, PLATE 5 b,right), defining now theonlyapproachto theshrine complex. wall oftheEast Shrine The north is a terrace thesouthwall ofa wall,Wall 500,whichforms street and the continue east to PLa and and street, OLd, west, (plate 3 b). It, beyond, alongthe north oftheWestShrineand away. It is important in levelhere. to appreciatethedifferences The street leveltothenorth a metre oftheEast Shrine isperhaps above thelowest floor (Floor5) oftheEast Shrine(FIGS. this in turn 1 m and and is above the lowest street or floor level 2.7 2.8), in thespace to thesouth(NLe space c Floor 12). In essence theconstruction oftheEast Shrine ofthesouthand east onlytheaddition required walls(Wall 501/104 and 106) to theexisting north terrace wall. In addition, somewalling(Wall was to wall extend the east of the West Shrine added, apparently 504) (Wall 502) northwards 1 1 . But as discussed this not have as far extended north as Wall 500,which earlier, may (PLATE d) itwouldhavetodo toproduce an adequatewest wallfor theEast Shrine. The nature ofthesmall area to thewest(NLd space 2) at thistimeis notclear. (It shouldherebe mentioned thatin the western of the an East Shrine Wall earlier was below Floor wall, noted, part 509, running 3/5.It was however, in later date than the Late Bronze I wall discussed earlier. It definitely (Wall 642) runs from north of the rubble Wall to Wall There are no north-south, just underlying 501 up 500. floor levelsassociatedwithit.) The mainconstructional feature oftheEast Shrine is itshandsome southwall. It is builtwith care usingmainly smalland irregular blocksofconglomerate well an even tuff, laid to present surface. It contains also numerous of ashlar which be re-used. In its careof pieces masonry, may construction itmaybe compared with theeastwalloftheWestShrine. Botharevery in different from the built with its rounded boulders. The east wall of the East style massively CityWall, was laterstrengthened Shrine ofa parallelsupporting wall to theeast,Wall 107 bytheaddition 1 The East Shrine thus forms a narrow in length (plate b). room,4.8 metres rectangular and in metres width. (internally) 2.5 Prior to theconstruction ofWall 105in phase3c (discussed was onlyone feature below)there in theEast Shrine, ofsignificance a rectangular in the north east corner(Wall 508) platform cm east-west. As it excavated stood (plate 36), 1.2 m north-south by 90 only20 cm to 30 cm above thelevelofFloor5. The flat stones its surface are so smooth and regular in forming upper thatit seemslikely effect neverto have stoodany higher. The East Shrine is entered by a doorway1 m wideat thewestend ofthesouthwall. It has a stone threshold orstep,1 metre wide (east-west) and (plate 9) . Outsideisa smallstone platform formed offlat stones is about 1.5m long(north-south) lying horizontally (Wall 510). Itssurface 15 cmbelowtheshrine and itisitself about20 cmabovethefloor surface outside threshold, (NLd space 4, Floor 9) . The extension thesouthside ofwhatis in effect a square courtyard, Wall, 661, hereforms boundedon thewestby theeastwall oftheWestShrine, on thenorth by thesouthwall ofthe EastShrine, and on theeastpartly in bythewestendoftheCityWall (plate 6 c). Investigations thesouth-east ofthearea showedthatinitially there was an earthfloor (NLb Floor56), and the
102
thebaetylmayhave stoodhere.The thatinitially thepossibility beddinghole in it suggested toa height of45 cm the Extension Wall was now constructed Wall,standing bench, 663, against was nowsetup offlatstones(NLd Floor55). The quadrantkerbofstones above thenewfloor in NLd space 4, withFloor55 (and withthestonefloor (plate 7 a), and used in conjunction b in itspresent Floor6) on whichthe 'baetyPrests c). 7 position(PLATE was sincethere needoccasionno surprise, ofthissequenceofevents The relative complexity East Shrine and the of the between the construction a of time considerable City clearly lapse theEastShrine within this isrepresented Wall and thecollapseitself. bya single Although period between to be discussed is a sequenceofstreet floor below,in thestreet levels, (Floor3/5),there theShrineand the CityWall. area maybestbe judged by theconfiguration ofthiscourtyard The importance priorto the of the it is the focal In of terms much as it is now sanctuary connectivity point preserved. collapse, oftheaxes at theintersection the'baetyl'(in itspresent effectively standing position) complex, accessfrom totheeastgiving withthestreet thedoorways totheEast and WestShrines, through to theeastofthebaetylor 'omphalos', kerbimmediately theoutside world.The quarter-circle be ofsignificance. mustlikewise withits tracesofburning, Atitswestenditis 50 cmbroad,occupying neatconstruction. Wall 663 is ofvery The bench, Wall and the southern thespace betweenthe Extension jamb of thedoorwayintotheWest above itis80 cmbroad.Itsheight the where it abuts Atitseastern Shrine. Wall, end, against City in almost circular is a stone of Floor6 is 35 cm.The so-called tuff, plan (its conglomerate 'baetyl' is . surface Its and east-west north-south diameter clearly cm, shaped 53 cm) (plate 7 c) being49 the vertical about circular with rounded to givea fairly form, symmetry approximate regular to half an ellipse. In heightit measures47 cm. axis. In verticalsectionit approximates is no doubt and there issmoothed, butthesurface topolish, is notsusceptible tuff Conglomerate in later further is considered as indeedis theplacing.Itssignificance is deliberate, thattheform chapters. to theeast.So thatwhile and CityWall slopesdownwards shrine between surface The street the after and thelowest Floor floor theuppermost between thedepthat thewest 6) (NLd spacer eastthedepthbetween oftheCityWall (NLb Floor56) isonlysome35 cm,further construction NLe space c Floor 7 and Floor 12 is 50 to 60 cm. Floor 12, was was observed floors In this (plate 5 a - c). The lowest, space,a sequenceoffour Floors11,10 The floors cm to 20 flat a number of with an earth above, stones, long. surface, up whichgave access to the forthe street These weresurfaces character. and 7 wereof similar and to the East and WestShrines entrance duringphase 2a. courtyard
areapriorto the Finds phase2b collapse fromtheEast Shrine
ofthe areas ofphases to ic, priorto theconstruction and courtyard thestreet from The finds Shrine. the West of out thrown been have which include Shrine East Wall and may pieces City ofthephase2b collapse, Floor5,wasinuseat thetime intheEastShrine, floor Sincethelowest itsuse from ofphase2a, deriving strata theshrine, within to distinguish itis notpossible clearly contain no doubt belowFloor5 (table 4.3 (i) below)must thecollapsephase.The levels before use. It is and thatofitsfirst oftheEast Shrine theconstruction theperiodbefore from material south the to thatthe levelsof phase 2a in the street (table 4.3 (in)) however, noteworthy, ofphases to strata thando theunderlying finds and other farmorefigurine contain fragments was in use. Shrine West the when from theearlier ic (table 4.3 (it)) whichderive only period, Shrine in East the Floor below thatmuch of the materialfound This suggests may have 5 a Floor that It is 2a. withinthe East Shrineduringphase 5 represents possible originated
THE MATERIAL
103
that theindications ofanyfloors floor laid within subsequent phase2a insucha wayas todestroy may have been in use earlierin thatperiod. inthecourtyard, in thearea where thequarterThe existence ofseveral potsofphase2a found circlekerbwas laterconstructed, is ofinterest (table 4.3 (in)). There are severalwhichhave a destruction and thisindicates different contexts, episode, joins from although neighbouring tothecollapse wellprior albeita minor one and limited to this alone,definitely groupofpottery in themiddle in Floor56 in NLb (see ChapterII) in a position of was found phase.A depression whatlaterbecamethequadrantkerb. The useand perhaps thebreakage ofthese potsmayhave itmayoriginally It is ofnotethatone of beenrelated which havecontained. toit,or to thestone albeit a context in MLd Room oftheWestShrine, these B) isfrom joins (Pot676: seeAppendix within a layerofphase 2b. itsCollapse Table 4.3: Findsin the East ShrineArea Antedating
and earlier(Phase 1 2a) (i) East Shrine Primary Figurines Pieces Substantial
SF 867 PL.45 a
horns broken and legs Animal figurine, missing Human figure, possiblyfemale,shoulder only fragment Bovinefigure, only,4 joining hindquarters and 1 matching (see Appendix fragment B) lefthorn head onlymissing Bovinefigure, Bovine figure, body fragments (see AppendixB) Animalfigurine, leg fragment hornfragment Animalfigurine, Animalfigurine, possibleleg fragment hornfragment Animalfigurine, noseonly Animalfigurine, Animalfigurine fragments Bronzepin,fragment Bronzechisel,fragment
NLe space a/b layer63
MinorFragments
SF 2274 SF 1032 SF 1726 SF 2166 SF SF SF SF SF SF 860 864 109 1 1753 2261 1089
PL.33 - h FIG.6.24 PL.43/ PL.43 c
NLd space 1 layer66 NLe space a/blayer124 etal. NLe space a/b layer 124 NLe space a/b layer 123 NLe space a/b layer63 NLd space 1 layer66 NLe space a/b layer 137 NLe layer 155 NLe layer 153 NLe space a/b layer 125 NLe space a/b layer 132 NLe layer 153 NLe space a/b layer63 NLe space a/b layer63 NLe space a/b layer 123 NLe NLe NLe NLe space a/b layer 128 space a/b layer 123 space a/b layer 123 space a/b layer 130
Metals
SF 1728 SF 1749
Beads
SF 861 SF 863 FIG.8.7 Camelian Whitefragments, glass Boar's tusk Drain channel Possibledrainchannel,fragment Drain channel,fragment Possiblerubber, re-used sherd Whitemarblebowl,fragment Mortar,fragment
Organic
SF 1723 SF SF SF SF 1062 1088 1724 1025 FIG.8.9
Terracotta
Fine stone
SF 1024 NLe space a/b layer 129 NLe layer 155
Coarse stone
SF 1752
104
Pottery
construction and Courtyard of theEast Shrine(Phase o/ic) (ii) Street before

P. 451, Cat. No. 53 PL. 19 Piriform (seejoinsAppendix Jar,fragments B) NLe space c layer no
Primary Figurine Minor Fragment SF 17 13
hornfragment Bovinefigure, Bone point Scrap, withtacesofyellowand red paint Scrap, paintedred and pinkwithincision Four scraps,paintedred to pink FIG.8. 11, PL.65 a blossombowl fragment Blackserpentine Quern Small mortar Mortar Marble slab, joining fragment (see AppendixB)
NLe space c layer 110 NLb layer456 NLe space c layer 111 NLe space c layer 111 NLe space c layer 120 NLe space c layer 117 NLe NLe NLe NLe space c layer 121 space c layer no space c layer 121 space c layer 117
Organic
SF 1830 SF SF SF 1714 1716 1720
Plaster
Fine stone
SF 1717
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF 1721 1712 1722 1718
and Courtyard (Phase 2a) (Hi) Street

Pottery p. 4I9 P. 676, Cat. No. 207 P. 1508,Cat. No. 252 P. 1513,Cat. No. 205 P. 1533,Cat. No. 172 P. 1537,Cat. No. 174 Cat. No. 149 Cat. No. 176
Possibleshallowbowl Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Miniature deep bowl (see AppendixB) Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Kylix (see AppendixB) Kylix (see AppendixB) Mug Kylix
NLe space c layer88 NLe space c layer207 NLd space 4 layer80 NLe space c layer205 NLb layer445 NLb layer451 NLe space c layer90 NLe space c layer89
Figurines Primary MinorFragments

SF SF SF SF 1029 1030 1087 883 1019 1707 888 2191 2245 FIG.8.6 PL.48 e fig.6.26 PL.47 e
SF SF SF SF SF
Female figurine, possiblearm fragment Female figurine, stem/base fragment Possiblefish (see AppendixB) rhyton horsehead and cross Chariotgroup,right bar only halfbackonly(see ApendixB) Tall throne, head only Animalfigurine, Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Bronzeawl ofglass Fragments shell,pierced Spondylus
NLe space c layer86 NLd space 4 layer80 NLe space c layer89 NLe space c layer76 NLe space c layer 102 NLe space c layer 100 NLe space c layer82 NLe space c layer84 NLe space c layer76 NLd space 4 layer79 NLe space c layer 101 NLe space c layer84
Metals
SF 884
Beads
SF 1709
Organic
SF 890
THE MATERIAL Terracotta

SF 106 1 SF 1027 Possibleloomweight Two drainchannelfragments Vase fragment, ?serpentine Small stoneaxe, polished Quern fragment Small mortar Marble slab, fragment Marble slab, part of SF 1718 phase o/ic (AppendixB) NLe space c layer76 NLe space c layer89 NLe space c layer84 NLe space c layer87 NLe NLe NLe NLe space c layer 105 space c layer 101 space c layer89 space c layer 101
105
Fine stone
SF 889 SF 891 Coarse stone SF 1711 SF 1708 SF 1172 SF 1710
(Phaseo/ic) ofEast Shrine (iv) AreaNorth

Terracotta
SF 1715 FIG.8.10
Spindlewhorl
NLe space d layer 115
4. The Collapse (Phase 2b) and its Immediate Aftermath(Phase 3a) and figurines has placedduring theLate Helladic IIIC Ata time whichthestudy ofthepottery a majordisaster. The detailed theentire area suffered arguments sanctuary stratigraphie period, thatthedeposits associatedwiththis have been set out earlierwhichallows us to determine area are indeedcontemporary. collapsein thedifferent partsof thesanctuary in the area to thenorth oftheCityWall. Here The damageis most immediately conspicuous at fell intothestreet, were thefoot ofthewall in this several smashing greatboulders potswhich in area (plates 4 <:;5 0) and thesquare courtyard, immediately adjoining,to the west.The thatthese stones werenotsubsequently clearedaway,butlayamongst the damagewasso severe debris. Withinthe East Shrine,therewas significant damage, and an important assemblagewas in theneighbourhood in thenorth-east oftheplatform corner(PLATE 2 b- c). found, especially This material was not clearedaway, but laterburiedby a new floor, Floor 2. In theWestShrine, wasconsiderable there wellrepresented on NLe bythedeposits breakage, in thenorth-west Floor4. this material was presumably associated withtheplatform In corner. in thesouth-west the material was left to be buried the Wall and the corner, situ, by Blocking which it.The construction in thenextsection. debris wentwith ofthis Wall isdiscussed Blocking Little ofimportance in Room at thewest, seemstohave beenstored or at anyratelittle was In Room A, however, found. there was a wholeseries ofterracotta of some them pottery objects, within theniche.These roomswereneverused again. These assemblages, and theotherfinds, willnow be takenin turn. The collapseclearly in theWestShrine, and a significant wrought greatdestruction assemblage ofmaterial wasfound at thenorth-west corner. Muchofitmayhavebeensitting on theplatform, and was found ofthatplatform, on thefloor spreadaroundat thefoot lying (fig.4.7). Much of forinstancethe chariotgroup (SF 1558; plate 44 a) was in badly shattered the material, and the fragments A may be condition, spread ratherwidely.The materialof Assemblage as a closed association. But this does not mean that it was buried interpreted immediately thecollapse.As thelistbelowindicates, at leastone figure to this following originally belonging was later and a small in was found this context re-used, assemblage only fragment original (SF 1550)
A (Phase 2b) (a) The north-west platform of theWestShrine:Assemblage
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THE MATERIAL
107
above layer221, and someofthe It shouldbe notedthatNLc layer218 was in parts stratified in thecleaning-up material which wasdisplaced finds within operations layer2 18mayrepresent Wall in phase3a. oftheBlocking orduring theconstruction thecollapse, immediately following as be regarded The finds from NLc Southlayer235 and 250,mainly beads,shouldprobably than be later oftheBlocking totheperiodofconstruction Wall,and thusmay slightly belonging A in thestrictest sense. thecollapsematerial ofAssemblage the mostnotable findsare the hand of a male figure(SF 1550; PLATE 35), the Amongst criss-cross in in a with this area male remainder ofwhichwas re-used figure painted phase 3b, male figure decoration on thetorso(SF 1553; plate 36 b) and a third (SF 2340; plate 36 a). mostnotablyan almost finds werein veryfragmentary condition, Nearlyall the terracotta PLATE This chariot restorable 44 a). appearsalso to have been the group(SF 1558; completely PLATE most of whichwas foundin contextfora bovine rhyton(SF 1561; 32 6), primary in levels south oftheEast Shrine. The bronzebird(SF 1578;PLATE condition street fragmentary 59) is also ofnote. of theseobjectsare seen in FIG. The findspots 4.7. A etc. theWest Shrine, Table 4.4: Findsfrom Assemblage
A on or nearN. W. Platform (Phase 2b) : Assemblage (i) WestShrine, Pottery
P. 884, Cat. No. 115 (see AppendixB) Stirrup jar fragments NLc layer221
Primary Figurines Pieces Substantial

SF 1550 SF 1553 SF 2340 SF 1561 SF 1558 SF 1563 SF 1562 SF 1557 SF 1575 FIG.6.14, PL.35 FIG.6. 12, PL.36 b FIG.6.12, PL.36 a FIG.6.23, PL.32 b FIG.6.25, PL.44 a FIG.6.26 PL.44 b PL.46 a PL.47 b Remainder Male figure,hand fragment. re-usedin Phase 3b (see subsequently AppendixB) Male figure, head missing (seeAppendix B) Male figure, 2 joining fragments(see Appendix) Bovinerhyton, almostcomplete,1 joining (see AppendixB) fragment one Chariotgroup, missing lefthorse-tail head and ?parasol,12 joiningfragments (see AppendixB) Chariotgroup, of left horse and forequarter horseonly,1joiningfragment (see right AppendixB) Driven ox, missing and righthorn,figure partofreins Animalfigurine, hornand right left missing hindleg Animalfigurine, almostcomplete ?Human figure, possiblehand or finialof throne Bovinefigure, leg fragment Bovinefigure, leg fragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalbodyfragments NLc c layer218 NLc layer218 NLc South layer237 et al. NLc layer221 et al. NLc layer221 et al. NLc layer221 et al. NLc layer221 NLc layer221 NLc layer218 NLc layer218 NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc South layer236 South layer252 layer218 South layer252 layer218
MinorFragments
SF 1582 SF SF SF SF SF 2336 2377 1552 2379 1584 PL.43 a PL.43 a
8
Metals
SF 2372 SF 1566 SF 1578 FIG.8.5, PL.59

Gold leaffragment Bronzepin ofbird Bronzefigurine faience? Fragment, White,glass ofglass Fragments Shell,pierced Bone needle Tortoiseshellfragment fragment Loomweight, Spindlewhorl Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedpink Scrap, paintedred table? Scrap, paintedred,partofoffering Mortar NLc Southlayer251 NLc layer221 NLc layer218 NLc NLc NLc NLc layer221 layer221 Southlayer237 Southlayer252
Beads
SF SF SF SF 1560 1565 2337 2376 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.8
Organic
SF 2339 SF 2342
NLc Southlayer237 NLc Southlayer237 NLc layer218 NLc layer221 NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc Southlayer237 Southlayer251 Southlayer252 Southlayer251 Southlayer252
Terracotta
SF 1554 SF 1559
Plaster
SF SF SF SF SF 2343 2373 2374 2375 2378
Coarse stone
SF 1580
NLc layer218
on or nearJV.W. Platform (Phase 2b/ja) (ii) WestShrine Beads

SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2327 2328 2329 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335
Possiblefragment, glass Possiblefragment, glass
FIG.8.7
yellowglass Fragment, White,glass Yellow,glass whiteglass Fragment, Glass Possiblefragments, glass Bone pin Bone pin Scrap, tracesoforangepaint Stonelamp,fragment
NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer250 NLc Southlayer250 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer250
Organic
SF 2370 SF 2371
FIG.8.8 FIG.8.8
Plaster
SF 2330
Coarse stone
SF 2369
THE MATERIAL (phase 2b) (b) The south-west of theWestShrine:Assemblage platform
109
areofparticular sincethey insitu, The finds werefound on theplatform ofAssemblage interest, A and B. They at thewestendoftheWestShrine, southofthedoorway access to Rooms giving in PLATE are seen as theywerediscovered 146. werea Late Psi figurine Most notableamongthefinds (SF 2007; plate 38 b) and a female plate There were twodoublejars (P. 891 and P. 892, of unusual form 38 a). (SF 2015; figurine plate Cat. Nos. 93 and 34; plate 20) and a stirrup jar (P. 895; 21). Alsoofnotewas a columnar PLATE 66 The find of these finds are seen in fig.4.8. a). lamp (SF 2004; spots
tb I X
Kamoe Stirrup jar Femalefigurvw bezel (lead) Ring or loop Metalring Beads Spinde whorl Columnar lamp I ' ' UrwNcavated
*2017
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Arm
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Vi
FIG. ofAsemblage ofphase2b in thesouthern 4.8 Sketch diagram partoftheWestShrine(boundedat thenorth bv 7 thelaterBlocking Wall)
110
Table 4.5: Findsfrom theWestShrine on or near S. W. Platform (Phase 2b): Assemblage

Pottery
P. 891, Cat. No. 93 P. 892, Cat. No. 94 P. 895, Cat. No. 114 PL.20 PL.20 PL.21 Double jar Double jar jar Stirrup MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer26
Primary Figurines Substantial Pieces

SF 2007 SF 2015 FIG.6.2, PL.38 b FIG.6.9, PL.38 a FIG.8.6 Female figurine, arm broken right Female figurine, complete Tin ringbezel Bronzering Black,glass white, Greyish glass Glass Shell or bone Shell or glass shell Possibly Spindlewhorl Spindlewhorl fromoffering Scrap, painted red possibly table FIG.8.12, PL.61 b PL.66 a ofcarvedanimal Pendant,fragment Columnarlamp MLb East layer13 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer 13 MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb East layer 13 East layer 13 East layer 13 East layer 13 East layer 13 East layer 13
Metals
SF 2012 SF 2010
Beads
SF SF SF SF SF SF 2005 2011 2017 2009 2013 2014 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.10
Terracotta
SF 2801 SF 2828 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer27 MLb East layer26
Plaster
SF 2263
Fine stone
SF 2008
MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer 13
Coarse stone
SF 2004
A from from thenorth-west and assemblage thesouth-west Assemblage platform, platform constitute thetwoclearassociated main from the room of the West Shrine at thetime of groups thecollapse.In thefirst case thefinds seemtohavefallen theplatform from both above,and they thusgive a valuable indication of theobjectsplaced upon such platforms. Further werefound within theWestShrine. Theirstratigraphie objects sporadically position is notin doubt.They are listedbelow.Those from NLa werefound southofthe (subsequent) NLc werefoundnorth ofit. Wall, thosefrom Blocking It is convenient to makea stratigraphie distinction between finds found on thefloor actually whichcan be assigned to phase2b in thenarrower in leveloftheshrine, and those found sense, as belonging to theperiodoftheconstruction thesoilabove thefloor. Thesemaybe regarded of thecollapse(phase 3a). Butit wouldbe wrong theBlocking to place too much Wall,following distinction: itislikely thatthearea NLa wasnotusedagainafter thecollapse.It weight uponthis of theBlocking was filled theconstruction Wall. up withstonesfollowing
FindsfromtheWestShrine (c) Other
THE MATERIAL
111
Table 4.6: OtherFindsfrom theWestShrine

(i) WestShrine(Phase 2b) Pottery
P. 199,Cat. No. 130 P. 463, Cat. No. 158 P. 466, Cat. No. 376 P. 716, Cat. No. 264 P. 1508,Cat. No. 252 P. 1522,Cat. No. 161 P. 1534,Cat. No. 177 PL.23 PL.21 Krater,fragments Dipper Tripod cauldroncookingpot,fragments Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Deep bowl,fragments Liplessconical bowl fragments Kylix,fragments (see AppendixB) FIG.8.6 Silverring Possibleore fragment White/yellow, glass Drain channelfragments Grindstone NLc East baulklayer258 NLa layer320 NLa layer321 NLd space 3 layer36 NLd space 3 layer39 NLd space 3 layer39 NLd space 3 layer36 NLa layer321 NLd space 3 layer36 NLd space 3 layer36 NLd space 3 layer321 NLd space 3 layer37
Metals
SF 1613 SF 2196
Beads
SF 754 FIG.8.7
Terracotta
SF 2192
Coarse stone
SF 2200
(it) WestShrine(Phase 2b'sa)

P. 91 P. 459 P. 676, Cat. No. 207 P. 153 1,Cat. No. 128 Tripod cauldroncookingpot Smalljar Deep bowl,fragments Krater,fragments NLd space 3 layer31 NLa layer315 NLa layer315 NLa layer315
Primary Figurines MinorFragments

SF 1608 SF 1624 PL.42 e
Female figurine, stemfragment Bovinefigure, head only whiteglass Fragment, Whitish, glass Shell Drain channel Drain channel,fragments Scrap, plain Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedyellow
NLa layer316 NLa layer335 NLd space 3 layer33 NLd space 3 layer33 NLc East baulk layer256 NLa layer315 NLa layer316 NLa layer316 NLd space 3 layer35 NLc East baulk layer256
Beads
SF 600 SF 753 FIG.8.7 PL.61 FIG.8.9
Organic
SF 2382
Terracotta
SF 2193 SF 2252 Plaster SF2188 SF 2197 SF 2386
1 12
in Room B, and in thenicheto the and significant Severalveryinteresting objectswerefound are the east (plate 166). The most undoubtedly Lady ofPhylakopi important (SF 2660;plate in an with a 1 in corner the female found headless upright position, 3 ) complete figure (SF 2658) besideher (plate 16 a). The head oftheLady was located50 cm to theeast,but the standing notwithin Room A at thetime ofburial.The headofan and werecertainly arms werenotfound at A was found the north side of Room without body, (SF 2672; plate 34 b). analogousfigure, a largeflat was with a pithos In thesouth-east found corner base trimmed stone, cm, 50 by40 disc(SF 2667) wasfound disc(SF 2675;plate 65 d). A comparable the togivea circular against are seen in FIG. of thesevariousfinds southwall. The findspots 4.9.
theniche(phase 2b) : Assemblage C including (d) RoomA of theWestShrine,
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Beads
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Stone"doughnut" Schistdisc
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C ofphase 2b in Room A and theniche FIG.4.9 SketchdiagramofAssemblage
THE MATERIAL
"3
,
FIG.4 Sketchofobjectsin the nichein Room A (phase 2b)
1 m
114
Alsoofnotein Room A werethepedestalvase (Cat. No. 373; plate 20) and fivefragments which a handsome bovinefigure to form (SF 2670; PLATE 41 c-d). It is ofnote joined together at thatall thefragments within Room A, twoat thesouthside,and three ofSF 2670 werefound foreach objectis shownin thediagrams thenorth side of the room. (Only a singlefindspot or in several ofwhether theobjectwas found complete accompanying ChapterIV, irrespective thebovine an restored to almost while SF figure, 2670joined give pieces.)However, complete SF of it were found. did not: no other leg, 2234, parts the a veryspecialgroup.A sketch The objectsfoundwithin thenicherepresent indicating plate head is The instructive. of each of the (SF 2691; 32 c4. 10) (FIG. ugly fragments positions SF 2685 bovinefigure naturalistic without a body.The rather (notwheel-made) d) was found headless in was found red of crosses and which has a decoration paint splodges (PLATE 40 c), in twopiecesthere, which SF 2689 (plate 40 ), was found within theniche.The bovinefigure, with The bovine the horns. three and a complete save on joiningformed animal, figure legs three and the horns likewise was found SF clover-leaf legs. decoration, 2687 (plate 39) missing decoration with Andfinally thehindquarters ofa bovine (SF 2690;plate 4 1 a - b) striped figure at thesouthin werefound in theniche, whiletheforequarters with itshead werefound together Room B. clearthatthe sinceitseems in this are worth Thesecircumstances way,particularly detailing as a fallen into have could not there: ofthenicheweredeliberately contents position they placed before broken Some werecertainly naturalprocess. ofweathering or bysomeother result they wentinto the niche,(e.g. the uglyhead SF 2691 forwhichno body was found).Withone thesite.The from finds does notjoin up withanyother thenichematerial significant exception werefound which SF bovine the of is the of figure, 2690, striped forequarters exception, course, of theLady, head and A the in Room the in Room B. Moreover (namely body breakages nearby to Room A. SF 2670) wererestricted of thebovinefigure SF 2660, and thefivefragments Room A, perhapsduring thatthey werebroken This circumstance actuallywithin suggests and were items several In theaftermath, on this thecollapseprocess. view, placed in theniche, was abandoned room the before left theLady and hercompanion standing, upright, (SF 2658) forthelast time. thanwas the condition in muchlessshattered werefound It shouldbe notedthatthese figures This same Shrine. West of the case withthosein the East Shrineor the north-west platform case of these in the that it is notable and of Assemblage holds forthe finds observation B, the after re-used not were in areas the and collapse. C, question Assemblages ofAssemblages thatthecontents alternative Thispointleadstoanother namely hypothesis, and C werenot in generaldamaged duringthe collapse,but thatmuchof thedamage now The objectsin thenichewouldthen theuseoftheobjects. in factaroseearlier, observed during in the niche.This would for safe and stowed the to have been broken keeping collapse prior ofa missing, are head the of some larger parts simply 2691 ) them, (SF notably ugly explainwhy headless the and head isolated the to would same The 2661; (SF body 2672) (SF apply figure. at the in situ bovine the A. Room from FIG. damage represent 2670) might (SF figure Only 6.7) timeof thecollapse. theobjectsin thenichewereplaced therepriorto thecollapse whether In either instance, or subsequentto the collapse,it seemslikelythat theywere in because theywere broken, before theywereput there. damaged condition
THE MATERIAL
115
Table 4.7: Findsfrom theWestShrine Room A and the niche (Phase 2b): Assemblage C
Pottery
P. 1405,Cat. No. 373 PL.20 Pedestalvase MLb Room A layer965

SF 2658 SF 2660 SF 2661 SF 2672 SF 2691 SF 2670 SF 2685 SF 2687 SF 2690 SF 2689 fig.6.3, PL.34 d fig.6.4, PL.3 1 FIG.6.7 FIG.6.5, PL.34 b PL.32 c- d FIG.6. 15 - 17, PL. 4 1 c- d PL.40 c PL.39 FIG.6.18 - 20, PL. 41 a- b FIG. 6.21-22, PL.40 armsmissing Female figure, Female figure,arms broken, 1 joining (see AppendixB) fragment Female figure, head and arms missing Female figure, head only Female figure, head only and startof left arm Bovinefigure, hornand tail,4 missing right (see AppendixB) joiningfragments Bovinefigure, head and right rear missing leg, 1joiningfragment (see AppendixB) Bovinefigure, horns and three legsmissing Bovinefigure, horns and lowerpart missing offront leftleg, 1 joiningfragment (see AppendixB) Bovinefigure, horns front missing legsand rightback leg, 1 joining fragment (see AppendixB) Female figure, of plait fragment PL.43 a Bovinefigure, leg fragment Half,glass MLb Room A layer961 MLb RoomA layer 963 etal. MLb Room A layer963 MLb Room A layer970 MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb RoomA layer 970 etal. MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb Room A layer 976 (niche)
MinorFragments
SF 2251 SF 2234
MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb Room A layer970 MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb Room A layer961 MLb Room A layer965 MLb Room A layer970 MLb Room A layer 976 (niche) MLb MLb MLb MLb Room A layer970 Room A layer975 Room A layer970 Room A layer970
Beads
SF 2232
Terracotta
SF 2656 SF 2667 SF 2675 Spindlewhorl, fragment sherd Disc, reworked Disc, re-usedpot base Scrap, paintedyellow
PL.65 d
Plaster
SF 2233
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF 2244 2653 2668 2673 Mortar,fragment Possibleloomweight, half Disc ofschist Rubber
116
in sucha manner as to suggest clustered from Room werenotfound The finds they together the of a deliberately associated formed They 'assemblage'. meriting designation group objects, thetimeofthe context. all in a clearand well-stratified are,nonetheless, They mustdate from that evidence Room was is no For while there immediate aftermath. or from its collapseitself, have remained will to Room in use during and the open untilit was 3c, doorway phases3b thatthe in ChapterII, it is likely Wall. As discussed oftheBlocking closedby thecompletion the remained corner oftheWestShrine Room and thenorth-west nichebetween openduring lateruse of thesanctuary. in Room during ofobsidianfound Attention is drawnin AppendixC to theconcentration was drawn site. Attention of the or areas of the in with other 2 sanctuary phase comparison ofcoarse number 1 to the and there from in the finds 2a, above, considering significant phases hand finds stoneobjects, and thesame appliesin thecollapsedeposit.On theother pertaining ofa bovinefigure thefragment are lesscommon: tocultpractice (SF 2690;plate 41 a directly that from thenichein Room A and probablyderives b) joins withotherpiecesfoundwithin than utilitarian for more used was that Room room.It is possible, therefore, purposes largely someotherareas of thesanctuary. comment ofpottery The pattern (see AppendixB). Pots 197 joins forRoom also merits of a number have and joins withareas outsideRoom B. 1515 (plate 22), 676, 1410 (plate 21) is thatthese Whatis remarkable, That is notat all notablein itself. however, joined consistently E. the East in the withthepottery Shrine, Assemblage by courtyard deposit forthiswould simplybe thatduringsome of the cleaningout The obviousexplanation across from Room was carried thecollapse,somematerial immediately following operations or viceversa.Indeedsincethephase2b southoftheEast Shrine, and dumpedin thecourtyard theCityWall, the from obscured werelargely levelsin thecourtyard by thefalloflargestones in wouldbe thatdebristhrown on thisargument answer moreappropriate up by thebreakage for are several B. Room across to carried be for some thecourtyard joins reason, (There would, in thecourtyard withlaterlevelsin thesame area.) thephase 2b material was effected ofsherds would be thatthemovement The alternative however, explanation, of as a or of deliberate result as the the action, by-product deliberate before collapse,perhaps in a phase are found which of Pot in thefirst is prompted action.Thisnotion 676,parts place by in in sherd the that indicate inNLe spacec. Butthis 2a context originated question merely might to ofthecollapsebefore tilltheaftermath there and remained thecourtyard beingtransported of themovement. thedirection document Room B: it does,however, from for Pots 1524and 1529,however, could be invoked This argument onlywithdifficulty and of the of in levels 2a and in Room infloor arefound sherds which courtyard phase make-up in moved were sherds these theWestShrinerespectively. 2a, perhaps during phase Obviously were sherds therefore outofRoomB. We must material broken ofclearing thecourse acceptthat to the Room from or to Room the from either B, 2, courtyard duringphase transported in the to the in relation discussed further matter is The or both. deposit pottery courtyard, E. Assemblage courtyard,
(e) FindsfromRoom of theWestShrine(phase 2b/3a)
THE MATERIAL
1 17
theWestShrine,Room (Phase 2b/3a) Table 4.8: Findsfrom

P. 197,Cat. No. 81 P. 455, Cat. No. 132 P. 676, Cat. No. 207 P. 1409,Cat. No. 377 P. 14 10,Cat. No. 218 P. 1415, Cat. No. 364 PL.22 PL.27 b PL.21 PL.21 ofpiriform B) jar (see Appendix Fragments Krater ofdeep bowl (see AppendixB) Fragment cauldron Tripod cookingpot ofdeep bowl (see AppendixB) Fragment Shallow angularbowl MLb MLd MLd MLb MLb MLb Room layer 1037 Room layer510 Room layer51 1 Room layer 1036 Room layer 1036 Room layer 1037

SF 2163 SF 2162 SF 2659
Female figurine, waistfragment Askosfragment PL.41 a - b Bovinefigure, partofSF 2690,phase2b (see AppendixB) Piece ofslag Bone pin FIG.8.10 FIG.8.9 Disc Drain channel ofquern Fragment Mortar,third missing Serpentine grindstone,fragment Pair of hammerstones Disc Marble slab
MLd Room layer509 MLd Room layer509 MLb Room layer962
Secondary Figurine
Metal
SF 2655 MLb Room layer960 MLd Room layer509 MLb Room layer 1036 MLb Room layer 1037 MLd MLd MLd MLd MLb MLd Room layer5 11 Room layer5 11 Room layer510 Room layer511 Room layer 1037 Room layer511
Organic
SF 2023
Terracotta
SF 2873 SF 2877
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF SF SF 2026 2024 1063 2025 2879 2027
in very D werefound, The richfinds ofAssemblage condition, along thefoot(i.e. fragmentary at all, remained on the thesouthand westsides)oftheplatform 2 (PLATE c). Nothing platform it before the phase 3b floor, Floor 2, was and all the materialhad clearlybeen sweptfrom are seen on fig.4.1 1 but each object is showntherewitha single The findspots established. in several was almost as thick eveniffound location alongthewestside pieces.In factthedebris thatmostofthefinds as on thesouthside.Therecan be little oftheplatform doubt,however, wereon theplatform duringuse. The breakages are numerous, so thatthereare manyjoins withfragments foundin higher are represented levelsor in the streetto the south. Many figurines by only a singlesmall but it is likelythatmanyor mostof themwere moreor less completebefore the fragment, thattime. werelostafter fragments collapse,and thatthe missing The sealstones areofparticular note(plates 50 - 54) , as is theoccurrence oftheshells of3 or4 are drilled(plate 64 d). tortoises (plate 63): in one case (SF 814) someof thefragments humanfigures or figurines. Thereare no substantial are thehead Amongthebovinefigures ofan impressive and forequarters (SF 836; PLATE 40 d) and an almost specimen figure complete
D Area (phase 2b) Assemblage (f) East Shrine:Platform
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THE MATERIAL
119
ofvery whitefabric(SF 850; PLATE ofa chariot 40 b). There are severalsubstantial fragments FIG. and an almost driven ox plate 6.27) (SF 849; 44 c) as well as complete group (SF 851; animal figurines. numerous Smallerpieces have been listedbelow as minorfragments, but severalofthemmay have been complete to the 2b prior phase collapse. theEast Shrine, butnotfound in Otherfinds from are alsolisted immediately bytheplatform, TABLE 4.9. the East Shrine,Phase 2b Table 4.9: Findsfrom
D (i) Assemblage Primary Figurines Substantial Pieces
SF 836 SF 847 SF 850 SF 85 1 SF 849 SF 805 SF 810 SF 842 SF 852 SF SF SF SF 854 856 857 858
FIG. 6. 15 - 17, PL.40 d FIG.6. 19 FIG.6.23, PL.40 b FIG.6.27 PL.44 c PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.45 a PL.46
SF 887 SF 1727
SF 1743
Bovine figure,forequarters and tail: 4 (see joining and 1 matchingfragment AppendixB) head and neck: 1 joining Bovine figure, (see AppendixB) fragment Bovine figure,missingright horn, right front 4 leg and some body fragments: (see AppendixB) joiningfragments of Chariot left horse and forequarters group, (see fragments righthorse: 2 matching AppendixB) Driven ox, almost complete: 3 joining (see AppendixB) fragments Animal figurine, 3 joining forequarters: (see AppendixB) fragments Animalfigurine, and matching forequarters 1 matching (see hindquarters: fragment AppendixB) Animalfigurine, 2 body and forequarters: (see AppendixB) joiningfragments Animal figurine,almost complete (see AppendixB) Animal (seeAppendix B) figurine, complete Animalfigurine, almostcomplete Animalfigurine, almostcomplete Animal figurine, only (see hindquarters AppendixB) Animalfigurine, almostcomplete Animal figurine, almost complete: horn fragmentonly found in this phase, possibly re-used in phase 3c (see AppendixB) Animalfigurine, SF matches leg fragment: 504 phase 3b (see AppendixB) Possiblemale figure, legs only Bovinefigure, leg fragment umbrella Groupfigure, probably fragment, possiblematchofSF 85 1 (see Appendix B) Chariot group, left forequarters only: 2 (see AppendixB) joiningfragments
NLe space a/blayer62 et al. NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/blayer62 et al. NLe space a/blayer62 et al. NLe space a/blayer62 et al. NLe space a layer61 et al. NLe space a layer61 et al. NLe space a/blayer62 et al. NLe space a/b layer62 NLe NLe NLe NLe space a/b layer62 space a/b layer62 space a/b layer62 space a/b layer62
NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/b layer63, 123 or 124 NLe layer 152
MinorFragments
SF 817 SF 822 SF 843
fig.6.1 1 PL.43 a fig. 6.28 FIG.6.26
NLe space a layer61 NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/blayer62 et al.
SF 846b
12O
SF SF SF SF 2247 2248 2249 2258 PL.43 d

Chariotgroup,left forequarters Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, hornfragment Animal figurine, body and possible leg fragment Animalfigurine, fragment Bovine figure, hindquarters, partofSF 1032 phase o/2a: 4 joining fragments (see AppendixB) PL.51 PL.52 PL.54 PL.53 PL.52 PL.51 PL.53 PL.54 PL.50 PL.50 FIG.8.6 FIG.8.6 FIG.8.6 Elongatedcushionseal Rectangular plate seal Lentoid Lentoid Lentoid Lentoid Lentoid Lentoid Lentoid Lentoid Lead ringor loop Bronzearrowhead Bronzeknife Bronzeloop Bronzefragment Black-brown glass/faience Whitish glass/faience Ivoryhandle Seventeenfragments tortoiseshell, some joining,severaldrilled Twelve fragments tortoise shell,1 possibly drilled Tortoiseshell,complete One fragment tortoise shell Small rectangular marbleplaque Quartz crystal NLe NLe NLe NLe space a/blayer62 space a/blayer62 space a/blayer62 space a/blayer62
SF 1130
NLe space a layer61 NLe space a/blayer62 et al.
Secondary Figurine
SF 846a
Sealstones
SF 808, Cat. No. 5 SF 821, Cat. No. 6 SF 824, Cat. No. 11 SF 833, Cat. No. 9 SF 834, Cat. No. 7 SF 837, Cat. No. 4 SF 840, Cat. No. 8 SF 841, Cat. No. 10 SF 844, Cat. No. 2 SF 1748,Cat. No. 3 NLe space a layer61 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a/clayer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe layer 152 NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe space a layer61 space a layer61 space a/blayer62 layer 152 layer 152
Metals
SF SF SF SF SF 813 820 828 1744 1745
Beads
SF 823 SF 832 FIG.8.7 FIG.8.8, PL.61 d PL.64 d NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a layer61 NLe space a layer61 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a layer61 NLe layer 152
Organic
SF 830 SF 814
SF 815 SF 825 SF 838 PL.63
Fine stone
SF 816 SF 1747
to the platform) (it) East Shnne,Phase 2b (but notin closeproximity Pottery

P. 127,Cat. No. 350 P. 187,Cat. No. 86 P. 1505,Cat. No. 150 PL.21 PL.23 PL.23 Carinatedkylix Collar-necked jar (see AppendixB) (see AppendixB) Mug, fragments NLd space 1 layer56 NLd space 1 layer56 NLd space 1 layer64
THE MATERIAL Terracotta

SF 1731 SF 786 FIG.8.9, PL.65 d Spindlewhorl Drain channel Scrap, paintedpink Scrap, paintedwhite(phase 3a) Bi-concave lentoid
12 1
NLd East baulk layer 140 NLd space 1 layer56 NLd space 1 layer56 NLd East baulk layer 139 NLd space 1 layer56
Plaster
SF 485 SF 1730
Coarse stone
SF 785
does not have a clear singlespatial focusin the The materialgroupedunderAssemblage clearedout oftheEast rubbish Some ofit is clearly described. manner oftheother assemblages in theaftermath thechariot ofthecollapse.For instance itsuse,or conceivably Shrineduring in B. One of SF listed under with other SF 851 Appendix fragments 871 joins groupfragment intheir and other oftheEast Shrine, isfrom theinterior these context, figurines amongst primary It maybe for this theEast Shrine. context thattheprimary itissafetoinfer piecealso waswithin thrown outofthe and themetalpieceswerelikewise thattheother concluded fragments figurine or possibly theWestShrine. East shrine, was alreadyoccuring It has beennotedabove thatthis during phase 2a, so thatthese process from the be regardedas breakagesresulting piecesin levelsof phase 2b need not necessarily earlierbreakagesburiedby thecollapse. as slightly collapse,but simply itwillscarcely do someofthepotsherds Whilethisexplanation recovered, mayalso servefor in situat thefoot oftheCityWall, all. For during severalpotswerefound for them excavation, from it (plates 22- 23). I* seemslikely thattheywere crushed by thefallofthelargestones tothecollapse.In NLe spacec, PotsCat. Nos. 8 1, 86,99, 111 and 178 werefound complete prior in thisway.This Cat. No. 372 in NLb 418 was also crushed alongwithsomeplaster. together, ofBench663. It is tempting, lastwas found to theeastofthe"baetyl",to thenorth immediately to consider thispottery as usedfor somepurpose to theposition whereitwas therefore, specific east of the baetylnear the benchand also near the quarter-circle kerbin the corner found, between theCityWall and Wall 661 and Bench663. Indeedwith one exception, all the joinsfor thiscourtyard/street thepotslistedbeloware within thattheywere area, suggesting strongly used hereand broken here,some perhapspriorto thecollapseand someduringit. An interesting issueis raised, however, by Cat. No. 81 (plate 22), whichformed partofthis crushed For sherds from it werefoundin collapsephase levelsin by theboulders. assemblage oftheWestShrine(seeAppendix RoomB, west B) . Ifthepotwas indeedbroken bythecollapse, musthave been transported thesherds to Room duringsome lateroccupation, perhapsof thattheonly rubbish sherds in this ofpots however, disposal.It iscurious, originating assemblage their area, shouldhave destroyed by thecollapseto have found wayout ofthecourtyard/street ended up someway to thewestin Room B. There are otherlinksbetweenRoom and the in Pots 676, 141 area, reflected o, 1515, 1524 and 1529,and a similarexplanation courtyard couldbe advancedfor mostofthesherds: could have been takenoverto Room withthe they samebatchofrubbish after thecollapse.The circumstance thatsherds ofPot 1524occuralready in thecourtyard inphase2a levels isnotan obstacle: itcouldhavebeenbroken at thattime, with thereuntilafter sherds thephase 2b collapse. remaining Pot 1529doeshowever difficulties tothis onesherd isfrom present explanation: phase2a levels in squareNLa, wellstratified beneathmorethanone floor, and it therefore reachedthere well
and Courtyard (phase 2b/3a) : Assemblage (g) Street
12 2
FIG.4. 12 Sketchplan of thesanctuary and adjoiningareas
before thecollapse.Thiscircumstance therefore an alternative thatthis suggests hypothesis: pot in theWestShrine, was broken in Room or in NLa, and sherds somewhere either wereswept out intothecourtyard. All in all, thebestexplanation wouldseemto be themovement ofdebrisafter thephase 2b thedifficulty with Pot 1529.In anycase,this area was theonly street/courtyard collapse, despite onewithin theSanctuary where ofpottery werefound, and there considerable proper quantities is no doubtthatmuchofitwas usedin thatarea. The suspicion nonetheless remains thatthere linkbetweenthisarea and Room B. was somepreferential Table 4.10: Findsfrom the Streetand Courtyard (Phase 2b/3a):Assemblage
Pottery
P. 186,Cat. No. 178 P. 187,Cat. No. 86 190,Cat. No. 96 192,Cat. No. 351 193,Cat. No. 352 194,Cat. No. 99 i95> Cat. No. 111 197,Cat. No. 81 PL.23 PL.23 PL.22 PL.23 PL.22 PL.22 ofkylix Fragment Fragments of collar necked jar (see AppendixB) ofamphora(see AppendixB) Fragments Carinatedkylix ofcarinatedkylix Fragments ofhydria Fragments ofjug, (see AppendixB) Fragments ofpiriform B) Fragments jug (seeAppendix NLe space c layer74 NLe space c layer74 NLe space c layer74 NLe space c layer72 NLe space c layer74 NLd space 4 layer79 NLe space c layer75 NLd space 4 layer79
P. P. P. P. P P.
THE MATERIAL
P. 198,Cat. No. 100 P. 200, Cat. No. 262 P. 401, Cat. No. 97 P. 461, Cat. No. 106 P. 462, Cat. No. 372 P. 473, Cat. No. 98 P. 474, Cat. No. 263 P. 1504,Cat. No. 135 P. 1513, Cat. No. 205 P. 15 16,Cat. No. 222 P. 1517, Cat. No. 160 P. 15 18,Cat. No. 267 PL.22 PL.22 PL.21 PL.22 of hydria(see AppendixB) Fragments ofdeep bowl Fragments ofamphora Fragments Jug Krater ofamphora Fragments ofdeep bowl Fragments ofkrater (see AppendixB) Fragments ofdeep bowl (see AppendixB) Fragments ofdeep bowl (see AppendixB) Fragments ofdipper Fragments ofdeep bowl (see AppendixB) Fragments NLe space c layer75 NLe space c layer75 NLd space 4 layer79 NLb layer419 NLb layer418 NLe space c layer75 NLe space c layer99 NLb layer427 NLb layer445 NLd space 4 layer 148 NLb layer421 NLe space c layer75
123

SF 2253 SF 882 PL.48 d
Female figurine polos Animal figurine,hindquartersonly, 1 (see AppendixB) joiningfragment Chariot group,crossbar part of SF 851, phase 2b (see AppendixB) ofback,partofSF 1019 Throne,fragment phase 2a Animalfigurine, bodypartofSF 852,phase 2b (see AppendixB) Flat stripoflead Lead stripwith2 rivets ofbronze Fragment Fragment, glasspaste of tortoise shell Fragment ofdrainchannel Fragments ofdrainchennel Fragment ofdrainchannel Fragments ofdrainchannel Fragment Quern Mortar Half bi-concave stone Pierceddisk Marble slab
NLb layer421 NLe space c layer74
Secondary Figurines
SF 871 SF 2285 SF 869
NLe space c layer72 NLb layer421 NLb layer42 1
Metal
SF 868 SF 1819 SF 181 2 NLe space c layer72 NLb layer421 NLb layer418 NLb layer418 NLe space c layer72 NLe space c layer74 NLb layer419 NLb layer437 NLb layer428 NLe space c layer74 NLb layer437 NLe space c layer99 NLb layer440 NLd East baulk layer96
Beads
SF 1817
Organic
SF 2284
Terracotta
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 876 1028 1626 1821 872 1628 1705 1829 1703 fig.8.9 FIG.8.9
Coarse stone
FIG.8. 13, PL.66 g PL.66 b
124
ofthe It is convenient at thispointto discuss thefinds from theroomimmediately to thenorth WestShrine, NLc North(plates 8 left; . this not have belonged 9 right)Foralthough roommay to theshrine at thesame it does seemto have been destroyed complex(and thisis uncertain) time. Thisnarrow walloftheWestShrine, Wall 603,and roomisboundedat thesouth bythenorth at thenorth thenorth continuation oftheterrace wall,Wall 500,whichforms by thewestward walloftheEast Shrine. isWall 602. Accesswasprobably from thestreet tothenorth. Atthewest Its eastern end was neveraccurately located,and maylie beneaththeNLc/NLd baulk,which was notfully removed. baulkis NLd space 2, whichmaywellhave beenpartofthe (East ofthis sameroom.)Therewas a single withthecollapse floor material on itassociated level,with lying revealedthe topsofWalls 605 and 606 ofLate BronzeI phase. (Excavationbelow thisfloor date.) in thisassemblage(plate 24) shouldbe It shouldbe notedthatwhiletherestorable vessels the tophase2b proper, thatis tosaytheoriginal other items mayhaveentered assigned collapse, in phase 3a. aftermath, assemblage duringtheimmediate of theWestShrine thearea north Table 4. 11: Findsfrom
F (Phase2b/ja): Assemblage (i) NLc North
Pottery P. 435, Cat. No. 384 P. 453, Cat. No. 385 P. 457, Gat. No. 381 P. 458, Cat. No. 391 P. 467, Cat. No. 382 P. 470, Cat. No. 383 P. 471, Cat. No. 389 P. 664, Cat. No. 390 P. 690 P. 1406,Cat. No. 539 P. 1532,Cat. No. 386 P. 1543,Cat. No. 387 Primary Figurines Substantial Pieces SF 1586 Secondary Figurines SF 1078 SF 15 14 PL.24 PL.24 PL.24 PL.24 PL.24 PL.24 Jug Rounded kylix Alabastron Lid withquadruplehandle Amphora Amphora Spouted bowl Shallow angularbowl Bowl Hydria Deep bowl Deep bowl (see AppendixB) NLc Northlayer213, pb 1315 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1317 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1322 NLc Northlayer213 NLc Northlayer213, Pb I35 NLc Northlayer213, Pb 1315 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1321 NLc Northlayer213, Pb 1315 NLc Northlayer213, Pb 1335 NLc East baulk layer261 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1317 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1322
(h) The area north of theWestShrine
head and forequarters Animalfigurine,
NLc Northlayer213, Pb 1335 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1321 NLc Northlayer212, pb 1322
Bovinefigure, part of SF body fragment, 836 phase 2b (see AppendixB) matchofSF Animalfigurine, leg fragment, 810 phase 2b (see AppendixB)
THE MATERIAL Minorfragment

SF 1084 PL.43 c Furniture (partof a box) fragment NLc Northlayer213, pb 1321
125
Metals
SF 2395
Bronzefragment FIG.8.8 Ivorydisc,worked Quern Grindstone Hammerstone Hammerstone Hammerstone
NLc East baulk layer262 NLc East baulk layer262 NLc East baulk layer260 NLc Northlayer213, NLc Northlayer2 13, pb 1320 NLc Northlayer213, pb 1320 NLc Northlayer2 13, pb 1322
Organic
SF 2396
Coarse stone
SF 2397 SF 1508 SF 15 12 SF 1513 SF 15 15
2 (phase o/jc) (ii) NLd space

Pottery
P. 1504,Cat. No. 135 P. 15 10,Cat. No. 395 SF 574 FIG.8.7 Krater Carinatedkylix Whitish glass Spindle-whorl PL.61 e Rock crystal fragment Mortar NLd space 2 layer 12 NLd space 2 layer 12 NLd space 2 layer 16 NLd space 2 layer 18 NLd space 2 layer 14 NLd space 2 layer 18
Beads Terracotta
SF 584
Fine stone
SF 572
Coarse stone
SF 771
in ChapterII, stratified as described floor werefound. To theeastoftheEast Shrine, deposits PLa some until the finds from weremore Theirchronological difficulty interpretation presented 1 it was assumed that the material on Floor studied. was withthe fully Initially contemporary in street of the East of the south Shrine. The 2b of collapsedeposits phase subsequent recognition in Pia inlower that in LH IIIC sherds levelsthanthese then the OLd suggested collapsedeposits be at a lowerlevelthanwe had beenable toreachin thatarea. Thiswouldimply thatthe might tothepost-collapse material on Floors1 and 2 belonged consideration phases3b and 3c. Further in PLa (whoseexcavationand interpretation will be described in detail in a of the material in thestreet levelsthere leads to the volume)nowshowsthattheLH IIIC material subsequent as in thestreet NLe. The pattern sameconclusions of and figurines in OLd also joinsfor pottery withtheconclusion thatthefinds on Floor 1 there harmonises are contemporary withthephase and thatthose from Floor2 shouldbe assigned 2b collapsein theEast Shrine, tophase2a. Thus theinteresting bronze'smiting OLd layer (SF 5 18) from god' figurine 63 shouldnowbe assigned to phase 2b. In viewoftheearlierdoubtsabout thecorrect phasingofthisarea, therelevant
(j) East of theEast Shrine:Area OLd
126
fig..6 and in intable 4. 12,in thelevels levels havebeendescribed as 2a/3C and 2b/3c diagram to phase 2a and the AppendixB. But layers67 and 65 are now assignedwithconfidence stratified levelsto phase 2b. overlying as at thesametime this before Walls 112 and 109 (plate 4 a) wereconstructed time, probably in OLd. Wall 109 continues the East Shrineitself, investigated althoughtheywerenot fully of Wall 4 in PLa is eastwardinto PLa, whereit is designatedWall 2. The construction wall to thenorth ofthese withthese. At thetimethesewerebuilt,theretaining contemporary by squares (Wall 1 in PLa, Wall 108 in OLd and Wall 506 in NLe) was strengthened theuse oftheEast Shrineitseastwall,Wall 106,was and at sometimeduring reconstruction, walling at its east face, designatedWall 107. The supportedby the addition of further in FIG. also at theeastern is shown sideofthesanctuary 4. 12, which schematically configuration indicates thewallsuncovered to theeastin theexcavation byDawkinsand Droop (1911,pl. 1, right). ifthetworoomsto theeast,excavatedby Dawkinsand Droop Thereis no wayofknowing in phase 2 at thesame timeas the East rooms6 and 7) wereconstructed (1911, pl. 1, right, thesanctuary became an enclosedarea, as seenon FIG. Shrine.Withtheir construction, 4.12, in theeastwall oftheeasternmost roomofthecomplex. entered doorway bya narrow perhaps orofthese ofthis no description Dawkinsand Droop left rooms, doorway possible Unfortunately oftheeast levels there. The arrangement togiveaccesstothelower which wereremoved bythem fell in phase2 is thusnotclear.The area to theeastoftheEast Shrine ofthesanctuary evidently intodisuseafter thecollapse. Table 4.12: OLd (Streetand Courtyard)(Phase 2a/3c)
Pottery
P. 1504,Cat. No. 135 P. 1505,Cat. No. 150 P. 1507,Cat. No. 254 P. 1508,Cat. No. 252 P. 1509,Cat. No. 255 P. 15 16,Cat. No. 222 P. 15 18,Cat. No. 267 P. 15 19,Cat. No. 227 P. 1522,Cat. No. 161 PL.23 Krater(see AppendixB) Mug (see AppendixB) Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Miniature deep bowl (see AppendixB) Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Deep bowl (see AppendixB) Liplessconicalcup (see AppendixB) OLd OLd OLd OLd OLd OLd OLd OLd OLd layer63 layer61 layer59 layer59 layer59 layer62 layer65 layer65 layer52
PL.23

SF SF SF SF SF 520 2235 514 517 2242
PL.38 d PL.43 c
PL.48 b
Female figure, bodyfragment Bovinefigure, bodyfragments Drivenox, head only Animalfigurine, bodyonly Animalfigurine, possiblehorsehead Possible fish rhyton, body fragment, matchofSF 1087 phase 2a (see possible AppendixB) head and partofbody, horse Chariot group, B) partofSF 851 phase2b (seeAppendix
OLd OLd OLd OLd OLd
layer65 layer61 layer59 layer61 layer50
Secondary Figurines
SF 2241a SF 5 11
OLd layer67 OLd layer59
THE MATERIAL Metals SF 522 SF 518 SF 516 SF 521 Beads SF513 SF 525 Organic SF515 Terracotta SF 526 Plaster SF 1183 Fine stone SF 523 SF 524 Coarse stone SF 512 SF 1154 SF 510 SF519 Lead clamp? Reshef Bronze figure Bronze fragment pin, Two bronze fragments Whitish, glass Grey, glass Bonepoint ofunbaked Unidentifiable clay object Scrap, painted Possible pendant Disc Quern Smallmortar Pounder Grinder OLd layer 67 OLd layer 63 OLd layer 59 OLd layer 65 OLd layer 59 OLd layer 67 OLd layer 59 OLd layer 67 66 OLd layer OLd layer 67 OLd layer 67 OLd layer 59 OLd layer 67 OLd layer 53 OLd layer 63
127
FIG. 67 and68 8.3,PL.
the Collapse (Phase 3a to 3c) 5. After

in the was undertaken After thecollapseofphase 2b, onlyone majorconstruction enterprise of acrossthe middleof the main room the West area. This was the construction, sanctuary massof off thesouthern ofa blocking ofstones Shrine, entirely closing partofthearea. Thisgreat in constructed had onlyone face,to thenorth, and thiswas somewaysneatly stones (FIG. 4.3, plate 18 a). No facewhatever could be found on thesouthside (PLATE 13 right).It seemsthat behind(to the stones wereadded systematically toproducea neatface,and piledup irregularly this the the area between the face of NLa, Wall, south), entirely filling spacedesignated Blocking Wall 732/622. Wall 626, and thesouthwall of theWestShrine, inthedoorway The eastendofWall 626 isactually totheWestShrine(plate 8) . The wallface runswest,but not in a straight so that line, althoughat any pointthe wall is neat enough in it is At one metre from itswestern end themasonry Indeed vertically, plan irregular. changes. itappearsas ifWall 626 mayhave terminated at thispointoriginally, theplacingofthestones a wall-ending there Wall 733), but resembling (plate c). The wallcontinues (nowdesignated setback about 15 cm southoftheend of626. Thereis no reason, to however, supposethatthis of time. Both stretches of lie on thedebris anygreatlapse represents walling directly uponFloor of and Floor of NLc South runs both. wall is The built of round stones 4/8 NLc, 7 up against large incharacter similar tothose which form theCityWall,and itseems that both the wall and likely thestonepack to thesouthare made ofdebrisresulting from thepartialcollapseofthe Late Helladic IIIBi CityWall, locatedjust a fewmetres to the east.
(a) Phase3a and theBlockingWall
128
inthesouth-west corner ofthe The packtothesouth ofthis wallcovered theplatform and shelf in situ. and left with the the debris of room, figurines pots, complete collapsephase,including this effort. It might have beento Thereis onlyone utilitarian can be offered for reasonwhich at thispointon the southside of the site.It has alreadybeen the line ofdefence strengthen I fortification to thesouth. wallsraneast-west that the Late Bronze just a fewmetres postulated the The extension Wall ofphase ic maywellhavehad a defensive although absenceof purpose, the City Wall of Late its southern face makesit now seem ratherunimpressive. Certainly to understand at thattime.It is difficult HelladicIIIBi date was partofa majorstrengthening wall oftheWest the south the West Shrine. it as it some metres east of Certainly why stops, does, 3 Wall to theeast,particularly thandoes theExtension Shrineofphase 2 offers lessprotection whenthiswas reinforced by the CityWall. for considerable thephase2b collapse,theneedwas perceived It maybe, then, thatfollowing the Wall then of and at of 626 this The device filling spacebetween building strengthening point. wallofthe of thesouth have the effect would itand Wall 622 with stones making certainly large at that the former weakness It is an exceedingly line of defence. shrine possible strong perfectly whichled to thecollapsein thefirst in bringing about theevents thispointwas instrumental area at thewestern thesanctuary on Phylakopi, ofan attack place.Forifthecollapsewasa result could have been an obviousweak spot. end of theLate Helladic 11IB defences Accesswas stillprobably area was nowmuchlessordered. The entrance to theshrine by the theCityWall had notbeen had fallen from which street at theeast.Butsincethelargeboulders level(PLATE clearedaway,one had towalkat a higher irregular alonga rather 9), and probably in this street area. The ground laid down to were Floors to surface. No floors 7 12, comparable out was thrown from and perhaps from theEast Shrine, and muchdebris levelhererose, beyond and came to resthere. in broken wereapparently ofbroken thatsomedebris It is noteworthy originally pots,which vice and West Shrine west of the at the far as Room its as found this perhaps area,actually way whatmaybe ofdebris, is an accumulation butthere versa.Thisroomwas notre-used, including of depositwhichwere at first in the accumulation surfaces forming decayed roofmaterial, this there. surface realfloor Floor6 is thelatest 'Floor4' and 'Floor5', although termed Amongst the confirm to which found were chronological debris,significant help joining fragments equations.They are set out in detailin AppendixB. levelsdirectly between distinction to drawanyclearstratigraphie In mostareasit is difficult the of and itself the to succeeding immediately period3a, layers (phase 2b) relating collapse orwerelaid, levels newfloor Wall. It isnotuntil oftheBlocking theconstruction formed, during from offinds can be made. For thisreason,no generallisting division thata firm phase 3a is in was this from of finds the In last section the here. recognised period possibility attempted themselves. the collapsefinds thesefrom severalareas, but it was not possibleto distinguish but the ofnewfinds, Indeed themostlikely activity during phase 3a was nottheintroduction from of the debris of in of clearance the course resulting fragments around, operations, moving earlier and discussed someofthe thecollapse.Thismaywellaccountfor recognised join patterns thepresence inRoomNLc North, at theendofthelastsection, B. Forinstance, and inAppendix of collapse materialwhichwere probablynot in their of severalfragments was recognised thatroom. within positions primary in later continued thecollapseitself from offinds, or fragments ofshifting This process finds, But debris. from the ofmaterial re-use thedeliberate involved collapse phases.Someofitclearly muchmay have been movedinvoluntarily.
THE MATERIAL
129
has beendesignated as belonging to phase 3a by us. It is a Onlyone cleargroupofmaterial in smallassemblage withtherather Floor associated scanty 4 space a/bofNLe- thatis to say a trampled This floor, whichwas simply earth within theEast Shrineand near theplatform. 1 in It Floor the western of the East Shrine. underlies into surface wasnottraced west, part space 2, whichis takento define phase 3b in the East Shrine. The materialfromFloor 4 is thushere designatedas phase 3a, and indeed it may well Wall withthebuilding oftheBlocking a phaseofuseoftheEast Shrine contemporary represent in theWestShrine.But equally,it may post-date thatconstruction, and it would have been of3b. Some ofthefinds maywellrepresent equallypossibleto regardit as an earlysub-phase in now re-used. material and originating phase 2, Table 4.13: Findsfrom the East Shrine Materialfoundat or near the platform on Floor 4 (Phase 3a)
Pottery
P. 154 1,Cat. No. 268 Deep bowl NLe space a/b layer60

SF 788 SF 789 SF 802 PL.47 d PL.46 a PL.47 c Animal figurine, head body only,missing and legs Animalfigurine, almost 1joining complete, (see AppendixB) fragment Animalfigurine, head and forequarters (see AppendixB) Bovinefigure fragment Animalfigurine, hornfragment Animal figurine, hornsand back of head only Askosfragment Bovinefigurine, body and leg, part of SF 842 phase 2a (see AppendixB) Black-brown fragment, glasspaste Tortoiseshellfragment Spindlewhorl Spindlewhorl Pierceddisc,re-used sherd Possibledrainchannel FIG.8. 12 Rectangular pendant NLe space a/b layer59 NLe space a/b layer59 NLe space a/b layer60
SF 1132 SF 801 SF 174 SF 1I3I
MinorFragments
NLe space a/b layer59 NLe space a/b layer60 NLe layer 151 NLe space a/b layer60 NLe space a/b layer62
Secondary Figurine
SF 1742
Beads
SF 794 NLe space a/b layer59 NLe space a/b layer59 NLe NLe NLe NLe space a/b layer59 space a/b layer60 layer 151 layer 15 1
Organic
SF 2283 793 803 1741 1739
Terracotta
SF SF SF SF
Fine stone
SF 797 NLe space a/b layer59
130
(b) Phase 3b Two phasesofuse,following in boththeEast Shrine thecollapse, can be identified and theWest in ChapterIII, itdoes notfollow are Shrine north oftheBlocking Wall. As discussed thatthese If in of course follows close on we take the 2b. precisely synchronous, although 3b sequence the EastShrine in as defining these it is that the of activities the WestShrine, beginning phases, likely after withthebeginning of thecompletion oftheBlocking Wall,was moreor lesscontemporary in in which East Shrine. Moreover the end of the East activities the Shrine, phase 3c phase 3b withtheabandonment ofthe it ultimate abandonment, maywellbe contemporary represents WestShrine. In theWestShrine, at thenorth-west corner to thenorth oftheBlocking Wall, theplatform a at in similar number of finds were made its continued tofunction. foot, Certainly very positions bench Floor2, wentovertheoriginal to those ofthecollapsephase (FIG. 4.13). The newfloor, in was its wall on a rather new bench set the the north and wall, irregular top place,along along ofFloor 2.
/ y -1535 1540 } 1546 / / / I x1542 Q 1547 *1548 * 39 ?"1537 î538 B1544
14
(0)1525
| 0 ^ -> a
Male figure Female figurine Animal figurine Lead ^^ Bronze spear Bronze fragments Beads Conch she Other shell Plaster Stone pendant Mortar
/
'
V /
^2316
*2323 -12314 A 2313
23
[0)2367
if ^
I I
23i5t>**23i5a
'
^ *
* 2325 ^*2320 I
*-.
^2318
*****
1
1
1m
s^.
FIG.4. 13 SketchdiagramofAssemblage G ofphase 3b in thenorthern partof theWestShrine
THE MATERIAL
131
SF 1520, was foundin layer 213 which is (It should be noted that the male figurine, in to the other figurines assigned to phase 3c, but its close proximity stratigraphically G led the trench to re-assign it to thisassemblage.)The mostnotable Assemblage supervisor inAssemblage finds G are thePsifigurine malefigures (SF 1521; PLATE 38 c) and thethree (plate 35 - 36; SF 1520,1544and 1550),ofwhichthelastis a re-used piece,itshand (SF 1527) being in phase 2b levels.There was also a notableconcentration stratified of beads. firmly The mostimportant in thenorth-east innovation was theconstruction corner ofa platform, madeduring excavation thatitwas built indicate designated 505 (PLATE 'oc). The observations on thesurface toNLc Floor2. It was certainly builton topof,and incorporated, the equivalent benchagainstthenorth wall at this and theplaster surface on topofit. It seemsthenthat point, itsconstruction most tophase3b,and thatina senseitreplaces at theplatform belongs probably thesouth-west withtheconstruction oftheBlocking partoftheroom,takenout ofcommission Wall. This platform is squarein plan,ofside 75 cm,and itstopstands90 cm above thebase ofthe benchwhich itincorporates. The base ofthestonework oftheplatform, is this bench, apartfrom was plastered. Severalfinds weremade on or near 75 cm belowitstop.The topoftheplatform thetopofthis butmost ofthem must of abandonment platform, belongto phase3c and thefinal thisroom. The deposits on Floor2 in theEast Shrinecertainly indicatea phaseofdisposalofmaterial, whichis takento indicatetheend ofphase 3b (fig.4.14). The analogousdeposits in theWest Shrine(on NLc Floor 2, and NLc South Floor 7) may well be contemporary. This point, documented. although perfectly plausible,shouldnot be takenas securely The East Shrine in phase3b showedno structural alterations. The platform in thenorth-east corner continued to function. In the easternpart of the area (space a) two floorlevelswere Floors2 and 4, ofwhich theearlier tophase3a and itsfinds observed, (Floor4) has beenassigned listedabove. The figurines on Floor 2 werein a shattered, condition. veryfragmentary Table 4.14: Findsof Phase 3b in theWestShrine
G yon or nearN. W. Platform: Assemblage (i) WestShrine Primary Figurines Pieces Substantial
SF 1520 1550 SF 1527/ SF 1544 SF 1521 SF 1526 FIG.6.13, PL.36 d see FIG.6.14, PL.35 FIG.6.13, PL.36 c FIG.6.2, PL.38 c PL.47 b
Male figure, rightarm and lower missing body witharm re-used Male figure, presumably 6 joiningfragments, partof SF missing, 1550 phase 2b (see AppendixB) hand broken,1 Male figure, legs missing, (see AppendixB) joiningfragment armbroken. Late Psi Femalefigurine, right head Animalfigurine, missing hand fragment or Possiblehuman figure, finial of throne hand fragment or Possiblehuman figure, finial of throne Possiblebovinefigure, bodyfragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine fragments
NLc layer213 pb 1323 NLc layer214 NLc layer215 et al. NLc layer214 NLc layer214 NLc layer215 NLc layer216 NLc NLc NLc NLc layer214 layer214 layer216 layer214
MinorFragments
SF 1537 SF 2172 SF SF SF SF 2174 1524 2 171 2262
132
!
' I
I (
* (
*
I
.S
I
I
co <
] /
bo
-S
/ I
j >i !
I /
-6 I I f I I 1 i I 1 < ^ < *
^ - I
THE MATERIAL Secondary Figurine

SF 1036 Chariot group, fragment, 1 joining fragment, partofSF 1563 phase 2b (see AppendixB) Stripoflead Bronzearrowhead of bronze Fragment Bronzefragments Glass White,glass Half only,whiteglass Greenglass Black,glass Whitish, glass Whitish, glass White,glass Half,whiteglass Half,yellowglass Black,glass Glass Grey-white, glass Glass PL.62 FIG.8.8 Conch shell shell Pendant,spondylus sherd Spindlewhorl,re-used Possibledrainchannelfragment Scrap, paintedpink Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred Scrap, paintedred FIG.8.12 Pendant Half a mortar Mortarfragment Grinder NLc layer214
133
Metals
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2314 *535 1542 2366 1538 1539 1541 1543 1545 1548 1549 2315a 2315b 2319 2320 2322 2325 2326 FIG.8.6 NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc South layer234 layer214 layer2 15 South layer249 layer215 layer2 15 layer215 layer2 15 layer214 layer216 layer216 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 Southlayer234
Beads
FIG.8.7
FIG.8.7
Organic
SF 1522 SF 1547 SF 1536 SF 2176
NLc layer214 NLc layer216 NLc layer214 NLc layer214 NLc NLc NLc NLc South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234
Terracotta
Plaster
SF SF SF SF 2313 2316 2318 2323
Fine stone
SF 1546 NLc layer216 NLc layer214 NLc layer249 NLc layer2 15
Coarse stone
SF 1525 SF 2367 SF 1540
on or near. . Platform area (Phase 3b) (ii) WestShrine Pottery Beads

SF 596 White,glass Marble disc NLd space 3 layer28 NLc East baulk layer255 P. 1531,Cat. No. 128 ofkrater Fragment NLd space 3 layer28
Fine stone
SF 2381
134
Table 4.15: Findsof Phase 3b in the East Shrine

H area (Phase jb) : Assemblage (i) East Shrine, Platform Pottery
P. 26, Cat. No. 379 CookingPot OLc layer30

SF 196 SF 197 SF 504 SF 774 SF 781 SF 1736 PL.45 b PL45 b PL.45 b FIG.6.29, PL.45 b PL.45 b PL.45 b Animalfigurine, body and front legs only (see AppendixB) Animalfigurine, and part of hindquarters (see Appendix body,1joiningfragment B) Animal figurine,body only, 2 joining in with matchingfragment fragments phase 2b (see AppendixB) Animal figurine, nose and leftfrontleg broken, 1 joining fragment (see AppendixB) and body, Animal figurine, forequarters (see AppendixB) 1 Animalfigurine, head and forequarters, (see joining and 1 matchingfragment AppendixB) muzzleonly Bovinefigure, Bovinefigure, leg fragment Animalfigurine, head only Animalfigurine, leg only chariot groupSF 851 phase Leg, matching 2b (see AppendixB) Animal figurine, leg and body fragment, B) partofSF 842 phase2b (seeAppendix Animal figurine, body and ear fragment, B) partofSF 802 phase3a (seeAppendix FIG.8.6, PL.65 b Clay mould,fragment Partially glass (head of pin?) pierced, PL.63 FIG.8. 13 Tortoiseshell,complete ofquern Fragment OLc layer29 OLc layer29 OLc layer30 et al. NLd space 1 layer52 et al. NLe space a layer55 NLe layer 150
Minorfragments
SF SF SF SF 76 502 2270 94
PL.43 / PL.43 a PL.45 b
OLc OLc OLc OLc
layer30 layer29 layer29 layer29
Secondary Figurines
SF 2266 SF 199 SF 501
OLc layer29 OLc layer29 OLc layer29
Metals
SF 780
NLe space a layer55 NLe space a layer55 OLc layer29 OLc layer29
Beads
SF 782
Organic
SF 195
Coarse stone
SF 506
. (Phase 3b) to the platform) (ii) East Shrine(not inproximity Metals

SF 766 SF 575
Bronzefragment, pin? Bronzeslag Drain channelfragment Scrap, paintedochrewithtwo red bands Scrap
NLd space 1 layer52 NLd space 1 layer 17 NLd space 1 layer52 NLd space 1 layer52 NLd East baulk layer 138
Terracotta
SF 777 fig.8.9
Plaster
SF 775 SF 1729
THE MATERIAL (c) Phaseje: theWestShrine
135
in use,although a floor at a higher with In theWestShrine, wasstill associated thewestplatform ii not Wall 604, builtabove (plate level. The ratherenigmatic verysecurely c), although of thisperiod.It has theeffect in thenorth-west corner, on, theplatform maydate from resting end by blocking ofitsnorthern thewestern part.To thesouthofthiswall and at its narrowing in use, and a tray(P. 899, Cat. No. 315, PLATE theplatform or shelf remained foot, 20) and animalfigurine on it (plate 12a - b). The nichebehind(to thewest) (plate 46 r- d) werefound may stillhave been open. Wall 733, a floor level was recognised south-west, right againsttheBlocking Immediately items belowthelevelofthis ThiswasFloor5 ofNLc South,and on itwereseveral shelf. (plate SF 2309 (PLATE 66 b). Whilenot orlampofconglomerate thedecorated column tuff, f) including in thestrictest a single ofAssemblage sense,thesefinds J (fig. assemblage perhapsconstituting as representing thelatest utilisation oftheWestShrine. 4.15) maybe takenwithAssemblage
XJ
-J
Coarse jug
I J
Animalfigurine V
Lead clamp V
+ X dD
Bronze slag Other shell
1 I ,
^^^-^^_- - s^
Columnar lampI Quern

Pounder
]
) S _i2346
J
/
'
/
C3>2311
(^P889 CZ52312 S ' vt
/ I
' >
2348 ^ S_-^
U^^^^
'
+2307
X2309
^2310
'
L-
I m
FIG.4.15 SketchdiagramofAssemblage J of phase 3c in the north-west partof theWestShrine
136
db I CZ> []
Kernos Femalef.gure Femalefigurine Beads whorl Spindle Quern Mortar
0579 ~d
( 57 p77 I 712304 _ ^ *$** {)S8O < ' I I ' ^/ 'S.
'^
CD2380
1m
of phase 3c in thenorth-east FIG.4.16 SketchdiagramofAssemblage partof theWestShrine
In thenorth-east inTABLE a number corner offinds, K, listed 4. 16 (ii), werefound Assemblage in on orneartheplatform found there and maysafely be assigned tophase3c (fig.4.16). Others thesamearea shouldprobably belongtophase3c,butmaybelonginparttophase3b. Theyare listedin TABLE 4.16 (iii).
THE MATERIAL
137
Table 4.16: The WestShrinein Phase 3c

on or nearN. W. Platform: Assemblage J (i) WestShrine Pottery
P. 199,Cat. No. 130 P. 889 P. 899, Cat. No. 315 PL.23 PL.20 Krater,fragment (see AppendixB) Coarsejug Tray NLc layer240 NLc Southlayer231 NLc layer241

SF 2348
PL.46 c- d
Animalfigurine, complete Lead clamp,2 fragments Bronzeslag, 2 fragments
NLc layer241 NLc layer241 NLc South layer231 NLc South layer231 NLc South layer231 NLc South layer233 NLc South layer233
Metals
SF 2346 SF 2307
Organic
SF 2310 SF 2309 SF2311 SF 2312
PL.61 a PL.66 b
Murexshell Columnarlamp Quern,fragment Pounder
Coarse stone
on or nearN. E. Platform (Phase jc) : Assemblage (it) WestShrine, Pottery

P. 57, Cat. No. 95 P. 1544 Double jar (see AppendixB) Deep bowl fragment NLd space 3 layer 13 NLd space 3 layer 13
Primary Figurines Substantial Piece 579 FIG.6. 1, PL.34 c head missingrightarm Female figurine, broken torsoonly Possiblefemalefigure, stemonly columnar Female figurine, Whitish, glass Whitish, glass Whitish, glass Whitish, glass Possiblespindlewhorl Quern Small mortar, fragment Small mortar Mortar NLd space 3 layer22
Minorfragments
SF 583 SF 582 SF SF SF SF
FIG.6.8, PL.33 c-d
NLd space 3 layer24 NLd space 3 layer24 NLd space 3 layer22 NLd space 3 layer22 NLd space 3 layer22 NLd space 3 layer22 NLc East baulk layer228 NLc East baulk layer253 NLd space 3 layer22 NLd space 3 layer22 NLd space 3 layer 13
Beads
581a 581b 58 1c 581d
Terracotta
SF 2304
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF 2380 576 577 580
FIG.8.13, PL.66 e
138
on or near. . Platform (Phase 3b/3c) (Hi) WestShrine, Pottery

P. 1404,Cat. No. 374 P. 1544, Cat. No. 266 SF 594a SF 594b SF 594c Pedestalvase ofdeep bowl Fragment Glass Half,glass Whitish, glass Knucklebone Piercedstone NLd space 3 layer27 NLc East baulk layer254 NLd space 3 layer27 NLd space 3 layer27 NLd space 3 layer27 NLd space 3 layer27 NLd space 3 layer27
Beads
Organic
SF 591
Coarse stone
SF 595
Phase 3c in the East Shrine is indicated by constructionof the small Wall 105 withinthe East Shrine (PLATE 3 b), which divides space a fromspace c. Floor 1 is associated with thiswall. The platformin the north-eastcorner no longer stood above the level of the floor,and was not untilFloor 1 was removed.But some ofitsstoneswere visible,flushwith recognisedas a platform the floor. The location of the findsis seen in FIG.4. 17 (see PLATE2 a) . Fragments of ostrichegg shell (shown as a singlelocation) were in factfoundverywidelydistributedover thisfloor,mainly to the east of Wall 105 (plate 64 a - b). Table 4.17: Finds fromthe East Shrine in Phase 3c
L (i) East shrine (space alb) (Phase 3c) : Assemblage Pottery
P. 13, Cat. No. 375 PL.20 Pedestalvase OLc space a layer22
(d)
The East Shrine in Phase 3c

SF 172 SF 174 SF SF SF 166 168 175/1727 FIG.6.1 FIG.6. 1 FIG.6.29- 30 FIG.6.29- 30 FIG.6.30, PL.46 b FIG.6.30 FIG.6.30 FIG.6.30
SF 185 SF 187 SF 189 SF 779
1 joining fragment Female figurine, (see AppendixB) Female figurine, (see 5 joining fragments Appendix) and body Animalfigurine, forequarters hornsslightly Animalfigurine, clipped 1joining almost Animalfigurine, complete, part of SF 1727 phase 2b, fragment, re-used, (see AppendixB) possibly hornand Animalfigurine, tail,left missing hindleg right Animalfigurine, bodyonly Animalfigurine, complete hind leg hornsand right Animalfigurine, (see AppendixB) missing
OLc space a layer22 OLc space b layer23 et al. OLc space a layer21 OLc space a layer21 OLc space b layer23 OLc space b layer23 OLc space b layer23 OLc space a layer26 NLe space b layer53
eg
C/3
c
(J CO
S5
gI
.2 "3
(
1s ! 72 M } i I < 1 I 3 3 I 1
140 MinorFragments
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 2275 68 1732 77 78 95 96 181 2159

Possiblefemale figure, plaitfragment Bovinefigure , neck Bovinefigure, bodyfragment Drivenox, head fragment offorequarters Animalfigurine, fragment shoulder Animalfigurine, fragment head fragment Animalfigurine, hornfragment Animalfigurine, Animalfigurine, bodyfragment Bovine figure,body fragment, 4 joining partof SF 836 phase 2b (see fragments, AppendixB) Bovinefigure, part of SF body fragment, 850 phase 2b (see AppendixB) Animalfigurine, 4 joining bodyfragment, partof SF 781 phase 3b (see fragments, AppendixB) ofhindquarters, Animalfigurine, fragment SF 858 phase 2b (see Appendix matches B) Animalfigurine, partofSF bodyfragment, 504 phase 3b (see AppendixB) 2 joining head fragment, Animalfigurine, partofSF 1736phase3b (see fragments, AppendixB) Animalfigurine, bodyfragment, partofSF 789 phase 3a (see AppendixB) Animalfigurine, partofSF bodyfragment, 196 phase 3b (see AppendixB) fig.8.2, PL.59 Gold head Bronzefragment Ostrichegg shell,fragments Ostrichegg shellfragment Tortoiseshell,fragment Conch shell Shell,bivalve Spindlewhorl fragment Spindlewhorl, in black defined Scrap,bluespiralon white, Scrap, paintedred fig.8.12, PL.64 c FIG.8.13, PL.66/ Handle Quern OLc OLc NLe OLc OLc OLc OLc OLc OLc space a layer22 space a layer22 layer 149 space a layer22 space a layer22 space a layer22 space b layer23 space b layer23 space a layer22
Secondary Figurines 81a SF 81b SF 69 SF 97 SF 98 SF 177 SF 180 SF 190
OLc space a layer21 et al. OLc space a layer21 OLc space a layer22 et al. OLc space a layer22 OLc space a layer22 OLc space b layer23 OLc space b layer23 OLc space a layer26
Metals
SF 192 SF 74
OLc space a layer26 OLc space a layer26 OLc space a/blayers21, 22, 23 and 26 NLe layer 149 OLc space b layer23 OLc space a layer22 OLc space b layer23 OLc spacea/blayer2 1/22/23 OLc space a layer22 OLc space a layer26 OLc space a layer22 OLc space a layer28 OLc space a layer22
Organic
SF 167 SF SF SF SF 1733 188 170 186
PL.64
PL.62
Terracotta
SF 70 SF 72 Plaster SF 19 1 SF 1220
FIG.8.10
Fine stone
SF 194
Coarse stone
SF 1165
THE MATERIAL the East Shrine (it) Also from (phase jc)
SF 571 Animalfigurine, hornfragment ofdrilledbone Fragment Two fragments ostrich egg shell
I4
NLd space 1 layer 15 NLd space 1 layer 15 NLd space 1 layer 15
Organic
SF 2194 SF 573
of Thereis no clearstratigraphy within thestreet or in thecourtyard to allow theidentification materials ofphase3b or 3c. The street was notre-paved, as ithad beenquitefrequently during itremained with muchofthedebris ofthecollapseuncleared, and onlybeaten phase2a. Instead, earthsurfaces, ratherthana morecarefully and laid surface. prepared thisarea in the period For thisreasonit is appropriate to present the finds from together the succeeding collapse. in the street The finds and courtyard area after the collapseclearlyincludemuchbroken from the East Shrine. This includes materialfrom material, mainly phase 3b, whichwas no inuse.No clearstreet doubtbroken butan earth surface belowNLe levelsare nowrecognisable, c one at which the street was space layer49 may represent period open. in a depression One particular is ofgreatinterest. or Theywerefound together groupoffinds smallpitagainsttheCityWall (NLe space c layer46). In it wereSF 762 and 763,both joining A in thephase2b collapse ofthebovinefigure SF 1561(plate 32 b) from fragments Assemblage corner oftheWestShrine;SF 764, a joiningfragment ofthechariot depositat thenorth-west SF from the same SF with the malefigure A; group, 1558 (plate 44 a)9 Assemblage 765,joining SF 1553 (plate 36 b) from and a scarab SF A; Assemblage 766 (plate 58 e-g). Nearbyin the which levels from thepitordepression was cut (layer34 and 38) werefound twomorefragments ofthesame bovinefigure and and another (SF 756 758) fragment (SF 757) ofthesame male. that the full of in for each is set out (Note listing joiningpieces figurine B.) Clearlythis Appendix entire in the was the course ofa clearance scarab, group, probably including dumpedtogether in the West Shrine. Indeed it is of that interest the other from operation only fragments A indeed in from its successors the north-west corner of the West which Assemblage (or Shrine) found itswayoutsidetheWestShrine was recovered about a metre or twowestofthis groupin NLd this matches the same bovine SF square space 4 layer67: (SF 865) fragment figure, 1561, from whichtheotherpiecescome. Table 4.18: The Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c)
P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P.
thecollapse(phaseja tojc) and courtyard (e) The street after
rottery
884, Cat. No. 115 1507, Cat. No. 254 1509, Cat. No. 255 15 19,Cat. No. 227 1522,Cat. No. 161 1531,Cat. No. 128 1538,Cat. No. 541 1540, Cat. No. 353
PL.23
ofstirrup Fragments jar (see AppendixB) ofdeep bowl Fragments ofdeep bowl Fragments ofdeep bowl Fragments ofliplessconical bowl Fragments ofkrater(see AppendixB) Fragment Carinatedkylix ofcarinatedkylix Fragments
NLe space c layer42 NLe space c layer49 NLe space c layer46 NLe space c layer49 NLe space c layer44 NLb layer422 NLb layer422 NLd space 4 layer68
142 Primary Figurines Substantial Pieces

SF 759 SF 767 PL.46 e PL.46/
Animalfigurine, missing hindquarters Animalfigurine, horns,nose, tail and left front leg missing Female figure, shoulder only right Possible human figure, base. (Possible matchwithSF 1090 of phase D) Bovinefigure, bodyfragment Bovinefigure, possible leg Possiblebovinefigure, neckfragment Bovinefigure, leg fragment Possiblebovinefigure, bodyfragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, leg fragment Animalfigurine, hornfragment Animalfigurine, bodyfragment Animalfigurine, bodyfragment Male figurine, legs,1joiningfragment, part ofSF 1553 phase 2b (see AppendixB) Bovine figure, 2 joining body fragments, and 4 matching fragments, partofSF 836 phase 2b (see AppendixB) Bovinefigure, bodyfragment partofSF 850 phase 2b (see AppendixB) and 3 Bovinerhyton, spout,bodyfragment fragment, legs,4 joiningand 1 matching partofSF 1561phase 2b (see Appendix B) match Possible fish rhyton, bodyfragment, ofSF 1087 phase 2a (see AppendixB) Chariotgroup,horse,1 joining fragment, B) partofSF 85 1 phase2b (seeAppendix Chariot group, leg fragment, part of SF 1558 phase 2b (see AppendixB) offorequarters, Animalfigurine, fragment B) partofSF 788 phase3a (seeAppendix SF matches foot Animalfigurine, fragment, 1736 phase 3b (see AppendixB) head fragment, Animalfigurine, partofSF 802 phase 3a (see AppendixB)
NLe space c layer42 NLe space c layer49
Minorfragments
SF 773 SF 768
PL.34 a
NLe space c layer49 NLe space c layer49 NLe space c layer71 NLe space c layer34 NLe space c layer34 NLe space c layer34 NLe space c layer42 NLd East baulk layer95 NLe space c layer34 NLd space 4 layer23 NLe space c layer34 NLd space 4 layer23 NLe space c layer38 et al. NLe space c layer49 et al. NLe space c layer45 NLe space c layer34 et al.
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF
1079 2161 2254 2255 2377 1016 2257 2263 2276 2265
PL.43 PL.43/ PL.43 a
Secondary Figurines
SF 757 SF 769 SF 1077 SF 756
SF 2241c SF 751 SF 764 SF 1026 SF 1170 SF 2264
NLd space 4 layer67 NLe space c layer34 NLe space c layer46 NLd space 4 layer23 NLe space c layer49 NLd space 4 layer23
Sealstones
SF 766 FIG.8. 1, PL.58 e
Scarab Lead strip Bronzefragments Bronzefragments
NLe space c layer46 NLe space c layer49 NLb layer412 NLe space c layer49
Metals
SF 770 SF 1807 SF 772
THE MATERIAL
Terracotta
SF 1022 SF 2272 SF 2273 Drain channelfragment Drain channelfragment Drain channelfragment Vase fragment Steatitedressweight Quern Quern, incomplete Mortar Mortar,small Mortar,small Mortar Mortar,incomplete NLb layer405 NLe space c layer42 NLe space c layer42 OLc layer 19 NLd space 4 layer68
143
Fine stone
SF 163 SF 866 FIG.8. 12
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF 787 1702 1808 1820 567 760 761 FIG.8.13, PL.66 c NLd space 4 layer57 NLd East baulk layer94 NLb layer414 NLb layer423 NLd space 4 layer 10 NLe space c layer42 NLe space c layer45
6. Other Finds: Strata D and S theabandonment ofthesanctuary, itclearly fell intodisrepair, and therooms Following rapidly 6 b) whichderived becamechokedwitha debris ofstones bothfrom thesanctuary walls, (PLATE and also possibly from thoseofother structures to thenorth. The stonepack is in someplacesso that onewouldnotbe surprised ifithad beendeliberately setinplace (PLATE tight 46). Certainly thefilling-in wassufficiently thephase3c materials the recovered process rapidtoprotect during courseofexcavation. The layers classedunderD includematerial this from Debris.Someofthematerial couldthus thefinal, mostofitis certainly from thetime post-date phase3c, use ofthesanctuary, although as stratified but not necessarily within material, span ofitsuse. It may thusbe regarded any context. primary After thisin-filling withstonetumble, a longerand muchslowerprocess ofsilting occured, in theexceedingly soilabove thestonedebris whichproved so difficult todig. In resulting tough and on this various field wallsare found, someofthem whichmaybelong silt, scrappy terracing to quite recent centuries. The layers classedunderS maybe regarded as surface or unstratified material from this later Much ofit presumably derives from thesanctuary but nonecan be considered to be in silting. context. any worthwhile Table 4.19: FindsofDebris and Surfacelayers
(i) wall (Phase D) north WestShrine, of blocking
Krater Deep bowl fragments Minaturepot NLe layer213 pb 1318 NLe layer213 pb 1316 NLe layer213 pb 1318
Pottery
P. 472, Cat. No. 542 P. 1543,Cat. No. 387 SF 1092

SF 1083 SF 1090
PL.33 i-j FIG.6.6
shoulder Possiblehumanfigure, only female Possible figure, topofstemand start SF match with ofshoulders only(possible 768 of phase 3a/c)
NLe layer213 pb 1314 NLe layer213 pb 131
X44
SF SF SF SF 2173 2222 559 2282 PL.43 c PL.38 d

Bovinefigure, bodyfragment Female figurine, polos head only Animalfigurine, leg fragment Askosfragment Lead fragment Bronzeslag fragment Two bronzefragments Bronzefragment Bronzefragment Clay disc Quern Mortarfragment Mortar Mortar Mortar Possiblestonedrain NLc layer213 pb 1314 NLc East baulk layer227 NLd space 3 layer7 NLc South layer229 NLd space 3 layer4 NLd space 3 layer4 NLd space 3 layer4 NLc layer213 pb 1314 NLc East baulk layer227 NLd space 3 layer7 NLc layer213 pb 13 16 NLc layer213 pb 1314 NLc layer213 pb 1314 NLc layer213 pb 1316 NLc layer213 pb 1318 NLc Southlayer229
Metals SF 562 SF 564 SF 566 SF 1503 SF 2302 Terracotta SF 558 Coarse stone SF 1509 SF 1501 SF 1502 SF 15 10 SF 2190 SF 2306
A (PhaseD) Room Shrine, (it) West

Metal SF 2651 Six fragments of bronze MLb Room A layer950
(PhaseD) Room Shrine, (in) West

Metal SF 2654 Coarse stone SF 2021 SF 2022 FIG.8.6 Bronzeknife fragment Bi-conical stonefragment Possiblestoneweight MLb Room layer958 MLd Room layer506 MLd Room layer508
(iv) East Shrine (PhaseD)

Primary Figurines Substantial Piece SF 553 Minor Fragments SF 586 SF 589 SF 157 SF 587 Secondary Figurines SF 159 SF 2265 PL.38 d head and arms broken, Female figurine, base chipped Female figurine, partofbodyonly Female figurine, partofbodyonly Throne,one leg and partofseat Animalfigurine, only forequarters 1 joining Animal figurine, hindquarters, fragment, partofSF 774 phase3a/b(see AppendixB) 1 joining Animalfigurine, body fragment, fragment, partof SF 774 NLd space 4 layer4
PL.38 d PL.47 e
NLd East baulk layer26 NLd East baulk layer26 OLc layer 11 NLd East baulk layer26 OLc layer 12 OLc layer 12
THE MATERIAL Metal SF 161 SF 588 SF 64 SF 158 Beads SF 63 Fine stone SF 160 SF 162 SF 585 fig.8.42
145 OLc layer 14 NLd East baulk layer26 OLc layer 12 OLc layer 12 OLc layer 12 OLc layer 14 OLc layer 15 NLd East baulk layer26
of bronzepin or awl Fragment Bronzequadrangulartool of bronze Two fragments Bronzefragment Minutestonebead ofsteatite disc Fragment ofsoapstonedisc Fragment Stone bowl fragment
and Courtyard (v) Street (Phase D)

Pottery P. 445 Secondary Figurine SF 2398 Metals SF 561 SF 1802 Terracotta SF 1010 Plaster SF 2227 Coarse stone SF 590 SF 565 Possibleshallowbowl Animal figurine fragment, joins SF 810, phase 2b (see AppendixB) FIG.8.6 FIG. 8.4, PL.69 and 70 Lead spool-shaped object BronzeReshef figure Drain channelfragment Coarse roofplaster withreed impressions Quern Marble slab fragment NLb layer408 OLc East baulk layer269
NLd space 4 layer4 NLb layer409 NLb layer402 NLb layer409 NLd East baulk layer26 NLd space 4 layer4
(vi) OLd (PhaseD)

Primary Figurines Minor Fragments SF 2246 SF 2243 Metal SF 509 Terracotta SF 508 PL.38 d Female figurine, head fragment Animalfigurine, head fragment matches SF 504 (see AppendixB) Bronzepin or nail Spindlewhorl OLd layer45 OLd layer49
OLd layer47 OLd layer47
(vii) JVKc/d
Coarse stone SF 2500 Small mortar NK c/dlayer808
146 (viii) MLd AreaG (Phase2b /ja)

Terracotta SF 2056 SF 2054 Coarse stone SF 2055
Loomweight ofclay draintile Fragment ofmortar Fragment
MLd layer535 MLd layer535 MLd layer535
south wall (Phase D and S) (ix) WestShrine, of blocking

Pottery P. 460, Cat. No. 574 P. 884, Cat. No. 115 Primary Figurines Minor Fragments SF 2238 SF 2236 SF 1606 Secondary Figurines SF 2167 Metals SF 160 1 SF 1603 SF 1620 Terracotta SF 2003 SF 162 1 SF 1602 Plaster SF 1006 SF 1009 SF 1619 SF 2224 SF 2279 Fine stone SF 1012 Coarse stone SF 1001 SF 1002 SF 1004 SF 1604 SF 1017 SF 1018 SF 1003 SF 1622 SF 1011 Cup (see AppendixB) Stirrup jar fragments NLa layer307 MLb East layer 12
PL.43 a
Bovinefigure, leg fragment Drivenox, reinfragment Animal figurine, hindquarters (see AppendixB) Bovinefigure, body fragment, part of SF a 2166, phase 0/2 Bronzecoin bronzefragment Bronzearrowhead
NLa Northbaulk layer334 NLa Northbaulklayer332 NLa layer305
NLa layer305
FIG.8.6
NLa layer301 NLa East baulk layer304 NLa Northbaulk, cleaning pb 1458 baulklayer MLb East,North 16 NLa Northbaulk layer334 NLa East baulk layer304 NLa NLa NLa NLa NLa layer303 layer301 Northbaulk,layer331 East baulk layer304 layer301
Spindlewhorl Loomweight Spool fragment Scrap, designin blue Three scraps Scrap, red band withblack edge Roofplaster Roofplaster ofmarble,shaped Fragment Quern Quern Quern Quern Mortar Mortar Pounder Pounder Disc
NLa layer301 NLa NLa NLa NLa NLa NLa NLa NLa NLa layer301 layer301 layer301 layer306 layer303 layer303 layer301 Northbaulk layer334 layer303
THE MATERIAL north wall (PhaseS) Shrine, () West ofblocking

Primary Figurines Minor Fragments SF 1020 SF 2301 Metal SF 557 SF 1013 Terracotta SF 451 SF 563 Plaster SF 551 SF 552 SF 1005 SF 1007 SF 1008 SF 2305 Fine stone SF 556 Coarse stone SF 554 SF 555 SF 2189 SF 452 SF 2303 Femalefigurine, polosand topofhead only Animal figurine, only, legs hindquarters broken Bronzestrip Square, flatpiece of iron Unidentifiable clay fragment Loomweight Scraps of red, black and white painted from 6 piecesofceiling lilyfresco. plaster withreed impressions plaster withlilyfresco Scraps ofred plaster 2 fragments, one withblue paint,one with black of plain plaster 5 fragments ofplainplaster, onefrom corner 5 fragments Fragment of roof plaster with reed impressions FIG.8. 11 ofserpentine stonebowl Fragment Quern ofquern Fragment Quern Pounder Stone weight
147
NLc layer210 NLc East baulk layer226
NLd space 3 layer6 NLc layer203 NLd space 3 layer5 NLd space 3 layer6 NLd space 3 layer2 NLd space 3 layers2 and 6 NLc layer203 NLc layer203 NLc layer203 NLc cleaning
FIG.8.10
NLd space 3 layer5 NLd space 3 layer5 NLd space 3 layer5 NLc layer211 NLd space 3 layer6 NLd space 3 cleaning
A (PhaseS) Room Shrine, (xi) West

Coarse stone SF 2002 SF 2001 Mortarfragment Pounder MLb Room A layer4 MLb Room A layer5
(xii) East Shrine (PhaseS)

Secondary Figurine SF 482 Metal SF 152 Terracotta SF 151 FIG.8.10 Animalfigurine, leg fragment, joins SF 779 phase 3c Bronzehook? Spindlewhorl NLe space a/b layer 51 cleaning OLc layer5 OLc layer2
148
SF 156
and Courtyard (xiii) Street (Phase DIS)
Female figurine, bodyonly Bronzefragment withmany 4 scrapsofcoarsewhiteplaster smallpebbles 4 scrapsofcoarsewhiteplastercontaining manypebbles Quern Mortarfragment Possiblewhetstone
OLc layer8 NLb layer410 NLb layer41 1 NLb layer410
Metals
SF 1803
Plaster
SF 2225 SF 2226
Coarse stone
SF 1805 SF 1806 SF 1804
NLb layer410 NLb layer410 NLb layer410
(xiv) OLd (PhaseS)

SF 169 SF 507 PL.43 a hooffragment Bovinefigure, Animalfigurine, only forequarters ofloomweight Fragment ofloomweight Fragment FIG.8.11 Stone bowl fragment Obsidian core Piece ofworkedtuft? Pounder Piercedlentoid, fragment of marbleslab Fragment OLd layer 13 OLd layer36 OLd layer2 OLd layer4 OLd layer44 OLd Westbaulk layer6 OLd OLd OLd OLd layer 13 layer 13 layer 1 layer36
Terracotta
SF 59 SF 154
Fine stone
SF 2250 SF 155
Coarse stone
SF SF SF SF 164 165 474 2202
of wall 661 (Phase S) (xv) Area south Secondary Figurine

SF 1023 of forequarters, Animalfigurine, fragment front withright leg,joins SF 1606,phase S (see AppendixB) FIG.8.10, PL.61/ Spindlewhorl Scrap, withtracesofred paint loomweight? Pyramidal NLb layer411
Terracotta
SF 1825
NLb layer436 NLb layer435 NLb layer433
Plaster
SF 2177
Coarse stone
SF 1823
THE MATERIAL (xvi) NK eld (PhaseS)

Metal SF 2502 Coarse stone SF 2501 SF 2503 Bronzefragment Mortarfragment Mortarfragment NK c/dlayer801 NK c/dlayer801 NK c/dlayer801
149
2 (PhaseDIS) (xvii) MLd space

Coarse stone SF 560 ofpossiblewhetstone Fragment NLd space 2 layer4
(xviii) MMb (PhaseS)

Figurine SF 2239 Furniture corner fragment, fragment only, from probably leg ofthrone MMb layer 1001
(xix) MKd (PhaseS)

Metal SF 2600 Stone SF 2875 of bronze 2 fragments Possibleunfinished spindlewhorl MKd layer901 MKd Northbaulk unstratified
(xx) MLd AreaG (PhaseS)

Figurines Minor Fragment SF 2280 Metal SF 2052 SF 2051 Coarse stone SF 2050 Bovinefigure, bodyfragment Bronzecoin Bronzefragment Pounder MLd layer532 MLd layer528 MLd layer525 MLd layer527
(xxi) MLa (PhaseS)

Organic SF 2405 Coarse stone SF 2400 SF 2401 SF 2402 SF 2403 SF 2404 2 bone points Quern fragment Quern fragment ofworkedtuff Fragment Marble slab fragment marbleslab Fragment, MLa layer755 MLa MLa MLa MLa MLa layer751 layer751 layer753 layer753 layer753
V Chapter
P. A. Mountjoy
The Pottery
i. Introduction The pottery from theShrines and Street is ina very condition itjoins and,although fragmentary the it has not been areas to involved, extensively throughout possible producemanycomplete mendedvases.The latestpottery belongsto developedLH IIIC, but thereis also muchLH material and a fairamountofLH II throughout thelaterdeposits as wellas underthe floorsof the Shrines;the proportion of sherdsassignableto LH IIIA2 and LH IIIBi is smalland there is almostno classicLH IIIB2 material a coupleofrims remarkably apartfrom LH in the features of IIIC from terms oftheArgolid and Group deep bowls.Someof accepted in thepottery a synopsis Lefkandi are notwellrepresented ofLH IIIC features see Rutter (for Thereare single oftasseldecoration 1977, passim). 544, monochrome examples deep bowlwith rim266,and with rim560,stirrup reserved dotted conicalbowl jar withconicaldisc 123,lipless 161, a monochrome traydecoratedwithadded white315 and a completepiriform jar 81 in developedLH IIIC style; decorated there are also fragments from three medium band deep bowls254,255 whichbeginin earlyLH IIIC. Thereare a fewfragments from lidswhichcould cover collar-necked rims and onecomplete is jars and a few exampleofthis shape86. The picture completed by one or two hollowed jar rimsand vesselssuch as kraters, mug and stirrup jar LH IIIC patterns. with decorated this theLH IIIC pottery from theShrines consists Apartfrom almost ofdeep bowls, and monochrome, and a largenumber ofmonochrome entirely patterned in fact, thecustomary domestic in mostMycenaeansettlement vessels whichare found kylikes, deposits. thereis a strongcontrastbetweenthe materialfromother areas of the Furthermore, excavation and from theSurface and Debrislayers withthatfrom theShrines: whiletheShrine material islimited todeep bowlsand monochrome ofpoorquality, theother areas mostly kylikes from all periodswitha wide variety ofshapesand motifs. veryfinepottery present It has beenpossible to dividethedecorated thoseof deep bowlsintotwogroups(apartfrom interior ofwhichthere are a few).Thereis a largegroupwitha GroupA witha monochrome medium a medium band belowtheriminside and a single bellyband,i.e. 1 cmormoreinwidth, interior base band: thisgroupis comparableto deep bowlsfrom therecently excavated single LH IIIC houseat Tiryns(Podzuweit1978,fig.28.6, 8, 12, 14, 16). The system ofinnerrim on mugsand collar-necked bandingalso appearsin theShrines jars. The secondgroupofdeep bowlshas a very wideinterior band belowtherimand a very thin which issharply uppersection evertedbelow the lip: FIG.5.17 bottomrow. Decorationon both groupsconsists of mostly and spirals. panelling The monochrome blackorred,there moreredthanblack deep bowlsare either beingslightly in Phase 2a and vice versa in Phase 2b; however,the numbers are too small to allow the construction ofthehypothesis thatblacktakes overfrom red.Thereis muchvariety in theshape ofthebowlbutalmost all havetheflaring rim which is typical ofLH IIIC. The possibility should be takeninto account that monochrome deep bowls begin at Phylakopiin LH 11IB when intheArgolid areconsidered a LH IIIC feature. As they ceased,although imported pottery they !5i
152
LH IIIC pottery at Phylakopi itisprobablethatthey areindeedLH IIIC but other appearwith of withcautionas all theLH IIIC phaseshave an admixture theassignation shouldbe treated in LH IIIBi in use and some as which went out of earlier such the cases, , sherds, kylix Zygouries toseparatethepottery ofLH IIIC withtheunpainted itis almost impossible especially pottery, LH IIIB. from A groupofunpainted and concavelip. can be isolatedwhichhas a deep very flaring kylikes a well smoothed orpolished The few this are made from from i.e. pink-buff pieces group 353,354 is the Another of interest fabricand it is possiblethat theyare imported. unpaintedshape which a and the three-handled krater of vase which had votive use, 372 373 75, pedestal surely is also a linearexample130. there order: the buildingof the West Shrine,the The pottery is arrangedin the following and Wall and theEast Shrine, theperiodofuse in theShrines construction oftheFortification A . use selection of and later Shrine theStreet the (Phases3a 3c) (Phase2a) , collapse(Phase2b) whichare a section on LHI - sherds is included, material from areasadjoining theshrines The LH from thedebris and surface levels. ofLHIIIB - C material outofcontext and a selection has beencataloguedas a and theStreet IIIB - C pottery Phases2a - 3c from bothShrines from thephasesand across theareas;itisarranged as there arejoinsbetween unit, byshapebeginning oftheWestShrine, from thelowerlevels ofthepottery withPhase2a. An analytical breakdown from Phase 2a and Phases 2b- 3c is givenin tables 5.1-6. totheclay.Whereno squareis mentioned thefirst colourmentioned alwaysrefers (In thelists FS and FM refer in centimetres. The abbreviations are is toNLd/e.Measurements thereference Furumark of to theShape and Motifnumbers 1941a.) 2. The Date of the Construction of the West Shrine (fig.5.1, plate 25 a) LH I, with ofLate BronzeI sherds there wasa largeadmixture oftheWestShrine Belowthefloor of of the construction to LH IIIA2. Thus thedate LH II, LH I II A 1 and twosherds belonging 1 a LH are stemmed IIIA2 sherds is LH , probably theWestShrine earlyLH IIIA2. The infig.5. 1, plate handlestub.Theyare illustrated with bowldecorated wavyband and 2 a kylix two withsomeofthe LH IIIAi and earliersherds including probableMinoan 25 a together 9, 12. imports
LH IIIA2 brownpaint.D. rim 17. Wavy band. NLa layer327. bowl. Greyfired 1 Stemmed buff; shaded-brown 2 KylixBuff, paint.NLa layer326. LH IIIAi NLc layer fired paint.FM 70, scale pattern. slip,shaded-brown orange;pale yellow 3 Piriform jar FS 19 Buff 224. NLa layer327. 4 Piriform jar Pinkish; pale yellowslip,orangepaint.FM 70, scale pattern. brownto orangepaint.FM 77, stipple.NLc layer245. jar FS 77 Buff; 5 Small handleless buff 6 GobletFS 255 Pinkish; slip,orangepaint.Spiral. NLc layer244. spiral.NLc layer245. paint.FM 46, running greenish slip,fugitive 7 GobletFS 255 Buff; LH II/LM I buff 8 ?Stirrup slip,black to red paint.OctopusType (see Mountjoy1974 jar Pinkish; jar/bridge-spouted MLd A of a definition 80 for layer520. C). Types 177 withgrits; shaded-brown ripple.LM IA. P809 NLc layer225. paint.FM 78. 1, tortoise-shell 9 Jar Buff FM 46, running rim D. black to browncrackled 10 Vaphio cup. FS 224 Buff; 14. spiral.NLc layer224. paint. MLd layer52 1. interior. FS 2 11 Buff; 11 Cup, semi-globular. orangepaint. Spiral,monochrome shaded-brown FS 211 Buff; 12 Cup, semi-globular. polished.D. rim 14. FS 78.1, tortoise-shell paint,highly ripple.LM IB. P807 NLc layer225.
THE POTTERY
153
of theWestShrine.Scale 1:3 FIG.5.1 Potsherds datingtheconstruction
LHI 13 14
Piriform blackfugitive crackled withadded white. NLa layer buff; jar Greyfired paint.FM 35.6,double-axe 328. interior. Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; pale yellowslip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim7. FM 46, spiral;unslipped MLd layer521.
3. The early Floor Levels ofthe West shrine

2)
(fig.5.2 - 3, plates g and 25 c,tables 5.1 -
These levelscontainmaterial LH IIIAi (Phase ib) to LH IIIB - C (Phase 2a). datingfrom LH IIIA2 and LH IIIBi material. Thereisvery little One smallsherd NLa layer324joins from a LH IIIB - C deep bowlwhichotherwise comesentirely from thehigher and has been layers under A Phase second 2a. sherd from MLd 206 also with a sherd from catalogued layer516 joins thehigher and has been there for convenience. The from these layers catalogued 141 corpus levels small.It consists of449 sherds intoto, thecommonest is,in fact, extremely shapebeingthe with and monochrome while the other sherds, 32 patterned goblet 15 shapes are scarcely represented.
LH IIIAi
Ten sherds are published from thisperiod.They includea completecup 18 and a couple of each from There is also a krater examples piriform jars, cups and goblets. 24 whichcannotbe dated morecloselythan LH .
15 16 17 18 Piriform jar FS 31 Buff; orangepaint.FM 46, running spiral.NLc layer242. Piriform fired MLd layer buff; jar FS 31 Pinkish pale yellow slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 70,scale pattern. 519 Alabastron FS 93 Buff; orangepaint.FM 53, wavyline. MLd layer517. FS 213 Buff; Cup, deep semi-globular orange-red streaky paint.D. rim10,D. base 4, H. 7.3. Monochrome. Pi 414 MLb Room layer 1041
154
levelsof theWestShrine.Scale 1:3 theearlyfloor from FIG.5.2 Pottery
THE POTTERY
155
from theearlyfloor levelsof theWestShrine.Scale 1:3 FIG.5.3 Pottery 19 20 21 22 23 24 gobletBuff; orange-brown Cup, semi-globular/small paint.D. rim 15. FM 57, diaper net. MLd layer519. buff MLd layer gobletPinkish; Gup,semi-globular/small slip,orange-brown paint.D. rim15.FM 77,stipple. 519 GobletFS 255 Pinkish; buff slip,brownto red streaky paint. D. rim 14. MLb Room layer 1040. GobletFS 255 Buff; NLc layer243. greenish slip,red-brown paint.FM 70, scale pattern. GobletFS 255 Orange; buff slip,orangepaint. Spiral. MLb Room layer 1040. KraterFS 7 - 8 Greyfired blackto redpaint.D. rim30. FM 46, running buff; spiral.Pi 530 MLd layer519.
LH IIIA2
werefound which couldbe datedtothis Two are published here;the Onlyfour examples period. othertwoare a kylix handle and a straight-sided alabastronwithwavyline decoration.
25 26 brown toorangepaint.D. base4, D. disc3,D. spout2,. 11.2. FM 64.20,foliate band. Stirrup jar FS 171Buff; P680 MLd layer519. black paint.D. rim20. FM 43, pendentsemi-circles with?panel. MLd layer519. KylixFS 256 Buff;
LHIIIB-C
This is represented by 206 mentionedabove and a fewotherdeep bowl sherdsofwhich two are illustrated 27, 28; two otherbowls are 29, probably LH IIIB and 30 to which thereis a LH IIIC parallel fromLefkandi (Popham and Milburn 1971, 337 fig.2.1). The remainingvases 31 -33 cannot be dated.
27 28 browntoorangepaint.PPendent monochrome interior. semi-circles, Deep bowlFS 284 Greyfired pink-buff; MLb layer23. shaded-brown buff; Deep bowl FS 284 Greyfired paint.FM 75, panelled.MLb layer23.
156
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THE POTTERY Table 5.2 Numbers ofdifferent ofunpaintedware in types theWestShrine,phases ib - 2a

Rims Jug etc. Amphora, bowl Lipless Dipper Goblet. Kylixrounded carinated Shallow bowl/basin bowl Miscellaneous Miscellaneous FS 204 FS 236 FS 255 FS 265 FS 267 FS 295 3 10 16 16 1 2 1 1 J Handles 2 1 1 stem 9 3 stcms 2 | Bases BodySherds
157
Totals
ofsherds Total number
48
i}9
'j'
i_22
*9
29 30 31 32 33
Bowl Buff; orangeslip,brownpaint.D. rim 11. MLd layer515. Bowl Greyfired black to orangepaint. D. rim26. Edge ofPspout.MLd layer519 buff; fired Pi 500 MLd buff; JugGreywith grits orangepaint.D. rim12, D. base 8.8,H. 23.4. Splasheson shoulder. layer519. D. rim5.5,D. base 2.9,H. 3. 1. Swirlon base; edgeofhandleinside over Bowl,miniature. Greyfired deep buff. rim. 150 1 MLd layer519. burnt.D. rim 17.9- 18.4,D. base 10, H. 27.4. 1408 MLd layer519 Cookingpot Greywithgrits;
4. Nkc/d (fig.5.4, plates 19 and 25 b) This was a sounding made to date theExtension Wall 661 between theFortification Wall and theeastwall oftheWestShrine.UnderWall 661 was a layerofash and carboncontaining LH IIIA2 and LH IIIBi material . a LH is IIIA2 a LH could be IIIA2 bowl;36 34 38 34 spouted stemmed bowlas, although thelip is notroundedas is typical, thethickness ofthesection, the narrowdecorativezone and the monochrome interior this the suggest shape; moreover, of the narrow bands between two medium ones has on stemmed bowls arrangement parallels from BoeotiaofLH IIIA2 (Mountjoy1983,17): alternatively thevase could be a Cretandeep bowlfrom itsdecoration, buttheonlyparallelcomesfrom Cyprus(Benson1972,pl. 49 6) and this is notvery close.The decoration falls between thelinked whorl-shell and thetricurved arch.It is impossible to tellfrom thefabric whether thevesselis Minoan or Mycenaeanand a definite decision must awaitclayanalysis. 35 isa LH IIIA2 - Bi kylix, 37 - 38 are LH 11IB deep bowl sherds.
34 35 36 37 38 withFM 48, Spoutedcup FS 249 Pink;yellow slip,red-brown paint.D. rim 13 FM 42,joiningsemi-circles NKc/d layer814. quirkand FM 45, U pattern. KylixGreyfired pink;buff slip,shaded-brown NKc/d layer814. paint.FM 23, whorl-shell. Stemmed bowlFS 304 or LM III deep bowl.Buff; deep buff slip,blacktobrown paint.D. rim15.8 - 16.8,H. ex. 11.2. FM 62, tricurved arch FM 24, linkedwhorl-shell. P898 NKc/d layer814. shaded-brown Deep bowl FS 284 Greenish; paint.FM 75, panelled.NKc/d layer814. shaded-brown Deep bowl FS 284 Greenish; paint.FM 75, panelled.NKc/d layer814.
158
FIG.5.4 Pottery oftheExtension Wall,Wall 661 (nos. 34 - 38) and oftheEast Shrine(nos. datingtheconstruction Scale 41-57). 1:3
THE POTTERY
159
FIG.5.5 Potsherds oftheFortification area PK (outsidethesanctuary Wall, Wall 100,from datingtheconstruction area). Scale 1:3
5. The Construction of the FortificationWall (fig.5.4 and 5.5, plate 25 b and d) In area PK outsidetheshrine a levelunderlying theFortification Wall was excavated. complex As wellas someunpainted and from LH IIIBi deep kylikes somejars it containedtwosherds bowls.These date theconstruction of thewall to thisperiod.
39 40
A sondagebelow the fortification Wall and the southwall of the East Shrineproduceda number of sherds LH II - LH . The two latestsherdswere LH IIIA2, an datingfrom shallowangularbowl41 and a krater thatthecentre ofthe unpainted 42 whichis so concreted decoration cannotbe seen.The earlier sherds includetwoLH IIA, a piriform and a Palace jar 47 decoratedwithspiralswhichare difficult to date: 46 is Style jar 48, and some gobletsherds LH IIB ofEphyraeantypebecauseofitsfabric, with a filled LH II-IIIAi probably 45 spiral and 43 - 44 are probablyLH IIIAi.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Shallow angularbowl FS 295 Pinkish; buff slip,polished.D. rimca. 26. Space c layer in. KraterDeep buff; red-brown centre.Space c layer 117. paint. Spiral withfilled GobletFS 255 Buff; black to brownpaint. Spiral. Space c layer 111. GobletFS 255 Buff fired pink;buff slip,crackledpaint. Spiral. Space c layer in. GobletFS 255 Buff; crackledshaded-brown paint. Spiral. Space c layer 111. GobletFS 255 Buff; brownpaint. Spiral. Space c layer 111. yellowslip,fugitive Piriform lustrous blackcrackled jar Greenish; disc.Space c paint.FM 46.29, edge ofspiralwithlargefilling layer 118. black paint.FM 76, variegated stonepattern. Jar,Palace StyleBuff; Space c layer in.
Deep bowlFS 284 Buff; pale yellow slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim16. FM 50, antithetic spiral.PK layer5. shaded-brown fill.PK layer5. Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; paint.FM 75, panelledwithrosette
6. The Building of the East Shrine (fig.5.4, 5.6, plate 25 b) Somelevels in theStreet at thefoot oftheFortification Wall and underlying thesouth wallofthe East ShrineproducedLH 11IB sherds as the latestmaterial, as well as LH and earlier sherds which in thelayers sherds, belowthefloor oftheEast including join witha gobletfound Shrine74.
LH IIIBi 49 Deep bowlFS 284 Buff; pale yellow slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim13. FM 75, panelledwithedge of?half rosette. Space c layer 108 LH IIIA2-B1. Space c layer 110. 50 Cup Orange; buff slip,orangepaint.FM 60, pattern. black to brownlustrous black paint. Edge ofdecoration 51 Jar Buff; below neckband. Space c layer 110. shaded-brown 52 Mug FS 226 Buff; paint.D. base 13. FM 75, panelledwithFM 18,flower. Space c layer93.
160
FIG.5.6 Potsherds from of theEast Shrine.Scale 1:3 below thefloor LH stemmed fired spiral.P451 53 Piriform jar FS 23 Buff paint.D. rim10.7.FM 49, curve pink;buff slip,red-brown Space c layer 101, no. shaded-brown buff; Space c layer 110. 54 Piriform jar Greyfired paint.FM 70, scale pattern. 55 Piriform jar Grey;buff Space c layer 110. slip,orangepaint.FM 70, scale pattern. spiral.Space c layer 110. slip,orangepaint.FM 46, running 56 GobletFS 255 Greyfired pink;buff LHIIA 57 Jar Grey;buff slip,black to red paint.Octopus Type B. Space c layer no.
oftheEast Shrine(plate 26 a ) . Theycontain belowthefloor The following comefrom layers LH LH IIIAi some a largenumber of II, twoLH IIIA2 and a fewLH IIIB - C, the sherds,
THE POTTERY
l6l
A fewof theseLH IIIB - C sherdsare latterin layer 123, the rubblymake-upof the floor. LH the two IIIA2 58-64; 65-66 (and probableLH IIIA2 67-68) and the LH published IIIAi 69 - 77. The LH IIIAi includes a decorated with scalepattern which 74 goblet joinswith sherds from thefoot oftheFortification Wall qv and 69 a largefragment from a veryfine jug.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 KraterBuff; shaded-brown paint.FM 43, pendentsemi-circles. Space a/b layer 123. shaded-brown Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; paint.D. rim 14. FM 75, panelled.Space a/b layer 123. Deep bowl FS 284 Greyfired pink;buff slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 75, panelled.Space a/b layer 123. shaded-brown edgeofpanel.Space a/blayer123. Deep bowlFS 284 Buff; paint.FM 50, antithetic spiralwith Deep bowl FS 284 Orange; red paint.Space a/b layer 123. black paint. D. rim 17. Space a/b layer 123. Kylix,conical.Buff; black to orangepaint.D. rim 11. Space a/b layer 126. Dipper FS 236 Buff; Cup FS 220 Buff; orangepaint.FM 60, pattern. Space a/b layer 123. arch. Space a/b layer 123. Kylix Pink;buff slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 62, tricurved Piriform black paint. D. rim 13.4. Space a/b layer 127. jar Greenish; fugitive Piriform jar Pink;pale yellowslip,black to brownpaint.D. rim8. Space a/b 131. blackfugitive stemmed JugFS 144 Buff; greenish paint.FM 49,curve spiral.Space a/blayer130. slip,crackled Alabastron FS 84, Greyfired blackfugitive greenish, paint.FM 13, ogivalcanopy.Pi 525 Space a/blayer129. Alabastron FS 84 Greyfired whitish toblackpaint.FM 32, rock deep buff; Space a/blayer slip,brown pattern. 129, 133. KraterGreenish; black paint.D. rim26. Wavy band. Space a/b layer 129, 133. GobletFS 255 Grey;black paint.FM 46, running spiral.Space a/b layer 129. GobletFS 255 Orangefired blacktobrown buff; P667 Space a/blayer paint.D. rim18.FM 70,scalepattern. GobletFS 255 Greyfired shaded-brown buff; paint. Spiral. Space a/b layer 123. GobletFS 255 Greyfired shaded-brown to blackpaint.D. rim14.FM 77,stipple. deep buff; Space a/blayer 127. lustrous brownpaint.D. rim 13. FM 57, diaper net.Space a/b layer 130. Mug FS 226 Buff;
129, 130, 131, space c layer 101,110.
7. The Street Area (Phase 2a) (fig.5.7 - 5.9, tables 5.3 - 4, plate 26 b- d) The material ofPhase 2a, whichbelongs to theperiodbefore thecollapsewhentheShrines and theStreet werebothin use,comesalmost from the Street and OLd. The bulk it is LH of entirely I IIC with some LH IIIB and earlier Mycenaean sherds,and cannot be typologically differentiated from thatin thecollapselevelofPhase 2b; indeedthere are many joins withthe material a and few with that from later treated therefore, collapse phases: although separately, thematerial has been cataloguedin thesequenceofthatfrom Phases 2b- 3c. in thisphase with 127 a krater decoratedwitha Developed LH IIIC is alreadypresent and antithetic birds and a base. chequerpanel 307 plate Thereare 1458sherds from Phase 2a ofwhich362 are patterned, and 380 are monochrome The most decorated is the followed 126 716 unpainted. bowl, sherds, popular shape deep bythe other are each a few sherds The bowl is sherds; 29 stirrup jar, shapes represented by only. deep also themostpopularmonochrome red sherds and black followed the shape (45 39 ones) by rounded and 17 blackones); there are onlytworimsherds from theconical kylix (27 redsherds bothblack.It is possible thatthere is a progression from redto blackmonochrome kylix, wares, as in thelaterphasesoftheshrines there isslightly moreblackthanredmonochrome TABLES (see there is no difference in theshapeofthedeep bowland kylix ofPhase2a from 5.4,5.6); however, thatofthelaterphases275- 80, 186- 89. Tne mostpopularunpainted shape is thecarinated there in contrast are 173 rimsherds to 40 from theroundedkylix, thenextmostpopular kylix: in smallnumbers; shape; othershapesare onlypresent theyinclude14 LH II - IIIAi goblet sherds.
162
area in phase 2a. Scale 1:3 thestreet from FIG.5.7 Potsherds
THE POTTERY Phase 2a: from Four vaseshave been restored

174 217 256 334 Rounded kylix, monochrome Deep bowl,linear Deep bowl,monochrome Rounded kylix, unpainted
163
vases have been restored from Phase 2a and the phasesabove: and fivefurther
Phase2a + Phase2b monochrome 173 Conical kylix, 205 Deep bowl,decorated 208 Deep bowl,decorated Phase2a + Phase2b,ja 207 Deep bowl,decorated Phase2a + Debris andSurface levels 127 Krater,decorated
Two spouted areillustrated rims and with an interior 82,83 bothwith slightly cup rims flaring band belowthelip; 88 - 9 are from is from a or collar-necked alabastra, straight-sided 104 jug a stirrup a jug and 113 from decorated witha LH IIIA2/B1 flower. jar, 105 from jar shoulder 127, fromwhichsherdswere foundin severaldifferent phases,is a kraterdecoratedin a LH IIIC with a and antithetic birds;it is one ofthelatestvases style developed chequerpanel A from this is and some illustrated a selection ofrims 186149 173 76 with kylikes phase. mug and 174 75 are roundedones; 176 is a rareexampleofa 89, 193 95. *73 is a conicalkylix monochrome carinated could be restored kylix. Onlyone complete deep bowlprofile 205 buta number ofhalf a and sherds are has Minoan decoration and 206 17.205 profiles published very couldperhaps butthegroups be an import offine lineson thebellyand interior base are unusual Cretandeep bowls.205- 10 are definitely LH IIIC: 206 is decorated for withan unusualblueblackpainton a white a to small 8 of which have a grey corefired slip,207 belong group pots while the decoration is without a 10 to a deep yellow applied slip.207 belong groupofdeep bowlswhichhave a particular of a thin decoration and rim everted type lip (see below sharply Phase 2b- 3c and FIG. bottom a LH decorated with whorl shell is 211 IIIBi; 217 is 5.17 row). small a and could be Some monochrome bowls are illustrated some very cup. 256 57 with deep bases258- 60 and a selection ofrims a which in has bell is common 275 80; 256 shapedbody LH IIIC, 257 a very which LH could be IIIB. from a shallower 261 straight lipless upperbody bowl has a reserved streakwherethe brushstrokes were laid on unevenly. The remaining decoratedsherdswhich are illustrated to a with a monochrome belong straight-sided cup interior two bowls with over a LH the IIIC rim, developed 297, 298 99, 298 splashes plate307 which is paintedwith a deep chocolate brown bowl308 belonging toLH IIIB paint,a stemmed and a lid313. A selection ofunpainted sherds is published rim including ajar neckwitha lipless a base with the of the handle a miniature the 316, cup beginning 327, dipper330, upperportion ofa rounded-conical withsplashes ofpainton it334, a conicalkylix kylix 359 and a deep bowl ofrimsfrom isshown335 - 39 and ofcarinated345 - 49. roundedkylikes 361. A selection
Spouted cupFS 249
82 83 88 89 black paint. D. rim 16. Space c layer84. buff; Greyfired Grey;buff slip,black paint. D. rim 16. Space c layer77.
Alabastron FS 96
isolatedsemiPink-buff; greenish slip,blackto yellow-brown paint.FM 75, panelledwith?FM 43, pendent circles. Space c layer90. black to brownpaint.FM 53, vertical Buff; wavylines.OLd layer67.
, 64
theStreetarea in phase 2a. Scale 1:3 from FIG.5.8 Pottery
THE POTTERY Jug FS no, 123, 136 etc. . Space c layer77. black paint. Edge ofdecoration buff; 104 Greyfired 105 Grey;black paint.FM 73, lozenge.Space c layer77.
165
Stirrup jar FS 173

113 127
on shoulder. Space c layer77. Grey;buff slip,black to brownpaint.FM 18c,flower FM 7,bird. 15 14 NLa layer Pinkfired 332, panelwith paint.FM 56,chequer orange;buff slip,orange-brown NLb layer444, NLc layer227, Space III layer4, Space d layer26, NLd East baulklayer29, OLc layer15, OLd layer45. and mica fired yellowslip,black paint.D. rim 13. Space c layer90. orange;thick Greywithgrits maroonstreaky FS 274 Greyfired buff; paint.D. rim14. P1533 NLb layer418, 420, 421, 426, 427, 428, 437, 441,442,445. fired FS 259 Greenish buff; red-orange paint.D. rim 13. P1537 NLb layer440, 441, 442, 451. D. rim 16. Space c layer91, 92. FS 258 Buff; black paintwithred streaks. black paint.D. rim 13. Space c layer89. FS 267 Greyfired pinkish; P1513 NLb Yellow;shaded-brown paint.D. rim14-17, D. base 5.9, H. 10.6. FM 43, isolatedsemi-circles. layer418, 420, 421, 428, 437, 445, Space IV layer 109, 148,Space c layer76. flanked whitish byFM 50, buff; triglyph paint.D. rim15. FM 75,panelled;central slip,blue-black Greyfired antithetic spiral.Pi 529 MLb Room layer1033,1035,1037,NLa layer324,Space III layer36, MLd layer blackpaint.D. rim17,D. base 5.1, H. 11. FM 75, no slip,lustrous to yellow; fired deep buff Greywithgrits flanked horizontal U with central 82, byFM 5 1, stemmed spiral.P676 Space c layer pattern triglyph panelled; 84, 103,Space d layer81, NLa layer315, MLd layer511. arch. 1524 without with buff surface Yellowish slip,orangetoblackpaint.D. rim15.FM 62, tricurved grits; MLb Room layer 1036, 1038,MLd layer512, Space c layer77, 84. whitish Buff; slip,black paint. D. rim 14. FM 75, panelled.Space c layer77. withedge of Orange; whiteslip outside,pinkslip inside,black paint. FM 75, panelled; centraltriglyph Pantithetic spiral.OLd layer67 shaded-brown Buff; paint. D. rim 16. FM 23, whorlshell.Space c layer91. black fugitive buff; Greyfired paint. D. rim 12. FM 75, panelled.OLd layer67. Yellow; shaded-brown paint.D. rim 13. FM 75, panelled.Space c layer77. Grey;buff slip,black paint.FM 53, wavyline. D. rim 15. Space c layer77. whitish Buff; spiral.Space c layer76. slip,black paint. FM 46, running whitish Buff; slip,black paint.FM 53, wavyline. Space c layer77. no slip,black lustrous fired orange-buff; paint.D. rim 10. Pi 523 Space c layer84. Greywithgrits red streaky Buff; paintinside,red to black paintoutside.D. rim 14. Pi 536 NLb layer440, 441, 442. black to orangepaint.D. rim 14. Space c layer89. buff; Greyfired buff; red-orange Greyfired paint. D. base 4.6. Space c layer77. Grey;buff slip,black paint. D. base 5.2. Space c layer84. Grey;buff slip,red to black paint. D. base 6. Space c layer77. reserved band. D. rim blackpaintinside, buff; streakily Greyfired orangeoutside, appliedleavingnarrowing 19. Space c layer91, 92. ?FS 215 Greyfired black paint. Splash on body,monochrome interior. NLb layer445. buff; Greyfired pink;buff slip,black to red paint. D. rim20. Blobs acrossrim.Space c layer86. interior. OLd layer67. Greyfired orange;buff slip,black to red paint. D. rim 13. Monochrome chocolate-brown Orange; buff slip,lustrous paint. D. base 8.2. Space c layer89, OLc layer 13.
512.
Krater FS 281, 282
Mug FS 226
149 173
FS 258, 259, 267, 274 Kylix

174 175 176 205
Deep bowlFS 284

206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 256 257 258 259 260 261
Cup/bowl
297 298 299 307
Plate
166
FIG.5.9 Potsherds thestreet area in phase 2a. Scale 1:3 from
Stemmed Bowl FS 305

308
Pale yellow;shaded-brown to black paint.FM 43, pendentsemi-circles. Space c layer86.
Lid FS 334
313
buff; Greyfired orange-brown paint.D. rim 16. Space c layer86, 89, 105,NLb layer445.
Material (fig. 5.9) Unpainted Amphorae, Jugs,Jars etc.

316
Greyfired pink;buff slip,standard.D. rim 11. Space c layer 101.
Shallow Cup FS 222 D. base 4. Space c layer89. smoothed. buff, 327 Greyfired
DipperFS 236
330 334 335 336 337 338 339
standard.D. rim4.4. Space c layer86. Miniature. Buff,
FS 265, 273 Kylix,rounded
Pinkfired D. rimca. 18. Splashesofmaroonpainton lowerbelly.P1535 NLb layer441, 442. buff, polished. standard.D. rim 18. Space c layer84. Buff, standard.D. rim 16. Space c layer89. Pinkish, D. rim 13. Space c layer82. smoothed. buff, Greyfired Buff, polished.D. rim 16. NLb layer443. NLb layer451. smoothed. Greyfired deep buff,
THE POTTERY
167
Table 5.3 in thestreet Relationofshapesand patterns and OLd in phase 2a

S -s,
} |l I i
FM 8 Flower FM 23 Whorlshell FM 43 Isolatedsemicircles FM 46 Runningspiral FA/48 Quirk FA/50 Antithetic spiral Miscellaneous spiral FM 5 1 Stemmed spiral FA/53 Wavy line FAf56 Chequerpattern FM 60 pattern FA/62 Tricurved arch FM 73 Lozenge FM 75 Panel Miscellaneous Totals of totalpatterned sherds Percentage Linear . Red Monochrome Red Monochrome exterior unpainted Black Monochrome Black Monochrome exterior unpainted ^ , ^6 5 1 3 2 3.2 1 ! y 14 22.6 61 2 1 , ~2 '
1
s j2
,
! -8 III- %
g g a s ^;
, 2
^ g g ggg a s 2
~ ' 2 2 ~ 8 J 2 j 8 J ~j l j J J ^ J
, 2
j ~~4
2 j ~ , ,
j ~~ ~ j
j 10 ~^
^ 1 ' ^ ^6 94 3 ~ ^ I ^T i To ^~ ^~ 7" 6^" " 2
881 19 43 4
3.2 27 78
30.65 69.35 6.45 3-2 126 174 7 _6 2_ ~9 , l8? ~ 2 171 ^"77^ I0
168
Table 5.4 Numbers ofdifferent ofunpainted ware in types thestreet and OLd in phase 2a
Rims Amphora, Jug etc. bowl Lipless Dipper Kylix,rounded carinated conical Shallowcup Deep bowl FS 204 FS 236 FS 265, 273 FS 267 FS 274 FS 222 FS 284 FS 295 2 1 40 173 1 1 7 226 39 58 L I ** 34 Handles 4 1 30 > 27 stems J 1 367 367 393 716 26 Bases BodySherds
Shallow angularbowl Miscellaneous
Totals Total number ofsherds
FS 267 ycarinated Kylix

345 346 347 348 349 359
Buff, rough.D. rim 10. Space c layer91. standard.D. rim 14. Space c layer90. Buff, standard.D. rim 10. Space c layer90. Buff, standard.D. rim 17. Space c layer89. Buff, Greyfired slip,standard.Space c layer84. pink;buff standard.D. rim 16. Space c layer82. buff, Greyfired
FS 274 Kylix,conical Deep bowlFS 284

361
standard.D. rim 12. Space c layer77. Buff,
8. The Collapse Deposits Phase2b (plates 20- 24) a groupofpotswassmashed and Street Thisisthephaseofthemajorcollapse.In theEast Shrine and 6 and 7 in theStreet on floors Wall and scattered from theFortification falling byboulders 1 floors are in the involved floors the In theWestShrine floors collapse 3 and 5 intheEastShrine. and in Room 6 floor in Room Floor 2 ofNLa, and 4 and 8 ofNLc and, in thewestrooms, A, as thoseoftheStreet all thesefloors from floor1 in MLd. The pottery joins together including Phase below with 2a also are there thatofPhases3a 3c above; wellasjoiningwith joining pots is also a LH IIIC; there isdeveloped underthatphase.The latest havebeenlisted which pottery material. ofearlier largeadmixture for the ofPhase2b arerelevant in thelevels found sherds from assembled vessels The following datingof thephase:
THE POTTERY Decorated 93 Double jar 94 Double jar 106 Jug 114 Stirrup jar 158 Dipper 160 Dipper monochrome 177 Conical klyix, 218 Deep bowl 264 Deep bowl,monochrome 350 364 372 373 376 377 Unpainted Kylix,carinated Shallow angularbowl krater Three-handled Pedestalvase Tripod cookingpot Tripod cookingpot
169
sherds from Phase 2b and thephasesabove: There are 19 vases made up from
Phase2b + 3a Decorated 81 Piriformjar 96 Amphora 97 Amphora 98 Amphora 99 Hydria 100 Hydria in Jug 262 Deep bowl,monochrome Phase2b + 3c 331 Dipper,unpainted Phase2b + Debris level 252 Deep bowl 86 150 227 267 Phase2b + 3a + 3b + 3c Collar-necked jar Mug Deep bowl Deep bowl,monochrome
Phase2b + 3b + 3c 115 Stirrup jar 231 Deep bowl 269 Deep bowl,monochrome Phase2b + 3c + Debris level 135 Krater 222 Deep bowl
Five morevasescome from levelsphased 2b/3a:

125 Flask 263 Deep bowl,monochrome 351 Kylix,carinated, unpainted 352 Kylix,carinated, unpainted 353 Kylix,carinated, unpainted
Phase3a
107Jug A single was registered from this oftwo from the largefragment phase.It consists joiningsherds East and WestShrines as the neck and shoulder are it well but, only preserved, may join further withmaterial from otherphases,and not belongonlyto Phase 3a.
9. The East ShrineRe-used (Phases 3b and 3c)

Phase 3b 379 Cookingpot Phase 3b + 3c 268 Deep bowl,monochrome Phase 3c 375 Pedestalvase Phase 3b + 3c + Debris+ Surface 161 Liplessconical bowl 254 Medium band deep bowl 255 Medium band deep bowl
170
The material from thelaterphasesoftheEast Shrine showsno development from typologically thematerial ofthecollapsedeposits. Thereare,however, which twofeatures do notappearin the lowerphases,theliplessconicalbowl 161, whichappearsin developedLH IIIC at Lefkandi in band deep bowl254, 255 whichbegins (Pophamand Milburn1971,340), and themedium LH IIIC It would seem that these were introduced (Wardle1973,335,227 238). early shapes at this intotheShrines medium band bowlsbelongtoan earlier stage, although stageofLH IIIC the than some of the vases from the The conical bowl 161 has a (in Argolid) collapsedeposits. reserved band belowtheriminside similar tothedeep bowl266 from Phases3b - 3c in theWest - a rather Shrine(see below). The paintis also identical unusualblue-black colourwhichdoes in theShrine notappearelsewhere with a These are the two vases from theShrines only pottery. at Lefkandi reserved innerband below therimalthough thisis a commonfeature and in the The centre base of161 is reserved, another feature at Lefkandi Argolid. frequent (Pophamand Milburn1971,340) butthere isonly oneother from the a Shrines, 274, deepbowlwhich example also belongsto thesephases. 10. The West Shrine Re-used (Phases 3b and 3c) Phase 3b + 3c
266 Deep bowl,monochrome 374 Pedestalvase 380 Cookingpot
(plate 20) Phase 3b + 3c +

Phase 3c
95 Double jar, monochrome
101 Amphora/Hydria 315 Tray
Debus+ Surface
the West Shrineshowsno typological the East Shrine,thatfrom As withthe materialfrom which do notappearin the There are from that of the earlier againfeatures phases. development a the double a inner band below a bowl with reserved lower 266 jar, lip,95 globular deep phases: because of its to above has been discussed circular and 315 a monochrome 266 similarity tray. 1 It intact and was found is similar to from 161;95 193fig. 16). Ialysos(Maiuri 1923-4, examples withadded whiteand is as also 315 whichis decorated can belongonlyto thisperiodofre-use 1 Milburn and from Lefkandi Phase to vases 2 971, 341, fig.5, 7). The (Popham comparable from the well and could are vases three 101,374,380 join withmaterial fragmentary remaining lowerphases. 11. Phase 2b - 3c The Corpus of Pottery (figs.5.10- 5.19, tables 5.5 - 6, plates 27, 28 a-b) ones.The deep onesand 2483 unpainted Thereare 1747decorated sherds, 1241monochrome for48.9% of the totalpatterned bowl is by farthe mostpopular shape accounting sherds, and smallbowlsareequallyrepresented. a mere with followed 8.4%; dippers, mugs bythekrater are fewapartfrom closedvessels from Decoratedsherds (but this manylinearamphorasherds number from a and ofthese a largenumber neednotindicate high stirrup surprisingly bigvases) statistics sherds is noteworthy; ofmonochrome keptofredand black jars.1The highproportion moreblackonesthanredand it has beensuggested are slightly showthatthere paintedsherds is tooslight tobe thedifference overfrom above thatblackmayhavebeentaking red;however, in have beencounted these is paintedmaroon: sherds A smallgroupofmonochrome conclusive. in with turned ofthemonochrome fewexamples withthosepaintedred.Thereare a very kylix
in a few have ofthe from those linearamphorasherds toseparate 1. It is notpossible cases,so themajority jug except been countedwiththeamphora*.
THE POTTERY
I71
FIG.5.10 Phases 2b to 3c: piriform doublejar. Scale 1:3 jar, collar-necked jar, alabastron,
172
are paintedblack.Thereare a fair ofLH IIIB throw-ups ofthese number rimand most present, some of the rounded and the the latteris, such as the stemmed bowls, jars kylikes; stirrup LH IIIC shape. Panelled patterns a popular monochrome are the mostpopular however, a decoration on open shapesfollowed which are also used lot on closedshapes;the by spirals antithetic and line are much used on bowls. wavy spiral deep a grey buff or pinkishofthesephasesis made from Nearlyall thepottery claywhichis fired if brown or black to red whilethe not the is most buff, shading remaining grey; paint frequently in it of the is low the case of the monochrome vases where quality painting generally particularly a is streakily There is a small of sherds with core fired yellow grey applied. group deep orangy all this and unslipped, on thesurface. material is blackto redpaintbeingputstraight Probably made locallybut theresults ofvariousclay analyseswillhave to be takenintoconsideration withthe a definite can be made. The corpusis cataloguedbelow together before judgement 60. material from OLd layers53, 54, 56, 57, unphased Piriform JarFS 37, 42 (fig.5.10, plate 22) in a in theWestShrine It is decorated and Street. Thereis one wholevase 81 whichwas found rim a the LH with a row of and line on IIIC treble style running jagged wavy spirals developed ofthedeep bowlse.g. 246; thehandlesare to thaton several and at thebase ofthenecksimilar in theearlyexcavation A piece ofthisvase was published vertical stripes. paintedwiththree 1 The sherds illustrated are decoratedwith and (Dawkins reports Droop 1910- 1, pl. 14.39). miscellaneous decoration and 80. 78, 79 panel patterns
78 79 80 81 brownpaint.FM 75, panelled.MLd layer509. Buff; shaded-brown Buff; paint.FM 75, panelled.MLd layer510. NLc layer252. decoration. Grey;buff slip,brownpaint. Miscellaneous buff paint.D. rim12.6,D. base9.9,H. 32.4.FM , FS$j Greyfired slip,blacktoshaded-brown pinkish-buff; Pi 97 Space c layer74,75,Space IV layer79, rim FM and at base of neck. line on with 53,wavy running spiral NLb layer418, MLb Room layer 1036.
Collar-necked Jar FS 63, 64 (fig.5.10, plate 23) it was There is one verylarge example86 decoratedwithpanels and pendentsemi-circles; existfrom smaller A fewrimfragments and mendedwithlead rivets. brokenin antiquity are witha wavylineor band 87. Two bodysherds decorated and one larger fragment examples semi-circles withantithetic illustrated 84. spiral85 and withisolated showing paneldecoration All theexamplesillustrated belongto LH IIIC.
84 85 86 87 NLb layer42 1. shaded-brown buff; paint.FM 75, panelledwithFM 43, isolatedsemi-circles. Greyfired shaded-brown buff; spiral.NLb layer419. paint.FM 75, panelledwithFM 50, antithetic Greyfired blackto redpaint.D. rim14.8,D. base 11.8,H. 35.7. FM 75, panelledwithFM 43, FS 63, Greyfired buff; OLd mend.P187 Space c layer74, 75, Space IV layer57, 73, 96, Space c 99, Space I semi-circles. pendent layer56. black paint.D. rim 16. FM 53, wavyline. P1528 MLd layer510, NLc layer212. Buff;
FS 96 (FIG. Alabastron 5.10) sherdswhichbelongto thisshape and theremay be morebase There are fourrecognisable inwiththat ofthemugand havebeencounted from those cannotbe separated which fragments A semi-circles. monochrome usedinclude example wavyline,spiraland isolated shape.Patterns of theWestShrineis illustrated thearea north from 381. 88, 89 belongto Phase 2a.
90 91 92 paint.PSpiral.NLc layer252. slip,orange-brown Orange; buff shaded-brown Buff; paint.Spiral. OLc layer29. paint.D. base 8. Verticallines.NLa layer316. Orange; buff slip,shaded-brown
THE POTTERY
173
FIG. 5.1 1 Phases 2b to 3c: amphora and hydria. Scale 1:6
Double Jar FS 325, 330 (fig.5.10, plate 20) in theWestShrine. above underPhase 3b- c; Threeofthese werefound 95 has beendiscussed All FS FS three are monochrome are 330. 93, 94 including square-sided pyxides 96 making up of the bases. theunderside
93 94 95 FS 330 Buff;streaky red-brown paint. D. rim 4.7, H. 5.1 -4. P891 MLb East layer 13. FS 33 Buffistreaky black paint. D. rim 4.2 and 4.5, H. 4.8 and 5.3. P892 MLb East layer 13. FS 325 Buff;streaky black paint. D. rim 4.6, D. base 3 and 3.1, H. 6.1. P57 Space III layer 13.
FS 69, 70 Hydria FS 129 linear (fig.5.11, plate 22) Amphora or halfcompleteexamplesof theseshapeswererecovered as well as many Severalcomplete in the sherdmaterialbetweenone handled sherds.It has not been possibleto differentiate all thesherds have been jugs (FS 106) and thehydriaand amphoraand, therefore, globular in withthelasttwoshapes.All therestored vasesare badlymade,thenecks counted often being in from contact withotherpotsin thekiln97 - 100. Two off-centre 100 and thebelliespressed are illustrated oftheexamples are onlyvery hollowrims if 102- 103 butmost hollowed slightly
174
at all. All thevasesare bandedon therim, base and base ofneckand 97, 99 - 100 are shoulder, bandedon thelowerbodytoo.The shoulder notofthe bandsare moreor lessofequal thickness thick-thin-thick are found at Lefkandi Milburn The handles and 1971,336). type (Popham decorated witha medium width vertical line white which is with wavy except96 paint painted on theredclayand has splashes acrossthehandles;there are no handleswith a cross on oran '8' as at Lefkandi from vasesdecorated with tassel (ib.342) norare there anysherds (ibid. pl. pattern from one from the surface level 51.6) apart 544.
96 97 98 99 100 101 FS 69 Red withgrits; no slip,whitepaint.D. rim 12.4. P190 Space c layer72, 74, NLb layer417, 418. FS 69 Greyfired blackpaint.D. rim11,D. base 9.1 -4, H. 33.3- 5. P401 Space c layer73, Space IV buff; layer79, 96. FS 69 Buff; black to brownpaint.D. rim 11.8. P473 Space c layer72, 74, 75, NLb layer418. FS 129Greyfired orange;white slip,blackto redpaint.D. rim12.2,D. base 9.5, H. 29.8. P194 Space c layer 74, Space IV layer73, 79, 96, Space c 99, NLb layer418. FS 129 Grey;no slip,blackpaint.D. rim12.5,D. base 12,H. 36.3. 198Space c layer72, 74, 75, Space IV layer73, 96, Space c layer99, NLb layer417, 418. buff inclusions; Orangewith 412,414,422,423,Space III layer slip,blackpaint.D. rim14. P1527 NLb layer
22.
JugFS 110, 121, 136,etc. (fig.5.12) a neck One complete 111 and someother very globular fragments including examplewas found and shoulder decorated withpanelswhichhas beendiscussed above (Phase 3a) 107. The sherd materialis unfortunately too fragmentary forshapes to be precisely determined: moreover, in are wavy with Patterns linear have been counted many employed pieces probably amphora. 1 1 1 . 110,stemmed and 106is the line109,chevron 112, 108,wavyborder panel 107, spiral spiral from close to a coarse ware vase of its kind from the its is excavation; onlyexample shape it to is worn but is from Phase ib. The vase Lefkandi very possible (Ibid.337,fig. 2.5) Phylakopi have others out the remains a band of round the of base, entirely althoughany pick paint itcould butunfortunately different Fifteen from layers disappeared. piecesof112wererecovered to Phase which 2a. not be muchrestored. belong Compare 104-105
106 107 108 109 no in 112 red paint.D. rim8, D. base 4.5, H. 8.5. Stub of handle. P461 NLb layer419. Buff; buff Greyfired pinkish; slip,black paint.FM 75, panelled.P1526 NLa layer316, Space I layer 15. black paint.FM 58, chevron Whitish; Space c layer75. Whitish withgrits; brownpaint.?FM 53, wavyline or Pscroll. Space c layer72. whiteslip,orange-brown Pinkish; paint.FM 65, wavyborder.NLa layer316. to blackpaint.D. rim10.4,D. base 11.6, H. 38.8. Spiral. FS 12 1, a very brown buff; largeversion. Greyfired 195 Space c layer72, 74, 75, Space IV layei 68, 73, 79, 96, 109,Space d layer78, NLb layer418. to blackpaint.FM 51, stemmed spiral.Space c layer75, Greyfired orange;pale yellow slip,shaded-bro*.-* NLb layer419, OLd layer59.
Stirrup JarFS 173 (fig.5.12, plate 2 1) onesbelongto this itis possible to tell, the A few shape;where patterned piecesand manylinear can are globular and manyhavedecorated vessels bodyzones.Thereisone LH IIIC vasewhich are LH IIIB throw Phase 2b 114,but manyofthesherds from be restored ups. The shoulder 1 bivalves stem and 113,115,118,filled flower with zonesaredecorated 14 and multiple triangles also A and 121 withwavylinebut pattern appear. few quirk114 116,thebodyzonesoften with One disc the coned centre bases 124, false mouthsand spouts 122 are preserved. to Phase in levels 2a. these of LH IIIC was discovered characteristic 123. 113 belongs
114 with three filled on shoulder and FM 48, shaded-brown triangles Pink-buff; paint.D. base5.4. FM 25,bivalves quirkon body. P895 MLb East layer26.
THE POTTERY
175
FIG. 5.12
Phases 2b to 3c: jug, stirrupjar, flask,askos. Scale 1:3
176 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT blobsinbelly zone. P884 MLb East on shoulder, red-brown Orange;buffslip, paint.D. base6. FM 18c,flower layer 12, 17, Space III layer39, NLc layer221, Space IV layer94, Space c layer34, 42. stemon shoulder. Space IV layer96. Grey;pinkish slip,black to brownpaint.FM 19, multiple on shoulder. NLb layer417. Buff; orange-brown paint.FM 42,joiningsemi-circles NLc layer234. on shoulder. Grey;whitish slip,black paint.FM 18c,flower on shoulder. shaded-brown Grey;buffslip, Space a/b layer62. paint.?FM 43, isolatedsemi-circles I decoration on Miscellaneous Buff; 17. belly.Space layer orangepaint. on belly.Space III layer30. red-brown Orange; buffslip, paint.FM 60, pattern rim D. c black layer 74. Orange; buffslip, 2.9. Space paint. FS 175 Grey;buffslip, shaded-brown paint. Space IV layer79. shaded-brown Pink;buffslip, paint.D. base 4.1. NLb layer405.
FlaskFS 186 (fig.5.12) in the Street125. circles was discovered One largefragment decoratedwithconcentric
125 fired red-brown Greywithgrits paint. Pi 96 Space IV layer73. pink;buffslip,
Askos FS 195 (fig.5.12) It is wheelmade. foundin thestreet. from threesherds This is a tentative reconstruction
126 black fugitive buff; Greyfired paint.D. max. 9.3. NLb layer418, 419. (figs. 5.13 and 5.14, PLATE 23) Krater FS 9, 10, 281, 282
vases three restored this and linearpiecesfrom Thereare 68 patterned partially shapeincluding isincluded a selection all therims, ofwhich 128,130,135.Nearly 142 148,seemtobelongtoFS used includespiral, 281, 282: theyrange frombulbous 145 to angular 143. The patterns and is form antithetic 130 is an unusualthree-handled style. wavyline,panel and figure spiral, below the of a wide innerband similar to an unpainted rim, example372; the arrangement to thatofa largegroupofdeep bowls(see discussion is similar whichhas a verythinsection, at Mycenae, theGranary underdeep bowl). Thereare unpainted parallelsto thisshape from at a rosette have had to size (Wace 1921 23,pl. XIa e). 135seems ofa muchsmaller although a from the on rosette a similar ofrunning theendoftheupperrowoftworows jug appears spirals; offigure FS 10; 132,136 are fragments level508. 129is from debris 136withadded white; style, froma krater of severalrowsof running spirals.A fewsherdswere recovered 137 consists a in sherd comesfrom withantithetic birdswhichis illustrated decorated 127 Phase 2a as one but West Shrine levels of the thelower a sherd from tothatphase;141joinswith belonging layer hereforconvenience. is illustrated
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 blackpaint.D. rim28. FM 53.20,wavyline.Pi 531 NLa layer315, NLb layer422, FS 282 Greyfired buff; Space III layer28. black paint.D. rim24. FM 53, wavyline. MLb Room layer 1037. FS 10 Greyfired buff; wornblackpaint.Threehandled.D. rim23.9. Pi 99 NLc layer238,240,251, 255, fired Grey buffslip, pinkish; III 256, 258, Space layer30, 35. semibrownto blackpaint.D. rim34, D. base 15. FM 75, panelledwithpendent Greyfired pink;buffslip, NLb layer405. circles. black paint.D. rim28. Figurestyle.P455 MLd layer510. buff; Greyfired red-brown paint.D. rim30. FM 75, panelled.OLd layer65. buffslip, Greyfired pinkish; brownto black paint.D. rimca. 36. FM 53, wavyline. OLd layer53. Pinkish; buffslip, no slipout,grey FS 281 Greyfired in,blackpaint.D. rim34,D. base 13.5,H. 32.5.FM 46, buff; slipsmoothed with FM 27,rosette. 59,63,spaced layer26. 427,Space II layer12, OLd layer P1504NLb layer running spiral NLb white. with added brown buff 414. layer style. Pinkish; Figure paint slip, spiral.Space III layer27. Grey;black paint.FM 46, running FM 46, running black with spiral.NLc layer255. paint. buffslip, grits; Grey
THE POTTERY
177
FIG. 5.13
Phases 2b to 3c: krater. Scale 1:3
178 139 140 141
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT La layer Pantithetic monochrome interior. Pink;buff spiral, paint.FM 75,panelledwith slip,shaded-brown 313 decoration. Pink;buff Space a/b layer 152. slip,chocolatepaint. Miscellaneous decoration. MLb Room layer1038,MLd layer Greyfired orange;buff slip,orangepaint.Miscellaneous 516.
MugFS 226 (fig.5.14, plate 23) There are 19 sherds to thisshape but onlyeightare decorated.These includeone belonging thatit is LH IIIC as wellas the restored vase 150 whichwas spouted;itsdecoration suggests includea which interior under band belowtherim(seediscussion sherds, deep bowl).The other usedare few with rims orwaists, belongtoLH IIIA2 - 11IB. Motifs grooved examples probably wavyline,panels,spiralsand chevron.(149 is Phase 2a).
150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 of Greyfired pink;buff slip,blackpaint.Spouted.D. rim10.1,D. base 7.6,H. 8.4. FM 75,panelled;triglyph fill in one bottom FM with oFM rosette with isolated semi-circles vertical 27, 43, alternating zigzag pendent and one top panel. 1505 Space I layer64, Space IV layer69, OLd layer50, 59, 61. buff Pinkish; slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim 14. FM 53, wavyline. OLc layer29. shaded-brown Buff; paint.Spiral. Space a/b layer62. red-brown Buff; paint.Spiral. MLb Room A layer955. NLc layer234. shaded-brown Buff; paint.FM 58, chevron. NLc layer237. decoration. shaded-brown Buff; paint.One grooveat waist.Miscellaneous stem.OLd layer56. Greenish; pale yellowslip,orangepaint.FM 75, panelledwithPmultiple no slip,black paint. D. base 11. OLd layer56. surface, Greyfired pink;yellowish-buff
FS 236 (fig.5.14) Dipper This shape is relatively popular.There are nineexampleswitha dottedrimand twenty-two thehandle158, 160. The lipsare twopotswhichare complete linearones,including exceptfor a slight and thelower and which is thickened, bodyexhibits straight flaring, generally except159 circlesroundthebase 160. All thelinearexampleshave two concentric carination.
158 159 160 Greyfired slip,black paint.D. rim9.5, H. 5.3. P463 NLa layer320. pink;buff black paint.D. rim8. Space c layer75. Buff; paint.D. rim 11. P1517 NLb layer421, 428, Space IV layer148. Greyfired slip,orange-brown pink;buff
LiplessConicalBowl FS 242
above (Phase 3b- c); Thereis one certain exampleofthisshape 161 whichhas beendiscussed could belongto thisshape. thatofa conicalkylix, smallfor is rather whosediameter tworims,
161 162 163 and reserved band belowriminside buff blue-black spotin Pinkish; paint.D. rim16, D. base4.6. Reserved slip, centre ofbase outside.P1522 Space c layer34, Space III layer39, 42, 44, OLd layer52. red paint.D. rim 12. OLd layer65. Buff; red-brown buff; paint.D. rim 15. MLd layer509. Orange fired
(fig. 5.15)
FS 258 (fig.5.15, plate 27 a) Kylix of thisshape are LH IIIBi or earlierexceptperhaps165 whichis All the decoratedsherds chevron usedinclude todate and could,also,be a saucer.Patterns difficult flower, whorl, spiral, and panel. There is one exampleofa Zygouries 170. type
164 165 166 167 168 169 170 MLb Room A layer976. flower. Greenish; paint.D. rim 18. FM 18b,hybrid lightbrownfugitive Room A layer965. MLb inside. decoration Miscellaneous rim D. 13. Buff; orange-brown paint. shaded-brown Buff; paint.FM 23, whorlshell.Space c layer75. spiral.MLb Room layer 1038. Buff; orange.D. rim 15. FM 46, running NLc layer252. flower. Buff; paint.FM 18b,hybrid slip,brownfugitive greenish layer 1038. Room MLb with fill. FM shaded-brown Greenish; 75, panelled paint. shaded-brown type.OLd layer54. Zygouries buff; paint. Panel patterned. Greyfired
THE POTTERY
179
FIG. 5.14
Phases 2b to 3c: krater, mug, dipper. Scale 1:3
18
FIG. 5.15
Phases 2b to 3c: lipless conical bowl, kylix. Scale 1:3
FS 266, 274 (fig.5.15, plate 23) Kylix No complete in theshrines butsomehalf can be reconstructed 171examplewasfound profiles linearconicalshapes.A are monochrome 178.All theexamples except171,172 whichare from of roundedrimsis included186- 92 arrangedby phase; as can be seen thereis no selection changein theshape oftherimduringthedifferent phases.Some conicalrimsare illustrated in theshapeofthebowlsuchas 197 whichis very is muchvariety shallowand 193- 204; there isdeep.Thereareonlyfifteen ofwhichthree are redand conicalexamples 198which altogether, twelve are black.It is possible that195,203- 4 are mugsas they are very straight lippedbutno
THE POTTERY
l8l
monochrome mug bases have been foundto go with thesesherds.A selectionof bases is illustrated four witha reserved witha 179- 85 including edge 179- 82. Thereare no examples swollen stem orwith bandsat thetopofthestem as at Lefkandi (Pophamand Milburn197 1, 341 fig.5.1, 4). 173- 76 are Phase 2a.
171 172 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 FS 274 Buff; black paint.D. rim 19. MLb Room layer 1038. FS 274 Grey;black paint.D. rim25. NLb layer418. FS 274 Buff; off. D. rim16. P1534 NLc layer258,NLa layer320,Space III red-orange streaky paintflaking layer36. FS 274 Orange-buff with brown tomaroon inside. mica;buff slip,orange-brown streaky paintoutside, streaky D. rim 17. P186 Space c layer74, Space IV layer73. maroonpaint. D. base 7. Reservededge. NLb layer428. Buff; buff Greyfired pinkish; slip,black to brownpaint. D. base 8.4. Reservededge. MLb East layer26. maroonto black paint. D. base 7. Reservededge. OLc layer22. Buff; black paint. D. base 8. 1. Reservededge, unpainted stem.NLa layer320. buff; Greyfired no slip,red paint.D. base 7.5. MLd layer512. Greyfired pinkish; yellowsurface, Grey;buff slip,black paint. D. base 8.3. MLd layer512. Grey;maroonpaint. D. base 8. OLd layer61.
FS 284 (figs.5.16 to 5.18, plates 21 and 23) Deepbowl Thisis thecommonest for sherds. shapein theshrines accounting 48.9% ofthepatterned Nearly all thepatterned deep bowlsare ofGroupA: thatis tosaydeep bowlswitha rimand base band and a bandorgroupofnarrow linesbelowthedecorated isunpainted panel.The interior except a groupoffine for linesroundtheinterior base. Thereare quitea number ofLH 11IB throw ups but thecharacteristic are onlya coupleofbowlsof deep bowlsofLH IIIB2 are lacking;there thesitehave a mediumband below therim GroupB. Most oftheLH IIIC deep bowlsfrom base (forparallelsfrom the recently inside,anotheron the bellyand one roundthe interior excavatedLH IIIC houseat Tiryns see Podzuweit1978,fig.28.6,8, 12). Thereare also three medium band deep bowls, whichin Argive terms mark 254,255 and an unpublished fragment, theearliest sherds from bowlsofGroupA witha monochrome interior phaseofLH IIIC, a few of the LH IIIB2 rosette bowl. 236, 239- 241, and 244, 245 whichare the LH IIIC version The sizeoftheShrine witha rimdiameter of 13 - 16 cm butthere are deep bowlsis standard and smaller suchas 207 with a diameter of17 cmand 230 with one of9 cm:on a larger examples therim isbentoutofshapegiving an oval effect coupleofexamples 205,227. The standard shape has a flaring rimand a globular a raisedconcave207,218 ora ring bodywith 205,227 base; 221 has a veryglobularbody and 210 a verystraight rather wobblyupperbody. A groupofrims, FIG. row,can be isolatedwhichhave a verywide band inside 5.17 bottom belowthelip and a very thin everted at therim.The three-handled krater uppersection sharply 130 also has such a rim. The patterns includependent semi-circles, employed running spiral, quirk,antithetic spiral, pattern, tricurved arch and multiple panel,stemmed spiral,wavyline,chevron, stem,the mostcommon in antithesis and thepanelledpattern. As thegreat beingthespiralparticularly of the features ofearlyLH IIIC (French1969,135) the frequency spiralis one ofthedefinitive ofsherds decorated with is notsurprising. The antithetic strikingly largenumber spirals spiralin somecases222,224,235 has theextracrossbarsand fill classified as LH IIIC byFurumark. In thetriglyphs are often panelledpatterns composedofvertical zigzagsalone 227 or flanked by stemmed or antithetic is spirals224, 225. Also commonare pieceswherethecentraltriglyph of vertical isone example composed linesjoined byhorizontal wavylines206,209,210; there 207 witha horizontal U pattern in thecentral halfrosettes thetriglyph occur241 triglyph; flanking butarenotfrequent. Narrow horizontal such as quirk233, pattern patterns 248 and wavyline
182
FIG. 5.16
Phases 2b to 3c: deep bowl. Scale 1:3
THE POTTERY
183
The form tostopin LH of pattern on 248 is said byFurumark 216,228,246,are also present. in LH IIIC (Podzuweit1978,fig. IIIA2 butthere are examples from Tiryns 28.3); thaton 229 is and seemsto be a LH IIIC variant. Thereare also variants on FM 53, wavyline very elongated a very also appearson therimand neckof 216,228,246 including 228,246 which jagged version thepiriform an 28.12) and couldbe classedas FM 6 1, zigzag.221 shows jar 81 (seealso Ibid., fig. unusualretorted offoliate band similar toone on a bowlfrom theLH spiraland 230 a lateform IIIC deposit at Tiryns 28.16). 251,252,253 belongtoa smallgroupofbowlswhich are (Ibid., fig. have a monochrome interior and than are smaller outside, unpainted average.205-17 belong to Phase 2a. Thereismuchvariation in theshapeofthemonochrome from deep bowlranging shaped tulip 266 to globular rimcharacteristic have theflaring ofLH IIIC exceptan 271. All theexamples from Phase2a 257. The diameter ofthemonochrome 13 - 14cm, example deep bowlisgenerally smaller thanthatofthedecoratedexamples, but there are largervases269 and a few slightly smaller ones262,267. Mostofthevasesarestreakily all havea reserved and almost area painted betweenthehandles. A selection ofrims is no difference between arranged byphaseis illustrated 275- 93 butthere therims ofthevariousphases.Bases are raisedconcaveor low ring, a feware shown258- 60, three to Phase 2a. 274 has a reserved centre and is theonlyexample 272- 74, thefirst belonging from theexcavation for that of the conical bowl . 161 There is alsoonlyoneexample except lipless ofa bowlwith a reserved band belowtheriminside above (Phase 3b266; ithas beendiscussed moreblack paintedbowlsthan red ones. (256- 61 are Phase 2a). c). There are slightly
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239
semi-circles. Orange;buff slip,blacktoredpaint.D. rim14,D. base 4.6, H. 10.7.FM 43, pendent Pi4ioNLb layer418, 419, 420, MLb Room layer 1036. fired shaded-brown FM 43, pendent semi-circles. OLd layer buff; Grey paint.D. rim15.FM 75,panelledwith 53no slip,orangeto blackpaint.D. rim15. FM 46.58,running monochrome interior. Greyfired yellow; spiral, OLd layer53. blackpaint.D. rim14. Retorted Grey; spiral.Space IV layer79,OLd layer59,NLc North layer2 13, pb 1321. blackto brown flanked Buff; paint.D. rim14,D. base 5.3, H. 10.6.FM 75,panelled;central triglyph byFM 50, antithetic spiral.Pi 5 16. Space IV layer 148, OLd layer59, 62. flanked Yellow; orangepaint. D. rim 16. FM 75, panelled;centraltriglyph by FM 50, antithetic spiral, monochrome interior. OLb layer53, MLb Room layer 1035. flanked Orange; buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 14. FM 75, panelled;centraltriglyph by FM 50, antithetic spiral.OLd layer65, MLd layer514. blackpaint.D. rim 13. FM 75, panelled;centraltriglyph flanked Buff; by FM 51, stemmed spiral.Space c layer75, NLb layer419. Grey;black paint. D. rim 14. FM 51, stemmed spiral.OLd layer63. blacktobrown buff; Greyfired paint.D. rim18 - 2 1, D. base 5. , . 13.2. FM 75,panelled.Pi 5 19 OLd layer Gj 63, 65, PLa layer 16, Space c layer49. shaded-brown Buff; paint.D. rim 12. FM 53, wavyline. Space I layer64. no slip,black to orangepaint.FM 60, pattern. OLd layer53. buff; Greyfired buff band. NLb layer423,NLa layer313,315,NLc layer252. Pinkish; slip,redpaint.D. rim9. FM 64,foliate whitish arch. Pi 521 NLb layer418, out,blackpaint.D. rim15. ?FM 62, tricurved Orange; buff slipinside, 426, Space a/b layer60, Space c layer75, OLd layer60, 61, 63. NLa layer315. Greyfired pink;buff slip,black lustrous paint. D. rim 15. FM 19, Ptongue. shaded-brown buff; Greyfired paint.D. rim 13. FM 48, quirk.OLd layer53. black to brownpaint. D. rim 14. ?FM 50, antithetic Buff; spiral.Space c layer71. shaded-brown Buff; paint.D. rim 13. FM 50, antithetic spiral.NLb layer416. black paint.D. rim 14. FM 58, chevron, monochrome interior. OLd layer54. Buff; shaded-brown NLc layer215. Buff; paint.D. rim 17. FM 58, chevron. Buff; pink-buff slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim 15. FM 75, panelled.MLd layer511. interior. buff; NLc layer258. Greyfired orangepaint. D. rim 19. FM 75, panelled,monochrome
184
FIG.5.17 Phases 2b to 3c: deep bowl. Scale 1:3 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 MLd layer509. interior. Grey;black paint.D. rim 14. FM 75, panelled,monochrome OLd layer53. monochrome interior. FM black buff half-rosette, Pinkish; 74, paint. slip, arch withisolatedsemi-circles. OLd layer54. paint.FM 62, tricurved Orange; buff slip,red-brown IV FM stem. buff shaded-brown layer 58. Whitish; 19, Space multiple paint. slip, monochrome interior. OLd layer65. slip,brownto black paint.FM 27, rosette, Greyfired pink;buff NLa layer315. monochrome interior. paint.FM 27, rosette, slip,red-black Greyfired pink;buff Buff; greyslip,black paint.FM 53, wavyline. OLd layer53. to black paint.FM 46, running whitish spiral.NLa 315. Buff; slip,red-brown MLb Room A layer965. shaded-brown buff; paint.FM 60, pattern. Greyfired OLc layer 19. interior. shaded-brown Buff; paint.FM 75, panelled,monochrome
THE POTTERY 250 251 252 253 254 255 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274
185
Buff withmica; orangepaint. D. base 4.4. OLd layer66. interior. Miniature.Pink;buff Space III layer39. slip,red-brown paint. D. rim8. Monochrome Miniature. buff Greyfired paint.D. rim13.6,D. base 4, H. 7.3 (restored). pinkish; slip,red to blackstreaky Monochrome interior. Pi 508 Space III layer39, OLd layer59, Space IV layer79, 80. interior. NLb layer437. Miniature. Greyfired pink;buff slip,red paint.D. base 3.9. Monochrome Pi 507 Space c layer interior. Orange;buff slip,blacktoorangepaint.D. rim14. Mediumband,monochrome 46, 49, OLd layer59. Pi 509 Space c interior. Orange withmica; buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 12. Mediumband, monochrome layer46, OLd layer59. Buff with mica;orangepaint.D. rim11.7,D. base 4.4, H. 9. P200 Space c layer74, 75,Space IV layer73, 148. Buff; orangestreaky paint. D. rim 15, D. base 4.8, H. 10.9. P474 Space IV layer96, Space c layer99. Greyfired pink;orange-red paint.D. rim 14, D. base 5.1, H. 10.7. P716 Space III layer36. maroonpaint. D. rim 14. Paintedbetweenhandles.Space c layer71. Pinkish; band belowriminside.Pi 544 NLc layer254,Space III layer13. Grey;black-blue paint.D. rim15. Reserved blackpaintoutside, brown inside.D. rim11. Pi 5 18 Space IV layer148,Space c layer75,OLd layer62, Buff; 65 D. rim 13. Pi 541 Space a/b layer60, OLd layer60. Greyfired pink;black paintwithbrownstreaks. blackpaint.D. rim14.8,D. base 5.3, H. 10.4. P1539 NLb layer418, 421, 423, 427, 428, 437. buff; Greyfired Greyfired orange;black to red paint.D. rim 13. NLa layer315. Greyfired pink;maroonpaintinside,black outside.D. rim 14. NLb layer418. black paintinside,maroonoutside.D. base 4.6. OLd layer63. Buff; black paint. D. base 5. OLd layer63. buff; Greyfired black paint.D. base 4.5. Reservedcentrebase inside,unpaintedoutside.Space c layer42. Buff;
Large Bowl or Basin

294 295 296
There are two examplesdecoratedwithwavyline 294- 95 ancône linearrim296.

Greyfired pink;buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim26. FM 53, wavyline,blobson rim.MLb Room layer1038. buff Greyfired pinkish-buff; slip,orangepaint. D. rim30. FM 53, wavyline. OLd layer53. Pale orange;no slip,red to black paint.D. rim 18. OLd layer54. (FIG. 5.19)
(fig. 5.19)
There are 27 examplesconsisting of linear body sherds:none is completeand no mostly can be identified. decorated witha whorl tailis LH IIIB. Thereis particular shape 300 possibly an exactparallelto 303 from therecent LH IIIC excavations at Tiryns whichhas thestubofa handle and could be a am to Dr . Kilian for highswung perhaps dipper (I verygrateful me to mention this reference. The sherd comes from LXI allowing Tiryns 40/94level6a). 304 could belongto a kalathos.297- 99 belongto Phase 2a.
300 301 302 303 304 305 306 shaded-brown Buff; paint.?FM 23, whorltail. Space I layer 19. brownto orangepaint.?FM 53, wavyline. OLc layer21. Buff; shaded-brown on rim.Space IV layer70. Buff; paint.D. rim28. FM 60, pattern red-brown interior. MLd layer509. Buff; paint. D. rim 10. Handmade, monochrome brownto orangepaint. D. rim29. Miscellaneous decoration. MLd layer511. Buff; brownpaint.D. rim9. Monochrome interior. OLd layer63. buff; Greyfired buff interior. NLb layer414. Greyfired pinkish; slip,red-brown paint. Monochrome
Cup, Bowl
Plate
One base was discovered in thestreet and is illustrated in Phase 2a 307. It belongs todeveloped LH IIIC.
Stemmed BowlFS 305 (fig.5.19) There are onlyfiveexamplesof thisshape all belonging to LH IIIBi. 308 from Phase 2a is decoratedwithpendentsemi-circles, 309 withpanel.
186
FIG. 5.18
Phases 2b to 3c: deep bowl. Scale 1:3
THE POTTERY
187
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188
FIG.5.19 Phases 2b to 3c: largebowl or basin,cup, bowl,stemmed bowl,lid, tray.Scale 1:3 309 310 311 312 Orange; buff slip,red-brown paint.D. rim 16. Edge ofpanel. OLd layer54. black to orangepaint.D. rim 15. MLd layer511. Buff; Buff; orangepaint.D. rim 19. NLc layer252. Buff; pale yellowslip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim 17. OLc layer30.
L//V334 (fig.5.19) Phase 2a 313. 314 has been There are two examplesof thisshape in thecorpus;one is from above (Phase 3c); it is quite deep and could be a bowl but its profile, discussed fabricand are so similar to thatof313 thatit has been classedas a lid. Another decoration examplefrom 394. Space II is illustrated
314 whiteslip,orange-brown Greyfired orange-buff; paint.D. rim 17. 5. P1520. NLc layer262.
TrayFS 322 (fig.5.19, plate 20) circular decorated withadded whiteand comparableto vases A monochrome traywas found Phase 2a at Lefkandi(Popham and Milburn1971,341, fig.5.7). from
315 inwhite. decoration D. rim18.7,D. base 13.5,H. 3.2. Circular with Buff; slip,red-brown paintwith pink-buff handle.FM 43,isolated semi-circles on baseinside and FM 42,joiningsemi-circles a basket on wallinside. type P899 NLc layer241.
THE POTTERY Table 5.6 ofunpaintedware in theshrines, Numbers ofdifferent types and OLd, phases2b- 3c street
Rims Amphora, Jug etc. bowl Lipless Mug Dipper Kylix,rounded carinated Cup Deep bowl Shallow angularbowl Basin bowl Miscellaneous Krater Pedestalvase Miscellaneous Totals Total number ofsherds 12 FS 204 FS 226 FS 236 FS 265, 273 FS 267 FS 222 FS 284 FS 295 FS 295 22 2 10 204 343 7 1 26 3 1 1 3 7 642 85 1 270 1384 i486 2483 r J 2 1 61 J 137 120 stems 1 2 1 27 75 Handles 21 Bases 8 BodySherds
189
12. The Unpainted Material sherds from Phases2b- 3c oftheShrines, Street and OLd, excluding Thereare 2483 unpainted suchas goblets,2 survivals to2988decorated, linearand monochrome earlier sherds. comparable thehypothesis thatin LH IIIC theproportion ofpaintedsherds This confirms is greater than isin a very thatofunpainted condition and most (Wardle1973,322). The material fragmentary of the sherdsare body sherds.Thirteenshapes are represented, the mostpopular being the carinated kylix (343 rims)as in Phase 2a, followed by therounded kylix (204 rims).These high are partly accounted for numbers oftherimsherds oftheshallowangularbowl bytheinclusion and cup with the carinated and rounded kylix respectively as they are generally fromthe rims of these shapes. Other Mycenaean shapes are scantily indistinguishable represented. iseither 'standard' or 'rough'(Wardle1969,281) bothtypes The fabric inequal beingpresent there are notmany'polished'sherds(apart from thoseoftheearlier proportions; goblets)but The local fabric is grey.In thetablethewhole manyofthe'standard'are verywellsmoothed. potsare countedin withthe rims.
Jugs,Jars etc. (FIG.5.20) Amphorae,
A very smallnumber offragments offiner fabric havebeentaken intoaccount, thecoarsefabrics, there isa largenumber, are notincluded. ofwhich No complete buta examplecouldbe restored is illustrated ofrims selection and flaring 316 - 22. All are lipless except317 whichis hollowed, is everted and 320 an unsusual rolledexample.317,319,322 are polished, 318 which 318 rough and thereststandard.316 belongsto Phase 2a.
2. There are 95 gobletsherds.
190
deep bowl,shallowangularbowl, FIG.5.20 Phases2b to 3c: amphoraetc.,liplessbowl,cup, mug,dipper,kylix, shallowbasin. Scale 1:3
THE POTTERY 317 318 319 320 321 322 Pinkish; polished.D. rim n. Space I layer64. Orange; buff slip,rough.D. rim 16. NLa layer318. Pinkish; greenish slip,polished.D. rim 10.6. MLb Room layer 1038. standard.D. rim 13. NLa layer316. Buff, Greyfired pink;buff slip,standard.D. rim 15. NLc layer214. Buff, polished.D. rim 11. OLd layer53.
I91
BowlFS 204 (fig.5.20) Lipless There are 22 sherdsof thisshape mostly fabric.The average rim made of roughsmoothed diameter is 12-13 cm but thereare a fewlargerexamples324.
323 324 325 326 buff Pinkish; slip,rough.D. rim 13. MLd layer509. standard.D. rim 16. NLa layer317. buff, Greyfired Greyfired pink;pink-buff slip,rough.D. rim 13. Space III layer22. D. rim 13. Space III layer22. smoothed. Pink-buff,
ShallowCup FS 222
Thereare sevenrimswhichcould belongto thisshape but noneis enoughpreserved to givea The these sherds from of those of the rounded has been profile. difficulty identifying kylix in mentioned above. A flat, concave base with the is of the handle illustrated slightly beginning Phase 2a 327.
Mug FS 226 (fig.20) to thisshape werefoundin all thedeposits Only twosherds belonging 328 - 29. Both are of standardfabric.
328 329 standard.D. rim 13. MLd layer510. Buff, standard.D. rim20. NLc layer235. Buff,
FS 236 (fig.5.20) Dipper Thereare ninedipperrims and one halfpot331. The fabric ofmost oftheexamples is standard. Phase 2a. 330 is from
331 332 333 buff Pink-buff; slip,standard.D. rim 12. 1542 Space I layer56, OLd layer60. Buff, polished.D. rim7. MLd layer510. standard.Space IV layer 148. Buff,
rounded FS 265, 273 (fig.5.20) Kylix, This is thesecondmostpopularshape butonlyone halfprofile can be restored Phase 334 from seem to be of a 2a. All thevessels none with a 340 except deep globular handle; type, highswung bases are domed inside.There are moreliplessthan lipped examplesand mostsherdsare of fabric witha fewroughand quite a fewpolished standard 340 is a rounded-conical examples. to Phase 2a. shape. 334 39 belong
340 341 342 343 344 smoothed. D. rim 16. Space IV layer96. Buff, Buff, polished.Space IV layer 148. Pink;buff slip,polished.D. rim20. NLa layer316. smoothed. D. rim24. Space IV layer80. Buff; standard.MLb Room A layer971. buff, Greyfired
192
carinated FS 267 (fig.5.20, PLATE 21 and 23) Kylix, The carinated is someoftherims the most eventhough may kylix popularshapein thedeposits orstandard to the shallow . often bowl The fabric is smoothed, belong angular (seeabove) rough, smalland and there are a few with a lippedrimisvery The number ofsherds polished examples. is this are with a swirl earlier survivals. There is no of a flat base although they perhaps example in LH IIIB in common levels at fabric 1976, quite (Wardle1969,288; Mountjoy Mycenae rough wholepotscould be restored 98). Fourwholeor almost 350 - 53. The bowlis conicalbelowthe carination and everted, concaveorstraight-sided aboveit.Handlesbeginat therimand slightly risea little above and,where the whole seem tohavehad onlyone handle;there restorable, pots whoseupper are no examples A can be separated ofthehigh-swung small of group kylikes type. sides is cm cm and has concave about instead of the usual 353 - 54. The body 4 very 2.5 3 deep A further fabric is a very buff or almost smooth, example well-levigated clay. polished pink-buff the stemalthough is illustrated withtheLH IIIC swollen 395. Thereare no genuine examples to Phase 2a. stems of350 - 51 bothhave a slight hump.345 49 belong
350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 Pinkish-buff, standard, polishedinside.D. rim 13.6,D. base 6.2, H. 11. Pi 27 Space I layer56. Pink;buff slip,standard, polishedinside.D. rim 13.2,D. base. 6.8, H. 10.8. P192 Space c layer72. D. rim11.1,D. base 6.5, H. 10.1. 193 Space c layer74, Space IV layer96. Grey;pink-buff slip,standard. D. rim 12.4. Pi 540 Space IV layer67, 68. Buff, standard, verywell smoothed. Orange; pink-buff slip,polished.D. rim 14. MLb Room layer 1036,MLd layer512. Grey,standard.D. rim 11. Space c layer75. buff Pinkish; slip,standard.D. rim 14. MLd layer511. Grey;buff slip,standard.D. rim 19. MLb Room A layer970. Greyfired pink;pink-buff slip,standard.D. rim 12. OLd layer65.
Phase 2a is Phases 2b- 3c but an examplefrom There are no examplesof thisshape from are the which is and one from OLd illustrated onlyexamples unphased.They 359 layer53 360 theShrines; thereare also veryfewmonochrome from examplesqv.
360 buff Pinkish; slip,polished.D. rim 16. OLd layer53.
FS 274 Kylix,conical
(fig. 5.20)
DeepBowlFS 284 (fig.5.20) here ofwhichtwobases are published to thisshape could be identified Five sherds belonging A rim Phase is illustrated to 2a 361. 362 63. belonging
362 363 Buff, polished.D. base 4.5. Space III layer33. standard.D. base 5. Space c layer45. Buff,
Bowl FS 295 ShallowAngular
which sherds and one wholepotbelongto this maybe moresherds shapebutthere Twenty-five rim The sherds carinated with the to the confusion have not been identified kylix qv. owing divideequally betweenrough,standardand polishedware; thewholevase 364 is polished.
364 365 366 367 368 buff, polished.D. rim 15.3,D. base 5.1, H. 5.1. P1415 MLb Room layer 1037. Greyfired fired Buff orange;buff slip,polished.D. base 4.3. NLb layer421. D. rim 17. Space IV layer79, 80. Yellow,no slip,smoothed. Buff; greyslip,standard.D. rim 13. Space I layer64. slip,standard.D. rim 17. NLc layer214. Deep pink;buff
(fig. 5.20)
~7
THE POTTERY ShallowBowl or Basin FS 295
369 370
193
w JA
FIG.5.21 Phases 2b to 3c: krater, pedestalvase. Scale 1:3
thisshape ofwhichtwo are published There are onlythreerimsfrom 369 - 70.

Orange; buff slip,standard.D. rim20. OLd layer66. Greyfired pink-buff, polished.Space c layer72.
(fig. 5.20)
rimand a base 371. There is a fragmentary

371 Greyfired orange,standard.D. base 3.2. OLd layer54.
Miscellaneous Bowl
(fig. 5.20)
194
v_LJ TT if m
^^ ' r 379
1 380
MINI
FIG.5.22 Phases 2b to 3c: cookingpot. Scale 1:3
THE POTTERY
l95
FIG.5.23 Pottery NLc North.Scale 1:3 thesanctuary: from areas surrounding
196
Krater (fig. 5.21, PLATE2 1) no base has been There is a three-handledkrater372 similarto thelinearone 130. Unfortunately preserved. fired buff D. rim22. Three-handled. standard. 418. P462NLb layer 372 Grey pink; slip, PedestalVase (fig. 5.21, PLATE20) One vase was found in the East Shrine and two in the West Shrine. They have a wheel-made, waisted body witha hollow stemtopped by a shallow bowl. They were probably for cylindrical, ritual use. 374 is very fragmentary and could not be drawn. D. rim17,D. base 15,H. 18.3.Pi 405 MLb RoomA layer with worn. 963,965. 373 Pink grits, from middle. with worn. 27. P1404SpaceIII layer 374 Buff grits, Fragment - 15. 22. D. base 14.2 D. rim18.5- 19.1, with standard. 1,H. 19.5.P13 OLc layer 375 Grey grits, Pot (fig. 5.22, plate 2 1) Cooking the Only complete or semi-completevesselsare discussed here as theyand the remainingsherds of sherdshave been taken by the will formpart of a separate studyin Volume II. No statistics almost complete; both are found were cauldrons of Two author. tripod examples present is an incisedoval tripodleg rim. wheelmade and globular withan everted376 or flaring 378 377 found in Room A of the West Shrine. Two jars 379 - 80 are probably the same shape as 543 which has a raised concave base.
376 377 378 379 380 burntinside.D. rim 16, H. 13.7. P466 NLa layer320, 321. Tripod cauldronFS 320 Greywithgrits, burntoutside.D. rim9.5. 1409 MLb Room layer 1036. Tripod cauldronFS 320 Orange withgrits, Incisedmark.P1436 MLb Room A layer976. withgrits. Tripod leg Deep buff D. rim 17. P26 OLc layer30. fired buff. Greywithlargegrits burntoutside.D. rim26. 1435 NLc layer214. Orange withgrits
NLc North (fig.5.23, plate 24) restorable wall oftheWestShrine.Ten wholeor partially This area liesoutsidethenorth pots from monochrome the is I. Floor on material in werefound thecollapse kylix onlycomplete 385 kind.The twodeep theexcavationand 381, 384 theonlyalmostcomplete examplesoftheir bowl shallow the and have bowls386 87 both splaying 390 a very rims, angular flaring very Phase 2b. all to Phase to 2b 3c, nearly upperbody.All theexamplesbelong
381 FS 96 Grey;wornblackpaint.D. base 7. Paintoverbase. P457 NLc layer213 pb alabastron Straight-sided 1322. buff slip,black paint.D. rim14.8- 15.2. P467 NLc layer213 pb 1315. pinkish; 382 AmphoraFS 70 Greyfired FS 69 Buff; orangepaint.D. rim12.4, D. base 9.5, 32.5. Hollowedrim.P470 NLc layer2 13 pb 383 Amphora 1315. buff paint.D. base 6. FM 75,panelled.P435 NLc layer2 13 pb slip,shaded-brown 384 Jug?FS 12 1 Pinkish-buff; 1315. redpaint.D. rim16.4, D. base 7.8,H. 15.5.P453 layer2 13 pb 13 17. blacktostreaky Pinkish; 385 Kylix,rounded rim 13. 1532 NLc layer213 pb 1317. D. red FS bowl paint. Orange; 284 386 Deep micafired paint.D. rim15, D. base 4.3, . 11.2. orangetoblackstreaky pinkish; 387 Deep bowlFS 284 Greywith - 22. NLc 1320 1316, pb 213 layer P1543 388 Void. buff paint.D. rim22.9,D. base 6.8, H. 9.6- 10. P471 slip,blacktored-brown 389 SpoutedbowlFS 302 Pinkish; NLc layer213 pb 1321. D. rim16.3,D. base 4. 1, H. 6.5. P664 NLc buff, polished. 390 ShallowangularbowlFS 295 Greywithmica fired layer213, pb 1314, 1315. standard.H. ex. 5.4. No rim;quadruplehandle. P458 NLc layer213 pb 1321. buff, 391 Lid Greyfired
the Shrines(Phases 2b- 3c) 13.The Area Surrounding
THE POTTERY
197
from areas surrounding thesanctuary: NLd space II, NLe space d. Scale 1:3 FIG.5.24 Potsherds
NLd SpaceII (fig.5.24) thenorth walloftheWestShrine. outside Thisarea isadjacenttoNLc North Layer12 has a join thestreet and OLd. 395 belongs tothegroupofkylikes with135from havinga deep upperbody 353-54
392 393 394 395 KraterFS 281 Pink;buff semi-circles. slip,red-brown paint.D. rim34. FM 43, pendent Space II layer12. red-orange Dipper FS 236 Buff; paint. Space II layer 12. Lid FS 334 Grey;pink-buff slip,shaded-brown paint. D. rim 18. Space II layer 14. Kylix,carinatedFS 267 Buff; polished.D. rim 13.2. P1510 Space II layer 12.
NLe Spaced (fig.5.24) This liesoutsidetheNorthwall oftheEast Shrine.There is a join from layer81 with207 and theEast Baulklayer26 with508 and 135. 398 is theonlyrecognisable from sherdfrom a small in theexcavation, a flask found is base LH with unusual a IIIC decoration, 399 dipper 401 kylix a deep bowl showsanotherversion stemand 402 from ofwavyline.
396 397 398 399 400 401 402 FS 96 Orange;buff semi-circles. Alabastron, straight-sided slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 43, isolated Space d layer26. FS 98 Grey;buff Alabastron, straight-sided slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 43, isolatedsemi-circles. Space d layer26. Flask Buff; red-brown paint. Space d layer26. black paint. Space d layer26. Dipper FS 236 Buff; black paint. D. rim 12. Space d layer26. Liplessconical bowl FS 242 Buff; interior. Kylix Pink;buff slip,black to red paint. Monochrome Space d layer26. black lustrous Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; paint.FM 53, wavyline. Space d layer81.
198
Therenowfollows a selection ofpottery from theShrines areas chosento and thesurrounding the not so far illustrated motifs on and supplement pottery already concentrating shapes and It LH I LH includes all LH IIIB the debris from levels and C from IIIA2 represented. surface levels. LHI-IIB (fig.5.25) A few the from sherds from inthediscussion these havebeenpublished on thelower levels periods shrines. Shrine The sherds illustrated herecomefrom theLate BronzeI building belowtheWest thelevelsbelowtheEast Shrine(Space a/blayers132,133,137 (NLa layers 329,330) and from and Space c layers134-36)as well as from the LH IIIB - C levelsabove. The qualityof the of sherds is uniformly are all imported and from their good; they appearanceitseemsthatmost in the them arefrom theMainland;indeedtheMarineStyle sherds analysed spectrographically to the Marc FitchLaboratory all have a claycomposition closer at theBritish Schoolat Athens 1978,passim.). Mainland than to thatof Crete (see Mountjoy, However, Jonesand Cherry, muchmoreclay analysis can be made. There is a mustbe effected before definite judgements wide variety ofshapesand ofdecorative motifs represented. LH I A few a rough interior (seeDickinson 1974,114) belongto this period403 - 6 Vaphio cupswith withtortoise-shell decorated 404; a holemouth 403 and double-axe jar rimcouldbelong ripple to thisperiodor to thefollowing one 407.
403 404 405 406 407 ripple. Space d slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim11. FM 78,tortoise-shell Vaphiocup FS 224Buff; pale yellow layer85. crackledpaint.FM 35, double-axe.MLb Room A layer972. red-brown Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; FS fired red-brown buff; 224 Grey paint. NLa layer319. Vaphio cup black paint.D. base 6. MLb Room layer 1037. Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; black to brownpaint.D. rim8. Space c layer49. Hole-mouth jar FS 100 Buff;
Out of Context 14. Pottery
LH IIA/LM IB (plate 28 c and d) Palace MostoftheearlyMycenaeanor Minoan sherds belongto thisperiod.They comefrom semialabastra tall and 22, 18, 10, 430 34, 419 Vaphio cups squat jugs 411 Style jars 408the as odd sherds from as well and and bell rhyton 424 goblets cups435 44, 447 -"49 globular on open stonepattern are represented: ofpatterns and hole-mouth variegated jar 423. A variety an exampleofthescarceOctopusType C (see and closedshapes,theMarineStyleincluding a 80 for definition of rippleon Vaphio TypesA - C) 426, tortoise-shell Mountjoy1974, 177 a and in on bell crocus blooms the semi-globular cup 439; 449 Alternating Style cups447, cups, thatitis isso worninside a vasedecorated with addermark isone example from there 429 which as a such or a a closed or to an tell whether the vase to goblet shape, belongs open impossible sea-urchins. and double-axe include Other handleless spiral, papyrus, jar. patterns
408 409 410 411 412
with brown chocolate with paint.FM 35,double-axe slip,lustrous grits; pale yellow Jar,Palace StylePinkish FM stone of NKc/d 817. layer 76, variegated pattern. background buff; paint.OctopusType A and edge oftrefoil. slip,shaded-brown pale yellow Jar,Palace StyleGreyfired NLc layer221. paint.OctopusType withair bubbles.Space III layer4. slip,shaded-brown Jar,Palace StyleGrey;whitish ofwavylinesacross Foliateband downhandle,groups black lustrous FS Buff; paint. 103 jug Bridge-spouted rim.NKc/d layer816. stonepattern, blackpaint.FM 76, variegated slip,fugitive jar Buff; pale yellow jug/piriform Bridge-spouted decoration. Space a/b layer59. probablybackground
THE POTTERY 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449
199
witha fewgrits; JUSPinkish pale yellowslip,black paint. OLd layer55. shaded-brown Buff; Jug/ewer paint. Foliate band withFM 11, papyrus.MLb Room A layer974. lustrous black paintwithadded white.FM 32, rockpattern I. NLc layer231. Buff; Jug/ewer buff NLc layer240. Jug/ewer Greywithgrits; slip,brown-orange paint.FM 16, reed pattern. toblackpaint.FM 64,foliate band. Space d layer 88. buff; Jug/ewer Greyfired pale yellow slip,shaded-brown swastikas. Pink;buff Jug/ewer slip,orange-red paint. Dotted scale pattern enclosing Space c layer89. tall Buff; Alabastron, pale yellowslip,black paint.FM 69, adder markon rim.NLc layer237. tall Buff; arch. OLc layer53. Alabastron, greenish slip,black fugitive paint. FM 62, tricurved tall Buff; shaded-brown OLd layer66. Alabastron, paint.FM 27, sea-urchin. Alabastron, squat Pale orange;yellowslip,orangepaint.Dots. Space c layer49. Hole-mouth black paint.FM 35, double-axe.Space III layer24. jar FS 100 Buff; shaded-brown Rhyton, pear FS 202 Greenish; fugitive paint.POctopus.OLc layer25. shaded brownpaint.Octopus Type and weed. P255 Space d layer85. PStirrup jar Pink-buff; jar Pinkish; PStirrup pale yellowslip,red-brown paint. Octopus Type C. MLb East layer 12. PShape Pink;buff slip,red-brown paint.Small octopusType on open ground.P437 Space d layer 112. PShape Pink;buff slip,shaded-brown paint.Octopus Type . 438 Space a/b layer 126. black crackledpaint.FM 69, adder mark.NLa layer330. PShape Pinkish; deep buff slip,lustrous blackpaintwith traces ofwhite. D. rim14. FM 46,running Vaphiocup FS 224Orange;greenish slip,crackled discs.NLa layer304. spiralwithlargefilling red-brown Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; paint. D. rim 10. Edge ofspiral.NLa layer317. lustrous black paintwithadded white.D. rim 12. Spiral. MLb East layer 19. Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; black to brownpaint. D. rim9. FM 78, tortoise-shell Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; ripple.NLa layer330. brownpaint.FM 64, foliateband. Space III layer4. Vaphio cup FS 224 Buff; FS 211 Pinkish; Cup, semi-globular pale yellowslip,brownpaint.D. rim 12. MLb East layer27. FS 211 Pinkish; buff interior. OLc layer 13. Cup, semi-globular slip,black paint. Monochrome FS 2 11 Pink;buff Cup, semi-globular slip,black to brownpaintwithadded white.D. rimca. 20. FM 46, interior. MLb Room layer960. running spiral.Monochrome FS 2 11 Pink;pale yellowslip,lustrous black paint.FM 35, double-axe.Monochrome Cup, semi-globular NLa layer315. interior. FS 211 Pink; buffslip, red-brown Cup, semi-globular paint. FM 10, crocus. Monochromeinterior. PAlternating Style.Space c layer 135. FS 2 11 Pinkish;buffslip, shaded-brown Cup, semi-globular paint. FM 76, variegatedstone pattern. Monochrome interior. OLd layer67. FS 211 Orange; buff Cup, semi-globular slip,orangepaint. FM 35, sacral knot.Space a/b layer 137. FS 218 Grey;buff Cup, semi-globular slip,shaded-brown paint. D. base 4.8. Space d layer85. FS 218 Greyfired to black paint. D. base 5. Monochrome Cup, semi-globular pink;buff slip,red-brown interior. MLb Room A layer963. FS 2 18 Buff; brownpaint.D. base 4.2. FM 46, variegated stonepattern. Cup, semi-globular Space a/blayer Monochrome interior. OLd Cup, miniature orange;buff slip,orangepaint.D. base 3. Edge ofdecoration. layer67. black paint. D. base 5. Edge ofdecoration. Monochrome interior. NLc layer214. Buff; Cup/bowl arch. Cup, bell Orange; buff slip,orangepaint. D. rim9. FM 10, hatchedcrocuswithFM 62, tricurved Monochrome interior. OLd layer66. blackpaint.D. rim1o. FM 76,variegated stone Monochrome interior. NLc layer236. Cup, bellBuff; pattern. black paint. FM 10, crocus.Monochrome interior. MLb Room layer 1035. Cup, bell Buff;
152.
LH IIB (fig.5.25, plate 29 a) Sherdsrecognisable from thisperiodconsist of Ephyraeanand othergobletsand jugs, some in theEphyraeanStyle451-53. The Ephyraeangoblets decorated are decoratedwithspirals and argonauts and often havea chevron at thebase ofthehandle459 - 60; theother are goblets decorated with rock and There is one whole from an mostly pattern spirals. profile unpainted goblet463.
2OO
outofcontext: LH I (nos.403- 7), LH IIA (nos.408- 49), LH IIB (nos.450- 63). FIG. found 5.25 Potsherds Scale 1:3
THE POTTERY 450 451 45a 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463
201
6. fired OLd layer Jug/ewer Grey pinkish; pale yellow joiningsemi-circles. slip,blackpaint.?FM 42.3,patchof Buff fired buff with FM 11, paprus.OLd layer 46. Jug/ewer pinkish; slip,red-brown paint.FM 69, addermark Beakedjug FS 143 Pinkish; buff slip,orangepaint.Scrolland edge of?lilyLH IIB - IIIAi. OLd layer47. Beaked brown-red jug FS 143Buff; paint.'Tails' from edgeofhandleand edgeofdecoration Pspiral/argonaut. MLb roomA layer972. Cup, shallowFS 219 Pinkish; pale yellowslip,red-brown paint.D. rim 13. Spiral. NLc layer204. Goblet,EphyraeanFS 254 Orange; buff slip,red to black paint. FM 9, lily.Space c layer38. brownpaint.FM 22, argonaut.NLc layer216. Goblet,EphyraeanFS 254 Buff; brownpaint.?FM 14, palm I. Space V layer 11. Goblet,EphyraeanFS 254 Buff; NLa layer313. Goblet,EphyraeanFS 254 Orange; buff slip,orangepaint.FM 17, rosette. Goblet,EphyraeanFS 254 Orange; buff slip,black paint. Chevronunderhandle. OLc layer23. underhandle. NLb layer414. Goblet,EphyraeanFS 254 Pinkish; yellowslip,red-brown paint.PChevron GobletFS 254 Buff; withwavyline.NLc yellow slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim16. FM 32.5,rockpattern layer214. GobletFS 254 Buff; greenish-buff slip,black to brownpaint. D. rim 17. ?lily.Space II layer 18. Goblet/kylix Greyfired pink,rough.D. rim 11, D. base 4.5, H. 7.8. P1512 MLb Room A layer972.
LH IIIAi (fig.5.26, plate 29 b- c) Thereare manysherds from thisperiod.One complete vase from theWestShrinehas already beencatalogued18 and somehalfprofiles from theEast Shrine sherds 53, 70, 74 as wellas a few from thelower levels ofbothshrines. The goblet isbyfarthecommonest but are also there shape, of the and from alabastron, sherds, linear, examples straight-sided mug many mostly piriform are scale, jars. Kraterand straight-sided cup sherdsare scarce. The mostpopular patterns and diapernet.Spiralsand scale appear especially on goblets and piriform spirals, stipple jars, alabastra470 and mugs477, stipple on diaperneton these shapes465,483 and on square-sided smallhandleless are on krater sherds jars 469 and occasionally goblets 76. Largepapyri depicted on a piriform 472- 73 and a volutedflower jar 464; one goblet480 is decoratedwitha wavy band. The sherds are all made ofwell-levigated and manyexamples clay,often pinkish-buff, havea pale yellow As with the LH I II these sherds seemtobe slipand lustrous material, paint. all imported, thewholeeffect one of to that of LH the IIIB - C being very highquality compared sherds.
464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 Piriform to red paint. FM 9, lily.MLb Room layer 1038. jar Orange; greenish slip,shaded-brown Piriform jar Buff; orangepaint.FM 57, diaper net. NLc layer213. stem.Space c layer 101. Jug Buff; orangepaint.FM 19, multiple black paint.FM 46, running Jug Buff; spiral.OLd layer53. black fugitive Jug Greenish; paint. Neck ridged.Space d layer83. FS 77 Buff; brownpaint.FM 77, stipple.Space a/b layer62. Jar,smallhandleless sidedFS 93 Orange;pale yellow Alabastron, straight slip,orangepaint.D. rim7. FM 57, diapernet.Space d layer8 1. FS 93 Buff; shaded-brown Alabastron, straight-sided paint.FM 53, wavyline. Space c layer 101. KraterFS6 - JGreyfired red-brown NLa layer315. pink;pale yellow slip,lustrous paint.FM 11,papyrus. KraterFS6 - JGreyfired OLc layer22 and Space a/b pink;buff slip,blackto brown paint.FM 11, papyrus. layers50, 159. KraterFS6 - JBuff fired FM 9, lily.OLd layer pink;pale yellow slip,orange-brown paintwithadded white. 47 buff; Mug FS 225 Greyfired orangepaint. FM 77, stipple.NLc layer258. black to orangepaint. D. base 4. FM 77, stipple.NLc layer214. Cup, shallowFS 219 Buff; lustrous Mug, FS 226 Whitish; orangepaint. D. rim 14. FM 57, diaper net. Space d layer 115. FS 230 Buff; decoration. Cup, straight-sided orangepaint. D. rim 10. Miscellaneous Space c layer38. FS 230 Pink;buff Cup, straight-sided slip,brownto orangepaint. ?FM 12, sacral ivy.Space III layer5. GobletFS 255 Buff; black to brownpaint. D. rim 12. Wavy band. MLb Room layer 1038. GobletFS 255 Orange; yellowslip,orangepaint.D. rim 17. FM 49, curve-stemmed spiral.NLc layer221. Void.
202
LH IIIAi. Scale 1:3 FIG.5.26 Potsherds foundout ofcontext: 483 484 485 486 487 488 GobletFS 255 Orange; buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 15. FM 57, diaper net. OLd layer66. GobletFS 255 Greyfired orange;buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 18. Spiral. NLa layer312. arch. NLa layer315. GobletFS 255 Greyfired orange;buff slip,pale brownpaint.FM 62, tricurved GobletFS 255 Pinkish; stems. NLc layer252. buff slip,orangepaint.Pcurved decoration. GobletFS 255 Greyfired NKc/d layer812. orangepaint. Miscellaneous deep buff; GobletFS 255 Orange; buff slip,red-orange paint. D. base 10. Space d layer81.
LH IIIA2 (fig.5.27, plate 29 d) and onlyone complete to thisperiodin theshrines few sherds Thereare remarkably assignable with some sherds from theearlyfloor a which has been illustrated vase, stirrup 25, together jar, LH IIIB C levels are from the Nineteen further here oftheWestShrine. levels published pieces and the are the few are togivean overallpicture. jar Very only shapes present; piriform stirrup bowl.Thereisone ofkrater, whileopenonesconsist closedshapes, deep bowl,cup and stemmed a bowl withside-handle sherdfrom 504 and a second possibleone 505. The mostpopular line and whorlshells,the latterespeciallybeing used on tricurved are arch, wavy patterns rim with curve-stemmed is decorated fine krater krater One spiraland another 491 kylikes. very
THE POTTERY
2O3
FIG.5.27 Potsherds foundout ofcontext: LH IIIA2. Scale 1:3
with pattern withfigure and another 492. A cup 495 is decorated style 496 withV fragment bowls are illustrated The stemmed of two the 506-7. appearance clay and paint pattern; all sherds are that the imported. suggests
489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 stem.Space c layer34. Piriform paint.FM 19, multiple jar FS 45 Pinkish; pale yellowslip,orange-brown arch. OLc layer22. lustrous Piriform buff; orangepaintFM 62, tricurved jar FS 45 Pinkfired brown toblackpaint.D. rim30. FS 49 curved-stemmed KraterFSj-S Greyfired buff; spiral.MLb Room A layer976. KraterBuff; pale yellowslip,brownpaint. Figurestyle.Space I layer9. orangepaint. D. rim 12. ?FM 53, wavyline. MLb Room layer952. Cup FS 220 Buff; decoration. red paint. D. rim 14. Miscellaneous Space I layer56. Gup FS 220 Buff; MLb East layer 17. black fugitive paint. D. rim 10. FM 60, pattern. Gup FS 220 Greenish; NLc layer217. slip,orangepaint.FM 59, V pattern. Gup FS 220 Orange; buff shaded-brown paint.FM 53, wavyline. Space d layer 115. Gup FS 220 Buff; NLc layer216. orangepaint. D. rim 16. FM 43, pendentsemi-circles. KylixFS 257 Buff; whorlshellwithisolated yellowslip,red-brown paint.D. rim 15. FM 23, horizontal KylixFS 257 Pinkish; fill.Space I layer 15. semi-circle buff whorlshells.MLd layer532. slip,orangepaint.FM 23, horizontal KylixFS 257 Pink-buff; fired arch.Space IV layer orange;yellow slip,red-brown paint.D. rim13. FM 62, tricurved KylixFS 257 Buff 70. buff arch. NLa layer332. slip,shaded-brown paint. FM 62, tricurved KylixFS 257 Pinkish; FS cream to black bowl Buff; 284 slip,orange paint.D. rim18. FM 1oA.7,irisderivative. Deep Space IV layer 70.
204 504 505 506 507
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT Bowl FS 283 Pink;buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 13. FM 19, tongues. Space c layer90. OLc BowlFS 283 Buff chevrons. fired orange;buff slip,lustrous orangepaint.D. rim13. FM 58, horizontal layer 14. Stemmedbowl FS 304 Buff; red -orangepaint.Wavy band. Space c layer77. interior. Stemmed bowlFS 304 Pinkish; buff Space c slip,blackto brown paint.FM 48, quirk.Monochrome layer77.
15. LH - C Debris Layers (figs.5.28 and 5.29, plate 30 a and b) A few these levels.Theyincludea neck wholeor partially restorable vaseswererecovered from handledjug 508 decoratedwithadded whiteand paintedin the PictorialStyle.Only a few fromthisvase, whichwas once a veryfinepiece, were foundand the proposed fragments of three reconstruction of the decoration shouldbe treatedwithcaution:it seemsto consist a at are whose feet and one smaller one, animals, gallop. only present, flying larger dogs, possibly downhill A largefilling ofa chariotwheelrolling rosette pursuedby the givestheimpression of542 a wheel'appearson 135.The wholevasesconsist rosette or 'chariot largeanimal;a similar excavation the handleisso pushedin thatthevasewas called'The Potty' krater whosesingle by itwas paintedor not;539 a linear to tellwhether itssurface is so wornthatitis impossible staff; a with illustrated to379 - 80. Of thesherds and 543 a cooking 509 isdecorated hydria potsimilar in Phase 2a at Lefkandi which are found antithetic LH IIIC with of line 510 loops wavy type, 522 showsthe carination (Popham and Milburn1971,pl. 57.1) or witha scrolldecoration, widebase for an has while exhibit the excavation which of the from unusually 524 many dippers LH to shells withwhorl a dipper.528 a deep bowldecorated IIIBi, 530- 31 belongs probably and 535this from LH IIIB2 Group deepbowlsand are twooftheraresherds arefrom period 38 are miscellaneous deep bowls.
508 509 510 511 512 513 514 5*5 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 ofFM 27, whiteslip,orangepaintwithadded white.D. rim13.8.?FM 8, dog withfill JugOrange; creamy rosette. P1506 Space III layer4, Space d layer26, OLd layer41, 50, 58, PLa layer20. Jar Grey;buff slip,orangepaint.FM 53.20, wavyline. Space I layer9. loops or scroll.OLd layer59. orange;whitish slip,black paint.Antithetic Jar Greyfired OLd FM fired black buff; 59. layer 75, panelled. paint. Jar Grey orange;greyslip,black paint.D. rim9. FM 75, panelled.Space III layer5. Jug Greyfired Jug Grey;buff slip,black paint.D. rim6. OLd layer59. black paint.?FM 51, stemmed buff; spiral.OLc layer 15. Jug Greyfired OLc layer 14. FM stem. fired black buff; 19, multiple paint. JUSGrey shaded-brown FS 96 Buff; Alabastron, spiral.NLb layer406. paint.FM 46, running straight-sided OLd D. base brown Buff; 4.8. layer59. paint. jar Stirrup FM 53,wavylineon body.NLc paint.FM 75,panelledon shoulder, slip,shaded-brown jar Grey;buff Stirrup 13 14. layer213 pb buff KraterGreyfired paint.Spiral. MLd layer507. slip,shaded-brown pinkish; KraterGreyfired paint.FM 23, whorlshell.OLc layer 12. slip,red-brown pink;buff shaded-brown buff; paint.FM 75, panelled.NLc layer231. Mug FS 226 Greyfired OLd rim D. black FS Buff; 9. layer59. 236 paint. Dipper orangepaint.D. rim8. NLc layer259. Dipper FS 236 Buff; slip,orangepaint.D. base 2.3. OLc layer 13. Dipper FS 236 Orange; buff LH IIIBi . fired type, paint.FM 75,panelled.Zygouries slip,shaded-brown pink;buff KylixFS 258,259 Buff OLc layer 13. shaded-brown buff; type,LH IIIBi. MLd paintFM 75, panelled.Zygouries KylixFS 258, 259 Greyfired layer508. buff slip,orangepaint.FM 23, whorlshell.OLd layer52. KylixFS 258, 259 Pinkish;
THE POTTERY
205
LH IIIB - C. Scale 1:3 FIG.5.28 Potsherds theDebris layers, from
26
LH IIIB-C. theDebris layers, from FIG.5.29 Pottery 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540
Scale 1:3
buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 14. FM 23, whorlshell.OLd layer50. Deep bowl FS 284 Pinkish; buff; orangepaint.D. rim 11. FM 53, wavyline. OLc layer 13. Deep bowl FS 284 Greyfired interior. buff fired FS bowl slip,blackpaint.D. rim18.FM 75,panelled.Monochrome pink; 284 Grey Deep Group B. OLc layer 12. to blackpaint.D. rim?16. FM 75,panelled.Monochrome shaded-brown buff; Deep bowlFS 284 Greyfired interior. Group B. OLc layer 13. shaded-brown spiralvariant.OLc layer 13. buff; paint.FM 51, stemmed Deep bowl FS 284 Greyfired NLc line. FM fired layer259. 53, wavy buff; orangepaint. Deep bowl FS 284 Grey ofvertical FM brown wavylines.MLd FS bowl triglyph 75, panelled, Pinkish; paint. light slip, grey 284 Deep layer508. shaded-brown Bowl Buff; paint.D. rim 16. FM 75, panelled.NLa layer314. withwhitewash,black paint.D. rim 10. MLb Room layer958. surface Bowl Orange; buff NLc layer213 pb 1314. semi-circles. Bowl Grey;buff paint.D. rim14. FM 43, pendent slip,shaded-brown OLd 11. rim D. black Bowl Grey; layer59. paint. orange;whiteslip,black paint.D. rim 12. P1406 NLc layer261. HydriaFS 129 Greyfired rough.D. rim5.1, D. base 4.2, H. 8.3. P663 NLb layer434. Jug Buff,
THE POTTERY 541 542 543
207
withmica,standard.D. rim 12. Splash ofpainton body. P1538 NLb 422. Kylix,carinatedFS 267 Buff surface KraterPinkish-buff; worn,Poncepainted.D. rim 18- 26, D. base 9.8, H. 19. One-handled, very in by handle. P472 NLc layer213 pb 1316. pressed Cookingpot Orange, burnton side. D. rim 13.4,D. base 6.5 - 7, H. 15.2. NLc layer231.
16. LH IIIB - G Surface layers (fig.5.30, plate 30 c and d) Phase 1b at is closetoan examplefrom is574 an unpainted The most find cup which interesting Lefkandi(Popham and Milburn 1971, 335 fig. 1.5). Other unpaintedsherdsinclude576 a includethe half a ring sherds ofa cup with base. Patterned with handleand 575 thelower dipper this the excavation a with a tassel decoration recovered from of 544, although onlyexample jar with an shoulder decorated at is a is common Lefkandi (Ibid.335 fig.1.7). 551 jar stirrup type a ware of coarse advancedform ofwhorl shelland 552 isoneofthefew stirrup jar. 560 is examples rim which there are from a monochrome with a and dotted for from bowl reserved parallels deep a linearshallowangularbowl (French from Korakou(Rutter1976,16fig.15.4); 572 is possibly of thebands is uncanonicalbut it could be a local variant. 1975,66 fig.1); thearrangement
544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 Jar Orange; whiteslip,orangepaint.FM 72, tassel.MLd layer529. JUSGreyfired slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 75, panelled.NLa layer332. pink;buff Jug Greyfired pink;buff slip,orangepaint.FM 75, panelled.NLa layer305. MLd layer528. JUSGrey;buff slip,black to brownpaint.FM 43, pendentisolatedsemi-circles. jar Grey;red to black paint.Wavy line in bodyzone. Space III layer4. Stirrup black paint.FM 42,joiningsemi-circles on shoulder. jar Buff; Stirrup Space III layer4. jar Grey;buff Stirrup slip,shaded-brown paint.?FM 73, lozengeon shoulder. Space III layer4. Stirrup jar Buff; pale yellowslip,shaded-brown paint.FM 23, whorlshell.OLd layer41. withgrits; red-brown Stirrup jar Buff paint.D. rim6. OLd layer 14. KraterFS 281 Grey;buff slip,black to brownpaint.D. rim22. Edge ofpanel. OLd layer 14. KraterGrey;black paint.FM 43, pendentisolatedsemi-circles. NKc/d layer802. KraterGreyfired pink;buff slip,brownpaint.FM 75, panelled.NLc layer227. KraterGreyfired NLa layer303. pink;greyslip,black paint.FM 74, panelledwithhalf-rosette. KylixFS 258, 259 Buff; orange-brown paint.FM 75, panelled.Zygouries type,LH IIIBi. NLa layer310. shaded-brown Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; paint. D. rim 16. Edge ofspiral.NLc layer227. shaded-brown withwavyline.Monochrome NLc interior. Deep bowlFS 284 Buff; paint.FM 60, pattern layer227. with reserved and dotted rim. Deep bowlFS 284 Orange;buff slip,red-orange paint.D. rim12.Monochrome Space III layer4. black paint.FM 25, bivalve.Space III layer4. Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; Monochrome interior. NLa layer310. Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; orangepaint.FM 27, rosette. red paint.FM 27, rosette. NLa layer310. Monochrome interior. Deep bowl FS 284 Pinkish-buff; blacktoshaded-brown FM 43, pendent isolated semibuff; Deep bowlFS 284 Greyfired paint.Panelledwith circles.Monochrome interior. NLc layer227. Deep bowl FS 284 Greyfired pink;buff slip,red-brown paint.FM 48, quirk.NKc/d layer802. red-brown Deep bowl FS 284 Buff; paint.?Antithetic spiral.NLc layer227. and half-rosette. MLd layer530. Deep bowl FS 284 Orange; buff slip,brownpaint.FM 74, triglyph shaded-brown FM 48, quirk.Space III layer4. with Deep bowlFS 284 Buff; paint.FM 75,panelled;triglyph Deep bowl FS 284 Grey;black to orangepaint. D. rim 15. MLd layer533. 61 Buff; black paint. D. rim4. NLa layer332. FeedingbottleFS 160/1 Bowl Greyfired buff; orange-brown paint. D. rim28. Zigzag on rim.NLa layer303. Bowl FS 295 Buff; shaded-brown paint.D. rim 18. MLd layer514. buff Deep conical bowl FS 290 Greyish; slip,black paint. D. base 12. NLa layer332. burntoutside.D. rim 11.2, D. base 3.4, H. 8 - 8.2. P460 NLa layer307. standard, Cup FS 217 Buff, Cup Greyfired deep buff, polished.D. base 5. OLd layer45. standard.MLb East layer 16. Dipper FS 236 Greyfired pink-buff,
28
from thesurface LH IIIB - C. Scale 1:3 FIG.5.30 Pottery layers,
C. Renfrewfor offering me the Acknowledgements: I should like to thank Professor Mr M. Dr C. Mee and for Dr . to work on his Dickinson, material, Popham much opportunity to his material from me access the Dr . Kilian for and discussion, allowing unpublished helpful Dr E. I to French am of who for excavations grateful especially purposes comparison. Tiryns in manuscript, which was completed minor thechapter readand criticised revisions, apartfrom in 1978.
VI Chapter The Figures and Figurines*

by ElizabethFrench
thePhylakopi shrines are essentially The figurines as defined French1981a) from (and figures, It has thusbeen decidedto discuss relatedto thestandard mainlandtypes. individual, though than thatusuallyemployed: themin thefollowing orderrather Female figures Male figures Female figurines Bovinefigures Group figurines: Chariotgroups Drivenoxen Furniture and seatedfigurines Animalfigurines Miscellaneous in this Discussion is typological section and concerns thecharacter ofthefigurines. Discussion of theinterpretation in theirassemblage of thefigurines is foundin ChapterIX. or context Some ofthefigurines are clearly and ofwell-known fabrics. have Many however imported beenassigned to local origin. In these twofabrics The most obviousis a fine dark predominate. buff darkand lustrous almost is clayon whichthepaintappearsvery purplein tone.Thisfabric in thepottery noticeable also. The surface finish is good though itis notclearwhether it is very The secondfabric in colourand appears is lighter produced bya slipor washor byburnishing. more Thereis no obvioussurface theclayisporousand thepaintappearsmattas a finish; sandy. result. One animalfigurine a bright redmicaceous fabric, (SF 767) isina quitedifferent claycovered with a creamy white inred.The fabric seems tobe thatofearlier from slipwith patterns figurines theseare notas wellpreserved and their surface treatment is hard to distinguish. Kea, though Micaceous red clay is certainly moretypicalof Kea; it is not nativeto Melos. The final ofthefirst fabric shapingofthefigures particularly groupis often byveryobvious I have not observedthistooling on figures from other site. tooling. any The larger are elaborately made usingthetechniques ofthepotter. figures Many piecesare on thewheel(sometimes turned as ifpiecesofactual pots,e.g. SF 850 is composed ofpartsofa The heavy Jar) and thencombinedwithothers, handmade,to completea figure. Stirrup on firing in thelarger from holes,so noticeable emphasis figures Mycenae,does notoccur.It is notingeneral a feature ofbovidsand this indicate thatthey areofa different to might inspiration thehumanfigures.
* My thanks aredue totheGermanArchaeological Institute for touse themalefigure from found Tiryns permission service and now in thecustody oftheInstitute, to thelate Professor by theAnastylosis J. L. Caskeyand to Miriam me thefigurines and figures from Kea and to Mervyn me informed about Caskeyfor showing Pophamforkeeping finds from hisexcavations at bothLefkandi and Knossosand allowing me to mention themand for hisvery figurine constructive comments on the Lady of Phylakopl. 209
2 10
^*^
172
Scale 1:2 FIG.6.1 Female figurines.
ANDFIGURINES THE FIGURES
2 11
ofdrawings The morecomplex are illustrated and figures by MissJenny by a series figurines Moody. As are illustrated Detailsand other orlesselaborate byphotographs. piecesmorefragmentary detail theseare examples ofa unique kindthecataloguehas been compiledto givemaximum each. The original is givenfor evenfor measurement wellillustrated pieces.Atleastone original in thecatalogue An asterisk case. in each locus has been assigned as thelowest stratigraphically in AppendixB. indicates thatthepiece is listedin the analysisofjoin linkages i. Female Figures and Related Pieces area and thereis also one werefoundin the sanctuary Three knowntypesof femalefigures and female and unparallelled figures groupresemble example(SF 2658). The first extraordinary on a cylindrical and mounted base,the Cretewherethebodyis made separately from figurines neck and The secondgroupare potson whicharmsare appliedand a head 'bell-skirt'. so-called from ofthistypeare known fortheneckofthepot.Two almostcomplete substituted examples be will doubtless others and XXXIX PL c; 91) fig 1975, Mylonas Mycenae (Taylour 1970 with offigures a consists The third isisolated. nowthatthetype identified Phylakopi groupfrom head. The orpinched orconicalstem tallcylindrical bodyand an elaborate toppedbya rounded and applied.The examples stemis wheelor coil made; theaccessory partsare made separately the oftypefrom smaller the resemble thus and holes have not do from figures firing Phylakopi or angleofthehead (where in armposition mainland(French1981b).Thereis no consistency excavations in the earlier found were this of are preserved). features these (Nos. type Fragments 10. FIG. the mainland the from known well now are and the 1). (see 1, 4, 5 below), group are femalebut their It mustbe notedthatthereis no evidencethatsome of thesefigures and I section in this discussion their makes female convenient, the to figures relationship tobe female wereintended believethatMycenaeanfigures (or at leasthuman)in all personally to notethat It is important shown are not attributes male caseswhere 1981b). (French explicit theWestShrineor areas ofdebris comefrom female whichare probably all thehumanfigures offind, other to theWestShrinethrough related exceptSF 2275 whichis onlya very categories smallplait fragment. SF 2658 (FIG. theothers. before theunusualfigure toconsider useful It isperhaps 34 6.3,PLATE been I have which SF 2660 the beside A in Room think, found was must, figure immediately d) was built.SF 2658is unique,of whentheShrine oftheWestShrine oftheS half themainfeature The armposition are of traces on which fabric local baked preserved. paint only slight poorly oftheskirt 'U' on thefront Most unusualofall is theappliedinverted cannotbe ascertained. the female genitlia. I know of no parallels for this among which probably represents ofthis on Near Eastern and thenormal periodis quite figures representation Mycenaeanfigures ofthe ofthefunction indiscussion be remembered must sexualattribution Thisexplicit different. were areas oftheWestShrine.It shouldbe notedthatunique roughand unparallelled figures oftheDouble Axes (Evans 1921, 52 fig.14; theshrine in each oftwoothershrines: also found 212). 1928,342 and n.5) and Asine (Frdinand Perssoni938,fig. has a solidtriangular oftheCretangroupis SF 520 (plate 38 d) which conventional The most means ofa tangintoa fitted belowthewaistthis by probably body.Thoughwe haveno evidence Pernier from base (bestillustrated Phaestos, 52:3a,b). There wheelmade 1902,fig. bythefigure excavations the earlier is a better (N.M. 5850, Phylakopi exampleofthetypefrom preserved on themainlandbutare rare(French1961,fig.33:1,2; bodiesexist 1904,pl. 39:16) and similar wereofthebell-skirt all these thatthelowerbodiesfor French1971,135,137). I suggest type(cf.
2 12
2007 FIG.6.2 Female figurines. Scale 1:2 '
THE FIGURES AND FIGURINES
2 13
FIG.6.3 Female figure. Scale 1:2
Evans 1928,fig.193). SF 2661 (FIG. Room A is a particularly In 6.7) from interesting hybrid. it belongsto thisgroup,particularly outline theside profile, but it is made in one piece. It is a local product in thesame sandyfabric as thefigurines (withwheelmadestems)SF 1521 and The decoration similar tothatofearly 2007.The armsappeartohavebeenuneven. is,ofcourse, mainlandfigurines. It is probablethattheapparently SF unpainted 583 (fig.6.8, PLATE 33 c) from was also ofthe'Cretan'type.It seems tohave beenmounted and a bell-skirt Assemblage seems The left hand rested on or nearthebreast. It couldwellbe an earlier likely. poseofa type similar to thelargerfigures from Gazi discussed below (ChaptersIX, X) some ofwhichare unpainted.
2 14
2660
Scale 1:3 the Lady of Phylakopl. FIG.6.4 Female figure:
THE FIGURES ANDFIGURINES
2 15
version of theearly thenichebyRoomA comesfrom The ugly head SF 2691 (PLATE 32 c) from are arms and the mainlandtypein whicha head is placed on a vessel-shaped body plastic date to ofsimilar to theshoulder. The Phylakopi attached exampleis locallymade butpossibly in the theMycenaeexamples citedabove (i.e. LH IIIA1/2). Thiswouldputitvery locally early awkward The modelling ofthehead isvery madeseries and wouldbe ofconsiderable interest. (in thechinare all contrast to thatoftheother local head SF 2672) as themajorfeatures including ofanother makeup ofRoom A is thearmfragment thefloor probably applied.SF 2679 from the Debris. of this as is SF from 1083 example pot type can be assignedto the thirdgroup. Two pieces are almost certainly The otherfigures SF 2274 from themakeup oftheEast Shrine floor thefragment (phaseo/2a) and the imported, fabric of local main figure, SF The others are of dark and the Lady, 2660. presumably manufacture. is well The figure SF 2660 (fig. 6.4, PLATE 31) is of outstanding qualityand the surface in whitepainton a red band The fabric, thetypeofpattern and theuse ofdesigns preserved. can be considered seemto indicatea date in LH IIIA2 earlyand in a stylistic series thefigure from between theLH IIIAi piriform figures Mycenae(Taylour1970,PL XXXIX c; Mylonas from there(Taylour 1969,PL XIIIc). 1975 fig.91) and thesmall LH IIIA2 late figure The dateand place ofmanufacture ofthis are obviously ofconsiderable but figure importance without evidence is notavailable.The fabric is visually closeto that clayanalysis objective very of theArgolidbut otherfabrics often resemble the centralgroupwhichwas presumably the standard aimed at. A detailedstudy ofthepattern and methods ofdecoration has been types carried outand I am grateful for thehelpofMr Mervyn to Pophamwhohas calledmyattention the Cretanparallels.Unfortunately thereare no groupsofArgolidpottery of the periodLH IIIA2e and themainlandparallelsare thuslesssatisfactory than the Cretan. The Zigzagin thehorizontal form usedon thebodyand thetopofthestem isvery in frequent in thisform. Creteand particularly from Knossos(1970,pi manyexamples Pophamillustrates themainland.The vertical version however 37a, 42b). I do notknowany earlyexamplefrom thatoccursin two forms in both places. I feelthat the on the lowerstemis unparallelled blackand white effect recalls theCurvedStripe motive alternating (FM 67) (and tosomeextent theWavyBorder, FM 65) which isvery in LH IIIAi and 2e. In zones common on themainland it is used on conicalrhy ta and thestemofthisfigure in thesame way as a is clearly decorated rhyton. The Rock Pattern as a border on themainlandfrom (FM 32) in thisform designis frequent LH IIB (on alabastra and goblets) to IIIA2 (on alabastra and spoutedcups). There are exampleson Crete (Popham 1970,pl. ib and gd). The useofdotsinwhite and ofsimple in thick in LH IIIA2e on the white patterns paintbegins mainlandand is extremely common. Some wellpreserved have been published from examples Thebes (Symeonoglu feature on Creteat 1973,321).Popham (pers.comm.)does notknowthis thistime,thoughthereis evidenceforadded whitein LM IIIC as in LH IIIC. On balanceI think thatthis can be considered a mainland, of figure probably Argive, product LH IIIA2e on thebasisofitsfabric, theuseofthis of in theseries type white paintand itsposition offemale from this I wouldemphasise known. however thatthis figurines region already phaseis oneinwhich there arevery closelinks between themainland and Knossosand newdiscoveries or scientific tests thisopinion,whichis, to a considerable may overthrow extent, subjective. I believethatthe acquisition of thisfigure is contemporary withthe buildingof the West Shrine and that shewouldhavebeenthecentral of its south section. figure Perhapsthis imported was and the local when she arrived found female crude was placed figure insufficiently figure
2 16
besideherto accentuate thesexat a periodwhena local tradition for themanufacture oflarger was not established. It seems The crude SF however be much older. figures yet figure 2658 may to be later when local manufacture of was well established. and unlikely figures figurines Lack ofsexualaccentuation in themainland iscommon as tothesex (cf.thediscussion figures oftheMycenaefigures, in to the character contrast more life-like Taylour1969,92; 1970,2.) oftheearlier ladiesfrom IrinionKea As so the hands ofSF often, Ag. (Caskey1964,pl. 57 61). butmust havebeenextended insomeway;there whatthe 2660are missing is no wayofguessing in handposition have been.It must was found be notedthatthehand ofa similar might figure PLATE arm theearlierexcavations as an also (No. 5 48/- g), (No. 4). Also in Room A was the slightly 34 b), of local largerhead, SF 2672 (fig. 6.5, PLATE manufacture. The shape oftheface,noseand chinand theangleofthehead compareclosely with SF 2660as with other largefigures (e.g. Taylour1969,pisXII, XIII; 1970,pi XXXIX c); is onlya singleplait and no polos.The chinis thepainting ofthehairis simplified and there butitisdiscussed herebecauseofits is on however There no indication ofsex this figure painted. modelled or paintedchinis notan relation to SF 2660. It has nowbecomeclearthata heavily indication ofa beardand thatthe'Lord ofAsine' (Frdinand Persson1938,fig.211) and the A shoulder in Cyprus(Nicolaou 1964,PI IV) are probably female. 'beardedAphrodite' piece, XII c matches wellwiththis a and SF 773,of pinched-bodied d) (cf.Taylour 1969,pi figure in PLATE in a latephaseofthestreet The twoare illustrated head. It was found together deposit. a FIG. are from similar 6.6) figure. 34 a. Two othermatching fragments (SF 1090 and 768, withrelations to seemto be diversity, The important factors ofthegroupofhumanfigures in and which combine bothCreteand themainland, and a strong adapt individuality localstyles in almost case makesitdifficult This individuality features taken from mainstream every types. to the that several of a date ofmanufacture butitseems tosuggest belong the figures quiteclear the all must antedate earliest collapse. periodsof theuse of theWestShrineand that
SF 520 (plate 38 d) Female figure, bodyonly,broken. H. (ex.) 6; W. (ex.) 7; Di. (waist) 2.6 red brownpaint;local. fired surface; slip; smoothed pink;pale buff Greyclay withlargeinclusions, solid painted. low set; applied breasts; Thick triangular probably bodywitharmsrather OLd layer65, Streetand Courtyard? (Phase 2a/3c) SF 583 (FIG.6.8 and PLATE 33 c- d) torsoonly. PFemalefigure, H. (ex.) 14; Di. (base?) 13; Th. (body) 0.9 tooledand smoothed inthanout) with core(slightly Buff surface; inclusions; unpainted; many grey pinker claywith local. feature intomoreelaborated ?baseperhaps withadded flattened Wheelmade base; additional extending cylinder on breast. left hand at arms into and perhaps (not preserved); applied beneath;top pinched pulled K. NLd space 3, layer24, Assemblage
2 17
2 6/2
FIG.6.5 Female figure. Scale 1:2 SF 768 (FIG.6.6) ?Human figure, base only. H. (ex.) 5.3; Di. (base) 6.3; Di. (stem)3.9; Th. 1 darkbuff; surface where butnotapparently to black hard;lustrous Greycore,fired preserved slipped;darkbrown paint;local. towardbase, wheelmade;flattened base extending bothoutsideand insidecylinder Cylinder spreading slightly centralhole preserved. though Broad band at base, vertical linesabove. Lower bodyofSF 1090 or similar. NLe space c, layer49, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) SF 773 (PLATE 34 a) Female figure, shoulder right only. H. (ex.) 10; W. (ex.) 10; D. (just below breast)6.5 smoothed and Ppolished Veryhardgrey clay,fired pale pink;surface (nowwornand pitted);darkbrown slightly lustrous paint;local. thinarm,position Top ofwheelmade cylinder pinchedto closeand form shoulder; applieddiskbreast; uncertain; clayjoin foroverlapping head/neck. Breast solidpainted;otherwise on front vertical bandson backbesidearmofwhichtheouter unclear;three design runsup the arm; one or morewavyvertical bands in a zone on thecentreback (Pderived from plait) Cf. head SF 2672 NLe space c, layer49, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) SF 1083 (PLATE 33 i-j) PHumanfigure, shoulder only. H. (ex.) 4.9; W. (ex.) 3.6; W. (arm) 1.6 buff on outersurface; tooledand lightly Orange clay,fired polished;mattred paint at neck;originuncertain. Armappliedto shoulder ofpot-like wheelmarks insideand typical vessel; curve;sharply angledshoulder, bulgeat below.The bulgemight indicatea bovid tail but theangleofapplicationand thepaintmake this 'elbow',broken unlikely. Ring ofpaintat neck.Otherwise apparently unpaintedin thissection. NLe layer213 pb 1314, Surface/Debris
2 18
>
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT '
I
! '
'
!
!
!
! '
'
i '
ii
1090
'
768
Scale 1:2 FIG.6.6 Female figures. SF 1090 (FIG.6.6) ?Human figure, only. top ofstemand startofshoulders H. (ex.) 7; Di. (stem)3.9; Th. (stem) 1.3; W. (ex.) 4.8 brownpaint;local. once lustrous; surface dark buff; Greycore,fired inlevel);wheelmade; uneven horizontally and ringed arms into two out (Pslightly pinched stem, pulled Cylindrical similar. or SF of 768 Upper part NLc layer213 pb 1316, Surface/Debris. 33 -h) SF2274 (PLATE shoulder only. fragment Figure,?female, L. (ex.) 4.3; Di. (arm) 2; Th. (body) 0.5 shaded verydark brownpaint;Pimported. Pinkclay,buff slip; polishedsurface; on armwhichmayhave beenadded and smoothed ?Globularbody,hollow;Phandmade; pulledup intocurving remains. littletraceof this though lineson body;crosslineson arm. horizontal Irregular NLd space 1, layer66, East Shrine(Phase o/2a)
2 19
*^^
~v^-
^-->^^-^
2661
FIG.6.7 Female figure. Scale 1:2
220
583
FIG. 6.8
Female figure.Scale 1:2
'
FIG. 6.9
Female figurine.Scale 1:2
2015
22 1
SF 2658 (FIG.6.3, PLATE 34 d-e) armsmissing, Female figure, verypoor condition. H. 25.5; W. (at base) 4.5; D. (at base) 3.8 brown burnished tooledand lightly darkbuffclay, surface; totally paintalmost fired; core,pinkish very lightly Grey ?local. obscured; 'U' ofclay willstand;appliedreversed so thatthefigure behindat bottom flare lowerbodywithslight Cylindrical and forwards on front(?sex symbol);narrowedwaist; flattened upper body; applied arms perhapsextending and mouth incised now breasts nose; eyes; nostrils; applied chin, sharply pinched heavy missing; upwards;applied underedge ofpolos. on front broad thinpolos; applied Plocks ofbody; no otherdecoration Lines on front distinguishable. C MLb layer961, Assemblage *SF 2660 (FIG.6.4, PLATES 31, 32 , 33 a - b and Frontispiece) armsbroken Female figure, H. 45; W. (body ex.) 11; W. (head) 8; Di. (head) 8.5; Di. (base) 11 Fine buff deep red paint; thickadded whitepaint;imported. clay; well polishedsurface; armsattached withslight coil-made thick Conicalstem, base; bulbouswheelmade bodywithsmallplasticbreasts; with plasticridge to hide join; head basically withno plug, risinglike handles; thin neck inserted plastically withappliedfeatures: wheelmade nose,plasticeyesplasticears; top ofpolospinchedwith pointedchin,well-made from base strands from and emphasised; topofhead and madeoftwotwisted plaitstarting showing finger impressions ofneckto waist. coil marksin upperstem; Verticalstickmarkson insideof lowerstem (Pfrom duringmanufacture); propping on insideofneckfrom holebesideit.Twig marks on bodyand neck.Hole at topofhead and false wheelmarks topto bottom. and rowofdotsat topand inwhite, 'V at centre broadband with, Band above base; Rock Pattern I; monochrome three thinbands;further zone ofpanelledvertical Zigzagssimilar systems; bottom; Zigzagsusingsolidand reserved in white, broad band toppedby Rock Pattern monochrome butmoreextended with, Quirkin middle horizontally; zone of zoneofhorizontal ofdotsat topand bottom; and rows bands;at base ofbody:Rock Pattern; Zigzag; twothin rowof neck Pattern above Rock neck from arms row of red dots below with level at breast ring; it; ring; rising Zigzag at top ofneck. dots,thinband, Quirk,Rock Pattern lashes with solidpainted outline with Chinsolidpainted nose;eyessolidcentred line;reserved (and incised)mouth; solidpaintedarea of dotsoutlining on ears;wavesofhairwith solidpaintedcurves aboveand below;eyebrows; them; hair on back ofhead; lineson lowerplait; inneredge of polos solid but now worn. C MLb layer961, Assemblage SF2661 (FIG.6.7) head and armsmissing. Female figure, H. (ex.) 18; W. (body) 10.2; Di. (base) 7.8; Th. (at neckbreak) 0.7 redbrown finish hardfired; buff Pinkclaywithsmallblackgrits, visible; paint,matt;Plocal. slip,matt;no surface toform ofstraw on base. Irregular at base tostand;marks flattened Wheelmade waist;flattened pinching cylinder, armsand and short from plait (clayjoin onlypreserved); clear); appliedsmallbreasts body(holdoffingers pinching ofarmsuncertain. and applied overplug; position head made separately threeon back and one undereach arm. armsand neckringed;two wavylineson front, Breasts, C MLb layer963, Assemblage SF 2672 (FIG.6.5, PLATE 34 a - b) head only. PFemalefigure, offabricat neck 1.5 H. (ex.) 8; W. 7; Di. 8.5. Thickness Hard greyclay withslight inclusions; slip; dark brownpaint;local pale buff addedfeatures: Basicovoidwith chin, mouth, nose,plastic , simple eyes(one missing) plastic pointed pointed plastic ears,applied plaitfrom top ofhead to base ofneck,ridgedeyebrows.
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Solidpaintedchin,lineat mouth, band alongflattened solidpainted;lineson eyebrows, topofnose,eyesprobably and ofmouth solidpaintinside sideofface, onedowneachsideofnosetocorners ears;twofine wavylinesdowneither onedowneach sideofnoseitself; on topofhead and running twofine three bandsstarting forehead; wavylinesacross down each side; solidpainton plait. SF 773. Cf. shoulder, MLb layer970, Assemblage C SF 12679 (PLATE 33 e-f) Human figure, shoulder and arm only,hand missing. right L. 10; W. (ex.) 6; Th. (arm at elbow) 1.5 Fine greyclay,fired lustrous; originuncertain. orangered paintslightly deep orangebuff, Armcurving from shoulder withangularelbow. Phi type armorhorizontal attached toshoulder which couldbe either vertical Curvedclayjoin at shoulder making ofsomekind. either theotherarm or a support Flat stripofclay underwrist, of 'vessel'typefigure. red bars ofpaintacrossarm. Irregular MLb layer972, Room A (Phase ib/2a) SF 2691 (PLATE 32 c-d) arm. head onlyand startofleft Human figure, H. (ex.) 14.3; W. (head) 12; D. (head) 12 red brownpaint;local. surface; bright largish grit;fired pinkin and out; wellsmoothed Greyclay witha little ofappliedleft start Vessel-like arm;appliedband running up bodywithneckand bulboushead; added features; armand overtopofhead (halo); appliedsharply either sideofbodybehind chin;appliedbeakynose;applied pointed top ofhead to breakat back ofneck. applied plaitfrom upsidedown 'U' curvedears; appliedeyesin identations; area. handmade,or at leastas visiblein neck/shoulder Apparently on central notclear;doubleladderon arm;spreading zonal pattern pendant diagonalswith Spiralson back;front twozoneson linesdownforehead; front ofneck;solidpainton actualfaceand bands;curvedlineson chin;straight Stem. back ofhead, lowerwithvertical lines,upperwithChevron/Multiple MLb layer976, Assemblage C, Niche. Female figures,plait fragments: SF 2251 oflowerplait only Fragment L. (ex.) 2.15; W. 0.8 whichhad a straight thisfigure from withthatofSF 2661 but not apparently Fabric almostidentical plait. Curvewithclayjoin behind;lowestend ofplait curl. MLb layer976, Assemblage C, Niche SF 2275 Similarfragment L. (ex.) 2.7; W. 0.5 brownpaint;local. Dark buff clay; smoothed; As above but straighter. L OLc layer22, Assemblage
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2. Male figures (plates 35 - 7) in thesanctuaries at Phylakopi offigures withclearly is The presence indicated male attributes intheevidence. thesingle most unusualfactor On themainland two of only fragments previously a fragmentary malefigurines wereknown: maleofsmallsizebutelaboratedecoration is known fromthe Acropolis(French 1971, 148; Casson 1921, 345) and one is mentioned fromthe at Hagia Triada nearZygouries one hundred female Karo 1913,116; (with sanctuary examples: More a has been identified from West 1935:600). recently largeexample Tiryns(unstratified Wall deposit; 6. 10 plate a and It comes from half wheelmade (fig. 37 A). large(about lifesize) whichshowsan erectpenisheldin theright hand in thegesture ofthefigure from near figure Larisa (Wace and Thompson1912, Fig. 30). Thereis an orifice and thefigure have served may as a rhyton or been used in some realistic ritual.It is generally in supposedthatthe figures chariots etc.wearing conicalhelmets or hatsare male,on analogywiththebronzefigures ofthe are extremely abbreviated and there 'smiting' god in similar headgear.Thesecharioteer figures isno explicit sexualindication. It maybe notedthatsomeofthese weara polosand wouldon this female. analogyhave to be considered FromAssemblage D oftheEast Shrine there is a fragment SF 817 (fig.6. ) ofa smalllocally made and apparently which have been male. No othermale unpainted figurine maypossibly came from the East and this is thus of unusual Ifaccepted Shrine, figures fragment importance. as male,itwouldbe an indication oftheduplication ofofferings ifit seeninother of types figure; is rejected thenmalesare uniqueto theWestShrine. Thispiecemaybe compared witha rough froma good LH IIIC contextat Lefkandiwhich I had originally unpaintedmale figure considered to be pre-Mycenaean. It is howeverpossiblethat male figures may provemore in LH IIIC than now widespread appears. FromtheWestShrinethere are twoassemblages withmale figures. A are FromAssemblage 1 twofigures and and the arm of a 1 third . itself was at a found (SF 553 2340) (SF 550) (The figure level and thus offers one definite in of a re-use SF higher example subsequent 1553 (fig. phase). and has a zone of diagonal cross6.12) is the mostelaborately paintedof the male figures, on bothfront and back. Smallplasticbreasts are shown in a reserved zone. hatching irregularly The bodyis slightly and is flattened other details like elbows elongated unrealistically though and kneesare realistic. The legswerenotfound withthebodybutcame from a laterdeposit in thestreet. the base and the which attached to the buttocks were not found. Unfortunately prop The armsextendforward, theright thantheleft. further Each hand is tightly curledand has incised There is a on the of the If left hand. were carried on the fingers. clayjoin top something left this accountfor thegreater reserved area ofthechest on this side.This figure might strongly resembles thecentaur from Lefkandi et al. 1970) bothin poseand decoration and (Desborough thepossibility was considered thatthismight be a centaur. The humanlegsand genitals might seemtorulethis is a centaur from out,butthere (Tatton-Brown Cyprus 1979,no. 290) withtwo setsofgenitals. SF 2340 (fig.6.12) appearsbigger and is rather ill proportioned; thesurface is erodedan itis difficult to tell what the decoration was. clear are curls on thebackof very original Apparently theneckbelowa pointed a and waist band with cap (separately made) painteddaggerorsword the swords in made on the (compare separately clay Mycenaecavalryman (Hood 1953)and the chariot driver No. This also was carefully Markopoulo (Mollard-Besques1954 Ai)). figure constructed tostandupright; thelegsand buttocks arealmost those ofa seatedfigure and there is a smallholewhichwillconveniently hold a reedsupport 6.12 and PLATE Two reeds (FIG. 37 c). had beenstuck thebody;these whilethefigure was stillsoft through presumably gave support and burntout duringfiring heat to The surface on the front of thechest allowing penetrate.
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FIG. 6.IO
^-^-^^^^^
Male figurefragment (penis) fromTiryns. Scale 1:3
01-7
FIG. 6. 11 Figurine, possibly male. Scale 1:2
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to itdifficult ofthefigure, thewearmakes thanon therest though appearstobe lesswellfinished at the curled hand and the end of on the of the This feature and the be certain. right clay joins top thatthefigure carriedsomething arm (whichprobably left had no hand) makeit seemlikely SF is talland the The third thechest. figure 1550 exaggeratedly largeacrosshisarmsobscuring is striking. of the threevariedfigures juxtaposition level(Assemblage The figures from thehigher G) are also an ill-assorted group.SF 1544(fig. witha wetbeing finer 6.13) is in some ways similarto SF 2340 but the fabricis different whichseem to be thoseof smoothed and tooled surface. There are markson the buttocks at theback ofthe made support or chair.The bodystripes attachment perhapsto a separately chin and a possible and thepointed neckappearcurled, cap herehas curlsaroundtheforehead before but werestrengthened firing by a reed in each; one runs strap.The legs are missing from theleft and has causeda thebodyto thetopofthehead, theother emerges thigh through bothhandsare missing but the to lift off. The armsbend forward evenly; piece ofthesurface is a clayjoin on thetopoftheleft armand thechestappearsto was notthesame;there position have beenmasked.SF 1520 (fig.6.13) is in an extremely almostthe poorstateofpreservation; arm are theretracesofpaint.The wholesurface is erodedand onlyon theheaddress and left headdressis bulbous withflattened top, a typewithparallels (French 1971, 147) but not common. The bodyisextremely butthere is thestart ofprojecting buttocks orpropat elongated thebreak.The armsextendforward but the hands are missing. This figure was presumably to SF 1550whichwas reusedin thisphase.This (fig.6.14) is thelargest ofthefive comparable and is exceptionally was to make the figure tall elongated.It is possiblethatthiselongation someother theelongation ofthenecks of enoughto accompany figure perhapsa bovid,though in theMega Monastirion thehorses chariot is comparable(Megaw 1965:20). The elongation occurs ofthebody;ifa tuck is taken acrossthewaisttheupperand lower onlyin themiddle parts The lowerbody is realistic withshapelybuttocks and distinct join easilyand in proportion. knees.The feet are large,so thatthefigure standsindependently. The bodyhas been carefully bentforward to givestability. thebodybrokeand had to be mendedwith Duringthisprocess a reedfrom with thetopofthehead. The head is slightly bulbous.The arms clayand supported curveforward and thehandsare curled.Apartfrom three lockson theback ofthehead evenly thepainteddecoration is entirely schematic. It maybe notedthatthree thesame twoassemblages oftheWest fragmentary piecesfrom shrine another thehandsofthemorecomplete (and one from partofthesite)resemble figures; but the finials of furniture can also be of thisshape. The identification as hands is however ofthefinds and by thecomplete absenceoffurniture in strengthened by thecontext fragments thearea. I think thevariedarmposition ofthese is crucialin assessing their function but figures notthevariousmethods ofstanding ofthefree-standing SF 1550) (withthepossible exception whichseemmorea matter ofpractical The pose ofthesmallmale figure from the experiment. Shrine oftheDouble Axes(Evans 1928fig.192) shouldbe remembered. This has a standbelow thefeet and theangleofthelegsand bodymakeshimlookas ifhe was meantto be seated.He a dove in bothhands. Perhapshe was copied from carries a largerfigure such as thosefrom One figure butseemsto have carried one (SF 1553) (SF 1550) is elongated Phylakopl. nothing; tohavecarried in theleft handonly;two(SF 2340and 1544)carried small, something probably a larger totheleft arm(and in 2340also totheright) and obscuring thechest. SF objectattached is too worn for to be made. 1520 any suggestion Professor Renfrew below (ChapterIX) thatthefreestanding suggests elongated exampleSF be a cult not 1550may figure, onlybecauseofthesizebutalso becauseitdoes notseemto have carried Thisseems a reasonable and there-use ofthefigure inassemblage G anything. suggestion
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0
^
1553
2340
,,,,,, I I I I I I
FIG.6.12 Male figures. Scale 1:3
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as wellas wouldseemtosupport it. It maybe notedthattwosmaller votaries offerings, carrying in otherfigurines, accompaniedthe tall figure each assemblage(A and G).
SF 817 (fig. 6. 11) Figure,possiblemale, legsonly. H. (ex.) 4.2; W. (at top oflegs) 2.2; D. (at top oflegs) 1.25 warmbuff; tooledsurface; local. Greyclay fired unpaintedas preserved; Two conesofclayjoined at feet added clayat topoflegson onesideonly;this with traces bybeingpressed together; oftheremaining thatthepiece once had male genitals. clayjoin makesit likely NLe space a/b layer61, Assemblage D SF 1520 (FIG.6.13, PLATE 36 d) arm and lowerbody missing, left hand broken. male, right Figure,presumably H. (ex.) 24.4; W. (ex.) 9.5; Di. (waist) 2.1 corewith somegrit, fired with almost Grey eroded;brown/black pink;Poriginally pale buff slip;surface completely paint;local. Tall thin in section); start ofslight at bottom backfor Plowbuttocks orother body(roughly rectangular projection chestflattened and extending as triangular armswhichcurlforward. feature; Tall neck;pinchedface;low bulbouspolos/hat. Decoration clearonlyon head and left solidpolos,lockson arm;armhas linesalongtheback and acrossthefront; back ofhead; dottedeye. NLc layer213 pb 1323,Assemblage G *SF 1544 (FIG.6.13, PLATE 36 c) Male figure, hands broken. legs missing, H. (ex.) 23; W. (at arms) 9.7; Di. (waist) 2.8 Dark clay,fired local. buff; pinkish scrapedsurface; orangepaint,once lustrous; Hole for stick from crotch totopofhead; cylindrical smallapplied body,shapedbuttocks, cylindrical legs;genitals: odd stick holeinfront ofleft seemstohave lifted a patchoff thesurface; cone,noterect; legwhich clayjoin on backof left shadowson right buttock leg and firing (?) and upperright leg. Flattened intotriangular armswhichbendforward bothhandsmissing butposition seems bodyextending evenly; to have been slightly different; neck;roughfacewithincisedmouthand ?clayjoin on top ofleftarm; shortthick nostrils; paintedeyes;conical hat withroundedtop and bulbousringat base. Solidpainted central downbackofneck;vertical and horizontal bandson backand hat;ringed dot;locks eyeswith on legs;front of bodyworn. NLc layer215, Assemblage G *SF 1550 (FIG.6.14, PLATE 35) Male figure, restored from fragments. H. 35; W. (at arms) 10; W. (body) 4.6; Th. 2.3 Dark clay,fired pink;pale buff slip; brownpaint muchfaded;local. flattened holefrom ofbreakbefore mended with Elongated body;stick topofhead tomiddleofbody;marks firing, additional surface and back;shapedbuttocks; clayat front cylindrical legswith shapedknees; longfeet (stands well); rendered but not erect;flattened chestextending intotriangular armswhichcurveforward fully genitals evenly; curledhands;short neck,pinchedface but well shaped in traditional manner;bulboustop to head. Linesalongarms;vertical lineson bodyfront and back; noseline;dottedeyes;solidpaintedhat; lockson back of neck.Deep bands on lowerlegs and on feet;?waistband. NLc layer218, Assemblages A and G
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1544
/ 1 w
'a V;
FIG.6.13 Male figures. Scale 1:3
0w^
152
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1550 FIG.6.14 Male figure. Scale 1:3 *SF 1553 (FIG.6.12, PLATES 36 b and 37 a, b, d) Male figure, head missing. H. 15.8; W. (at elbows) 7; Th. (body) 1.35 Dark buff shadedlustrous brown clay,withpinkish tinge; legsand armstooled, bodylightly polished; paint;local. Handmade; flattened body; cylindrical legs withshaped kneesand feet(including heels); feetattachedto flat surface and made to standlevelby meansofsmallextrapiecesofclay; right toecurlsas ifoveredge ofstand;break from whenstanding); shownby pendent cone applied propat back (as shownby thebalance ofthefigure genitals between armsextendfrom corners ofrectangular extends further legs;smallirregular plasticbreasts; body; right forward thanleft;bothhandscurledtight; incised. clayjoin on top oflefthand; elbowsshown,fingers Decoration: solidpaintedfeet; anklebands;linesup legs;solidpaintedbreasts and penis;diagonally cross hatched zoneon bodyfront and back;lineson arms;paintedfingers; three cross linesabove area ofbreasts which is unpainted. NLc layer218, Assemblage A
23
*SF 2340 (FIG.6.12, PLATES 36 a and 37 c) Male figure. H. 23; W. (arms) 10; Di. (waist) 2 Dark pinkish bufT surface almostentirely eroded;dark brownpaint;local. clay; smoothed and forward and shortlegs (also cylindrical) lowerbody withapplied shaped buttocks extending Cylindrical one presumably for wooden infeet; three holesin buttocks; inner twoextend holes;outer ending up intobodyas firing smallconicalapplied piece between legs. prop;genitals: hand armendsincurled arms which curve Flattened chest intotriangular forward; evenly right extending sideways had no hand (NB armsmucherodedand error armendsin largeclayjoin and probably withclayjoin on top;left . possible) Tall thick butwellshapedfacewithchin,mouth nose;incised neck, eyes;shapedconicalhat applied rudimentary overtop ofhead, peak fallsto rear. three vertical it (Psword); Solid painted waistband and diagonalthrough feet; wavylinesup backand head; solid eroded,but paintedhat; traceofpaintedline aroundedge offaceand acrossmouth;all otherpainteddecoration areas seem to have been undecorated. many A NLc layer237, Assemblage Human figures,?hands SF 2172 H. 1.5; W. (ex.) 1.4; Th. 0.5 lustrous. red paint,slightly smoothed surface; buff, Greycore,fired Flattened stripofclay pinchedat end; roundedend. Probablysolid paintedbothsides. G NLc layer216, Assemblage SF 1537 H. 1.2; W. (ex.) 1.75; Th. 0.5 Warmbuff worn;brownpaint. clay,surface edge. Stripofclay curled;line of painton either are also ofthis on thrones but finials male figure to handsofcomplete Cataloguedherebecauseofressemblance shape. G NLc layer215, Assemblage SF 1582 H. 1; W. (ex.) 1.9; Th. 0.6 brownpaint. Warmbuff surface, clay,smoothed edge and band ofpainton outside. Stripofclay curled;line ofpainton either NB see caveat above re. SF 1537. A NLc layer218, Assemblage
23 1
3. Female figurines All the main typesof femalefigurine (exceptthosewithhollowstem,whichare not known outside the major mainland centres,French 1971, 126, 128) were found in the earlier ofany themselves excavations at Phylakopi from theshrines therefore, (table 6.1). The absence, femalefigurine to the Late Psi typeis remarkable, of a typeantecedent (even fragmentary) as wellas SF 156,SF 589 and SF 2246from Surface and Debrislevelsare ofearlier though types which SF 2 170, the legs of a naturalistic seated figurine (cataloguedbelow underfurniture) ofthe comesfrom to theoccurrence belowtheWestShrine. contrast This absenceis in marked basic typesof animal figurine. The femalefigurines whichone would expectto accompany animalssuch as SF 789 and 1557 are not present. In the The spatialdistribution, defined function. seemsto indicatea veryclearly moreover, West Shrine one female figurine was found in connectionwith each of the south-west and in G) and north-east K) platforms (Assemblage B), north-west (Assemblage (Assemblage theEast Shrine It is possible thatsmall twowerefound on Floor1 (Assemblage L), noneearlier. female werenotusedin theshrines wheneach was first built.It mayevenbe thatthe figurines in thesouthof females had beenputawaydamagedbefore theuseofthesmaller larger figurine in the collapsedebris. theWestShrinewhichwas encapsulated Recentworkhas notprovided forthebeginning evidence oftheLate Psi typeof anyfurther in good contexts of A, B and C are all found figurine (French1971,133) butat Lefkandi groups Lefkandiia. (It mustbe remembered thatthisis thefirst LH IIIC phase well represented at Lefkandi(Rutter 1977, 2)). To judge fromthe preliminary reportsthese typesare also in the 'Frh' LH IIIC phase at Tiryns(Kilian 1981a,Abb. 17). represented It maybe notedthatthefigurine SF 1521 (FIG. thenorth-west 6.2) from platform (Assemblage identical toSF 2007from B. Thesetwofigurines havewheelmade stems G) isalmost Assemblage and are decoratedin a formtypicalof the Late Psi type.It seemslikelythat thesewere a pairand thatSF 1521 was subsequently re-used as themaleSF 1550had beenfrom originally Of theother thesameassemblage. three from theEast Shrine, Floor 1 examples(fig.6.1) those L, SF 172, 174) also belong to thisstylistic (Assemblage group thoughthe latterhas very decoration on the back. SF 579 fromthe north-east of the West Shrine irregular platform withirregular bothfront and back.All are oflocal fabrics. K) is covered (Assemblage squiggles All these in thedepositoffigurines decorative features are found from theAmyklaion (French 1971,pls. 21, 22; Demakopoulou1982,pls. 2 - 24). ofLate Psi type werethuspresent in contexts ofphase2b including a fragment Figurines (SF 38 d) in Room of the West Shrineand SF 2007 on the South-west 2163, PLATE platform used to date thisphase. (Assemblage B); theywereone of thefactors originally WithSF 2007 on thesouth-west of theWestShrine(Assemblage platform B) was another SF 2015 (fig.6.9). This figurine without is, overall,completely figurine, preserved complete, a poloswithcrosson tophas roughly and applied parallel.The head wearing pinchedfeatures tothatofmanyLate Psifigurines, buttherest ofthebodyisunique.The arms eyesand issimilar turn downwards liketheflippers ofa penguin; thelegsare modelled and end in feet. separately The wholebodyfrom is covered withpaint,eventhesolesofthefeet. The just above thebreasts indicatethatthisfigure breasts is meantto be considered femalebut some male presumably Thisisnotdecisive. Thereisno cluetothesignificance of (e.g. SF 1553)aregivenbreasts. figures ofthetwofigurines thepairing on thesouth-west butthepeculiarities ofthefigure are platform, intentional. clearly
232
SF156 Female figurine, naturalistic, applied; bodyonly. H. (ex.) 3.7; W. (ex.) 4.5; Di. (waist) 1.8 Dark buff worn;brownpaint;local. surface; clay; smoothed on stomach; backtorest butprobably free Thickcolumnar arms, applied curling onlypreserved, bodywith stumps behind. breasts; clayjoin surface locksat backofneck;lowerback linesalongarms;pendent and ?aroundbreasts; Ringlinesat neckand shoulders undecorated. OLc layer8 or 9, Surface (FIG.6.1) *SFl72 Psi type, stemand leftarm missing. Female figurine, H. (ex.) 8.5; W. (ex.) 6.4; Di. (stem) 1.9 dark brownpaint;local. Dark buff surface; clay; pale buff slip; smoothed normalpsi body;plasticbreasts(somewhat Stempresumably battered);pinchedface,polos. columnar, on curves cross front: bandson stem; Waistband,vertical breasts; dividing largedotsat neck;wavylinesbetween one on each sideextending central lineson arms;thick up backofneck; wavyband and thinner arms;back:dividing on top. aroundfront; on edge ofpolosveryworn,?festoon noseline;eyedots;decoration edge line;cross-hatching Late Psi L OLc layer22, Assemblage *SFi74 (FIG.6.1) leftarm,head and stemchipped. Psi type, Female figurine, H. (ex.) 10.8; W. (ex.) 7.3; Di. (base) 3.4 on underbase; secondary redpaintlustrous Pinkclaywith burning surface; except core;slippedbuff, polished grey head and left arm; local. Psi body;conicalappliedbreasts normal face, hollowed Conicalstem, neck, ; thick pinched missing) (left beneath; polos; eye once applied. as linesdivideinmiddle butapparently front wornand encrusted solidunder Painted base;zonesofladderon stem; on topofpolos. muddle oflineson central in PsiB; irregular eye;decoration back,armsdividing; paintedhair;ringed Late Psi L OLc layer23, Assemblage SF 553 (PLATE 38 d) base chipped;Psi type. head and armsbroken; Female figurine, H. (ex.) 5.6; W. (ex.) 3.5; Di. (at waist) 1.3 shaded red paint;originuncertain. Pinkclay,buff slip,polishedsurface; smallplastic armsas faras preserved; flattened base (nowbroken); Solid flaring very body,normal stem, splaying breasts. zone oftwobandswithdiagonalbetween, on backPcentral lineson bodyfront; bandson stem, dividing Irregular lineson arms. Probablylate Psi A NLd layer4, Surface
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SF 579 (FIG.6.1, PLATE 34 c) Psi type,head missing, Female figurine, arm broken. right H. (ex.) 9 (base to top ofleftarm); W. (body) 6.5; Di. (base) 3.2 Dark buff red brownpaint;local. surface; clay,buff slip; smoothed Short thick stem with base and irregular flattened underneath; rough flaring bodyand normal depression psiarms; tinyplasticbreasts. Dots on breasts: and back; vertical all roundneck. lines/blobs irregular verywavylineson front Unusual NLd layer22, Assemblage SF 586 (PLATE 38 d) Female figurine, Psi type,partofbodyonly. H. (ex.) 4.3; W. (ex.) 4.1; Th. (upper body) 0.9 Dark buff dark brownpaint;local. clay,polishedsurface, flattened at waist. Triangularbodywithstumpofshortarm; applied breasts; body thickening Solid paintedbreasts; lineson front; on back. irregular roughdiagonal cross-hatching Late Psi NLd East Baulk layer26, Surface/Debris SF 589 Female figurine, Phi type,partofbodyonly. H. (ex.) 2.9; W. (ex.) 3.75; Th. 0.6 Fine buff clay fired pink;buff slip,red brownpaint; polishedsurface; imported. Disc body,plasticbreast, and back; crossbars on plait. applied plait; wavylinesfront NLd East Baulk layer26, Surface/Debris SF 1029 (PLATE 38 d) Female figurine, ?arm. fragment, L. (ex.) 3.8; Di. 1.1 Dark buff clay; smoothed; brown/black paint;local. curved;irregular Clay cylinder slightly paintedband along it. NLe space c layer86, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 2a) SF 1521 (FIG.6.2, PLATE 38 c) Female figurine, Psi type;right arm broken. H. 16; W. (ex.) 7.5 Pinkish buff surface mucheroded;red brownpaint;local. clay withgrit;smoothed stem withflaring hollowed witha stick; flattened base; appearswheelturned, Cylindrical arms; bodywithpointed tallneckwith smallfacemadefrom thanbeingpulledand pinched; appliedbreasts; very appliedpinched lumprather flattened top to head. Band on edgeofbase,three bandson stem; cross on bodyfront and back;dividing lineson arms;bandson neckand edge ofpolos. Late Psi Cf. SF 2007 NLc layer214, Assemblage G
234
SF 2007 (FIG.6.2, PLATE 38 b) arm broken. Female figurine; Psi type;right H. 15.2; W. (ex.) 9; Di. (base) 4.2; Di. (polos) 3.4 Pinkish buff chocolatebrownpaint;local. surface; clay withgrit;well smoothed witha stick; flattened Slimcylindrical stem withflaring stemhollowed arms; base; wheelmade, straight bodywith themainbodyoutline; wellworked neckand poloscontinue face;topofhead in; appliedpinched tiny appliedbreasts closedwithdisk. lineson arms;bandson neckand Band on edgeofbase,three bandson stem; cross on bodyfront and back;dividing edge ofpolos; faceundecorated. Late Psi B Cf. SF 1521 MLb layer 13,Assemblage SF 2015 (FIG.6.9, PLATE 38 a) (?)Female figurine, complete. H. 15.3; W. 5.8 red brownpaint;local. lustrous Buff and tooledsurface; slightly clay,smoothed arms smallfree Hand shaped;separatedlegswithfeet(does notstand); modelled waist;low setpointedbreasts; nose. small small head likeflippers; rather shoulders; eyes, pinched slanting largepolos;applied becoming sloping on neckband; painton eyesand nose;band on edge ofpolos;cross Solid paint(evenunderfeet)to above breasts; top. Unusual MLb layer13, Assemblage SF 2163 (PLATE 38 d) from late type. waistarea only,probably Female figurine, H. (ex.) 3.35; Di. (stem) 1.5 red paint;vertically Pinkclay,smoothed tooled;local. surface; intobody. Columnarstemflattening lineson lowerstemand on body. Three bands at waist,thinvertical MLd layer509, WestShrine,Room B, phase 2b/3a Female figurines,polos heads (PLATE 38 d) SF 2246 offaceand startofpolos. Fragment H. (ex.) 3; D. (face) 1.8; Th (face) 0.55 shaded brownpaint;imported. Fine buff clay; well polished; not preserved; and applied plait; polos decoration with dotted probablyLH IIIB. eye Typical piece OLd layer45, Surface/Debris SF 1020 Polos and top ofhead only. H. (ex.) 1.9; Di. (polos) 2.5 dark brownpaint;local. Pinkish buff surface; clay; smoothed ofpolos down. centre Flaringpolos,pinchedface;finehole from at front; lineson back,fringe Band on edge ofpolos,fivevertical eyeswithringand dot; band on nose. FromLate Psi type NLc layer210, Surface
235
SF 2222 Polos head, chipped. H. (ex.) 2.6; Di. (polos) 2.6 Dark buff clay; polished;brownpaint;local. line; twowavylineson back; dot eyes. edge as band; no bottom Typicalshape; solid painton top overlapping FromLate Psi type NLc layer227, Surface/Debris SF 2253 Polos only,broken. H. (ex.) 2; Di. (polos) 2.8 rowofhorizontal blobson on topwithedge band; festoon overedge;vertical Flaring poloswithhollowtop;cross either side. FromLate Psi type NLb layers420 and 421, Assemblage Female figurines,stem fragments: SF582 Columnarstemonly. H. (ex.) 3.35; Di. (stem) 1.4; Di. (base) 2.65 Dark buff red/brown clay,polishedsurface; paint; local lines. Typical piece,no evidenceof type;threevertical NLd space 3, layer24, Assemblage SF 1030 ofstem/base Fragment only H. (ex.) 1.4; Di. (stem) 1.1 clay,orangepaint;veryworn;local. Dirtybuff stem Probablyfrom just above base, Psolidpainted. NLd space 4, layer80, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 2a) SF 1608 Waistarea withtop ofstem H. (ex.) 2.8; W. (ex.) 2.8; Di. (stem) 1.5 Pinkclay,smoothed surface rather worn;red paint;originuncertain. lineson stem;waistband; wavylineson bodyfront and back. Typical piece,no evidenceof type;fourvertical NLa layer316, WestShrine(phase 2b/3a)
236
'
FIG. 6.15 Bovine figure.Scale 1:3
^î
836/2670
4. Bovine Figures theWest six from the 2b levelsofbothshrines, The ninedistinct largebovidsall came from SF 2670 a came Shrine the West East. From the three from and the largefigure (mainly niche) SF 2685 and 2687, a large the niche:two withcloverdesigns, Room A and fourfrom from SF 2690.The figures vaseSF 2689and a largelocally-made attached with figure figure imported SF 2670 is very and bothas regards thenicheare in good condition from surface; completeness in either the to have served The nicheitself on thesurface. worn placedthere protect figures may in Room either latersoildamage.No smallanimalswerefound orfrom destruction theoriginal with attached A orin theniche.The backand one legofone ofthelocally-made vase,SF figures were the area 1561, came fromthe north-west remaining A); pieces (Assemblage platform
237
FIG.6.16 Bovinefigure (section).Scale 1:3
inthestreet scattered and elsewhere. Two smallanimalsand fragments oftwoother largefigures werealsofound in Assemblage A. FromtheEast shrine, all from theplatform D, are assemblage three similar to thosefrom theWestShrine, SF 850, 836 and 847. Many smallanimals figures came from thisdeposit. One fragmentary SF 1032 came fromlevelsantedatingthe East Shrineand may figure be connected with the possibly that earlyuse oftheWestShrine.It mustbe noted,however, of other similar bothin theshrine area and in other fragments largebovidsare common areas, and from levelsantedating thebuilding oftheshrine. The figures do notappear to have been rescued and reused.When (as withSF 836) fragments are found in higher levelsthey are very worn.The wholequestionoflargeanimalfigures on themainlandand on Cretehas recently been discussed in detail by Nicholls(1970).
238
836/2670
Scale 1:3 FIG.6.17 Bovinefigure (front).
most in theislands, bovinefigures ofmaking I see no reasontodoubtthatthetradition larger continued at Akrotiri uninterrupted (Marinatos1970 PL A: 2, PL 54) exemplified recently thelater sexual clear with all bulls almost are The earlier LBA. attributes; the figures throughout to naturalistic from of sex. In my view the development exampleshave no indications the is a mixed wheelmade parallelling development development chronological/regional figures in Creteand theislandsare superseded centred offemale examples earlynaturalistic figurines: foundall over theAegean. figures by 'mass produced'wheelmade but theuse ofthe from ofthefigures There is no way ofdatingthemanufacture Phylakopi with the a date some for that detailssuggest contemporary cloverdesignand naturalistic two clover of the The resemblance is SF oftheshrine 2660) possible. (as fortheLady building
239
2690
FIG.6.18 Bovinefigure. Scale 1:3
to thatillustrated in FIG. thesecondcityis striking. It is also worth that figures 9.1 from noting noneofthebovinefigures from has in LH the IIIC animals Phylakopi designs style though large so decorated are known from several theAmyklaion sites, notably (Demakopoulou1982,pl. 34; latest is SF 2689 from thenichewhichI consider an imported 79). The stylistically figure piece on the basis of the LH to I IIIB. would however that dating, probably designs, re-emphasise is no real evidencefordatingthemanufacture there ofany of thesefigures. Two (SF 1561 and 2689) ofthebovidshave vessels on their backsand a third(SF 850) was likeSF 1561and has been drawnthusin FIG. in thestrict probably 6.23. They werenotrhyta nonehas a mouth orifice. SF 2689which iscomplete has a holeonlyunderthetail.Liquid sense;
240
butwouldhavehad ofa smallquantity couldhowever havebeenpouredinto thevessel offerings to be emptied out after theceremony. SF 2670from SF Thereare twopairsofbovids, oneofeach in each shrine: Room A pairswith D SF from of the East shrine and SF from the niche not with 847 836 2690 assemblage pairs only NM 5792 (though thesameassemblage oftheEast shrine butalso with Athens theangleof from and a muzzlefragment SF 76. Theseadditional thesameworkshop thehead differs) piecesfrom that should be the of these mean not to great significance given spot may presence pairs;thefind the earlierexcavations at Phylakopi)is not knownbut at the least the of NM 5792 (from Howeveras the verysimilarsmall mustbe assumedto be contemporary. identicalfigures in similar and there is a somewhat SF and were also found one each shrine 1557 figurines 789 of a in SF and the the bovine with attached vases, 1561 850, possibility figures pairing in cannot be overlooked. the significance equipment in sixclasses.Thereis onlyone fragment of thebovinefigures can be grouped Typologically in to from fabric SF a of buff burnished ware thefirst tall horn 1443 comparing group, 1713, withclover theKea temple(Caskey 1962a,fig.ioie). Second is thesmallnaturalistic figure wasmade.The early SF 2685.Unfortunately wedo notknow howthebodyofthis figure designs, were the 1 a coilmade and in Museum has the National body earlyCretanfigures (fig.9. ) figure knob-like at the rear and the are the hole Third is SF Notable mould-made. large 1032. probably the stable.Interestingly wouldnothavebeenvery legssetontothebodyat an angle.The figure at Tiryns is ofthis shrine animalfigure from therecently discovered type(Kilian 1978,Fig. 22), the classescomprise and fifth as is theexamplefrom Delphi (Nicholls1970,PI 3a). The fourth the in back and the middle of the with the vase SF with attached the vases, imported 2689 figures there are at the rear. 1 1 with the vase SF and made barrel Finally 850 56 examples shapedlocally SF are the which there of made wheelmade thelarger five, clover-patterned 2687 figures locally feet It shouldbe notedthatSF 1561has all four and thetwopairs(SF 2670/836 and 2690/847). the This makes in the back differ and the front and larger examples. legs differently portrayed manufacture of The a hazardous other of feet to procedure. examples assignment fragmentary then which are made units All of are made is elaborate. thelarger ofthese up separately figures to knownpot types(e.g. Stirrup Jars) joined. The shape oftheactual unitsand resemblance the tosupport The thatthese were made makeitcertain bypotters. useofreedsorsticks figures a rear is a at the there in SF On SF is attested before filling pierced 2689 plug 836. firing figure It wouldseem witha burnt stick. holewas pierced thetailhad beenappliedanother hole;after A feature notreadily thesecondin firing. hole was neededin makingthefigure, thatthefirst 'beard' ofSF 2690 and itsparallels(notethattheopen muzzleofNM is theincised identifiable Cretan isinteresting. . The angleofthehorns which there is no evidence) for 5792is a restoration could The distinction vertical. the the forward to favour seem Mycenaean position, figures be one ofdate, not origin. however isno and there werecatalogued before SF 1561 and 850,2670and 2687wereplastered Note: they internal details. recordof their
241
H ij
2690
FIG.6.19 Bovinefigures (section).Scale 1:3
242
2690 Scale 1:3 FIG.6.20 Bovinefigure. *SF 836 (FIGS.6.15- 6.17, combinedwithSF 2670; PLATE 40 d) withseparatetail and fourleg pieces. Bovinefigure, forequarters base of body to top ofhorn) 31; W. (body) 9.4; L. (without H. (ex. from tail) 26; Th. 0.9 on wellpreserved once horn, smoothed fired lustrous, surface; black/brown buff; (Pwashed) paint clay pinkish Grey on horn;originuncertain. tracesofsecondary on body;veryslight firing red/brown and therefore shows becauseitis fragmentary see SF 2670 butthis For overallbodydescription pieceis important stick marks on right added muzzleand vertical head and neckinone piecewith horns; theconstruction. Wheelmade; linesup withthepiercedknobon topofthe front ofhead and right sideofinner leg,theformer supports bodyfrom head. on thisexamplethanon SF 2670. better Decorationas drawing, preserved Twin ofSF 2670 D NLe space a, layer62, Assemblage
243
-f
^^îm
12
689
Scale 1:3 FIG.6.21 Bovinefigure.
244
*SF 847 (FIG.6.19; PLATE 43 b) Bovinefigure, head and neckonly,hornsbroken. H. (ex.) 9; W. (ex.) 11.5; W. (neck) 5; Di. (muzzle) 3.6 almostcompletely Dark buff eroded;tracesofred paint;local. clay,surface section to flaring thin Head and muzzlemade as one pieceon thewheel;bulboushead section extending through and 'beard'; lowerpartofhead makesball and socket mouth nostrils, muzzle;largehorns jointwith applied;incised ringofclay (not wheelmade)ofneck (see drawingand photo),spreadwell up back ofhead. on top and back ofhead. Muzzle and nostrils ringed; diagonal spinedesigns Twin ofSF 2690 and NM 5792 D NLe space a, layer62, Assemblage *SF 850 (FIG.6.23, PLATE 40 b) Plastered before hornand right front or rhyton, muchofbody,right Bovinefigure cataloguing. leg restored. H. (ex.) 18 (originally ca. 19); W. 7; L. 15 all over; shadealmost to muchdarker lustrous redpaintbutburnt Buff clayprobably originally pale withslightly surface rather rough;local. stick hole left has a central ofCMcF); tallthinlegs;thefront Shortfatcylindrical body;handmade(information oftail;no spine from thebottom extending up intothebody;appliedbreastbone nowseenas clayjoin; no evidence muzzleand ears (small vertical horns, Jar top withadded short exceptin paint;neckand head made likeStirrup horizontal curvedflaps);smallhole along muzzle. Bands ofpaint,slightly wavy,along body,up legs;ringbands on curves;solid painton top ofhead. D NLe space a, layer62, Assemblage *SF 1032 (FIG.6.24) muchshattered. Bovinefigure, hindquarters, H. (at rear) 11.5; W. 8; Th. 0.5; Di. (hole) 4, fadedbrownpaint;Pimported. Pale buff surface; clay; well smoothed with flattened and stumpy Wheelmade ends,applied hole;legsshort cylinder pulledin at endleavinglargecentral as tail at rear)and extended withcurves back boneapplied (perhaps at odd angleand making unstable figure; fairly over hole (shownby clayjoin and lowerend stillpreserved),matching leg has smallcentralstickhole. into Ringon edgeofholeand aroundedgeofbodyat rear;twobandsdowneach leg; tailsolidpainted(extending on body. leg); 'clover'pattern leg band ofleft NLe space a/b,layer 124,East Shrine(Phase o/2a) *SF 1561 (FIG.6.23, PLATE 32 b) Bovinerhyton, restored from Plastered before fragments. cataloguing. H. 27 (to top ofhorns);L. 22.5; W. (body) 13 Dark buff wornblack paint;local. treatment; clay; no visiblesurface both to back and front; flatat back; no traceof tail preserved; at front with Cylindrical body flaring curving wheelmade flattened in similar rim;head applied at front dewlap/breastbone; spoutapplied at rear,withsharply smaller vertical horns with shapeand ressembling Jartop;muzzleas similar Stirrup pieceagain appliedat side;short ear belowon left, sideofmuzzlebelowtopofhead; topofhead rather concaveand rough plastic appliedeyeson either variousapplications);twopiercings, fornostrils. Each leg different: (from irregular, front: footed right pierced back: footed flatbeneath right left front: hollow cylinder, tapering leftback: straight withslight foot Front:band on breastbone, band at edge of body,linesup legs,wavycrosslinesanglingslightly from centre. Body:wavylinesalong Rear: vertical down back oflegs; bands up sidesoflegs. wavylinesincluding Spout: band at base and belowrim;crossbars on rim. Head: solidon top; bands on hornsand down ear and neck;band on edge ofmuzzleand crossat itsend; solid paintedeyes. NLe layer221, Assemblage A.
245
FIG.6.22 Bovinefigure. Scale 1:3
246
1561
I I
FIG.6.23 Bovinefigures. Scale 1:3
247
Scale 1:3 FIG.6.24 Bovinefigure. *SF 2670 (FIGS.6.15- 6.17, combinedwithSF 836; PLATE 41 c- d) before hornand tail restored; Bovinefigure, cataloguing. plastered right H. 40.9; L. (to end of body,not tail) 31; W. 10.5 Pinkclay,buff red brownpaint; now verywornexceptforone horn;local. slip; well smoothed; to angleat to shoulders, hollowdiscat chestnarrowing Wheelmade(presumably) flaring gradually body;slightly curvewithcentral rearofbody;rearend gentle clayjoin ofbreastbone; tall plasticspine;tailfree; spoutedorifice; bulbous tallthin meetthebody;flaring on front hollow neck, feet; they legs;angularwhere legswithridge cylindrical withslight knobon topof orifice incised short head with mouth; muzzle;pierced narrowing eyesand nostrils, sharply horns. head; verytall vertical see 836 For decoration C MLb layer970, Assemblage SF 2685 (PLATE 40 c) rearleg missing, Bovinefigure, small;head and right badly damaged. H. (ex.) 10.5; W. 6.3; L. 15 richred brownpaint; imported. Fine buff surface; clay,well smoothed at each end; shapedhauncheswithknobsforbones;plasticbreastbone,spineand tail; bodyflaring Cylindrical and back; legsconical but side ofapplied band at front spinehas threebumpsat rear; two smallholeson either somewhat naturalistically shaped. No evidenceof manufacture. apparently visible. withlargehole piercedbehindit; no stickmarks unusual:pointofpulledclay at front Head attachment 'clover'and crosses. of three-leafed coveredin pattern Band solid painted;otherwise body totally MLb layer976, Assemblage C, Niche
248
SF 2687 (PLATE 39) before Plastered hornsand threelegs missing. Bovinefigure, cataloguing. H. (ex.) 29; W. 7.5; L.34.5 local. at rearend; probably in patchesparticularly reddish brown Darkish buff surface; paintfired slip;burnished intoappliedtail knobon either withslight side;plasticspineextends body;slightly shapedhaunches Cylindrical base. from evidenceofclayjoin); hollowconicalleg withslight withslight curve (now restored muzzleslantsto right; smallhead withlargehorns Tall necksloping forwards; rough forward, sloping apparently centralhole in muzzle;no otherorifice; plasticeyes;heavydewlap but not extendedas breastbone. 'clover' downside oflegs;side zone offour-leafed band on lowerbodyextending Double Spine band; bodyleft: 'clover' barsbelowbodyzone,downfront vertical leg,and on sideofchest;three-leafed right: (withsomestunted); in main zone. and severalirregular patterns and on offorehead dotfor withcentral band acrossbackofneck;circles eyesand in centre Ringsat base ofhorns; sidesofmuzzle;band roundedge ofmuzzleend; band underchin;barredchestand legs. MLb layer976, Assemblage C, niche. *SF 2689 (FIGS.6.21-6.22, PLATES 40 a and 42 c- d) back leg missing. front and Bovinerhyton; horns, legs right H. (ex.) 23; W. (body) 9; L. 32.7; Th. (body) 1 withtool;wornshaded buff well smoothed not well washed;surface Buff paint; including clay withsomegrit, probably imported. wheelmade wheelmade pieceswithoverlaptowards legs;head oftwowheelmade bodywithstraight Cylindrical of shows back of head nose; edge cylinder. and appliedat end toright incised incised withburnt Nostrils bone,no spine,tailfree mouth, stick, flapears;chest for foot. end flattened at curl with small end; slight leg Vase applied to back through lug handles. hole; roughinsidewithstickmarks;twosmallvertical burnt had beenputon) with tail after tail beside above hole additional at rear (i.e. hole; pierced filling pierced Plug ofchest theanimal);overlapping neededfor holeand theother a firing stick joins at topoflegs;front making (? is this onto neckand top oflegs. has thick clay pad squeezed overit overlapping on muzzle;paintedeyes;twolinesacrossend of of Net on base of around horn; top muzzle;tworings right Rings band acrossback ofhead at levelofears;neckband; legsdividedintovertical withincision; muzzlenotcoinciding tail crossbarred;bands besidebreastbone; barredzone along back; zonesof barredirregularly; zonesand crossed bandson either from border doubleIsolatedSemi-circles side;vase has rimband,bellyband and base line. pendent MLb layer970, Assemblage C, niche *SF 2690 (FIGS.6.18- 6.20, PLATES 41 a - b and 42 a - b) left lowerpartoffront Bovinefigure, leg and hornsmissing. H. (ex.) 32.5; L. 36; W. 8.1; Th. (body) 1.7 whereover smoothed Pinkish buff (no slip); local; redbrownto blackpaint,lustrous slurry grit; claywitha little surface. good boneand spine;free for Wheelmade feet; appliedbreast legswithflattened (?)wheelmade body;tapering, cylinder internal technical head left and at rear hole of at front hole inside; (no complete rough very tail; pierced bodyplugged; detailsvisible);good clayjoin at neck. two punchedholes not to breastbone; nostrils Applied conical eyes,small pinchedears, dewlap extending to inside;incisedline ofmouthand 'beard' on chin. penetrating apparently and partly Two wavy lines betweenhornsand continuing up them;hornsdecoratedpartlywithhorizontal each of nose to end band head from lines three side;end dotted and head of on back neck; eyes; lines;spine lengthwise ofneck. band acrossfront ofnose ringed;circlewithcentraldot above nostrils; side to top oflegs. close verywavylineseither withladderon leftand bands on right; Dewlap/bone ofzone start on sidesofbody;neck wornbut apparently join used to form roughspineextending Leg decoration line with lower lines of zone of to back lines between and lines and line diagonal with figure; extending wavy edge spine sideof twowavylinesup either lower across buttwoofthebarsmeeting sideofbody;backlegsas front on either rump; rump;spineon tail. MLb layer976, Assemblage C, Niche
249
Fragmentary Examples, Heads SF68 (plate 437) Bovinefigure, neckfragment. H. 4.75; W. 3.35 Pinkish eroded. clay,surface totally Solid biconical broken or erodedat top;good clayjoin to bodyat bottom; Pfeature section, lumpon one side.No decoration preserved. OLc layer22, Assemblage L SF76 (PLATE 43j) Bovinefigure, muzzleonly. L. 3.3; Di. 3 Warmbuff clay; surface veryworn;no paintpreserved. Muzzleas ofSF 2690;solidpiecemadeseparately and attached to'vessel'head;incised nostrils and mouth; P'beard' now eroded;vertical at the pointofattachment to thehead. pinching No decoration preserved. OLc layer30, Assemblage H SF 1624 (PLATE 42 e-J) Bovinefigure, head only,battered, hornsmissing. H. (ex.) 5.5; L. (ex.) 8.6; Di. (muzzle) 2.8 Dark clay,fired dark buff; smoothed surface; purplebrownpaint. Solid, apparently veryshortneck;long muzzle;applied dewlap; plasticears set low on neck;applied spine. Net on top ofmuzzle;solid painton features; decoration on back as faras preserved. irregular NLa layer335, WestShrine(Phase 2b/3a) SF 1713 Bovinefigure, horn L. (ex.) 5.2; Di. (base) 1.2 Pinkclay,darkerat centre; tooledand burnished. pale buff slip; highly Tall hornwithno signofangle.Undecorated. The fabric is similar to thatofthedolphinfigure from Kea (Caskey 1962a fig.ioie). NLd/elayer no, Streetand Courtyard (Phase o/ic) SF 1726 (PLATE 437) Bovinefigure, small,head only,lefthornmissing. H. 3.8; L. (head) 3.1; Di. (nose) 1 Pinkclay,slippedbuff; shaded brownpaint. Head as ofordinary smallanimal but clayjoin to Plarger body below neck;bands and rings. NLd/espace a/b layer 124, East Shrine(Phase o/2a) SF2254 (PLATE 437) Bovinefigure, neckfragment. As SF 68 but less preserved. NLe space c layer34, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c)
250
Bodies: SF 1079 innerbodywheresomelimbattached;piercing Bovinefigure, clear. clayjoin sectionfrom NLe space c layer71, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) SF 1732 Bovinefigure, chip ofouterbody. L NLd/elayer 149,Assemblage SF 2166 (PLATE 43 c) Bovinefigure, bodyfragment. Di. 10; Th. 1.15 mattred paint. smoothed surface; Bright orangeclay; pale buff slip; lightly of blobsand crosses. Wheelmadecylinder, pulledin at end; decoration NLd/espace a/b layer 123, East Shrine(Phase o/2a) SF 2173 (PLATE 43 c) Bovinefigure, bodyfragment. Di. 4; Th. 0.65 Pinkish buff clay; pale buff slip; mattred paintmuchfaded. a feature and nottheactualbody. No decoration. surface. Narrow wheelmade; Possibly cylinder, scraped probably NLc layer213 pb 1314, Debris SF 2174 Bovinefigure? buff Greenish clay. a pot. be from inside.This might End ofverychippedbodywithfinewheelmarkings G NLc layer214, Assemblage SF 2235 (PLATE 43 c) Bovinefigure, bodyfragment. Di. 8;Th. 1.5 tooledor scraped;no paint. dull buff; surface roughly Greycore,fired wheel marks. with heavy Cylinder ?(Phase 2D/3C) OLd layer61, Streetand Courtyard SF 2277 (PLATE 43 e) Bovinefigure, bodyfragment. H. (ex.) 6.3; L. 6; Th. 1 Darkishbuff clay; pale slip; mattdark brownpaint;local. this. from withdecoratedside rising diagonally Handmade; flatclayjoin surface at top. Pendentwave withedge line,wiggly NLe space c layer42, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c)
THE FIGURES AND FIGURINES SF 2280 Bovinefigure, bodyfragment. L. (ex.) 8; Di. 8-10; Th. 0.85 Pinkclay withgreycore; pale buff slip; brownpaint;local. ofslightly wheelmade;startofback or front. Segment shaped cylinder; Lines along body;splashofpaintin. MLd layer532, Surface Legs: SF 169 (PLATE 43 a) W. 3.1 Buff black paint. surface; clay; smoothed crusty Naturalistic withshaped end; splithoof. type;cylinder Dots on leg; solid paintedhoof;fourblobson base. OLd layer 13, Surface SF 502 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ex.) 5.7; Di. (base) 3 Pinkclay; surface veryworn. Shorthollowcone withflaring base and attachment to bodyoffigure. No decoration preserved. OLc layer29, Assemblage H SF 822 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ex.) 3.5; Di. (base) 1.9 Dark buff black paint. clay; roughsurface; Similarin shape to thespoutofa Stirrup Jar but witha sharpangle ofattachment. Bands out and solid paintat base extending inside. NLe space a/b layer62, Assemblage D SF 2161 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ex.) 3.5; Di. (base) 2.5 Greyclay,fired pink;surface veryworn. Shortbiconicalleg firmly attachedto mainsurface whichwas closed. No decoration preserved. Cf. SF 1032 NLe space c layer34, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) SF 2234 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ofleg) 6.5; Di. (top) 2.7 Dark buff mattred paint. smoothed; clay withgrits; to takeweight;base chipped. Conical,curvedslightly Three splodges ofpainton outersurface. MLb layer976, Assemblage C, Niche
251
252
SF 2238 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ex.) 4; Di. (leg) 1.9 Fabric as SF 2234 but paintrather lessorange. Conical withpinchedend; flattened front. Singleblob ofpaint. NLa layer334, Debris SF 2255 H. (ex.) 3.7; Di. (leg) 2.5; Di. (base) 3.5 Pinkish undecorated. surface; clay; smoothed solid withsplaying base slantedto stand. Cylinder; NLe space c layer34, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) SF 2336 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ex.) 6; Di. (base) 3.2 Pinkclay,fired surface worn. buff; Hollow cone withflattened base and threeslashings on one side; presumably rear leg because of angle. No decoration preserved. NLc SW layer236, Assemblage A SF 2377 (PLATE 43 a) H. (ofleg) 7; Di. (top) 2.25 Pinkish buff mattbrownpaint. clay withpale buff surface; slip; smoothed Conical withtwo flattened theexternal ones as theyare also paintedwithtwosplodges. surfaces, presumably NLc layer252, Assemblage A
5. Group Figurines werefoundin theshrines themselves: chariots and driven Only twoclassesofgroupfigurines oxen.Of thethree chariot whichhave beenclearly identified groupsand three fragments only one is imported. This example,SF 1558 (fig.6.25) came from thecollapsedeposit oftheWest Shrine(Assemblage intomanyfragments. The elaborate construction A) and had beenbroken of the piece withmanyplasticadditionsmade thisalmostinevitable in such a destruction context. Almost all thefragments werefound. It seems thatthecentral likely polehelda parasol as in theTiryns came thehead and yokeofSF example(French1973). Fromthesamecontext section camefrom G. It isjust 1563 (fig.6.26) ofwhichtheother (muchshattered) Assemblage thatthisexamplewas rescued and reusedlikethemale figure SF 1550 from thesame possible contexts. This is a locallymade examplewithelaborateyoke.There are sockets fora reed across theshoulder and rump; thesurface is tooworn for us totellwhether support unfortunately these werean aid for thecentre ofa cross strut. The holein thehead ofeach firing onlyorformed horsemayhave been to aid firing or for somedecorative feature, perhapsa plume.Thereis no evidenceforthecarriageor itsoccupants. Two examples, theEast Shrine, Floor5 deposit(Assemblage locallymade,camefrom D). SF has elaborate detail and horses. The two charioteers SF 839 and 862 and the 851 elongated thesame context are all a close matchand have been incorporated in a parasolSF 843 from restored sketch ofthegroup(fig.6.28). The other, a fragment SF 846b,isofvery smallsizeand is Otherpiecesthis smallare known(e.g. French1961,fig. onlyhalfpreserved. 55:3 H. at rearca. 4.5 cms).
253
--^
1558 FIG.6.25 Chariotgroup.Scale 1:2
254
one from the lowestlevel in each shrine Two well preserved drivenoxen wereidentified, A plate b Both are stylistically databletoearly and and 44 c). 1562, D) (SF 849 (Assemblages two shrines LH IIIB and form of the the basic of (table 6.2). A third part pairedinventory oftheEast Shrine(Assemblage rather odd piece(SF 779) from theFloor1deposit L, FIG. 6.30) is All are a from the of the East Shrine. a is also head driven ox. There doorway (SF 77) probably imported. a phase 2a a good context, SF 1019 (plate 47 e) comesfrom ofa throne Onlyone fragment connection withtheshrine It doesnothavean immediate levelofthestreet/courtyard. complex theArgive Heraion (Biegen1937, and compares withtheLH IIIAi examplefrom stylistically decoration(Caskeypers.comm.). All the furniture Kea has similar 366). An examplefrom and have parallelswith could antedatethe shrines, and fragments fragments applied figure and seatedfigurines from on thesite(table 6.1). The absenceofthrones material from elsewhere be noted. should theshrine repertoire
1. Chariots: *SF846b (FIG.6.26) Chariotgroup,left only forequarters H. (ex.) 4; L. (ex.) 5.2; W. (horse) 1.1; W. (group,ex.) 3.15 Pinkclay,fine;well smoothed surface; orangered paint;local. though irregular bothat barjoininghorses, horsewithcylindrical Small perky ears;splaying muzzle;vertical legs;thick upturned front and rear (clayjoin). (preserved) Irregular splashesofpaint. D. NLe space a, layer62, Assemblage (FIG.6.27) *SF85i horseonly. of right horseand forequarter Chariotgroup,left 1.6 Th. H. 11; L. 18; W. (group) 6.5; (horse) tall necks, back; Crossbarsat neckand shoulder; horses, longears extending longmuzzles, Elongatedflattened short tail. flaring legs, Clear clayjoin oflargechariotbox on rumpand join ofcrossbar on inside. band along lowerbodyand legs;otherbands above (worn);ladderon neck. Arching D NLe space a, layer62; Assemblage
MatchingPieces: Charioteers
SF 839 (FIG.6.28) H. 4.5; D. (face) 1.5; W. (at arms) 2.3 local. brownpaint,mainlylustrous; Warmbuff clay, tooledsurface; armcurving left back as attached; and bentslightly armextended bentat base for attachment; right Stripfigure, as polos,pinchednose. head flattened forward; theedge; traceof Band acrossbase at back whereattached;roughband up back; solidtop to polosoverlapping arm. left of end on paint D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage
255
883
846b
^^^^flflj^^^^^^
1563
**'
//
FIG.6.26 Fragments ofchariotgroups.Scale 1:2
256
SF 862 (FIG.6.28) H. 4.8; D. (head) 1.3; W. (body at arms) 2.4 Warmbuff brownpaintoccasionally local. lustrous; clay, tooledsurface; Columnarfigure, base bentforattachment; arm flatextended(as sortofPsi); unpainted; armcurving left right forward, painted.Head withflattened top as polos,pinchednose. Line ofpainton edge ofpolos; band up back; painton leftarm. base attachment, in was looselyplaced againstotherfeatures i.e. figure Apartfrom clayjoins are not decisive, chariot. D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage
Umbrella
SF 843 (FIG.6.28) H. (ex.) 2.3; Di. (top) 4 Buff clay; polishedon top only;brownshaded paint;local. Disk withthinpinchedstem;breakand clayjoin at one pointon edge. trace ofclayjoin on stem with traceofpaintat right lineson top;tiny clay anglestoother Edge band and transverse join. finished undersurface and lackofpainthere;itis Thispiecedoesnotseemtobe a largepolosbecauseofthepoorly ofa chariotgroup. thatit formed theumbrella/parasol suggested D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage SF 883 (FIG.6.26) Chariotgroup,right horsehead and crossbar only. H. (ex.) 3.6; L. (ex.) 2.7; W. (group,ex.) 3.5; Di. (neck) 1.1 local. red paintoccasionally Pinkclay,roughly surface withsome tooling; smoothed lustrous; ofyokeat back ofhead; short Tall straight ears;start neck,fairly long muzzlewithincisedmouth;tall vertical narrow crossbar. Irregular splashesofpaint;neckbare. NLe space c, layer76, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 2a) *SF 1558 (FIG.6.25, PLATE 44 a) horsetail,one head and Pparasolmissing. from left Chariotgroup,restored fragments; horses' nosesto tails) 16;W. (at horses' L. from H. (max.at horses' necks)5.8; Th. (horses' body) heads) 15.4; (max. 1-3 brownpaint,lustrous; smoothed; imported. pink;buff slip; surface Greycore,fired shortbodies;tall necks;conical noses;fairly Pair offlattened horses; tails/spurs. long pointedears; horizontally Chariot itself is which isseparate. belowchariot and at backat haunches onfront Crossbarsat neckand at shoulder of chariot. to cross bar from as broad strip basketresting on the haunches.Pole/reins flatbottomed edge top top man has handsovertheedge of the Chariotcontainsthreepeople and a tall bar (probablyparasol); thefront bulbous(without him whichis slightly is the bar behind either side of the chariot immediately holding reins/pole; to clasp theedge of the aroundbothbar and driver has long armsreaching obvioussignificance) ; therearfigure outside the handsideofthechariot is squashedintotheleft thethird is almost free this chariot; figure standing; figure have twofigures thefront overthetopofthechariot; extends he hasno armsand hishead barely armoftherearfigure; conicalhatspreserved. of linesonlyon thelower and on thetopcross ofbothhorses Ladderpattern one;sidefront bar,vertical up thefronts on theleft); continuous lines(spacedon theright hasladderofwavycross eachhorse dot;noseand horse, eyeofringed zoneofladderon thesidebackofeach horse; linesalongbodiesand pole/reins; with neckemphasised lines; triangular havevertical lines issolidpainted;thefigures ofthechariot lineson cross lineson legs;vertical bar;insidethebottom solid paintedhats,and dot eyes. wherepossible, linesand a zone internally vertical Chariotbox has three edgedwithdotsand witha dottedcirclein themiddle on theleft extradottedfilled side). (witha further A NLe layer221, Assemblage
2^7
FIG.6.27 Chariotgroup.Scale 1:2
258
*SF 1563 (FIG.6.26) Chariotgroup,right horseand yokeonly;partsveryeroded. head ofleft horse, H. 12.2; L. 14; W. horse:1.6; group:6 in places; local. Pinkclay withgrit, surface polished;red paint,lustrous pared and lightly holeon each head. Squared muzzlewith and rump;firing Flattened bodieswithholesofcross at shoulder support in ball ofclayat centre. headswith chariot wellshapedcurling between ear.Yoke curving poleattached openmouth; feet. colouron rump.Flattened Clayjoin ofchariotshowsas changeoffiring Archbands along bodyand neck;diagonallineson body; bands on neckand face. NLc layer221, Assemblage A SF 2247 (PLATE 43 d) Chariotgroup,fragment ofleft only. forequarters H. (ex.) 2.65; L. (ex.) 1.1; Th. (leg) 0.8 mattred paint;local. Dark pinkclay,slightly sandy;roughsurface; top ofleg and startofcrossbar. Apparently Splash ofpainton top ofleg. D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage SF 2341 PChariot group,pole. L. (ex.) 4.3; Di. 1.2 no paintvisible;originuncertain. smoothed Greenish surface; clay withgrits; be handle. and seemsto have been attached.NB might one end whichis flattened toward Long cylinder curving A NLe (SW) layer237, Assemblage 2. Driven Oxen: ofhead only. Drivenox, fragment H. (ex.) 2; W. (ex) 3.5; W. (end ofhornto centreofhead) 2 brownpaint;imported. Pinkclay,buff surface; slip; well smoothed Shortvertically horn;clayjoin of reinson top ofhead. curving linesalong muzzlewithPQuirkin centre. crossblobs between; side ofhorn,short Line up either L Fromdoorwayofroom,Assemblage OLc layer22 continued; SF514 Drivenox, head only,hornsbroken. H. (ex.) 2; W. (ex.) 3.5; L. (nose to back ofhead) 2.8 fadedbrownpaint;imported. Buff surface; clay; well smoothed on back thick horns vertical Short conicalmuzzle;spreading neck;breakofreins long);rather very (notapparently ofhead. Neck band; line along muzzle;threelinesup each horn;crossbars on top ofhorns. OLd layer59, Streetand Courtyard? (Phase 2D/3C)
SF77
259
839
<^k=^^c
862
843
FIG.6.28 Matchingpiecesofchariotgroup.Scale 1:2
26o
SF779 (fig. 6.30) rearleg broken. hornsand right Animalfigurine, H. (ex.) 6.5; L. 9; W. (front legs) 4; Di. (body) 1.3 Pinkish buff orangepaint;imported. clay; polishedsurface; ox. Linesalongbodyat back and acrossat front; Thin; longlegs;something appliedon back,Pdriven apparently at rearnot preserved. decoration L NLe layer53, Assemblage SF849 (plate 44 c) hornsbroken. front Drivenox, right leg missing, H. 7.5; L. 11; Di. (body) 1.4 shaded brownpaint;imported. Buff surface; clay; well smoothed wellblended conicalmuzzle;flattened noseat end ofshort Thin bodywithtallconicalsplaying figure legs;slight and the head with from backofhorns; extend which intotopofbacklegs;armsclaspreins slight polos.Boththefigure and thenose is also irregular. to theright reinstwist linesalongbody;linesup back dotted oflegs;neckband,bandon noseand across Ladderup front horns, eyes;three lineson backofneck;lineon noseand edgeofpolos, and arms;cross lineson reins cross ontofigure; legsand extending dottedeye. D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage SF 15612 (PLATE 44 b) and mostofreinsmissing. Drivenox, right horn,figure H. 6.9; L. 10.8; W. (front legs) 4; Di. (body) 1.7 once polished;fadeddark brownpaint;imported. surface Pale finebuff clay; presumably normal tailbehind; at rearwith extension from them between reins with horns Vertical topofhead;vertical starting decoration. spine Spine 1 type. A NLe layer221, Assemblage SF 2236 drivenox or similar Reinsfrom L. (ex.) 3.8; W. 1.4 brownpaint,mainlymatt;Plocal. Dark orangeclay,buff surface; slip,well smoothed plain beneath;ladderon top. Stripoval in section; NLa layer332, Surface
and Seated Figurines: 3. Furniture
SF 157 (PLATE 47 e) one leg and partofseat. Throne,open type, H. (ex.) 3.4; Di. (seat) 8; W. (leg) 1.8; Th. (leg) 0.75 red brownpaint;imported. lustrous Pinkclay,buff slip,polishedsurface, aboveleg;no sign ofvertical base,start seatwith Circular pinched legwith edge;broadflattened slightly upturned not. or whether occupied on edge ofseat; ringat startofvertical. Lines acrossseat and up leg, also vertically OLc layer11, Surface
261
SF 1019 (PLATE 47 e) halfback only. Tall throne, of the back); W. (ex.) 5; Th. 0.6 H. (ex.) 9 (thisis the totalheight black paint;originuncertain. smoothed fired dark surface; buff; roughtly Greycore, ofpreserved section. startofarmsand lowerseat at bottom Hollow curveofbaskettypethrone; in double(?) outside:band at edgeand up centre Inside:band at edgeand up centre, ending wavyband between; curve,spiralsin side zone. (Phase 2a) NLd/espace a, layer 102,Streetand Courtyard SF 2170 (PLATE 47 e) Seated figurine, legsonly. H. (ex.) 2.3; W. (ex.) 2.7; Th. (leg) 0.7 red paintonce lustrous; Warmbuff surface; originuncertain. clay; well smoothed . kneesbent;legshang overedge (feetmissing) and to seat of throne; Two rollsofclay applied together on seat. and to them along legs parallel Stripes NLc layer224, Priorto use ofWestShrine,Phase SF 2239 from corner Furniture, only,probably leg of throne. fragment H. (ofleg) 3.5; W. (ex.) 1.8; Th. 0.6 unfinished well smoothed outersurface, Pinkclay withgrits; inside;mattred paint;originuncertain. at top. forattachement side thickened by rolling; just turning Rectangular leg withroundedcorner; in centre. Band at side and base and insideat base; pattern MMb layer 1001,Surface SF 2281 Throne,open type,arm only. H. (ex.) 2.1; W. (ex.) 3.4; W. (ofarm) 1.5; Th. (ofarm) 0.7 lustrous red paint;imported. Buff (on sectionpreserved); clay; well smoothed vertical cross bars ofarmand upright bulge;band alongbackand up thevertical, junction making Typicalshapeof on insideofarm. construction and earlyuse, Phase ib NKc/dlayer816, WestShrine,
6. Animal Figurines ofthem toother The most thehighproportion feature oftheanimalfigurines, striking apartfrom in Each main is the mixture of each context found figurines, (PLATES 45, 47). group types major contains seemto have beenin elsewhere associated withearlyand late contexts and they types use together. The types ofanimalfigurines whichare basedon decoration and noton shapeare less easy to divide one fromanotherthan the typesof females.The decorationdevelops a wavystyle from withfew lines.The withmanybodylinesto a simple linearstyle continuously within this SF FIG. this often shows groups 6.29 789 belongs development overlap. development; totheWavy2 type, SF 856 totheLinear1, SF 887 toLinear2, SF 166 and 168 totheLate Linear whileSF 774 is oftheSpinetype.(For a full see French diagramwithchronological suggestions 197 1, 151.)Whatisclearat Phylakopi isthatseveral ofthis which decorative stages development elsewhere are not foundtogether occur in the same contexts. This indicatesthat the early thefirst use oftheshrine survived thedestructions and changesand were figurines datingfrom
262
theearliest could date from ofWavy 2 typewhichare stylistically re-used later.The figurines butcouldalso belongto itsearliest with oftheshrine before thebuilding period, contemporary 1 1 1 SF from Floor of SF of the East Shrine is 2660. thelargefemale 75 Spine type figure possibly of its hornwas foundbeneathWall 105. The small size and compact re-usedas a fragment them and slight to horns stature oftheanimalfigurines mayhave helpedto preserve breakages of the East Shrine is there a on Floor of 2 and legswereobviously Only ignored. group extremely animal figurines. shattered a red is SF 767 (plate 46 j) wherethe fabric, The mostunusual of the animal figurines in matt red is that with a rich cream and decorated of earlier covered micaceous paint, clay, slip Kea. It mustbe an import. from figurines animals.The Wavy2 groupis smalland tomakeon these comment Thereis little typological The Linear 1, 2 and Spine 1 groupsare all copiedlocallywithvarying has no local imitations. abbreviated and stylized Thereisonlyone exampleofthevery success and skill. Spine2 type.It similar are all local.Theyare closely In contrast theexamples ofthelatelineartype isimported. SF is and Lefkandi. from to mainlandexamples however 2348 though stocky Mycenae,Tiryns in in ia and of this are found At Lefkandi handsome an extremely type phase examples piece. itisthestylistic ofthe sites that from other theevidence later contemporary phases.Thisconfirms Late Psi typeoffemalefigure. in Assemblages in bothshrines, Animalfigurines werefound A/GandJ oftheWest notably below ofthisis discussed oftheEast Shrine.The significance Shrine and in all theassemblages in the bovine noted of the The Renfrew. Professor already offerings pairing (ChapterIX) by in theanimalfigurines oxen (table 6.2) isseenvery chariot and driven strikingly figures, groups enablesus to This identical are three of almost wherethere 46). (PLATE pairing figurines pairs notrewere and linkassemblages L as these two and 168) (SF 2348 probably figurines J closely in phase 3c. used but original dedications
SF 166 (figs 6.29-6.30) Animalfigurine, and body,chipped. forequarters H. 7.2; W.4; L.g (verynearlyoriginallength);Di. (body) 1.55 Pinkclay,well smoothed red paint;veryworn;Plocal. surface; leg; twobands along back; bandsup legsand alongsideofbody; Typicalshape; tail apparently applied to right band on horns;nose decoration uncertain. 'Late linear'type OLc layer21, Assemblage L SF 168 (FIGS6.29-6.30, PLATE 46 c) Animalfigurine, hornschipped. H. 7.8; L. 9.5; W. 3.8; Th. (body) 1.9 shaded brownpaint;local. lustrous slightly clay; well smoothed, Greycore,dark buff Shortbody,archedlegs,long tail applied to rightleg; well shaped head withforward slopinghorns;slightly of 'late linear';crossbars on horns;nose band; paintedeyesand nostrils. version irregular 'Late linear'type;cf.SF 2348. L OLc layer21, Assemblage SF 175 SeeSF 1727
263
789
856
887
774
166
168
FIG.6.29 Animalfigurines. Scale 1:2
264
SF 185 (FIG.6.30) Animalfigurine, hindleg and lefthornmissing. tail,right H. 8; L. (ex.) 10.2; W. (front legs) 5; Di. (body) 2 ?local. Pinkish hard fired; greyclay, orangepaint;wornsurface; in thickbands; band on hornsand down nose. Solid bodyand flaring legs;archedtail; spinedecoration Heavy spinetype L OLc layer23, Assemblage SF 187 (FIG.6.30) Animalfigurine, bodyonly,veryworn. H. (ex.) 3.5; L. (ex.) 9; Di. (body) 1.5 Dark buff eroded;local. clay,surface totally Elongatedbody; no detailspreserved; typeuncertain. L OLc layer23, Assemblage SF 189 (FIG.6.30) Animalfigurine, veryworn. complete, H. 6; L. 10; Di. (body) 1.6 and red paint;local. surface Pinkish clay withgrit;tinytracesofbuff Small head and short freetail; standsirregularly. horns, 'Late linear'type L OLc layer26, Assemblage *SF 196 (PLATE 45 b) Animalfigurine, legs only. bodyand front H. (ex.) 4.8; L. (ex.) 7.2; W. 3.3; Di. (body) 1.6 brownpaint;rather Dark warmbuff worn;local. surface; clay; well smoothed long archedneck. Veryshort legs; tail shape uncertain; in whichfront Versionof 'Late linear'decoration leg bands go up neckand body band abuts. 'Late linear'type H OLc layer29, Assemblage *SF 197 (plate 45 b) and partof body. Animalfigurine, hindquarters H. (at rear) 6; L. (ex.) 9; Di. (body) 2.05 eroded;local. completely Greycore,fired pink,surface not identifiable. tracesof paintbut decoration Tall legs,short tail,archedneck;slight stumpy Type uncertain H OLc layer29, Assemblage *SF 504 (PLATE rear)) 45 b, 48 c (from Animalfigurine, bodyonly,shattered. H. (ex.) 2.9; L. (ex.) 8.5; Di. (body) 1.5 red paint;imported. Pinkclay,polishedsurface, at rear. legs,unusualclayjoin forhindquarters Elongatedbody,splaying Linear 1 type H OLc layer30, Assemblage
265
1727
^*
185
^^
168
166
779
189
187
FIG.6.30 Animalfigurines from L. Scale 1:2 Assemblage
266
SF507 Animalfigurine, only. forequarters H. (ex.) 3.1; L. (ex.) 4.9; Di. (body) 1.8 black paint;local. Dark buff surface; clay; smoothed Normalshape withtall neck;blobs ofpainton sidesand back. Type uncertain OLd layer36, Surface SF517 Animalfigurine, bodyonly. H. (ex.) 3;L. 6.7; Di. (body) 1.5 red paint;local. Pinksandyclay; ?pale buff smoothed; slip; lightly bandedor (morelikely) paintedblobsor barsaroundbodyimitating Roughly shapedbody,bulboustail;roughly spinetype. OLd layer61, Streetand Courtyard? (Phase 2b/3c) SF587 Animalfigurine, forequarters. H. (ex.) 3.6; L. (ex.) 3.9; Di. (body) 1.5 black paint;Plocal. smoothed from surface; burning); secondary Greyclay (Pcolour Splayinglegs;linesup leg and along body;dots betweenin zone. Type uncertain NLd East Baulk layer26, Surface/Debris SF 759 (PLATE 46 e) broken. hornsand hindquarters Animalfigurine, L. H. 7.7 (tip ofhornonlybroken); (ex.) 11.7; W. (legs) 3.7; Di. (body) 2.1 dark brownpaint;mucheroded;local. smoothed Dark buff surface; clay,sandywithinclusions; on the right side; 'Late linear'banding. As SF 1575 but muzzleheavierwithtracesofitsformation 'Late linear' type;pair withSF 1575. NLe space c layer42, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) SF 767 (PLATE ]) front Animalfigurine, leg broken. horns, nose,tail and left H. (ex.) 6.5; L. (ex.) 9.3; Di. (body) 2.4 red paint. Red micaceousclay; whiteslip (lustrous); wellpainted curlforward; horns neckslopesforward; and backlegscurving forward; bodywithbothfront Stocky on top ofhead. lineardesignoflinesalong body and crosslineson back ofneck;triangle from Kea; fabric unique in the Shrinecollection. possibly Imported NLe space c layer49, Streetand Courtyard (Phase 3a/3c) *SF 774 (FIG.6.29, PLATE 45 b) front nose and left Animalfigurine, leg broken. H. 7.8; L. (ex.) 9; W. (horns)4.3; Di. (body) 1.55 shaded brownpaint;imported. Fine buff clay,polishedsurface; horns. Well made; slightly pointedand applied tail; vertical lineon nose, lineson each leg; bandson horns; wellroundthebody;several withribsextending Spinedecoration dottedeyes. Spine 1 type NLd space 1 layer52, Assemblage
267
(PLATE 45 b) *SF78i shattered. and body,left hornbroken; Animalfigurine, forequarters H. 8.2; L (ex.) 9; W. (legs) 4.3; Di. (body) 1.5 fadeddark brownpaint; imported. Fine buff clay,polishedsurface; withribscurling round forward; muzzle;tall horncurving slightly spinedecoration Elongatedbody;cylindrical body; barredmuzzleand horns. Spine 1 type H NLe space a layer55, Assemblage 47 d) SF788 (PLATE Animalfigurine, body only. H. (ex.) 2.9; L. (ex.) 6.7; Di. (body) 1.2 red brownpaint;imported. Fine pinkclay,buff slip; polishedsurface; Elongatedbody;highpointedand applied tail; spinedecoration. Spine 1 type on Floor 4 (Phase 3a) NLe space a/b layer59, East Shrine,at or near theplatform *SF 789 (FIG.6.29, PLATE 46 a and 47 d) Animalfigurine, chippedbut otherwise complete. H. 8.9; Di. (body) 1.8; L. 11.7 Pinkclay,buff red paint,mainlylustrous; surface; imported. slip; well smoothed conical legs;central freetail; tall vertical shortmuzzle. horns, Cylindrical elongatedbody withsplaying rearleg,three on left; two Parallelwavylineson bodyfrom neckband toband acrosshaunches; twobandsup right tomuzzle;twolines bandson tail;twobandsup each offront ofhorns and from horns legs;linesalongbackand front along top of muzzle. Wavy 2 type;similarto but not identicalwithSF 1557 NLe space a/b layer59, East Shrine,at or near theplatform on Floor 4 (Phase 3a) *SF8o2 (PLATE 47 c) Animalfigurine, and head; right hornand leg broken. forequarters H. 8; L. (ex.) 8; Di. (body) 1.4 Fine buff fadedbrownpaint;imported. clay,polishedsurface; with backwards; Elongatedbody,tallarchedand appliedtail (nowbroken);horns slopeslightly spinedecoration short ofhorns. paintedribs;crossbars on front Verystylized spinetype NLe space a/b layer60, East Shrine,at or near theplatform on Floor 4 (Phase 3a) *SF8o5 (PLATE 45 a) Animalfigurine, forequarters, right leg broken. H. 7.3; L. (ex.) 8.5; W. (horns)5.4; Di. (body) 1.5 Fine pale buff clay,well polishedoutside;fadedbrownpaint;imported. barson horns, horns; Elongated body, longmuzzle, spreadvertical spinedecoration; eyes. paintedmuzzle, painted Spine 1 type D NLe space a/b layer61, Assemblage
268
ofanimal figurine. (PLATE *SF 810 Forequarters 45 a bothpieceslinkedwithplasticene) * SF 2260 Hindquarters ofanimal figurine, matching. H. (rear) 4.7; Di. (body) 1.4 fadedbrownpaint;imported. Fine pale buff clay; polishedsurface; ofSF 858. tobetween legs;linesalongbody, legs;archedand doubledovertailextending body,splaying Elongated ProbablyLinear 2 type D NLe space a/b layer61, Assemblage * SF 842 (PLATE 45 a and 48 a) and bodyonly. Animalfigurine, forequarters H. 7.5; L. (almostcomplete)9; W. 3.8; Di. (body) 1.4 shaded brownpaint;secondary Fine buff burning; imported. clay,polishedsurface; Thin body,irregular and short front muzzle;noteunusualclayjoin at rear;a fewlinesalongbody; legs;tallhorns barredhornsand muzzle. Linear 2 type D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage 45 a) SF852 (PLATE and left rearleg broken. Animalfigurine, front right H. 8; L. 11; Di. (body) 1.9 Dark buff clay,lightly polished;shaded brownpaint;Plocal. bandsfrom hornsalmostvertical; to right; slightly body,higharchedand applied tail vering Slightly elongated transition. lineson body,normalshoulder hornsto lowermuzzle;band along muzzle;dottedeyes;irregular Linear 1 type D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage 45 a) SF854 (PLATE but now complete. Animalfigurine, broken H. 7.7; L. 11.2; W. (legs) 4.2; W. (horns)5.2; Di. 1.55 thinorangebrownpaint;imported. Fine buff clay,polishedsurface; horns and a few lineson body;barred horns; body;longcentrally appliedtail;longmuzzle,tallvertical Elongated muzzle. Linear 2 type D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage SF 856 (FIG.6.29, PLATE 45 a) hornsbroken. Animalfigurine, H. (ex.) 7; L. 9; W. 4.2; Di. (body) 1.4 shaded brownpaint;imported. Fine buff clay,polishedsurface; Shortbody;front legsmuchlongerthanrear;broad pinchedand applied tail almostworkedin at rear;short horns;manylineson body and head. pointedmuzzle;vertical Linear 1 type D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage
269
SF 857 (PLATE 45 a) Animalfigurine, legsand hornsbroken. H. (ex.) 5;L-8;Di. (body) 1.45 Dark buff dark brownshaded paint,lustrous; local. surface; clay,tooledand smoothed illshapedwithvery muzzlewithbumpon top; Small,rather forward, splaying legs;longnecksloping longpointed lineardecoration. irregular 'Late linear' type NLe space a layer62, Assemblage D SF858 (PLATE 45 a) Animalfigurine, hindquarters only. H. (at rear) 5; L. (ex.) 6.3; Di. (body) 1.7 Fine buff fadeddark brownpaint;imported. clay,polishedsurface; and appliedtailwhichextends downcentre ofrearto between Elongated bodywithhighpointed legs;linesalong body. Linear 2 type NLe space a layer62, Assemblage D SF 867 (PLATE 45 a) Animalfigurine, hornsbroken, legs missing. H. (ex.) 5; L. 10; Di. (body) 1.9 Fine buff shaded brownpaint; imported. clay,polishedsurface; Muzzle withbulbousend; thick rearwithappliedtailsetvery neatand slightly high;manyfairly wavylinesalong body;manylineson front legs;manylineson head. Earlylinear 1 type NLe space a layer63, Assemblage D SF882 (PLATE 48^) Animalfigurine, hindquarters. H. (at rear) 4.5; L. (ex.) 4.2; Di. (body) 2.2 Pinksandyclay; smoothed mattred paint;local. surface; of 'Late linear'decoration. Stockybody,conical leg, archedtail applied to leftleg; probablyversion 'Late linear' type NLe space c layer74, Assemblage SF 887 (FIG.6.29, PLATE 45 a) Animalfigurine, lefthornbroken. H. 8.2; L. 11.2; W. (legs) 4.6; Di. (body) 1.35 Fine buff shaded brownpaint; imported. clay,polishedsurface; Thin body,rather and appliedtail;squaredmuzzle, vertical elongated; pointed horns; manylinesalongbodyand on head. Linear 1 type NLe space a/b layer62, Assemblage D
270
SF 1526 (PLATE 47 b) Animalfigurine, head missing. H. (ex.) 4.4; L. (ex.) 7.3; Di. (body) 1.9 Pinkish lustrous red brownpaint;worn;local. surface; clay,smoothed Shortstocky conicallegs;central withodd leg transitions. bodywithsplaying curlytail; roughspine;decoration Local copyof Spine 1 type NLc layer214, Assemblage G SF 1557 (PLATES 46 a; 47 a) Animalfigurine, hornand right rearleg missing. left H. 8.2; L. 13; Di. (body) 1.9 Pinkclay,bufTslip, well smoothed red paint,mainlylustrous; surface; imported. central conicalsplaying forward; Cylindrical elongated bodywith legs, appliedtail;horns sloping longmuzzlewith flattened end. neckband to band acrosshaunches; twobandsup each leg,central band on Parallelwavylinesalongbodyfrom hornto end of muzzle;end ofmuzzlesolid painted. tail; band acrossback ofhorns;two bands each side from Wavy 2 type;similarto but not identicalwithSF 789. A NLc layer221, Assemblage SF 1575 (PLATES 46 e; 47 a) Animalfigurine, hornbroken. right H. 7.6; L. 12.35; W. (legs) 3.7; Di. (body) 2.25 Dark buff surface smoothed (veryworn);dark brownpaint;local. sandyclay withinclusions; butquiteelongated leg;simple'Late linear'decoration. Stocky body;short sturdy legs;bulboustailappliedtoleft 'Late linear'type;pair withSF 759. A NLc layer218, Assemblage SF 1586 Animalfigurine, forequarters. H. 6.5; L. (ex.) 7; Di. (body) 1.8 red paint;worn;local. smoothed surface; Greycore,fired pinkwithinclusions; Thickbodywithsmalllegs,smallhead withshort vertical horns;'Late linear'decoration. 'Late linear'type NLc layer213 pb 1335,Assemblage F *SF 1606 Animalfigurine, front bodyand right leg. H. (ex.) 4.9; L. (ex.) 8.2; Di. (body) 1.8 Pinksandyclay,buff local. surface; slip,smoothed centraltail; band up legs and over back at each end; two bodyrings. stocky; Elongatedbody,slightly a mainlandlate type Local, perhapsimitating NLa layer305, Surface
271
*SF 17127 (FIG.6.30, PLATE 46 b) Animalfigurine, left hornchipped. H. 7.4; L. 8.3; W. 3.6; Di. 1.5 Buff brownpaint;imported. clay,polished, rearlegdoesnotstandand head turned toleft. central conicaltail;wellmadehead Small,stocky; Misshapen; right withvertical nose band; barredhornsincluding horns;spinedecoration; underneath; paintedeyes. Spine 1 type L (SF 175) D, re-usedin Assemblage NLd/espace a/b layer 123, 124 or 63, ?Assemblage *SF 1736 (PLATE 45 b) Animalfigurine, shattered. forequarters, H. (ex.) 5; D. (head) 3.65; Di. (body) 1.9 Pinkclay,buff red brownpaint;imported. slip,polishedsurface; and nose;unusual Fairly largeexampleoflinear type;longmuzzlewithsquaredend; manylineson body,horns schemeon top ofhead. triangular Linear type H NLd/elayer 150,Assemblage SF 2242 (PLATE 48 b) ?Horsehead. H. (ex.) 4.5; Di. (neck) 1.45 fired encrusted dark red paint;originuncertain. Greyclay withinclusions; pink;soft; Necktriangular in section all overdecoration ofsmallsquares broken; arching upward;flattop to head; features withdot fill. Unusual OLd layer50, Debris SF 2270 (PLATE 45 b) Animalfigurine, head only. H. (ex.) 5.7; W. (at horns)6; Di. (neck) 1.85 eroded;local. Greycore,fired pink,surface completely Small nose,hornscurling forward decoration not identifiable. slightly; Type uncertain OLc layer29, Assemblage H SF 2301 Animalfigurine, hindquarters only,legs broken. L. (ex.) 6.7; W. (ex.) 3.8; Di. (body) 2.6 Buff well smoothed; red brownpaint,faintly clay withslight grit, lustrous; imported. Thick body flaring at each end; fatconicallegs flaring tail probablyapplied to right sideways; leg. Close wavylineson body;leg decoration uncertain. Wavy 2 typebut earlyin seriesbecause of bodyshape. NLc (E Baulk) layer226, Surface
272
SF 2348 (PLATE 46 c-d) horn. Animalfigurine, exceptforleft complete H. 9.4; L. 10; W. (legs) 4.2; Di. (body) 2.2 brownpaint;local. Dark buff clay,lightly polishedsurface; 'Late curvedforward; fatmuzzle;horns down right leg; short legs;long tail hanging Stocky body;archedfront barredhorns. linear'bands withdotsin zone; paintedeyesand nostrils; 'Late linear' type;cf.SF 168. NLc (SW) 241, Assemblage J Fragmentary examples, Horns: red brownpaint;probably Fabric ofall is buff, imported. smoothed/polished; Large: SF864 L. 5.5; Di. 1.2 Broad band ofpainton uppersurface. NLd layer66, Below East Shrine,Phase o/2a Small: Crossbars at front: SF 2249 SF SF SF SF SF Heads: SF96 Head: Di. (neck) 1.35; D. (head) 2.7 in one smallsectiononly;red brownpaint;originuncertain. Pinkish buff preserved clay; polishedsurface band up horn. Small features; L. OLc layer23, Assemblage SF 1707 Head: W. (horns)4.15; Th. (at neck) 1.15 shaded brownpaint;imported. Buff surface; clay,slightly pinkat core; smoothed Manufacture unusual;neckband; band on back ofneck;band acrosshorns. Phase 2a NLd/espace c layer 100,Streetand Courtyard, SF 1740 be front Hornsand back of head (might legs and neck!) H. 4; W. 3.1 Dark buff eroded;local. completely clay; surface marksof (?)hornsshowinside. Application NLd/elayer 151, East Shrine,Floor 4, Phase 3a 181 571 801 1753 2263 NLe space a layer62 OLc layer23 NLd space 1 layer 15 NLe space a/b layer60 NLd/elayer 155 NLd space IV layer23 D Assemblage L Assemblage East ShrinePhase 3c East Shrine,Floor 4, Phase 3a Below East Shrine,Phase o/2a Phase 3a/c Streetand Courtyard,
Line or band along horn:

SF 2261 Nose only: Di. 1.15 brownblack paint;Pimported. Buff clay; smoothed; Conical; singleband on top. NLd/elayer 153,Below East Shrine,Phase o/2a Bodies: SF78 Forequarters: H. (to neck) 3.8 Buff clay,imported. L OLc layer22, Assemblage SF95 Shoulder: L. (ex.) 3 Dark clay; buff slip; probablylocal. L OLc layer22, Assemblage SF 2159 Bodyfragment: Di. 1.7 Local fabric, veryworn. L OLc layer22, Assemblage SF 2276 Bodyfragment: Di. 2 Pinkish clay; buff slip; polished;?imported. Line along body at base withdiagonalsabove. Phase 3a/c NLe space c layer34, Streetand Courtyard,
273
Legs: Unusual: SF 1016 L. (ex.) 5.2; Di. 1.3 Fine buff red paint,matt;originuncertain. surface; clay,smoothed Cylinder 'hip' joint; red paintall over theoutervisiblesurface. applied diagonallyat top withdistinct Phase 3a/c NLd/elayer95, Streetand Courtyard, Large: SF559 Back leg ofpinkish smoothed red paint. buff local fabric, surface, NLd layer7, Debris SF888 Frontleg (or horn) ofsimilar fabricto SF 559. NLe space c layer82, Streetand Courtyard, Phase 2a SF 1524 H. 4.5; Di. (top) 1.5 Pinkclay; red paint;worn. in section;vertical flattened lines. Conical,slightly G NLe layer214, Assemblage
274
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT SF 1552 slip; brownpaint. clay,pinkat core; buff Typical leg; Buff Verticallines. A NLc layer218, Assemblage SF 2257 H. (ex.) 3;Di. 1.4 linesofpaintveryworn. Buff clay; polished; not preserved. cf.SF 1016 but notquite as unusual;bottom Cylinder, Phase a/c NLe space c layer34, Streetand Courtyard,
Small, all typicalconicalin shape unlessstated. SF94 H. 3.6 Dark clay,surface eroded;local. H OLc layer29, Assemblage SF860 H. 2.3 Buff clay. Thin. NLe space a/b layer63. Below East Shrine,Phase o/2a SF 2191 H. 2.6 foot. Dark pinkclay; ?local. Rough withslight Phase 2a. NLe space c layer84, Streetand Courtyard, SF 2245
H. 2.1
Buff clay. Slightfoot. Phase 2a NLe space c layer76, Streetand Courtyard, SF 2248 H. 2.6 Buff clay. D NLe space a layer62, Assemblage SF 2379 H. 2.2 Pinkclay. Slightfoot. A NLc (SE) layer252, Assemblage Animal Figures or Figurines Pieces not immediately comprehensible SF 1091 finebuff clay. ?Leg fragment; Phase o/a NLd/elayer 137,belowshrine, SF 1130 clay withgrits. Body;buff D NLe layer61, Assemblage
275
SF 2171 soft ?Leg fragment; pinkclay. NLe layer216, Assemblage G SF 2258 buff fragment; clay; red paint. ?Body/leg NLe layer62, Assemblage D SF 2265 Appliedband; dark clay. NLd space IV layer23, Streetand Courtyard, Phase 3a/c Surface and internal pieces (probablyfrom figures alreadyknown) SF 1089 Two pieceswhichmay be pot and one ?hornoflocal fabric. NLd/elayer 125,Below East Shrine,Phase o/2a SF 1132 Wornpiecesoflocal fabric, SF 836 perhapsfrom NLe layer59, East Shrine,Floor 4, Phase 3a SF 1584 in verypoor condition. Bodyfragment A NLe layer218, Assemblage SF 2262 and inside,withsomedecoration(not necessary all animal). Scrapsofsurface G NLe layer214, Assemblage
7. Miscellaneous The sherds ofa possible fish are particularly The bestexampleofthistype of rhyton interesting. that and on which the tentative identification has been made is the from the West object example Wall Depositat Tiryns rendered as on (Verdelis1956,fig.13). Thishas thescalesnaturalistically thesesherds. Alsoincluded hereare three sherds from birdaskoi (FS 194) becausethey have been typical as rather than catalogued figurines pots. Note:SF 1084 (plate 44 c) is partofa box.
SF 1087 (plate 48 e) ?FishRhyton Th. 0.4; H. (ex.) 3.8; W. (ex.) 3.1 dark brownpaint;probablyimported. Orange buff clay; buff slip; polishedsurface; Wheelmade butmainpiecehas irregular before fine butnotidentical scalepattern with central dot shaping firing; on all four thatitcomesfrom a rhyton liketheTiryns pieces. The shapeofSF 1087seemstoindicate one; theother sherds haveno obviousindications thatthey do notcomefrom a potbutare considered herebecauseofthesimilarity ofdecoration whichis not in factcommonon potsin thisform. NLe space c layer89, Streetand Courtyard, Phase 2a
276
SF 1131 Askos, fragment L. (ex.) 2.35; Th. (max.) 0.6 Pinkclay,slippedbuff; polished;red paint;originuncertain. ofbird/boat Handmade; typical askos;wavyline decoration. fragment NLe space a/b layer60, East Shrine,Floor 4, Phase 3a SF 2162 Askos, fragment. W. (ex.) 4.4; Th. 0.3 buff; Greycore,fired polishedout; red paint;originuncertain. bands ofpaintwiththinirregular crosslines. Handmade; base ofaskostypeclosedvessel;horizontal MLd layer509, WestShrine,Room B, Phase 2b/3a SF 2282 Askos,tailfragment only. L. (ex.) 2.5; W. (ex.) 1.5; Th. 0.15 Pinkclay,soft; buff slip; red paintmuchworn;originuncertain. Handmade body (no signof base), pinchedintotail; decoration not identifiable. in NLc layers229 and 238 (contaminated error field by laboratory) Figures from previous excavations at Phylakopi Figures, ?Female 1. Head, MelosMuseum263, (PLATE 19, context number mixed(information from Dr R. Barber) . 48 h) excavation Roundedhead with flattened nose and chinand ring toface; face, chin, pinched appliedeyes.Solid paintedeyes, necklaceand rayedhair. 2. LargePsitype NationalMuseum5850 (Phylakopi 1904,202,pl. 39:16) . Plocal;notetheappliedand ringed body, breasts and elaboratedecoration; behinduncertain. paintverywornand decoration ofno. 2. uncertain. version Local; smaller 3. Large Psi typebody,Melos Museumnumber 4. Arm,National Museum 5850, (Phylakopi1904, 202, pl. 39:11). Rightarm withthumband hand clenched around?object;distinct elbow; arm seemsto have been horizontal. ofthumb and along 5. Hand, Melos Museum262 (PLATE 48/-^) . All overredpaintexceptat clayjoin on outside armwithcentral holespreading intoflat diskhand with four arm;cylindrical fingers (incised)and largethumb; to hold something? gap betweenthumband fingers 6. Head ?from vase, National Museum5850, (Phylakopi1904,203, pl. 40:30). Local; hollow; anthropomorphic piercedeyes,incisedears and nostrils. Animal Figure ofbody,National Museum5792, (Phylakopi1904,205, fig.177). This figure comparesvery 7. Head and front restoration. withSF 2690 exceptforthe angle of themuzzle.Note theopen muzzleis an erroneous closely
8. Discussion bothfor whatit at Phylakopi is interesting thesanctuary from The series offigures and figurines thefunction ofthe from seemtoderive includes and whatitdoesnot.Mostofthese peculiarites TABLE 6. 1, thediagram As can be seenfrom a few havechronological shrines; significance. might furniture a few of the site and from therest of isknown thefull examples figurines rangeoffemale itlikely that makes ofanimalfigurines intheshrines ofalmost thefull as well.The presence range The small a functional difference. result of female is the of the theabsence types contemporary
277
seem to have a place only in the later depositsand I suggestthat theywere not females werebrokenand packed away. untilthelargefemale introduced figures are no odd animalfigures, suchas sphinxes orhorses, no snakes, It maybe notedtoothatthere inearlier areknown no animalhead rhyta. Norare there levels.Chariots anyboats,though they and drivenoxen were,however, found. A very is thepairing or parallelappearanceof feature oftheevidence from striking Phylakopi in thetwoshrines. This is mostclearly table 6.2. Severalofthe seendiagrammatically, types identical and this includes individual smallanimalfigurines as wellas thebigger pairsarealmost bovids.This meansthatidentity ofofferings or ritualmustbe postulated evenifa diversity of I knowofno similar orfunction issupposed. offigurines at Argos thetombs deity pairing though have a rather different schemeofpairedfemalefigurines (French1971, 132). It isthebovine of and themalesthatare themost newevidence for thestudy figures important terracotta The largebovinefigures are better thananyother the figurines. preserved groupfrom now publishedtogether Mycenaean area thoughthe group fromthe Amyklaion by Mrs in range.Nicholls(1970) has made a detailed Demakoupoulou(1982) musthave beensimilar thatlargeanimals ofthis offigure and wasled tosuggest weretobe associated with an study type outdoor altarwhere burnt weremade.Thisiscertainly notthesceneat Phylakopl. This offerings as to date and origin whichhas been putforward series also allowsthenewspeculation above. The presence of severallarge human figures withthe large animalsis also important. At a fewfemalefigurines and Mycenae therewerein the templedepositslarge humanfigures, snakes butnota single oflargebovidsand smallanimalswerefound animal,though fragments elsewhere on thesite.AttheAmyklaion, there are thefragments oflargehumanfigures however, bovine as well as small femaleand animal (Demakopoulou 1982, pis 25, 26), many figures The shrine of the one room figurines. Tiryns (Kilian 1978),though simple type, perhapsoffers another ofLH IIIC type and paralleltothePhylakopi usage.Nearthebenchwerefemale figures a fragmentary animal decorated with daemons and fish. large The malesare so farunique.At first charioteers but thisis probably no sight theyressemble morethanthemark oftheconventions which were suchas the by they produced. Largefemales ones ressemble smallfemales such as theones foundby Tsountasat Mycenae (French Tiryns 1971,fig.10). On analysis themalesseemto have variedarmpositions and SF 1551and 1553 weredefinitely as was the male from theShrine of carrying something, probably offerings, figure theDouble Axes (Evans 1928,fig.192) or thelaterCypriot such as those from Larnaka figures and Kamelarganowin theAshmolean (Myres1897),a groupin whichboththeoveralleffect details are with the Melos material. It in is fact with the of series many very comparable Cypriot dedications whichbeginin theLate BronzeAge thatI wouldlinkthePhylakopi shrines at least in regardto the terracottas. Otherinterpretations are discussed below (ChapterX). seem to be imported, Though severalof the earlierterracotas manyare locallymade. In manufacture thelocal examples are withone exception and sophisticated. The very competent bovids SF and are built of elaborate wheelmade units well in and the large 2670 2690 up joined case ofSF 2670 forming a beautifully have been well and proportioned figure. They carefully fired.The same is true of the male figures nature of the pose, thoughthe experimental theneed to makethem awkward butthey are stand,on occasionmakesthefigures particularly notincompetent and thethemendon SF 1550is wellcarried out. This competence makesthe female SF 2658 all themorepuzzling. The claywas poorly finished and figure prepared, poorly I know fired. ofno other artifact ofthis of such There seems no onlypartially period poorquality. reason itshouldhavebeenmadeinthis and no reason at all to such a even why way import figure ifit wouldhave stoodthejourney.This leads to thequerywhether thefigure is much possibly older.
278
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Detailsoftheretrieval methods and standards used are givenabove. The grossdry-sieving usedforRoom A is quite adequate forcertainty thatthemissing sections ofthefigures found intheRoom. Probably there in werenotstored these werestored figures awayafter beingbroken userather thanin thecollapseitself. Thoughitmaybe thatthecollapsewas suchtoallowaccess to Room A afterwards so thatthebrokenfigures could be storedaway before theRoom was taken outofuse. In this case itwouldclosely were parallelMycenae.It maybe notedthatthere in Room A and theniche, either ofwhich couldeasilyhavebeenknocked off onlytwofragments thesitefragments ofotherfemale and bovine during usage.Therewere,however, throughout This again is parallelledat Mycenae. The shattered of manyof the large figures. fragments bovidsand groupfigurines from thelowest levelsoftheEast and WestShrines whichhave been restored werescattered intothestreet and otherneighbouring areas. It is possiblethat widely in areasnotexcavated. other are still tobe found The smallanimalfigurines wereina fragments but thefour from Floor2 oftheEast Shrinewereparticularly relatively good condition badly otherexamples are excessively shattered/Two worn(as is one from Floor 1 and one male from inpreservation theWestShrine) . Reasonsfor this are notimmediately but irregularity apparent in thehistory couldbe important oftheshrines. Severalexamples ofmales, female and figurines animal figurines seem to have been re-usedin later levelseven afterbeing broken;others, the female and bovinefigures, werenot. particulary definitely The evidence from theshrines at Phylakopi throws no light on thechronological of problems in factthereverse: mainlandfigurines, thefigurines aid in datingoftheshrine complex.The of typesknowfrom in LH IIIC in phase 2b of the shrine Lefkandi and elsewhere presence shows this must be dated to this complex phase periodor later. The history in theCycladesand how theyrelateto thecentres offigurines ofCreteand the mainland is only graduallybecomingclearer.The crucial period forthe development of on themainland is LH I IB buttheimpulse seemstoarisefrom thelinks withCretethat figurines withCreteare very from late in MM through precedethisperiod.In theCycladeslinks strong LM IA and B. Thiscan be seenin thepottery I in the FromAy.Irinion and, suggest, figurines. and from Thera we knowimported and local animalfigurines MM from Kea, from Phylakopi and LM I. Locallymade humanfigures are also known, boththelargefemales from Kea and a evidenceis at rangeofsmallexamplesofbothsexes.For thesucceeding periodunfortunately Thereis no distinct stratified can be isolated, very present slight. group.Bythenextphasewhich LH 1, and forwhichmuch new evidencehas accumulatedin the islands,Mycenaean in most influence fields seemstobe paramount. be remembered, But,itmust including figurines thisperiodis also markedby a culturalkoine betweenCreteand the mainland. Two areas are possiblesourcesof information. one of the emporia Aegina was mostlikely which island influence interrelated with the mainland.Littleis knownofitsdetailed through butthere are preserved ofa vastrangeoftypes at history manyMycenaeanfigurines including leastonelargefemale and several other unusualpieces.The material from theold excavations at boththemain sitesis beingrestudied at the moment. Cretanconnections from MM - LM IB havealso beenidentified on Kythera and in Laconia. It can be notedthatby farthegreatest number ofearlyfemale so far knownon the figurines mainland comefrom Laconia. ManyareofCretantypes. where theevidence however, Kythera, becomesmuchmorescantyafter LM IB, producedno figurines. It is unfortunately notpossible to date themanufacture ofthePhylakopi bovidsbutsomeat least could well be contemporary withthe Lady SF 2660. The cloverleaf pieces have close links with earlier clearCretanconnections. I am convinced thatthis is stylistic examples showing thesourceof theinspiration forthisseriesoflargeanimal figures.
28o
suchas thebovidfrom than thatexamples Nicholls(1970,9) realised Delphi mustbe earlier of this to note the typological feet are LH IIIC. It is interesting relationship example (the from below the shrines. Scale occurs on of the to two examples pattern Phylakopi restored) The factthatso manyofthepreserved Pseiraand Akrotiri. bovidsare animalsfrom naturalistic A very ofthetype. oftheorigin discussion has obscured from late contexts good exampleofthe in an LM IIIB shrine context at Knossos(M. been discovered wheelmadetypehas recently in for evidence both the remains in Creteand on The need islands, good Popham,pers.comm.). LH IIB to LH IIIB. themainlandof thewholeperiodfrom
Table 6.2 The PairingofFiguresand Figurines within the Sanctuary

WEST SHRINE Phase 2b South EAST SHRINE
"^Female Figurine(SF 2007) BovineFigures 2SF 2690 *3SF 2670 SF 1561 Rhyton
Phase 2b North
BovineFigures *2SF 847 *3SF 836 RhytonSF 850
Male Figures Chariot DrivenOx Small Animalsinc.: **Wavy2 (SF 1557) *5Late Linear (SF 1575)
?Male Chariot DrivenOx Small Animals
Phase ja/c Street /Courtyard
Small Animal *5Late Linear (SF 759)
Phase jb/c
Male Figures ^Female figurine (SF 1521) Small Animalsinc.: *6Late Linear (SF 2348)
Female Figurine Small Animalsinc.: *4Wavy2 (SF 789) *6Late Linear (SF 168)
is shownby the Exact pairsare designated matching by an asterisk: numbers. superscript
ChapterVII The sealstones G. Younger by John

All descriptionsof sealstonesrefer to the way they (All measurementsare given in centimetres. appear in impression.The abbreviation HM indicates the catalogue number of the Herakleion Museum. Dates in parenthesisaftera sealstone referencereferto context.) i. Catalogue of Sealstones Room B, phase ib/2a (LH IIIA/B). A. FromtheWestShrine, (plate 49) Melos Museum 568 Excavation SF 2036 fromTrench MLd Room B, layer 518, Younger 1981a: 38 fig. 23. Lentoid of transparentgrey rock crystal. D. 2.35 x 2.4, Th. 1.05, St.h. (stringhole) 0.2 frondabove. Agrimi runs left;three-leafed B. 2 From the East Shrine, on or above theearliestfloornear thealtar, phase 2b (LH IIIC, ca. 1120 B.C.). (plate 50 a d) Melos Museum 571 Excavation SF 844, trenchNLe space a/b, layer 62. Lentoid of white, slightlytranslucentlimestone with horizontal veins. D. 1.9 2.0, Th. 0.7, St.h. 0.4 to 0.2 Damage: a small chip at the upper rightrimand slightwear on theobverse; reverselefthas a yellow rough accretion. Obverse: hornlessbovine stands right,head down under its belly; above, a three-leafed frond. Reverse: with the stringhole horizontal,two faintly engraved designscan be distinguished a axe above centreand a one-handled cup random double scratches; among apparently at the left (fig.7.1). (plate 50 e - h) Melos Museum 576 Excavation SF 1748, NLe layer 152. Half a lentoid of fluorite. D. restored2.2, Th. 0.9, St.h. 0.2 Damage: the seal is broken across, not along, its stringhole;the surface is badly pitted. Stag, or more probably a bull, runs leftwith head probably contorted. (plate 51 a - d) Melos Museum 572 Excavation SF 837, NLe space a/b layer 62. Worn lentoid of black steatitewith yellow-brownmottling. D. 1.2, Th. 0.375, St.h. 0.15 wear; therestofthestoneis very Damage: a hard inclusionat thehip ofthegoat has resisted worn. The back may have been conical in shape but later cut flat. Goat runs left;tree behind. 281
282 5
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT (plate 51 e-j) Meios Museum577 ExcavationS F 808, NLe space a/b,layer61. or Chrysoprase. translucent oflight, greenserpentine Elongatedcushion-seal L. 2.2, W. 1.3, Th. 0.57, St.h. 0.2 is broken of thereverse worn,one-third away. Damage: obverse above the back. a or branch stands left, pica Agrimi (plate 52 a- g) Melos Museum578 ExcavationSF 821, NLe space a/b,layer62. witha fewgreeninclusions. Rectangular plate seal ofblack steatite L. 1.7, W. 1.3, Th. 0.7, St.h. 0.2 x 0.25 Obverse:agrimiwalksright. Reverse:eagle displayed withhead left. so thattheseal mustbe rolledoverits to theagrimi The eagle is positioned upside-down side to two impressions. long give upright (plate 52 h- k) Melos Museum573 ExcavationSF 834, NLe space a/b,layer62. to the reverse. withan olivegreenmottling Lentoidofblack steatite D. 1.7 x 1.85,Th. 0.75, St.h. 0.2 to 0.25 rim;back is chippedat the upper right Damage: lowerobverserimis cut flat;reverse conoid. above. and tracesofanother branchin front, Horse or bovinestandsright; (plate 53 a - d) Melos Museum570 ExcavationSF 840, NLe space a/b,layer62. to black steatite. Lentoidofdarkgreen(mainlyon thereverse) D. 1.8,Th. 0.7, St.h. 0.2 x 0.3 is chippedon the reverse. Damage: bottom stringhole in and a line above. a line front stands right; Agrimi KrissaT. 1 (LH ofCMS V 324 from thesimilar The linear is style style distinctive; compare 11IB context). (plate 53 e- h) Melos Museum575 ExcavationSF 833, NLe space a/b,layer62. on the reverse. withcafau lait mottling Lentoidofpurplebrownsteatite D. 1.6,Th. 0.6, St.h. 0.2 in front of theanimal'sback. Damage: chip on obverseleft Bull or lion standsright, regardant. KrissaT. 2 (LH IIIC context). animalon CMS V 323 from Comparethesimilar (plate 54 a - d) Melos Museum569 ExcavationSF 841, NLe space a/b,layer62. Lentoidofblack steatite. D. 1.2 x 1.3, Th. 0.5, St.h. 0.275 a notch. rimat stringhole appearscut to form Damage: bottom and tracesofanotherabove. a branchin front or goat standsright; Bull?,horse,
10
THE SEALSTONES 11
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(plate 54 e-g) Meios Museum 574 Excavation SF 824, NLe space a/b, layer 62. Lentoid of black steatitewith an undertone of pale green. D. 1.9 2.0, Th. 0.7, St.h. 0.2 x 0.25 Damage: at lower obverse, a smoothed chip. one strokeof another branch? above the Horse? stands right;traces of a branch in front, rump. The modeling of this animal is neithergrooved nor smoothed, but scratched.
2. Discussion of the Sealstones 1. (plate 49) The motif is Cretan in origin,stemmingfromthe largergroup ofstandingand almost runningagrimia, always to the left, usually withfrondsorpicas (darts) above. Examples ofthismotif from dated contextsinclude: Levi 1926a, no. 71 fig.92, and no. 72 fig.93 fromAyia Triada (LM iB context); HM 2507 fromthe Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Popham and Sackett 1973, fig.39 middle; LM II context); CMS I 158 fromMycenae Chamber Tomb 529 (LH context); I 143 fromMycenae Chamber Tomb 515 (LH IIB context); and I 212 from ProsymnaT. 13 (LH IIIA:2 context). No example of thismotifcomes fromcontextsdated any later than LH III A. Most examples ofthe motif, however,come fromundated contextsin Crete: CMS IV 261, 263, etc., HM 914, 1138, 1195, etc.,Kenna i960, no. 364, and there are many others. The stylecorrespondsto Boardman's Cut Style (1970, 48 and 394; Bettsand Younger 1982), whichresults from ifany, further engravingthestonewithsaw and drillwithlittle, modelingand is in rendered cuts or which smoothing: "Everything straight grooves only acquire rounded or curved lines from the convex surface of the stone." Boardman derives thisstylefromthat edges ofthe so-called Talismanic seals (MM III - LM I), which are also cut withoutmuch secondary modeling,but he would date his Cut Style proper to the period ofthe Mycenaean occupation at Knossos on the basis of a cylinder(HM 1659) fromAyios Ioannes T. 3 near Knossos, dated to LM lib (Hood and de Jong 1952, fig. 16 no. III. 23). He also mentionsthat thereare sealings fromthe Palace at Knossos impressedby seals in thisstyle,though thereare indeed not many (e.g. Gill 1965, no. R15). The implication that the developed Cut Style is a LM - : adaptation, under Mycenaean influence,of the similar cut stylefound among the earlier Talismanic seals seems correctand inescapable, thoughBoardman appears to avoid thisconclusion by statingthat the later style"seems also to have been currentin Mainland Greece". Several seals fromMainland contextsare indeed in the developed Cut Style (e.g. CMS V 437 and 438 fromthe Nichoria Tholos, LH IIIA:2 - context), but only one in thisstyle,CMS I 406 of glass, not ivory (Pini 198 1, no. 16), fromThebes, comes froma context (LH I - II) dated earlier than LB ; the latter,however,carries a Minoan Talismanic alerion. It is probable then that thisseal and the othersfromcontextsdated later than the destructionof Knossos and made in thislate Cut Style were actually made in Crete sometime prior to that destruction. It seems to the presentwriterthat the descriptiveterm'Cut Style' ought not to be limited to seals rendered only late in this technique, but should be used instead to describe the similar technical approach applied to seals carrying both Talismanic as well as the more both early and late. If the term'Cut Style' is used solely as a technical motifs, representational descriptionthen its application should be observed in two distinctphases. To the late phase, which produced by farthe most impressiveof the Cut Style Gems, belongs our lentoid, the Cut Style's most magnificentexample to date.
284
arebothformed The bodyand neckoftheagrimi Itsstyle iseasytoappreciate. bytwostraight is accentedbya is canted and the neck the cutssetperpendicular and broadly modelled; rump for and muzzle connected a a snub nose drill line. The head is formed dot made eye by by profile in of arcs formed the linear horns back a series short strokes, slight byangledcuts,the by sweep head to convey the the back and the back of the are and similar strokes legs plainstrokes, spike A The hair linear trefoil frond above. of sharp characteristically bristly appears goats. similarly theseal of the crystal, so thatin daylight cutsare beautifully enhancedby the transparency witha diamond-like brilliance. sparkles which and birds, The present author herepresents similar bulls, lions, maybe divided griffins, the amount of both are into two drill, though they distinguished by conveniently largegroups; ofone school,probablyeven ofone workshop. are undoubtedly theproducts toeyeand nose. limited isdistinguished The subgroup towhich ourlentoid bythedrill belongs no. three animalsin A three-sided HM 185), presents 1958, 3324 (Xenaki-Sakellariou prism, the ofsimilar drill marks decorate an and a or hollow this a wings (snub griffin style, lion, agrimi, its name: and the group griffins), may give
Thomas 1981fns.8, 9, 20, 21) The H M 3324 Group (close and relatedpiecesomitted; HM 3324 Thebes?and 236from a. Lions - Xenaki-Sakellariou Chania, Crete;CMSV 193from 1958nos.262 and 263from citedabove,LM lib), and 1713 (Hood 1956,no. and XIII 23 and 24, HM 1659 (theAyiosIoannescylinder Crete. 5.3, LM Ib - II), and FlorenceMuseumno. 82690 (Laviosa 1969,no. 7) from - Phylakopi b. Agrimia 1,Xenaki-Sakellariou 1958nos.255 and 257,HM 54 (Xanthoudides 1907,no. 69) and 914 T. 13 (LH IIIA:2),and482, IV261, from Crete;CMS I 2 12 from 2,pl. 15e), all four Prosymna (Chatzidakis 191 from all three Crete;VII 139 and 153; X 1 and 251; and XIII 76. c. Bulls - Kenna i960, no. 1ip; CMS I 55 from Knossos,theRoyal Tomb MycenaeT. 12; and HM 1421gfrom at Athens). School ofArchaeology cast 123 in theBritish (from Knossos. d. Birds- Xenaki-Sakellariou 1958,no. 223 from e. Alerions- CMS IV 260 from Crete,and XII 219. - CMS V 439 from theNichoriaThoros (LH IIIA:2-B). f. Waterbirds - CMS IV 33D. g. Grasshopper - CMS VIII 88, and IX 104; and Brandt1968,no. 47. h. Griffins
ishereusedalsofor butthesnubnosedrill closetothefirst, isstylistically The secondsubgroup is the hollowdrill occasionally used,and the two joints,hooves,paws, and the lion's tailtip, CMSV 191in the Another automobile thatresemble prism, hubcaps. together producemarks BenakiMuseum,givesitsname to thisstylistically developedgroup:
Thomas 1981 fns.8, 9, 20, 21) The Benaki Group (close and relatedpiecesomitted; Thebes? CMS V 191 from a. Lion - perhapsCMS VII 121. theDiktaianCave; CMS IV 262 and 263 bothfrom b. Agrimia- Kenna i960, no. 364 from Crete,V 730 from Abrosine nearAkrata no. from Zwierlein-Diehl XII and and and Monasteri 261; 56 1969, B), (LH Mega in Achaia, now in Berlin. c. Bulls - CMS IX 110; and Brandt1968 no. 48 from Crete,now in Munich. Crete. d. Dogs - CMS IV 185 from - Kenna i960, no. 327; and CMS V 437 from Nichoria(LH IIIA:2- B:i context). e. Griffins
thestyle bothin Cretewhere found instyle, include similar Thesetwogroups, manyexamples dated the earliest from come seals Ioannes two The mainland. the and on Ayios originated the Cut of late this of for the non a terminus LM and phase beginning contexts, II, quern post give most and Cretan is both of The saw. Boardman likely subgroups certainly style Style,as our thenthatthe examplesin thisstyle, at Knossos.We may postulate including originated
THE SEALSTONES
285
who Phylakopilentoid,were made after1450 B.C. by one workshopor by a close group ofartists used Knossos at least as a base, and whose workswere greatlyprized by thosewho were buried on the Mainland afterthe destructionof the Palace. The material,rockcrystal, has oftenbeen confusedwithfluorite (see thecommentaryto No. 3 in . all from Crete rock come from contextsdating no later than Almost sealstones below) crystal LM : 1 {pace Popham et al. 1974, 220 no. 3); only one, HM 1233 from Gournes . a later context,LM IIIBn. From dated contextsoutside (Chatzidakis 1918, pl. 5.2), comes from Crete come, besides our own, only two: CMS I 208 fromProsymnaT. 3 (LH IIIA:i) and I 264 from ofall threesealstonescan, like that on ours, be related Tragana T. 2 (LH ); the motifs to Minoan motifs and renderings common beforethe close of and stylistically iconographically LM . The implication is clear: rock crystal,procured forBronze Age artistsfromCretan sources (Marinatos 193 1) or fromabroad, was a Cretan medium used mainly,ifnot exclusively, by Minoan artistsup to LM , afterwhich the stone was probably no longer available. it yields about the cuttingof the stringhole Our lentoid is importantalso forthe information It that the usual order in making a sealstone called for e is (plate 49 andy). generallyagreed the fromeitherend to meet in thecentre, the the face,boring cutting shape, engraving stringhole and finallypolishing the surface (Younger 1981a). Four seals (Kenna i960, no. 201 a cushion, PLATE 55 h-j, perhaps a spacer-bead as Kenna the low of the two would says, though stringholes considerably elevate the seal on a position I CMS XII and both and Athens National Museum 6237 necklace; 107 97 cylinders; in section drill borings,like that forthe (Sakellarakis 1972, 240 241 pl. 90 eta-iota)) preserve rim IX across the CMS V or the and both face; stringhole, 190 185, cylinders,presentsimilar marksthoughmade by a gouging instrument. These cylinders ofcourse may be assumed to have been created fromcores produced by a large tubular drill,in which case the marksacross their faces may probably have been intended fromthe start to have formedpart of the completed design (Sakellarakis 1972, 241 about CMS I 246, and Porada in Xenaki-Sakellariou 1966, 39 40 n. 194). The tubular drill, however, may always have been used to create the preliminary shape ofall seals; theboringson therimofKenna 1960, no. 20 1 (plate 557) and across theface of AthensNational Museum 6237 suggestthattheseseals too were drilledaway fromtheirdie- the markson Kenna i960, no. 201 could be made unobtrusivealong the rim,but thoseon theface of Athens National Museum 6237 preclude the seal being finished. After the seal was removedfromitsdie, itsshape was first blocked out roughlyby the saw and then smoothed to approximately its final form (Younger 1979a, 262). Engraving the face may have been based on a cartoon like that on the reverseof CMS I 220 from sketchlike thaton a lentoidfromIsopata T. Vapheio (Sakellarakis 1972), on a preliminary a or on HM like 3 (Younger 1974), separate study 985 (Sakellarakis 1972, pl. 90 delta-zeta) where the carvingofthe shape had gone somehow awry. The engravingof the face occasionally was left incomplete (e.g. HM 607 (plate 55/- ) and CMS I 44 and V 599 both fromMycenae) or the design was altered (cf. CMS I 192 with a boar made froman intended bull attacked by a lion (Younger 1974, 3 . 11); and V 665 fromThebes intended to have had two bulls like those on I 240 fromVapheio); or abandoned and given to a different artistto rework(cf. CMS XIII but given 40, probably meant originallyto have had threecouchant bulls around the periphery, to an artistbelonging to the Cretan Popular Group to add the two lions). The boringof the stringhole was leftto the penultimatestage, simplybecause ifit were bored before the face was engraved the pressure of engraving might split the sealstone down the stringhole. Generally,however, the position of the stringholewas planned early; most lentoids have thestringhole verticalto the design when it is viewed upright,and most,ifnot all, lentoids have the stringholepassing throughthe shorterdiameter (Younger 1977, 153- 157).
286
In addition themarks ofa securing holeon thebottom tothese indications several sealsexhibit rim(Younger1979a,262: Ashmolean HM 607 (plate 55 g), CMS I 386 Museum 1938.1089, whenthestringhole and V 413, and Kenna i960, no. 246; add CMS IX 135,broken probably XIII motif leftunfinished). was finally bored the and 5D, being through securinghole, than cm but this shallow no more 0.2 broad, hole,usually occasionally fairly Presumably deep, allowedtheseal torest on a standwhiletheartist carvedtheface.The standmayhave stationary in shape the "steatite core" Ashmolean been of a trapezoidal wood (resembling piece ofsoft thesealfitting intoa cup Museum1938.1087,Younger1979a,pls.33f and g and 34a and b) with in fix it FIG. with a small into the seal's hole to 7.2) securing place (see equipped peg that the finished Not all seals had securingholes, even considering stringhole usually size of Kenna i960, no. 351 (diam. 3.3- 3.4) and its obliterated their traces.The mammoth - it has no stringhole and ofitsbeingworn sacredmotif may have precludedtheeventuality showsno signofa securing hole.CMS XIII 59 has itsunfinished stringhole begun,apparently hole. the top; thebottom showsno traceofa securing onlyfrom about be expectedto yieldinformation Sealstones now brokenalong thestringhole might a bored a have been it that were not through trial stringhole may boring suspected practices for the factor was the Tamvaki or that no. boring responsible 1974, 6) faulty stringhole piece(cf. its break. Our lentoid, however, demonstrates extraordinary unequivocally through maintimes, either end thedrillwas inserted usuallythree (plate 49 e) thatfrom transparency one end from each at a slightly moreacute angle (plate 497) witha fourth only,to boring of successive method This same and Gwinnett see Gorelick the 1978). (also complete stringhole V from like CMS broken sealstones can observed on the also be 489 AyiaIrini, drilling stringhole from one either sideand a fourth from three most Keos (LM Ib/LH II context); attempts display side only. and the is rarely results: thewholestringhole had twogeneral Thismethod straight perfectly ofthedrill,thanthecentre insertions thesuccessive is wider,through mouth ofthestringhole thefaceof causedthedrilltobreakthrough where theborings meet.Misjudgments occasionally in whose VII or CMS and and Betts nos. and 2 thesealstone 6, stringholes 55), 1979, (Younger LH T. 1 lib I 1 from CMS a form considerable from either end Mycenae 5 5, 43 angle(e.g. borings is that of the in CMS and elsewhere that is The measurement usually given context). stringhole where can be ofthedrill, The diameter at therim. mouth ofthestringhole determined, however, of oftheseal wherethetwoseries nearthecentre ofthestringhole from thediameter possible, on our used of the drill 1 cm for the diameter ca. . meet: for gem. Phylakopi instance, 75 borings to CMS V 500 from 2. This sealstone(plate 50 a d) bearsseveralsimilarities Ayia Irini, bovinesin thesame pose, Bothdepictelongated Keos (plate 56 a - b; LH - context). with smalldotsfor their jointsand hooves;themuzzles longstrokes bythin, legsrendered gracile curves to thetailsofboth nosesand eyes;thegraceful in appearance, with dotsfor tooarefragile since Irini is more seal theAyia In composition, strokes. are rendered successful, bymanyshort our seal while the from frond itsbovineappearsto grazeon thethree-leafed ground, springing on in a more A abovetheanimaltofill frond energetic pose the space. deerappears putsa similar All three context. same from the c pieceCMS V 499 (plate 56 d) Ayia Iriniseal's companion are by one Master (see below). veined somewhat all three for served ofstone The sametype translucent, seals,a white, lightly tothe the have also All three sealstones limestone perpendicularly pierced stringhole (seebelow). its V CMS stone's the chance of the minimize to 499 positions deer, breaking. veins, probably CMS V 500 and our is horizontal; thestringhole so thatwhenit is viewedupright however, vertical have both lentoid stringholes.
THE SEALSTONES
287
'
l J
Cat. No. 2. Scale 1:1 FIG.7.1 Reverseofsealstone,
About the reverse of lentoid2 (fig. 7.1). Several ideogramsare knownto be incisedor is theimpaledtriangle themostcommon the obverse ofsealstones; on (Gill 1966,nos. engraved a Linear 1- 24 and Kenna 1964,pp. 55 - 57), butthere areothers, (likeno. 125 e.g. ideogram circle on CMS I 2 17 Linear toornawitha superscribed on Kenna 1960,no. 342), and perhaps (Biegen1937,274; Kenna 1962,5 - 6; Gill 1966,11- 16; and Olivierand Vandenabeele1970, are seldomnoted;onlytwootherseals on thereverse incised 301-309). Similarmarks lightly thathave been published:CMS I 220 (Sakellarakis1972) carriesan have markedreverses on theobverse, and Zwierlein-Diehl ofthecomposition unfinished cartoon 1969,no. engraved a truncated ofLinear toppedwith whatlookslikea simplified version carries 2 1 nowinBerlin a lightly incisedhaftless doubleax ofour seal carries no. 125 CYPERUS. The reverse ideogram = a from which also on mould Linear Mycenae (Vermeule1966) 232?), ( ideogram appears Similar LinearA signno. 103 ( = Linear kff). detailedcup resembling and a rather ideograms, or the such marks couldalsohave be marks of identification for Vermeule artist; by may suggests, a bureaucratic, or technicalmeaningor theyalso could connoteownership. commercial, ofsealstones is needed morecareful examination ofthereverses Whatever theinterpretation, as to thefunction ofsuch signs. before therecan be any certainty since the breakhas to reconstruct 3. (plate 50. e- h) The pose of the animal is difficult thehead, but thereremains at the upperleft of the necka drillmarkthatmustbe removed considered. Severalsealstones up (e.g. CMS I 8 depictbullswhoseheads are carriedstraight thrust far that contorted from or whose heads are so back seem (cf.Levi 1926b, Mycenae), they no. 120 fromKato Zakro and CMS XII 236 (plate 56 e)). A betterparallel forthe pose, :a occurs on theagatelentoid CMS I Supp. 55 from PeratiT. 128 (LH IIIC: 1 context) however, runs its head cocked so the that the drilled muzzle right, beyond stag violently appearsjutting where thesimilar drillmark oftheneck, occurs on ourseal,cf.CMS IX 20D (plate front exactly thepose ofour animalcalls foritshead to be similarly 58 b). If,as seemslikely, cocked,there a filling be ampleroomabove thebackfor wouldthen rare(thePerati motif, perhaps something lentoid theodd lumpabove theback above) which mayaccountfor placesa calfordeerprotome animal. ofthe Phylakopi The style ofouranimalis distinctive: smooth with little internal articulation except modeling in for thepeakedchest the stone a in the thin and (produced by cut,v-shaped section) legs(twoof in softly which are rendered in twodots(thefirst smaller thanthesecond) curving lines)ending and a sharp, in stroke. There are a is few seals which ours theclosest pointed only style: approach the lentoid from Perati T. 128 mentioned above. the hooves differ again Though (probably becauseouranimalmaybe a bull) and though is no profile there lineon theneckofouranimal, thePeratistaghas thesame peakedchestand delicately curvedlegs;thePeratiseal, therefore, and oursfrom must be the same Master Phylakopi by (see below).
288
often A word about the material.Fluorite(CaF2) is a commonmineralforsealstones, muchsofter lustre.It is, however, mistaken forrockcrystal and glassbecause of itsvitreous and brittle; compare 7), dingy 4 on theMohsscale) thanrock (hardness yellow (hardness crystal is perpendicular. theveinsto whichthestringhole CMS I 300 offluorite whosebreakfollowed at Mt. Etna,and both invarious Fluorite aboutvolcanoes forms, e.g.zamboninite maybe found the mineral as such at Mt. Vesuvius and mayhavecome moylsite chloromanganokalite (perhaps in theAegean wherecalciumis mostanywhere from Melos itself), but could also come from plentiful. withthestone's in thestoneis caused by thecombination ofgroundmoisture The pitting inphotographs bothofthe is easily visible fluorine tocreatehydrofluoric acid (HF) . Thispitting fact to my Dr Pini this I. for am to seals and of the impressions havingbrought (I grateful of rock as fluorite and sealstones are of not, thus, crystal (Pini 1981, published, attention); many Betts'slistin CMS X 19 n. 16). A stylistically 63 n. 23 givesa listof corrections amplifying in the housedformerly the late Olous cemetery seals comesfrom coherent groupof fluorite in but now Heraklion. NeapolisMuseum, most in CMS I and V comefrom datablecontexts, Thosesealstones offluorite beingdatedto in theLate contexts from earlier come LH IIIC contexts. LH IIIB, a fewfrom however, Four, Sackett and Mansion HM from the Bronze 39 right; 1973,fig. (Popham 2505 Age: Unexplored LH IIIA:2 - B:i contexts. LM II context), and CMS V 277,278 and 737 from Thestone,then, at LH IIIA:2/B:i. If a IIIA destruction does not seem to have been in commonuse before 1 to No. the discussion in halting ofCretanrockcrystal theexport Knossosresulted above) (see thanbefore becauseofits was thenused morefrequently thenit is quiteplausiblethatfluorite to rockcrystal. resemblance are rare: CMS I 300 and V 630 carry sealstones On thesefluorite figured representations each in a simplebut not V and HM a CMS schematic bulls, 592 a bucranium 591 2505 lion, oftenlookinglike motifs linear rest fish. The V schematic and 620 schematic carry style, then to It seems much the same. are all such schematic fronds; place CMS VII 256, right designs and motifs of linear fluorite XII 147?,and probably Kenna i960, no. 361 intothis (Betts group MM to them dates in Kenna late them III, probably LH/LM IIIA); Younger1982,dating ofrock sealstones architectonic versions oftheso-called motifs becausetheir appeartobe simple of this stone be the to seems MM III. Our sealstone to which do date onlyexample crystal in a an animal style. masterly wrought carrying oftheseal has fewparallels:CMS V the size and dainty style 4. (plate 51 a d) The petite 600 (plate 56 g) from B:i IIIA:2 Nichoria Mycenae, context), (LH 441 (plate 56/) from I MenidiTholos from the and IIIB:2 theIdols (LH Housewith (LH IIIB context). 386 context), butitcertainly ofNo. 4 cannotbe completely thestyle surface Becauseoftheworn appreciated, for neat dots the and and tail,thethin horns notetheperky was oncefine; jointsand other legs, ours to thesame seal and the to attribute it is these Mycenae articulations; possible by aspects Master (see below). to Nos. 7 - 11 below. The back mayonce have been conical;see thediscussion is rare(see backlikean amygdaloid, witha faceted 51 e-j) The shape,elongated 5. (PLATE in theLM I - II period(see the is extremely Pini 1981 no. 14); themotif common, especially butthe seems theoverall toNo. 1 above). Stylistically, discussion early, appearanceoftheagrimi IIIA:i LM the of trait a Minoan circleforthe'bespectacled' centered period eye is probably to No. 6 (see thediscussion (e.g. amongtheKalyvia seals). This seal thencould be archaizing below).
THE SEALSTONES
289
6. (plate 52 a- g) The displayed eagle (alerion?) is an early motifand apparently - a hasty and talismanic.The engravingis very shallow and faint;the styleseems late rendition of the talismanic cut Artemis who has undertaken early perfunctory style. Onassoglou, a specialstudy oftalismanic writes with "The bird outstretched sealstones, wings (pers.comm.), is certainly a talismanic theme. As a motif, oureaglediffers from talismanic however, essentially seals in the formof its wings:here theyspread up and resemble an insect'swings.Other talismanic have their at the sides and stretched back." As a eagles wings (author'stranslation) to Ms HM cites the from Knossos possible 623 parallel ours, Onassoglou unique amygdaloid (Kenna 1969, 14, pl. 4.3). We may compareCMS X 192b. comefrom dated contexts, CMS I Rectangular platesealsare notcommon; onlytwoothers HM from Rutsi and T. from 269 (LH Ha) 169 Kalyvia 7 (LM IIIA:2; Savignoni1904,fig. 97). The Kalyviaseal,ofcornelian, resembles oursbothin size (L. 1.8,W. 1.35,Th. 0.6) and in the combination ofmoreor lesssecularand religious motifs: itsobverse showsa man grappling a the reverse carries the motif of a a deer. There the seems bull, too, style religious genius holding anachronistic and M. A. V. Gill (1964, 3) considers theKalyvia seal to have beencarvedby a later(LM ?) artist at leastfor a proto-palatial thereverse, But copying, (MM ?) design. Yule (1980, 138 motif dates the I MM to III. seal, mistakenly, believe, i7C:io) Two sealsfrom theApolloMaleatas Shrine at Epidauros(Catling1978,28,fig. the 49) carry samemotifs and insimilarly crudestyles as those on ourNo. 6. The lentoid(Catling1978,fig. 49 an agrimi carries likethaton theobverse ofNo. 6 and theplateseal (Catling, left) 49 right) fig. carries a displayed in These similarities eagle thatis a virtualtwinto thaton No. 6's reverse. motif and style, as wellas thefact thatall these sealswerefound insanctuaries, lead us tobelieve thatthey form a closegroup, one verging on theMainlandPopularGroup (see thediscussion to Nos. 7 - 11 below)butalso linked to theIslandSanctuaries The motif of the Group(see below). have been a displayedeagle, commonon the much earlierTalismanicseals, may therefore conscious like that Gill for the archaism, postulated by (1964,3) Kalyviarectangular plateseal HM 169.
'p'
FIG.7.2 Hypothetical wood blockto securelentoidsealstone duringengraving
290
five lentoids 7 - 11. (plate 52 - 54) The remaining belongtoa largegroupofsealswhichthe author has termed the Mainland present PopularGroup (Younger1973,439- 44 0 The chief characteristics ofthisGroupare thatalmostall thesealsare lentoids, carvedin dark(brownto and all bulls and horses, rendered schematically, black)steatite, carry mainly goats, occasionally or in with or withbranches scratched lines little no the usually simple modeling; fieldis filled trees. Of theapproximately this seals in this less than ten come from Crete; Group 150 style, to the therefore was probably manufactured on the Mainland,whenceitsmembers migrated islandswiththeir possessors. found The stoneis distinctive, thesoft(easilygougedby thefingernail) and darksoapstone in schists and and should be from the harder mainly Crete, distinguished slightly serpentines whichare commonthroughout forthe the Aegean; theselatterstoneswere used especially but earlier Cretan and similarly (LM I) Younger 1982). simple Popular Group (Betts as whichbelongto theMainland PopularGrouphave conoidreverses, Manyofthelentoids does our No. 7 (plate 52 k), whichare also common in glass (Pini 1981). Conoid forlentoids reverses are found on stonelentoids from contexts datedas earlyas LM IIIA:i (HM 2271from 1966,fig. earlier Archanes TholosA; Sakellarakis but alsoarefound on stylistically seals, 7), they likeCMS V 220 and 601. Glasssealscommonly whichmayhave beencast have conicalreverses thatwayin twopartmoulds(Pini 1981,74,pl. 13.4) orifcastin a one partmould,as theextant found on twopartmoulds) , glassmouldCMS XII 262implies (ithasnoneofthemortices usually thenthereverse would have had to have been shaped by hand as theglasshardened. the to anyonehandling The purposeoftheconicalor conoidreverse seemsclear,especially firm while the seal: thestraight or slightly curved sidesmakefor and greater steady impressing, a sturdier steatites and in glass.It seems thickness insures forthosein soft sealstone, especially that the conical back would make wearinguncomfortable, reasonableto assume,however, ifthe be chipped if for itcouldeasily the seal was on orinconvenient strung a necklace, especially A IV VII and Kenna CMS and few seals backwas very 106, 264 i960, 4?, (Phylakopi pointed. becausethey no. 246) appearto haveoncehad conicalbacksthatwerelatercutdown,possibly too sharpforcomfort. had been damaged or werethought in theMainlandPopularGroupis LB : 2: CMS for seals tones datebycontext The earliest from theProsymna T. three lentoids from cemetery (Biegen1937,figs. 586, 138 Mycenae 505; Zafer from one and and Papoura T.6 (Evans 1905b,24 - 25). The remaining 589, 590) possibly theGroupno internal contexts datedtoLH IIIB and C: 1. Within sealscomefrom development that it is verydifficult are so varied to determine the can be readily detected, renderings yet it thusmight be arguedthattheGroupwas producedin manyworkshops handsor workshops; that short and in a relatively sayLH IIIA:2 - : . Thisaccordswellwiththefact periodoftime, IIIB to C contexts like are those from late ofthese most ours, exceedingly sealstones, especially worn. theoften sealswereengraved, schematic which these and ease with The extreme ambiguously are these seals all which fact that tombs the and furnished, usually yield simply point style, hasty owners thattheir to theconclusion were,forthe mostpart,ofhumblemeans. 3. The Island Sanctuaries Group Nos. 2 - 4, arelinked and maybe said tobelongtoa ThreeofthePhylakopi lentoids, stylistically come from of which seals sanctuaries: similar of Mycenaean many Mycenae'sHouse largegroup at Epidauros, theTempleat Ayia Iriniin Keos, withtheIdols,theApolloMeleatasSanctuary the Artemisium deposit in Delos, and the Sanctuaryat Phylakopl.Since threeof these thatfrom the Island Sanctuaries. lie in the Islands,thegroupmay be termed sanctuaries
THESEALSTONES
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As mentionedabove, No. 2's closestrelativesare CMS V 499 (plate 56 c - d) and 500 (plate theTemple at Ayia Irini,Keos: all threedepict litheanimals withgracile legs,dots 56 a - b) from for the hooves, joints, eye, and muzzle. Also, the same type of stone, a white, somewhat translucent,lightly veined limestone, served for all three lentoids. In addition, the rim dimensionsforall threeseals are similar,though not exactly the same: 500 is the smallestwitha diameter of 1.7 x 1.8, 499 has a diameter of 1.8 x 1.9, and our lentoid is the largest with a diameterof 1.9 x 2.0 cm. Add to all thisthestrongprobabilitythatour lentoidand 500 were cut fromthe same stone; both have two stronglydemarcated veins although 499 lacks these. The presentauthor hypothesizedas earlyas 1973 that the two Ayia Irini lentoids,CMS V 500 and 499, are by one hand, and had aligned themwithseveral othersto forma group thencalled thatoftheElegant Twins fromKea (Younger 1973, 442); John Betts (1976) added more seals to the group, which was later reorganized under the new name of the Island Sanctuaries Group (Younger 1979b and 1981b). The Island Sanctuaries Master (Younger 1981b) A. Average Size Sealstones CMS I 26 (plate 57 a) and 175, both fromMycenae, and 41 1 from Amorgos; I Supp. 58 from Perati T. 118? (LH IIIB:2 - C: 1) ; V 22 1 (plate 57 e) fromtheApollo Maleatas Sanctuary at Epidauros (LH I II plus III), 499 (plate 56 c - d) and 500 (plate 56 - ), both fromthe Temple at Ayia Irini, Keos (LH - B); VII 250 and 251; IX 191 (plate 57 c), and 14D; X 136, 158, and 299; XIII 12 from Boeotia, 59 (plate 57 i) fromMycenae? (Younger 1976b, 255), 126 (PLATE56A),and3D;andPhylakopi2 (plate 500 - d) and 3 (PLATE 50* - A),both fromLH IIIC:i contexts. Associated sealings: CMS I 317, 323, 355 (plate 57 b), and 366, all fromPylos (LH IIIB:2-C). B. Small seals (CMS I 139, 0.8 .2 cm; the rest 1.2- 1.5 cm) CMS I 139 fromMycenae T. 513 (LH IIIBn), and 489 fromCrete; V 258 fromMidea (LH IIIB), and 600 (plate 56 g) from Mycenae, House with the Idols (LH IIIB:2); and Phylakopi 4 (plate 51 a - d' LH IIIC:i). The Rhodian HuntMaster (Younger 1979b) Anothermasteralso sharestheelegant and manneredstyleofthe Island Sanctuaries Master, but the compositionsare even bolder and oftenmore narrative,and the proportions, especially that oftheneck to the body, more attenuated. This masteris named after his finest piece, CMS V 656. His early work follows the general style of the Workshop closely, but his later products are nervousand eclecticas ifa rough technique and disjointedcompositionswere meant to be more eye-catching. A. Early work CMS I 171 (plate 577) fromMycenae, and 199 fromAsine; I Supp. 55 fromPerati T. 128 (LH IIIC:i); V 313 fromDelos, the ArtemisiumDeposit, 656 fromRhodes, Ialysos T. 21 (LH IIIC.i), and 664 (plate 58 a) fromThebes, Mgalo Kastelli T. 4; VIII 150; and IX 20D (plate 58 b); Zwierlein-Diehl 1969 no. 25 said to come fromAthens, now in Berlin. Associated sealings: CMS I 324 and 379, both fromPylos (LH IIIB:2 - C:i), and 165 fromMycenae, House of the Shields (LH IIIB:i); and HMs 255 joining another fromKnossos (Pini 1973 and private communication). sealing, both fragments Possible candidates fromKnossos: HM 259 (Gill 1965, no. C15) and 353/660.
292
B. Later work Rhodes? CMS VII 160 said to somefrom Calabria, and 175-177 from
Island Sanctuaries Close Group,
The Papoulia Master:CMS I Supp. 29 from T. 33 (LH IIIA:2 - B); V 311 from Prosymna Papoulia; and Kenna i960, no 24P. Miscellaneous seals: CMS I 23 and 30, bothfrom Menidi,and 484 from Mycenae,386 from Midea T. 2 (LH IIIA:2 (Popham etal. 1974,254) or Crete;I Supp. 21 (plate 58 b) from IIIBn (Furumark Crete;V 659 from Ialysos;and VII 184(plate 1972,64- 65); IV 264from 56 z), and 252.
Island Sanctuaries Related Group, Commentary
CMS VII, in from Amorgosplate 58 c).
are contexts theearliest Date. Apartfrom theKnossossealing(s?), theseals thatderivefrom CMS I 139 (LH IIIBn) and V 499 and 500 (LH - ) bytheIsland Sanctuaries Master,I 165 (LH IIIB: 1) a sealingassociatedwiththe Rhodian Hunt Master,and I Supp. 29 (LH IIIA:2 - B) by the Papoulia Masterand 21 (LH IIIA:2 or B:i) by an artistin the Island Sanctuaries Group. artists had alreadydevelopeda well These context datesimplythattheIsland Sanctuaries The thin further. can be raisedstill established legsand the style byIIIA:2- B:i, buttheir floruit in a schematic and cruderrendering are imitated by theMainland simpleand drymodelling dated no earlierthanLH IIIA:2. contexts Popularseals,whichcome from and Younger a groupnamedtheWickedEye Group (Betts stones form Severalsealsin soft almondeye.The animalsin thisgroupare placed in theuse ofa largeand narrow 1982) after curvedlegs;thepresence of withthinand often and contorted elegant poses,and are rendered traits thesestylistic impliesthattheWickedEye Group and the Island Sanctuaries probably thesealsin in a contemporary Amongst stylistic phenomenon. Groupwerebothparticipating T. 13 (LM IIIA:2 context) and XII 205 Armenoi this WickedEye Groupare CMS V 243 from iffound would be classedas Furumark on pottery, Cretethatdepictsan octopuswhich, from from Motif 2 1.14 (LH : ) . The largealmondeyesofthis groupcan also be seenon a krater Enkomi(Vermeuleand Karageorghis 1982,no. III. 23) dated ca. 1375- 1360 B.C. withthe Two oftheKnossossealings 255) associated (Gill 1965,no. C15 and Pini 1973/HMs Rhodian Hunt Masterdepict thin,slendergriffins accompaniedby what seem to be their a stagthat attacks oftwoadultand twobabygriffins On HM 255/Pini 1973a family offspring. on Phylakopi as on CMS I Supp. 55 and as restored head contorted runsright, 3. The lanky oftheir find on the and thelineartreatment oftheKnossosgriffins wings parallels proportions seals:CMS I 171 from Rhodian Hunt Master'sothergriffin Mycenaeand 324 a Pylossealing curveofone ofthe Knossosgriffins is and IX 200; and theexaggerated by a ring, impressed oftheKnossosstagproduced thepeakedchest on thePylossealing.In addition, bya duplicated is also foundon Phylakopi cut V-shapedin section 3 and CMS I Supp. 55. Rhodian Hunt Master can be generally and the Master While the Island Sanctuaries bodies articulated and smooth thin muzzletips, as preferring described bydotsfor eyes elegantly a erased dot for the also reveals This theKnossossealing and feet, large slightly stag'sshoulder. sealsbytheRhodianHuntMaster(CMS shoulder useofa dotted appearsalsoon onlytwoother V from on more on seals and Delos V 3 13 from 656 Ialysos)butoccurs commonly pronouncedly in trait common the Another is the in the SpectacleEye Group. SpectacleEye Group large sealsintheIslandSanctuaries ear (e.g.V 246,IX 130,XIII 61); a few outlined Groupadoptthis
THE SEALSTONES
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trait(e.g. I 41 1, V 313, X 136), but mosteitherreplace it with a singlelong stroke(e.g. I Supp. 58, V 221, IX 191) or else omit the ear entirely(e.g. V 499 and 500, and Phylakopi 2). The Spectacle Eye Group takes its name fromthe dotted eye encircledby a ringmade by the hollow drill (Younger 1973, 422 - 424, therecalled the Group of the Ring-Eyed Animals). The earliestcontexts forthegroup are LM : and since many ofthegroup's seals and thesealings have been excavated fromKnossos and the palace's surroundingwell-dated they impressed it is reasonable to date the group to ca. 141 - 1385 B.C. and to place its workshop cemeteries, there.The two traitscommon to the Spectacle Eye Group but occasionally used by the Island Sanctuaries artists,the dotted shoulder and the large outlined ear, indicate a relationship somewhat closer than previouslysupposed (Younger 1979b and 1981b); if the Spectacle Eye Group can be securelydated to 141 1385 B.C. then the Island Sanctuaries artistsprobably worked closer to ca. 1350 B.C. The presenceat Knossos ofcertainlyone sealing, and perhaps two others,impressedby a seal by the Rhodian Hunt Master, a member of the Island Sanctuaries Group which produced the last major seals in hard stones ca. 1350 B.C., raises once again the problem of stylistically the destruction ofKnossos thatfiredboth sealingsand tablets.Apart fromthesealingsjust dating cited fromKnossos, the latest sealings there seem to belong to the Spectacle Eye Group, ca. 1410- 1385 B.C., and would have, again not including HM 255/Pini 1973 and possible companion pieces, supported Popham's date of LM IIIA:i end for the final destructionof Knossos (Popham 1970a). Niemeier ( 1982 a and b) re-opened thequestion emphasizing,among RecentlyWolf-Dietrich othermatters,the similarities between the Pylos and Knossos tablets,the presence of LM 11IB much which of was that since the palace at Chania was burnt,and the likelypossibility pottery, in LM late and Knossos B, probablyfunctioning probably was also. The presenceofat least one Rhodian Hunt sealtypeand possiblyothersat Knossos supportsa date later than LM : end for bureaucratic activity and a fire destruction at Knossos and also offersa parallel phenomenonto the situationat Pylos whose sealingswere impressedby seals made much earlier than thedestruction and in no case belonged to a stylistic group later than the Island Sanctuaries and 116 n. Younger 1982, Group (Betts 30). Stones. The repertoryof stones used by the Sanctuaries Workshop at firstglance seems unremarkable;mostare the usual banded agates or pale chalcedonies, witha fewcorneliansand There are also singletons ofrockcrystal, and pinkquartz, and one or possibly fluorite, amethysts. two of lapis lazuli. Several agates, however,are unusual. CMS VII 111 fromAmorgos (plate 58 c), 175 and 251, and two seals not in the Island Sanctuaries Group CMS I 394 fromPerati and VII 95, are of densely banded agate with thin grey and black veins usually forming parallel chevrons along whose apices thestringhole is commonlyaligned. This peculiar colouringmay be the traitofthe agate or perhaps theresultofheating thestone.By theRhodian Hunt Master, CMS VII 177 and IX 20D, are ofanothergaudy agate withblueish inclusions;theytoo may have been carved from one die. Steatiteis the usual material forthe Mainland Popular Group, but our Workshopalso used it to engrave finergems: CMS V 528, Phylakopi 4, and Zwierlein-Diehl 1969, no. 25. Four lentoids,CMS V 499 and 500 (plate 56 a - d), Phylakopi 2 (plate 50 a - d) and CMS XIII 126 (plate 56 h' published as marble), are of limestone,a material not oftenidentified for sealstones.Its use, as well as that offluorite and rock crystal,however,seems particularlysuited to theWorkshop'sstyle;thediffusion oflightwithinthestoneadds greatersoftness to thealready mannered modelling of the animals engraved.
294
in PlaceofManufacture. The sealstones oftheIsland Sanctuaries mainly Groupweredeposited Thebesand several comefrom theIslands,theArgolid, and theeastcoastofAttica;twoor three oftheKadmeionseals seemattested Crete.The style at Pylos;a significant comefrom number the Island Sanctuaries from and farremoved however, style; (CMS V 672- 675) is uniform, oftheIsland muchoftheRhodian Hunt Master'ssealscomefrom Rhodes,but all theartists SanctuariesGroup owed much to the Spectacle Eye Group created at Knossos. It seems oftheIsland Sanctuaries to assigntheartists therefore, Groupto anyone location. impossible, - they travelled abouton setcircuits thatourartists We must consider therefore thelikelihood would thelimestones, oftheir wouldneedonlya smallkitoftools, and many materials, especially artists Thesemid-fourteenth ateliers. instant be ready at handwherever setup their century they a few in thepalacesas oncethey as muchsupport had, though apparently maynothaveenjoyed therefore The artists evenat Knossos. oftheir sealscametobe usedfor documents, might sealing for tothesanctuaries for their afield havebeenforced tolookfarther markets, travelling perhaps and otherbeads,perhapson could buy sealstones festal days,forexample,wherethefaithful who theadventurous and where for often suchnecklaces as theladiesinfresco dedicating, swing, toRhodes,couldacquireseals theAegean,often across with werenowmoving frequency greater and to substitute to be itinerant were thusforced to wear to theirnew homes;if the artists art. oftheir withthelongtradition forpatronage, theyeasilycould have lostcontact vending seals oftheIslandSanctuaries thewidedispersal for toaccount wouldgo far Suchan explanation artists thatthese thefact and for and neurotic with their compositions occasionally gaudystones ofseals in hard stone. werethelast creators 4. Sealstones from Mycenaean Sanctuaries about the Nos. 2 - 11, whichwerefound ofthetensealstones, FIG. 4.11 showsthedistribution All layon orjust aboveitsearliest at Phylakopl. oftheEast Shrine corner altarin thenorth-east Nos. 7 and 9 mayhave to thefindspots; discernible is little As can be seen,there floor. pattern strewn. seem all also. and 10 Nos. 8 been strung Otherwise, haphazardly together, perhaps LH III late from sealstones have Two otherLH 11IB excavatedshrines, however, yielded levels(Younger1977,142): theTempleat AyiaIriniin Keos (Caskey1971,384- 386) and the House withthe Idols at Mycenae (Tamvaki 1974). The Temple at Ayia Irini sharessome with a personalcommunication withPhylakopi's features Sanctuary.Combining interesting information. the article and his Professor 1971 produces following 1978) Caskey(10 February limeplaster, ofwhite a thick LH III phasetheTemple'sRoom 6 received In itsfirst flooring two WestShrines's thePhylakopi itsNW wallthatresemble constructions twoPi-shaped against the resembles wall that SW in front, and a benchalongtheTemple's and altar-benches niches was found SW bench the below bench.Aboveor on thefloor southern WestShrine's Temple's dated LH - in CMS V). At sometimein LH IIIC a collapse seal CMS V 500 (context a new benchagainstthe SW wall and another necessitated repairsto theTemple,including of the Pi-shapedfeatures (Caskey againstthe NE wall; thesenew benchesoverlayportions datedLH - CMSW seal found was NE bench 497 (context 8). Belowthenew 1962a,fig. ofa was found structure in CMS V) and in thenicheoftheNE Pi-shaped 498 withfragments "IIIC of and East in the that found to terracotta early, Shrine, probably pottery drain,similar deep bowls". LH IIIC withsome - in CMS) Room 3 (context The Temple'sseal CMS V 499 from and belowtheSW benchofRoom 6 mustbe fairly above thefloor and 500 from contemporary underthelaterNE bench Master.CMS V 497 from Sanctuaries our made were sinceboth by
THE SEALSTONES
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and 498 from the nichein the NE Pi-shapedstructure are stylistically even earlierthanour Master's ofa master work, 498 beingthename-piece (theKeos Lion Master)whowasa follower ofthe MycenaeVapheio Lion School (Bettsand Younger 1982). It is obviousthenthat: 1) at leastone seal from theTemple,498, was createdconsiderably earlier thanthedateofitscontext; sealsseems tohave beenfound where 2) noneofthese exactly itmust have beenoriginally withthepossible ofseal 500; and therefore dedicated, 3) exception theretention ofdedicatedsealstones somewhere within theTemplecomplex overa longperiod of timeis likely to have been religious policy. The Phylakopi a longtime sealstones after mayalso havebeenkeptsafein theSanctuary they werededicated.As shownabove, Phylakopisealstones Nos. 7 - 11 belong to the Mainland withour Nos. 2 - 4 belonging to PopularGroup (LH IIIA:2 - B) are therefore contemporary the Island Sanctuaries Group,and it is probablethatseals Nos. 5 and 6 are too. The whole as excavatedin theEast Shrine, is fairly in style, ca. then, chronologically homogeneous deposit 1350B.C. Sinceno sealwasfound in theWestShrine ina context with thatwhich contemporary in we mayimagine thatsealstones heldthesealsin theEast Shrine, either werealwaysdedicated the East Shrine,or, morelikely, since theywere foundas one deposit,that theyhad been in theWestShrinebut wereremoved dedicatedoriginally forstorageto the East. FromtheLH 11IB: 2 House withtheIdolsat Mycenaecomeother CMS V 595- 600, lentoids, all ofwhichare remarkable: scene(Younger1976a, 130,no. II. 10 and 597 witha bull-leaping thebeauty ofitsstoneand graceful mannered itsmaterial ofblueglass 135- 6), for style; 598 for itsunfinished bothitssmallsize (cf.our state;and 600 (plate 56 g)for (Pini 1981,no. 51); 599 for No. 4 bythesamehand) and itsmaterial, ifwe votives for a shrine, lapislazuli.All seemworthy seal to have been dedicatedby itsmaker. imaginetheunfinished Othersealstones wereprobably in the also dedicatedin sanctuaries. Severalhave beenfound MM - LM early shrine toZeus on Mt. Iouktas, hisbirthplace (Karetsou1974), in theDiktaian cave, the home of his early childhood (Kenna i960, nos. 351, 356, etc.), and under the Artemisium inDelos (CMS V 312- 314,including one,3 13, thatbelongs (as a treasury deposit?) to our Rhodian Hunt Group). It is obvious,therefore, that sealstones were considered fitex votos forLate Minoan and theLH 11IB periodwhenpresumably no artists were Mycenaeansanctuaries, especially during hardstone sealsand theearlier and finer had therefore becomevaluedmoreas creating products articles ofworth and ofcurious tools(Younger1977,142). Ifthis is beautythanas bureaucratic thecase, thenit is notsurprising to see themdedicatedin contemporary shrines as objectsof in much the same way as Mycenaean heirlooms were dedicated in much later sacrifice, likethePerachoraHeraeum,thesanctuary ofArtemis sanctuaries, Orthia,or thatat Sounion (Sakellarakis 1976). 5. The Ivory Ring CMS I 410 theLate Bronze from Melosonlyone,theivory CMS I Among Agesealspreviously reported ring It was excavatedin 1899from thefloor in 410 (PLATE 55 a - d) has a secure provenience. deposit room24. In theoriginal Phylakopi's publication (Phylakopi1904,21, 193,and 263^ this therecent workon thesiteit now can be ringis dated to CityIII early(LM II), but through established thatitsstratigraphie underearlyMegaronlevels, in theearlier result position, might date ofLM Ia/LH I. isadequately inCMS, further remarks ofa technical nature should Thoughthering published be added: thebezelis broken acrossthemiddleand thehoopinfour on places;and theincisions bothbezeland hoopare stained witha redpigment, an uncommon butnotunknown in feature thatbezel and hoop are ofone piece. ivory carving(Poursat1977,48). It also bearsrepeating
296
ofmaterial, The ringis unique in itscombination Ringsmade from shape and decoration. - Hall 191 withbezelssetin bronze and rings other thangold (orlead rings materials 2, figs. 43b are rarebut generally come from and 44 = HM 1789 and 143,respectively) earlycontexts. in theLate Bronze from thefifteenth for sealsisalso rareespecially Age:e.g.stylistically Ivory Palace and V T. from the CMS from Brauron and come 220 area; 19 308 Pylos possibly century Armenoi T. 56. CMS V 415 from comeCMS V 275 and 276 from from thefourteenth century ofLinear reading a crudeform an inscription thatcouldbe considered MedeonT. 239 carries unattested as far in on the either word otherwise or more seal, e-ko-ja ja-ko-e impression probably CMS VIII 157isan IslandGem (Boardman1963,146);and CMS I as thepresent author knows. 406 is notofivorybut ofglass (Pini 1981,no. 16). scenes:Hall 1912, fig. have circular bezelswithfigured other 44 (HM 143) Only three rings Archanes MM Sakellarakis end from LMI; 1967,pl. 137a (HM 1017) from Sphoungaras, or earlyfifteenth date to thesixteenth Tholos B, LM IIIA:i; and CMS VII 68. All probably B.C. centuries of cult objectsit The motif on the Phylakopi ringis also unique, but in its arrangement LB inNaxos,Kenna a from a IIIC burial V cushion seal CMS 608 resembles (PLATE 55 e), closely of HM Mallia The linearstyle from from and no. Knossos, 1049 (Long 1974fig.11). 380 i960 one face of an early cut stylethree-sided the ivoryringalso resembles amygdaloidprism Crete,now in Berlin. 1969 no. 12a) from (Zwierlein-Diehl 6. Other Late Bronze Age Sealstones from Melos as BronzeAge he identifies a listofsealsfrom Melos which Boardman(1963,97 - 99) publishes inBreslau{ibid. no. 6 and 98 nos. those indate;thepresent author hasnotbeenable toconsult 97 no. with or the one found 2, 11, 16, 17) 25). {ibid.99 'Dipylon' fragments theGeometric comefrom in Melos probably found MostoftheLate BronzeAge sealstones in and Dresden the seals 1 These would include tombs nearTrypiti Leningrad (Betts 971, 50). (Boardman1963,99,^8. 9 and 10),Brandt1968no. 91, Zazoff1970,187- 188,nos. 1 3 (41s Dmmler collection from the near theprehistoric stated tohavecomefrom cemetery Phylakopi) V 205- 7,and intheisland),CMS VII 60, 77,and 78,probably travelled extensively (Dmmler datableto thecloseofMM or to the sealsand therefore Boardman1963,98 no. 9, all talismanic of LM. beginning laterare CMS I Supp. 71,and VII 107,110and 155;Brandt1968,nos.39,63, 66 Stylistically and 70; Kenna i960,nos.305 and 45P; and twosealsinLondon(Boardman1963,98 nos.23 and 24). are from as Mycenaeanproducts Severalother sealshave been published Melos,but surely nos. and Zazoff no. Archaic(Pini 1975): Brandt1968no. 26, Zwierlein-Diehl 7 1970 1969 59, and 8. was theisland'sfineblack obsidian.Though thisvolcanic mostfamous export Phylakopi's becauseit tendsto flake for sealstones suitable it is notentirely makes tools, sharpcutting glass whenworked. CMS I Supp. 120, IV discoids in thesixexperimental can be easilyappreciated This flaking in Los Angeles) theMessara,VII 37 and 38, and VIII 39 (nowin theGans collection 166from Museum1968.927).CMS VII 37 and VIII 39 and 40 have bothfaces and 40 (nowAshmolean on the VII 38 has a cutcross motives: sealsalsocarry theother inaddition toflaking while flaked, - theobverse to thereverse a contorted toreceive and IV 166hasbeenreworked agrimi, reverse; 1 I 20. the obverse of a as did into transformed flaked haveone ofitsthree Supp. dolphin, gouges areuniformly and thesizesoffive rims aresmooth, areuniqueas a group;their Thesesixdiscoids
297 small (D. 1.3- 1.5 cm) only one, CMS VIII 40, is larger (D. 2.1 cm). Thus it seems fairly certain that they were all fashioned by one hand, CMS IV 166 and I Supp. 120 being later outfitted by a Minoan with more conventional and popular motifs(cf. Schiering 1968, 775). Discoids tend to occur late in the Middle Minoan period (thus Kenna i960, no. 160), and as theflakedpatternson the beads, thoughunique, mightbe compared to some ofthe more bizarre talismanicforms(e.g. CMS IV 189, 203, 217, etc.), a date of MM III can be assigned forthe six obsidian beads. The reworkedCMS I Supp. 120 and IV 166 thus were probably fashionedat Phylakopi in MM III and reworkedslightlylater in Crete. If theobsidian is Melian and not Cappadocian as Renfrew, Dixon and Cann (1966) suggestin the case ofcertainstone vases (Warren 1969, 135- 136), then it is conceivable that these beads may have been made at Phylakopl. Two of the flaked discoids, CMS VIII 39 and 40, were collected by R. M. Dawkins, who excavated at Phylakopi in 191 1, and theycould have been however,the technique forthe shaping acquired while he was on the island; more importantly, and theprimarydecoration ofthesesix beads is appropriate only to thismaterial,as iftheywere made by such an obsidian knapper as might have worked at Phylakopi and not by a master sealstone engraver otherwiseunpracticed in working the material. There are also severalobsidian talismanic (MM III - LM I) sealstones,CMS IV 195 and 207, both fromEast Crete,VIII 136, X 70, XII 197, and the reshaped lentoid XII 119, as well as the architecturalobsidian discoids CMS IV 157 fromthe Messara and Kenna i960 no. 160; these were all probably engraved by Minoan artistsin Crete workingwith importedobsidian, either Melian or Cappadocian. A white flinthas also been found on Melos; perhaps CMS VIII 143 was carved fromsuch material.Anotherseal, a cushion of'liparite' foundon Mochlos (Hughes and Warren 1963), was fashionedfromobsidian fromGiali as were several stone vases (Warren 1969, 135). If thisanalysis is correctit implies that Melian obsidian, not entirelysuitable forsealstones, was only occasionally used, even by those Minoans in Crete expert in the art. Further,if the obsidian beads were shaped at Phylakopi, as seems plausible, then theircrude shape and finish also imply that there was no real sealstone workshop at Phylakopi at the end of the Middle Minoan or the beginning of the Late Minoan periods. Acknowledgments I wish to expressmy gratitude to Professor Colin Renfrewforallowing me the opportunityto these in sealstones not in the field.Mr Antonis Zidhionakis of Knossos but also study only print tookgreatpleasure in bringingthemto light,especiallytherockcrystallentoid,our No. 1, which he tenderedwith the respectit rightly deserves. I am equally gratefulto Dr Lyvia Morgan for of the of our sealstones;to Drs Ingo Pini and Carl Albikerfortheirexcellent many photographs of the photographs comparative material; and to Miss JenniferMoody for her sensitive Mr Betts ofBristolUniversityimpresseshis expertmark on many aspects of this drawings. John - the of our collaboration. I am also study compiled workshopspublished here are the fruits indebted to the late Professor L. who J. Caskey kindlypermittedme to cite a letterfromhim about the findspotsof the Ayia Irini Temple seals.
THE SEALSTONES
VIII Chapter
and JohnF. Cherry by Colin Renfrew
The Finds
area have been theSanctuary from recovered The pottery, and sealstones terracotta figurines here. be described will recovered material in thepreceding The described remaining chapter. bone (unworked)and in Chapter II: pottery, The methodsof recovery were summarised labelled. each excavatedlayerwerecollectedin separatebags, appropriately obsidianfrom bone the unworked in and Dr Torrence The obsidianis described by Dr AppendixC, by the under classed find were in D. All of other Gamble Appendix 'Special category categories in the trench Find' (SF) and each assigneda numberunique to thesite.Each was recorded co-ordinates. dimensional and three context withdetailsofstratigraphie notebook supervisor's on theone of or a a bead to same the this scrap plaster procedures glass Although system applies well. to work found it was the a mortar on as stone an as other, hand, and object large the in described In thepresent for the account(as SpecialFind VI) , original Chapter figurines this in used the retained: it is numberhas been drawingsillustrating chapterand in the are ofcoursealso X. The distribution objectsthemselves original Chapter plotsaccompanying was in SF numbers. As mentioned with these marked routinely sieving employed ChapterII, dry these thesieve:for came from in theSanctuary area, and manyofthesmaller piecesthe objects is not three-dimensional context remains clear,butin generaltheprecise position stratigraphie recorded. but by context in thefirst instance notby stratigraphie are hereclassified The objectsfound ofthefinds weresetout in ChapterIV: in each case thestratigraphie The contexts material. of It shouldbe notedthatobjects setup in ChapterIII, isassigned. thedivisions phase,following in residual and are of the the establishment antedate Phase materials, general Sanctuary do notrelateto theuseoftheSanctuary. ofLate bronzeI date: they ObjectsofPhaseD usually of the area afterthe fromthe ruination were foundin the dbrisof stoneswhichformed not relate to the'collapsephase', do into disuse at the end of Phase went 3c. (They Sanctuary surface Phase S or and materials of Phase 2b.) These, materials)are not to be (unstratified in have beenfound closetotheir in some cases as a context, may they although primary regarded such as the saddle or loss. For some of of use large quernsof categories object, position original context. But for far from their these well not have moved original piecesmay groundstone, soil from the there are factors. The such as others, 1896- 9 tip paintedplaster, complicating and it is clear that ofourexcavation waslocatedin,and tothesouth-west, excavation area, very from the levels of the the of unstratified, fragments sanctuary superficial many paintedplaster on thesite,wherefrescoes from thoserooms, described were derived by Mackenzie,elsewhere found. beenourpolicy hereto list, without all theartefacts It has,nonetheless, recovered. exception, at this times lead to the of some trivial it does meanthat items, listing Although may superfluous willhave a veryclear picture workers ofprecisely what was found. future oflisting In themain,theorder herefollows thesequenceofmaterials usedin ChapterIV. The a of somewhat one. Material to the order structure ofthebuildings is, course, arbitrary relating underterracotta and coarse stone willbe found (drainchannels), plaster, (doorsockets; possible 299
300
decorative stone). The activitieswithinthe shrine,in addition to the use ofobsidian (Appendix C) and the bone debris (Appendix D) are indicated by possible smeltingslag (under metal), by bone tools and by the querns, grindersand other tools listed under coarse stone. Many of the discussed at the and thispoint is further objects no doubt served a votive or symbolicfunction, end of the chapter. In many cases the classification by material of manufacture has been subdivided into categories.Within thesecategoriesfindsare normallylistedforconvenience in the orderoftheir SF numbers. Except forthe category 'coarse stone', objects of phase D ('dbris') and phase S ('unstratified')are listed at the end of the section in question since theirstratigraphieposition within the Sanctuary is not assured. i. The Scarab (fig. 8.i; plate 58 e) SF 766 NLe space c layer 46 Phase a/c Scarab, complete, of faience (or glazed composition) and blue-green in colour. L. 1.4; W. 0.9; Th. 0.5 Measurements: Dr T. G. H.James, Keeper ofthe Department ofEgyptian Antiquitiesat theBritishMuseum has kindly written the following note, based upon his examination of the drawings and photographs of the scarab: Scarab (SF j66) Note on thePhylakopi by T. G. H. James The legend on the base of thisscarab may be transcribedin conventional Egyptian hieroglyphs as ^3 ; it is made up ofthreesigns,two ofwhich are repeated. The arrangementis symmetrical around a centralsign which should probably be taken as A-fl, an arm holding a conical loaf of bread which in the regular hieroglyphicscripthas the phonetic value di or rdi.The possibility ofthesign D] has not seriouslybeen considered. It is flankedby the thatit is an elongated form and ^37 , the former being a ripple of water with the phonetic value w,the latter a signs has no translatablemeaning. The ^37 , which basket which is phoneticallynb.The inscription in can have a number of different Egyptian, including 'all' and 'lord', is also meanings in the semi-circularends of scarab legends. It is also sometimes commonlyused as a filler-sign -=> confusedwith the sign, the mouth, phonetically r, by scarab carvers who clearly do not understand what they are cutting. It may also be suggested that the .&- 0 here representsa of - 0 , the simple arm sign which has a semi-vocalic value sometimes misinterpretation as the vowel a. The suggestion, therefore,is that the legend on this scarab reproduced on scarabs ofthe Hyksos ofthegroup ^^ , whichoccurs frequently incorporatesa garbled form outside found those on Period (ca. 1700- 1567 BC), particularly Egypt. (For some examples see the from anra called often This Rowe 1936, pl. VI.) phonetic values of the threesigns group, fanciful to been <=> in the has and r_n[a), although it interpretation, subject past (r), (), for without used of collocation a be to taken is now generally understanding, signs meaningless or an authentic of the to Egyptian inscription, appearance simpledecorative purposes, produce see the on statement a sensible carve. and to were the flwra-group, because (For copy signs Hornung and Staehelin, 1976, 51 .) Lying dimlybehind thelegend on thisscarab, may therefore
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was withoutmeaningin strictly of what in itself be the groupZ^ - a misinterpretation that there seems tobe little It should be where terms. said,however, understanding hieroglyphic intention. it is probablypointless to infer sensible ofwhatis written, any On thescarabswiththeanralegendfrom theHyksosPeriod,thesignsare usuallyarranged On scarabsoflaterperiods similar a decorative within somedecorative border. carrying legends no. a scarab from Tell datedin the Rowe border not occur 613, 1936,pl. XVI, el-Ajjul may (e.g. . From this of view scarab shouldbe the to the Dynasty) point Eighteenth Phylakopi publication a laterdate.The profile is offurther details confirms laterthantheHyksos Period.Consideration no clue. The details of the on the and offers and back, markings summary unspecific, particular thetwonotches at leastin one particular, to be found on thewing are morehelpful, however, oftheEighteenth themiddle scarabsbefore on Egyptian arenotfound cases 'D . Thesenotches about a to be It is not terminus a useful and offer easy precise quern. post BC), (ca. 1475 Dynasty much later of the scarab neatness and the size lower nothing suggest limit, proportional although than the mid-Nineteenth perhapsbe further Dynasty(ca. 1225 BC). This lowerlimitmight The garbled thatthepiecewas madeoutside oftheprobability in consideration reduced Egypt. of ischaracteristic and uttery nature ofthelegend, done,butsubtly meaningless, wrong carefully is also or more The material scarabs. composition) glazed precisely (faience, foreign-made and indeedin theEasternMediterranean ofmostscarabsmade in Syriaand Palestine, typical in design and conservatism A certain times. in conventionality generally, post-Hyksos themunreliable characterise scarabs,rendering datingexceptin verybroad objectsfor foreign be ruled out. With many above cannot therefore A date later than that suggested terms. to thelimits scarabmaybe placedwithin thePhylakopi 1475- 1150BC, probably reservations, thelast hundred yearsofthatperiod.
1
FIG.8.1 The scarab (SF 766). Scale 3:2
302 2. The Metal Objects
THE HEAD IN SHEET GOLD (fig. 8.2, plate 59) SF 192 Layer OLc 26 Phase 3c thenoseinrelief The eyesareindicated inrepouss. insheet Humanfaceorface-mask byopenapertures, gold,worked thesheetbeingbentback to The area ofthefaceis indicated and themouth shownbyindentation. byhammering, at theface fine isvery oftheears.The work indications lessprominent indicate thesidesand thetopofthehead,with is lessfinely shownin detail),butbeyondthisthesurface and at theears (whichare not,however, and theforehead as iftobe wrappedroundsomesupport: continues fold sideofthefacethesheet On theright finished and lesssmooth. back.The edgesofthemetal thecase,butthemetalis hereflattened on theleft sidethesameis apparently byfolding trimmed. or has neverbeen carefully arejagged, as thoughthissheetis incomplete, is unfolded; widthifbentand flattened 4.3. Measurements: piece on left Height2.8; width3.0; approximate East the of last use the Shrine, during from phase Thishead wasone oftheobjects Context: L, representing Assemblage or withany signofa body. or othermaterial, ofwood or terracotta, 3c. It was notfoundwithany support
obvioususein theAegeanofsheet The most this for goldto Directcomparisons pieceare few. masks famous five the offered by depictthehumanface,albeiton a verymuchlargerscale,is from five The B. Circle from in GraveCircleA at Mycenaeand by theexample electrum from at and are of and ShaftGravesIV and V (Karo 1933,328, nos. 253, 254, 259, 623 gold 624) resembles Gamma Grave from mask and theelectrum size(i.e. ca. 20 to30 cminheight), natural themin mostrespects (Mylonas1973,76 and pl. 61a; see Biegen1962 and Biesantz1958). In withtwo ofthesmallPhylakopi similar, although piece is remarkably generaltheimpression in the cut In thefirst goldsheet: ofdistinction. by apertures place theeyesare indicated points closed lids the with them of in most in all theMycenaepieces, shown clearly theeyesare clearly nos. in shown. oftheeyeand theeyelashes 259and themiddle across and meeting Only Mycenae and of theindication eyelids Secondly an 'eyesopen' impression, eyelashes. lacking 623 is there have pierced roundtheedgetogivea regular are trimmed theMycenaemasks shape,and most theirpositioning, to facilitate to allow the passage of a string holesat the edge, presumably mask small The deceased. the on thefaceof have suggested Phylakopi as someauthors perhaps is The obvious trimmed. metalat thesidesand islessregularly explanation hasmuchmoresheet most the mask: the to used back behindsomesolidupright display thatthismetalwas folded of but conceivably or wood of terracotta, a small is statuette, perhaps plausiblesuggestion bronze. usedin muchthis metalwas sometimes sheet way tonotethatprecious relevant It iscertainly twoofthem God' of those 'Smiting form, in theNear East to adornbronzefigurines, including One of these,SF 1802,may well have had a sheetmetal foundin the Phylakopi sanctuary of thiskindon thehelmet, embellishment perhapsofsilver(see below). One veryhandsome ofRas theport at Minetel-Beida, sheet in covered thehead and helmet gold,wasfound example, much face there the of treatment the and Shamra (Schaeffer 1939,pl. 25; Negbi 1976,pl. 22) in was kind this of decoration Sheet head. already employed ofthePhylakopi that resembles gold from distance The Hirmer and topof 1962,pl. VIII). theAnatolian earlybronzeage (Akurgal the than rather seems mask the corresponding larger browto thechinof 1.6 cm on Phylakopi foundon thesite,perhapsabout 16 cm high. of the twosmiting measurement figures around ofheight humanfigure, toa standing thatthemaskwas attached Whileitseems likely with wooden a of The bronze. of was this that effigy assumed possibility 16 cm,itshouldnotbe sheet of no excluded. be not gold should in gold, Although Mycenaeanfigures thefacesheathed the from attested is well in bronze such of existence geometric the figures haveyetbeenrecorded, in Crete(Marinatos1936,pl. 3 1; Boardman196 1, 137) when bytheDrerosfinds notably period, in is nothing unlikely inherently sheetgold was so employed (Lebessi 1975,pi 25b) and there also. in the with embellished Mycenaeanperiod woodenfigures, gold,
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FIG.8.2 Gold head (SF 192). Scale 3:2
few casesoftheuseofsheet The Aegeanbronze manner, goldin this age furnishes comparable morecommon, for in flat sheets are much none so far human small and form, although appliqu A nonetheless rather at Delos. less fine but instance thesmallducksfrom theArtemision deposit head (butofmuchearlier similar date), comes piece,and ofcomparablesize to thePhylakopi It an VI at Mochlos VI. from Tomb 28). represents animal,and the (Seager 1912, 55 and fig. 25: that it was 'probablymeant to cover a lion's hea i of wood or porcelain'. authorsuggests head come from the tombsat Repoussgold lionsof about the same date as the Phylakopi in Naxos a sheet from Kamini on and child (Kardara 1977, pl. 5) gold Aplomata i960, pl. 273, b). (Zapheiropoulos IN SMITINGPOSE THE MALEFIGURINES The two bronzefigurines from the Sanctuaryare of exceptional interest. They are at once as to the class of since the findsby recognisable belonging representations recognised, Schliemannat Tirynsand by Tsountas at Mycenae, as of Near Eastern inspiration and identified as the Reshef. the form is well attested several Syriandeity frequently Although by in theAegean,at leasttwofrom finds contexts have levels,no precise undoubtedly prehistoric hitherto been available,so thatthe two Phylakopi are of in examples greatimportance this respect.
304
ii 01 li'
of bronze(SF 518). Scale 1:1 FIG.8.3 Male figure SF 518 OLd layer63 Phase 2b (FIG.8.3, PLATE 67 and 68) armnearthebodyto the a club,theleft raisedand carrying hand and arm foot left advanced,right Standing figure, Much corroded. forward. and hand extended elbow,theforearm bothwith at thetop,contrasting notpointed butrounded conicalform ofroughly On thehead isa tallcap orhelmet conicalform ofUpper Egypt'form crown theNear Eastern'white (e.g. Negbi 1976,pl. 22) and withthenarrowing in'somewhat and the, thenoselargeand prominent, eyesareshown (e.g.Negbi1976,pl. 15,478). The faceisrounded, Thereis no beard.The ears indicated. islightly and themouth are shown The eyebrows relief. bymodelling, bulging The figure ofbreasts. is no indication there modelled: is notstrongly The torso are largeand standout prominently. in trunks orswimming briefs modern arenotclear:itresembles details whose inrelief, shown wearsa kindofloincloth, a which from is foot left surface a horizontal to both feet the broken), are (the The corroded form. thick, joined legs downwards. double castingtangprotrudes Thereisa separately-made itmaynothaveheldanything. bangleround handisnotnowclearinitsdetails; The left a club. It brandishes the show to modelled is thearm forearm: theright biceps. and in the seenin thegeneral effect, indeedclumsy, ifofrather lumpish The overallimpression modelling, heavy, and ears. indicated rather nose,eyes crudely ofclub 2.7. helmetto feet10.2; preserved from length Measurements: tang) 12.5; height Height(including levels in well-stratified was foundto theeast ofthe East Shrine, assignedto phase 2b. The figurine Context:
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FIG.8.4 Male figure of bronze(SF 1802). Scale 1:1 SF 1802 NLb layer409 Phase D (FIG.8.4, PLATE 69 and 70) a spear.The left armisvertical arm at elbowas ifthrowing is left foot advanced,right raised, bending Standing figure, held forward. down to theelbow withtheforearm in theform likeso manysuchfigures, ofthe conicaland thenwidening, On thehead is themuchcorroded helmet, in comparison is extremely corroded to therest ofthe 'white crownofUpper Egypt'(Collon 1972,111). This crown thesuggestion thatthis differential corrosion toMr P. Kalligasfor and we areindebted maygivean indication figure, in this insheetmetal, likeseveral Near Eastern case perhaps wasoriginally silver. The eyesare thatthehelmet pieces, which cat-like indicated givethefacea slightly appearance.Theywereinlaid:onlya traceofgoldcan bysmallsockets, a pieceofgoldwire, on theleft about 1.3 mmlongand 0.5 be seenunderthecorrosion eye,buttheright eyecontains and there is a neat,beardless chin.The torso The upperand lowerlipsare welldelineated, is slender mmthick. and theright in a careful thantheleft thepectoral ofthe'smiting' muscles, well-modelled, higher showing representation butseems tohaveextended from isnotclearly thewaisttojustabove theknees. kilt The differentiated, pose.The tight withthetoesclearly wellmodelled, shown.Beloweach is a castingtang:thetwotangs thefeet legsare slender, join ofthrowing armisheldup,bentat theelbow,in thegesture a spear,which isnotpreserved lower down.The right . The ofanything at theelbow withno indication held in the hand. arm is bentforward left
36
but somefinedetails. The overallimpression is ofa slimfigure, withlittlerelief modelling stylishly portrayed, Measurements', from helmetto foot12.1. height(including castingtang) 13.4; height and Context: in thestone Wall 66 1. Therewereno associated The figure wasfound debris finds, immediately overlying here area. Therewasno evidence thecontext issimply thegeneral oneoftheabandonment and decayofthesanctuary with can be assigned a closedone,thefind oflaterdisturbance, is notstrictly and although thestratigraphie context someconfidence to the abandonment theend ofphase 3c. of thearea after
in the found form ofsimilar Thesefinds within thecontext ofthebronzes must be considered have been considered and East. The the Near Canby recently by Aegean Aegean examples from theNear East byCollon (1972) and (1969; see also Mller1929;Bouzek1972),and those which from contexts The finds are may be dividedintofourclasses: Negbi (1976). Aegean 1 A. Fromdefinite contexts: (nos. (no. 2); Phylakopi below); Tiryns Mycenae(no. prehistoric and 3 4). finds occur:Patsos(no. 5) ; Delos (no. B. Fromcontexts and geometric where bothprehistoric Thermon Lindos (no. 8). 6); (no. 7); C. Fromunrecorded contexts: Nezero (no. 9); 'Attica' (no. 10). in theabsence a geometric or archaicdate maybe inferred D. Fromcontexts where (usually 1 1 Sounion and Samos ofaccompanying (no. 13); Delphi; 12); (nos. material): prehistoric and other sites. Olympia in theAegean, occurrences orpresumed It isappropriate nowtolistall theknown prehistoric list of the Phylakopipieces. The following withbriefcomments relevantto the assessment for in classesA and above,butdoes notsetout to be comprehensive all those includes known classesC and D.
Bouzek 1972,no. 1; Negbi 1976,no. 1. Mycenae.Height18.3. (Tountas 1891,pl. 2,4; Mller 1928,3, fig.2, left; 1408; Collon 1972, 124,no. 11.) 2. Tiryns. 1886,166fig. 97; Canby 1969,pl. 38; Bouzek1972,no. 2; Negbi 1976,no. 1407; Height7.0 (Schliemann one running with 'Egyptian'helmet.Kilt indicatedby incisions, Collon 1972, no. 12). A stocky figure, ofthecloth.Verylargeears.Considered at thefront toshowthefold byCanby (1969, 143) to be a diagonally Hittite import. club and heavystyle, 2 and pl. 4a). See above. Ratherthick SF 518. Height10.2. (Renfrew 1978a,fig. 3. Phylakopi in relief, Facial features helmet. Rounded-conical forearm. inright largeears.Loin hand,with bangleon right clothindicatedin relief, bathingbriefs. resembling arm SF 1802. right style, upraised 3 and pl. 4b). See above. Slender (Renfrew 1978a,fig. 13.4. Height 4. Phylakopi bentat elbowas though Eyeswithgold inlay.Kilt notclearyindicated. throwing spear.'Egyptian'helmet. 5. Patsos.Height15.3. (Boardman1961,pl. 25; Bouzek1972,no. 8; Negbi 1976,no. 1406;Collon 1972,124,no. 3). armis held out,almosthorizontal, devolved'Egyptian'crown.The right armmissing, Righthand and left the Considered is rather thebody.The modelling by Boardman(1961, 76) to be 'from spindly. away from area.' Syro-Palestinian and Trheux1948,pl. 39; Bouzek1972,no. 6; Negbi 1976,no. 6. Delos,Artemision. Height11. (Galletde Santerre Devolved'Egyptian'helmet. no. Collon Large Verythinand spindly. 1972,124, 4). Rightleg missing. 1411; in theright a boomerang A curvedclub resembling hand,and ears.Facial features by incision. emphasised from The roundshieldis seenin geometric smallroundshieldin theleft. Delphi periodexamples exceedingly ofskirt. (e.g. Rolley iq6q, pl. 7, 20). No indication Aitolia.Height22. (Romaios 1915,271,fig.19;Bouzek1972,no. 7; Collon 1972,124,no. 10). Rather 7. Thermon, thenosein striking roundedat thetop. Prominent withconicalhelmet relief, crudefigure big eyesin relief, at the heldforward the from horizontal arm is The left hand. isheldin theupraised shoulder, ears.A ring right as thefigure Romaios( 191 a waistband. with at theneck.He wearsa kilt elbow.Thereisa torque 5, 272) classes like the considered to be is the and indicated not are male, breasts the but representation female, strongly in thislist. others 1931, 395-8 and pl. 64, 1572;Bouzek 1972,no. 5; Collon 1972, 124,no. 1). 8. Lindos.Height21. (Blinkenberg with ears.Skirt incised with crown. diagonalfoldat front, eyesand prominent Verywellmodelled, 'Egyptian' surmounted piece'. by Canby (1969, 147) to be a 'good Hittite by waistband, considered
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Nezero,Thessaly.Silver.Height7.8. (Boardman1961,pl. 25; Canby 1969,pl. 39; Bouzek 1972, 9. Said to be from and large clearfacialfeatures with wellmodelled, no. 4; Collon 1972,124,no. 9) . Crowndamaged.Extremely Boardman fold. skirt with Well modelled ears.Rightarmand left forearm (1961, 77) says: diagonal missing. it is viewedby Canby (1969, 143) as Hittite. 'There can be no doubt ofitsNear Easternprovenience'; froma possibleMycenaeansanctuary. 10. Said to be from associatedwithfinds Height 10.7. Attica,reputedly not Skirt conicalform. ofrounded Crownseems (Mller1928,3 11, fig. 3; Bouzek1972,no. 3) . Much corroded. it an imported clear but thereare indications ofa belt. Mller (1928, 311) considered piece. n. Samos,Heraion,no. 1212. Height28.1. (Jantzen 'Egyptian'crown wearing 1972,12 and pl. 11). Largefigure, The very waistband. withdiagonalfoldand narrow shownpartly withprominent Skirt by incision, flanges. isclassedbyhim The context as Egyptian. attribution ofthis Jantzen's modelling accomplished piececonfirms as seventh BC. century 12. Samos, Heraion,no. 1285. Height30 cm. (Jantzen1972,66 and pl. 64). Devolved 'Egyptian'crown(with with skirt Well-modelled in relief. at thebackbelowtheneck.Beardindicated indications ofhorns), extending withprominent vertical foldand raisedwaistband. features, eyes,theearsnotexaggerated. Clearlymodelled BC. to theseventh century Jantzenclassesthisas Syrian,and dates itscontext The helmet with and crudefigurine heavylimbs. stocky 13. Sounion.Height6.5. (Hanfman1962,pl. 85) . Verythick, this The twolegsarevertical: arevisible. facialfeatures No other thick. theearsvery isofrounded conicalform, from A loop protrudes fold orwaistband. no separate inlowrelief with The kilt isshown isnota striding figure. BC. isoftheseventh madein Syria'.The context theback.Hanfman(1962,237) concludes century 'probably ofbronzes, series 14. Delphi.Severalexamples. (Rolley1969,nos.2, 3, 10,11,14,17,18,20,28,28 etc.).Thissplendid oftheartofbronze thedevelopment illustrates to theeighth attributed century, byRolley,mainly published withfeet are stationary, figures castingon the mainlandduringthe earlyiron age. Many of the smiting in thetraditional others cap. Mostare pose.Many weara rounded-conical (e.g. no. 22) are striding together: is a beltat thewaist Oftenthere sometimes shown, naked,withthegenitals (e.g. no. 19) emphasised. clearly strands. shownwithseveralseparate,horizontal to theeighth have beenfound, assigned 1955,pl. 7). Variousfigures 15. Olympia.Severalexamples(e.g. Willemsen with crestedhelmet Prominent and seventhcenturies. (withfeettogether) among themis the figurine ofthe is in thestyle The workmanship half oftheseventh century. (Demargne1964,pl. 407), datedto thefirst In manycases at of theNear Easternforerunners. archaicperiod,and owes littleto thedirectinspiration is naked,witha wide thefigure butoften Helmets are still are together. as at Delphi,thefeet worn, Olympia, lines. beltat thewaistindicatedby parallelhorizontal
of consideration is concentrated in thisseries Whileour interest period, upon theprehistoric ofissues. ofa number clarification and archaicperiods thelaterpiecesofthegeometric permits local and between indistinguishing is no difficulty centuries and eighth In theseventh BC, there the Heraion from the two finds in is and (nos. 11 regarding right clearly pieces, Jantzen imported about the same is of If Lindos the and Syrian and 12) as Egyptian date, 8) (no. piece respectively. than ultimate it too is certainlyimported.Here, indeed, chronologyis more difficult BC. Butthe and Canby (1969, 147) wouldsetthispiecein thesecondmillennium provenience, than are more rounded and the treatment surface detailed full, accomplished modelling very Near Eastern eventhemostsophisticated (e.g. Negbi 1976,pl. piecesofthesecondmillennium 18 and 22). in the eighth and seventhcenturiesBC are relevanttoo for our The developments for those their of piecesin Crete(Naumann 1976)which especially predecessors, understanding aregrounds for that there or'subminoan', classedas 'intermediate' areoften although suspecting in 'archaic'style thefinds from sites someofthem maygo back to thelatebronzeage. Certainly theearlier'darkages'. Smith withpiecesfrom suchas Delphi or Olympiacannotbe confused in art derives from Greek these Zeus of the the how has shown Striding prototypes figure (1962) and so perhaps forerunners. theearlyNear Eastern from and ultimately However,thesimpler fromthoseof Aghia earlierfindsfromDelphi (Rolley 1969) are not readilydistinguished ofsomeofthelatter it TriadhaortheDictaeanCave in Crete.The possible interpretation pieces, in thePhylakopi willbe arguedin ChapterX, has been changedsignificantly by thediscovery
38
in a Late Helladic IIIC context.These nude male of male terracotta sanctuary figurines and Cretanbronzes, terracottas offer a number withsomeoftheintermediate' ofsimilarities back traced be now in can consequence in themodelling someelements ofthenudemalefigures to thelate bronzeage. thecase (on thebasisoftheDelphi it is generally As faras thestriding are concerned, figures datehavea very and Olympiafinds) thatthose ofeighth appearance.Theyhave spindly century waistband),and oftenwear a verylong legs, are usuallynaked (exceptforthe composite rounded-conical cap (not the 'Egyptian'crown).The chestis flat.In some cases theworkis is movement The striding accentuated. are notinfrequently crude,and thegenitals extremely ungainly. date whicha geometric morepiecesinourlistfor In thelight there are three ofthese features, that noted be and itshould ofthese isno. 7,from The first at leastbe considered. Thermon, might are which probably thesamesite(butnottheidentical bronzes from there aretwoother context) are manypiecesof so undoubtedly ofgeometric date.Butwhilethis ungainly, pieceis certainly The for from theNear East,and itsdate couldbe a matter thesecondmillennium controversy. as bronze as well a depositwhichcontainsgeometric Delos bronze (no. 6) comesfrom age a late date,and theroundshieldis nota usual material. Its spindly suggest appearancemight the of thefaceperhapssupports treatment but the careful feature of thesecondmillennium, and Trheuxto theMycenaeanperiod.The third attribution disputable byGalletde Santerre itclose sets at first which form rather thePatsoscave,hasa slender, sight spindly piece,no. 5 from defined kiltand theclearly But thewell-indicated to someofitsCretancounterparts. (but not as Boardman and thisis probably, features perhapsargueagainsta laterdating, exaggerated) a Levantinepiece. suggests, as theAegeanclearsthedecks, laterpiecesfrom ofthepossibly discussion Thisrather lengthy that In thefirst themselves. bronzes an appraisaloftheprehistoric itwere, for place we can assert ofthe Minoan palace periods.The Minoan in commonwiththebronzework theyhave little in lead from thefigure bronzes 1923,fig.250)) (Bossert Kampos in thePloponnse (including musculature limbsand energetic modelled classwiththeir fallintoa well-defined (e.g. strongly withpiecesmade in Crete Zervos1956,nos.458, 455, 496, 752 etc.). They contrast markedly ofthepalaces (e.g.Boardman1961,pl. 1,3; Naumann1976,pl. 1), eventhough thedemise after Minoan poses. to employsomeof theold and characteristic thesecontinue dateisnotinquestion malewhoseprehistoric ofthesmiting Our four (nos. 1 Aegeanexamples oftheLate MinoanI period. with thebronzes incommon to4) havenothing Theyhavelikewise ofLate Minoan III Creteand thesuceeding to relatethemto themetalwork fewfeatures very that despitethe sophistication of moreover, circumstance, period there.It is a remarkable of weapons,thereare no in otherfields, notablyin the production Mycenaeanbronzework couldbe compared. these which with themainland from humanfigures above,the (As indicated of the second Minoan metalwork with the from lead figure palace Kampos clearlybelongs period.) form and schematic with rather The piecefrom (although good simple Mycenaeisofslender, finds from a with number ofNear finds and ofthefacialfeatures) treatment readily parallels withthelack and Ras Shamra.The closecorrespondence, Eastern together sites, Byblos notably that it is an clear makes in the of anything important piece. Similar Aegean, comparable to note that It is bronze. the observations interesting Canby (1969, 143) Tiryns apply to on accountmainly thanLevantine rather ofits tobe ofHittite thelatter manufacture, considers from the one Lindos to as well as the same the and applies piece (no. 8) argument form, stocky Her are not in to Nezero from arguments Thessaly(no. 9). sufficiently specific examplein silver
THE FINDS
309
form listed Anatolian norwereenough be persuasive, byherorbyNegbi ( 1976,35) piecesin this one. a convincing 'Anatolian'and 'Syrian'or 'Phoenician' tomakethedistinction between styles the to But therecan be no doubt thattheTirynspiece is an import Aegean. In are several SF 1802,there In thecase oftheslender from good parallels. Phylakopi, figure status is notat homein theAegeanand itsimported slender thefirst style graceful, place thevery - emphasised thatthecrown is clear bythedetailofthegoldinlayoftheeyesand thelikelihood the Syrofrom was sheathedin preciousmetal. It can be relatedto a wholeseriesoffigures Ras Shamra of the Minetel-Beida, port comesfrom Palestine area, ofwhichone ofthefinest the and the is much same, gold style 1939,pl. 25). Its general (Schaeffer 1929,pl. 53; Schaeffer ofthehelmet and facehas been preserved. (Thereare also separatebangleson both sheathing from Ras Shamra itself arms.)There is a piece witha morecloselycomparablearm position is from of Megiddo (Loud parallel all, however, (Schaeffer 1935,pl. 33, 1). Perhapstheclosest tooisvery similar, 43; Negbi1976,no. 1360).The modelling 1948, pl. 235,22;Dussaud 1949,fig. The eyes and witha waistband. is moreclearly on theMegiddopiecetheskirt shown, although inlaid.The Phylakopi and werepresumably are indicated piececouldwellhave been bysockets itcertainly close a relationship, as this: whileone neednotclaimso made in thesameworkshop Shamra IX Ras at Megiddo (levels The contexts within thesametradition. VII) and belongs el-Beida indicatea LevantineLate Bronzedate, whichthe Minet (acropoleniveau ) simply a date of manufacture context(depot 11, Late Bronze Ib - II) narrows slightly indicating BC. Set amongstthe centuries to the thirteenth (following Negbi 1976,41) in the fifteenth a tothatfrom closest from theAegean,itstands various other finds Mycenae,butitis altogether as from the be regarded bronzecan certainly finer and moreelegant Syriapiece.The Phylakopi BC. Palestine area, imported century perhapsin the thirteenth at first Its coarserstylemight The secondPhylakopi bronze,SF 518, is less accomplished. but it does notcloselyresemble thepossibility oflocal manufacture, any ofthepieces suggest ofgeometric Greece(Rolley the'intermediate' from periodin Crete(Naumann1976),northose is certainly Thermon(no. 7). The latter theAegeanitstands closest to thatfrom 1969).Within arm (held high,and oftheleft and itsleft footis notadvanced.This and theposition cruder, date. But both have the horizontal) mightlead one to assignto it a late, even a geometric a the ears and rather similar loincloth. rounded-conical theprominent headdress, eyes, large in is a better the once from from tomb4. There Levant,however, again Megiddo, parallel in in a a a with club the shield the left Thisis figure hand,carrying square right (May 1939,pl. is identical withthePhylakopi 34, 357; Guy 1938,pl. 153,8; Negbi 1976,pl. 24). The helmet ofthenoseand theform oftheearsare similar. piece,and theshape oftheface,themodelling a similar rather build and the kiltresembling Both have same, ill-defined stocky, lumpish The clubsare similar butnotidentical. The Phylakopi, trunks. lacksthe bathing piecehowever, whiletheMegiddoone does notweara bangle.The resemblances are so closethattheir shield, within thesametradition, at a centre inSyriaorPalestine. werecertainly makers Tomb working can be dated rather more than the at to theLate Bronze contexts, 4 Megiddo precisely previous or thirteenth centuries BC. II period,and thusto thefourteenth have been discussed Boththese thatfigurines in recently by Negbi (1982) whostresses pieces in 1 were the Levant after about thesmiting BC. 200 While this rarely pose produced maypresent theexamples from Lindosand theHeraionat Samos,discussed for difficulties above (see Muhly thePhylakopi in the 1980)itneednotdo so for pieceswhichcouldas easilyhave beenimported Late Helladic 11IB as in theIIIC period.Thereare other indications ofofferings in remaining a longperiodbefore for burial(theLady ofPhylakopi thesanctuary herself and there beingone) tothehypothesis of'heirlooms'. The alternative isno needtoresort thatthey be early iron might
3 10
in in Cyprus seems ofPhoenician Figurines craftsmen, age products quiteimplausible. probably are onlytwo there the'ingotgod' himself, smiting pose are in factrarein Cyprus: apartfrom more without from documented contexts provenance, (Negbi1976,nos. 1403and 1404)and five in theAegean,are imports and there liketheothers is no reasonat all todoubtthatthese pieces, from the Levant coast. thesanctuary from It wouldnotbe appropriate ofthetwobronze toleave thequestion figures at Phylakopi found without brief reference also tothebronze 1904, (Phylakopi figure previously in theeastwallof twostones 186and pl. 37). It was found endofthesite'between at thewestern nowbe interpreted in a context which roomC. 5:7 at abouthalf thesurface', a metre from might has this either as ThirdCity(Late BronzeI) oras Fourth City(Late BronzeIII) . Liketheothers, ofthepalace period.This piece is in common, little in stylistic withtheMinoan figures terms, the from in style and does notresemble thesmiting different from anyotherfinds very figures, as the confidence the same in with a Eastern context it Near Nor is to smiting Aegean. easy place to thattermed but thestancecomesclosest The sex is notclearly by Negbi indicated, figures. the other from differ in and 'male deities They benedictory pose'. (1976, 42) worshippers arm and the thick rolled with cloaks in in clad robes, edges predominantly long figurines being a allow not does the of corrosion The is different. figurine Phylakopi heavy posture again this that But it is close. not be the similarities of and piece details, possible quite may comparison It maybe ofthesamedateora little area as thetwosmiting wasmadeinthesamegeneral figures. are indeed from thatthetwosmiting We can be confident, earlier. however, Phylakopi figures in the made were that and coast the from they Syria-Palestinian imported pieces,probably in considered is further Their a little earlier. BC or thirteenth significance possible century X. Chapter
SF 1578 NLc layer218 Phase 2b at The birdis perched a larger Bronzebirdoriginally upon a bronzebar,broken object,now broken. surmounting at The birdismuchcorroded forwards. orloopprotrudes a bronze which from bothends, and,evenafter cleaning ring are placed on thebar at thepointwherethering The feet theNationalMuseum,detailsare notvisible. joins it.The issuch The position these on them, arevisible and somestriations arefolded, maybe due tocorrosion. although wings in the mannerof a pigeonor duck ratherthanan eagle. The breastbulges, thatthewingsare held horizontally oftheshapeas well and thedrawing The head and beakareclearly dovelike. shown, 8.5) givesa goodimpression (FIG. at theleft, seenin theviewfrom barisclearly The horizontal ofcorrosion. above,and in thesameview, as ofthedegree above theaperture thebeakis seentobe positioned tailofthebird.On theright, theprotruding, vertically widening (justvisible)in thering. ofring ofbar0.9; thickness across totalheight: Measurements: 2.1; width 0.3; diameter wings 4.5; width 3.6; totallength: of diameter 0.7. aperture 1.7;
BIRD (fig. THE BRONZE 8.5;plate59)
from the theAegeanbronzeage comes, similar The onlyclosely appropriately, parallelfrom a This is no. Trheux and Santerre de Delos on Artemision 1948, 77, pl. 40, 2). (Gallet deposit the and are not feet the cm. of bronze duckofsolid piece preserved, Unfortunately 4.3 length a muchsmaller object.The samedepositcontains upon a larger maywellhave been mounted ofsheet 1.7 cm) as wellas twobirds 26: length no. 78,fig. ofa birdwith longneck(ibid. figurine sites from several known are in terracotta Birds and nos. in 50). 49 (ibid. goldworked repouss with the from the 1 wings (Demakopoulou1982,pl. 49), Amyklaion example (French 971, 160): elsewhere. seento occurin ritualcontexts a depositwithotherfinds comesfrom outstretched, of bronze foundin the geometric Bronzebirdsare frequently periodas an embellishment no. treasure the from a bronze bird the and 6224,pl. 1930, (Karo Tiryns cup decorating stands,
THE FINDS
311
FIG.8.5 Bronzebird (SF 1578). Scale 1:1
a bronzebirdfrom theDictaean Cave tothese. Boardman( 196 1, no. 48) published 34) issimilar and whichmightbe considered Minoan. Certainly it may be comparedwiththe Phylakopi it than either of these. Artemision is better although examples, preserved these numerous other and fragmentary Beyond objects piecesofmetal specialpieces, incomplete werefound. In addition to thegoldhead alreadydescribed, was a very smallpieceofsheet there goldfrom theWestShrine, and a singleobjectofsilver, a ring,(SF 161 FIG. from the West Shrine. 8.6) 3, One particularly an an find was with interesting incompletefingerring (SF 2012) undecorated bezel (fig.8.6) whichon analysis Dr . . Z. Gale and Mrs Stos-Gale of the by in Oxfordprovedto be oftin.This is theonlywellofGeologyand Mineralogy Department dated and chemically bronzeage Greece,althoughone or two tin analysedtin object from are known from The other well-documented tinin theAegean useofmetallic objects Egypt. only in bronzeage is as a metallic on vases from bronze burials late Crete and mainland coating age A Greece(Immerwahr second similar FIG. was also identified 1966). 8.6) ring(SF 2802, initially as lead: thispiece was not analysedand it may also be of tin. Withtheexception ofa smallloop (SF 813), theremaining wereanalysed. lead objectslisted Allexcept in theLavrionsource: oneproved tobe ofmetaloriginating theone exceptional piece, ofa lead strip, SF 2314,a fragment isofmaterial which doesnotderive either from theLavrionor but presumably from another ofthe Aegean lead source.Withtheexception Siphnossources, lead seemed utilitarian: the some SF and had rivets objects strictly loop, pieces(e.g. 522 1819) and wereusedas clamps,perhapsin therepairofpottery attached or objectsofother materials ofthelead objectsfrom 1967,pl. 2b; Branigan1974,197). Detailsoftheanalyses (see Renfrew in Mrs. Stos-Gale a the Sanctuary will be givenin a contribution volume. by subsequent include four The bronzes All . are forms well known from theAegean projectile (fig.8.6) points and Karageorghis bronzeage (Buchholz SF falls within form VIIc ofthe 1973,48, fig. 20). 1531 Buchholz . established This is known also from the earlier excavations at by (2962) type typology and from the Artemision at Delos de Santerre and Trheux deposit (Gallet Phylakopi 1948,figs. were29 examples, there most ofthese arearound6 cminlength, and 27 and 28), where although than is is usual. SF thePhylakopi 820 is also of form an piece longer VIIc, closelyresembling end of the the bronze from in from Crete SF very age example Karphi (Buchholz1962,fig.15b).
Other Metal Objects (fig. 8.6)
} '
V- '
rH
Iv4
'i
'
1535
'^/' y^
289
828
>pv
'
*~~i
^ i - "^^ ~~r
d -
2654
588
2904
820
1620
fc
884
^3^
2010
I "V^f
^J
1613
813
2012
2802
^^^^^^^^^^^^^f
780
561
Scale 1:2 mouldfragment. FIG.8.6 Metal objectsand terracotta
THE FINDS
313
1620,lackingbarbs,belongsin class Vila (compareBuchholz 1962,fig.13,j - 1). SF 2904, are Late to classV (Buchholz1962,18,fig.11). All thesetypes a tang,maybe assigned lacking whileform V is commoner on themainland, BronzeIII forms, butitshouldbe notedthatform and itis themainland, VIIc has notbeenreported from VII iscommoner on Crete.Indeedform Melos from thisCretanform so wellrepresented to observe amongthearrowheads interesting and Delos. and thesecond Thereare twoone-edged ofwhichthefirst knives, (SF 828) is muchcorroded, within class 1a oftheclassification Bothmaybe regarded as falling (SF 2654) very fragmentary. in Crete, The and theislands. common themainland bySandars( 1955, 175). Thisisa form very handleand first withverylittle between is ofthestandardthree-rivetted differentiation form, blade. The secondhas a clearer distinction between handleand blade,although onlyone rivet hole is preserved: thereare no flanges. 1973,55.) (See also Buchholzand Karageorghis The remaining finds includea number ofawlsand pins, and various manyofthem fragments, from form. objectsofuncertain Bronzes occuralreadywellbefore about thecollapsephase and are fairly distributed widely thesanctuary. ofsomeofthepieces,notably The fragmentry condition thesmallpieceofsheet also among theivoryobjectsofwhat may be partofthe gold (SF 2372), and theoccurrence ofa sword(SF 2396), raisesthequestion as towhether of theSanctuary was plundered pommel themorenotableofitsmetalobjects, either after thephase 2b collapse,or whenit immediately wentoutofuse at theendofphase3c. This is notan easyquestion to answer, butthepossibility must be bornein mindthatmanyofthemostprecious objectsmayhave beenremoved, leaving behindmainlyfragments, damaged objects,and piecesso smallas to evade easy recovery. Table 8.1: Objects ofGold, Silverand Lead
SF Context Phase L Gold 2372 Silver 161 3 NLc Southlayer251 2b 1.7 1.5 Measurements W Th Fragmentof sheet gold; no trace of decoration. Ring, completebut corroded.Possible traces for attachment of bezel. (Diameter1.9). FIG.8.6. Tin ringbezel. Corrodedand broken, oval in shape butprobably originally with convex upper surface and concave lower. Indications of to ring.FIG.8.6. attachment Lead (?) ringbezel Oval uppersurface lowersurface convex, slightly slightly concave with traces of ring attachments. FIG.8.6. Smalllead loop orring. Circular in cross section.FIG.8.6. Description
NLa layer321
2b
1.9
1.9
0.15
Tin 2012
MLb East layer 13
2b
2.4
2.5
0.35
Lead 2802
MLb East layer23
ib/2a
2.2
2.0
0.35
813
NLe space a/b layer61
2b
0.9
0.2
3 14
522 OLd layer67

2a/3c 2.8 2.2 0.7 Lead clamp;flatstrip on two preserved sides withprojecting riveton lower surfaceand two raised ridges on ofrivet 1.0. upper.Length projection Lead stripwithtwo rivets. Fragmentof lead clamp, comprising corroded rivet, stripwithprojecting broken at one end. Fragmentof lead clamp, comprising stripbrokenat end withprojecting rivet. Shortstripoflead, foldedin half. and corroded on all Stripoflead broken surfaces. Wedge shaped in section. Fragmentof lead stripwith rim-like upperedge,othersidesbroken. Strip of lead, badly corroded and broken at bothends. Circular spool-shaped pieceoflead. fig. 8.6. Flat lead fragment.
1819 2346a 2346b 770 868 2314 2505 561 562
NLb layer421 NLc layer24 NLc layer24 NLe space c layer49 NLc space c layer72 NLc Southlayer234 NKc/dlayer816 NLd space 4 layer4 NLd space 3 layer4
2b/3a 3c 3c 3a/c 2b/3a 3b ib D D
2.4 1.9 3.8 6.7 4.5 20.0 2.5 2.1
1.1 1.2
0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 2.2 1.5 0.1
1.9 1.5 2.7 3.0 1.8
Table 8.2: BronzeObjects

SF Context Phase L 820 NLe space a layer6 1 2b 6.7 Measurements W 1.8 Th 0.4 Bronzearrowhead, The tang complete. withcircularcross-section continues as centralrib of arrow; two barbs. Diameterofshaft 0.4. FIG.8.6. Bronze projectile point, complete except forpart of tang. Corroded.Slightly roundedcentralrib continuing into tang,withtwo barbs.FIG.8.6. Complete bronze arrowhead. Leafcentral shapedhead withslight ridge intotangofcircular cross continuing FIG.8.6. section. of hollowbased arrowhead, Fragment FIG.8.6. tip and one barb missing. Bronze knife,completethoughbadly corroded. Three rivets. Singleedged blade, triangularin cross section, to point.FIG.8.6. tapering Bronzeknife: partofblade and handle with rivet in hole:handlerectangular fig.8.6. blade triangular, section, ofbronzeawl, verycorroded Fragment butoriginally section. squarein cross FIG.8.6. Quadrangularawl of bronze.Squared at one end,other FIG. off end broken. 8.6. Description
!535
NLc layer214
3b
4.3
0.7
0.4
1620
NLa Northbaulk
D/S
7.6
1.5
2904 828
MLb Room layer2046 NLe space a/blayer62
ib/2a 2b
3.5 12.4
1.01.5 1.4
. 0.6
2654 588 884
MLb Room layer958 NLd East baulk layer26 NLd space 4 layer79
D D 2a
4.8 4.9 2.6
0.3 -
0.20.3 0.8
THE FINDS
2887b 1566 MLb Room layer 1038 NLc layer 221 ib/2a 2b 1.8 14.4 0.5 -
3X5
Fragment of bronze awl, broken at both ends. Square in section. Complete but fragmented long bronze pin, corroded, though section probably circular, tapering to sharp point. Small fragment of bronze pin. Section not clear through corrosion, broken at both ends. Possible fragmentof bronze pin, broken at both ends. Section corroded. Two fragments of bronze pin or awl, possibly part of head and stem. Badly corroded. Fragment of bronze pin or awl. Circular in cross section and broken at both ends. Bronze pin or awl, broken at both ends. Section not clear through corrosion. Fragment of bronze pin, slightlycurved and broken at both ends. Bronze ring, corroded and broken into three fragments,flat oval in section. Diameter 1.7. Bronze loop or ring. Section not clear through corrosion, though possibly circular. (Ring formed from bronze rod.) Diameter 1.5. Bronze ring,much corroded. Circular in section. Fragment ofbronze tool, possibly the tip ofa chisel,with a slightlyrounded tip, tapering to . at edge. Tip of bronze tool: rounded end tapering to chisel-like edge.
1728
NLc space a/b layer 132
o/2a
2.1
0.3
776 516
NLd space 1 layer 52 OLd layer 59
3b 2D/3C
1.9 1.8
head 0.3 stem

0.2
0.6 -
64b
OLc layer 12
1.0
0.3
161 509 *573
OLc layer 14 OLd layer 47 NLc North layer 222
D D 2a
2.8 3.6 -
0.6
0.4 0.5 0.2
1744
NLe layer 152
2b
0.4
2010 1749
MLb East layer 13 NLe layer 153
2b 0/2
1.6
2.4 0.7
0.3 0.4
1503 2890 74 521 2395 2681 2807
NLc layer 213 pb 1314 MLb Room layer 1038 OLc layer 26 OLd layer 65 NLc East baulk layer 262 MLb Room A layer 972 MLb East layer 23
D ib/2a 3c 2D/3C 2b/3a
1.0 7.6 1.7 1.5 4.0
1.1 4.3 1.2 -
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.05 0.15
Flat sheet, with two perforations. FIG. 8.6. Small curved fragmentof circular cross section. Broken at both ends.
Two small scraps of sheet bronze, broken all round. Fragment of bronze sheet, angled as though originally fittedaround edge of box. Fragment of bronze strip. Rectangular in section. Bronze stem, broken at both ends and much corroded though probably round in section. Diameter 0.6. Hook-shaped fragment of bronze, broken at one end, section not clear through corrosion. Fragment of strip of flat bronze, rounded at one end, broken at other.
ib/2a ib/2a
2.9 4.3
1.5 -
0.45 -
152
OLc layer 5
3.4
0.4
557
NLd space 3 layer 6
3.3
0.5
3 16 Other BronzeFragments
In additionto these coinswere twonineteenth sometimes bronzeobjects, century fragmentary foundin unstratified of iron fromthe area of the dump of former levels,and a fragment excavations (not listed). There were twelvefurther of small pieces of bronze, generallyconsiderably findspots inTABLE thefindspots are listed whoseoriginal form couldnotbe discerned: corroded, 8.3. (Ten in additionseven There were levels are not similar from unstratified listed.) separately pieces in table 8.3. It is possible werethe thatthese occurrences ofpossible slag,whichare also listed of or but no concentration or of of the bronze, significant smelting casting copper by-product worked metal was offer little that was found insitu, and they suchmaterial actually suggestion the Sanctuary area. within NLe SF 780from ofa terracotta In this thefind shouldbe noted, mould, however, connection, in of terracotta. FIG. with the It is seen and described a 8.6, objects space layer55 (phase 3b).
Table 8.3: BronzeFragments

SF Context Phase L 1542 1616 1807 181 2 2041 2819 2825 2887a 2307 2366 2676 NLc layer215 NLa layer327 NLb layer412 NLb layer418 MLd Room layer5 18 MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb Room layer 1038 NLc Southlayer231 NLc Southlayer249 MLb Room A layer971 3b o/ia 3a/c 2b/3a ib/2a ia ia ib/2a 3c 3b ib/2a 3a/c 3b 2b/3a o/ia 2b o/ia 2b 2.7 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.5 4.0 2.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 0.9 1.3 Measurements W 1.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 3.9 3.6 3.8 0.8 1.2 Th 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.4 2.2 1.5 1.3 Description
Three smallfragments. Fragment. Fragment.
Small fragment. Two fragments. Three fragments.
Possible Slag Fragments NLe space c layer49 772 NLd space 1 layer 17 575 MLb Room layer960 2655 2043 2196 1618 1745 MLd Room layer520 NLd space 3 layer36 NLa layer327 NLe layer 152
Two fragments, one withpurplestain. notnecessarily from Lightand pumicey, metalproduction butcertainly fused. Ore? Heavy, pale brownin colour. Pumicey slag.
THE FINDS
317
3. Beads* (fig.8.7, plate 60) A totalof98 beadswerefound in theSanctuary 8.7, PLATE 60); byfarthemajority (86) are (FIG. in shell Their ofglasspaste,theremainder various stones faience and (5), (2) (5). presence being innearly intheSanctuary, on thesite with their elsewhere every assemblage great rarity together are nonementioned in thereports oftheearlier excavations and only'a few'byDawkins (there and Droop (1911, 22)), strongly a common votive offering that beads formed suggests the of life the As be finds of small ofbeadsofsimilar throughout building. might expected, groups size and material in the same that were offered as bracelets context necklaces, shape, they imply ordiadems, butin no assemblage is there a coherent to make a grouplargeenough up complete - a fact ofbeads which abouttheextent raises towhich votives string obviously questions placed in theSanctuary wererobbedduringitsuse and collapse.A fewexamplesoftypes unique at in exoticnon-localstone (e.g. SF 861, 2362), may have been offered sometimes Phylakopi, as no doubt werethesealstones. individually, The glasspastebeads exhibit ofshapes:globular or spheroid onlythesimplest (n), flattened or discoid spheroid 'doughnut'(49), elongated (2), (12), cylindrical (2) and fusiform spheroid half a dozen that so their form cannot be reconstructed. (2), plus examples fragmentary reliably None appearsto have been decorated, is the advanced although certainty precluded by fairly state ofdecayofmost ofthebeads:itmust be emphasised thatthecolourdescriptions inthetable beloware notreliable indicators oftheoriginal state.Nonetheless, white and blueare yellowishthe of the necklaces and braceletsof colours,interestingly certainly represented enough, beads worn women on the Saffron fresco from Akrotiri on Thera by spherical Gathering Colour Pis. F No exhaustive of is since (Marinatos1976, H). listing parallels possible, simple glass paste beads have been found,in greateror lesser quantities,on practicallyevery at Perati Mycenaeanand Minoan site of Late BronzeAge date. At the LH IIIC cemetery which offers the best in of beads elsewhere contexts as late as thefinal (Iakovides1970), corpus of the of the total of beads are of and ofthem 220 phases Sanctuary, 103 Phylakopi 375 glasspaste are spheroids or flattened As the in the introduction spheroids. Higgins(1961, 73 82) noted, late 15th BC of beads led to a in increase the use of century mass-produced steady glasspaste,at theexpense ofprecious materials suchas gold;bythe12thcentury BC eventhecovering ofbeads withgold foildropsout and fewbut glasspaste beads are in use. Shellis represented theglasspasteexamplesnoted discoids, by a fewminuscule paralleling aboveand a single instone(SF 63). The identification occurrence oftherawmaterial is noteasy inviewoftheir but the other material is beads of which are rare size, bone, only likely extremely in theAegean (Bielefeld disc beads of this a sort have in 1968,25). Tiny longhistory Egyptand wereusedin their thousands for theelaborate beadwork decoration ofclothing: the40,000orso beads ofthisvariety from chambertomb2 at Dendra-Midea (Persson1931, 106 no. 5 and PL an actual Egyptian In general, are XXXIV, 4) probably however, represent import. quantities moremodestand theiruse was clearlyfornecklacesand bracelets, Late Bronze good Age ofwhichhave been found, forexample,in thetholostombat Nichoria(McDonald examples 1975,79 and PL 21c) and in thetombsat Langadha on Kos (Morricone1966, 111, 179,200, Perati.One further 269). Ratheroddly,thistypeis scarcely represented amongthebeads from shellbead from theSanctuary a is rather saucer-like discoid for which (SF 2376) larger irregular no closeparallelscan be found. Threeofthefive stonebeadsdeserve bead (SF 861) specialnote.The splendid largecarnelian isofa shapevery in thatmaterial and rareinothers, carnelian itself isa frequent typical although
* We are to Mrs Helen Hughes-Brock forherdetailedcomments on the beads from theSanctuary. grateful
cn8
//in /I '
xXjX
x^~7 ^ 861
^^1 ^^^
^l ^^
1|P 2803
63
II
2362

2814
II II 1W
2821
JJ' *rs ^p^ 2376
r- -3
2o09
CHS
2013
4i
214
IB
@'J1 lf II
2893 2812 753
^^^^
574
754
794
2011
2320
^-"
2331
2332
0 0
FIG.8.7 Beads. Scale 1:1
THE FINDS
319
occurin both18th for Late BronzeAgebeads. Precisely material Dynasty examples comparable also decoratedor even inscribed)and in 14thand 13th Egypt(wheretheywere sometimes BC Near Eastern contexts century (e.g. Alalakh:Woolley1955,269 and PL LXVIII, 6). Some, at least,of the Aegean examplesmay well have been made locally,however:a piece from notyetbored.Aegean withthestringhole Knossos(Heraklion Museumno. 2106) is unfinished, finds ofcarnelianamygdaloids Late Bronzeperiodand thefindspots include, span theentire Perati (Iakovides 1970,305 and fig.128, 10), Prosymna (Biegen 1937, 277), amongothers, tholos tombIII at Pylos(Biegenetal. 1973,82 and fig.169,18), Mycenae(Wace 1932,86, no. excavatedtombat Knossos(Popham 1980, 171,fig. 67, PL VIII and 208- 9) and a recently 6D). to the SF 2362, a flattened of highly polishedamethyst, probablywas imported spheroid the . and The raw material comes from Aegeanas a finished (cf. Biegen 1937, 292) Egypt product of precisely typeis verycommontherein Middle and New Kingdomtimes.Large numbers similar and verywell-made examplesare knownin theAegean (e.g. tholostombIV at Pylos: chamber tombs at Mycenaeled Wace (1933,208) to Biegenetal. 1973,124- 5). Evidencefrom assertthat they'hardlyoccur later than LH , but findssince then have extendedthe chronological range well into the LH III period (e.g. thosefromthe tholosat Nichoria: McDonald 1975,78 and PI 21a). An ultimate derivation alsoseems for thedecorated discoidSF ( 18th Egyptian Dynasty) likely forinstance from tomb 11 at Langadha on Kos known, 2803. Aegean examplesare certainly ribbedraypatterns ofthis sortoccurmore (Morricone 1966,111 and fig. 92 bottom), although on sub-spherical beads (e.g.Biegen etal. 1973,fig. commonly 227.1and 260.27) thanon discoids; at times, thispattern comescloseto rosette whichHiggins(1961, 77) mentions as the designs, commonest ofall Aegean Late BronzeAge relief bead types. The raw material ofSF 2803 is tobe grey schist and a bead ofthis in a LB I - II deposit in stonehas indeedbeenfound thought HouseA at Agia Irinion Kea (Cummer 1984,no. 1381b) ; butMrsHughes-Brock and Schofield, sincethedarkgreyslightly mottled surface ofsomefaience urgescautionin theidentification, beads can easilybe mistaken forschist. beads can be definitively one a flattened theothera identified, Only twofaience spheroid, gadroonedbead of elongatedbarrelshape. The latteris a standardAegean type,sometimes described as in theshape ofa grainofwheat;well-preserved in quantity werefound, examples amongotherplaces, at Dendra-Midea (Persson1933, 106 no. 48; 1942,85 - 6, fig.95) and Archanes(Sakellarakis1975,fig.232)8). Table 8.4: Beads
SF Context Phase Measurements D Stone beads OLc layer 12 63 861 NLc space a/b layer63 D o/2a 0.35 0.91.7 1.0 H 0.15 2.3 Verysmalldiscoid.FIG.8.7. Each facet Largecarnelian amygdaloid. bears threeshallow curved grooves running lengthways,the central FIG.8.7. groovediscontinuous. flattened Slightly spheroid. Purplewith fine whitegrains(amethyst?), highly fig.8.7. polished, Description
2362
NLc Southlayer245
ia/2a
0.8
320
2803 MLb East layer 23

ib/2a 1.25 0.2 Discoid, flat on reverse, obverse with a ribbed ray in relief. Material is probably grey schist (or, less likely, faience), fig. 8.7, plate 40 a. Slightly flattened spheroid of blackgreen spotted stone. FIG.8.7, PLATE40 a. Slightly flattened spheroid. Material in colour, probably faience. off-white Elongated, tapering to either end; quadrangular, with two grooves on each face. Pale green-blue faience. FIG. 8.7, PLATE40 a. Discoid. FIG. 8.7. Discoid. FIG. 8.7. Very small discoid. FIG. 8.7. Irregular curved discoid (i.e. upper surface convex, lower surface concave). FIG. 8.7. Small discoid, eithershell or glass paste. PLATE40 b. Two joining fragments, partially complete. Irregular elongated shape, pointed at one end; originally either fusiformor in the shape of a cereal grain, with stringhole running transverselyto the length. Pale green (with black dots fromglass decay).
2814
MLb East layer 25
ia
0.85
0.6
Faience beads 596 2821 NLd layer 28 MLb East layer 25 3b ia 0.8 0.7 0.5 L 1.7
Shell beads 2009 2013 2014 2376 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer 13 NLc South layer 252 2b 2b 2b 2b 0.75 0.6 0.25 1.2 0.2 0.25 0.15 0.15
2804
MLb East layer 23
ib/2a
0.5
0.1
Glass paste beads NLc layer 215 1543
3b
(Max W) 1.6
0.4
2893
MLb Room layer 1038
ib/2a
0.7
1.8
Fusiform with tapering ends; slightly flattened, with possible traces of grooving on one side. Broken at one end and rather worn. FIG. 8.7. Cylindrical, chipped at one end. PLATE 40 a. Cylindrical, badly chipped at one end. Brownish-white.FIG.8.7, PLATE40 a. Discoid, off-white.FIG. 8.7. Small discoid, white. Small discoid, white. Half missing. Small discoid, white. FIG. 8.7. Small discoid. Small discoid, white, 3 joining fragments. Discoid, greenish-white. Fragments of a very small bead, probably discoid. Small discoid, white, plate 40 b. Small discoid, white. Discoid, white. Discoid, white. Spheroid, pale grey with speckling from decay.
2809 2812 753 1539 1541 1565 2017 2322 2356 2805 2806 2883 2902a 2902b 525
MLb East layer 25 MLb East layer 25 NLd space 3 level 33 NLc layer 215 NLc layer 215 NLc layer 221 MLb East layer 13 NLc South layer 234 NLc South layer 244 MLb East layer 23 MLb East layer 23 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1039 MLb Room layer 1039 OLd layer 67 w
ia ia 2b/3a 3b 3b 2b 2b 3b ia/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a 2a/3c
0.6 0.85 0.65 0.5 0.5 0.45 0.45 0.5 0.65 0.5 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.9
2.25 1.5 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.2 0.9
THE FINDS
600 782 NLd space 3 layer 33 NLe space a/b layer 55 2b/3a 3b 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
321
with areas Roughly spheroid, off-white of decay. Half missing. Roughly spheroid, off-whitewith grey areas. Slight trace of piercing at one end only and thus not necessarily a bead. Fragment of spheroid, flaking and friable. Surface colour speckled black-brown, interior pale yellow. Roughly spheroid, off-white.FIG. 8.7. Roughly spheroid. Large spheroid, slightly broken at one end. Pale grey. Spheroid, off-white.Half missing. Spheroid, grey. Spheroid, grey. PLATE40 b. Spheroid, black with white patches (but originally blue, before decay) . PLATE 40 b. Flattened spheroid, off-white. Large flattened spheroid off-white. Badly chipped and flaking. FIG. 8.7. Flattened spheroid, off-white. Flattened spheroid, off-white.Flaking. Flattened spheroid, off-white. Surface chipped. Flattened spheroid, off-white. Half missing. Flattened spheroid, off-white. spheroid, off-white. Half missing. Flattened spheroid, offwhite. Flattened spheroid, off-white to very pale yellow. Chipped and flaking. fig. 8.7. Flattened spheroid, dark brown/black outer surface, pale yellow core. Half missing. FIG. 8.7. Flattened spheroid, off-white. Large flattened spheroid, off-white. Flattened spheroid, off-white.FIG. 8.7.Flattened spheroid, greyish-white. Flattened spheroid grey. Flattened spheroid, yellowish. Half missing and flaking badly. Flattened spheroid, white. Flattened spheroid, white. Half missing. Flattened
823
NLe space a/b layer 62
2b
0.7
0.8
832 2334 2357 2678 2694 2823 2824
NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe South layer 235 NLe South layer 244 MLb Room A layer 972 MLb Room A layer 973 MLb East layer 25 MLb East layer 25
2b 2b/3a ia/2a ib/2a ib/2a ia ia
1.0 0.9 1.2 0.75 0.85 0.9 0.85
0.8 0.7 1.0 0.65 0.8 0.75 0.85
513 574 581a 581b 58 1c 58 1d 594a 594b 594c 754
OLd layer 59 NLd space 2 layer 16 NLd space 3 layer 22 NLd space 3 layer 22 NLd space 3 layer 22 NLd space 3 layer 22 NLd space 3 layer 27 NLd space 3 layer 27 NLd space 3 layer 27 NLd space 3 layer 36
2D/3C 0/3C 3c 3c 3c 3c 3b/c 3b/c 3b/c 2b
0.8 1.45 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9
0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6
794
3a
1.0
0.75
1548 1549 201 1 2037 2039 2232 2315a 2315b 2319 2320 2325
NLe layer 216 NLe layer 216 MLb East layer 13 MLd Room layer 518 MLd Room layer 518 MLb Room layer 976 NLe South layer 234 NLe South layer 234 NLe South layer 234 NLe South layer 234 NLe South layer 234
3b 3b 2b ib/2a ib/2a 2b 3b 3b 3b 3b 3b
1.0 1.4 0.65 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.65 1.5
0.8 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.45 1.2
Very flattened small spheroid, yellow. Half missing.
2326 2329
NLe South layer 234 NLe South layer 235
3b 2b/3a
0.8 0.8
0.5 -
Flattened spheroid, black. FIG. 8.7. Large flattened spheroid, off-white. Half missing and the remainder badly preserved. Flattened spheroid. Flattened missing. spheroid, yellow. Half
322
2331 2332 2333 2352 2353 2359a 2359b NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer242 NLc Southlayer242 NLc Southlayer244 NLc Southlayer244

2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a ia/2a ia/2a ia/2a ia/2a 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.65 0.85 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 FIG.8.7. off-white. Flattened spheroid, Flattened yellow.FIG.8.7. spheroid, Flattened spheroid, off-white.Half missing. blackoutersurface Flattened spheroid, and whitecore. off-white. Flattened Chipped. spheroid, off-white. Flattened spheroid, Flattened spheroid, pale greenishA smalltail-like white. protuberance survives at one end from the manufacturing process. Flattened pale grey. spheroid, with Flattened spheroid, grey/black whitespeckles(from decay). Traces tail at one end (cf. ofmanufacturing SF 2359b). PLATE 40 a. PLATE off-white. Flattened 40 spheroid, b. Half Flattened spheroid, off-white. missing. Very flattened spheroid, off-white. PLATE 40 b. Flattened 40 b. grey.PLATE spheroid, Flattened spheroid, grey. Chipped. PLATE 40 b. Flattened grey-green. spheroid, PLATE Halfmissing. Flattened spheroid. 40 b. Flattened creamy-yellow. spheroid, Flattened creamy-yellow. spheroid, Flattened spheroid, creamy-yellow. Half missing. Flattened spheroid, creamy-yellow. Half missing. Flattened lightgrey. spheroid, only,lightgrey-blue. Fragments only,lightgrey-blue. Fragments Flattened yellow. spheroid, Flattened grey. spheroid, Elongated spheroid,grey. Broken at bothends,surface flaking. black blue turning Elongatedspheroid, withdecay. FIG.8.7. Ovoid, black surfacewithwhitecore. FIG.8.7. withyellow-white Ovoid, blacksurface core.FIG.8.7. Ovoid, blacksurface. Fragments of (?) 2 beads, shape unknown. shape unknown. Fragment, shape unknown. Fragments, beads. Notcertainly yellow. Fragments, Not certainly Fragments,off-white. beads.
2695 2810
MLb Room A layer974 MLb East layer25
ib/2a ia
0.65 1.2
0.5 0.9
2811 2813 2816 2817 2818 2822 2882 2884a 2884b 2884c 2884d 2884e 2884f 2884g 2885 2897 1538 1^4.^ 2005 2^5 2815 863 1560 1709 2327 2328
MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb East layer25 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room layer 1038 NLc layer215 NLc layer214 MLb East layer13 NLc Southlayer243 MLb East layer25 NLe space a/blayer63 NLc layer221 NLe space c layer 101 NLc Southlayer235 NLc Southlayer235
ia ia ia ia ia ia ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a 3b 3b 2b ia/2a ia o/2a 2b 2a 2b/3a 2b/3a
0.5 1.1 0.75 0.6 0.55 0.6 0.8 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.5 -
0.35 0.8 0.45 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.55 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.65 0.7 0.55 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.9 -
THE FINDS
323
4. Ivory* Several fragments of ivorywere found,of whichonly two are sufficiently large and wellto requirecomment. preserved SF 830 (fig.8.8; PLATE 61 d) is an elongatedpiece of ivory, and sub-ovalin cross-section at theend bearinga rivet-hole and incisedgroove.Its function is unclear. possibly incomplete One possible is as a mirror-handle is indeedin themuseum at Plaka on and there interpretation Melos a bronzemirror in thereports said to be from butnotpublished oftheearlier Phylakopi in ivory excavations. are considerably However,thefewsurviving Mycenaeanmirror-handles morelargeand ornateand seeminvariably to be cutin one piecewitha flaring attachment for rim(cf.Poursat1977,Pis.XXXV and XLI). A morelikely themirror alternative is a handleto whichwas hafted a bronzeknife blade (or somesimilar metaltool). Krzyszkowska (1981, cat. nos.38:1-9) has recently listed a number in ivory ofexamples or bone,all ofLate BronzeAge date but mostly In some cases theyconsist of two separatesheetsrivetted poorlypreserved. butone-piece knife handleswithtwoor morerivet holesdo exist(Korres1974, together, ivory . Ifourpieceis indeeda knife-handle, itmust lackat leastone or twocentimetres at the fig.112j3) end to whichthe blade was attached. SF 2396 (fig.8.8) is morereadily Late BronzeAge contexts two paralleled.Thereexistfrom smallclassesofobjectsclassified by Poursat(1977, 35 - 6; cf.Krzyszkowska 1981,cat. nos.40a and 40b) as 'rondelles de pommeau'and 'picesde fourreau'. or ellipsoidal They are circular discsofivory, sawnfrom thetusk, with a central either orsquare evidently piercing, rectangular orcircular. Of thelatter dimensions are thelarger, overa dozenexamples areknown class,whose from thetholos tombs at Kambos and Menidhiand from Mycenaeand Thebes,all in LH II IIIB contexts; how the Theban examplesmightbe Symeonoglou (1973, fig.250) illustrates as scabbard-tops and provides for sucha reconstruction interpreted persuasive arguments (1973, ofthecentral slotin all casesseems 57 - 8), whilePoursat(1977, 36) notesthatthedimensions suitedto accommodate swords ofKaro Type A. The piecefrom it shouldbe noted, Phylakopi, whileofsimilar is onlyabout halfthesizeofthese slot however, form, parallelsand itsirregular seemstoo smallto takeany weapon blade. It is therefore morelikely to be partofa swordor daggerpommel, ivory examplesofwhichwerealso foundat Thebes (Symeonoglou 1973,fig. wouldbe fitted at theupperend ofthehandleand covered withmetal 247). Severalsuchrings sheetor organicmaterial, forthe roughfinish of theobject (whichwould not be accounting : the completepommelfromMallia providesthe best illustration of the methodof visible) attachment 8 and 9). Whyonlyone suchpommel-ring survived (Chapoutier1938,25 and figs. in the Sanctuary is an open question.
* We are to Dr . Krzyszkowska forexamining of theseobjects. grateful drawings
Table 8.5: Ivory

SF 830 Context NLe space a layer62 Phase 2b Measurements L6.7 w 1.4 Th1.1 Description Handle(?), roughly oval in crosssection, with a single rivet hole (Diameter 0.25) and a groove across the top runningtransversely end. FIG.8.8, PLATE 61 d. Roughly circularsawn slice of ivory, withan irregular slot (2.0 0.5) in thecentre. Probablypartofa sword fig. 8.8. pommel,
2396
NLc East baulk layer262
2b/3a
D 3.3 Th 1.1-1.4
324
2264 2335 2337 MLb Room layer 1038 NLc Southlayer235 NLc southlayer237

ib/2a 2b/3a 2b L 1.8 x D 1.3 of Very poorly preservedfragments what may originallyhave been a smallcylindrical object. Several very small fragments;no recognizable shape. Two very small fragments; no shape. recognizable
5. Ostrich Eggshell in levelsofphase3c in theEast Shrine Numerous smallfragments ofostrich werefound eggshell thatmorethana singleegg is but it is of these could not be (plate 64). Many unlikely joined, of occurrence known a as other That it was used as these finds. represented by rhyton, just every the that in show in which ostrich view of several the is certain topof eggshell Aegean, quite pieces of No tracehas survived theeggwas cutto givea regular circular holeabout4 cm in diameter. to seem all suchMinoaneggshell thefaience with which or metalmouths and underpieces rhyta have been equipped (cf. Karo 1933, PL CXLII). A small flutedD-shaped handle of stone 8. 12 and PLATE surface incrustation on itscurvedinner traces ofplaster 64 (SF 194; FIG. bearing for this as an attachment be considered was close and found vase,especially c) might by perhaps - as seemsfrequently if to have been the case (Warren1969, 163; Foster1977, 132)- it was ifso,itwouldbe unique,sincesmallhandlesare so farknown with metalfoil; covered originally theovoidshapeofthetrueostrich on faience or stone (e.g. Wace eggrhtya imitating rhyta only PL 1956, 20). Vermeule's at Phylakopi for theeggshell The ultimate source (1975,20) playful (discounting in ofLibya,Nubia or theregion somewhere must be at Kato of ostriches Zakro) suggestion pet on better theSudan, althoughthefittings implythattheywere examplesstrongly preserved from if it reach Even did craftsmen. as rhyta Minoan reworked Phylakopi (or Minoanizing) by the from of the small of member an it is nevertheless via group objects important Egypt Crete, in such of finds the The Minoanlie the basin. whose rarity origins beyond Aegean Sanctuary in othermaterials(Evans 1928,fig.129) of imitations Mycenaeanworldand the frequency are thepair of their exoticnatureand indubitable examples highvalue. The nearest highlight Thera on at Akrotiri 16 Delta Room from ostrich (Marinatos 1972, egg rhyta well-preserved IV and V at Graves Shaft from are recorded instances Four other and Pis. 81-84). 35 6, at Dendratomb the tholos from one and Pis. CXLI CXLII), Mycenae (Karo 1933,238 9, II I MM at MM and from and PL and Midea (Persson deposits fragments III), 1931,37,fig.14 fromthe 'upper EM Knossos (Evans 1928, 221-6; Cadogan 1976, 28). A singlefragment in the known occurrence in Delta 32' at Palaikastro stratum (Dawkins1904,202) is theearliest and ostrich tritons Since shells. triton two with found was eggshells Aegeanand, interestingly, of tobe an association seems there and Phylakopi, at Akrotiri incontext werealsofound together millennium. a least at over extends which symbolism Table 8.6: OstrichEggshell
SF 167 573 1733 Context OLc space a/blayers21, 22, 23 and 26 NLd space 1 layer 15 NLc layer 149 Phase 3c 3c 3c Description some joining, of (a single?)ostricheggshell. Many fragments, Severalpiecesindicatea circular openingcut at thetop ofthe 64. egg. PLATE Two joiningfragments. Singlefragment.
THE FINDS
325
6. Tortoise Shell oftortoise in boththe East and shellwererecovered from sevenseparatecontexts Fragments contexts WestShrines, indatefrom ranging phase (SF 2894) tophase3c (SF 188) . Two ofthese and SF ofpieceswhichrestored shells(plate 63; to nearly 825). produced 195 groups complete Tortoises are still to be found in the countryside behind Phylakopiand archaeological as sites from occurrences on Bronze arecommon examples (1936) cites Agesites Vickery enough: Table farafield as Vardaroftsa in Macedonia and Palaikastro in Crete, whileGejvall (1969, 3) lists 1682 identifiable of EB date, fromLerna. The few examplesfrom specimens, mostly fooddbrisor theremains either are thusno surprise and could in theory Phylakopi represent ofa handful of individuals who from timeto timecrawledintothe Sanctuaryarea and died there. is the What givesthesefindsadded importance and makessuch interpretations unlikely . and drilled on three or four holes,between presence (SF 814 and 815) ofcarefully fragments drilled use for documented 0.3 cm in diameter (plate 64 d). The onlyplausibleand historically studiedthe techniques of shell is as the soundboxof a lyre.Robertshas recently tortoise whileseveral oflyre manufacture Greekinstruments type, ( 1981 ) and ofplaying(1980) ancient ofClassicaldate are newfinds are reported lyres by Phaklaris (1982). Fragmentary important and LocriEpizephyrii nowknown from Arta,Bassai,Eleusis,Kerkyra (in Calabria), to Argos, vases on figured of artistic whichmustbe added the considerable testimony representations in theHomeric toHermes (3 1- 53) of Hymn description (Paquette1984, 145 - 7 1) and thegraphic exhibit drilled All thesurviving soundboxes ofa tortoise-shell themanufacture holes, up lyre lyra. over the the oxhide stretched to 0.4 cm across,around the edge (forpeggingor stitching in a symmetrical on theupperpartofthecarapace (fortheinternal and/or pattern concavity) The drilledfragments knownas or ). of thelong curving attachment sidepieces that the latter. It should be noted neither ofthenearseem to be of from examples Phylakopi not of or either that were that different shells is drilled, they lyres implying part complete wereemployed. of attachment methods theGreekBronzeAge,although oftortoise-shell survive from or depictions No remains lyres instruments of otherforms. The best-known thereis much evidenceforthe use of stringed a musical tooneofthecultscenes on the istheplayer instance accompaniment providing painted similar musicians and are to be in Triadha seen the 1974, 38), (Long sarcophagus Aghia thesame site (Paribeni 1908) and in the Lyre PlayerFrescoat Pylos Frescofrom Procession ofinstruments ofthesame (Lang 1969,79- 80, no. 43 6, Pis. 125and 126A); actual remains and the tholos tomb at at and found numerous were additional Knossos, Menidhi, Mycenae type are known from sealstones and small-scale painted pottery, representations hieroglyphic signs reviews ofall this material 552). The exhaustive by Platon(1966) (Evans 1928,834- 8 and fig. and Wegner(1968), now updated by Dragona-Latsoudi(1977), make it quite clear thatthe has manycloseparallels in Egypt inquestion(which and theNear East in thesecond instrument ofroughly millennium but BC) is likethelyrewithabout sevenpluckedstrings equal length, it in the lack of a soundboxand in the mannerin whichit is to be played (cf. from differs 552- 3). Ratherthana truelyreof the Dragona-Latsoudi1977,PL 80 and Evans 1928,figs. itis a 'cradle-cithara', a typeofinstrument known from laterClassicalvariety, 8thcentury BC and whichis broadlyequivalentto thephorminx or kitharis and laterdepictions ofHomer. shellfrom thePhylakopi tortoise The drilled as theearliest Sanctuary maythusbe regarded for theuse in theAegeanofthetortoise-shell evidence and itprovides direct a useful lyre proper of BronzeAge instruments. additionto our knowledge be Althoughthisneed not in itself itis worth thatthere is a gap ofat leastfive considered hundred surprising, remembering years
326
or earlyClassicaldate of between this BronzeAge exampleand theprobablelateArchaic single from thesurviving theHomeric of the earliest to Hermes and of lyres Hymn (Cassola 1975, 172) Classicalantiquity. Table 8.7: TortoiseShell
SF Context Phase Measurements L 188 95 814 815 825 838 2283 2284 2342 2894 OLc space b layer23 OLc layer29 NLe space a layer61 NLe space a layer61 NLe space a/b layer62 NLe space a/blayer62 NLe space a/blayer59 NLe space c layer72 NLe Southlayer237 MLb Room layer 1038 3c 3b 2b 2b 2b 2b 3a 2b/3a 2b ib/2a 3.5 18.4 18.0 5.7 7.2 W 2.0 12.9 14.0 2.8 6.3 Singlefragment. shell.PLATE 63. Nearlycomplete drill three Seventeen bearing fragments, holes(diameters 0.3, 0.3, 0.1). PLATE 64 d. one with possible Twelve fragments, tracesofa drillhole. shell.PLATE 63. Nearlycomplete Singlefragment. Singlefragment. Singlefragment. from edgeofshell. Singlelargefragment Seven fragments. Description
7. Shell* 6 1 a and 62) . molluscs ofmarine is a smallquantity theSanctuary from thefinds (PLATES Among on thesite, and elsewhere bothin theSanctuary thattheexcavations, It mustbe emphasised these of them all in shells other abundance, nearly limpets {Patella coerulea); produced whether broken have the of them food away, apex many although represent refuse, presumably for shellrings and theresultant or accidentally, may perhapshave been strung intentionally here discussed shells The XXXIX. PL and 201 ornamental 10). (cf.Phylakopi1904, purposes arenotin which arespecies eventhough as unusualfinds, this standoutagainst they background at manyotherAegeanLate BronzeAge sites. rareand whichhave been recovered themselves oftheshell,or by ofthespeciesand thecondition It seemsreasonableto suggest, by virtue foodvalue. One their for collected not were shells these of that most other with sites, analogy be can which a of shell the be eaten,as wellas (SF 2310) murex, species single may exception 1 Conns and the cowrie both But ornamental baitorfor usedfor (SF 2382) are (SF 235 ) purposes. shellsfound as for aesthetic most were which non-food reasons, collected, empty likely species bothtoday washedup on thebeach. Reese (1982, 139) has notedthewidespread significance, and as a prophylactic offertility as a symbol and in thepast,ofthecowrieshellin particular againsttheevil eye. is edible,but The species interest. are ofparticular ofSpondylus The twooccurrences gaederopus of whicha wide variety ofitsshell,from was clearlysoughtmoreforthesize and durability times. is from fashioned were and utilitarian ornamental Spondylus early prehistoric objects there were for at Bronze the sites of on found instance, Lerna, 1874 Age: Aegean regularly
ofthemarine and descriptions molluscs on photographs comments * We aregrateful for toMrsJ. Shackleton helpful here. discussed
THE FINDS
327
ofall periods(Gejvall 1969,Table ofshell)inlevels occurrences (over20% ofthetotalinventory holes(SF 890) are common, with valves or deliberately produced 4). Complete, near-complete, the Balkans and Greece in north of the late neolithic (e.g. Renfrew 1973,PL 118),but especially theexterior surface and grinding in these casestheholeseemsto have beencreatedbychipping of considerable bracelets or annulets in of the stoneas thefirst on a flattish stage production incontrast, hasclearly beenholedby instance from worked value.The single Phylakopi, prestige has no which a from the interior, technique Aegean parallels, apparently rotary perforation Danilo culture theneolithic areknown from ofjugoslavia(Korosec1959,PL although examples an a weight orsinker?) orrepresents artefact this isa finished (perhaps LI) . It isnotclearwhether is SF Yet more some other end in manufacture of intermediate the 1547 striking product. stage valve. manufactured on a Spondylus form distinctive (fig.8.8), a smallcircular objectofhighly to a forattachment at one side implythatsuch itemswereintended The pair ofperforations of with the feature the latter more for or, together regular suggestion, likely, suspension; garment as 'bossed Precise to them known a central has led parallels being pendants'. ring-like projection, levelsat theFranchthi occurin mixedneolithic Cave, bothinSpondylus (NauplionMuseumnos. in Thessaly date are known ofcomparable 16343,! 638*517480) and in stone.Otherinstances as an shell an IV at Lerna described that from and itseems 'oyster likely object period (EH III) a slightly laterexampleofthesameclass.The lid3(Banks1967,482- 4, cat. no. 1217) provides with in a levelofearly LH IIIC date at Phylakopi, no secondmillennium ofthis item occurrence elsewhere and to we that it was found BC parallels, brought thesite;otherwise, suggests perhaps a a over time of characteristic mustimaginethe unusual persistence long very typeof span in the neolithic artefact whoseorigins clearlylie period. SF 170 and SF 1522 (plate 62) are paralleledby two intact conchshells The twoessentially similar finds from theearlier excavations too,is edibleand 1904,201). This species, (Phylakopi a half a with of other thefindof cache of dozen triton those shells, together speciesincluding in roomDelta 16 at Akrotiri murexand limpet, on Thera may perhapsbe regardedas food seemalso to have beenusedas containers, dbris(Marinatos1972,36 and PL 86). Tritonshells in Yet such a largenumber of theseshellshave been foundcomplete scoopsand ornaments. Minoan contexts and thereare so many skeuomorphs of themin othermaterialssuch as faience and stone(see examplescitedin Foster1979, 137- 8; Barain and Darcque terracotta, - a T983?59~73) tnat some non-utilitarian significance may safelybe claimed for them of the ritualuse of conch suggestion strengthened by the manyexamplesin othercultures (Montagu 1981). In manycases,bothin Creteand beyondduringthe Middle and trumpets Late Bronze find contexts ofa cultorvotive an LM character: Age,their imply specialactivities IB groupat Pyrgos in Crete, for included a redfaience conchmodel,together with example, clay a Linear A tablet,partsof earlyEgyptianstonevases,a bronzerosette and a clay sealings, tubularoffering stand (Cadogan 1981), whiletheshellsfrom the MM IIB shrine at Phaistos a further offers clearinstance. Our SF 1522,likewise, was a central itemina similarly specialised corner of the WestShrine(Assemblage groupofobjectsin the north-west L). That conches weresometimes in ritualis clearfrom usedas trumpets thefamous rockcrystal sealstone from theIdaean Cave (fig.9.3; Evans 1904,fig.167), showing a womanapparently - as a conchbefore an altarwithhornsofconsecration and boughsupon it,perhaps blowing - performing Evans (1908, 142) suggested 'a ritualfunction in summoning the deity.'Both from theSanctuary at Phylakopi have holesat theapex whichallow air to be passed examples in the case SF of them,although through 1522 this may not be the resultof intentional modification. Their interpretation as musicalinstruments as well as cult objectsgains some from the in the of tortoise shells drilled foruse as the support presence Sanctuary quite clearly soundboxes ofstringed instruments.
Q28
Table 8.8: Shell

SF 170 186 890 Context Ole space a layer22 OLc space b layer23 NLe space c layer84 Phase 3c 3c 2a Measurements L31.0 L 5.0 x W5. 1 L 10.6 x W8.6 Description Conch shell (Charonia sp.), complete exceptforapex, plate 62. bivalve. Singlevalve ofunidentified One edge Valve ofSpondylus gaederopus. with a chipped; perforated slightly hole (diameter 2.0) neatly drilled surface. theinterior from but Conchshell{Charonia sp.),complete in a very abraded condition (including some damage to the 62. apex). PLATE Circular gaederopus. pendantofSpondylus with Planoconvex in cross-section, twoperforated (diameter stringholes raisedboss circular 0.3) and a central FIG.8.8. withinterior depression. Complete unworked murex shell, 61 a. PLATE trunculus. Murex probably PLATE 6 1 a. Valve ofSpondylus gaederopus. cowrie unworked shell, Complete 61 a. PLATE Lurialurida. possibly unworked shell, probably Complete bivalve. Single valve of unidentified 6l a. PLATE 61 a. shell.PLATE Unidentified
PLATE6 1 a. Conus Mediterraneus.
1522
NLc layer214
3b
L 26.0
I(-47
NLc layer216
3b
03.6x1111.0
2310 2345 2W JJ 2*82 2390 * 2900
NLc Southlayer232 NLc Southlayer239 NLc Southlayer242 NLc East baulk layer256 NLc Southlayer257 MLb Room layer 1039
3c D ia/2a 2b/3a o ib/2a
L 7.2 L 6. 1 L 3.6 L 2.4 L 3.5 L 5.6
830
none Zjyb
1547
2339
2370
V 2371
'
2507
'j
2405
FIG.8.8 Objects of bone,ivoryand shell.Scale 1:2
THE FINDS
329
8. Bone is verysmall (12) and tracesof working The number of bone objectsbearingunambiguous bone a pieceofdrilled tools and a several crude includes five fragmentary pointed pins, needle, 8.8). (FIG. the shaft Threeofthepins (SF 2023, 2371,2405b) are preserved segments; onlyas polished incised a from theshaft othertwo (SF 2370, 2507) have smallbulbousheads setoff by single ofbone pin in theBronzeAge Aegean ofthedecorated and represent thesimplest groove types classof ofthis exhaustive 1981, type11c) . It isclearfrom survey Krzyszkowska's (Krzyszkowska and typologically, both chronologically materialthatsuch pins fallat a stage intermediate, in theMiddleBronze headsprevalent between theyetsimpler pinswithconicalor nail-shaped on is dominantly Their distribution the later and the elaborate forms of Mycenaeanperiod. Age needle areknown so far. The single ofCycladicexamples theGreek mainland and onlya handful of worked 62 and 63): a carefully segment (SF 2339) is ofKrzyszkowska's type10c (1981, figs. in shaft and rounder rather flat at the between head and bone with no distinction shaft, long intheAegeancomefrom oftheBronze towards thetip.Three-quarters section Early Ageneedles of Findsoftype10cneedles do occur. but some Late Bronze Bronze Age examples Age contexts, none from and there are from date are known Tiryns; Agia Irini,Perati,Mycenae Mycenaean toofragmentary tools(cf.Phylakopi Crete.The pointed 1904,192and PL XL. 1-5) are either 1 withanyprecision. or toocrudetobe classified (1981,types -9) has illustrated Krzyszkowska manufactured on cattle,pig or deer a verylargecorpusofsuchobjects, and discussed usually SF a either and to by grinding (as 515, 2405a, 2677) or by longbones brought roughpoint an isof SF no doubt awl or ofsomesort, of bone (SF 1830). 2405a, removing perforator splinters an be considered as unusualshapewith itsdistinct shoulder and might unusually stubby perhaps of thebulbous-headed version pin. shouldbe made hereofthefragments ofboar's tusk(SF 1723). None shows Some mention tusks are represented. Melos and it is that or at most unmodified of one, two, likely signs working intheBronze a did not offer habitat more suitable for of wild boar Ageprobably any populations thanitis todayand thetusks shouldtentatively be regarded as imports to theisland.Although an unmodified boar's tuskis knownfrom a sitenear Pylosin a context as earlyas transitional et al. a tne use of boar's tusks as helmet attachment is very EH/ (Biegen 1973,fig.279.3), in the ShaftGrave period much a phenomenon of Mycenaean mainlandorigin,beginning in theform either ofunworked tusks orcut finds, (Karo 1933,2 12 and fig. 94) . The manyknown and drilled have been the of extensive discussion stimulated elsewhere, subject plaques, by the inHomerand a variety well-known references oficonographie representations (e.g. Evans 1935, 867- 871; Persson1942, 126- 9; Wace and Stubbings1962,516). The examplesnearestto comefrom a number ofdrilled and partially Phylakopi Agia Irinion Keos, where plaques,strips tusks worked indicate on-site manufacture PL Cummer and Schofield (Caskey1964, 52f; 1984, nos. 1084 and 1689a; Krzyszkowska also 1981, Pis. 14 and 15). A singletusk,presumably was noted the earlier at excavators who did not its context unworked, by Phylakopi, specify (1904, 192).
330
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT Table 8.9: Bone
SF
515 1723
Context
OLd layer59 NLe space a/b layer 123
Phase
3b/c o/2a
Measurements
L9.2 x W 1.2-0.4 Largest joined fragL 10.5 W2.1 ments:
Description
from a longCrudepointmanufactured bone. Small partof tip missing. some ofboar'stusk, 8 fragments joining. One nearly complete tusk can be and remainingfragreconstructed to indicatea mentsseem sufficient second.No tracesofworking. Crude point. Polished pin, circular cross-section, at bothends. Broken tapering. broken on all edges, of bone, Fragment withdrilledhole (diameter 0.3). at cross-section, Needle,circular pierced one end. Brokenat both ends. FIG. 8.8. withsimple Pin, circularcross-section, from shaft bulbousheadseparated by a single Tip and partofhead groove. FIG.8.8. missing. Pin, circularcross-section, taperingto FIG.8.8. tip.Top missing. at Pointedtool, ovoid in cross-section shoulder,taperingsharply to tip. fig.8.8. Brokenabove shoulder, crossShaft(? ofpinor needle),circular section,slightly tapered.Brokenat bothends. Polished pin, circular cross-section, tapering slightly to tip. Simple from shaft bulboushead separated by a single Verysmallpartoftip groove. FIG.8.8. missing. of Tip large point.
1830 2023 2194 2339 2370
NLb layer456 M Ld Room layer509 NLd space 1 layer15 NLc Southlayer237 NLc Southlayer250
o/ic 2b/3a 3c 2b
L 10.4 L4.1 D 0.3 L 3.6 w 1.9 L4.2 D 0.4 L4.1 x D 0.4
2b/3a
2371 2405a 2405b 2507
NLc Southlayer250 MLa/c layer755 MLa/c layer755 NKc/dlayer816
2b/3a S S ib
L6.3 D 0.4 L 7.2 x W 1.4 L4.0 L 6.0 x D 0.2-0.3
2677
MLb Room A layer972
ib/2a
L 3.4 x W i.o
9. Terracotta Objects ofwhich18 were are spindle theSanctuary from smallfinds terracotta The commonest whorls, sites on thebasisof at other established intotheshapeclassifications recovered. readily Theyfit collections farlarger (e.g. Lerna: Banks 1967,pls. 16-18; Agia Irini:Cummerand Schofield orflattened spherical 1984,pl. 3 1; Troy:Biegenetal. 1950,fig.128). Biconical(7) and spherical are whorls conical and discoid most the are forms by one represented cylindrical, frequent; (6) a Three of them have classified. to be too are whorls two and badly damaged each, example one at one end and severalwereslipped.Only aroundtheperforation (SF 1825), depression theeight at least,resembles in technique decoration and infilled bearsincised which, however, 1 1 PI. XXXVIII and . 15 2 excavations theearlier from suchwhorls (Phylakopi 904, 3 reported in isolated known instances from while ofcircleand opposedconcentric arcs, 17): thepattern and Eleusis Middle Bronzeage levelsat sitessuch as fig. 118.2) or (Mylonas 1932, 142 3 in abundant the finds decorated PI. Eutresis parallels XIX.1,6,7), (Goldman 1931, 198 and all et al. in East Aegean,especially oftheNorth whorls 1950,figs. Troy virtually phases(Biegen
THE FINDS
331
366- 7; 1951, figs.57 - 8, 152- 3, 237). Spindle whorlsare probablythe mostfrequently on BronzeAge sitesin Greece,but few encountered objectsin terracotta (otherthanpottery) the relative collections have been sufficiently well publishedforit to be apparentwhether seemsto be offorms A widevariety ofdifferent diagnostic. frequency shapesis chronologically of thosein Late in the Late BronzeAge levelsat Agia Irini,whereasthree-quarters present biconical Middle BronzeAge contexts at thesiteare biconical(Davis 1977, 127). At Eutresis, and 1 1 . The 1 whorls in Helladic werefound the Middle , Early 232 98) 93 (Goldman period only with are 1 Lerna MiddleBronze whorls from conical, 551) predominantly 485 967, (Banks Age makeup only5% and do notbeginuntil and cylindrical examples only20% biconical; spherical barrelwhorlsare the mostpopular in Crete cylindrical Period IV (EH III), yetat Myrtos it seemsprobablethatthespindle of uncertainties these dating, (Warren1972,228). Despite theMiddleand earlyLate Cycladic on thesiteduring reflect whorls from theSanctuary activity as theothertextile apparatusalso suggests. periods, is butthere three the complete, (SF 563,2056 and 2217) are essentially Among loomweights, a with disc to the lentoid also little doubt thatall theremaining single type belong fragments a flator groovedtop. Circular,oval, squat and near the edge and, morerarely, perforation first two are represented the while known: varieties are among the weights only piriform werereported as ofgrooved considered here,a number 'pulleys') (described examples piriform SF 2056 which of on the The excavations from theearlier latter, 214). grooves 1904, (Phylakopi a cane,ranalongthe bar or rod,probably 'mustindicatethata horizontal is a further instance, individual leveland prevent to keepall thewarp threads groupsofthreads top oftheweights with a 1 . SF 2 and fro' to from loomweight 2) 59, fragmentary perforated (Warren1972, swinging is paralleled by a very similarexample also with an unfinished two further drill-holes, PeriodV at Aghia Irini (Davis 1977,no. J4/32). from secondperforation incomplete tedloom (Hoffman for usewiththewarpdestined ofthis Disc loomweights sort, 1964), weigh Smith1975, in theAegeanin theMiddle and earlyLate BronzeAge (Carrington are common in Middle Minoan Crete(although 276- 286) and are ofMinoan type:verymanyare known Warren1972,212 and fig.96), whereastheonlypublished foundalreadyin EM II Myrtos: from MiddleBronzeAge LernaV (Banks1967,565seemto be thethree mainlandexamples islandsites, at other are also common including Agia minoanizing they d). However, 572, type on Thera Irini (Davis 1977, 126- 7; Cummer and Schofield 1984, Ch. VII), Akrotiri 45), Seraglioon (Marinatos1969,PL 39; 1971,PL 50), Trianda on Rhodes (Monaco 1941,fig. and Kastri on and and Kos (Morricone (Coldstream Huxley1972, Kythera fig.240) 1973,279 Cretanweaving PL 59, 11- 16). Davis (in press)has arguedthattheadoptionofspecifically on Keos (and probablyalso at the above-mentioned sites),impliesan increasein technology a thatconcurswith the Middle Bronze textile Age, suggestion during production specialised and became more at this that wool from evidence important production processing Phylakopi isinharmony withthe ofthese time(Gamble 1982).The general chronological pattern parallels theSanctuary, which aremainly before orearly in theusefrom oftheloomweights contexts find in theSanctuary thattheir has nothing itseems todo withthe life ofthebuilding: likely presence thattookplace there. activities is also certain for thesingle A date in theMiddleBronzeAge (and thuspre-Sanctuary) spool on thesite complete examplesofwhichwerefoundelsewhere (SF 1602), numerous fragment excavations bothinthenewand theearlier 1904,2 13 and PL XL. 36) . Theyareoften (Phylakopi endsin thestyle ofMelian Middle Cycladicpottery, on their withmattblack decorated flaring the laterMiddle painton a chalkywhiteground.A numberof similarexamplescome from are most common Bronze Age (PeriodV) levelsat Agia Irini(Davis 1977,126),butsuchobjects
332
on themainlandin MiddleHelladic times (Banks1967,562- 565; Howell 1973,77; Carington theend oftheMiddle Smith1975,400 404). On present evidence, spoolsare veryrareafter Smith a survival. Bronze theSanctuary iscertainly from Carington Ageand thesolitary example has argued thatspoolswereintended foruse witha spool rack to preparethe warp forthe horizontal loom. The threepierceddiscs manufactured fromre-usedpotsherds (SF 1536, 1741 and 656) contexts to the fifty or more examplesfoundin unspecified duringthe earlier correspond excavationof the site (Phylakopi 1904, 213). They seem to have no real chronological theAegeanthatno list on BronzeAge sitesthroughout and are so frequently found significance ofthetypes ofobjects ofother Banks'(1967,572- 603) careful needbe given. analysis examples foundin contextualassociationwith the many sherddiscs fromLerna gave littlehelp in made and used fora thattheywereexpediently their function and it seemslikely establishing lack theperforation which widevariety ofpurposes. (e.g. SF 2667) or Examplesare also known seemtohavebeen fresh which werecustom-made from clay (e.g. SF 558) and insomecasesthese of ofsuchuse). The function bearno traces usedas polishers thePhylakopi (although specimens obscure:itssize might thelargeperforated base ofa coarsevessel(SF 2675) is likewise suggest ofwhich theplaindiscSF 2873maybe a further itwas re-used as a lidorpotstand, that instance, on Thera (e.g. at Akrotiri foundinsitu stoneand terracotta examples paralleledby numerous Marinatos1969 PL 7.1; 1970,PL 98b; 1971,PL 47a). ofmuch smallfragments finds terracotta Two oftheremaining (SF 451 and 526) are merely cannotbe guessedat. The third(SF 803), a vertically and function larger objectswhoseform thatit and shapemight suggest perhaps object,is unique.Its weight mushroom-shaped pierced sucha use and no similar for seemstoo narrow butitsperforation is an unusualspindle whorl, instone, boneand ivory an item well-known can be cited.It maybe thatitisa pommel, example doesnotrun in these casestheperforation Karo 1933,140fig. 57), although Mycenae, (e.g.from was found on a house different a the form) (of very clay pommel through object; possible right of PeriodV at Lerna (Banks 1967,655- 6). floor mould(SF 780) from ofa terracotta shouldbe noted The find (fig.8.6,plate phase3b context ofone original with three on broken well-baked flat of It is a only edges, part clay 65 b). piece 2.6 cm flat chisels of width three of for the has hollows The surface casting upper edgepreserved. and perhaps for twomoresuchchisels, has hollows at least7.9 cm; thelowersurface and length foraxes,were bothprobably Two closedstonemoulds, morewhenthemouldwas complete. evidence considerable excavations intheearlier found 1904,191) and on Kea, where (Phylakopi a multiple ofmoulds, a number havebeenfound there for including exists, activity metallurgical and Schofield and twoarrowheads a chisel a knife, for with mouldinsteatite (Cummer patterns were whichopenmoulds for artefact 1984,no. 978). Chiselsare in factbyfarthemostcommon in theEarlyand MiddleBronzeAge (Branigan1974,table7). The useofclayfor manufactured listed israre:the19examples ofEBA and MBA date,however, moulds 77) all (ibid., byBranigan come from only7% oftheknowntotal. Troy and constitute
Drain Channels
wellTheseare all ofrather werefound. drainchannels ofterracotta Nineteen coarse, fragments best the is colour.None complete: fired (SF 786: preserved clay,baked to an even,terracotta in each case is trough-shaped PLATE 8.9) with (seeFIG. 65 e) is now38 cmlong.The cross-section is in generalbetween11 and 13.5cm,and theheight sides.The width and vertical flatbottom theclayis approximately of thickness 6 and 8 cm,whilethe between 1.5 cm. (In thelistwhich butthewidth less much arefrequently thedimensions preservation, incomplete through follows,
THE FINDS
333
FIG.8.9 Terracottadrainchannels.Scale . 17
been approximately the same.) It is not and height of all the channelsfoundhad originally in than20 cmlong. to since most were less document fragments anyconformity length, possible 1 SF one of these from the others. This is differs 724 (FIG. 8.9) . Here the Only objects markedly inheight at oneend,suggesting interior section iscurved, and there isa narrowing and reduction thatthis be a spout.The clayiscoarseand reddish, and covered might bya blackslip,notseenon theother the thickness of the bottom increases towards thetapering Moreover, end,so examples. a on flat This the inside would from the is therefore that, surface, lying slopeaway spout. piece ifcomplete, and there is thepossibility thatitmight, ofcoarse anomalous, proveto be somesort container rather than a channel. drainage pottery With this one exceptionthese findsresemblethe drain channel reportedfromearlier at thesite(Phylakopi excavations 1904,16and 61, fig. 57). That piecewas complete, measuring 10 cm The width here is thesame,buttheexamples 47 by 13 by approximately. approximately from theSanctuary are lesshighin thesidewalls.It is possible thattheSanctuary may examples have been of to this originally comparablelength piece. Fourfragments theanomalousSF 1274) are from thearea oftheEast Shrine, but (including to the 2b. The of the are from the most of prior collapsephase majority pieces collapsephase, them(five)from thearea southof the East Shrine,threefrom thesouthern of the West part Shrine(area NLa), one from MLb Room B, and one from a roomnorth oftheWestShrine(SF four after thecollapsephase,are once again all from 2054). The remaining pieces,datingfrom thearea near thesouthof the East Shrine. Thereis no clearindication oftheoriginal context ofthese items. One possibility is thatthey formed in thevicinity somewhere oftheSanctuary. Similar partofone or moredrainchannels terracotta runnels havebeenfound ina number oftheMinoanpalacesofeastCrete(Shaw 1971, 128 fig.16 1), although in these instances thelength isoftheorder of76 to80 cm,and hencemuch
334
O
70
Q,61o
'82B
^ ^
CD 4%
A
'_y
2820
~) f
2304
2801
^W^7 ^v^^
154 ^P
563
^s^,..î^J^;î^ 2056
^^^
'
I I I I I
/ ^H
2873 FIG.8.IO Terracotta objects.Scale 1:2
451
803
THE FINDS
335
drain than in the case of the earlierfindfromPhylakopl.A comparableterracotta greater nearKnossos(Hood and deJong1959,191 comesfrom theLate Minoan III 'kitchen' channel Crete. fig.7) and otherexamplesare knownfrom whichshouldbe considered is thatthese The alternative spouts, possibility objectswereroof ofa building so thatit used to conduct waterout from theflatroof thatis to saydrainchannels thewall. Each channelwould thenbe used wouldflowout and fallsomedistanceaway from be veryslightly and theflatroof slopedin sucha way thatthewaterwouldflowto the singly, hereofvertical or downspouts, is channel.(There is no suggestion althoughthere drainpipes in Crete (Dawkins 1905, 289).) We have no strong Palaikastro some evidenceforthisfrom inCrete, which itshouldbe notedthat those channels were for this evidence although suggestion, whichallowedthem ofa form to distance to conductwaterwereoften usedovera considerable to imagine these drainchannels which is notthecase here.It maywellbe permissible interlock, of rainwater froma flat-roofed the run-off as facilitating building,conceivably part of the but thedistribution offinds itself. The East Shrinemayhave been sucha building, Sanctuary a clear answeron thispoint. does notoffer Table 8.10: Terracotta objects
SF Context Phase Measurements H Spindle whorls
70 72 OLc space a/b layers 21, 22 and 23 OLc space a layer 22 3c 3c 2.4 2.8
Description
D
3.5 2.8 Biconical, dark brown-black clay. FIG. 8.10. Spherical, brown-black inclusions. Fragment about one-third. clay with preserving
151
OLc layer 2
1.7
2.6
Biconical, grey-brown clay with inclusions. Surface chipped and worn. FIG. 8.10. Squat biconical, light buff clay with inclusions. Slight depression around string hole at one end. fig. 8.10. Roughly spherical, fine grey clay, slightlychipped. Biconical, fine brown clay with a few small inclusions. Severely chipped and abraded. Flattened spheroid, fine soft grey-pink clay. Slight depression around string hole at one end. Slightly flattened spheroid, fine grey clay. Very flattenedspheroid, dark grey clay with some inclusions. FIG. 8.10. Biconical, finegrey clay. Incised, whiteinfilled decoration: circle around string hole and two groups of three concentric arcs. FIG.8.10; PLATE61/. Discoid, orange clay with some small inclusions.
508
OLd layer 47
1.4
2.6
584 793
NLd space 2 layer 18 NLe space a/b layer 59
0/3C 3a
2.1 2.0
2.5 2.2
1559
NLc layer 221
2b
1.5
2.2
1615 1715 173 1 1825
NLa layer 327 NLe space d layer 115 NLd East baulk layer 140 NLb layer 436
o/ia o/ic 3b S
1.8 1.5 2.4
2.1 2.9 3.4
2003
MLb East, layer 16
North Baulk
D/S
1.2
2.5
336
2304 2683 2684 2801 2820 2828 NLc East baulk layer228 MLb Room A layer973 MLb Room A layer973 MLb East layer 13 MLb East layer25 MLb East layer27

3c ib/2a ib/2a 2b ia 2b L 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.0 1.43.3 2.9 2.1 W 9.0 Th 2.8 Fragment, probablyof a loomweight, withone piercedhole and twoother incomplete perforations.Coarse, clay. lightbuff Fragment,lower part missing,with Coarse pinkclay singleperforation. withmanyinclusions. FIG.8.10. Lentoid disk with single perforation, coarseredclaywithmanyinclusions. fig.8.10. Verybattered, Fragment, broken on all edges, preserving singleperforation; proba loomweight. Fine pinkably from greyclay. about half of a Fragmentpreserving lentoiddisc with single perforation and twoparallelincisedlineson one surface. Brown-red coarse clay with signsofburning. about half of a Fragmentpreserving lentoiddisc withsingleperforation. Rathercoarsebuff-pink clay. Oval, with slightly grooved top and largeperforation (diameter1.1-1.3). brown claywith Lightgrey light slip.
FIG. 8.10.
Cylindrical with wide stringhole (diameter0.65), finered clay. FIG.

8.10.
2.4 2.1
spheroid,soft grey Slightlyflattened clay. Much wornand chipped. Fragmentary, shape uncertain,grey clay withsome inclusions. theother concave, Conical,one endflat, dark brownclay, possibletracesof blackslip. fig.8.10. Biconical, dark red clay with many smallinclusions, slipped.FIG. possibly
8.10.
Biconical, fine pale grey clay with lighter slip.
Loomweights OLd layer4 59
5.6
154 563 1061
OLd layer4 NLd space 3 layer6 NLe space c layer76
S S 2a
3.8 7.1 2.2
4.2 6.8
1.4 2.3 1.0
1.7
!554
NLc layer218
2b
6.5
3.6
1.5
1621
NLa Northbaulk layer334 MLd layer535
D/S 2b/3a
5.7 7.8
6.2 7.1
2056
2.4
2215
NLc layer224
6.5
4.0
1.32.2 i.o2.2 0.82.4
2216
NLc layer224 MLd layer523
6.5 6.4
5.2 6.6
2217
o/ia
ofovoid loomweight, broken Fragment longitudinally,with single perforation. Coarse pale pinkclay with inclusions. gritty Fragment, probably of a discoid loomweight; no perforationpreserved.Coarse pale grey-pink clay. Lentoid disc, slightly broken at top, singleperforation. Verycoarsegritty pinkclay. Wedge-shapedobject of pinkish-grey clay,brokenat one end. FIG.8.10. Very fragmentary object of friable unbakedclay,possibly partofa mud brick.
Other terracotta objects NLd space 3 layer5 451 526 OLd layer67
S 2a/3b
L3.2 x w 2.5 x Th1.2 L 7.5 x W8.7 x 14.5
THE FINDS
558 NLd space 3 layer 7 D D2.5 xThi.i
337
Clay disc with 1-2 deep grooves running round the edge. Pale pink clay, slightlychipped. Fragment ofclay mould broken on three sides. Upper and lower flat surfaces contain three moulds, for chisels or flat axes, of width c. 2.6, and of greater length than the 7.9 preserved. FIG. 8.6, PLATE65 b. Mushroom-shape object with convex flat base, upper surface and perforated vertically with a hole of diameter 0.45; surface colour black to deep brown. Probably a pommel. FIG. 8.10. Pierced disc, worn and chipped, manufactured from a pot base with encircling band of black paint on exterior surface. Fragment preserving slightly less than half of a longitudinally perforated spool of circular cross-section and with flat flaring ends. Undecorated coarse grey clay. Pierced disc of fine pink clay, manufactured from a re-used sherd. Fragment of pierced disc of fine reddish clay, manufactured from a re-used sherd. Dark red paint surrounds the hole in a broad band on one side. Clay disc, unpierced, of pale grey clay, manufactured froma re-used,slightly curved potsherd retaining two bands of red paint. Broken base of large vessel in coarse orange-buffclay; the pot walls have been trimmed almost flush with the interiorsurfaceof the base, which has been drilled with a hole c. 1.4 in diameter. PLATE45 d. Large flatdisc of finedark red clay with small inclusions, probably a lid or pot-stand. FIG. 8.10. Ht Th
780
NLe space a layer 55
3a/b
L 12.3 x Wio.i 4.3
x Th
803
3a
D 3.9 x H 2.0
1536
NLe layer 214
3b
D 5.0 x Th 1.7
1602
NLa East baulk layer 304
D/S
L 2.0 D 1.4/3.9
1741 2656
NLe layer 151 MLb Room A layer 961
3a 2b
Oc. 2.0 Th 0.4 D 3.5 Th 0.6
2667
MLb Room A layer 965
2b
D c. 5.3 x Th 0.6
2675
MLb Room A layer 970
2b
D 24.5 x H 4.9
2873
MLb Room layer 1036
2b/3a
D 8. Th 1.5
L Drain channels 1027a 1027b 1062 1724 NLe space c layer 89 NLe space c layer 89 NLe space a/b layer 128 NLe space b layer 123 2a 2a o/2a o/2a 13.5 8.8 26.0
6.3 3.9 10.3
3.3 7.9 7.5
base 1.2 side 1.6 1.2/1.7
Broken at both ends. Broken at both ends. Broken at one end with the spout preserved, tapering to 4.7. FIG.
786 876 1028
NLd space 1 layer 56 NLe space c layer 74 and NLd space 4 layer 73 NLb layer 419
2b 2b/3a 2b/3a
31.6 38.0 12.0
13.2 13.5 6.0
6.1 7.6 3.5
1.4 1.4 0.9/1.2
8.9. Broken at both ends. FIG.8.9, plate 65,. Several joining fragments of drain tile, broken at both ends. FIG.8.9. Broken at both ends. FIG. 8.9.
338
1626 182 1 2054 2192 2193 2252 2877 777 1022 2272 2273 1010 NLb layer 437 NLb layer 428 MLd layer 535 NLa layer 321 NLa layer 315 NLa layer 316 MLb Room layer 1037 NLd space 1 layer 52 NLb layer 405 NLe space c layer 42 NLe space c layer 42 NLb layer 402

2b/3a 2b/a 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 3b 3a/3c 3^/30 3a/3c D 21.7 31.0 28.0 *44 20.0 12.0 11.0 20.0 9.1 1.0 Broken at both ends. FIG. 8.9. Broken at both ends. Broken at both ends. FIG. 8.9. 7.0 6.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 3.7 1.8/1.0 Broken at both ends. Broken at both ends. FIG. 8.9. Broken at both ends. FIG. 8.9. Broken at both ends. Broken at both ends. Broken at both ends.
10.0 10.5 6.6 10.0 5.5 5.3
10. The Painted Plaster As willbe seenbelow,the in thecourseoftheexcavation. was found Not muchpaintedplaster to derive and are likely werefew, and withfigured contexts wellstratified designs piecesfrom all ofit at excavations our from The decorated nearly levels. from Phylakopi, plaster pre-shrine volumeofthe ofLate BronzeI date,willbe published byDr Mark Cameronin thesucceeding in threeareas, weresufficiently ofred-painted frequent excavation plaster Fragments report. somearea of either them within been have there to whether as the to may however, pose question or someportableobjectsdecoratedwithred plaster. red wall plaster, the muchusedfor and was clearly occurrence was ofmuchmorefrequent Plainwhite plaster in thenorththere insitu It was found in theWestShrine. ofthewalls,particularly faces interior also in thenorth-east It occurred corner, features. westcorner, covering partoftheplatform wall north the that documents thus and added was behindtheplatform 3), during phase (which This was very was coatedwithwhiteplaster. or at leastitslowerportions, oftheWestShrine, thecase fortheotherwalls also. possibly theEast Shrine.SF 191is from bothwithin are in stratified twopieceslisted contexts, The first use shrine of last the from 4.17). SF 775 is fromthe (fig. 3c) (phase L, phase Assemblage wereeither In such 2b. of the contexts, piece still but post-dating collapse phase phase, preceding been have well further East the expected. within might a wall Shrine, fragments from painting to see theseas pre-Shrine one would prefer (probablyLate On contextual therefore, grounds, thecase ofSF or use its Shrine the into their found (in which during BronzeI) fragments way small isolatedoccurrence, "These writes: Cameron Mark Professor pieces' abandonment. 191) other or wall-fill were condition surface worn somewhat they and suggests to tinysize, Bothseemto have context. find their than date earlier of debris convened I?) (LB haphazardly belongedto muraldecoration." levels.Numbers1096, 1714 and 1716 The otherdecoratedpieces are all from pre-shrine in this somewhere thatthere general raisethepossibility mayhavebeenwallpaintings certainly East later the of area the that remembered Shrine, be should I Bronze Late in the area period.(It was probablyan open space duringthe LH period.)The four wherethesewerefound, undertaken levelsin thelimited are all from sounding stratified pre-shrine fragments remaining wall with decorated thatrooms may paintings in theWestShrinein Room A. Theydo suggest have stoodhereor nearbyin the Late BronzeI period. Mackenzie's comefrom Mostofthem dump,and some The remaining piecesare unstratified. known well the to lily fresco' by Dr Cameron as belonging pieces have been identified (Phylakopi1904, 76).
PlasterwithDecorative Designs
THE FINDS
339
Table 8.1 1: Plasterwithdecorative designs

SF Context Phase L
191 OLc space a layer 26 3c 2.3
Measurements W
2.1
Description
Th
0.6 Scrap of fine plaster with part of blue branched spiral defined by black line on white. Scrap with traces of red on dull yellow background. Painted red brown yellow and bordering each other along straight line.
775
NLd space 1 layer 52 NLa layer 328
3b
1.5 2.6
0.9
0.3 1.2
1096
o/ia
2.3
1714 1716
NLe space c layer 111 NLe space c layer 111
o/ic o/ic
1.8 2.2
0.9 1.8
0.7 0.8
Traces
of yellow and red paint, extremely fugitive. Painted pink and red with straight incised line separating two areas. Surface of plaster is slightlycurved.
2O42(a) 2042 (b) 2045a 2047
MLd Room layer 520 MLd Room layer 520 MLd Room layer 520 MLd Room layer 521
o/ia o/ia o/ia o/ia
3.0 3.1 2.4 3.2
2.2 2.0 1.6 2.2
1.2 1.2 0.3 0.7
Possibly joining: area of blue paint edged by thin straightband of black. Traces of fugitive black paint on pink background. Area of black paint bordering area of yellow along a straightline. Two red circles on yellow. Straight red band. Large quantities of red fragments of plaster. Large quantities of black fragments. 30 scraps of fine white plaster with lily flower decoration. 2 scraps of dark red. 2 scraps of grey/blue. 1 scrap with black design with red spot on abraded white. 1 worn white with dark red band at border. 2 black and white with coarse string line. 1 rectangular border with worn grey/blackband and ochre band. (a) Band of black paint. (b) Traces of pale blue paint. Traces of two shades of blue paint on white background, probably representing flower stems. Two bands of black bordering a band of blue. Thin straight band of black bordering red area.
2049 551
MLd Room layer 52 1 NLd space 3 layer 2
o/ia S
2.1 -
2.2
0.5 -
551 + 552
NLd space 3 layer 2
1005 1066
NLe layer 203 NLa layer 303
S D/S
3.6 3.1 1.9
2.5 1.6 1.6
0.4 2.0 0.7
1009c 1619
NLa layer 301 NLa North baulk layer 331
D/S D/S
5.1 2.2
4.2 1.8
0.9 -
34 ShapedPlasterFragments
The first of these(SF 2263) is conceivably from a portableobject,perhapsan offering table, surfaces are covered whose The inner and outer reconstructed. shapecannotnowbe adequately an withred plaster.(Professor Cameronsuggests thatthisis muralplasterratherthanfrom table.) offering The second piece (SF 2378) is apparently part of the base and lower wall of a plaster or stand,paintedon theoutside. ofthebase is only7 cm,and itmight The diameter receptacle, perhapsbe thelowerpartof theleg ofa substantial tripodtable. Altar tablesof plaster, sometimes attractively painted,are commonin Crete duringthe and fragments are known for theLate BronzeI periodat Phylakopi (Catling1976,26, periods, fig33) Table 8.12: Shaped plasterfragments
SF 2263 Context MLb East layer20 Phase 2b Measurements Upper surface4.5 x 3.4 Rim and side 4.5 Height3.1 Diam. of base 7.0 Height3.4 Th 0.7 Description coarse plaster,possibly Scrap of fairly rim fragment from 'Table of Offering' slightly concave upper curvedrimand partofside. surface, Paintedred. a Table of from Scrap ofbase possibly curvedbody and slightly Offering': Paintedred. part base preserved.
2378
NLc Southlayer252
2b
PaintedPlaster Monochrome
withred or pinkpaint werequite decoratedentirely the surface of plaster, Small fragments to give rise to the numerous the pieces were sufficiently commonfinds.In threeinstances merestray than rather pieces. context, thattheywereassociatedin a meaningful suggestion levels(see in different stratified twelve ofnote,NLc South,produced fragments, One context of area thata shapedfragment this TABLE 8.13 below). It shouldbe notedthatitwas in precisely red a from comes painted red paintedplasterwas found,as describedabove. It probably mostofthesemonochrome that fragments the is thus There altar'. strong possibility 'portable No. 2378,arefrom Assemblage including thesameobject.Manyofthese from derive fragments, G: FIG. thephase 3b levels(Assemblage 4.13) in A ofphase2b (fig.4.7). Otherpiecesare from then either thesameobjectoccurring already samearea,and these this maywellbe piecesfrom completely thealreadydamaged objectwhichwas subsequently or representing as fragments broken. ofthesame from all consistently layers thanfifteen FromRoom comeno fewer fragments, of another either object redplaster, portable represent phase.Therecan be no doubtthatthey room.It the a redpainted orpossibly paneldecorating wallofthis nowcompletely disintegrated, earlier the from decorated of wereseveralpieces there plaster shouldbe notedthatalthough not therefore is It red. monochrome was likely noneofthese room, (Late BronzeI) levelsin this thatthere It seems context. earlier an from very possible derive thatthese originally fragments of red paintedplasterin Room B. was somemuraldecoration for sucha conclusion to suggest any are sufficient finds theremaining whether It is doubtful and coloured two of 2233 yellow(SF area. The existence fragments other partoftheSanctuary levels. lattermay be from The noted. be should pre-shrine blue one and 2175a) (SF 2386) case of in the is decoration red plausibleonly Overallitwouldseemthatthecase for painted Room of theWestShrine.
Table 8.13: Monochrome paintedplaster

SF context Phase L 2044 2045b 2028a 2028b 2029 2030 2038 2040 2892 2895 2896 2898 2899 2901 2906 2365a 2365b 2343 2373 2374 2375 2330 2313 2316 2318 2323a 2323b 485 1094 1183 1220 1720a 1720b 1720c 1729 2175a 2175b 2188 2197 2233 2259 2386 1730 1009a 1009b 2177 MLd MLd MLd MLd MLd MLd MLd MLd MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb MLd NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc Room layer520 Room layer520 Room layer515 Room layer515 Room layer5 17 Room layer517 Room layer518 Room layer518 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1038 Room layer 1040 South layer246 South layer246 South layer237 South layer251 South layer252 South layer251 South layer235 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 South layer234 ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ib/2a ia/2a ia/2a 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b/3a 3b 3b 3b 3b 3b 2b ib/2a 2a/3c 3c o/ic o/ic o/ic 3b o/ia o/ia 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b ib/2a 2b/3a 3a D/S D/S S 2.8 1.9 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.7 1.0 2.5 1.2 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.6 1.2 2.0 4.2 2.5 1.6 3.0 1.2 3.0 3.2 1.1 2.7 3.2 1.8 0.9 1.9 2.3 4.0 3.6 2.9 2.0 3.1 3.5 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.7 3.8 2.8 3.3 Measurements W 2.0 1.4 2.9 1.7 1.6 2.5 1.0 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.4 3.2 2.3 1.4 2.3 1.1 2.9 1.7 1.0 2.6 3.2 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.9 2.7 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.5 2.6 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 Th 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.6 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.8 1.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.7 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.1 Red Red Red Red Red Red Red, coarseplaster Red, coarseplaster Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Pink Red Red Red Pink Pink Red Red Blue Pink Brown Red Yellow Red Yellow Red Red Red Pink Comments
NLd space 1 layer56 NLa layer322 OLd layer66 OLc space a layer22 NLc space c layer 120 NLc space c layer 120 NLc space c layer 120 NLc layer 138 NLa layer330 NLa layer330 NLa layer316 NLd space 3 layer35 MLb roomA layer976 MLb layer974 NLc East baulk layer256 NLd east baulk layer 139 NLa layer301 NLa layer301 NLb layer435
342 RoofPlaster
similar bambooorother ofreeds, Severalpiecesofcoarseplaster werefound bearing impressions ofthis use The obvious had been to which the as applied. plants, clearly plaster employed laths, in the used as is was a flat roof such to make Cycladic today routinely technique weatherproof an interpretation sincesuchlathsare notstrong islands: as wallplaster isvery enoughto unlikely at for timber-frame no evidence Thereis absolutely useas restricted load bearing units. building walls the for and daub in wattle the where or indeed elsewhere technique Cyclades, Phylakopi, have been a possibility. might Thisisnot context. a wellstratified isfrom recovered noneofthefour fragments Unfortunately a stratified at of to be the if in is it remains since roof situ, likely however, debris, top surprising Shrine. the West area of from the all come It is notable that four fragments sequence. Table 8.14: roofplaster
SF Context Phase L 2224c 2227 2279 2305 NLa East baulk layer304 NLb layer409 NLa layer301 NLc cleaning D/S D D/S S 7.5 8.3 5.0 6.0 Measurements W 6.2 6.8 4.5 5.0 Th 1.5 2.2 of coarse plasterwith three Fragment reedimpressions. of coarse off-white plaster Fragments withfourreedimpressions. of coarse whiteplasterwith Fragment Thof tracesoffourreedimpressions. reeds0.9-1.5. Fragmentof white plasterwith three reedimpressions. Description
11. Fine Stone Objects 8 fragmentary theSanctuary stoneobjectsfrom vessels, The corpusof29 worked 4 comprises other and 2 columnarlamps, 2 rockcrystal items, or dressweights, buttons 13 fragments, a celt and a handle. stonediscs,plaques, pendants, including but the to be classified, Threeofthestonevessels(SF 163,585, 1024) are to badlybroken vases stone Minoan of in the accomodated can be 8.1 remainder typology readily (fig. i) a black of a is 1 1 SF most . The 1 Warren established , large part striking, 7 7 (plate 65 a) ( 969) by foundin 1910- 11 by blossombowl (Warrentype5) whichjoins the fragment serpentine from the Dawkinsand Droop (1911, 22) and whichis paralleledby four examples incomplete referred Warren and excavations earlier 14-17) (1969, 166-167). figs. 1904,197 (Phylakopi Thera: Warren1979,89) have discoveries to over 120 vasesofthistypeand recent (e.g. from in MM whichflourished canonical of this to thisnumber. form, added considerably Examples on in theislands have also beenrecovered inlatercontexts, beenfound III - LM I buthas often wall of and base thick the of a small SF and Delos part only Keos,Naxos, Kythera. 556 preserves ofa bucketas a portion size.It is most ofindeterminate vessel a serpentine interpreted plausibly have ofexamples is in LM I; a number whosefloruit jar (Warren1969,34 5, type14), a form bowl,SF 889, is of been excavatedon Keos and Thera (Warren1979,91-3) The carinated foundin Third Citylevels Warrentype6 or 7 (1969, 17- 21) and recallstheearlierinstance likeours, ofknownexamples, (Phylakopi1904, 198). Warren(ibid.)notesthatthree-quarters foundas sometimes MM I (although is almostexclusively and thattheform are ofserpentine of a double or perhapsmultiple vessel,a . SF 2046 is clearlya fragment latersurvivals)
THE FINDS
343
J
2250
2046
^^^^Â
FIG.8. 11 Stone vessels. Scale 1:2
in member oftheclassofblock-vases orkernoi (Warren1969, 11- 14,tvPe4) whoselonghistory Minoan times on makes the of individual It Cretefrom Early dating examples problematical. is not verycloselymatchedin Warren'sseriesand appears to be a littleout of the usual in flat thecurving wallsofindividual vessels ofa kernos withtheentirely base ofa block combining CretecitedbyWarren vase.The onlyexampleoutside is from none Mycenaeand,significantly, A rim the of Minoan stone vases from Thera. from a largegroup fragment appearsamong very in 1 bowl of steatite falls Warren's or bowls of this (SF 2250) type31 32 ( 969,89 90) ; plain very EM III - MM I on. form from (cf.Phylakopi 1904,198and fig.170) weremanufactured simple to make reference It is also appropriate hereto thesmallD-shaped fluted handle ofwhite limestone(SF 194; fig. 8.12 and PLATE marble or marble-like discussed earlierin 64 c), withtheostrich in connection near which it was found the East Shrine. It is by no egg rhyton means certainthat the two belong together and instancesare knownof stone vases with made handles:a particularly basin withthreebow-shapedhorizontal interesting separately excavatedon Thera handles,each markedto indicatewhichhandle fits where,was recently and Pis. Warren no. 1972, 32 69 (Marinatos 70; 1979,89 1831 ).
344
vk^ ( ^Ly
2008
I y^
I y
194
^r
1546
816
2881
866
2350
2354
280g
workedstone.Scale 1:2 FIG.8.12 Objects of finely
in non-local and manufactured stones, ofcanonicalMinoanform Thissmallgroupofvessels, of stone characteristic is Theirpredominant material, no realsurprises. serpentine, thus provides Thera at material raw most the far and is by LM contexts commonly represented vasesfrom MM I and LM I and itis between common vasesare oftypes (Warren1979,table2). All these and at contexts find their bothfrom by analogywithmanyother Phylakopi certain, virtually thestrong worth is It Bronze Late the into noting survivals perhaps thatthey Age. sites, represent as SF as our such vases 2046, especially of multiple cult associations (Xanthoudides1906), the the of the of as found fragmentary also Sanctuary; doublevaseswere ceramic equipment part was foundin a level whichwould seem to pre-datethe use of the stoneexample,however, building. (SF 866, is requiredhereon thefourconical perforated objectsof steatite Littlecomment this since 'dress or 'buttons' as to extremely referred weights', 2354, 2808; FIG.8.12), usually the subjectof a recentcomprehensive studyby commonMycenaean artefact type forms earliest the is and 1 nos. 2 form conical 3) The [ibid., fig. Iakovides (1977). simple and shanked later the with in existence disc-shaped continued it although chronologically, came intousefor almost alwayssteatite, untiltheendoftheMycenaeanperiod;stone, varieties as from The BC. coming the of turn the Phylakopi, at examples manufacture their century 15th
THE FINDS
345
a coherent different contexts and beingofmarkedly do from several sizes,do notrepresent they have been in and therefore tombs found of the kind sometimes deposited may Mycenaean group 8 of ofthesitereported in theSanctuary. excavators The earlier 9 ofthese objects, individually XXXVIII. PL and 12them conicaland 1 biconicalwithdecoration 14, 1904,213 (Phylakopi 16). 66 a and b) orpedestals chevron-decorated The tworemarkable (SF 2004,2309;PLATE pillars tuff. sincethe stoneis the local whiteconglomerate are presumably of Melian manufacture, smaller than in SF is small details: a form 2004 2309 slightly differing Theyclearly pair,although were It isprobablethatbothobjects incross-section. thancircular, and is roughly square,rather in with case SF 2309,found madeat aboutthesametime(inphase2), inwhich phase3c material their crude must be re-used. Westplatform, thearea oftheNorth largely workmanship, Despite in the items ofcultfurniture wereundoubtedly a function ofthematerial used,they important on thesiteor indeedin theAegeanin general. elsewhere WestShrine and find no closeparallels surrounded isimplied useswas as lampsorcensers That oneoftheir bytheconicaluppersurface in in clear traces of one case rim a shallow bowl a low to form which, may burning (SF 2004), by sites on Minoanor minoanizing find be seen.Tall pedestal lampsofstoneor clayare a common Dawkins and studies and have been the subjectof numerous 1923, (e.g. Bosanquet previous 138- 40; Persson 1942, 107- 8 and fig. 113; Warren 1969, 49 - 60; Mercado 1975). are alreadyknownfromPhylakopi and clay stand-lamps Fragmentary examplesof steatite on Thera with more PL 186 and 210 XLI.3), completeinstancesat Akrotiri (1904, fig. two all bowls of 1 . But these have PL 'ashtray' shape,with virtually lamps (Marinatos 976, 54a,b) wicks the between the underneath the of bowl two solid handles for the and, wick, edge lips in objectssuchas on thestem. Better torus usually, mouldings parallelsare perhapsto be found and Rawson 1966, Room 55 ofthepalace at Pylos(Biegen theunfinished porosiampstand'from a a also seem as a concave column on base form Mycenaeanbead (a square fig.271.6), squat akinto thecrude In more some the stone from the are Sanctuary closely ways, pedestals type). in of the Third City and vases and 'censers' found the western pillar-chamber pedestalclay inassemblages and on thesitein theearlier excavations elsewhere 1904,158fig.147) (Phylakopi cult itself. Whatever their usemayhavebeen,their essential ofphases2b and 3c in theSanctuary character is not in doubt. The twofragments ofrockcrystal shouldbe regarded as unworked, (SF 572, 1747), although a votive the latter is handsome 61 While it cannot be ruled offerings: particularly piece (plate e). werepickedup on Melos itself, it is perhapsmorelikely thattheir out thatthey place oforigin was theveinsfoundin severalpartsofCrete (Marinatos1931; Warren1969, 136- 7), where was usedfrom rockcrystal theEM periodfor and other smallobjects;onlythe beads,pendants LM I used for vases need have been from large crystals exceptionally beyondthe imported An use of rock in was the manufacture of Aegean. important crystal by lapidaries inlaysand a in of the latter was found Room of the in a phase 1 West Shrine sealstones; splendid example in VII Dr context natural and worked (discussed Chapter by Younger). However,although has been foundverywidelyin the Late BronzeAge Aegean, it is by no means rockcrystal commonin theislands.A fine'pinhead' from thedestruction in layerin Xeste 3 at Akrotiri Thera is mentioned Marinatos PL in and as 'rare Thera'. Cummer and by (1976, 32 57b) Schofield to severalunmodified rockcrystals from Late Bronze (1984,Appendix2), who refer in A levels House at Irini on note that such often have been Keos, rightly Age Agia objectsmay own sake as visuallyattractive collected fortheir rather than as raw material for curiosities, and Such be the case at jewellers lapidaries. may Phylakopl.
346
elaborate isone themost orpendants from theSanctuary theseveral stones Among perforated in theform ofa couchant ofa pinkish, white-mottled stone(Pamethyst) animal,now lackingits - a dog (SF 2008; FIG. - lesslikely 61 b). a lion or as either 8.12, PLATE head, but identifiable Small-scalerepresentations of such animals, whetherpierced for suspensionor not, are in thepeak found wererecently rarein theAegean.Threecouchant lionsin steatite exceedingly 1 PI. a similar steatite in PI. of Iouktas Crete 79)3; 1975, 204), very 1974, sanctuary (Karetsou a et al. lion is in Mu at Mallia has turned 1980, 149), gold (Detournay fig. dog up Quartier lionsin known from ShaftGrave IV at Mycenae (Karo 1933,no. 275) and severalcrouching at Aplomataon Naxos (Kardara 1977,PI. sheet from theLH IIIC cemetery goldwererecovered for It is quitepossible of one of these showed suspension. 5<x,j8). signs perforation Only examples the an Egyptian amuletofSeno, at all, butrather thattheobjectis notofAegeanmanufacture to Ptolemaic times Ptrie from a which is attested lion, 1914, 45, (e.g. prehistoric crouching type a of is . The usual material and PI. faience, variety although semi-precious XXXVIII) 219, type themiddle oftheanimal's a ring from stones werealso used,and themodeofsupension springing an instance on also for is known, back; however, examplein carnelian, lengthwise piercing in Cambridge(no. and in of a now the Museum of lion, Archaeology Ethnology possibly inview nosurprise SF need occasion for An albeit a tentative 2008 . one, 36.497) origin, Egyptian twodozen Egyptian ofnearly in theSanctuary and thepresence ofthescarabfound elsewhere and Near Easternamuletsin the LH IIIC tombsat Perati(Iakovides 1970,pl. 85). insize,butareofsimple form: The remaining (SF subrectangular varyconsiderably pendants first two are The and flattened certainly (SF 523). (SF 1546) piriform 797), 'elongated teardrop' colour and polish,and theyare readilyparalleled decorative, judging fromtheirlightness, slab ofground etah 1980,figs. elsewhere 197and 199). SF 2881,a rectangular (e.g. Detournay is for also was stone, althoughits function perforated suspension, presumably argillaceous found near Palaikastroin Crete unkown.Somewhatsimilarobjects (but notperforated) and Dawkins1923,fig.129) and on Thera (Marinatos1969,PI. 37.2; 1972,PL 36a) (Bosanquet thisinterpretation but Palaima (1982, n. 15) has resisted to be 'writing werethought tablets', marble flat ofwhite small Two as whetstones. have served objects mayperhaps strenuously; they function. indeterminate are likewise of (SF 816, 1012) to have been variousobjectsofstoneshouldbe considered and theremaining Whether these One is unclear. as in the puzzlingobjectwhichmay Sanctuary specifically offerings deposited all over found the axes like a 'celt' is be so commonly shaped (SF 891) roughly regarded perhaps material is a the as an axe since use for not intended but Greecein theneolithic period, clearly excavators earlier The to a sharpcutting stoneand it was not brought soft (Phylakopi edge. werenotfound', ofneolithic stated that'celtsand hammers although types 1904,199) explicitly and a smallcelt' from 'halfa stonehammer-head Dawkinsand Droop (1911, 22) mentioned are as non-functional, excavators Celtsofneolithic contexts. form, bytheir regarded unspecified a fewLH III sitessuchas tholostombIV at Pylos(Biegenetal. 1973), knownfrom however of Perati(Iakovides1969,PL 638), Korakou (Biegen1921,fig.133.7) and thecultassemblage House G at Asine (Frdin and Persson1938, 299 and fig.206) fromwhicha celt-shaped bead ofcarnelianwas also recovered (1938, 311 fig.214). perforated and one one inwhite discs(SF 160,162,524,2381)- twoinsteatite, Foursmallstone marble, - parallelthose SF 524 SF 160and 162are pierced, in terracotta. ofvolcanicash in a local stone stone Numerous manufacture. broken have been 160 to seems pierced so; during onlypartially discsare alreadyknownfrom (1904, 200), but theseare largerthanour examples. Phylakopi Kea (Cummerand Schofield1984,passim)and Thera from Clear parallelsexistin quantity as counters, wheretheyare variously PL PL interpreted 98b), 41.2; 1971, 1969, (Marinatos and stonelids. weights
THE FINDS Table 8.15: Fine Stone Objects

SF Context Phase Measurements Description
347
Stone bowls OLc layer 19 163
3a/3c
L4-3 x W2.9 x Tho.9
556 585 889
NLd layer5 NLd East baulk layer26 NLe space c layer84
S D 2a
H 6.4 x W7.8 x Th2.4 L3.6 w 3.4 Th0.7 5.0 x Th .6
1024 1717
NLe space a/b layer 129 NLe space c layer 117
o/2a o/ic
L2.5 x w 1.8 x Tho.5 8.9 x D of base 6.2 Max D 14.0
2046
MLd Room layer521
o/ia
L 5.5 2.7 x Tho.9
2250
OLd layer44
H 3.5 x w 3.8 x Th0.6
of a vessel of Curved wall fragment diameter approx. 14 cm. Highly polished, but many superficial scratches.Black stone with white impurities. ofthebase and sideofa stone Fragment bowl, diameter approx. 20 cm. FIG8. 11. Serpentine. of stone bowl, Small wall fragment diameterabout 8-9 cm. Patinated not marble. whitestone,apparently Wall fragment froma carinatedstone bowlofapprox.diameter 9 cm. Hard stonewithwhite darkgreenish-black inclusions, probablyserpentine. Small wall fragmentfrom a white marblevessel. Large fragment of blossom bowl, preserving partofbaseand abouthalf of body, with three carved petals. FIG8.11, PLATE Black serpentine. 65 a. double stone bowl withflat Fragment base and vertical sides. Black FIG withwhiteinclusions. serpentine 8.11. Rim fragment ofa circular stonebowl, diameter approx. 8 cm. Black steatite. FIG8. 11. Small steatite button, in shape of truncated cone. FIG8.12. Steatitebutton,in shape of truncated cone. Dark grey with unusual red patches.FIG8.12. Steatitebutton,in shape of truncated cone. Dark purple.FIG8.12. Large steatite button, in shape of truncatedcone. Dark purple. FIG 8.12. Decorated pillar or lamp in white tuff. Circularin crossconglomerate section, waisted hourglass profile, concave dished top surface surrounded bya lowrimand withtraces of plaster and burning. Waist decoratedin low relief witha carved chevron motif. PLATE 66 a.
Buttons or dress weights NLd space 4 layer68 866 235 2354 2808 NLc Southlayer242 NLe South layer243 MLb East layer24
3a/3c ia/2a ia/2a ib/2a
H 0.9 x Basal D .6 D ofstringhole 0.25 1.0 x Basal D 1.7 D ofstringhole 0.3 1.7 x Basal D 2.1 D ofstringhole 0.4 1.8 x Basal D 2.8 D ofstringhole 0.4
Columnar lamps MLb East layer 13 2004
2b
48.0 x D at top 21.5 x D at bottom 23.026.5
348
2309 NLc Southlayer232

3c H43.7 Dimensionsat base 15.2/ 14.2 x Dimensions at top 16-9/ 150 Decorated pillar or lamp in white tuff. conglomerate Roughly squarein waistedhourglass cross-section, profile, concave dished top surface surroundedby a low rim. Waist in low relief decorated witha carved chevron motif,slightly larger and moreangularthanthaton SF 2004. plate 66 b. Small unworked fragmentof rock crystal,preserving 5 facets of the naturalcrystal. PLATE 61 e. Large fragmentof unworked rock 6 facets broken at crystal. preserved, one end, tapering to a pointat the other. ofstonediscwithslight trace Fragment of centralperforation. One surface smoothed theother and flat, irregular perhaps unfinished. Grey,Psteatite.
FIG 8.12.
Rock crystal NLd space 2 layer 14 572 1747 NLe layer 152
0/3C 2b
L 1.2 x W 1.0 Tho.7 L 6.4 W3.0-2.0
Other stone objects 160 OLc layer 14
D2.7 XThi.i
162
OLc layer 15
D 2.5 x Th0.5
194
OLc space a layer28
3c
3.3 W2.1 x Th1.3
523
OLd layer67
2a/3c
5.3 Basal D 2.4
524 797
OLd layer67 NLe space a/b layer59
2a/3c 3a
D 4.5 Th .4 L 1.5 x W0.85 x Tho.2
816
NLe space a/b layer61 NLe space c layer87 NLe layer301 NLc layer216
2b 2a D/S 3b
L2.9 W 1.2 x Tho.3 L 7.6 w 4.2 x Max Th 1.8 L3.2 w 3.7 Tho.8 L 3.9 D 0.6-1.3
891 1012 1546
Fragmentof stone disc with central One surfacesmoothed perforation. flat, the other irregular: either unfinishedor broken from some largerobject.Probablysteatite. Small stone D-shaped handle, curved inner surfacebearing plaster concretions.Slight fluting on exterior surface.Probably white limestone. FIG8.12, PLATE 64 e. Piriform stone, objectinoff-white pitted broken longitudinally and lacking retains traces of partofthetop,which a horizontal perforation. Disc oflocal white volcanic stone.Slight centralindentation on one surface. Smallflat stonependant subrectangular withstringhole nearone end,broken at one corner. Pale greentranslucent stone.FIG8.12. Small subrectangular marble plaque, no perforation or decoration. FIG 8.12. Smallstoneaxe, 'cutting edge'wideand blunt. Dark grey stone, perhaps steatite. Wedge-shaped fragment of white marble. stonependant,brokenat Fragmentary circular in cross-section and bottom, taperingtowardsthe top end with horizontal Dark grey. FIG stringhole. 8.12.
THE FINDS
2008 MLb East layer 13 2b L 3.6 W 1.3 1.5 D ofstringhole 0.2
349
animal pendant,lacking Fragmentary the head. The animal (?lion) is carved in the round in a couchant At stringhole. Longitudinal position. of the base is an incised each corner line running diagonally.Pinkstone, 61 a. non-local.FIG8.12, PLATE Irregular flat disc of greyish-white marble. slab ofgroundargilaceous Rectangular at one end, stone with perforation drilled from both sides (diameter
0.5). FIG 8.12.
2381 2881
NLc East baulk layer255 MLb Room layer 1038
3b ib/2a
Dc. 2.8 x Tho.7 L 7.9 w 3.9 Th1.4
12. The Artefacts of Coarse Stone* the whichdo notfallwithin Within theSanctuary area, numerous objectsofstonewerefound Most of the as 'Fine Stone'. whichare classified smallobjects, offinely worked objects, category as tools,mostof thememployedfor classified as 'coarse stone' are clearlyto be identified is less materials softer or grinding (including grain),but in somecases thefunction pounding ofclasses:saddle querns,mortars, obvious.The objectshave been dividedhereintoa number stone.(The marble discsand marbleslabs,and miscellaneous and hammerstones, grindstones in are size they mostconveniently as 'coarse',but viewoftheir be described slabsshouldhardly listedhere.) materialsfall into two major classes,one of themsubdivided, The constituent although themmarble,whichis not available on beyondtheseclassesotherrockswereused, amongst as 'mylopetra', thehard igneous mostcommonly used may be described Melos. The material were at severalplaceson Melos and on Kimolos.Two varieties rockwhichis found (andesitic) withinthisgeneral describedbelow as 'materiala' and 'materialb', both falling observed, such rockis from the 'beach' depositofverylarge One obviousplace forobtaining category. ofthesite.It is clearthat to thenorth-east boulders (up to 60 or 70 cm) whichliesimmediately much of the buildingmaterialforthe site came fromthe same source. Other sourcesof comparablematerialare knownon Melos and Kimolos (Runnels 1981,86 - 90). These two research on thistopicin Melos ofandesitic rockare distinguished varieties here,sincefurther thespecific sourceofeach. maywell identify The thirdcommonmaterial, here listedas 'materialc', is a softand ratherfriable white Mr PeterShelford material ofigneous has described one ofthecoarser and origin. conglomerate as 'calcareous gritwith siltymatrixand occasional bubbles of decayed heavierspecimens Could be ex-flash flood Butthis rhyolite. deposits up valleytoeastofPhylakopl.' description may stress thatin manycases theconstituent is clearlyofvolcanicorigin, notsufficiently material tuff. The exampleinquestion isofa darkish whilesomepiecesare much colour, yellow probably and offiner and maybe from ofcompacted whiter volcanicash,rather texture, primary deposits than this redeposited material. Other stones than these three are occasionallyused for hammerstones and grindstones. In considering the occurrence of theseobjectsin the Sanctuary, thereare severalnotable Three one of them plate 66 e) werefoundon the mortars, assemblages. verylarge (SF 580; in the north-east in corner of the West Shrine of platform assemblage phase3c (see FIG. 4. 16). At the same period,a quern fragment a and (SF 2311) pounder (SF 2312) were foundin
* We would like to acknowledge the collaboration of Mr. Callum Macfarlanein the studyof the coarse stone artefacts.
350
in corner 66/) wasfound 4. 15),and a quern(SF 1165,PLATE assemblage J in thenorth-west (FIG. for is thussomeevidence thephase3c materials in theEast Shrine lateperiodthere also. At this near the platforms. thattheseobjectswerecloselyassociatedwiththeactivities thinking in Shrine In theprevious the East a find there is (SF 506: FIG4. 14),and again phase,phase3b, G in from a a coupleofmortar and and assemblage 1540) (SF 2367) grinder (SF 1525 fragments ofcoarsestone thansevenitems In addition, no fewer thenorth-west corner oftheWestShrine. werefoundin thestreet area southof the East Shrinein levelsofphases3b/3c. ofthe in theassemblages It isstriking, ofcoarsestoneare notprominent thatobjects however, in and north-west in the then the three near 2b, operation: platforms collapsephase,phase one ofthema and in theEast Shrine. south-west corners oftheWestShrine, Justtwoobjects, oftheWestShrine A near thenorth-west corner in Assemblage mortar (SF 1580) werefound inRoomA items and also some in to the Room is a concentration Instead there west, (FIG4.7). and in the the East Shrine in south of as the street as well E), Assemblage (in (inAssemblage C), in listed are relevant The roomnorth oftheWestShrine(Assemblage by findspot objects F). in of are found levels rubbers or two IV. Several ib/2a phase including querns objects, Chapter in roomB. forseeingthe grinding is farfrom the matter clearcut,thereare some grounds Although as it a as coarse stone and other were, role, duringtheearlier playing background equipment within near the in the in it is not the life of the platforms assemblages Sanctuary: prominent part as ancillary foundin what may be regarded but is commonly the main roomsof theshrine, is this distinction thecollapseofphase2b,however, After and south. north to thewest, positions as outside theshrines etc. are as commonwithin and querns,mortars no longermaintained, them. whichseemsworthmakingbeforethe findsare There is one othergeneralobservation in fragmentary in moredetail. It is thatmuch of the coarse stonewas recovered described Nowinthecaseofincomplete werecommon. orofmortars ofquerns finds ofparts condition: pots be assumed that some of the missingmaterial may be explained by it can sometimes be can scarcely Butthis theexcavation. intherecovery adoptedduring procedures shortcomings - notably A in Rooms the 2b In cases some these. so as thecase for phase deposits objects large - the findsare in in situ,and probably and and in the streetsouth of the East Shrine thatmanyquernsor mortars muchlikelihood Nor is there sincethecollapseitself. undisturbed seemtofollow wouldthus conclusion The the or broken wereactually during collapse. damaged not this And in condition. used were these tools of that applies onlytothe incomplete being many in phase 3 but duringitsearlierand moreflourishing lateruse of the Sanctuary periodalso.
Saddle Querns
as saddlequerns(fig 8. 13, plate 66/,g) . ofcoarsestonemaybe described Manyoftheobjects or grinding a rubbing for lowersurface thestationary, That is to say thateach formed process, was movedup and down or grindstone was linear,and therubber motion wheretherubbing isgenerally alongthemajoraxisofthequern.Saddle quernsareoblonginshape,and thelength is generally surface about twicethewidth.The outer(non-rubbing) convex,sincethesetools stoneto producea flatworking a rounded from a fragment have been producedby detaching morethan10cm, cm and thickness than more of The larger surface. 40 generally length querns, surface concaveworking have a markedly during (hencethename),no doubtwornin position grinding. similar rather oblongstonesof the same Alongwiththesaddle quernsproperare smaller, surface. They are of the orderof 30 cm long, material, again witha singlewornworking
THE FINDS
351
FIG.8.13 Objects ofcoarsestone.Scale 1:8 (1:4 forSF 567)
The morethan7 cm in thickness, and again have a naturally convexoutersurface. generally tohave surface flat rather thanconcave,and in manycasesthese are likely is,however, working For convenience been theupperpart,thegrindstone. theyare also listedhere. It is,ofcourse, wellestablished thatsuchquernswereused forgrinding grainto makeflour theprehistoric Runnels throughout period:rotary quernswerenotin use untilclassicaltimes. to them as 'millstones', and they are commonly in theCyclades(Evans and found (1981) refers Renfrew theAegean. 1968,fig.89 and 91) and indeedthroughout In thelistwhichfollows, no automatic distinction can be made between thesmaller, upper therubber, and thelowerstoneorquernproper. itseemsthatthelarger, lower stone, However, stonesgenerally show the morepronounced indications ofwear, becoming hollow markedly follows an attempt has beenmadetoquantify (concave)alongthemajoraxis.In thetablewhich thisin terms of'concavity', as a ratio. The first the expressed figure (in centimetres) expresses of curvature the maximum distance which the surface falls by indicating degree by working
352
is oftheobject:thesecondfigure surface endsoftheworking belowa line joiningthetwoextreme The isflat. is zero,thesurface thosetwoends.Whenthefirst between thedistance figure simply insomecases at right in thelateraldirection, curvature anglestothemainaxis,isalsoofinterest: Well-worn theobjectis convexlaterally. quernsusuallyare concave (whichmaybe rubbers) as well as longitudinally. laterally are as materials in kilograms oftheobjectis given:theconstituent In mostcases theweight however totheobjectas found, refer described above. In all casesthemeasurements incomplete. Table 8.16: Saddle Querns
SF Context Phase
L 506 512 787 872 OLe layer 29 OLd layer 59 NLd space 4 layer 57 NLe space c 74 3b 2D/3C 3a/c 2b/3a 27.8 29.0 29.0 27.6 W 16.9 22.0 17.0 21.2
Measurements
Th 8.2 6.5 6.0 3.6 Wt 4.8 4.5 5.1 3.8 Rat. 0.2/21 0.6/25 -
Description
Two-thirds quern stone. Material a. Laterally flat. FIG. 8.13 Material b. Chipped round edge. Laterally slightlyconvex. Material b. Chip missing. Flat longitudinally and laterally. Broad. Material b. Slightly convex longitudinally and laterally. FIG. 8. 13, PLATE66 g. Two-thirds preserved. Laterally flat. The break however is a regular one and gives the impression that the surface at the break has been ground flat vertically. Material b. FIG. 8. 13, PLATE66/. Incomplete fixed quern. Material a. Half quern. Material b. Laterally slightlyconvex. Half missing. Material a. laterally slightlyconvex. Material a. Complete. Flat,
1165
OLc space a layer 22
3c
21.8
14.5
5.7
2.5
0.8/19
1702 171 1 2026 2031 2035 231 1 2380
NLd East baulk layer 94 NLe space c layer 105 MLd Room layer 511 MLd Room layer 516 MLd Room layer 519 NLe South layer 233 NLe East baulk layer 253
3a/c 2a 2b/3a ib/2a ib/2a 3c 3c
25.4 14.7 18.5 28.3 11.9 17.5 26.8
25.9 17.2 19.2 18.8 10.6 18.0 18.6
12.8 5.6 5.4 7.1 6.4 5.0 13.2
13.4 1.9 2.6 4.5 0.8 1.9 5.5
0.7/21 0.1/12 0.8/25 03/17 19/18
Material b. Small fragment. Half complete. Material a. Concave laterally. Irregular surface, almost complete. Pale hard siliceous conglomerate stone. Almost complete. Laterally flat. Material b.
2397
NLe East baulk layer 260 NLd space 3 layer 5 NLd space 3 layer 5 NLd East baulk layer 26
2b/3a S S D
26.1
20.0
6.2
4.4
0.3/26
554 555 590
_____ 21.0 23.4 16.4 17.9 8.6 7.4 2.6 -
Chipped round edge. Material b. Upper surface slightlyconcave. Chipped on two sides. Material b. Incomplete. Broken on three sides. Material b. surface Upper Incomplete. concave. Half quern. Material b. Slightly concave upper surface.
100 1
NLa layer 301
D/S
8.50
15.0
5.7
2.3
THE FINDS
1002 1004 1509 1604 1805 2189 2400 2401 NLa layer301 NLa layer301 NLc layer213 pb 1316 NLa layer306 NLc layer201 NLc layer201 MLa layer751 MLa layer751 D/S D/S D D/S D/S S S S 10.5 12.5 33.1 29.2 16.0 16.0 9.5 12.5 20.7 19.7 5.1 6.6 14.4 5.5 2.7 5.5 9.9 4.15 -
353
Brokenat one end. Materialb. Complete. Material b. Roughly circular. 1.4/26 Incomplete. Material b. Slightly convexlaterally. Fragment. Complete. Material b. Flat upper surface. Complete. Material b. Fragment. Material b. Fragment.
_____ 14.0 13.0 4.4 4.7
witha pronounced circular form stones ofapproximately The term mortar is used to designate In a circular motion. which ofgrinding theprocess usedas a base for employed declivity, clearly a and b). A subdivision wouldbe possible.In the are ofandesitic rock(materials generalthey notonlyby their first classof'smallmortars', is a fairly well-defined distinguished place there morethan20 is notgenerally ca. 7 cm,and thetotallength smallsize (thedeclivity has diameter ash or tuff. Oftentheseare materialc, a compactgritty cm), but by the use of the whitish heavierand harder the main seriesof larger, blocks,and theydo not resemble rectanguloid In one case (SF 1712) , listed. four items are represented mortars. Thesesmallmortars bythefirst as an oillamp,and thatthis served theoval depression with channel leadingtotheedge,suggests have been in thissub-group. is possible fortheotherthree thesame function Spoutedmortars is likely to found from earlier phaseson thesite,and in twocaseshere(SF 2034 and 2369) there or it is notnow preserved, and is suggested have been a spout,although by theprotuberance handle whichin completeexamplesis situatedoppositethe spout.We may also distinguish whichare too heavy to move easilyand whoselength betweenthe large or 'fixed'mortars, less than 20 cm. whoselength is often exceeds30 cm, and thesmaller, 'portable'mortars, in contexts to thesouthoftheEast Shrine Mortars occurin RoomsA and B, and in thestreet in coarsestone.Their presence shouldbe above as fairly whichhave been recognised prolific in themain roomoftheWestShrine,namelyin thenorth-west notedin severalassemblages inphase2b (Assemblage A: SF 1580^10.4.7) and phase3b (Assemblage G: SF 2637,FIG. corner in thenorth-east in phase 3c (Assemblage were corner K). Here there 4.13), and mostnotably mortars on top ofthestoneplatform, twofragmentary found, (SF 576 and 577: actuallyinsitu in a moresuitablecontext FIG. 8.13) which, 4.16) and a very largeexample(SF 580: FIG. might as thesocket stonefor theupright have beeninterpreted pole ofa door.Such an interpretation in a suitable for several other had they beendiscovered insitu wouldbe possible found, examples nor could any of thesestonesbe interpreted, fromits but no case was identified, position, as thebase fora woodenpillarto support theroof. The weight is givenin kilograms; position, thedepthof thedeclivity. Dec. indicates
Mortars
354
OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY Table 8.17: Mortars
SF
Context
Phase L W
5.2
Measurements Th
-
Description Dec
1.5 Neat rectanguloid block of fine grained sandstone. The hemispherical declivity (diameter 4.5) shows the tool marks used to hollow it and two edges of the base and two vertical edges show decorative scorings cut at right angles to the edge. FIG8. 13, PLATE 66 c.
Wt
0.3
567
NLd space 4 layer 10
3a/c
7.5
1154 1708 1712
OLd layer 67 NLe space c layer 101 NLe space c layer no NLd space 3 layer 22 NLd space 3 layer 22 NLd space 3 layer 13
2a/3c 2a o/ic
12.8 14.0 14.0
11.8 14.0 10.8
5.2 7.0 5.5
1.4 0.9 0.6
0.9 2.5 -
Irregular lump of marble with circular depression, diameter 4.3. Squarish block. Material c. Diameter of declivity 7. Rectanguloid block. Material c. With circular depression. Mortar fragment. Material c. Material c. Large roughly rectangular block with circular declivityofdiameter 17. Material c. FIG 8. 13, PLATE66 e. Part of rectangular block. Material c. Deep declivity. Half mortar. Material c. Flattish bottomed declivity. Complete mortar, roughly circular. Circular declivity, diameter 9.5. Material c. Half mortar. Material a. The flatbottomed declivity is particularly well smoothed with areas of polished surface not seen on other mortars of this black material. Mortar or vessel cut from roughly rectangular block. Deep oval declivity, (length 20, width 13) with flattishbottom. Material c. plate 66 d. mortar, half missing. Oblong Material a. Oblong declivity, 15 by 8.5. Ellipsoidal stone with a small circular depression, diameter 5.5. There are traces of what may be red pigment in the declivity, whose high polish has not been observed on any of the other coarse stone from the site. Material a. Fragment of large mortar. Material a. Flat bottom and part of one straight side preserved.
576 577 580
3c 3c 3c
13.5 18.0 32.5
9.0 12.6 25.6
3.0 8.0 14.5
0.5 1.3 8.3
1.5 6.0
760 761 771
NLe space c layer 42 NLe space c layer 45 NLd space 2 layer 18
3a/c 3a/c 0/3C
16.0 29.0 19.0
17.0 18.0 18.0
8.0 10.5 12.0
1.4 3.8 2.5
4.9 5.8 3.4
1525
NLe layer 214
3b
19.3
26.2
8.8
5.5
2.0
1628
NLb layer 437
2b/3a
25.3
20.7
17.1
5.6
6.5
1721
NLe space c layer 121
o/ic
19.5
11.9
10.2
2.9
3.8
1722
o/ic
14.4
12.1
6.9
1.7
1.3
1752
NLe layer 155
o/2a
19.5
18.3
11.6
2.4
6.4
THE FINDS
1808 NLb layer 414 a/c 20.2 15. 1 8.0 2.9 1.8
355
Oval mortar, fragment missing. Material a. The oval declivity ( 17 by n) is shallow and its interior rather flat. This and the regular oval form of the mortar from other distinguish it examples. Irregular block. Material c. Diameter of declivity 8.0. Oblong mortar, one-third missing. Circular declivity diameter 12. Material b. Small fragmentofspouted vessel, the spout is missing but preserving protuberance opposite. Material b. The original height is 7.9; and the thicknessofthe material at the base is 2.0. The original radius of the vessel was approx. 7.0. Missing large flake. Material a. of Fragment sub-rectangular mortar. Material c. Corner fragment of mortar. Material c. Spouted vessel, half complete, preserving handle not spout. Material a. Handle length 10.2; width 3.9; protrudes 1.8. Complete. Natural stone with central declivitysmoothed by use. Possible door socket. Diameter of declivity 3.4. Stone mortar or door socket. Material c. Circular declivity, diameter 7.8. Possible mortar or lamp. Material a. Broken around edges with circular declivity, diameter 11.5. Fragmentary mortar, ends missing, with deep declivity. Material c. Rounded mortar. Material c. Complete. Circular block with flat base missing. Material c. Diameter of declivity 7.5. Corner fragment of rectangular block with deep declivity. Material b. Fragment of stone mortar. Large block of coarse texture. Material c. Approximately square and with a flat base. A sloping concavity has been cut so as to make a fairly regular depression narrowing as it slopes down perhaps to conduct a liquid or fine powdery solid after grinding. Complete. Material c. Part of mortar. Material a. Fragment of mortar. Material a.
1820 2024
NLb layer 423 MLd Room layer 511
3^/30 2b/3a
18.0 22.0
17.0 17.7
9.5 9.8
2.8 5.5
4.5 2.6
2034
MLd Room layer 519
ib/2a
11.1
14.2
7.9
0.9
2055 2244 2367 2369
MLd layer 535 MLb Room A layer 970 NLc South layer 249 NLc South layer 250
2b/3a 2b 3b 2b/3a
25.5 11.1 8.7 15.3
15.7 8.9 7.0 25.3
12.2 4.7 7.2 10.7
4.8 4.15
4.8 5.5
2880
MLb Room layer 1038
ib/2a
14.8
9.1
6.6
1017
NLa layer 303
D/S
20.0
9.4
16.8
1.8
4.2
1018
NLa layer 303
D/S
15.5
14.8
9.6
2.5
4.0
1501 1502 1510
NLc layer 213 pb 1314 NLc layer 213 pb 1314 NLc layer 213
D D D
21.6 18.2 11.8
17.7 17.2 6.1
11.2 9.0 6.9
2.6 3.5 0.4
4.7 1.6 4.5
1806
NLb layer 410
D/S
32.2
23.5
9.0
6.7
7.0
2002 2190
MLb Room A layer 4 NLc layer 213 pb 1318
S D
_____ 30.5 37.5 20.4 19.5 8.5
2500 2501 2503
NKc/d layer 808 NKc/d layer 801 NKc/d layer 801
D S S
16.9 16.0 23.0
12.6 16.5 17.0
10.0 13.5 -
1.4 -
4.0 -
356 Grindstones and Hammerstones
and grinding. forrubbing The quernsand mortars thefixed, concavelowersurfaces represent stonerubber orpounder, ingeneral The corresponding was provided bya smaller uppersurface at least a somewhat miscellaneous form heldin thehand. Those from theSanctuary collection, withthequernsand mortars someofwhichare likely tohave beenusedin conjunction already term flatstones whichone might described. They are listedbelowand includeboththerather in werefound Severalexamples and themorecylindrical and hammerstones. rubbers, pounders werenot the finds the roomto the north of the West Shrine(Assemblage F), but otherwise were not invariably accompaniedby a hammeror notablynumerous. Querns and mortars oftheWest at thenorth-east was noneon theplatform for instance there or rubber: grindstone K. Shrinealong withthequern and threemortars forming partofAssemblage Table 8.18: Grindstones and Hammerstones
SF Context Phase Measurements D
510 519 OLd layer 53 OLd layer 63 2b/3c 2D/3C 6.5 6.6
Description
Th (or L)
4.5 Roughly spherical hammer stone of material a. Grindstone of material a, circular grinding surface. Diameter of handle 3-5Top of serpentine hammer stone. Tapered end shows marked evidence of use. Complete grindstone, material a. Roughly circular with domed upper surface. Work surface slightlyconvex and smooth from use. Ellipsoidal pounder of material b. Indications of wear at both ends. Ellipsoidal pounder of material b. Indications of wear at both ends. Ellipsoidal pounder. Material a. Wear at both ends. Grindstone of 'mylopetra'. Circular with domed upper surface. Work surface flat and worn from use. Stone pounder ellipsoidal in shape. Signs of wear at both ends. Material a. Ellipsoidal. Material a. Signs of wear at both sides. Oblong hammer stone of grey marble, broken with indications of use at one end. Pair of hammer stones. The first ellipsoidal, material a. The second oblong with flattened end. Material b.
1063
MLd Room layer 510
2b
2.8
3.3
1508
NLc North layer 213 pb 13 15
2b/3a
9.0
6.6
1512 1513 1515 1540
NLc North layer 213 pb 1320 NLc North layer 2 13 pb 1320 NLc North layer 213 pb 1322 NLc layer 215
2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 3b
8.3 6.2 9.0 6.6
15.8 9.2 14.5 3.9
1574
NLc layer 222
2a
7.5
13.7
1587 1588
NLc layer 224 NLc layer 225
6.7 6.3
. 12.7
2025
MLd Room layer 511
2b
8.8 6.5
10.0 8.3
THE FINDS
2048 MLd Room layer52 1 o/ia 6.8 8.9
357
Oval grindstone, pounder complete. Domed upper surface and flat, smooth Stonecracked lowersurface. at endsfrom heat or pressure. Grindstone, complete.Natural cobble withflattened smoothfrom surface, use. in Lentoid,withpronounced concavity middle of one surface.Material b. Declivity diameter 3.5; declivity depth0.3. a Workedfragment ofmarble,possibly smoother. Broken at one end, roughed at other, roughlyrectangularin section. Grindstone, complete.Natural cobble of rhyolite with evidence of on lowersurface. smoothing ofstonepounder. Fragment flat stone.Materiala. circular, Roughly wornsmooth. Top surface Stone pounder. Grey blue in colour. Circularin sectionoblongin shape, tracesofchipping and wear at either end. Natural slightly flattened spheroidof material b. Signsofworking on upper and lowersurfaces suggests attempt tomake'stonedoughnut' for perhaps use as sinker or weight. Stone pounder. Brown-greystone. end, Roughlyoblongwithflattened circular in section. Traces ofpecking at either end. Stone pounder,grey in colour. Subinsection triangular (natural)oblong in shape,traces ofwearat either end.
2200
NLd space 3 layer37 NLc Southlayer233
2b
5.5 9.8
7.4 5.9
2312
3c
2388
NLc Southlayer257
3.5
2673
MLb Room A layer970
2b
8.0
9.5
165 452 1003
OLd layer 13 NLd space 3 layer6 NLc layer301
S S D/S
5.3 6.2
2.4 15.2
1622
NLa layer334
D/S
14.5
8.0
2001
MLb layer5
5.7
8.5
2050
MLd layer527
7.0
14.8
Five circular discsofstonewerefoundin stratified levelsoftheSanctuary, one from thestreet south oftheEast Shrine(SF 1829) and four from therooms to thewestofthemainroomofthe WestShrine.Two of these(SF 2266 and 2879) werefrom Room B. They are all fairly small either as lidsto pots,or as stands on whichto place (diameter 7 to 13 cm) and mayhave served The distribution thatthey form potsor other objects. suggests partoftheutilitarian assemblage from theseareas. The marbleslabsare ofnoteprimarily becausemarbleis notfoundon Melos,and theyare therefore on mostotherCycladic islandstheywould escape comment. imported: Although thepossibility had tobe considered thatflat slabsofmarble had playedsomedecorative initially rolewithin theSanctuary, thecontexts and thelack ofany evidenceofsophisticated working this view.Insteaditseems thatthese werevaluedbecause argueagainst possible piecesofmarble formed flat and surfaces on whichthings couldreadily be stood, otherwise surfaces, they working in short in Melos wherethelocal stones are either or rounded. Once again the supply irregular arepredominantly intheareaswhere other utilitarian wasfound findspots equipment (RoomsA and B, and thestreet) to have fulfilled rather thanceremonial , and theyare likely productive functions.
Discs and Slabs
358
Table 8.19: Discs and Slabs

SF Context Phase Measurements D Discs 1829 NLb layer440 2b/3a 7.8 3.0 Th of central Stonediscwith hole,diameter hole . cm. (Possibly a stone loomweight.) Soft white conglomeratetuff. flatdiscsof mica circular Two roughly schist. Flat disc of mica schist. disc. Roughlycircular Roughlycircularflatdisc. Mica schist. Chipped at edges. Th 1.7 3.6 5.1 Slab of greymarble,smoothon both upper and lower surfaceswith an on all sides. Broken even thickness. marblesmoothed Slab of cream/white on uppersurface. Slab of finewhite marble,the upper surfacepolishedverysmooth.Two parallel edges are original, roughly at each 22 cm apart.Broken distance SF withsmallfragments end. (Joins 1719 NLe space c layer 117 and SF 1710 NLe space c layer 101.) Slab ofgreyfine grainedmarblewitha well polishedupper surfaceand an One side relatively even thickness. althoughnot well dressed. straight Brokenat the otherthreesides. Slab of cream/white marble,flat and on uppersurface. smoothed Slab of cream/white marble, upper surfacepolishedverysmooth.Two edges(one bevelled)and one straight broken edge. Slab of cream/white marble, upper surface polishedverysmooth.Edges ofpinkplaster traces Possible broken. on one edge. Cream/whitemarble, smoothed on Brokenon all sides. uppersurface. Marble slab. Slab of cream/white marble,smoothed One on upper and lower surfaces. edge workedothersidesbroken. Slab ofwhitemarblecontaining many ofmica. Upper and lower inclusions on all broken surfaces flat, reasonably edges. Description
2266 2668 2879 ion
MLb Room layer 1038 MLb Room A layer970 MLb Room layer 1037 NLa layer303
ib/2a 2b 2b/3a D/S L
12.8 8.0 9.4 W 7.2 23.0 17.5
1.4 1.6 1.3
Slabs 1172 1703 1718
NLe space c layer89 NLd East baulk layer96 NLe space c layer 117
2a
9.1 32.0 22.0
2b/3a o/ic
2027
MLd Room layer51 1
2b/3a
35.0
31.0
6.8
2680 2903
MLb Room A layer972 MLb Room layer 1039
ib/2a ib/2a
16.5 41.5
14.0 39.8
6.0 6.0
2905
MLb Room layer 1040
ib/2a
22.5
18.0
30.0
565 2202 2403 2404
NLd space 4 layer4 OLd layer36 MLa layer753 MLa layer753
D S S S
10.2 18.9 16.0
6.8
1.8
11.9 8.9
5.5 3.7
THE FINDS Miscellaneous Stone
359
three Variousfurther ofstone ofwear.The first werefound, indications somewith pieces objects are circular If thegrinding and have been groundfrom form. bothsidesto givea bi-concave it would have producedan annularshape which,withfurther processhad been continued and smoothing wouldhaveresembled thenexttwopieceslisted(SF 595 and 2653). The grinding in each case is andsite.Otherwise material theseobjectsrequirelittlecomment: 'mylopetra' stonetoolsfoundwithin the Sanctuaryarea. theyare simply Table 8.20: Miscellaneous Stone
SF
785
Context
NLd space layer 56
Phase
2b
Description
Circular stone, with slightly convex surface in each of which a circular cavity has been ground. Material 'mylopetra'. Measurements: D 9.2; Th 4.3. Incomplete circular stone, with slightlyconvex surfaces,in each of which a circular cavity has been ground. Material 'mylopetra'. Measurements: D 6.7; Th 3.8; Depth of declivities: 2.0 and 1.7. Half flattened spheroid of stone material b, with concave depressions on either side. Measurements: D 6.5; Th 4.4; Diameter of depressions 3.3; Depth of depressions 2.1. Irregular stone, incomplete, with hole through the middle. Material a. Measurements: L 1 1.8; W 11.0; Th 4.2; Diameter of hole 3.2. Incomplete circular stone, with hole through middle. Material 'mylopetra'. Measurements: D 7.8; Th4.2; Diameter of hole 1.9. Possible whetstone. Fragment offinegrained igneous rock showing signsofparallel scratches on one surface. Measurements: L 7.3; W 5-55 Th 3.0. Possible whetstone. Hard dark grey stone, oblong in shape with flattenedends, oval to circle in section. Measurements: L 10.0; W 4.6; Th 3.6. Fragment of possible stone weight. Dark grey, material b. Half flattenedspheroid with central hole. Measurements: L6.7; W4.4; Th 3.0. Possible stone weight, pale grey, originally natural oval in shape, groove cut around body. Measurements: H 8.9; w 5.9 6.7 at top. Width at base: 8.7 7.0. Small waisted weight. Originally oval stone with rounded ends and central groove around body. Measurements: L 6.4; D 4.4. Possible stone loomweight, pyramidal in shape roughly oval in section with flat base - no trace of stringhole, grey/white conglomerate tuffmuch worn. Measurements: H 10.2; W 6.4 at base tapering to 1.8 at top. Possible stone drain. Large rectangular shaped stone broken at both ends with a wide groove on upper surface. Smaller stone attached to formerby plaster. Measurements L 37.0; w 27.0; Th 13.0; Small stone L 13.0; w 7.0; Th 6.0. Possible unfinishedstone spindle whorl. Roughly conical in shape, flat base with uneven incised groove near base. Depression on top and bottom, possibly an unfinished stringhole. Conglomerate tuff.Measurements: H 2.7; D 4.5. flaton one side with Large fragmentofpowdery conglomerate tuff, straight edge carved around other side with convex surface some traces ofscratch mark. Measurements: L 10. 1; W 2.9; Th 5.8. Fragment of worked pumice. All edges broken but traces of four parallel grooves on one side. Measurements: L 7.0; w 4.5; Th 3.0.
1705
2b/3a
202 1
MLd layer 506
595
NLd space 3 layer 27
3IV3C
2653 560
MLd Room A, layer 957 NLd space 2 layer 4
2b D/S
1804
NLb layer 410
D/S
474
OLd layer 1
2022
MLd layer 508
233 1823
NLd sPace 3 cleaning NLb layer 433
S S
2306
NLc South layer 229
2875
MKd North baulk
164
OLd layer 13
2402
MLa layer 753
IX Chapter The History and Use ofthePhylakopi Sanctuary

ofa building devoted toreligious The interpretation observances complex apparently primarily in ChapterI, theinterpretive is a highly difficult As discussed must undertaking. argument lay The ceremonial functions ofthecomplex mustbe demonstrated, not greatstress upon context. In this assumed. theinitial isundertaken, and itis attempted chapter, stageoftheinterpretation in terms of the Phylakopifindsthemselves, ratherthan in the form of some wider initially documentation ofthesite's status as a sanctuary cannotbe given synthesis, convincing although in thenextchapter, without reference to otherareas. A widerapproachwillfollow wherethe is reviewed othersitesofcult Sanctuary again in the lightofwhat is knownfrom Phylakopi in thebronzeage Aegean. practices i. The Phylakopi Structure as a Sanctuary: the Melian View In the first to establishthat we are indeedjustified in describing the place it is necessary in thelightofthecriteria structures underconsideration as a sanctuary, setout in ChapterI. in ChapterII, thestructure As described the'East Shrine'was the subsequently designated first to be excavated,thefirst Floor i, floor, objectsrecovered beingthoseon the uppermost which has beenassigned to phase3c. These are listed in ChapterIV as Assemblage L and their in FIG. distribution is illustrated includeda pedestalvase,numerous ostrich 4.17. The finds egg a conchshell,twofemale shellfragments, of Psi seven restorable form, figurines substantially animalfigurines and a driven offive moreanimalfigurines as wellas ofa ox,withthefragments drivenox and of two bovinefigures. Thisfind ofso manyfigurines and fragments was certainly outoftheordinary for thesite.The vaseisitself nota common and a conchshellisan unusualdiscovery. The presence form, pedestal ofexoticmaterial(ostrich sourcemusthave beenhighly eggshell),whichin viewofitsdistant the impression, worked of the valued, supports (the aperture egg indicatesthat thiswas a as does thediscovery ofthehead ofgoldleaf(SF 192). Thisis an itemofsomevalue, container), (gold has not been foundat Phylakopi before).Clearlyit had somesymbolic significance. Whenwe found these the ofa cultassemblage occurred to us. But things, possibility certainly this arose from a of contexts of terracotta found in elsewhere thought partly knowledge figurines theMycenaeanworld, and oftheinterpretations whichhad beenoffered forthem.In terms of in ChapterI it wouldcertainly thediscussion have been premature to see thesefinds, takenin their own right, as indicating ritual.In thefirst a collection of religious place, thiswas simply but withno contextual indication of their use. And secondly the objectsfoundin association - taking involvedcould not yet symbolism Phylakopiin isolationfromotherfindsin the as relating to a transcendental Aegean be interpreted beingor beings. The following becameclearer: a context was provided. Withtheremoval of yeartheposition Floor1, theplatform in thenorth-east corner oftheroombecamevisible. Thiscouldbe regarded as somekindof'specialfacility', ofuncertain of although purpose.It becamepossibleto think somemore activefunction for this smallroom, rather thanonesimply as a smallstore a rather for ofmaterial. The assemblages associated withFloors2, 4 and 5 in thisroom, specialassemblage - nonehavingbeenfound oftensealstones at Phylakopi) (Floor5 withitscollection previously
361
362
thatthis was indeeda rather to confirmed specialarea. Theyshowedalso thatithad continued function as a repository forrareitemsovera considerable periodof time. thesuggestion could now reasonably be made thatthestoneplatform servedas a Certainly Theirspecialcharacter and their varied deliberate for thelocation ofthese 'facility' specialitems. ofintrinsic worth and others wherethesymbolic value liesin theform nature, including objects have thestatus ofofferings. It rather thanthematerial, thatthese couldconceivably suggested as an 'altar5 and thatthegold was notdifficult tospeculate thattheplatform couldhave served insomewaytoa deity The conchshell, itmight relate ordeities. head and thePsifigurines might Butwithout reference toother be suggested, wouldbe an appropriate partofa cultassemblage. itwas ofinterest thata small, oftheAegean,these werenotmorethansuggestions. Clearly parts alternative to the and no convincing shoudcontainsuchobjects, hypothesis separatebuilding ritualone was proposed.But therewas no clear answer. inwhatwaslatertermed theplatform at itsnorththe'WestShrine' soonrevealed Excavation thefemale withitsown assemblage, eastcorner, K, including (SF 579), a figurine Assemblage was a taller with whichthey wereassociated doublevessel and several beads.Here theplatform thattheseobjects and it could be suggested for one,seeming long-term storage, inappropriate rankas 'expressive have beendeliberately upon it. Such displaycould clearly displayed might thatAssemblage K, wasofa votive L, alongwiththenewAssemblage action',and thesuspicion and with withone and twoPsi figurines Two platforms, character was reinforced. respectively that thana single one. It was nowa serious weremoreimpressive various other finds, hypothesis be claimedas a plausiblecult withwhatmight usedforreligious we had twoplatforms ritual, and thesevenanimal element(a gold head, threePsi figurines But thesymbolic assemblage. was still modest. the with sealstones) engraved together fragments figurines plus in the of theWestShrine,thesucessive oftheremainder Withtheexcavation assemblages corner(Assemblage corner(Assemblages north-west A, G and J) and in the south-west B) from a platform or orfallen either In eachcasewewereagaindealingwith lying objects emerged. room(in could be seento be at thewestend ofa well-built bench.Moreover rectangular they builtwiththeuse ofsomedressed ofconstruction ofthestandard terms generalat Phylakopi) thatin the stone.Again therewas a sequenceof use, withthe north-east replacing platform in phase 2b: twofemale had held humanrepresentations Bothwestern south-west. platforms which One significant notablefinds. other at thesouth-west, circumstance, alongwith figurines was theevidencethatone at leastof ofpurpose, and seriousness seemsto showbothcontinuity in use in phase 3b had been in use alreadyin phase 2b, whenthehand had themale figures and theEast Shrine boththeWestShrine for becomebroken (SF 1550). Some specialfunction Thisconclusion as likely. couldnowbe regarded rather theuseofthese specialobjects involving in finds(Assemblage reinforced was certainly C) whichwerediscovered by the remarkable thesymbolic enriched niche.They certainly Room A and in theaccompanying repertoire. withinthe otherfinds forthe moment in isolation, ignoring Taking the siteof Phylakopi this small complexof ritual,and henceforidentifying Aegean,the modestcase forreligious whose two can nowbe put.In thefirst as a sanctuary use, buildings place,wehavehere buildings ofwhich some classes of rather these toinvolve can be shown overseveral objects, special phases, routine for can be putforward which on thesite.The evidence elsewhere arerareornon-existent and mortars are there is nottrivial: in thearea,however, domestic grindstones. pestles, activity and thereis animal bone debriswhich does not differ There are also obsidian artefacts, of thatfoundin otherareas. And ofcoursethereis fairly from pottery, plentiful significantly obvious is no But there form. unusual were of ofpieces whichonlya minority conspicuously of isa treasury ofPhylakopi, interms these for function utilitarian what, Theycontain buildings.
HISTORYANDUSE OF THE SANCTUARY
363
finegoods (sealstones, and beads, metal objects) and a great wealth of terracotta figures animal and human. These with both assembled and lookedafter figurines, objectswereclearly somecare,although there was a disastrous which muchof episodeofdestruction (phase2b) after theWestBuilding was blockedoff. in ChapterI, is thatthese What we need to establish, ofcourse,in terms of thediscussion in wereused thecourse of'expressive actions'commensurate with a ritual objects interpretation. Ifwe reject thatthis thenotion was somebizarre doesseemat leasta area,thesuggestion storage ofpersonal items verysuitableforhumanwear,suchas beads plausibleone. The conjunction and sealstones, withtheterracotta have no personal decorative together (which representations But in theabsenceofany depictions reasonable. role),makesthenotionof'offering' perfectly such expressive case forthemis hardlyconclusive. actions,theinferential indicating It was arguedin ChapterI thatthesecondrequirement is toindicate a transcendental rather thana merely secularassociation forthesesupposedritualacts. The case was setout in some detail therethat this is a featurewhich must be establishedif we are to recognise'the ofexpressive actions ofworship and propitiation towards bythehumancelebrant performance thetranscendent ofitems is no shortage herewhichare clearly ofsymbolic being'.Now there all the human and animal representations fall withinthe category.Nor is it significance: thatanyofthese be identified as a cultimageinorder toimply a transcendent necessary being a representation ofthedivinity as such.It is quitesufficient thatthey be documented as serving such a divinebeing,as votives or votaries. This is a crucialpointin the argument. The readerwill,I think, is a plausibleone, but it is one whichis agree thatthehypothesis in a definitive difficult to establish ofthesetwocriteria. Two way by theadequate fulfilment relevant can be followed at thisstage: an examination of the variouspotential arguments of alternative archaeologicalcorrelatesestablishedin Chapter I; and a consideration itwas arguedearlier for thatan absenceofalternative functional can explanations, explanations be adduced as a relevant We shall first look at thecorrelates in turn, in theorder argument. in ChapterI. established 1. Special spot:notdemonstrated. 2. Special buildings: yes. on a smallscalein theWestBuilding. in Hidden mysteries: 3. Publicdisplay: possible possible bothbuildings and perhapsrelevant to Room A. in thepositions reflected ofthearmsofthehumanfigures and figurines. 4. Gesture: possibly devices: indicated and 5. Experience-inducing conches;perhapsdrink. music/sound by lyres 6. Attention-focussing devices:yes,benchesand platforms. so, the humanfigures. 7. Cult image: possiby 8. Ritual facilities: and benches. yes,theplatforms Sacrifice: no evidence. 9. 10. Food and drink: some evidence, but non-specific. 11. Offerings: yes. 12. Special portableequipment: two pillarlamps. yes,specialceramicforms, in the human and animal and figurines. 13. Repeatedsymbols: yes, figures betweensymbols and deities:not established, 14. Relationship hypothetical. relatedto funerary ritual:verylittlefunerary evidencefromthisperiodon 15. Symbolism Melos. 16. Cleanliness and pollution: not demonstrated. and offerings: 17. Wealthin equipment yes,to a notableextent(by Phylakopi standards). in structure: 18. Investment onlyto a modestextent, e.g. somedressedstone.
364
toemphasise thelimited Thislisting butserves raises somerelevant issues, scopeofthe ultimately in itsfavour The mainarguments ofreligious ritual. evidence thehypothesis maybe supporting in Chapter 1: summarised underthebroad categories established in this sense:the can be interpreted ofthebuildings /.Attention ofthedesign focussing.Aspects and the north-west and the situation of which were or objects displayed platforms podia upon in its relation to at end of the West south-west the west Shrine, placedsymmetrically platforms have in two niches must of the inthis The mainaxis,clearly served suggested way. placing figures is adequately and lyres The provision ofmusic,by conch trumpets had a comparableeffect. the columnar is indicated effects the use of some and documented, lamps. by speciallighting ofexpressive liminal 2. Special zone. In theabsenceofdocumentation behaviour, oj the aspects the whichare found within ofartefact these are implied mainly bythespecialcategories aspects - which are - whethercult images or offerings buildings: the symbolicrepresentations which and other as offerings, mentioned below,thespecialobjectsinterpreted specialartefacts are thepedestal thecolumnar as cultequipment. lamps,there Apartfrom maybe interpreted on thesite. use elsewhere forms notin common whichare certainly vasesand thedoublevessels fromthe area and figurines and itssymbolic focus. The figures 3. Presence of thetranscendent of most and site. The from the richest offer the striking largest symbolic repertoire evidently a in with association found and was is shown of the them, Lady Phylakopi, gazingupwards, in different of ofthevariousassemblages content The symbolic number ofbovinefigures. parts thattheLady of it is conceivable in ChapterIV. Certainly was itemised thebuilding complex is made belowthatthesame could have servedas a cultimage,and thesuggestion Phylakopi to But male of the the have held for imaginethisis not the same as to figures. largest may for alternative to it be and itwith demonstrate confidence, explanations might possible propose it a such within and ofso manyterracotta thediscovery Certainly is building. figures figurines transcendent. of the the to be used these finds whchmaymost presence suggest possible plausibly ofthelayoutofthe evidence themtheproposalwoulddependon themuchlessdirect Without withtheir buildings platforms. document thearea doesnotclearly from Whiletheevidence andoffering. special 4. Participation ofnote. iscertainly found in ChapterI, therangeofspecialobjects ofthekinddiscussed activities are items ofvalue,and there be accounted mustcertainly suchas thesealstones, Someofthese, cannot be seen as an assemblage otherunusual and valuable objectswhichtakentogether to account for such an purpose. One clear hypothesis fulfilling any ordinaryfunctional transcendent to the hypothetical is that theyservedas offerings assortment being. Other be formulated. might perhaps hypotheses that with thesuggestion harmonise ofevidence these four Takentogether, certainly categories actions of of for 'the as the locus served thebuilding worship performance expressive complex a transcendent towards and propitiation' beingor beings. by humancelebrants alternatives sinceifreasonable alternative toconsider It iscertainly explanations, appropriate ritualwould no longerbe more than one of several could be found,the case forreligious weak is onlya rather a plausiblealternative failure to establish At thesame time, possibilities. of The established. not is which initial the for range conclusively thereby hypothesis, support but kind of some with commensurate be would storehouse, valuableobjects(sealstones, metal) The observation wouldnotexplaintheterracottas this byone scholarthatthisarea effectively. thanit was moreseriously taken be to deserves a been have Mycenaeantoyshop maysimply
365
usesfor smallimages oneoftheprincipal intended. Aswe haveseenearlier, non-religous perhaps ofplay. Howeverthatdoes notreally does indeedfallwithin thecontext and representations withthestructures norvery themselves. finds readily (beads,metalwork), squarewiththeother In theabsenceofevidence from other sitesin theAegeanrelating to thepractice ofreligion, excavations is perhapsnot morethanplausible.It is interesting, thecase from the Phylakopi as a sanctuary whether thearea in question wouldhave beenrecognised to speculate however, in researches Crete tolight the excavations of before had itbeenfound 1896 9, brought during theevidenceof the Minoan civilisation. in thelight oftwosignificant works ofthetimeand ofthe It is possible toconsider this matter in first ofsynthesis on The the on the commentaries them. first, majorwork upon chapter religion and Manatt used the on theMycenaeancivilisation 1897,chapterXII) (Tsountas depictions of other finds to The terracotta seals and suggest religious figurines Mycenaean interpretations. as werethebronze'smiting from Psi and Phi form werebrought intothediscussion god' figures Mycenae and Tiryns:'theyare the imagesof the deity' (Tsountasand Manatt 1897, 297). theterracotta from AlreadySchliemann (1880, 13) had soughtto identify figurines Mycenae and Tiryns as 'idolsofHera who was thetutelary of both whom he cities', deity equated with for whoseexistence at Troyhe had claimedin a paperread to theSociety Hera Bopis,evidence of Antiquaries of London in 1875. There can, I think, be no doubt that the much greater at Phylakopi concentration offinds wouldhaveelicited similar from scholars. these explanations It isrelevant toquotealso thefundamental article Sir Arthur 'The Evans, by Mycenaeantree a in and pillarcult'(Evans 1901 Here he cited whole series of features Crete and themainland, ). whichhe considered to be ofreligious The observations offered significance. by Rouse (1901) wererefreshingly but they ran counter to thegeneraltendency ofthetimeto ascribea critical, to almostany symbol whoseregularuse could be recognised. religious significance There can be littledoubt that the Phylakopifindswould almostuniversally have been acclaimedas documenting a sanctuary, had theybeen made in 1896- 9. This can hardlybe taken as very ifoneacceptstheargument for sucha claimtoday, set however, significant support out at thebeginning oftheIntroduction to thisworkthatearlier writers have in themainbeen too readyto welcomesuch assertions without careful To establish this argument. supporting with more I conclusive believe that it is to look outside of Melos. firmness, point necessary 2. The Phylakopi Structure as a Sanctury: the Aegean View In writing thefinaltwochapters ofthispublication, it was myoriginal intention to restrict the inthepresent discussion one totheevidence from thesitealone,considered in Melian exclusively without reference toother in theAegean.I was awarethatthecase madefor locations the terms, status of is a A often weak one: at finds are finda as religious manyarchaeological recognised in ritual view of the at finds C and while at those are B, documenting D, religious justified by at A, C and D, and so on. In thisway thewholestructure finds ofreasoning sometimes takesa circular itwillbe arguedin thenextchapter thatthere was no single Minoanshape.Moreover, and it might thenbe heldin consequence thatitis notappropriate to take Mycenaeanreligion, intoaccountfinds from Creteor MainlandGreecewhenestablishing thereligious status ofthose from Melos. in theprevious The discussion section has shown, thatwhilethePhylakopi finds do however, indeedgivesomeplausiblesuggestions ofreligious in terms ofthecriteria in established ritual, in themselves, ifa highly be ChapterI, theyare not conclusive scepticalposition adopted. I would now go on to argue that the same observation would hold forany one of the other in Crete, sites theMainlandor theIslands,taken inisolation. Thereare,I wouldargue, prehistoric
366
could individualsitesin Mesopotamiaor Egyptor Mesoamericawhich,takenin isolation, setoutin ChapterI, butthatsuchmaynotthecase for indeedconclusively meetthecriteria any singleAegean 'sanctuary' yetdiscovered. ofthispresent to establish the Some further is thusneededin thissection argument chapter ina more conclusive difficulties. nature ofthePhylakopi sanctuary way,inviewofthese religious in Melian terms, in latersections and thenin the to itsconsideration We shallreturn primarily oftheearly toassess for ourwiderunderstanding nextchapter itsimplications Aegeanreligions. itinvolves theproposition an epistemological one.Atthis The problem hereisessentially point can reliably establish orvalidatea hypothesis thatobservations from a number ofdifferent sites in isolation. Thisis a viewwhich wouldtoday which cannotbe documented from anyone taken be supported ofscience(e.g. Quine and Ullian 1979,22; Hesse 1980,86), bymanyphilosophers of truth a simplepositivist and involves theory (Lowther correspondence moving away from on itsown. It is incumbent each observation can standup to interpretation upon 1962),where but to adduce the to 'coherence', theproblem notto dismiss us, however, by vague reference conclusions. data whichtogether lead to the necessary specific is an outline. The matter and can onlyindicate The discussion must ofnecessity herebe brief, If it could be established thatwithinthe Aegean,at the relevant as follows. time,thereare ritualwhich take the formof small sanctuaries forthe practiceof religious demonstrably are set human effigies on which terracotta buildingswith internalbenchesor platforms, is significantly advanced. thentheargument to thoseat Phylakopi, analagousin somerespects inisolation these a uniquecase existing constitute wouldnotthen The Melianfinds but,showing was ornotPhylakopi classofsite.For,whether well-defined wouldbelongtoan already features, or notthe ofone or other domination thenunderthepolitical partoftheAegean,and whether evidence areasoftheAegean,other wereinfact thesameindifferent certainly religious practices inquestion. To put at thetime shared ofwidely theuseofa number doesindicate systems symbol within the interaction of a was then considerable there this another degree peer polity way, point of in a number can be documented This ways 1982, 286). point particular region(Renfrew at first itis sufficient to thedetailsofreligious reference without iconography: making explicitly This observation of sealstones. and form the existence or or metal tocompare types types, pottery were the same in theirmeaningand contentin observances does not implythat religious forms werewidely thatcertain theimplication different symbolic areas,butitdoeslead towards at have been to are some and that any ratein analagous, likely symbols religious recognised, in their form. somerespects, thatthesofor is thatifwe coulddemonstrate WhatI am therefore instance, reliably, saying then as a place for serve at Mycenae(Taylour1970)did in reality calledtemple ritual, religious it and theWestShrine(withRoom A) at whichwe mayindicatebetween theclosesimilarities for above forPhylakopi thearguments couldbe usedto strengthen alreadyoutlined Phylakopi of reasonabledoubt. In fact,however, althoughin an beyonda position religious practices in taken I am notsurethat, is persuasive, theMycenaetemple for theargument Aegeancontext case. thanis the Phylakopi it is in factany stronger isolation, ofCretan a number forconsideration is to submit, alternative A morecompelling together, intoconsideration casesconcerned thefour hereisthattaking The argument instances. together, of in thelightof the criteria naturecan jointlybe established and onlythose,theirreligious sites and The case. doeshavea bearing seethatthis I. We shallthen uponthePhylakopi Chapter in questionare as follows: finds 1. The Aghia Triadha sarcophagus (Long 1974). 2. The ShrineoftheDouble Axes at Knossos (Evans 1902,95; Evans 1928,335).
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at Gournia (Hawes 1908,47). 3. The shrine at Gazi (Marinatos1937). The shrine 4. is at ofnumbers 2 to4 as a 'shrine' thatthedesignation understood be clearly course of It should be can the case force until with not does and this convention, any carry following stagemerely established. 2 to4 in exhaustive detail.Numbers sites ofthese outan analysis Thisis nottheplace tocarry This of a terracotta use the common of in a number arerelated effigy. form by ways, particularly article in an Arms' with Minoan Goddess 'the has beentermed byAlexiou important Upraised a street. of cobbled at the end stood 1 a small Along building ( 1958). AtGournia(Hawes 908,47) and part of its easternwall were low benchesmade of stonerubble.The most its southern ofa womanwithupraisedarms,witha snakecoiling findwas a bell-shaped figure important 'snaketubes'and a round four herbody.Therewere round table,and various pottery cylindrical in or a shrine as this The case for finds. other is,taken temple regarding assemblage representing finds when other altered it is But for than lessstrong significantly isolation, Phylakopl. probably are considered. but again At Gazi, Marinatos(1937) excavateda small room,thistimewithout benches, five bellwere the finds The most table. a flat terracotta and two'snaketubes' striking containing on the with emblems of a womanwithupraisedarms, birds, head, including shaped figures be madefor case might Once againa similar ofconsecration'. and the'horns considering poppies thisto be a shrine. The images thecase is verymuchstronger. Whenthetwositesare takentogether, however, in are and class of the same or thesameindividual, either individual, they found clearly represent at a a find such to forward be Whilespecialarguments explain might put analogouscontexts. must be sites at two Cretan in ofsuchsimilar site,thefind assemblages separatebuildings single taken to indicate rathercloselysimilarcustomsand beliefsat both. The most obvious one. is the religious now greatly strengthened, explanation, at Knossos Axes in theShrine oftheDouble The finds (Evans 1928,335) againincludea bella smalldouble ofconsecration, with two horns withupraisedarms,along figure shapedfemale the It reinforces other a tripodtable and axe of steatite, givenby the impression figurines. indicated of consecration with the horns association the and confirms Gourniaand Gazi finds, by at Gournia. a seen on motif which is and withthedouble axe theGazi figure, fragment pithos discussedin with the Aghia Triadha sarcophagus, When theseare takenin conjunction are and horns of consecration double axe further. For here the still are taken ChapterI, matters in it was action ofexpressive withdepictions seenin association which, argued ChapterI, do sacred ritual.The evidence than rather indicateritual, funerary specifically although possibly is found the terracota Cretan sites where to variousother can be augmented effigy by reference with often associated of on and (Kannia,Karphietc.) and todepictions symbols rings sealstones, in from that which has is not different kind actions'. But this further evidence already 'expressive been outlined. in a specific an effigy oreffigies and in within Creteofa roomwith The repeated form, finding in it a context of action is here with elsewhere association is, argued, symbols depicted expressive ritual. withupraised armsmight be interpreted as a deity firm indication ofreligious The figure case thepurposeofcomunicating withtranscendent but in either is or as a worshipper, powers in ofthis lies the occurrence of the inferred. The specialforce symbol argument system, repeated a rather When thesesitesare takenin conjunction indicating generalpracticeor belief. they of ChapterI. fulfill moreadequatelythecriteria
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oftheLate Minoan III periodis established, The relationship between these four finds then, the Triadha them. That the actions the forms shared between Aghia by symbolic depicted upon thepossibility was there wereofa ritual nature was arguedin ChapterI, although sarcophagus than character. The of rather of other thatthis have been ritual indicated funerary religious may in contexts forwhichno the use of muchof the same symbolism otherthreesitesexemplify withupraised armsis very association needbe argued.In each thefigure prominently funerary ina specialarea ofthe in at Knossos at Gazi a at Gournia and building, separate perhaps placed, former palace, mostofwhichhad been abandonedby thistime(Popham 1964). function of theseplaces, withtheir forthe religious Much of the forceof the argument inparticular thefigure of various the from elements, figures, repetition anthropomorphic springs in number ofspecial site taken for one withupraised armsitself. Forwhereas isolation, any any for the this view function some be forward assemblage, suggesting special might put explanations ofveryunusualobjectscan be whena specialassemblage becomesverydifficult to maintain The case cannotbe setout in greatdetailhere,but at several theregion. indicated placeswithin allowsus and their sites within theposition ofthese Crete, place in theLate Minoan III period, same beliefs of the with it no doubt and a common to regard themas sharing many symbolism case fora the sites taken For these of the symbols about the meanings together, employed. one. a becomes for this function verystrong assemblage symbolic religious itis legitimate toseekto add Phylakopi is established, Once this along (or Phylakopi position above thatthere has beenindicated The argument to thediscussion. with Mycenaeand Tiryns) time tolead invarious theAegeanat therelevant ofinteraction isa sufficient wayswithin degree in of the forms in religious and ofcommunity us to expectsomeelements religious symbolism and of small the use of terracotta finds(specifically so thatthe Phylakopi effigies, practice, in some can be seentofit for and platforms offerings) buildings equippedwithbenches separate ofthe of some the absence context of into a more (despite symbolic expression ways widespread were same deities that the not of in . This does seen forms necessity imply Crete) symbolic identical had similar nor that the Mainland and in the islands, symbols worshipped Crete, that some Butitdoesimply in thenext discussion That isan issuefor ascribed chapter. meanings. wereused in thesevariousAegean areas. and ofsymboling ofthesame meansofexpression terracottas ofthePhylakopi thenotion Cretansites, from thefour withthis conclusion Armed order. ofa different becomesa proposition as cultimagesor as votive/votaries finds ofthePhylakopi thattheconsideration I havesought tosuggest In this therefore, section, as can be regarded thatthey can lead to theconclusion and broadercontext, in a well-defined to their return can now we as this a established, point constituting sanctuary.Taking Melian context. a primarily within consideration for are seenin a newlight, features other certain are accepted, Once thesacredassociations south of and West the to entrance of the east the on thestone instance Shrine, standing pavement tomakeitmore modified Itsshapehasbeendeliberately totheEastShrine. thedoorway regular. a cippus, as a monumental havebeenregarded Whatmight stone, maynowbe simply formerly a baetyl. to have somesacredsignificance, considered seema ofthesanctuary ofthesacral character laboriousdemonstration This rather might of the finds.But thereare so many cases in the in view of the richness shade superfluous, and in cultobjects ofbuildings literature beinghailedas shrines, lacking entirely archaeological or without ofcultobjects ofthesameclaimbeingmadefor building anyassociated assemblages first other indicationof theirmode or place of use, that a necessary step must be the laid down in ChapterI. thecriteria does in factfulfil shrine thattheputative demonstration
HISTORY AND USE OF THE SANCTUARY
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3. The Sanctuary at the Time of the Collapse theassemblages ofphase in itsheyday seenfrom is mostclearly The functioning ofthecomplex that material to have no destruction which are rich. We 2b, prior period to particularly was and the lateruse of the shrines document earlierphaseswithcomparableeffectiveness, somewhat clearly impoverished. of threemajorparts: The sanctuary at thistimeconsisted The West Shrine (a) (b) The East Shrineand and courtyard area, withthebaetyland thenearbyquarter-circle declivity (c) The Street withitsstonekerb. Mr Alec Daykin,in FIGS. in reconstruction It is shown, architect by theexcavation 9.4 and 9.5. in its To thesouth, was boundedbythesouthsideoftheWestShrine(thedoorway theprecinct Wall southwall beingalreadyblocked),by theExtension and the Late Helladic Wall, 661, by IIIBi defensive wall. To thenorth was one ofthemainstreets ofthetown, becauseof running, than the shrine theterraced at a level The west end of the higher buildings. slope, complexis A and B. defined the west wall of Rooms Access was therefore at this time from the by exclusively the which into the street east,along courtyard. opens Shrine (a) The West inthis as approached havebeenan imposing The eastwalloftheWestShrine, way,must pieceof stone. Its northern end been obscured with door of dressed had,however, bythe masonry jambs Wall builtup againstit. oftheEast Shrine, and itssouthern end by theExtension construction at theendofa rectangular 6.0 metres On entering onefound oneself room, longand 5.8 metres ofthisroom,although reedimpressions, wide.We do nothave directevidencefortheroofing inChapter that it was flat. further that discussed Other VIII, perhaps suggest arguments suggest In thefirst itwasindeedcovered. while some of the recovered were figurine fragments very place, muchweathered, thesurface ofmanyofthemorecomplete been pieces,whichhad evidently buried soonafter This militates goingoutofuse,was in very good condition. againsttheir being to the elements for of time. exposed any length on the walls, notablyon the north-west Secondlytherewas clear evidenceof plastering of the West while a fine was observed in thefloor Shrine, very sequenceofre-plastering platform in Room (seeFIG. the nearthedoorway Had floor been to winter the and rains, silts 2.15). open sediments of erosion and depositionwould probably have caused these more than 30 to occupya muchgreater replasterings depth. The roof sixmetres isofthesameorder as thatofthecontemporary of spanofnearly megaron the'palace' on thesite, whichwillcertainly have beenroofed. theinsertion into Unfortunately, theWestShrine oftheBlocking thephase2b collapse,has obscured thefloor at Wall,following theprecisecentre ofthe room.It is herethatone would expectto see thebases forcolumns, twoin number, to support theroof beams.The general wouldprobably probably arrangement have beenmuchlikethatin themainroomofHouse G at Asine(Frdinand Persson1938,fig. thewidth there isonlyca. 4.5 m. The drainchannels, ofwhich nineteen 43), although fragments in thesanctuary werefound have as served to drain water theflat area, may spouts away from of theshrine. roofs The interior of theWestShrineat thistimeas reconstructed Mr Alec by in is seen FIGS and Daykin 9.5 9.6. The roomwas lit principally by its easterndoorway.Facing it was the doorwayinto the RoomsA and at therear.To theright smaller and left ofthis werenarrow orbenches platforms on whichthe cult equipment stood.Above thesewere the niches,intercommunicating with
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in which on occasionbe placed. a cultfigure or bovinefigure RoomsA and at therear, might axis. about its is in generalsymmetrically The shrine arranged major (east-west) (b) TheEast Shrine above thestreet surface ofca. . 15 metres walloftheEast Shrine still stands toa height The south the visitor at its from the to its south. The shrine was ofphase 2b south, entering approached m that the street and of the West Shrine. ca. above of south-west corner.Its floorwas 0.30 in thesamemanner as Doubtless itwas roofed, theroof perhapsbeingdrainedbydrainspouts In m. the northwas 2.20 theWestShrine(see FIG. small,only4.80 by 9.4). The interior space on whichthecult was thelow platform or podium, eastcorner onlyca. 0.25 m above thefloor, that the WestShrine, but is same as of oftheEast Shrine the stood.The alignment equipment is hereno symmetrical there arrangement. in CultFunction (c) Differentiation of the and south-west the north-west ofphase 2b, from The principal platforms assemblages in FIGS. seen East are the WestShrine, from Room A and itsniche,and from Shrine, 4.7 to 4.9 are the all of other finds of and 4. 11. The findsof cult equipmentand sanctuary phases table in summarised 9.4 (in pocketat rear). the and figurines, terracotta in Chapter ismadebetween Asindicated VI, a distinction figures and human cm in for thanabout 15 former height, representations, the greater beingin general and in most or bulls cows,are hollow, whichrepresent The animalfigures, lessthanthis. latter 10 cm less than aresolidterracotta, theanimalfigurines caseswheel-made, high.Finds generally inTABLE made A has been context ofoccurrence. distinction arelisted (earliest) bytheir primary of a to give, significant or could be restored proportion objectswhichrepresented, 9.4 between is half about the For a figurine, and thoserepresented theoriginal, original onlybyfragments. such into account bothtaking aboutone quarter, for as 'significant', toqualify figures required contexts. later,secondary joins as may be made from for aresummarised ofthese features The iconographically phase2b in assemblages interesting Room with The details. and other table (table 9. 1) whichomits thefollowing niche, fragments Shrine. the West corner of in thesouth-west behindtheplatform A behind,is immediately are from thistable.In thefirst follow Severalimportant place,themalefigures consequences also: see holdsforphase 3 to the north-west restricted below). (and thisrestriction platform ifitis assumed are found female Moreover, platform. onlyon thesouth-west figurines Secondly, thatthe objectsin the niche,and thosebehindin Room A, wereforuse on the south-west to this are restricted elements thenthefemale (B withC). jointassemblage exclusively, platform the female and are foundboth on the north-west Bovinefigures accompanying platform that which on their vessels miniature have C. Two ofthese in assemblage backs, suggests figures cult than rather in of the used twoat leastmaybe cultvessels, these imagesor pouring liquids, but not received have could outlets no have votivesas such. (Since they they satisfactory be Shrine West in the bovine The regardedas may figures dispensedliquid offerings.) thehumanfigures. accompanying thehumanmalesat ox accompany Two animalfigurines, groupand a driven plusa chariot of such in even not is no There the north-west form, fragmentary signwhatever, platform. infer that safe to it seems and in Room niche or in the or south-west at the A, platform, figurines here. and female the not did this kind of animalfigurines figures figurines accompany or figurines There are no humanfigures is verydifferent. In the East Shrine,theposition be very could which one of are wellrepresented But bovinefigures whatever. examples, (three
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Table 9.1 ofphase 2b Principalfinds

WestShrine East Shrine D o o o 4 3 1 1 11 o o o o o 2 5
NW
Assemblage: Female figure Male figure Female figurine Bovine figure Chariot group Driven ox Animal figurine ABC 0041 3000 0200 2000 1000 20 0000 0200 0010 0100 1000 12 2200
SW
Room A Niche
Sealstone Double vase Pedestal vase Columnar lamp Bronze bird Beads Other metal
And thereare no fewer than elevenanimal figurines, substantially restored). plus a chariot groupand a drivenox. We are thus able tomakethevery inference thattheright-hand of important (north) platform the West Shrine has male associations,and the left-hand(south) platform has female associations. Bovinefigures and animalfigurines both,but thechariot accompany go withthe males. This is the first The second obviousdualityis dualitywhichthe sanctuary suggests. between WestShrine and East Shrine(bearing inmindthattheEast Shrine isa phase2 addition to thecomplex) . Here at first thedichotomy is between human(male plusfemale)in the sight WestShrine, and animalin theEast Shrine. Butitis lessclear-cut. For whilethetwoentities in theWestShrine were'maleand no-female', and 'female and no-male'respectively, thesamesort ofantithesis does nothold. The East Shrineis 'animal and no-human' but theWestShrineis 'humanwith animal'.Indeeditis notimpossible thatthegoldhumanhead,found in phase3c of the East Shrine,may originally have made its appearance therein phase 2. We have good evidence thatone ofthemalesin theWestShrine(SF 1550) was re-used in phase3b, and there other casesofre-use arediscussed below.It wassuggested in Chapter VIII thatthis head ofsheet bronzefigure. In thisadmittedly gold may have coveredthe head of a wooden,or possibly case thedistinguishing feature oftheEast Shrinewould thenbe thematerial ofits speculative human figure, the numberof animal figurines it and the number of accompanying great sealstones.
372 (d) CultImageor Votive?
in a This question was posedin ChapterI, and can now be appliedto thePhylakopi material shall that it be answered without some We cannot find, however, way. preliminary adequately in ChapterX. consideration ofothersites, such as is attempted systematic in thesanctuary Thereis no evidence ofanyrepresentation ofanything life size, approaching in at with discovered Archanes the of terracotta feet recently nothing comparing suggestive pair a which be as of cult otherwise made of wood. Crete, might interpreted part image must Ata smaller thenorth-west oftheWestShrine malefigures from scale,thethree platform The largest(SF be considered as possiblecult imagesor alternatively as votives or votaries. theother two(SF 2340,height dominates 23.0 cm;SF 1553,height 1550),height 35.0 cmeasily in cm its hands(see Chapter and unlike the others carried VI). 15.8 headless) nothing probably in each case. It is possible withthearmsheldforward, is however similar thenthat The gesture, or votaries. It maybe suggested that thelargest is a cultimage,whiletheothertwoare votives be interpreted theobjects which wereheldbySF 2340 and 1553 (see ChapterVI above) might thepossibility thatthey tooare cultimages as offerings. Thesetwowouldthenbe votive figures: cannothowever be discounted. the two figurines (SF 2007, height15.2 cm; SF 2015, Turningto thesouth-west platform, as candidates for cult be considered images,albeitnotveryimpressive height15.3 cm) might A. human head from theniche(SF 2691) and the it for contents of Room The were not ones, status(when head fromRoom A (SF 2672) both lack bodies,and whatevertheirformer in that condition make would not images,althoughthe impressive fragmentary complete) same holdsfortheheadless have been dressed. The could cannot be excluded: they possibility the of SF On the other hand 2661. 2660, 45.0 cm) is almost (SF height Lady Phylakopi figure, found besideher (SF made arms. rather the entire, standing crudely figure, (The lacking only in an of attitude lacks The also intensity, great arms.) Lady gazesupwards 2658,height 25.5cm) as a look of adoration (in a votive) or of divine whichcould be interpreted alternatively (in a cultimage). contemplation in terms bothofscale and of ofthesanctuary oftheLady, in thecontext The uniquestatus a cult for best candidate makes her the image. Moreoverit has undoubtedly workmanship in theniche, where A on could be Room that the contents of been put display already suggested an attentionconsidered be niche Shrine: the visible from the West would be maycertainly they that thesuggestion reinforces in thenextchapter sites withother device.Comparison focussing SF The accompanying ofa deity. this is indeeda cultimage,and hencea representation figure, in a as the of a an attendant then be or VI, or, votive, suggested Chapter deity, 2658 might on the than is seen sex of female a clearer indication with of the further deity, representation Lady. merits The positionof theseitemsin the small room at the back, Room A, certainly in notcurrently for as a storeroom tobe regarded Is this consideration. imagesorvotives simply themost a 'HolyofHolies',a place apart,where an adyton, use?Or wasitalternatively important Bothpositions thedefiling cultimagecould be venerated eyesofthecongregation? away from The theformer. setout in ChapterX, forpreferring are arguments, could be held,and there - beads and smallmetal ofofferings is in thedistribution mostsignificant however, evidence, in the objects.There can be littledoubt that the findsof beads, made near the platforms indeed at those venerated madetothedeities Theymay platforms. offerings sanctuary, represent are As TABLE or votives have adornedcultimages, they 9.1 indicates, placed on theplatforms. are and West ofthe at boththeplatforms numbers seenin significant Shrine, by supplemented in theEast Shrine.None was foundin Room A, and onlyhalfa bead in theniche, sealstones
373 in Room B. This analysis thusmaybe takenin support oftheview several werefound although thanin a position in Room A and in thenichewerein storage, rather ofspecial, thattheobjects condition ofthe Such an interpretation is supported the exclusive veneration. by fragmentary in now which must have been broken earlier and were threeincomplete there use, figures that their sacred character have demanded. stored for the may away safe-keeping presumably as a cultimage,a representation of be identified The Lady ofPhylakopi maythententatively that because two thatthebovine did not have thedeity. We havesuggested status, mainly figures as cult a roleforthemas cultvessels and fortheothers have vaseson their backs,suggesting equipment. If the principalmale figure of a deity was a cult image,it too mightbe a representation if a tell But its two is what do venerated at thenorthern like it, they platform. companions, votive, us of thedeityto whomtheywerededicated? in theliterature ofhomology, that assumesomeprinciple Many arguments by implication in manywayssharetheattributes ofthedeityto whomtheyare dedicated.In votivefigures Greek toApollo,for thevotive aregenerally, likethegod,male instance, representations temples in character. a male deity.But cases can no doubt be Such an argument herewould suggest a principle of found ofwhatmight be termed ofantinomy orantithesis, where thecharacteristics the votiveare the oppositeof thoseof the deity.A male god, afterall, mighthave female a female and viceversa.Such an argument wouldmakethenorthern one also, attendants, deity in this at the likehersouthern but case one served male votives while those by counterpart, southern are female. Either structure of belief would What be coherent. is platform perfectly from the male sex of these is that the male character of the quiteclear,however, figures, explicit votives(ifvotives feature ofthatbelief structure. theyare) is an essential in the East Shrine.The presence No cult image can be identified of beads and sealstones the as in those associated with the two among finds, amongst platforms theWestShrinebutin distinction to thecontents ofRoom A and itsniche,suggests thatthiswas nota storeroom but thattheplatform in have been used the actual of cult. It could be may practice perhaps argued, sincethemany small(butsurely wereall ofanimals, that someanimaldeity was votive)figurines venerated here.Butsimilar, in were found the north-west of the West fewer, although figurines a deity inhumanform where has beenproposed. It ispossible thatthere wasoriginally a Shrine, cultimagein theEast Shrine, removed after the 2b and the perhaps phase collapse, suggestion was made above that the gold head foundhere in phase 3c levels may conceivably have If earlier. a there was human cult its sex is unkown. The of chariot originated figure, presence whichweresimilarly foundin thenorth-west oftheWest groupsand smallanimal figurines, Shrine butnotin thesouth-west, couldbe usedtoimply a greater with that of thenorthaffinity westplatform. But theabsenceofmale figures in theEast Shrine the from prevents comparison far. taken being very The twovery different offinds from theWestShrine leadsus thentoconcludethattwo groups different deities orpowers werevenerated there. is directly The first very represented, probably, The secondmayhavebeenmale,orisat leastworshipped the bytheLady ofPhylakopl. through Bovinefigures occurin thecult equipment ofboth.A different agencyofmale votives. deity intheEast Shrine, animalfigurines where againmayhavebeenworshipped (and bovine figures) but not male figures, are amongthevotiveofferings. The third ofthesanctuary is thearea to theeastoftheWest majorconstructional component Shrine and to thesouthoftheEast Shrine.At thepointwherethefortification wall,Wall 100,
and Street (e) The Courtyard
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broadens from theeastwhich accesstothesanctuary out comestoitswestern end,thestreet gives Wall 661. Alongthefoot of which is closedto thesouthbytheExtension intoa smallcourtyard have been constructed as Wall 663. Whilethiscould readily thiswall runsa benchdesignated seating,the use of somewhatanalogous bencheswithinthe West Shrine (and in shrines it ofthismundaneinterpretation: shouldcautionagainsttoo readyan assumption elsewhere) to regardthisbenchas a platform. may be moreappropriate kerb. Andin Atitseastern circle ofunpavedarea delimited endis thequarter bya smallstone standsthestone'baetyP.It is 47.0 cm highand 49.5 cm in themiddleofthepaved courtyard The stoneis thelocal In plan itis roughly circular and in section diameter. roughly ellipsoidal. isnot so thattheform isnotvery rather and theworking tuff, accomplished, rough conglomerate Neitherthe choice of thisrather smoothed. of greatregularity, nor is the surface carefully are notablein any finish scale norindeedtheunimpressive northemodest stone, commonplace in oftheWestShrine Wall with the line it its rather bench, is, doorway 663, way: position against theEast Shrine, the door of in with east of and line the hence near its jamb axis) (and major whichsingles it out forattention. the footof the CityWall to the east,is also an thisarea, and from The assemblage from mostofwhich offigurines, but a few It contains one join fragments E). (Assemblage important be the same and the East a context within with Shrine, may explanation pieceshaving primary in thetwenty or so pots liesrather smallvotive fortheother offered objects.Its specialinterest in thefallof ofthese seemto have been broken a number found here,someofthemrestorable: is No. 81, which P. Cat. of the with stones ofthecollapse.Allofthese 197 exception possible pots, A number relates here. context in ChapterIV, seemto be in their discussed significant primary and two as wellas three two ofliquids:three tothehandling amphorae kylikes, jugs and a dipper hydriae. ofpots todoubtthatthepotswereusedinthis Thereisno reason area,and therelative scarcity thatthey tosuggest It is tempting their areasofthesanctuary other from importance. heightens intotheunpavedquarter-circle oflibations, thepouring havebeenusedfor area, perhaps might whichwould have made an excellent soak-away(althoughit could also have been a good in ofpottery, thisassemblage is correct, . Whether or not thisexplanation fora fire) position in with its own 2b of the focus a fourth constitutes to the sanctuary phase major baetyl, proximity foci(thenorthUnliketheotherthree ofwhatmayhave been ritualequipment. complement it is not the East that of and West of the west and south-west Shrine, Shrine) platforms figurations. accompaniedby iconographie 4. Diachronie Aspects for us initsheyday, as documented features ofthesanctuary Havingsetoutsomeoftheprincipal and its ofthesanctuary thehistory now to survey by thephase 2b collapse,it is appropriate in FIG. is seenschematically ofthesanctuary in use. The development 3.1. The various changes are A L. Their there listedin ChapterIV are indicated findspots by theletters to assemblages the before at cult of detailin FIG. seenin greater Phylakopi 4.7 to 4.11 to 4.17. The practice first be considered. shouldhowever of thesanctuary construction in the toitsconstruction in thearea ofoursanctuary cultpractice for Thereis no evidence prior West Shrine the of in A the south-west Late Helladic IIIA2 period. pillar (plate 14 c) platform but not and various ashlar blocks in the walling may be re-usedarchitectural features, The cult of from one nor this on a from significance. walls building precisely position, necessarily
in theLate BronzeI period theWestShrine:Cultat Phylakopi (a) Before
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wereofa different orientation ofLate BronzeI date below thesanctuary (fig.2.11). No cult 1 1 plate belowthe totheMinoanblossom bowl(SF 7 7; needbe attached 65 a) found significance street levelsto thesouthof the East Shrine. we must lookelsewhere on thesite, to the ofearlier cultat Phylakopi Forpossible indications Sir Arthur in of the cult Evans hisdiscussion whichwereusedby famous possible 'pillarcrypts' ofthewell-built masonry pillarsofthepalace at Knossos(Evans 1901). These lie significance within 1904,platesI and II). Moredetailed planofthesite(Phylakopi squareG3 oftheoriginal indications, however,are given by Mackenzie (1963) in his Daybooks. The area was in the courseof our excavations, and re-datedto the Late investigated by a smallsounding nomenclature BronzeI period,thatof the Third Cityon our current (Renfrew1978). The to the Middle BronzeAge Second Cityis in error. earlierattribution a The north-east roomofthecomplex(Phylakopi 1904,pl. I, squareG3, room6/7)contained In stone. Traces of red adhered to this this room were found of plaster pillar. pillaroftwoblocks with humanfigures. with FishFresco, and another One ofthese isseated, thenow-famous Flying in a blue the left The a gold beltand bracelets, and holds hand. object,perhapsdrapery, Lily in theroomto thesouth(Room 11) . A secondpillar, ofa single blockofstone Frescowas found ina roomtothewest(room2/4) . Withitwereseveral and very wasfound dressed, finely pedestal 1 In a vases(Phylakopi area 1904,138,fig. 10). nearby 1904, (Square G3, space 10ofPhylakopi bovinefigure (fig.9.1). pl. 1) was foundpartofa terracotta The completeabsence of identifiable cult iconographyhere at presentpreventsour in terms in ChapterI. The as a cult ofthediscussion these finds recognising forming complex, in sameviewis taken Rutkowski his discussion of Minoan ingeneral, by (1972, 107) pillarcrypts that of including Phylakopl.
FIG.9.1 Bovinefigure foundduringearlierexcavations near the 'pillarcrypt'.Not to scale
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which has an undoubtedly sacred ofLate BronzeI dateat Phylakopi The single find probably 1904, 193) . It depicts a womanin a flounced PLATE is theivory 55 a (Phylakopi ring, significance a platform, before on whichtheMinoan 'hornsofconsecration' skirt symbol maybe standing This finddoes not tellus treebranches are seen behindthevotary. Conventional discerned. carvedin Melos,although beliefs at Phylakopi, sinceitwas notnecessarily muchaboutreligious Taken together withthe of Minoan symbolism. thisone important element it incorporates intheLate Bronze thatthesymbolism at Phylakopi inthepillarcrypt, itserves tosuggest frescoes I periodfellbroadlywithin thecanonsof Minoan iconography. heads ofbullsshouldalso be noted. (Phylakopi1904,205, figs. The findof two terracotta withthelarger bull'shead 178- 9) . Theywerealreadyand rightly bytheexcavators compared animalfigure from Gourniain Crete(Hawes 1908,pl. XI, 20). Thereis also a pottery rhyton of'naturalistic' form. a number ofCretanexamples 1904,fig.176) whichresembles (Phylakopi in Kamareswareand therefore of here:it is a figurine, shouldbe mentioned One other find in theexcavation SecondCity)date. It was notpublished MiddleMinoan (and therefore report for hisfinds from from thesite,butwas illustrated by Myres(1903,369,fig.1) as a comparison in theNational material It is on displaywiththeotherPhylakopi thePetsofa peak sanctuary. Kamares material on liketheotheraccompanying Museumin Athens(fig.9.2) and derives, bellis ofthehollow, of1896- 9 (see Myres1903,369). The skirt from theexcavations display, oftheBronzeAge,butherethearmsdo not which is widely seenin theMinoanfigures likeform on thesite inLate MinoanIII. Itsfindspot common in themanner appeartohavebeenupraised
Scale c. 1:1 at Phylakopl. from earlierexcavations FIG.9.2 Kamares ware figurine fragments
377
thesite withthebovinefigure, buttogether itis one ofthefew isunknown figurative piecesfrom to ofMinoaninfluence 1 is from theperiod 1 which and likely (cf.Phylakopi 1904,205,fig. 78 79) ofcult. (The bronzefigurine, have been used in thepractice Phylakopi1904 pl. XXXVII, is date in of later and is discussed briefly ChapterVIII.) possibly Our information about cultpractice in theThirdCityofPhylakopi The limited. is thusvery Minoan natureof the iconography as taken sacred or be (whether secular) may, however, and other finds such as the stone the cult vases and the that established, pottery lampssuggest wouldhave beenofpredominantly on Minoan character. The horns ofconsecration equipment the (possibly PLATE constitute the documented sacred ivory imported) ring, 55 a, only symbol from the time. It is also pertinent to ask what cultfacilities theremay have been on thesiteimmediately the end of In the Third III oftheSanctuary wasset following City. Chapter thedateofinception around1360BC, and this have been some after the 20 end of the Third There are may years City. no clear a indications of elsewhere on the Dr either then or later. French site, certainly sanctuary inChapter listed VI theknown and figurine finds from other areasofthesite has,however, figure No fewer than 106 of and are now known from other (table 6.1). fragments figures figurines into account both recent and as areas,taking excavations, against177,nearlytwice previous thatnumber, from ourownsanctuary. is thatnotall piecesfrom theearlier however, (It likely, excavations wereretained.) Mostofthese finds from elsewhere aresporadic is occurrences: there no discernible concentration. indicate domestic cult eleven They may practice.Interestingly, of femalefigurines of Phi form were foundelsewhere, as againstonlyone in the fragments Dr area. French has Phi shown that the form is chronologically sanctuary (1971, 109) priorto thePsi form, and it maybe thatsomeofthePhi figurines on thesitewerefirst used at a time before thesanctuary cameintobeing.Beyondthis there is at present little thatcan be said about cultpracticeat Phylakopi at the beginning of the FourthCity. Phase 1 oftheSanctuary is represented bytheconstruction (phase ia) and earlyuse (phase ib) oftheWestShrine. The internal at this time was muchas inthesucceeding arrangement phase2, withplatforms at thenorth-west and south-west corners ofthemainroom.Initially, however, thedoorin thesouth sideofthemainroomwasinuse,before inphase ic. beingblocked, perhaps East of the shrinetherewas initially an open space. Traces of burning are foundon the southern sideofthis oftheeastwalloftheshrine, and itis quitepossible area,againsttheoutside thata fire was employed herefor a more mundane is perfectly sacrifices, although explanation Late in this the Extension Wall was Wall, 661, constructed, possible. period(phase ic) blocking offthe southern part of thisarea, whichwas no longeraccessiblefromthe shrineonce the doorwayin itssouthwall was blocked. The finds madenearboththenorth-west and south-west in theWestShrine include platforms numerous beads and othersmallitems. These werefoundnotonlyon theearliest shrine floor, butunderit on thesouth-west side.This suggests thattheplatform there mayhave beenin use for cultbefore thefloor was laid. Thereare no figurine finds in these whatever levelsto givean indication as to whether thesame distinction between male and female was alreadyobserved there which we havenotedfor the2b phase.The malefigurines in useat thetime ofthephase2b collapsecould,conceivably alreadyhave beenin useduring phase 1. Theyare all locallymade, and theymightall belongin the Late Helladic IIIC period,in distinction to the however, and to some of the accompanying animal figurines, whichare imported Lady of Phylakopi earlier(see ChapterVI). Severalfigurine found belowtheEast Shrine, undoubtedly fragments and in thestreet area to thesouth,may derivefrom thistime.
(b) Phase 1 of theSanctuary
378
The earlycontents ofthesmallrooms A and at thewestoftheWestShrineare ofinterest. Room A contained thearmofa female withthree beads and othersmallobjectswhich figure, be as Room contained nine sealstone beads,a splendid may regarded offerings. rock-crystal and other last are of red or These items,including12 fragments (SF 2036) pink plaster. as from some moveable rather than mural decoration. from interpreted beingperhaps object Rooms A and may therefore both have servedas cult roomsat thistime.Room also contained six potsand twoquernfragments. The usemayalso be inferred, in phase2, ofthethree at this orearly time which female figures inincomplete in thecollapsephasedeposit werefound condition ofRoomA and itsniche.These are thevery ofthesamescaleas theLady ofPhylakopi uglyhead (SF 2691), thehead ofa figure a and headless all three have beenidentified as oflocal (SF 2672) body(SF 2661): byDr French manufacture. Wherethese were set their use cannot now but be established, figures up during theexistence ofsmall'benches'againstthewestwallsofRoomsA and B, namely Walls823 and inmind. inuseat thetime be borne thefloors ofthecollapseand may 741, should Theyunderlay be structural features to the walls. It is and thatfigures however, simply strengthen justpossible, 1 were set and venerated or stored on these low as well benches figurines up simply during phase , as on theplatforms of themain room. (c) Phase2 Phase2a oftheSanctuary saw thebuilding oftheCityWall,Wall 100,and theconstruction and the use of theEast Shrine, as well as thepavingof thecourtyard and thesetting there of up in at the material situ The use of the shrines this time is best documented baetyl. by preserved thephase 2b collapse,as discussed above. following be distinguished from those ofphase 1, The onlyarea where thefinds ofphase2a mayclearly in East Shrine. The south of the as wellas from thecollapse is the street to the themselves, deposits there are several from that for the itself: material discussed pots collapse simply amplifies already at thistime,and a libations thecourtyard near the baetyl,threeof themkylikes, suggesting which we haveoftheuse was found thepicture number ofanimalfigurine confirming fragments oftheEast Shrinefrom thecollapsedeposits themselves. (d) TheNature ofthe Collapse arehereassigned area which thatthedeposits indifferent ofthesanctuary To demonstrate parts at the same timewas no easy task. It was, of course, to phase 2b were in factall formed the between in ChapterII. Sincethere are no goodand direct undertaken linkages stratigraphie of muchemphasis had to be placed on thejoins between East and theWestshrines, fragments in in detail link These are discussed two areas. and found to the and of figures figurines pottery linkagesbetweenthe chronological AppendixB. Such joins were usefultoo in establishing toaskbywhat It is,however, area toitssouth. and thestreet interior oftheEast Shrine pertinent finds came about. this distribution of processes foundat thefootof the CityWall, Wall 100 and In the first place, the verylargestones, area fallmanyofthepotsin theStreet in their crushed fallen from it,undoubtedly presumably for was of stones fall that a similar E. It seems constitute ourAssemblage which responsible likely off closed area was Shrine. This West in thesouthern of the thedevastation subsequently part can be little There Wall of the the construction doubt, Wall, 626/733. Blocking by permanently Iftheremaining time. downat this wasbrought oftheWestShrine thattheroof partof therefore, have will the timbers as seems was re-roofed theWestShrine spannedonly likely, subsequently, It is notclearwhether walloftheWestShrine. Wall and thenorth theBlocking thegap between
379
itscontents at thetimeofthecollapse,but certainly theroof oftheEast Shrinewas destroyed wereseriously damaged. in theEast Shrinewerefoundin thephase 2b Since manyfragments ofobjectsoriginating in to it seems thattherewas a partialclear-out ofthe the street area the south, likely deposit is interior oftheEast Shrineafter thecollapse.But thatthiswas nota verythorough operation in the of material still found situ within the shrine on Floor should indicated 3/5.(It by quantities oftheEast Shrine are subsequent of theinterior and be notedthatthere joins between patterns in levels the street the which must be the result of clearances to south, higher subsequent partial ofa similar kind.) Thejoinsbetween theEast Shrine and street on theonehand,and Room and NLc North(to thenorth oftheWestShrine)on theother arelesseasytoaccountfor. be an however, Theymust, It is evident thattheinterior indicator ofa series ofoperations ofclearing and dumping. ofthe WestShrine, or at leastitsnorthern Wall could be theBlocking part,had to be clearedbefore in phase3b. As in thecase oftheEast Shrine, builtand therestricted area oftheshrine re-used theclearance was nota very one. Had itbeen,theclearance downto theoriginal floor thorough level would have removedthe materialwhichwe subsequently foundin situand designated A. The cleaning in this oftheEast and WestShrines Assemblage wayintoareasadjacenttothem can accountin a relatively for of the and thedumping way many joins found, mayhave simple been in morethan one stage:first, to the levels to the north of the perhapsupwards higher and then some of the down into the street to the south of the East Shrine. shrines, (for material) Thisdoes notin itself indicate how potsherds from thestreet came to be found in the originally southern of It MLb. that stones and debris from the street area were used maybe,however, part in theconstruction of theBlocking in and that this some ceramic material was Wall, process carriedwestward. Forthecollapseitself there are twoalternative The first is thenaturalagency of explanations. an earthquake, whichcould no doubt have dislodged stonesfrom the CityWall, causingthe The secondis deliberate humanaction,presumably forces. This damage observed. by hostile could well have occurredin the processof attacking the fortifications, or perhapslater in them: itisalso possible thatan enemy wouldhaveseena positive indamaging merit the slighting of It in the town. is case clear that the restoration of the was soon sanctuary any sanctuary undertaken withwhatwouldappear a continuity in thetradition ofworship. As we have seen, severalcultitems in theprocess. werere-used It could be arguedthatthereducedarea ofthe West Shrine in phase 3 indicatesa commensurately reduced prosperity, hypothetically attributable to thehostilities in question.But had thefortunes in any case been ofPhylakopi therebuilding ofthesanctuary after an earthquake likewise have been on a declining, might reduced scale.The similarities in thepottery between thephase 2b materials at Phylakopi and thoseat Koukounaries in Paros (Schilardi1979) lead me to favourthe hypothesis of enemy as theconsequence ofunrest in the Cycladesat thattime. action,to be interpreted Phase3a represents theaftermath ofthecollapse,withtheconstruction oftheBlocking Wall in theWestShrine. Thiscompletely blocked off thesouth-west which went outof platform, entirely use.The doorway from theWestShrineto Room (and Room A) was also blockedbyit. The north-west continuedin use, however,and it is probablyto thisperiod that the platform construction ofa newplatform in thenorth-east corner oftheWestShrineshouldbe ascribed. in theEast Shrine The platform inservice. continued In theEast Shrine thephase3a usemaybe inthefinds on Floor4. The clearest isgiven, on recognised lying however, impression bythefinds
(e) Phasesja andjb
380
butnotcertainly, are probably, Floor2 oftheEast Shrine(Phase 3b) which with contemporary in the West Shrine. Their from thepenultimate thefinds condition was deposit fragmentary very in TABLE ofphase 3b are summarised The finds noticeable. finds are 9.2. Only thesubstantial small not listed, fragments. Table 9.2 finds ofphase 3b Principal
WestShrine NW NE G 00 3 00 00 000 00 00 00 00 14 40 1 East Shrine H 6 1
Assemblage: Female figure Male figure Female figurine Bovine figure Chariot group Driven ox Animal figurine Sealstone Double vase Pedestal vase Columnar lamp Beads Other metal
and itsfunction male figures, once again has three The north-west mayhave been platform the re-used in One the male was to that of similar 2. (SF 1527)minus figures certainly very phase that the two other It is in levels stratified the 2b which was found hand, (SF 1550). likely phase to the werealso re-used stylistically pieces (SF 1544 and 1520) sincebothare similar figures in condition. is worn and the second others, very ofLate Psi form is a female A notableaddition to theassemblage (SF 1521). She is a figurine on thesouth-west in thephase2b deposit found closematchtoone ofthose (SF 2007). platform also a re-used is therefore and thatthis thatbothweremadeat thesametime, Thisimplies piece. One relatively in use cannotnow be determined. Whereit was originally completeanimal and theabsenceof oftheprevious withthepractice a further period, continuity suggests figurine were this at or near earlier which were that those reflect bovine platform maysimply figures any cult reflect and metal The beads in the broken 2b continuing objects collapse. completely practice. was lessclear.A single is unfortunately thematter Withthenorth-east assemblage platform in phase to thelastuseoftheshrine, has beenascribed in association with it,and this recognised rather lackofuse. It mayimply indicate in phase3b neednot,however, offinds 3c. The paucity was thatthisplatform in thephase3c period.It seemslikely ofmuchofthematerial there-use nowobscured totaketheplace ofthesouth-west after thecollapse, bythe platform, constructed, in ofthat overthefunctions caseitmaywellhavetaken Wall. In this certainly platform; Blocking males. and not with the3c phase it was associatedwithfemale figurines
381
intheEast Shrine, The finds likethose nearthenorth-west oftheWestShrine, reflect platform withthepreceding muchcontinuity Once there are numerous animal period. again figurines, maleor female. either The absenceofbovinefigures and no humans, their mayagain represent the breakageduring collapse. The overall at this time as oneofimpoverished There maybe described impression continuity. are nowno largefemale Male continue at the north-west and animals figures. figures platform, in theEast Shrine, someof themeven pre-phase 2b in style, whilethe roleof thesouth-west overbythenorth-east one.Although theevidence on this is mayhavebeentaken platform point notadequate,itispossible therefore thattheold north/male versus south/female dichotomy may havebeenreplaced versus Someblurring oftheformer, clearbieast/female. byoneofwest/male be indicated ofthefemale themalesnearthe mayhowever bythefind polarity figurine amongst north-west the The as East relative role of the West Shrine was however platform. against unchanged. and figurines now in use had been salvagedfrom the Many, perhapseven all, the figures some derive from before the 2b There were no female preceding phase: period. longer any figures in use.The street levelswerenowblockedwithlargestones, and thebaetylmayno longer have been visible:certainly there are no morefinds ofpottery from itsvicinity to suggest libations. theLady ofPhylakopi no longer made herappearancein hernow-obscured Moreover, niche, nordid any bovinefigures remainin use. (f) Phase 3c additions weremadetoboththeEastand theWestShrine. Wall 105was Duringphase3c,minor inserted intotheEast Shrine, it into two It be that were dividing parts. may significant finds madeon bothsidesofthis wall (fig.4. 17). The platform no longer functioned as such,beingnow at thesamelevelas thefloor. In theWestShrine, Wall 604 wasadded. Itspurpose isunclear, but it certainly now re-defined thenorth side ofwhat was formerly theniche. In theWestShrine thefinds wereno longer on thenorth-west focussed in thesameway corner as formerly One animal and a were found on the platform (fig.4.15). figurine pottery tray constituted the niche itself. Other the columnar SF finds, by including lamp, 2309,wereat the the wall. south,against blocking In thenorth-east corner(fig.4.16) thefinds wereon or near theplatform. The finds aresummarised intable 9.3. Once again,onlysubstantial are indicated. fragments The distinctions infunction which wereseeninphase2b havenowlargely There disappeared. are no male figures at all in the north-west: thereis insteada single,well-preserved animal 12 b), whichhas figurine (SF 2348) accompanied bya pottery tray(P. 899 Cat. No. 315,PLATE whitepainteddecoration ofrather late styleand may be a new,rather thana re-used piece. In thenorth-east corner oftheWestShrine, theplatform held a female ofPsi form figurine with a striking decoration ofsquiggles. Therewas also a pedestal vaseand a doublevase. painted In theEast Shrinethere are again several animalfigurines, and someat leastofthese maybe new at thistime.But theseare now accompanied, forthefirst two female time,by figurines. Therewasalsoa pedestal theostrich and thehumanhead vase,a conchshell, eggshellcontainer, ofgoldleaf(SF 192). Thislastis an important and as discussed itmayhavecovered find, earlier, thefaceofa figurine orfigure ofwoodorevenbronze. The specially valuablematerial opensthe that this was a cult rather than a votive. possibility figure, Once againitis likely thatmuchofthematerial found from from earlier phase3c was re-used The tray, P. 899,and perhaps itsaccompanying animalfigurine, SF 2348,areamongthe phases. Another is an animalfigurine from theEast Shrine(SF 168) whichpairswith likely exceptions.
382
Table 9.3 finds ofphase 3c Principal

WestShrine NW NE J 00 00 00 00 000 04 2 East Shrine L 2
Assemblage: Female figure Male figure Female figurine Bovine figure
Chariot group Driven ox Animal figurine Double vase Pedestal vase Columnar lamp Beads Gold head Other metal
animalfigurines thecolumnar S F 2348,and other (e.g. S F 189) mayalsobe new.Certainly lamp matches rather thecolumnar platform closely lamp,SF 2004,from phase2b on thesouth-west thatthey werebothmade and first usedat thesametime.Thereare manymore and itis likely in table 9.3 (see thelisting of in theEast Shrinethanare indicated animalfigurine fragments L in of re-use from earlier Assemblage ChapterIV) and someoftheseshowclear indications phases. in God' position find was made ofa bronzefigurine The important (SF 1802) in the'smiting Wall 661 . This of the Extension in thecourtyard area amongst thestonework levels debris Wall, in Chapters further SF 518 from and comparable phase 2b levelsin squareOLd are discussed found on us. Had been interests thesanctuary which VIII and X. Hereitis their rolewithin they inclined to have been in one would ofprominence, each on itsown a position thecultplatforms, of as an indication be The attitude of as cultimages. power, may regarded smiting acceptthem in ChapterII, butlessso in a votive as suggested ofa deity, for a representation suitable figure thateach It iscurious, ofthedeity. totaketheform fashioned itwasdeliberately unless however, have imagined one might Had theybeen larger, themselves. was foundoutsideoftheshrines need toarguethat There is no the structures. the outside of on them setup on dominant positions in were found the other since were disturbed materials, including goldhead, during looting, they outofthe werethrown thatthey itcannotbe suggested unbroken werefound situ. Andsincethey as discardedrubbish,an explanationwhich may be appropriateforsome of the shrines a levelswhichcontained It shouldbe notedthatSF 1802is from terracotta figurine fragments. reed with roof a of and drainchannelfragment (SF 2227). impressions plaster piece (SF 1010) with an association at theeastendoftheEast Shrine, ofthese, ofthefirst The position suggests sincetheassociations ofthesecond, The samemaybe true thantheWestShrine. theEast rather withtheEast thanwiththeWest in earlier levelsweremorestrongly material ofthecourtyard in theEast Shrine thephase 2b periodthecultofferings And it was notedthatduring Shrine.
383
moreclosely to thoseofthenorth-west related in theWestShrine(male associations) platform thanwiththesouth-west in phases3b thedistinction is blurred (female associations), although and 3c. At this to refer to thebronzefigurine at Phylakopi found theearly pointitis pertinent during excavations in squareC5, Room 7 there, 1904,186and pl. XXXVII). It was found (Phylakopi for12thMay 1897;Smith1897,pl. 1 and III) corresponding to Room (Mackenzie1963,entry two 14on plan II ofthefinal 1904). It was at a depthof50 cm between publication (Phylakopi stones. The context wouldpresumably be one ofwhatis nowtermed theFourthCity(i.e. Late Bronze III), but if the area was subsequently eroded,a Late Bronze I contextcannot be excluded. The rather detailsoffindspot hintthatthis, likethetwo'Smiting God' figures, scanty be from a latecontext. Thereis no strong reasonfor thefind as relating tocult; might regarding elseisreported from thecontext tosuggest this. Atthesametime, as discussed below,the nothing ofcultwas not necessarily restricted to thesanctuary. practice 5. Other Aspects of the Use of the Sanctuary in theforegoing Attention discussion has focussed elements whichcan upon theiconographie offer thebestinsight intothedeities in thesanctuary or powers venerated itssuccessive through however whichgivefurther information about theuse ofthe phases.Thereare othermaterials and these must nowbe considered. Further data concerning thefinds ofobsidianand of shrines, animalbonesare givenin Appendices C and D, and otherfinds are summarised in TABLE 9.4. Two completeconch shellswere found(plate 62). One was in the assemblageof material, threemale figurines, foundat the footof the phase 3b platform in the north-west including corner oftheWestShrine. In other contexts sucha find be rateda mere butthere might curiosity, is no doubt thatthiswas partof thecult equipment. The sameobservations holdfor theshellfound in thephase3c assemblage in theEast Shrine. The significance ofsuchfinds, as discussed in ChapterVIII, has longbeen recognised (Evans 1901, 142; Montagu 1981), and is graphically illustrated on a rockcrystal seals tonefrom the Idaean Cave (Her. Mus. no. 24), datedbyPendlebury butby (1939. 257) totheLM III period, Kenna ( 1960,65 no. 9) toLM II (FIG. as a priestess or 9.3) . A female figure, variously interpreted isseenblowing sucha conch, besidean altaror platform on which are seenthe goddess standing
(a) Music in theSanctuary
FIG. conch-shell on a sealstone from theIdaean Cave, Crete(after 9.3 Person blowing trumpet, Evans). Not toscale.
384
'hornsofconsecration' and threefronds. not in doubt. The sacredassociation is therefore It isvery were that in in the tortoise shells the found seven different contexts sanctuary possible in theproduction also concerned ofsoundsto heraldor accompanythecult (PLATE 63). One in another was found a 1 in and context Room of the West Shrine, fragment already phase East from the 2b at the from north-west The other came phase (Assemblage A) platform. pieces Shrinein phase 2b, 3b and 3c levels,two (SF 195 and 825) being nearlycompleteafter restoration. The mostimportant, however are from phase 2b in theEast Shrine(SF 814 and several drilled holes of between 0.1 and 0.3 cm diameter 815), showing (plate 64 d). carefully As discussed in Chapter the the well-documented useofthetortoise shellinvolving VIII, only of holes is as the soundbox of a The of such a is manufacture drilling lyre. lyre graphically in theHomeric described toHermes Hymn (25 - 60; Evelyn-White 1936,367). Roberts(1981) has theiruse in detail,and her illustration described of the Argosspecimen(ibid.,304, fig.1) is to our isdepicted find no tortoise-shell comparable VIII) . Although lyre Phylakopi (seeChapter from thelate bronzeage, theAghia Triadha sarcophagus form showsa lyreofdifferent being A lyre-player isalsoseenon oneof oneofthetwocultscenes there playedtoaccompany depicted. in thetholos tombat thePylosfrescoes werefound lyres (Lang 1969,79- 80, pl. 27) and ivory at A bronze from the was recovered Menidiand in theZapherPapouracemetery. sanctuary lyre Amyklai(Demakopoulou1982,pl. 53). itslife. ofritualin thesanctuary throughout Lyremusicwas a feature constitute the mostimportant The human figures and figurines part of the cult naturally vases In had miniature two cases these bovine were figures. by They equipment. accompanied In the other as a cult vessel. could serve with so that the on theback cases, object apertures, thehumancult toaccompany weresimply was possible: these no suchfunction however, figures figures. is thecomposite The first Two shapesare ofnoteamongthepottery. vase, a double vessel, Nos. Shrine inphase2b on thesouth-west of the West found 20), (Cat. 93 and 94; PLATE platform which in and probablyreplacedit. A triplevesselof platform phase 3c on the north-east in thecultassemblage ofHouse G at Asine(Frdinand Persson form wasfound 1938, analogous iswelldiscussed orkernoi vessels elaborate of more and the whole multiple 299,fig. 306) question theFirstCityat vasesare well knownfrom by Nilsson(1950, 133- 140). Elaboratemultiple is doubleform this more but simple, 1904,pl. VIII, 14;Bosanquet1897), (Phylakopi Phylakopi Furumark is considered in the form not rare different. (1941a, by Mycenaeanpottery, Although thecase here. Such is certainly 70) to have ritualassociations. from is thepedestal form The secondspecialceramic vase,represented bycomplete examples in theEast Shrine thephase3c assemblage inRoomA (Cat. No. 373), from thephase2b deposit oftheWestShrine(Cat. No. thephase3c useofthenorth-east platform (Cat. No. 375),and from accorded to even the less wash brown the smooth plate were not These given 20). 374; A their indicate however Their contexts wares. local specialsignificance. distinguished plain 1 1 1 and was excavations in theearlier wasfound vessel rather similar (Phylakopi 904, 58,fig. 47) of the Third City, thewestern thencomparedwiththe 'pedestalvases' from pillar-chamber be the conclusion here: Such must character. a ceremonial which was takentosuggest certainly have been lamps. theymay in theEast Shrine to thephase3c deposit ofostrich Severalfragments belonged eggshellfrom circular to givea regular vessel:thetopoftheegghad beenworked a single (plate 64 aperture in thesamelevelwith toit handle(SF 194) found thatthestone plaster adhering b). It ispossible
(b) CultEquipment
withtheelevations FIGS. FIGS. 9.4 and 9.5 Reconstructions 4.2 and 4.4. Scale :5. byAlecDaykin:compare thecollapse). Above: thesanctuary in phase2a (thenorth-east altarwas added after north, looking Below:theinterior oftheWestShrine, lookingwest,in phase 2a
* id 4.4. Scale 1:50. thecollapse). s added after
/';-=09
)(8*=-0/']
ALLC DAYKIN 1965.
in perspective FIG.9.6 Reconstruction by Alec Day
in perspective theWestShrinein use during nstruction by Alec Daykin,showing phase ib.
385
a splendid Thiswas therefore and exotic vessel. tothis may piece,and againone which belonged hand one ofthe'Smiting God' figurines is first have beenusedin an earlier phase.On theother withtheEast Mediterranean at this and mayindicate contact late time:the from a latecontext reflection ofsuch contact. ostrich egg vase could be a further from stonevaseswerealso found within thesanctuary, buttheir Severalfragments condition thatthey cannotwithconfidence be regarded as beingin a primary was so fragmentary context or associatedwiththesanctuary. The other is thestonecolumnar 66 a obviously specialitemofcultequipment lamp (PLATE in thephase2b assemblage ofthese(SF 2004) wasfound on thesouth-west b). The first platform, in theregion thesecond(SF 2309) in thephase3c material ofthenorth-west That the platform. secondpiece was re-usedhas alreadybeen suggested in view of theirsimilarity. As notedin ChapterVIII, tall lamps of stoneare well knownfromMinoan sites (e.g. Bosanquetand Dawkins1923,138- 40) and one from version is alreadyknown from Mycenae,and a pottery Phylakopi(Phylakopi1904, 210, fig. 186). These two pieces are, however,of roughlocal and perhaps for thatreason, seemrather carved.The chevron tuff, conglomerate crudely design is verydistinctive. constitute the most monumental featureof the shrine They certainly assemblage.No other lamps were found (unless perhaps the pottery pedestal vases just and iftheselampsare correctly theonly so identified mentioned), theymayhave contributed artificial thesanctuary. lightwithin is theessential element in thepractice ofreligion, and a frequent feature ofworship, Worship as in the establishing of purely human inter-personal both and relationships, symmetrical is thegiving ofgifts. Gifts to thedeity, thatis to sayofferings, asymmetrical, takeplace in most sanctuaries. in theform ofsmallobjectsare placed before or closeto the Veryfrequently gifts imageof thedeity. discovered in thesanctuary areofa specialcharacter, Manyofthesmallobjects in their being, minor or ofspecialmaterial. way,valuables:thatis to say ofverygood workmanship Most of these werefound on orneartheplatforms which have alreadybeenidentified, of bythepresence and and ofspecialequipment, as serving as a focus for figures figurines cultpractice. Whilea few ofthese haveserved as adornment for someofthefigures, and couldthus objects might havebeen introduced those forinstalling the figures, mostmay be regardedas offerings by responsible made by worshippers in thesanctuary. Beads are themost ofthese smallobjects, in almostall theassemblages. frequent beingfound no doubt,they weregiveninsmallgroups as necklaces Often, orbracelets, butinsomecases,like thesplendid carnelian bead (SF 861) found in thephase2b deposit in theEast Shrine, were they The same is probablytrueof thesealstones. givensingly. The sealstones have beendiscussed in detailin ChapterVII. It is ofcoursevery notablethat tenofthem werefound as offerings in the2b phaseoftheEast Shrine, together since particularly nonewasfound from thatperiod in theWestShrine, and nonewasfound at all from laterperiods in either Dr Younger's discussion showsthatthey are notunusualexamples building. ofglyptic to have nospecialcultsignificance. art,and themotifs Thereneedbe nosuggestion, appear then, thatthey werespecially made to be placed in thesanctuary. in thecategory of rather, Theyfall, valued personalpossessions dedicatedas offerings. The splendid sealstone from Room oftheWestShrine datesfrom crystal phase 1. As noted earlier it helpsto suggest thattheseroomsat thewestoftheWestShrinemayoriginally have been connected withcult observance.
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A singlescarab (SF 776) was foundin thesanctuary in thestreet to the southof the East in closeassociation all ofwhichderived Shrine.It was found withfigurine originally fragments in phase 2b, and it too mayoriginally have been an from thearea ofthenorth-east platform are notunusualin theAegean,even at thatplatform. manufacture ScarabsofEgyptian offering at thislate time(e.g. Iakovidis1969,III, pl. 30, 37, 58 and 85). Severalfinestonependants, from one in theform ofa couchantanimal (SF 2008), probablyan import Egypt, including offinely carvedstone. therepertoire complete ofgold classofoffering. Gold (in theform Metal objectsconstitute thesecondmostfrequent several tworings, include The bronze arefound. silver lead and bronze tin, leaf), objects (a ring), thephase2b bird(SF 1578)from as wellas thevotive a few scraps, pins, weaponsand numerous God' figurines. oftheWestShrineand thetwo'Smiting near thenorth-west platform deposit in phase 2b, three The weapons are a spearhead (SF 1535) fromthe north-west platform and twoknives. arrowheads and other somehandsomependants, Severalsteatite (or beads) werefound, dress-weights in theneolithic found thestoneaxes commonly ofstone.One (SF 891) resembles minor objects neverhas whatshouldbe theworking edge is notat all sharpand probably although period, House G at of thecultassemblage stone axe from recallthesimilar been.The find does,however, Asine (Frdinand Persson1938,299). as wellas several ofivory, twoobjects included The votive scraps.One was a discof offerings theotherthehandleofa bronzeknife a daggerpommel, diameter 3.2 cm (SF 2396), probably thephase 2b depositof the East Shrine.There are severalpinsofbone. (SF 830) from The occurrenceof painted plaster in the sanctuaryhas already been discussed.The and theplaster mural do notsuggest circumstances decoration, mayhavebeenpartof fragments recovered. ofmoveableobjects,althoughthesewerenot themselves thedecoration as bakedclayobjectswererecovered, A fewsmallcircular, manyofwhichmaybe classified included have been also in ChapterVIII. Obsidianbladesmay whorls. Theyare listed spindle below. discussed theyare further amongtheofferings: It is inthesanctuary. as offerings which thelist oftheartifacts Thiscompletes maybe regarded than the Other value. or lesser notablethatall of themwereobjectsofdaily use, of greater instance for which as offerings, manufactured there might appearstobe nonespecially figurines from the havebeenrecovered and so on which arms and feet thevotive with havebeencompared ofCrete. Peak Sanctuaries intoaccountthatthe are notlarge,whenone takes recovered ofofferings The totalquantities 100 beads were About like mayhave been in use fora totalofsomething 270 years. sanctuary and a further and 35 animal figurines recovered 44 fragments), thesewere (with altogether, like notrepresent need finds the course of finds. anything Although amongthemostnumerous should of the in the offered ofwhatwas originally thetotality possibility looting sanctuary (and ofobjects ratein each category ofnotethatthedeposition notbe excluded),it is nonetheless one under is well excavations our recovered per year. during subsequently which ofmaterials taketheform often in thecourseofworship The mostimportant offerings Triadha the Thus drink. and food sustenance: their for need humans sarcophagus, Aghia daily ofa liquid. a libation, for and thepouring, for animals for sacrifice, presumably instance, depicts of considerable of in the in thesanctuary, The presence area, quantities courtyard notably been has with associated the it of some drinking, already evidently (including kylikes) pottery, of wine. Unfortunately of libationsin thatarea, presumably the possibility used to suggest
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It evidence for offoodisharder tocomeby.No deposits ofcarbonised offerings grainwerefound. was rarely foundelsewhere on the site,althoughflotation in a were undertaken procedures number ofexperiments, and conditions wereevidently It is of notfavourable forpreservation. ifcerealproducts course conceivable in theform wereoffered, wereoffered ofbread. that, they The evidenceforanimal offerings is also weak. The questionis considered by Dr Gamble in D. Certainly there wereno strikingly occurrences ofthebonesofa particular Appendix frequent as found on somelatersites. Indeedthebonesrecovered from thesanctuary did notdiffer species, from thoserecovered on theotherareas of thesite. significantly Severalisolatedfinds ofsea shellsmaywellbe significant, theconchshells quite apartfrom and should already discussed(see Chapter VIII). Some of them are entirely unworked, Finds of shells on archaeologicalsites are often probablybe regardedas cult offerings. but thereis clear evidencethata specialsignificance was sometimes attachedto overlooked, them.Assemblages of shells,obviously collectedand deposited, were foundin deliberately several gravesofthePeraticemetery (e.g. Iakovidis1969,III, pl. 26, 56, 80, 88 etc.), and the contexts there do notsuggest thatthesewerecollected for food.The shells from theSanctuary were too fewin numberto have made any substantial and theyare dietarycontribution, A single hereas offerings. boar's tusk(SF 1723) was found in levelsbelowtheEast interpreted Shrine. Attention shouldbe drawnto a very butunworked from the handsome, pieceofrockcrystal, in theEast Shrine(SF 1747; plate 61 e). This was 6.4 cm long,withsixfacets phase2b deposit and tapering and was clearlyan offering. elegantly, The Eastand WestShrines, ithasbeenargued, wereconstructed and usedfor cultpurposes. This does not, however, of necessity functional implythat othermore mundane,and obviously activities werenotcarriedout within them.The circumstances ofexcavation, withthecareful ofall theartefactual material within thesanctuary, hasallowedtheinvestigation ofthis recovery thanhas hitherto been possiblein theAegean. questionmorethoroughly The distinction betweencultofferings and discardedutilitarian objectsis not an easy one, on the intention of the originaldonor or user. It does not follow, for dependingprimarily that a bonepoint suchas SF 1830from inthecourtyard wasnot,infact, a instance, phase 1levels votive itlooksinstead likea very numerous offering, although handytool.And whiletherather and mortars in thearea maynotbe offerings, found couldwellhavebeenusedin the querns they offood,someofwhichcould have been used in thecelebration of thecult. preparation Withanysuchanalysis itisimportant toconsider whether shouldbe dismissed anyofthefinds as mere'background into the area with noise',thatis to say whether theywereintroduced materials or withlaterrubbish and debrisas partofa secondary rather than building infilling, usein thearea. Thissuggestion has alreadybeenmade in relation tosome havingtheir primary ofthestonevase fragments from thearea, whichare all single, rather smallpieces. These issuesare bothcarefully in Appendices considered C and D in relation to thechipped stone,and to the (unworked)animal bone debris.In her consideration of the obsidianDr Torrence finds thatthere is nothing ofartefacts found in thesanctuary: there specialin thetypes are no special artefactforms.In considering the quantitiesrecovered,standardisedby with thevolume ofsoilremoved, shenotes an increase of2.5 from comparison bya factor phase 1 to phase2, followed in reduction This be theresult ofdebris byslight phase3. however, might, thesanctuary from outsideat thetimeofthe2b collapse.On theotherhand thehigh entering of blades within the shrines as comparedtowastematerial, whichis moreabundant proportion
Activities in theSanctuary (d) Secularor Everyday
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in streetlevels,suggests that the distribution is not a fortuitous one. A particularly high in thephase2 deposits in Room B, to suchan extent was observed concentration thatitsusefor activities obsidian or as a store for obsidiantoolswas considered. The highproportion involving inRoomA at thesametime alsosuggested useas a store. Theseapparent concentrations possible in thisarea duringexcavation. In be a consequence ofmoreextensive may,however, sieving had thegreatest concentration ofobsidian.The most factor, phase3, theEast Shrine important in use herein theLate BronzeIII period. it is suggested, is thatobsidiandid indeedcontinue Some of the use may have been forspecial ritualpurposes, whileotheruses may have been on thesite. analogousto thoseelsewhere in ofrubbish The animalboneinterpretation is likewise disposal bythequestion complicated as to any thesanctuary area: an absenceor scarcity ofbonesmaybe due as muchto cleanliness limiteduse of animals. That being said, the Phylakopifindsgive no indicationof animal selected did theanimals sacrifice. Thisdoesnotmeanthat sacrifices didnottakeplace,butifthey - primarily on the site werein generalthoseeaten domestically sheep/goat and no special area. But animal boneswere foundin thesanctuary concentrations ofbonesresulted. thecoarsestone comesfrom be domestic ofwhatmight The othermajorindication activity And significantly, and rubbers. tools,mainlyquerns,mortars perhaps,theydo not correlate on the platforms, withthe main cult assemblages althoughthe closelyin theirdistribution in thestreet area southof and courtyard are mostfrequent association doesoccur.Insteadthey witharea OLd to the east) whichseemsan appropriate the East Shrine(together place for and also in Room B, which has already been noted for its high preparationactivities, for ofobsidian.The saddlequernsfound(see ChapterVIII) werevery concentration probably are precisely These twoareas ofconcentration ofwheator barleyto yieldflour. thegrinding in isfound The sameconjunction ofpottery. concentration which those also showa considerable at thetimeofthephase2b whichalthough oftheWestShrine, thesmallroomnorth destroyed complexas such. partof thesanctuary collapse,is believednot to have formed and thecourtyard be thatsomeareasofthesanctuary, heremust The conclusion particularly as purely wouldbe regarded inother contexts activities which usedfor RoomB, weresometimes forgrinding These includedtheuse ofquernsand mortars domestic. grain,and no doubtfor and useof for theuseofpottery other handling liquids)and themanufacture (mainly purposes, and without butnotin notablenumbers obsidiantools.Animalboneswerealso discarded, any forcult as preparations either could be interpreted unusualselection by species.These finds whomayhave orpriestesses activities as simple domestic orvery bythepriests possibly offerings, thesanctuary. lookedafter is notsuchas to number but their in thesanctuary, werefound fragments Clay loomweight be there: someofthem ofweaving theactualpractice objects. conceivably votive might suggest be considered, whichmustcertainly There is one otheractivity, namelybronze however, in thephase3b axesorchisels A fragment ofa claymouldfor (SF 780) wasfound casting casting. in Chapter found were of material oftheEast Shrine(plate 65 b). Severalfragments slag (listed these of The ofbronze. smalllumps pieces(SF 2302) is5.7 cm shapeless largest VIII) and several on to citeherethesmiths It of tempting longand appearsto be a smallpuddleingot. is, course, and Ventris of the are theLinear tabletfrom deity-name Potnia,( by designated Pyloswho thatsomeofthe Chadwick1973,354) whichled Chadwick(ibid., 413) to recallthesuggestion to Thisseems cult centres. and smithies were Cretancaves,notably Arkalochori, simultaneously from no crucibles have But we . in at Kition case the havebeen 1976,170) (Karageorghis Cyprus was not scale. Yet evenifthesanctuary on anyindustrial offire norindications oursanctuary, some do perhapssuggest whichmayhave been offerings, thesefinds, used forbronzecasting, and thesanctuary. of Phylakopi someof thesmiths between connection
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6. The Social Context of the Phylakopi Sanctuary sections have answered someofthequestions The foregoing posedat theendofChapterI under theheading of'Whatwewishtoknow'.Thesecan nowbriefly be reviewed before theplaceofthe cultin Melian society is examined. cult (a) Thepractice ofthe in the sanctuary The cult was evidently area at Phylakopi:thereis absolutely no practised in evidence for sanctuaries on Melos outside the at a either caves or location any city, peak-top ofCrete[contra Bintliff towhich sacredrituals analogoustothose 1977,152and 550). The extent wereheld elsewhere on thesiteis altogether unclear.The palace, withitsmegaronplan and central hearthmustcertainly rankas theprincipal building complexon thesite,and was no doubtthelocusofpublicceremonies, suchas havebeenhypothesised for Pylosand theprincipal of the other centres megara major Mycenaean (Hgg 1968, 41-4). But we have no cult from the and no thatthere equipment megaron, wayofsubstantiating Phylakopi anysuggestion werereligious ceremonies hereas opposedtolargely secular ceremonial as ones,relating muchto themaintenance ofpresent as to the The ofsomedomestic earthly power supernatural. practice ritualis entirely and is the bovine and femalefigurines possible perhapssuggested by figure found at different earlier excavations VI and spots during (seeChapter 1904,fig.177, Phylakopi at present pl. XXXIX), as wellas thearmofa humanfigure (ibid., pl. XXXIX, 11). But these havethestatus ofstray finds: there isno assemblage, however to document domestic cult modest, in Some cult relation to the of the dead also be inferred from practice. practices disposal may whatwe knowbothofearlierperiodsat Phylakopi and ofotherLate BronzeIII sitesin the Melos Aegean,but we have so faronlya couple of ill-documented Mycenaeanburialsfrom and nos. and A, (Renfrew 1982,Appendix Wagstaff 23 66). The facilities and equipmentforthe practiceof ritualin the sanctuary have been fully discussed formusicalaccompaniment, for animalsacrifice and above,alongwiththeevidence for other libations. We have that the of offerings, including suggested Lady Phylakopi probably had thestatus ofa cultimage,and possibly one ofthemalesalso,butthattheother malefigures whilethefemale be regarded as votives. The finds mayhavebeenvotives, figurines maycertainly offer no depictions of scenes,whether of cult or of deities;and the use of otherwell-defined a specific within a coherent suchas theMinoan symbols carrying meaning symbolic repertoire, double axe and hornsofconsecration, was not observed. the cult (b) Beliefs underlying It isscarcely to document muchoftheunderlying belief in theritual possible system represented on thebasisofthefinds a single from whentheseincludeno depictions which site,particularly as ofa mythical or religious nature. At thesame time, we do have evidence maybe interpreted that at leastonedeity, had a humanform, and thesameis represented bytheLady ofPhylakopi, on the north-west of the West Shrine. There are verypossibleforthedeityrevered platform no composite like thoseof Egypt,nor any indication ofmythical beasts. deities, certainly - without - amongst The paramount roleofbovinefigures sexualfeatures the distinguishing animals should be noted. All the large animal figures were bovine. This is accompanying truealso oftheindividual terracotta animalfigurines. probably (The animalsin theterracotta chariot bronzefigure discovered within were,however, groups presumably horses.)The single the West Shrinerepresented a bird. The sealstones similarconcerns, may reflect depicting bullsor goats (agrimis)and a bird,identified mainly by Dr Youngeras an eagle.
39
ofa deity, and ithas been The baetyl raises thepossibility ofaniconic certainly representation in the two or three deities were revered above from this that, issue, suggested quiteapart perhaps identified as female. The has been The first tentatively sanctuary. deity(south-west platform) male. was second deity(north-west hypothetical platform) perhaps Beyond this the Phylakopifinds,taken in isolation,cannot lead us. They are further in thenextchapterin their widerAegean context. considered discovered in withitsfinds at Phylakopi, ofthesanctuary Thereis no doubtthattheexcavation in To the best the Late Bronze data for the our situ, Age. Aegeanreligions considerably expands in thetowndedicatedto the ofbuildings itwas theonlycomplex ofourpresent understanding untilthesiteis otherdiscoveries ofcultat thistime(although alwaysremainpossible practice a definite indicate must of this The existence clearly excavated). special complex completely thata the decisionduringthe Late Helladic period,presumably rulingauthority, by a cult with and with suitable furnished and be constructed image,the equipment sanctuary mainland from was as we have of seen, Greece).It imported probably (which, Lady Phylakopi, would or we whom that be inferred individuals, maydesignate 'priests' 'priestesses', may specific in good order,and the sanctuary with the role of cleaningand maintaining be entrusted thatthese follow in thepractice ofthecult.It does not,ofcourse, withofficiating presumably the case. have been such werefull-time may although specialists, indiscovering and excavating that therisk ourgoodfortune isperhaps Atthesametime, there in its us to lead at Phylakopi the townsanctuary exaggerate importance the lifeof the may is somesixmetres Shrine the West is modest: Its scale square,and could community. prehistoric a at or so a hundred have accommodated with time,even ifcrammed people difficulty only doesnot and thecourtyard the floor sixth has about one Shrine The East area, closely together. but rather ofthetown for thepopulation in area. Estimates exceedtheEast Shrine widely, vary the and 2100 between a of has then, Clearly 1400 persons. suggested range (i 981, 261) Cherry total of the a could accommodate population. only tinyproportion sanctuary as isitsscale.Locatedsomewayfrom on thesiteisas unassuming ofthesanctuary The position itliesat theextreme on higher is situated thepalace,which thefocus ofadministration, ground, it 2 wall fortification the of the settlement, (during phases and 3). Moreover right against edge a to internal and in 2 was itself which at thattimeby a street was entered 3 phase (fig.4.12) indeed and un-monumental was entrance whose of altogether apparently complex buildings rather obscure. thatof any other the masonry well constructed, The buildingwas undoubtedly rivalling walls.But theequipment and thefortification on thesite,otherthanthepalace itself structure modest. it was decidedly within cultimage:thelargest or monumental ofanylife-size no indication Thereis certainly figure, rich cult the was in Nor cm theLady ofPhylakopi, intrinsically equipment height. being45.0 and the 2b after removed were rich that it is of course collapse phase objects possible (although be vase should the ostrich vases stone handsome no are There egg (although subsequently). from the head the small of With the metal. of no vessels gold exception precious remembered), almostall the cult God' figurines, phase 3c depositof the East Shrineand the two 'Smiting at this a rich settlement not was if Even terracotta. and is of time, Phylakopi equipment pottery even in local terms. be accountedsplendidly could scarcely theshrine furnished, not arecertainly thesealstones) attractive while theofferings, Moreover (notably individually middle-rank of a modest No singlevotiveobject would undulytax the resources princely.
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- a sealstone, a couple of beads, a terracotta None of this inhabitant an arrowhead, figurine. in known We may would be considered wealthy any Mycenaean cemetery. conspicuously of communal that infer that there is no evidence here offerings, is tosay certainly representative ofconspicuous the ruler on behalf of the We made by community. do nothaveherethe offerings of the treasuries of five hundred yearslater,nor indeed the prehistoric equivalent Delphi, in of the Cretan caves. finds the equivalent approximately contemporary It is quitepossible in thatvotive were made individuals their ownright, and that offerings by in this thesanctuary as a wholefunctioned with small-scale rituals which cannot way, relatively have serveda veryconspicuous and publicly communalfunction. Thisdoesnotimply thatitwas notsupported tosomeextent we have bytheruling authority: that the construction of the shrine have been and alreadysuggested may centrally organised, that its or were maintained. But with the 2b perhaps priests priestesses centrally phase collapse, eventhismayhave ended.For after thattime, withtheconstruction oftheBlocking Wall, the in was further diminished with its former main cult closed off and the scale, sanctuary image and baetylapparently buried.Fromnowon, severalelements ofthecultequipment courtyard werere-used: votivefigures and figurines first offered at an earlier employed periodwerenow What was formerly modest now seems distinctly placed on the platforms. shabby and It is tempting to linkthisdefinite declinewiththedestruction ofthepalace and impoverished. theendingofstrongly centralised ruleon theisland.But whileit is perfectly possiblethatthe causeofthephase2b collapsewas a military setback which in thedestruction also resulted ofthe of the site of palace (and it is worthrecallingagain in this contextthat the destruction Koukounaries on Parostookplace at about this time(see Schilardi1979)), theMelian evidence alone cannotdocument this. Thereis unfortunately no material from theexcavation preserved ofthepalace buildings themselves. What is clear,however, is thatafter was but a pale reflection ofits phase 2b thesanctuary former modestself.How thisdecline fitsinto the broaderAegean pictureis a matterfor in thenextchapter. consideration
X Chapter in theAegean The Phylakopi and CultPractice Sanctuary

We stillhave fewclear procedures forthe studyof early religions fromthe archaeological Atthebeginning remains. ofthis thatproblem wasreviewed, and criteria wereestablished work, - a locationset aside forthe practiceof religious a siteas a shrine foridentifying ritual.The a In of the of cult or was also reviewed. recognition figure figures problem ChapterIX it has in to these criteria some detail to the finds from The area in provedpossible apply Phylakopl. of the town has indeed been identified as a shrine or but prehistoric question complex sanctuary, notwithout thenecessity ofreference to relevant sitesin Crete.And certain have been figures as cultimages, notwithcomplete In a sense, confidence. then, recognised although ChapterIX was able to fulfill theobjectives setout in ChapterI. The wider,and in somewaysthemore taskstill liesahead: to usethese newdata togivesomefresh intothereligious interesting insights lifeof thelate bronzeage Aegean. To seektoapplythesamescepticism tothewholerelevant material from theAegean,thesame that we have tried to to would methodological rigour apply Phylakopi, requirea systematic work on at leastthescaleofthose ofNilsson and of Rutkowski (1952) (1972). Thisisnottheplace fora review of theAegean evidenceas a whole. Instead I proposeto highlight thoseaspects where thematerials from offer some new a new slant In the Phylakopi insights, upon problems. I so shall to be the tradition of in these doing again try sceptical, resisting readyacceptance where religiouscontextshave so frequently been identified withoutconvincing matters, associations. Oftenforexample in the case of Megaron at Eleusis,it has been the later ofthesitewhich themajorargument for itsearlier and this seems at significance provides sancity, best an uncertain Rutkowski himself has offered more strict criteria: 'It is procedure. my contention thatsacredobjects and votive are theonlyreliable indicators ofBronze offerings Age cultplacesinGreece, and perhaps eveninmany other landsas well' (Rutkowski 1972,303). This caution led him, for 'to eliminate from thecultplacesa category ofarchaeological find instance, thathad usuallybeen regarded as sanctuaries, thatis the"sacredcrypts'". have followed (We himin thisfortheso-calledpillarcrypt at Phylakopl.) In whatfollows, is placedprimarily within theAegeanwhere emphasis uponactualfindspots there are indications thatcultobservances have been In carried out. may ChapterIX thestatus as shrines ofseveralCretansiteswas briefly and established in outline.Comparable discussed whichneed notbe rehearsed in detailhere,can be put forward fortwomainland arguments, and forone in the islands.The mainlandshrines sites, are, of course,thoseat Mycenae and to be further discussed below.At each, as in thecase ofPhylakopi, there are separate Tiryns, terracotta humanfigures, and other finds which allowtheir status as shrines buildings containing or temples tobe established in ChapterIX. The sameholdsfor the bythearguments developed shrine at Aghia Irinion Kea. important Before on towards conclusions for theearly itisnecessary toconsider moving Aegeanhowever, somefurther ofmethod whichtheexperience ofanalysing thePhylakopi materials has points out. They are worthdevelopingbecause theycarryimplications forthe studyof brought in otherpartsoftheworld.As stressed materials at theoutset, we have no established religious rulesof procedure forthe studyof earlyreligions from the archaeological and it is remains,
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inoutline In thenextsection them as theargument thenotion of toestablish necessary develops. inoutline, theAegeanevidence is reviewed 'context' willbe considered before and some further, conclusions offered. tentative i. Contextual Analysis in the Study of Early Cult Practice In 1978 I wrote:'Togetherwith the recentfindsfromMycenae and the important new from thefindings at Phylakopi shouldopen theway to a new appraisalof discoveries Tiryns, In particular offer theopportunity ofa contextual where Mycenaeancultpractice. they analysis, can first the significance of particular or symbols be studiedon the basis of representations contexts at thesiteinquestion'(Renfrew ofassociations documented exactfind bytheir patterns that ofimmediate and contextual ofcontext 1978,14). Butthenotion juxtaposition, goesbeyond the as they determine offormation meansmorethanthethoroughgoing analysis study processes recordfora singlesite. archaeological it impliesstructural Contextimpliescoherenceand belongingtogether: relationships, This mightbe the starting morethan merefortuitous pointforan juxtaposition. something wherethe framework of meaning anthropologists, approachparallel to thatof structuralist I am firmly sometimes by theobserver. opposedto such intuitively appearsto be apprehended isintheopposite direction. earlier ofthemethodology intuitive developed leaps:thewholethrust as What is advocated here is the carefulanalysisof context,not its wholesaleingestion 'experience'so as to enable the modernobserverto 'relive' the past, as advocated in the in ChapterI. 'anamnesia'approachdiscussed The wholenotionofa 'Minoan-Mycenaean religion'(Nilsson1950) stillstandsin need of A number ofMycenaeanGreece(Mylonas1966, ofwriters on thereligion critical re-evaluation. thatofMinoan in manyrespects from thatin factit differed 1977;Hooker1977) have stressed Crete.I have earlierraisedthisquestion(Renfrew 1981,27): intheAegean at anytime That is tosay,was there 'Was there a Minoan-Mycenaean religion? in thesouthern in cultpractice late bronzeage a sufficient Aegean to degreeofuniformity ... ofa single"religion"? warrant our speaking the within timeofcultpractices 1. Whatwerethevariations anygivenarea during through Aegean bronzeage?, and at any given timeduringthe bronzeage, of cult 2. What were the regionalvariations theAegean?' within practices willclearly theevidence be added theissueofsocialcontext: To these maycertainly questions at a palace whether at a ruralor an urbanshrine: one is looking on whether varydepending ofa within a house.Whiletheearlyassumption 'shrine' or at a domestic or a sanctuary, centre, the facilitated within the Aegean no doubt once broad degree of religiousuniformity too much is now that term ofa 'Minoan-Mycenaean ofthemainfeatures identification religion', will This serious for or validity and no longerhas any usefulness analysis. point generalised, itiscentered which follows. thediscussion from upontheAegeancase,thefour Although emerge ofreligious tothestudy areofrelevance discussed arebriefly which ofcontextual analysis aspects the world. in area of data thearchaeological as approachedfrom beliefs any the for Thisis alwaysa crucialquestion oftheunitofanalysis? Whatis thescale,inspatialterms, which within the contexts in than so more and never symbols considering archaeologist, can travelmuch morewidelythan the The essential function. symbols pointis thatspecific beenmetin hasalready Thispoint at their them with associated placeoforigin. meanings precise
(a) The Spatial Context
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thecaseoftheivory at Phylakopi found a womanbefore a platform or (plate 55 a) showing ring altarsurmounted horns of consecration. At first one is to see it as us about by informing tempted in Melos during cultpractice theLate BronzeI periodor shortly after. But ifit is an import to rank than a an as seems it as no more with exotic decoration Melos, likely, may object prestige and doesnotimply ofa Minoansymbol. thelocal veneration The samepointwillbe madewith in section3 below formanymainlandfinds. equal force ofhorns ofconsecration The complete absenceofanyindication or ofthedoubleaxe symbol fromthe Phylakopisanctuary that and beliefs theremay have differed suggests practices in in the mainland,where from those Crete. The is situation more considerably complicated of these two were in symbols, amongothers, already reaching Mycenaeand elsewhere depictions theLate BronzeI period. in were imitated But it not follow that their does They locally. meaning a Mycenaeancontext was identicalto thatin Crete,even whenseen insitu, in a forinstance in space oftheoccurrence fresco. It is notwiseto takethedistribution as a ofa singlesymbol indicator of it in Instead is to think terms a of coherent significant meaning. necessary assemblage ofsymbols at different locations. This is seen,for in Crete,withtheMinoan instance recurring GoddesswithUpraisedArmsand the cult equipment sometimes her. Strictly accompanying in are not fact seen on the mainland 10. Nor are double axes a comparablefigures (fig. 1). consistent feature ofthemainland in and the cult Minoan vessels 'snake tube' form assemblages, are lacking.There is an apparently consistent here. regionaldiversity At thesame time,underlying thisregionaldiversity in theuse ofsymbols, whichcertainly that different beliefs in have been a in there is certain basic suggests may operation, community themeansofexpression. Terracotta of than less life size were used both on the mainland figures and in Crete, and they are sometimes in bothareasin smallbuildings found setapartfrom those ofotherfunction, often with benches on which the were with other equipped figures placed ofritualexpression in thetwoareas,and in theislands, objects.It can be arguedthattherange was closely similar. It differed from thatin Western itsvery muchlarger and Asia,with temples, from with its or Cyprus, open-air courtyard temples. It was arguedin ChapterIX thatthis in themeansofexpression could degreeofcommunity lead us in Melos to make a numberof inferences with the Cretan case. This by comparison was made with that the and suggestion specific acknowledgement precisereligious practices beliefs not be the same. This a of of in within a might phenomenon degree community expression which does not however amount to is one of the features which region, uniformity, accompany theprocess ofpeerpolity interaction and Cherry, inpress).Thisis (Renfrew 1982,286; Renfrew a difficult muchmoreextensive treatment: it is as relevant to the generalissue,whichmerits Mesoamerican case (in discussing thedistribution ofOlmec symbolism, for instance: see Grove, in press)as to the Mediterranean. For theAegean,we maycertainly a world, recognise alreadyin theearlybronzeage, where interactions in certain resulted common elements. This is mostclearly seenin therepertoire of bronzeartefacts This world included the south with the islands (Renfrew 1967,pl. 11). Aegean, off theAnatolian of coast,butexcludedMacedonia,Thraceand muchofThessaly. Something this isseenlaterin thedistribution ofMinoan (or Minoan-inspired) 'marine in the style' pottery Late Minoan IB period, and muchthesamearea ofcontact and partialuniformity is reasserted in thedistribution of Mycenaeanpottery in the LH IIIA2/B1 period,and reflected to some in thatoftheanimaland human(Psi) figurines extent also (FIGS. and This then is the 10.3 10.4). where interactions led to thesharing ofvarious artefact and larger sphere, fairly frequent forms, to a number ofcommonidiomsofexpression.
396
Real uniformity ofmaterial culture muchmorerestricted. It is possible to was,however, very much to the of 'Minoan' artefacts the late bronze without violence speak throughout age, doing within Crete.It is reasonable also tospeakof restricted ofdiversity ofstyle still degree remaining a Mycenaeanmaterial in thelate bronzeage, although culture thisappliesonlyto central and southern Greeceand notto thenorth. Buta closeexamination ofthedistribution ofhumanand animalfigures illustrates howdifferent at thedetailedlevelsweretheMinoan and Mycenaean cult assemblages. It is indeed open to discussion how much variationtherewas withinthe realm. Mycenaean The case ofPhylakopi so tospeak, is an interesting adherence, one,sinceitssymbolic changes. In theLate BronzeI period,as discussed in ChapterIX, thosesymbolic whichwe can forms it hasbeenrecognised arepredominantly Minoan.Sincenoshrine ofthat there, recognise period there. thatcults wereactually wouldcertainly be premature tosuggest ofMinoantype practised were someMinoan symbols But thisis notruledout on our present and certainly knowledge, are a which the shows of and used. The later on other hand, range symbols sanctuary, adopted other terracotta herself and the than the of more Minoan,including Lady Phylakopi Mycenaean mostnotablythe male and figurines. At the same time,thereare local peculiarities, figures cannot We been to which at to have saythat figures, special Phylakopl. certainly appear present in (or in part at Phylakopi werethesameas those in theLate Bronze3 periodthecultpractices thereis diversity. of) the Mycenaeanworld.Beneaththebroaderuniformity are sincethedata inquestion merits further discussion herecertainly The issueunder analysis, formation. of ethnic butalso tothedifficult notonlytomatters ofcultpractice, relevant question ofscale,and bya careful consideration issues also. Onlybyvery Thereare underlying linguistic or in in the field whether ofthecriteria foraccepting critical definition religious uniformity, can we use the data other effectively. any and bymuchthe at Phylakopi, illustrated is likewise The issueoftemporal very clearly diversity in spatialterms. affinities or thevarying used above to document same evidence relationships its the is indicated in theLate Minoan I periodat Phylakopi The position by pillarroomwith in of terms their whatever since frescoes significance (Phylakopi1904, 18), accompanying this time at cult That the in Minoan are may cult,they certainly practices appearance. possible animalfigure inCreteisalsohinted with those havehad similarities (FIG. 9. 1) from bythepottery of a number inChapterIX resembles as remarked thesite(Phylakopi 1904,204,fig.176),which ofthesepiecesis thesame period:thedistribution form from of'naturalistic' Cretanexamples seenin FIG.10.2. Mentionhas alreadybeen made oftheivory ring(plate 55) and also ofthe decoration with in Kamares smallterracotta were, (fig.9.2). It mustbe an polychrome figure withbell-shaped likewise small with be and from skirt, Crete, figures, may compared import in a this Were Hirmer and at Petsofa thepeak sanctuary from peak 15). fig. i960, (Marinatos of a rank as It must a as votive be it would context piece figure. certainly regarded sanctuary foundalreadyin Melos in themiddlebronzeage. Minoan cultsymbolism as indicated theLate Helladic period, oftheWestShrine Withtheconstruction during above and as discussedin detail below, the symbolic pieces are relatedratherto thoseof Mainland Greece. Indeed the transition may have come ratherearlier,to judge fromthe ofthe other thePsi,from Phi which form of those parts preceded including figurines, Mycenaean and it is thusa verymarkedone at Phylakopi, distinction site (see table 6.1). The temporal the at the sitewithout to cult practices to refer be inappropriate would evidently specifying todrawbetween distinctions care.Theremayalso be relevant phases1 and 2 ofthe periodwith
Context (b) The Temporal
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in use in phase 3 on theother.As discussed on theone hand, and thepost-collapse sanctuary insocial IX and againinsection havebeena significant shift 4 below,there maybythen Chapter context. incultpractice obviousinstance oftemporal is in Creteitself. There The secondvery diversity forinstancein the peak sanctuaries. indications of continuity, But the are, of course,strong comesfrom cultpractice thepalace periods thepalacesthemselves. evidence for during principal has beenclaimedaretheassemblages which cultsignificance themost for striking objects Among vessels arenotfound after the ofZakro.Suchhoardsofstone ofrhyta (Koehl 1981 ), suchas those a changein thesocialsystem rather represent palace period.Theirabsencelatermay,ofcourse, in belief, than any underlying shift and thispointis mentioned again below,but thereis a in practice. variation intheLate Minoan periodthat weseethe until after thefallofKnossos It isnot, however, a newsymbolic associated withthe'Minoan Goddesswith ofwhatseems assemblage emergence thatitis at this timethatseparate rooms suggests UpraisedArms'(Alexiou1958).The evidence weresetaside,provided withbenches on whichto putcultimagesand equipment or buildings for theveneration served in and usedexclusively ofdeities by (orperhaps byvotaries represented a flattened theform with arms.Thisfigure isinpottery, of)a female figure upraised upperbody, whichin largerexamples is hollow,setintoa bell-shaped skirt. It is characteristically Minoan (fig. io.i). Thisassemblage is notseenduring thelife ofthepalaces:occurrences aresecurely datedtothe Late Minoan IIIB or IIIC periods. Onlyat Gourniawas a Late BronzeI occurrence originally and eventhere Hawes (1908,47) wrote ofthedating:'We mustadmit, the however, suggested, inherent weakness ofnegative for theshrine no pottery orother finds thatcould evidence, yielded be easily thatthis is dated',Marinatos(1937) and Rssel(1979) havesincearguedconvincingly in facta Late Minoan III assemblage.Recent excavations at the UnexploredMansion at Knossosrevealeda 'Minoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms'figure withan animalfigure and a male figurine from a Late Minoan IIIB context(Popham 1973). Although Hood (1977) has the evidencefortown shrines at an earlierdate, the particular usefully gatheredtogether concurrence of a separatebuildingwiththisspecific cult image and withthe associatedcult is not seen earlier. equipment This thenseemsa further instance ofa striking change,whenone symbol complexemerges and another declines. To saythis is nottodenytheelements ofcontinuity, as Warren(1979) has stressed. There are associations ofsnakesat Gourniaand elsewhere in theLate Minoan IIIB which recall the from theearlier at Knossos, and period, 'goddess'figures TempleRepositories indeedtheso-called 'HouseholdGoddess'from and elsewhere. Butitis EarlyMinoan II Myrtos clear thatLate Minoan IIIB brought withit new forms ofcult practice. These chronological distinctions remind us thattheevidencemustbe orderedwithin strict if it is to have any validity.At the veryminimum, the following chronological categories, divisions mustbe observed: I. II. The Aegeanneolithic. The evidence comesmostly from in the symbolic representations form ofsmallfigurines. The rangeofvariation has been stressed by Ucko (1968) who refutes theidea ofa singleGreat Earth MotherGoddess. The third millennium BC. It is at this timethatevidence for shrines becomes significant - Phournou also raisequestions aboutfunerary (e.g. Myrtos Koriphi).The gravegoods ritual.
398 III.
CretanFirstPalace period{ca. 2000 to 1600BC). Thereis evidence fortheconductof in themarked ritual concentrations ofsymbolic materials within thepalaces.A newclass In ofsite,thepeak sanctuary is established. The evidence from themainlandis scanty. Irini at the Cycladesthe temple Aghia is first established. IV. CretanSecond Palace period {ca. 1600 to 1400 BC). Depictionsin Creterelating to are now mostabundant(including somefrom thetimeofapparent religious practices at Knossos).MostoftheMinoanfrescoes as wellas most ofthe Mycenaeandomination from themainlandas wellas theislandsmainly occurnow.The finds reflect goldrings thesymbolism ofCrete.(Fromca. 1450to ca. 1380BC in Cretefalls theimportant subat present onlyat Knossos.) phase,whichis clearlyrepresented V. Fourteenth BC. In Cretethis istheperiodoftheemergence and and thirteenth centuries On the ofthe'Minoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms'and herassociated shrines. floruit the comesfrom thecultarea at Mycenae.On theislands, mainlandour bestevidence at Phylakopi, ofMycenaean Kea temple and thesanctuary continues, predominantly itsphase 1 and 2a. character, goes through of the 'Minoan BC. In Crete,althoughtheinfluence VI. Twelfth and eleventh centuries as at suchas at suchlate sites Karphi, others GoddesswithUpraisedArms'continues with ideas are in new seen,together Phaistos, Mycenaean AghiaTriadhaand thecaves, the best at otherinnovations. On the mainlandthe shrines Tirynsgive information, On Melos theAmyklaion. ritualdeposits including byother supposedly supplemented in restricted form a setback(thephase 2b collapse) and survives thesanctuary suffers some further rather sees a periodoflying after dormant, (phase 3). The Kea temple, late in thisperiod. activity at Lefkandi, no oftheheron BC. Withthenotableexception centuries VII. Tenthand ninth in the taken seem to have this and cultobservances from areknown place period, temples and thecavesofIda ofKato Symewasstill venerated, openair.The Minoanpeakshrine bronzeage sites, and Dikte.Severalsignificant AghiaIrinion Kea, Delos and including soonto becomegreat, sanctuaries as did several votive stillreceived offerings, Amyklai are theidentifications Samos. suchas Delphi,Olympiaand theHeraionon Although have been to assumed are these shrines generally on hindsight, based largely inevitably dedicatedalreadyat thistimeto the Olympiandeitieswithwhichtheywere later associated. at an reconstruction and historic control ofstratigraphie The basic archaeological problems not and do most to site are central excavated requirespecial archaeologicalundertakings, in ChaptersII, III and IV, forPhylakopi considered here.Indeed theywerefully treatment ofstratigraphie evidence wheretheinterlocking succession, (mainly interpretation typological One oftheclearest of and the and for joins werediscussed. complex patterns pottery figurines) and doesnotprove is that'contiguity research ofthepastdecadeorso offield lessons continuity', than rather in terms offormation have to be interpreted ofmaterials thatassociations processes ofthecult Thus theinterpretation on thebasisofsimple tohavevalidity assumed juxtaposition. made to how as inferences our much for in the they shrines, instance, upon very depends figures foundtheirway, to the locationswheretheywere found.The theirway, or the fragments and depictions records whenwritten are muchgreater (clases 1 and 3 ofthefour complexities the from information basic the to are available in Chapter ofdata discussed classes supplement I) ofcultpractice(class4). In theAegeancase theyare seenwithgreatclarity remains material
and Classesof Data (c) Context
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whenwe considerthe Linear tabletsfromKnossos and the mainland (class 1), and the and rings(class 3). sealstone on Minoanor Mycenaeanreligion have made extensive mostwriters use ofthe Forinstance, which cult and be related to seen on the on various sealstones, especially may depictions practices the gold ringsfoundboth in Crete and on the mainland (e.g. Nilsson1950; Mylonas 1977; from Rutkowski Mycenae,Tiryns, 1981). There are splendid examplesoftheserings Vaphio, and other mainland and from sites, Prosymna, Pylos Sellopouloand other Isopata, Archanes, in manyofthescenes, be notedthatthefreedom ofmovement sites ofCrete.It should, however, thanMycenaeanart with a sacra is more of Minoan those conversazione subject, including typical a be said for those with heraldic the converse could subject,such as the (although rings I thatthese from and Hirmer no. believe i960, 209)). ring Pylos(Marinatos pieces magnificent thatthey for it could be arguedthat havenotyethad thecritical consideration deserve, certainly 1380 BC orevenbefore cultscenes before themajority ofthose elaborate wereproduced showing in Crete.As Vermeule BC. Moreover it is that these were made 1450 possible goldrings actually it: 'Stilistisch sie eher nach wo Abdrcke zum ihre Kreta, (1974, 14) puts gehren Verwendung Man hat dass die durch Frauen,die Siegelnbezeugen. angenommen, griechischen Goldringe Frsten von Kreta nach Hellas Their Cretan character is heirateten, mykenische gelangten.' I wellillustrated the of Late Minoan date from Chania On the by sealings (Papapostolou1977). other handSakellariou a claysealing identified from Room98 at (1964,no. 313) hasingeniously a as from and there is no in reason to doubt their occasional use the Pylos goldring Mycenaean palaces duringthe Late Helladic 11IB period,althoughtheyare not likelyto have been manufactured at so late a date. (Of thetwogold rings from theLate Helladic IIIC Tomb 1 at one is worn. The other a not cult scene(Iakovides1969,II, 323) Perati, animals, very represents and is regardedas of mainlandmanufacture, fromthe beginning of the Late Helladic III period.) artwas no longer in theLate Younger(1981b) has indeedarguedthattheglyptic practised HelladicIIIB period, and thattheendofsealstone as a whole is to be set around engraving 1400 BC withtheproducts oftheIsland Sanctuaries Groupand theMainland PopularGroup,both in thePhylakopi forthepresent to represented sanctuary (see ChapterVII). Butit is sufficient restrict the argument to thegold ringsand specifically to thosebearingcult scenes.It is my thatin mostcases theyare to be assignedto theCretanSecond Palace period,and argument wereprobably made in Crete.They are oflimited in observances relevance, then,to religious Cretein Late Minoan IIIB and later.On themainlandtheybelongto a periodpriorto the construction oftheLate Helladic IIIB palaces as we knowthem.Whiletheir influence upon art and have been it does not seem tousethem considerable, Mycenaean religion may legitimate as an illustration ofspecifically or iconography. This pointis worth Mycenaeancultpractice since until these finds taken as a principal were,quite inappropriately, emphasis veryrecently sourceofour information about the Mycenaeanreligion. The objections to be levelled at thegoldrings do not,however, holdfor thefrescoes in which, all knownMycenaeancontexts, were painteddirectly on the wall. Perhapsthe mostuseful accountofthis material is offered iconographie byVermeule(1974,42 - 56), whoconveniently the discussion from that of the The content oftheMycenaefrescoes isbriefly separates goldrings. discussed below.Theywouldappear to indicate elements of between someof strong continuity theobservances of Late Minoan I Crete and thoseof Late Helladic III Greece,despitethe variouschangeswhichmay have occurred. in reconciling The difficulties different classesofevidenceare exacerbated whenthewritten textsare takeninto account. The difficulties in thisfieldwere well underlined by Grard-
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'toutmotou groupe de mots as a 'mention Rousseau( 1968, 17) whodefined qui peut religieuse': de personnel du culte, de crmonie comme nomsde divinit, en grecalphabtique s'interprter dans la mesureou chaque mot de riteetc'. This procedure religieuse, 'manque de precision et en grecalphabtique, est susceptible de voirappliquerplusieurs mycnien interprtations It gainsin aussidans la mesure o le sensdes motsgrecsa volu au coursdes gnrations'. inquestion hasseveral nameswhich can be identified as of whenthetablet however, conviction, whenthe wordsin questionare ofseveral and thisis mostsatisfactory significance, religious When theyare of two or threesyllables only:'l'exgseen devientplus alatoire'. syllables. in thistopic.The interpretation Chadwick(1976, 84-101) has reviewed dependsprimarily in kind, the Mycenaean of various payments recognising among the names of recipients The termPotnia classicalGreektimes. ofdeitiesfrom ofnames,titles or epithets equivalents as One famoustablet,Tn 316 from occursfrequently. Pylos,is interpreted (lady,mistress) of thirteen gold vesselsand ten human beingsto threegroupsof deities, recording offerings are olive oil (sometimes Zeus, Hermesand Hera. Amongtheofferings perfumed), including of comparedthe occurrences honey, grainand wool. Vermeule(1974, 65) has conveniently three occurat divinenamesat KnossosPylosand Mycenae:amonga totalof30 nameslisted, outoftennamesare male, and Zeus). At Knossosfive bothKnossosand Pylos(Diwia, Poseidon and twoplural. female at Pylos, fiveare male, thirteen are followed here,if the generally acceptedinterpretations Amongthe pointsof interest in the of divinepersonsaccordedofferings (Hooker 1980, 151), is the verywide repertoire which can hardly at Pylos, divinerecipients different ofeach palace. The totaloftwenty records an constitutes tablets ofrelevant in viewofthelimited number be a complete recovered, listing impressive pantheon. in sucha similar works It is notabletoo thatthesystem wayat Knossosand at Pylos:divine Of thesamerecording inessentially details oftheofferings arelisted system. alongwith recipients to thoseof oftheKnossostablets thewell-known underlines coursethispointsimply similarity ofan essentially theorganisation there at Knossosperhapsreflect thetablets Pylos.Moreover Minoan deitiesto theirown at Knossostheyare assimilating Whether Mycenaeanregime. system Mycenaeandeitiesto Crete (Poseidon,Atana Potnia, (e.g. Eilythiya)or importing thensee at workherein the Knossos We might as recipeints. Zeus), theyare listedtogether no doubt with the adoption of other aspects of tabletsthat processof Mycenaeanising, oftheseparateshrines in thedevelopment housing Mycenaeancult,whichmayhave resulted terracotta imagesof the Minoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms. the Hitherto ofmale recipients. is therelative to be underlined feature The other frequency in has the tablets references the toaccompany lackofmalerepresentations amongthecultfigures ofmaleterracotta oftheMycenaeancult:thefind features beenone ofthemost figures puzzling is thusofparticular at Phylakopi importance. be usedwith shouldat present thattheMycenaeantablets I believe In general, great however, owesall in tablets the status of divine The identification ofcult. cautionto illuminate questions baseduponthesupposed and is almost ofthenamewithin tothecontext toolittle them, entirely Greek a of with that name deity.As alreadynoted,ifwe subsequent equivalenceofa written thelist tabletsin question, the on of other the as divine likewise recipients Offerings' accept would themselves and sanctuaries shrines the with than far becomes longer any acquaintance is mismatch: of is a there that the with One is left havepredicted. something wrong degree feeling somewhere.
THE SANCTUARY CULT PRACTICE ANDAEGEAN

(d) The Social Context
40 1
iftherelevant cultpractices areto as temporal and spatialcontext, isas important Socialcontext oftheAegean late bronzeage is the understood. The mostobvioussocial feature be properly in muchofitsduration, most administration centralised obviously expressed through prevailing I havesuggested elsewhere thepalacesthemselves. 1981b,29) thatthecollapseofthe (Renfrew in Crete(at theendofLate MinoanIB inmost Late Minoan areas,during palace administration at Knossos) and on the mainlandat the end of Late Helladic IIIB (at least in some havecome Withthecollapseofthepalace must havehad a decisive effect. cases)must important state religion. And withits demiseone would predict the end of a centrally-administered ofnew, and theemergence centres, (Renfrew 1979) theeclipseofmanyoftheexisting religious with in Creteofsmallcultplacesdedicated The emergence tothe'Minoan Goddess localshrines. at and Popham'sviewofthere-occupation UpraisedArms'could wellbe seenin thoseterms, In Creteit is necessary to see the wellwiththegeneralpicture Knossosharmonises suggested. and thatofLate Minoan IIIB and cultoftheLate Minoan I periodas a palace-centered ritual, IIIC as a morelocal phenomenon without thesustaining centralorganisation. is less The samegeneralisations theGreekmainland, butthesituation there oughttoholdfor at Mycenae clearand theend ofthepalaces at Mycenaeand Tiryns is notcertain. The temple and theaccompanying Room withthe Idols and Room withtheFrescobelongto thepalace in use after theend ofthatperiod, although periodofLate Helladic IIIB. Theydid notremain the cult area itself was not entirely abandoned (Mylonas 1982,318; French1981b,48): the intheSouthwest context ofthelatefrescoes discovered nearthecitadelwall byMylonas Building described (Mylonas1972,28; 1982,319) has nowbeenfully (Kritsele-Provide 1982).AtTiryns, on theother in theUnterburg, shrines with their hand,thesucessive effigies, belongtotheperiod after thedestruction ofthemegaron, there are indications ofearlier although religious practice inthesamearea oftheUnterburg. The distinction between isnotentirely palace and post-palace clear.Here,ofcourse, thequestion arises as to theextent towhichthemainroomofthepalace, themegaron, itself servedas a cult place. To what extent do we imaginethe majorfocusof cultpractice thepalace period as beingwithin theheart ofthepalace itself, as Mycenaean during in Crete? The difference thatMycenaehad a majorcultarea within thesettlement, is,ofcourse, butoutside thepalace proper, thepalace period.This was emphatically notthecase for during the Cretanpalace centres, of the peak althoughthe role of the sacred caves and especially sanctuaries shouldnotbe overlooked. Many scholars, Mylonas(1982, 320) prominent among have rightly criticised theassumption thatthemegaron oftheMycenaeanpalace was a them, majorcultfocus. These questionsare of considerablerelevance to the interpretation of the Phylakopi We knowthatthemegaron at Phylakopi was constructed theLate Helladic sanctuary. during period, and thatthebuilding there Late Minoan I 'mansion' complex replacedtheformer functions have been suggested. The West (Renfrew 1978), forwhichcentraladministrative Shrineat Phylakopi was builtshortly after that,and theEast Shrinewas added at about the sametime as theLate HelladicIIIB fortification whilethecentral administration wall,evidently was stillstrong. Whatwelack,unfortunately, isanyconcrete evidence for theendofthemegaron or'palace' at Was itperhaps at thetime ofthephase2b collapseat thesanctuary? That Phylakopl. destroyed is whatwillbe suggested laterin thischapter. But there is no decisive and a survival evidence, untilthevery end oftheoccupation ofthesite(theend ofphase3c) is perfectly These possible. are of relevance for theinterpretation ofcultpractices at thesanctuary itself. questions great
402
social This distinctionbetween palace and non-palace is not the only significant at In thepreceding cultpractices theexistence and nature ofdomestic differentiation. chapter, as a rural wasdiscussed. The samequestion be posedwithin context, Phylakopi maylegitimately and popular with hisdistinction between official Greece, Hgg ( 1981a) hasdonefor Mycenaean in TABLE 10.1. cults. We are in reality summarised classifications; dealingwithtwocross-cutting
Table 10.1 Social classification ofcultlocations

Corporate Practice Officially Administered 'Popular' Official or temple cult place Popular shrine Family/Individual Practice Royal chapel Domestic/ household cult
We shouldnotethattheofficial as most writers cultplace mayoften be within thepalace centre, have envisaged fortheCretanpalaces,and somehave suggested fortheMycenaeanmegaron. Or itcan lie outisethepalace, as mostwriters thecultcentre ofMycenae,and as may agreefor have been thecase forthePhylakopi at leastduring theLate Helladic 11IB period sanctuary, and up to thephase2b collapse.It is relevant a periodofcentralised also thatwhatwas,during an official This is cult place may continue as a popularshrine. administration, subsequently so bothforthegrander Minoan peak sanctuaries presumably (formostwriters agreethatthe thana 'popular'centre on MountJouktas at leastwas an official rather sanctuary duringthe thesite at AghiaIrinion Kea, whoseusecontinued thetemple longafter palace period)and for ofthePhylakopi had ceased to have administrative functions. Such mayhave been thestatus sanctuary duringphases3b and 3c ofitsuse. in theclasses of as wellas ofdisparity Thesequestions oftemporal, spatialand socialdiversity, the of careful examination The available evidence,cannot be considered here. thoroughly ofthe iftheanalysis ofthereligions finds underlie their does,however, importance Phylakopi which seeks to a time is toprocceed are necessary They preliminary anyanalysis systematically. To a view of of to go beyondthenowmisleading practices. Aegeanreligious simplicity unitary and makethis that cult is not to assume changealong necessarily automatically practices point ofcontinuity elements withevery socialor administrative change.Nor is it to denythestrong in cult practice transformations in when the whichpersisted, even significant notably Crete, and in at different cult the different weretaking between The distinction periods practices place. the into some to if to a crucial one we different is insights hope proceed gain regions transformations whichshaped them. ofbelief
THE SANCTUARYAND AEGEANCULT PRACTICE
403
2. The Phylakopi Sanctuary in the Aegean World all relating The foregoing discussion ofsomequestions ofmethod, tothenotion of'context' wasa if within a It is one were to be made framework. now necessary meaningful comparisons possible finds withthoserelating to cult practicein different areas of the to comparethe Phylakopi insucha wayas tobring outthedifferences and similarities more To do so itwill clearly. Aegean, first be convenient to summarise thesequenceofeventsin Melos itself. IN LATEBRONZE AGEMELOS (a) SOCIETYANDCHANGE in thelast section, As discussed theLate BronzeI periodin Melos was clearlyone wherethe contacts with Creteheldgreat didfor thegreat theislandofThera,until justas they significance, BC. around This does not to have life on Melos,and it 1500 eruption appearseriously disrupted is possiblethat the Third City continuedits prosperous existence to around 1380 BC. up a far at about that at date not distant from that of the final demise of Knossos as a time, Certainly I remained of the Late Bronze at whatever Mansion was palatialcentre, Phylakopi swept away, and theneworganisational thepalace or megaron oftheFourthCity, was constructed. centre, Detail is stilllacking forthehistorical events thelaterperiodoftheThirdCity,butit is during in whatseemsa mainlandarchitectural clearthatthenewbuilding was constructed tradition. inabout 1360 The WestShrine oftheSanctuary some20 years later, mayhavebeenconstructed BC, earlyin the Late Helladic IIIA2 period (see TABLES 3.2 and 3). in ChapterIII, theFortification As discussed Wall (Wall 100) and theEast Shrine werebuilt in theLate Helladic IIIB period, around1270 BC, and there a periodwhenboth followed early in their shrines werein use.The striking this entirety collapseepisodewhichterminated phaseis setwithin the'Developed' phaseofLate Helladic IIIC, around 1120 BC. This meansthatthe sanctuaryhad a long period of apparentlypeaceful use: nearly a centuryprior to the construction oftheEast Shrine, and a further 150 years thegreater up tothecollapse.Thiscovers of the of the at and of part post-palace period Crete, including 're-occupation' Knossos, thefloruit the Minoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms(see table 10.2). It coversalso themain periodof stability upon the mainland,the Late Helladic IIIB period,as well as theend of the palace centres at Mycenaeand Tiryns(and Pylos),and a verylargepartoftheLate Helladic IIIC The Mycenaetemple wasdestroyed at theendoftheLate HelladicIIIB period, ca. 1190 period. BC. The shrine at Tiryns was begunatjust thattime, and continued in use evenafter thephase 2b collapseat Phylakopl. One very feature oftheceramic in thePhylakopi is thatitshows striking assemblage sanctuary few of contact with other centres the later remarkably signs majorMycenaean during partofthis Not are there few from the mainland the of period. only very imports during earlypart theLate HelladicIIIC, butthere are also rather few from the later dating partofLate Helladic IIIB. In from the later of Late Helladic IIIC is particular, pottery stages substantially lacking.It is not here to the set out Miss in necessary recapitulate evidence, by Mountjoy ChapterV for setting thePhylakopi after the of of 2a and hencein the'Entwickelt' Lefkandi, collapse beginning phase But whatmustbe underlined is thatthere are no finds in theArgive whatever stageat Tiryns. Close Style, noroftheOctopusStyle, so wellexemplified on stirrup not from Peratiin jars only Atticaand from theDodecanese,but also from in Naxos Aplomata (Kardara 1977). Our understanding oftheLate HelladicIIIC periodhas beengreatly advancedbytheclearer ofitsearly when these innovations are notyetseen.Becauseof recognition phases(French1969) their absenceitwouldat first have been tempting to setthePhylakopi collapsein thisphase,or indeedevenback intotheLate Helladic IIIB period,had it notbeen forthevariousfeatures, someof themat first listedby Miss Mountjoy, as well as the late features sightunobtrusive,
Table 10.2 Approximate forAegean cultin thelaterbronzeage chronologies comparative

Date BC ^P 1, " Crete Mycenae Tiryns Kea Temple
Room BB
1060-
LH IIIC
Late
t
I Dikte Ida
' t
I
1 I I 1
(AsineHouse G)
1 100 -
LH IIIC
1 120-
Mid
f.
aa
IK
RlIOa
2b
' a
Early LH IIIC
A. Triadha ' + PhaistosJ y y /

y
1 1 I i
Southwest Building frescoes
I r
'
'
*<> :
R. 117 (R.i 19) I I I I I I ,
s'' Iigo 2a
LH IIIB
U. A.
M. G.
Temple
I I
I
1270
'
1300
LH IIIA2
/ /
'
. ' I
1360-
137
LH IIIAi 1400 ?
//
/
I
I I '
Knossos Late Palace
'
1450 -
LH II
(Mansion) 1
Neo-Palatial
I
I
405
indicatedby Dr French.But it is clear now that the collapse among the femalefigurines is not so early. assemblage which Therewascertainly on Melosnothing ofthat 'miniature Desborough Mycenaeankoine' has as with Naxos the Dodecanese and Perati duringthe Late (1964, 20) recognised linking the muchmoreakinto thatobserved HelladicIIIC period.The position seems on Paros,where fortified siteofKoukounaries suffered a destruction at about thesame timeas the Phylakopi toLate Helladic thepottery there was provisionally collapse(Schilardi1979). Initially assigned thoseof and on closer examination did IIIC the Late Helladic IIIB, features, only resembling Kamini become at The chamber tombs of Naxos i960) Phylakopi, apparent. (Zapheiropoulos a gooddeal later, arecertainly at theendoftheLate HelladicIIIC period(Desborough perhaps 1964, 151),and someoftheAegeancontacts to seenthere arecertainly from a periodsubsequent thePhylakopi shrine. in Chapter The restricted area oftheshrines at Phylakopi usedduring phase3 werediscussed IX. They certainly a substantial reflect setbackto theprosperity of the Sanctuary, and they relate to the end of the centre at is known ofMelos might conceivably palace Nothing Phylakopl. in thelaterpartoftheLate Helladic IIIC period:Phylakopi to have been abandoned appears after the end of the shrine. vases are at present knownfrom Melos Justtwo Protogeometric but without (Desborough1972,371), any preciseprovenance. SANCTUARIES ANDTHE AEGEAN (b) PHYLAKOPI WhenNilsson the second edition ofhiswork on TheMinoanhe was published Mycenaean Religion able to write 'In the Minoan civilization no if are (Nilsson1950,77): temples found, by temple we mean a separatebuilding set apart to theabode of thedeityand to shelter itsimage and On the evidence then available to with the of him, paraphernalia.' exception the shrineat which in he discussed this was a reasonable and at thattime Gournia, detail, remark, itcertainly to the civilisation also. Since with the finds at then, however, applied Mycenaean Mycenaeand on the at Irini on Kea and on Melos the and mainland, Aghia Tiryns Phylakopi among islands, thereassessment of thelaterCretanfinds Alexiou this has been by (1958), position radically altered.It willbe convenient hereverybriefly to reviewtheevidence(see table 10.2). Nilsson's remarks remain true for theMinoanpalace periods, Hood (1977) has broadly although the evidence for Minoan town and the evidence for the sanctuaries at shrines, gathered possible Mallia has been persuasively van Effenterre The absence of or presented by (1980). figures from thesedoes mean,however, thatthey are noticonographically rich.The case for figurines their thusrests, minor finds of beingshrines quite reasonably, upon theplan and on relatively what may have been cult equipment. Withinthe palaces thereis certainly evidenceforthe ofritual, bothin thelustral basinsand in theimportant series ofspecialvessels practice relating to pouring(Koehl 1981) seen at severalpalace centres, mostnotablyZakro. The most ofcultplaceinpost-palatial Cretewascertainly theshrine ofthe important category GoddesswithUpraisedArms.The examplesat Gournia and Gazi werebriefly in discussed ChapterIX, alongwiththeShrineoftheDouble Axesat Knossos.To thesecan be added the finds from Kannia (Mitropolis) nearGortyn in thesame important (Levi 1959).Another figure stance was foundat Prinias (Wide 1901), and two more at the important site of Karphi etal., 1938). (Pendlebury The chronology oftheseeffigies was welldiscussd by Alexiou (1958) as notedabove. He is inassigning correct a Late MinoanIIIB orIIIC datefor thecomplex at Kannia,although surely
1. The CretanSanctuaries
46
thanLM IIIB (Levi 1959,fig. one or twofinds 25 and 30b). As we have stressed maybe earlier in IIIB It is definitely or a little earlier. theform the Late Minoan postperiod perhaps began palatial. In relationto the re-occupation of the palace at Knossos,Popham (1964, 8) has written: as with wasdoubtless connected theShrine oftheDouble Axesand itscult, 'Much ofthematerial ifnotall thereoccupation wasconnected thatmost, Evansstated. Indeeditistempting tobelieve withthe shrine.'This view has not been followed by all writers dealingwiththisperiodat a small of Knossos.But it is perhapssupported the find of by figure theMinoan Goddesswith Mansionat Knossos, in IIIB of the Arms the Late Minoan re-occupation Unexplored Upraised natureof muchof the evidenceof the religious whichPopham (1970a, 93) regards as 'fresh ofKnossos'.The pottery periodis datingtheend ofthe Knossosre-occupation reoccupation IIIB in the Late Minoan late period. placed shown is very muchlonger, That thecultrepresented however, clearly bythis figure persisted Late There the finds are as at the site predominantly by Karphi (as well,probably, Prinias). in use intotheProtogeometric Minoan IIIC, and thesitecontinued period(Seiradakii960). farfrom in theCretansites is unfortunately found availableaboutofferings The information than small detail about beads or in Minos offers no more The Palace Evans objects of satisfactory. of account and the that was availablein hispreliminary original earlypublication yet reports, detail thanis available forany of the Late Gournia (Hawes 1908) give morecircumstantial etat.,1938). One ofthemost ofKarphi (Pendlebury with thepossible Minoanshrines, exception is is Koumasa, virtually sites, (Xanthoudides1924,49), and nowhere unpublished important table with available to permit thedetaileddocumentation 9.4. comparison systematic that the Minoan to state the generalimpression it is legitimate Despite theselimitations containimportant shrines oftheLate Minoan III perioddid not,in general, objectsofvalue and figurines the and otherthanthecultfigures as offerings, whichserved thamselves, figures for In general itwouldappear thattherangeofmetaltypes, orvotives. as votaries served which not was as such in of the some as are found that Arkalochori, caves, deposited instance, offerings weremetalobjects, finds in contrast theprincipal At Phylakopi in theMinoan shrines. beads, as well rockcrystal), substances boneand other ofivory, and a few sealstones (including objects have notbeen Such finds or dressweights. other as a few including pendants jewellery, piecesof are in that clear it is not in detailin theCretanshrines, documented they altogether although factentirely lacking. out in ChapterIX. was alreadybrought forPhylakopi oftheCretanfinds The significance a definite in each oftheCretanshrines, is consistent ofthefigure The form establishing clearly a small room setaside within bench a or on set were The ledge figures generally up type. symbolic and ofconsecration and horns withtheseimages, associated forthepurpose.Snakesare often the soinclude with them also. The specialvessels thedouble axe motif sometimes occurring and the with the are mostly Thesefinds calledsnaketubes. sanctuary, Phylakopi contemporary at While one of the figures are obvious. But so are the differences. generalresemblances were not the better were two more and Minoan of was similar, pieces preserved form, Phylakopi at Phylakopi, and thedoubleaxe are lacking ofconsecration The snake,thehorns ofthistype. are in as wellas theanimaland humanterracotta there found and thebovinefigures figurines, Arms. with Goddess Minoan the in with Crete not found Upraised general that findsmuch more closelyallied to those at It is of considerable therefore, interest, and AghiaTriadha. In both Phaistos Cretan Late some at are found sites, notably Phylakopi The dateisLate MinoanIIIC. The werebythattime sites casesthepalacesat these longdisused. context which and thereis no coherent finds(Pernier1902) are notwell published, Phaistos
407
a good Psi figurine There is, however, wouldallow us to speakofa shrine. (Pernier1902,fig. of 52.5) and an animal figureof Mycenaean appearance (ibid. fig. 54). Bovid figurines from thesite (Maraghiannis n.d., pl. XV, 3 and 5). Mycenaeantypeare also published theshrine The finds from Theydo notcomefrom AghiaTriadha are muchmoreinteresting. in Late Minoan III. (This at thesite, builtin theLate Minoan I periodand rebuilt apparently The lacksaccompanying is itself ofgreatinterest, but unfortunately symbolic finds.) building from from thePiazzale dei Sacelliarea,apparently finds ofLate MinoanIIIC datecomeinstead of Mycenaeantype,notablya sphinx a context in theopen air. They includeanimal figures thatfrom Asine(ibid.fig.47) as wellas (Band 1943,55 fig. 43) and a humanhead resembling some terracotta bovid figurines (ibid.fig.37). The publicationby Banti does not give any butFrench(1971, 179)cites oneofthese(Perrier indication ofhumanfigurines ofPsiform, 1902, fig.52,1; see Borda 1946,pl. 43,9). and hornsofconsecration The assemblage thereis veryrich:it includespaintedterracotta thisdepositwere not smalldouble axes of terracotta and of bronze.The bronzefinds from has gone largelyunrecognised, but many are publishedby Banti and theirsignificance in thepublication ofthewhole illustrated byNaumann (1976). Without adequate publication oftheir there is notmuchthatcan be said of offinds, and someindication context, assemblage thisdepositin itsown right.It is of greatinterest as a sourceofcomparandaforPhylakopi, severalfinds of Mycenaeantypewhichare otherwise rarein Crete. containing extremely Mention must also be madeofseveral cave finds, which aregenerally and reasonably assumed in caves are foundin Cretefrom to have a votivecharacter. Votiveofferings even before the and continue intoclassicaltimes. The Dictaean Cave above Psychro palace period, (Boardman 1961, 1) and theIdaean Cave (ibid.79) are ofparticular in yielding interest finds whichmay an almost indicate continuous votive from them usageacrossthe'Dark Age': themalefigurines are discussed in moredetail below.
2. The MainlandShrines
The cult centreat Mycenae has been discussdin successive by Mylonas (1972; publications 1977? l9&2)-On tnerather restrictive criteria followed focusses here,mostattention upon the and the room with the Idols and the Room with the Fresco Temple adjoining neighbouring and French since these finds of interest. (Taylour 1969 1970; 1981b); yielded greatsymbolic Theybelongto thelaterpartoftheLate Helladic IIIB period(see table 10.2). The structures discussed ofpossible cult Gamma,are indeedsuggestive byMylonas(1982), including Building and the case which he makes is an I am one which inclined to practice, impressive personally But do not fulfill the criterion from Rutkowski set out at the of this they accept. beginning Likewise thefrescoes which he unearthed in Late Helladic IIIC levels in theSouthwest chapter. XII while in their to Building(Mylonas1972,pl. XIV), conceivably relating subjectmatter cultpractices, are not in a context whichcan be established as religious. This caveat does not of the Room withthe Fresco (Taylour 1969,pl. X) applyto the muraldecoration The Templeat Mycenaeis a building ofscale comparableto theWestShrineat Phylakopl. The generalsimilarity in arrangement witha smaller roombehind,theRoom withtheIdols, shouldbe noted.Similarly, theentrance doorwas a cultbench, at one end alongthewall facing ofwhich stooda figure and a smalltableofofferings (Taylour1970,pl. XLa) . Thisarrangement ofdoorway to theprincipal roomwitha cultbenchon theopposite wall is seen leadingdirectly also at Tiryns. Butwe shouldnotethatat Mycenaethearrangement is nota symmetrical one, and thestore roombehind is entered at one side (Taylour1970,273). No bymeansofa stairway
(i) Mycenae
48
ofthe at a higher levelwas determined ofthis storeroom doubtthelocation bytheconfiguration naturalrock,but this only servesto stressthat the location of the Mycenae templewas We should it was notsitedin sucha way as to dominate. constrained by thelocal topography: a veneer ofwhite ofthetemple wasa daiswith notealsothatinthecentre clay,interpreted bythe there was foundat Phylakopi, as a hearth. No suchinstallation excavator although maywell Wall whichwas not removed maskedby theBlocking have been one, subsequently by us. alsohad a dooron at Phylakopi at this time theWestShrine It should be remembered also that of itledwas notmadeclearin thecourse where itssouthern blocked. side,subsequently Precisely in plan. thesymmetry but it certainly our excavations, disrupted It should is impressive. within thestore found ofterracotta humanfigures The great quantity nonecan ofsex,as notedbyTaylour, indications lackdefinite be notedthatwhilemanyofthem Therewereno animalfigures finds. ofthePhylakopi be identified as malein thelight positively contrast is a pointin marked theTempleor theRoom withtheIdols at Mycenae,and this from werenot ofPhi or Psi form whether Human terracotta to thePhylakopi figurines, sanctuary. were likewise and animal figurines formwere present), found(althoughtwo of Proto-Phi on thesiteas common are relatively sincesuchfinds Thisabsenceisall themorenotable lacking. from theRoom withtheFrescoand itsadjoiningroommaybe a whole.The otherrichfinds note thatin this It is of particular Phylakopl. objectsfrom comparedwithsomeof the finer in wasfound humanfigure a single known as the'Shrine', Room 32,sometimes room, adjoining positionon a small dais. French (1981, 45) liststhisroom under the heading 'Workshop thatthe "Shrine"was moreofa and concludes am inclinedto think stores' areas/religious the herewith areanalogies store thanan actual"Shrine"'.It shouldbe notedthatthere religious can be behindtheWestShrine location their ofRoomsA and at Phylakopi: compared position theIdols that oftheRoomwith and with theFresco theRoomwith with that ofRoom 32 behind A in a corner in Room behindtheTemple.The locationoftheLady ofPhylakopi (plate 16 a) Room of thecorner from withthatoftheelegant 32 (Taylour1970,pl. figure maybe compared in Chapter was considered as a workshop thatRoom mayhaveserved XLII) . The possibility at Room as for there isas plausible and workshop 32 Mycenae.The IX, and the jointroleofstore Fresco as possibly the with between the Mycenae Temple and the Room relationship at Phylakopi Shrines West East and to be comparedwiththe a pair ofshrines, constituting shouldnot be overlooked (cf.van Leuven 1981). In theRoom withthe in theMycenaecultcentre. twocontexts from are recorded Offerings an of a variey objects: ivory with bowlfilled two-handled Idolswas 'a small, comb,a smallfigure rock of beads a scarab of Queen Tiye, a cowrieshell, in ivory, amber, lapis lazuli, crystal, and beadsin glasspaste' (Taylour1969,92). In . . . (and) ornaments stones and other carnelian whilein the worked the'shrine'nearby(Room 32) werefoundseveralpiecesofpartly ivory, a stone and of a remarkable was Room withtheFresco, including assemblage pottery objects, a man of a and head a lion of ivories beautiful two and an a macehead, stone vase, ivory pommel faience and an Egyptian plaque (Taylour 1969,96; 1970,275). as at Phylakopl. ofnotewereplacedin these It isclearthatobjects shrines, Taylour(1962,92) in theRoom withtheIdols could bowl the from beads the that makestheinteresting suggestion couldalso have or drapery us thatclothing have beenusedto adorntheidols,and thisreminds been used. at and was destroyed at Mycenaewas in use at thesametimeas thepalace there The temple the end of the Late Helladic 11IB period.Both at Phylakopiand Mycenae thesereligious to architectural scale and in their in their takesecondplace in their structures modesty, siting, status secular an had have which site the on theprincipal (see Mylonas entirely may buildings
CULT PRACTICE ANDAEGEAN THE SANCTUARY
409
of on a Mycenaeansitewas thecentre herethatthetemple 1982,320). Thereis no suggestion the sort of talk of which sometimes to no 'theocracy' things, spatial symbolism permit of Sumerian and Mesoamerican arrangements. Mylonas has accompanies descriptions ofa 'Processional in somedetailtheaccessto thecultarea in Mycenaein terms described Way' whichthecomplex position (Mylonas1982,315), but thiscannotconceal theverysecondary held on thesite. (it) Tiryns is at Tiryns. ThereKilian (1978; The secondentirely persuasive exampleofa mainlandshrine in relation in to 1 a shrines the Lower Town. Their has revealed series of chronology 1979; 981) in TABLE is summarised the Phylakopi 10.3. Sanctuary Room as at Phylakopi, thelatest shrine AtTiryns (Room 100a) and itsimmediate predecessor at the a bench or 110,wererectangular, ordered rooms with the and east, entry symmetrically which terracotta were cultbankagainstthefacing on wall, 14 figures placed (Kilian 1978,figs. a cultbenchat thewest them Room 117,againwith and 18) . Beneath laythesimilarly organised wall (Kilian 1979, 390). They were precededby Room 119, fromthe period immediately at theendofLate HelladicIIIB2 (Kilian 1981a,figs. themajordestruction i4and 15): following It is described itsprecise form is notclearand no benchis preserved. by Kilian (1981a, 162) as and thearguments for itsstatus as a provisional shrine are itsposition, nearto 'einProvisorium', thesubsequent Room 117,and thediscovery there ofseveral humanand animal and preceding and thearmsofa humanfigure (Kilian 1981a,fig.17). It was to thenorth figurine fragments, and eastofthelaterRoom 110a (Kilian 1981a,fig. Room 110and 5) which immediately overlay Room 117. Likewise thecase for 1 theearlier Room which to the 15, regarding lay immediately north ofRoom no (Kilian 1978,fig.18) is not in itself strong. particularly All ofthese date to theLate Helladic IIIC period, thetimeimmediately after thedestruction to the Temple at Mycenae. The construction and use of Room 117 fallwithin phase 2a at in The and the re-use of our fall within the use ofRoom Phylakopl. collapse sanctuary phase 3 110 at Tiryns, so thatRoom 100a there served as a shrine after theabandonment ofPhylakopi (see TABLE 10.3). It should be recalled onceagainthatthese shrines all follow themajordestruction there Tiryns at theend oftheLate Helladic IIIB2, whichhas generally withtheend ofthe been associated and withtheaccompanying lossofliteracy. It maywell centre, palace as a majoradministrative be thatRoom 117 was builttoserve functions which were no served special longer bythepalace itself other sacred . There are however some indications of cultpractice (orby hypothetical areas) evenduring theLate Helladic 11IB period(Kilian 1981,171,403) and Kilian (in Renfrew here, thecase for between thepre-andpost-destruction 1981b,33) has stressed continuity phasesat Tiryns. The mostimpressive finds are thehumanfigures. A complete examplewas foundin Room 110a (Kilian 1978,fig.117). The armsare held upwards(althoughthegeneralform is quite unlike thebell-shape oftheCretanfigures). It is lesselegantthanthetwocomplete from figures thepreceding Room 110 (Kilian 1978,fig. 20 and 2 1) found with of five others. along fragments No humanfigurines are reported from these twoshrines, and onlyone animal,from Room 110, there weretwelvePsi figurines from Room 115 to thenorth. The earlierRoom 117 although armfragments ofhumanfigures and 22 humanfigurines as wellas a concentration of produced animalfigurines. Animalfigures muchlesscommon thanat Phylakopi: were, however, just one Room 117: Kilian 1978,fig.22) whichresembles SF 1032from piecehas beenillustrated (from Phylakopl.
4 10
Table 10.3 and Tirynsshrines The chronology of the Phylakopi compared

BC
1030
Phase
Lefkandi
TirynsPhase
TirynsShrine
PhylakopiSanctuary
1060 Late LH IIIC 1090 . . (II00)" (mo)(II2)1 130 ib _ 3 c .. SPat R.noa Abandoned ^ 3b 3a 2b Collapse
Mid LHIIIC
""
2b
"
(Fortgeschrittenes " Entwickelt) Entwickelt "
"
2a
"
R.no ( + R.115)
"501 170-
LHanC
ia
Frh2
1
R-"7
(LH IIIB) 1 190
bergang
(Rug) 2a (cont.)
WestShrine:Room 110 measures thanthePhylakopi are muchsmaller shrines The Tiryns as we The accompanying benchat thewest. Each had a single about3 metres finds, by2 metres. on humanterracotta withtheemphasis have seenare closely similar, figures analogousto the humanand animalfigurines. and withsomeaccompanying Despitetheir Lady ofPhylakopi, the closestpoint of comparisonfor the the Tirynsshrinesconstitute modestdimensions, sanctuary. Phylakopi been reviewed theHouse G at Asinehave recently from The finds by Haftigg(1981b). He has is a this whether an 'It still is concluded(ibid.94): privatehousewitha small open question inclusion It merits herebecauseof function.' of a altaror complex primarily domestic religious The latter include a finds. and architecture between theassociation largehead, the symbolic need no be of as a the that of like whose 'LordofAsine', 'beard', longer identified Lady Phylakopi as well as a cruder another vase and Psi four and male attribute, figurine, triple figurines
(Hi) Asine
411
in itsdimensions to theWest double vases.The roomis similar comparableto thePhylakopi a suggestion about the roofing Shrineat Phylakopi, and the two centralcolumnbases offer FIG. so few, that which has beenfollowed herein thereconstruction, are,however, 9.6. The finds thanviceversa. tobe ofhelpin their rather finds arelikely more recent sanctuary interpretation, 3. TheIslandSanctuaries at thenarrow end (this The shrine or temple at Kea was a free-standing building, again entered wall was no longer wall had a but the timefrom thesouth-east). The eastern facing preserved, WestShrine, flanked as in thePhylakopi doorat itscentre, byplatforms (Caskey1971,pl. 79a) . in theLate be with thus Thisfirst Room room, V, may certainly compared although Phylakopi, Helladic IIIC perioda large,stonealtar was built at its centre.At Kea the arrangements weremoreelaborate.Room IV and itstwoadjoiningsmallrooms to thenorth-west, beyond, at theback (XI and XII) which between RoomV and thetworooms weresituated right appear as thecounterparts ofRoom A and at Phylakopl. in Creteorelsewhere in The AghiaIrinitemple is olderthananyreligious structure yetfound bronze with XI XII theAegean.Itsusebeganin themiddle Rooms and age, (Caskey1966,369) in use through as wellas RoomsIV, VII (and XIII) (Caskey1971,385). It remained therest of late in theLate Helladic IIIC period, thebronzeage. At a date rather whenit was alreadyno a smallroomBB wasconstructed inthenorth-west doubtina ruinous corner ofRoom condition, IV the older entrance into Room This late and rather V, disregarding (Caskey 1981,fig.1). construction be with the in alterations made to the shrines may compared scrappy Phylakopi phase 3c. The most finds at AghiaIriniweretheremarkable terracotta statues, significant up to 1.5 min a woman with breasts. Most of them were made in the height, representingstanding exposed Late BronzeI period,although at leastone was manufactured later(Caskey 1981, 128). The handsare in generalset upon the hips. in Room IV, along with Mycenaean and IIIB There was a numberof offerings: 'a few of smallterracotta potsherds, tiny scraps goldleaf,twobronzebladesand partsofseveral There was a sealstone figurines' (Caskey 1966,369). single (Caskey 1962a, pl. 101,f). From Corridor VII from theLate BronzeI levels, camea modelofa boatinbronze(recalling thescene on theAghiaTriadha sarcophagus, wherea man carries a modelboat ofsimilar and the form) a of bronze statuette of Minoan a and upperpart (Caskey1964,pl. 56, workmanship c). A small bronzelionwas also found(Caskey1962a,pl. 102,c), assigned to theearlytwelfth BC. century In generalat Aghia Irini,thedominant is one of with the Late impression greatcontinuity, BronzeI statues, orfragments ofthem, in useas cultimagesthroughout theduration remaining oftheshrine. Thereare fewsymbolic referable to the late whenthe objects specifically period, in was use. Human of form were found elsewhere on sanctuary figurines Mycenaean Phylakopi thesite(Caskey1962a,pl. 99). The generalarrangement oftheshrine, withlow platforms and in use alreadyin themiddlebronzeage, is ofgreatsignificance benches whentheorigins ofthis form are discussed . building (see below) There is no reallygood evidencefora shrineof the Mycenaean periodon Delos, since an association betweenan appropriate is lacking. buildingand objectsof symbolic significance Mention be made oftheremarkable series ofobjectsfound beneath should, however, certainly the Artemision (Gallet de Santerreand Trheux 1948). It containednumerousbronzes,
(it) The Artemision Depositat Delos (i) AghiaIrini,Kea
4 12
in 'smiting discussed below.Therewere and a bronze arrowheads, god' form, including figurine it contained as late as theseventh fine ivories and smallobjectsofgold. Although objectsfrom is ofMycenaeandate. This an Egyptian scarab,thebulkofthematerial BC, including century has generally been regardedas a depositarisingfrom the burialof the contents of a shrine itremains Whilethere is no direct evidence ofthis, thecase thatsomeofthePhylakopi building. have close parallelsthere. finds These includethebronzebird (SF 1578), thevariousbronze in 'smiting and ofcoursethetwobronze finds arrowheads, god' pose.The Artemision figurines in marked contrast to Mycenae. underline theabsenceofivories from thePhylakopi sanctuary, Thereareonlyvery valueat anyofthese sites: no goldorsilver few finds ofgreat intrinsic vessels, that Butitshouldbe remembered for as theLinear texts haveled us toexpect. instance, might obviousvalue tohavebeenplundered itsabandonment, and objects ofvery each is likely before are likely to have been removed. to refer to theseveral sites At thispoint, liesoutsidetheAegean,it is relevant although Cyprus inviewofthenumerous connecions. which havebeenidentified as sanctuaries there, Mycenaean I IB to werein useduring theLate Cypriote The mostinformative siteis Kition,wheretemples and strom periods, toLate HelladicIIIB and IIIC (French 1980).Temples2 equivalent intheequivalent ofLate HelladicIIIB (Karageorghis and 3 there werefounded 1973;1976,54). of nor the cult benchalong the end wall whichare a feature Neither showsaxial symmetry and otherAegean shrines, end, althougheach has a small room at the western Phylakopi themainroomin thatKarageorghis as a 'holyofholies'.It is noteworthy interprets interpreted rather thanas a portico intemple The pillars 2 areseenbyhimas sustaining bothas a courtyard. wouldhavebeenabout4. 15 thespanofthetimbers rooms beenroofed, Had these roof supports. to are known In thesucceeding to Late Helladic IIIC, three metres. temples equivalent period, as ofcourtyard havebeenin use at Kition(temples form, 1, 2 and 4). Againeach is interpreted areas In thelargeenclosed'temenos' for thespecialcultfunctions. witha smallroomor rooms blocks ofhardlimestone madefrom 1 and 2, twohorns ofconsecration lying adjacenttotemples in theMinoan occurrences similar werefound(Karageorghis 1976,plates48 and 51), recalling Near Easternparallelsmore the Kition templesresemble But otherwise palace courtyards. thanAegeanones.It shouldbe notedthatin theearlier phaseat Kition,Karageorghis closely and in thesucceeding ) phasehe again (Late Cypriote (1976,57) speaksof'twintemples', in thelatter case 1 and 2 as twin 1975,75). Certainly (Karageorghis temples recognises temples Van Leuven (1978; 1981) has independently. theyare adjacent,and cannotbe considered and dual involve in the to showthatseveralsanctuaries endeavoured constructions, Aegean I not am But such a within fall would at theEast and Westshrines Phylakopi category. certainly shown to not which are of some ofVan Leuven'ssupposed convincingly pairs, bymost persuaded with the be 1 at Kition and 2 while at all. So that, be shrines maycertainly compared temples in thisrespect, thepointmaynotbe ofgreatsignificance. at Phylakopi Westand East shrines of a in generalconsist siteswhichhave been claimed as sanctuaries The otherCypriote This is Kition. at to the roofed a small with enclosed cella, area, analogous pattern rectangular Irini for at Enkomi God' the of for the true Aghia (Courtois1971), Ingot 'Sanctuary certainly as thetypical form this Rutkowski sites. other (1979,225) regards 1972,1- 11) and for (strom above (see from theAegean cases discussed East Mediterranean They thusdiffer sanctuary. 1975). Symeonoglou ofauthors have beendiscussed from finds The symbolic (Hadjioannou by a number Cyprus context lacka definite 1971; Masson1973),butsomeofthemost interesting piecesunfortunately
Sanctuaries (Hi) The Cypriote
THE SANCTUARYAND AEGEANCULT PRACTICE
413
and willnotbe discussed here.The most striking god',and the'ingot god' piecesare the'horned a convincing thelatter from context. To thewestofitstemple from Enkomi, enclosure, temple severalhumanfigurines ofPsi form werefound(Courtois1971 , figs.141- 154). Many ofthe sites(e.g. Idalion,Aghia Irini,Myrtou-Pigadhes) lackedfinds ofsymbolic sanctuary supposed are seen at Myrtou-Pigadhes. hornsofconsecration (Masson 1973), although significance In general, whilethere areseveral ofcomparison between theCypriote sites and specific points in a wholeseries theAegeanones,takenas a wholetheydiffer ofstriking ways.The Cypriote the Aegean ones roofedshrines.In the Aegean, templesare in generalopen courtyards, setupon benches, whilein the terracotta humanfigures are generally seenas cultimages, often theuse ofsmall theseare notfound.Undoubtedly however, contemporary Cypriote temples, in religious in Cyprusis of interest bronzefigurines contexts forthe Aegean. The hornsof in view of its much earlieroccurrence in Crete,may be considered an consecration symbol, to Cyprusfrom theAegean world. import 3. The Symbolism of the Sanctuaries
(a) FemaleRepresentations (i) Female figures
The mostcharacteristic feature oftheAegean sanctuaries is thecentral takenwithin position them either in modelled in solid as the Kea in or more bya female shrine, figure, clay commonly ceramicform like and often thrown on the like the of thin-walled, (i.e. pottery wheel) figures and as well as the of the Minoan Goddess with Mycenae Phylakopi, Tiryns, examples Upraised in Crete.Thisisat onceone ofthefundamental Arms features oftheAegeanreligions of unifying thebronzeage- thinking ofthebroader context a and criterion which allows spatial regional to be defined. diversity It should be noted, ofcourse, thatthepresence ofsuchsymbolic isoneofthefeatures figuration which wehavetaken as a defining feature ofoursanctuaries in thefirst place.Thereisa recursive here between our of and 'cult which has tobe examined relationship concepts 'sanctuary' figure' withcare (as indeedit has been earlier), and whichdoes notimply French(1981a, circularity. whenshe asserts: shallstandfirm in myviewthatfigurines taketheir function 173) is right from their context and notvice-versa, i.e. thesametype offigurine has a discrete (though possibly whenfound in a tomb, an outdooraltarsiteor a domestic context.' This does related)function notprevent bothfigures and figurines a contribution toourunderstanding ofthenature making of thatcontext. The largefemalefigures from with two fall Phylakopi exceptions into three groupsdiscussedin Chapter VI. The best preserved(SF 2660) fallsinto the class witha or conical stem,normally wheelmadebut sometimes cylindrical coilmade,surmounted by a rounded orpinched head. Amongtheexceptions, SF 520,isfragmentary bodyand an elaborate and mayhave beenoftheMinoan 'bell-skirted' form and there are tworelated pieces.Among theothers one unusualpiece, (SF 2658), is discussed below.They are considered in detailin Room A and itsassociatedniche. ChapterVI. The better preserved piecesall come from In considering it is relevant to notefirst thelongtradition ofterracotta comparisons, figures and figurines in Crete, from whichtheAghiaIrinisculptures, all theMycenaeanfigures and the have derived.At a more specificlevel, however,as Phylakopiexamplesmay ultimately are pronounced. The Phylakopi incommon havelittle above,thedifferences emphasised figures withtheKea figures norwiththeMinoan ones. Insteadtheir affinities are withthemainland nowsplendidly documented at Mycenaeand Tiryns. French( 198 1a, 173) has series, bythefinds twogroups. The second, isso far usefully distinguished groupb,with bodies, largemonochrome
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FIG. . Distribution of Aegean late bronze age female figures A. i, Amyklai; 2, Mycenae; 3, Tiryns; 4, Asine; 5, Epidauros; 6, Hydra; 7, Aegina; 8, Athens; 9, Eutresis; 10, Irini; 11, Phylakopi; 12, Emprio; 13, 'Rhodes'; 14, Pangalochorion; 15, Sakhtouria; 16, Amari; 17, Prinias; 18, Kannia; 19, Gortyn; 20, Knossos; 21, Karphi; 22, Psychro; 23, Gournia; 24, Petsofa; 25, Gazi
ofthe and several at several sites, known groupa, is represented Mycenae.The first, onlyfrom The from three the do as Tiryns. within figures well-preserved it, belong figures Phylakopi itself is theRoom oftheIdols at Mycenae is seenin FIG.10.1. Although form ofthis distribution alcoveare earlier it and theadjoining from two least at Helladic Late to IIIB, figures assigned of may be (Taylour 1969,pl. 13c; 1970,pl. 39, c). These and theLady Phylakopi(SF 2660) Dr class. ofthisgeneral figures to theLate Helladic period,and are theearliest assigned the of the entire The workmanship especially figure, the Lady as an import. Frenchregards and 20 1 at 1 1 21), which Room from figs. two 978, the than (Kilian finer Tiryns is figures head,
415
thanthefigure inRoom 110a (ibid. from thelatecontext muchneater arethemselves fig.17) . She closer tothetwoneatest stands Mycenae(Taylour1969,pl. XLIIc; Taylour piecesfrom perhaps thaneither ofthese: ofthefaceis moresubtle sheranks, then, 1970,pl. 42, b), and themodelling as a masterpiece of Mycenaeanart. inthecorner inChapterIX that sheserved as a cultfigure. Her position ofthe It wassuggested in the 'shrine'(Room 32) at similarto thatof the figure back room,Room A, is strikingly in Room A, withseveralother herpresence Mycenae(Taylour 1970,pl. XLII, a). Moreover, at Mycenae,theRoom withtheIdols. The general recalls also thewell-filled storeroom figures in and thefigure at Mycenae,notably thesingle idolon thebenchin thetemple, circumstances thatthesefigures used singly as the Room 32, might were,at any rateon occasions, suggest from Room 110a at Tiryns, cultfigure. Thisis certainly supported bythesingle figure principal itseemsthatin thepreceding found belowthecultbench, Room 110,the immediately although twofigures may have been in use simultaneously. It is also clearthattheseveralincomplete from Room A and thenicheat Phylakopi figures had been carefully One shouldremember that condition. placed therein theirfragmentary are well documented from were breakages Mycenae,wherethebody and head ofone figure recovered from areas (Taylour1970,pl. XXXVIII, b). Presumably these separate fragmentary in use,and one mustimaginethatduring had all been broken examples phases1 and 2a ofthe shrine therewereseveralfemale whichcould serveas cultimages,whether figures Phylakopi or together. separately in House G, thelargehead,found AtAsine, various alongwith figurines, mayhavecontinued toserve as a cultfigure evenafter withthehead from theniche, breakage.It maybe compared SF 2672.This,liketheLady ofPhylakopi, has a pronounced chinaccentuated with paintwhich in othercircumstances would be takento represent a beard. in thelight It is indeedpossible, ofthesmallnumber offemale found on themainland, figures and thehighproportion ofthem(Mycenae,Tiryns, withshrines, thatall the Asine)associated in theAegeanoriginally in shrines. servedas cultfigures If thiswereso it largefemale figures woulddistinguish them from thebovinefigures discussed theanimaland small below,and from humanfigurines. Dr Frenchregards thishead (SF 2672) as wellas thetorsoSF 2661 and the'ugly'head, SF Indeed the Lady herselfis the only substantialpiece 2691, as of local manufacture. identified withthebovinefigure SF 2689). The unequivocally by heras an import(together at Phylakopi, and no doubt at otheranalogous local centres, were evidently potters quite indeedaccomplished and figurines. serviceable, capable ofmakingperfectly figures It isin this thatthesolidand poorly fired SF 2658,found besidetheLady light figure standing ofPhylakopi Dr French usestheinferior as a possible (plate 56 a) isso remarkable. workmanship indication ofearly outthepresence ofsimilarly crudepiecesofsolidclay date,and rightly points from theShrine oftheDouble Axesat Knossos(Evans 1921,52,fig.14) and at Asine(Frdin and 1938,3 1o, no. 6) . It might Persson be possible, toarguefor a latedate,butoneat all alternatively events tothecollapseofphase2b. It isindeednotablethatthefemale prior genitlia appeartobe indicatedon thispiece, whereasthe otherfemalefigures do not have pronouncedsexual attributes. The indication ofbreasts, and thegeneral ofgracehaveserved toidentify impression themas female, not on this SF is perhaps verystrong grounds.Only figure, 2658, explicity female. On theother hand themale figures are certainly and itis notablethat sexually explicit, are associated with the at the north-west of the West in tofemales they platform Shrine, contrast at thesouth-west.
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FIG. 10.2 Distribution of Aegean late bronze age animal figures i, Amyklai; 2, Argos; 3, Prosymna; 4, Mycenae; 5, Berbati; 6, Tiryns; 7, Asine; 8, Epidauros; 9, Aegina (Aphaia Sanctuary); 10, Athens; 11, Thebes; 12, Kalapodi; 13, Delphi; 14, A. Irini; 15, Phylakopi; 16, Akrotiri;17, Troy; 18, Emprio; 19, Miletos; 20, Ialysos; 21, Patsos; 22, A. Triadha; 23, Phaistos; 24, Knossos; 25, Karphi; 26, Psychro; 27, Gournia (mould); 28, Mochlos; 29, Pseira. Also Cyprus.

(it) Female figurines
417
It isappropriate todiscuss theoccurrence ofthesmaller and solidfemale that figurines alongside ofthelarger The female from thePhylakopi are all oftheLate Psi figures. figurines sanctuary form(French 1971), so widelyseen throughout the Mycenaeanworld (fig. 10.3), withthe (fig.6.9). Theirsexis ofthecurious armsfrom exception piecewithflipper-like Assemblage notexplicitly butmostwriters are indeedfemale. theposition shown, agreethatthey Certainly witharmsraisedconforms withthatofthehumanfigures The lowerpartofthe just discussed. a skirt, often resembles an abbreviated version oftheskirts ofsomeofthefemale figurine figures, and we knowfrom thattheskirt a femaledressform. otherrepresentations was normally Dr French in ChapterVI thattheabsencefrom has stressed offigurine thesanctuary forms earlier thantheLate Psiform isremarkable, inother their of occurrence areasat given frequency thatfemale werenotused within (see table 6.1). This leads herto suggest Phylakopi figurines thesanctuary its but use in the during earlier years, wereintroduced (Theirfirst subsequently. in On wouldthen be phase2a.) theother handthepresence ofearlier forms sanctuary amongthe animalfigurines thatthis distinction neednotapply ('linear'and 'wavy')suggests chronological to all thefigurines, but specifically to thehumanones. This interesting that smallfigurines suggestion theuse ofthese maynotcorrelate completely withthatofthelargerfigures is confirmed whenotherareas are takenintoconsideration. In Creteno figurines ofMycenaeantypehave been foundin theshrines ofthe Minoan Goddess withUpraisedArms withhereffigies. or in association Indeed Mycenaeanfigurines are rarein Crete(seeFIG.10.3). Theyare found in those late at interesting deposits Phaistos(Pernier 1902, 123) and at Aghia Triadha (Band 1943; Borda 1946, pl. 43, 9; Kanta 1980, pl. 38, 9). a cemetery from at Astipadhes whichFrench(1971, Pendlebury (1939,255) mentions figurines 185) lists 1 as ofPhiform Kanta 1 . The of deficiencies are 86, (see 980,fig. 3) implications these in thefinalsectionof thischapter. discussed No figurines haveyetbeenillustrated from theKea temple, and although MrsCaskey( 1981, 132) mentions these are not There a are few from elsewhere four, Cycladic Mycenaean. figurines on thesite(Caskey1962a,pl. 99). Evidently are muchrarer thanat Phylakopi there or the they mainlandsites. It seemsa remarkable circumstance thatnone has been reported from the variousrooms excavated at other than two of Proto-Phi form from the byTaylour Mycenae, Temple.Forthese are in general ofrelatively common at Mycenaein mostdeposits, occurrence albeitin figurines condition. As French . . . at fragmentary (1981a, 173) remarks, 'fragmentary figurines arefound tosherds in all contexts Mycenae(in LH III levels)in moreor lessstandard proportions (as are fresco obsidianbladesand spindle AtTiryns, where all theshrines discussed fragments, whorls)'. above are laterthantheMycenaefinds, are numerous. are reported from figurines Twenty-two Room 117, butnonefrom Rooms 110 and 110a whichsucceededit.Numerous came examples from withinand near Rooms 119 and 115 whichcannot,however(as discussedearlier) be as shrines to the criteria here. At Asine there were four Psi accepted according adopted figurines, somerather crudeand perhapslate. late occurrences within the Mycenaeanshrines, Againstthesesporadicand predominantly shouldbe setthewidespread occurrence ofthese smallhumaneffigies at nearly all Mycenaean and in manycemeteries. In theEast Shrine at Phylakopi and at the(post-collapse) settlements, north-east oftheWestShrine werethesolehumanrepresentations, sincethelarger platform they were from those It be that at this late figures lacking then, platforms. may suggested, periodthey could standproxy, as it were,forthelargerfigures whichearlierservedas cultimagesin the shrines. Fromtheir and widedistribution in theMycenaeanworlditis clearthat greatnumber
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in whichtheyfound confer any greatsanctity upon the context theydid not automatically was in theofficial thattheir use not and Indeed it seemslikely themselves. normally principal in a have role domestic and but elsewhere. Theymay played major popular publicsanctuaries, ceremonial. cult,and perhapsalso in funerary at Phylakopi, ofcomparable scaletothelarger Psifigurines, ofa further The presence figurine rather thanup-turned armsshouldbe noted (SF 2015: FIG.6.9). It is but withdown-turned closeparallel. without it is appropriate to consider thechariot ofPsi form, Alongwiththehumanfigurines groups, of'driven ox' form, sincebothincludea humancomponent. One impressive chariot and those in A at the restorable from was found north-west manyfragments, Assemblage platform group, of the West Shrine (fig. 6.25) along with much of another.The East Shrineyieldedone substantial ofthree others. Therewerealso driven oxen from bothareas. piece and fragments Their absence fromthe south-west and north-east of the West Shrine may be platforms significant. Theseforms are notrecorded from Crete.Threechariots have beenmentioned from theKea have not in the been from the excavations temple (Caskey 1981, 132). They reported cult and none has been mentioned from the two area, shrines, Mycenaean Tiryns although horse are indicated from Room in were not found House G at Asine. It is figurines 115. They reasonablethen,to see themas functioning in the domestic cults herein primarily suggested relation tothehumanfigurines themselves. Thisdid notprevent their suitable forming offerings in the Phylakopi sanctuary. The Phylakopi did notyieldfurther female But mention shouldbe sanctuary representations. madeoftheimportant in theRoom with fresco decoration theFrescoat Mycenae, as wellas two finds from Crete. interesting The paintings from theRoom with theFrescoat Mycenae(Taylour1969,95 and pl. 10) rank as theonlyexamples from theentire from whatcan be persuasively Aegeanofmuraldecoration as a shrine on thefind interpreted quiteindependent grounds. (Thosegrounds beingprincipally ofthefemale in theadjoining Room 32, and theproximity to theTemple.) The frescoes figure from the Southwest Buildingat Mycenae (Mylonas 1972, pl. XIII - XIV), while of great interest and possibly ofreligious do nothave thesamecompelling associations. The significance, bench below the larger frescoin the Room with the Fresco is decoratedwith hornsof consecration These may represent thebeams in the roofofa placed above a seriesofcircles. a shrine. The of the fresco isidentified as a standing building, presumably principal figure larger womanor goddess.To the rightis a further in a flounced dress,originally standing figure identified as maleon accountoftheredpaintofthetorso, bytheexcavator perhaps'in hieratic but now more seen as female dress', plausibly (E. French,pers.comm.). Betweenthemis a smaller to be considered male on accountofthecolour, witharmsraised figure, again probably towards themaingoddess On the wall a is seated female of figure. adjacent figure a lady,claimed as a royalpriestess, a sheaf of which she be to thegoddessfigure. cereal, holding may offering Thisis nottheplace for an extended of these Part interest arises analysis representations. oftheir their from resemblances withthemuchearlier on the in found the depictions, notably goldrings which as we have seen date from the I Late Bronze and Mycenaeanworld, mainly period may well be products of Minoan palatial workshops. The presence ofthehornsofconsecration in what is undoubtedly a Mycenaeancontext of the Late Helladic 11IB periodis particularly interesting.
(in) Other femalerepresentations
42O
in supporting Two important finds from Creteare also ofrelevance theviewthatthefigures theshrines from have beencorrectly identified as cultimages.The first ofthese comesfrom the Chamber at Knossos to be dated to the end of the Late (Evans 1928,129 fig.63), very Spring insideit theeffigy ofa female Minoan III period.It is a modelofa circular hut,showing figure it arms. The so the hut that the that isa cultfigure, or with dominates figure impression upraised a from is the is one. The second indeeda goddess Archanes, herself, very strong piece,reputedly shrine modelfrom the Giamalakiscollection(Marinatosand Hirmeri960, fig.139; famous is again strong. Of courseit shouldbe ofa divinefigure Alexiou 1958,277). The impression of the hut in thesetwo modelsdoes not at all tallywiththe added that the circularform do support the Butbothfinds known from Creteand themainland. shrine rectangular buildings in some cases the in IX were that these terracotta advanced here and figures Chapter arguments a in a devoted to the veneration of shrine central divinity. images
(b) Male Representations (i) The terracotta figures
forthe a remarkable document constitute fromPhylakopi The fivemale terracotta figures almost without are of the late bronze among Mycenaean parallel age. They Aegeanreligions in from theEast Shrineis also male is discussed thata further finds. fragment (The possibility from rather are not well . from Crete The understood, mainly coming VI) comparanda Chapter ofnote, has for Thisstriking dearth ofmale representations mixedcontexts. longbeena matter the tablets and Linear of the the and theparadoxwasheightened recognition by decipherment as reflected theGreek between Forthecontrast ofmaledeities ofthenames religion amongthem. in Homerand Hesiod and in theartofthegeometric periodon theone hand,withitsstrong one. has alwaysbeena striking and thelatebronze age on theother, emphasis uponmaledeities, been buthasnothitherto and Pylos Knossos inthetablets from isalsoreflected The maleelement from thesanctuaries. recognised be SF 1550,could reasonably ofthesefigures, In ChapterIX it was arguedthatthelargest the between The distinction votaries. as four the other with a cult as perhaps image, regarded two and theother whereall themaleswerefound, at thenorth-west cultassemblage platform, a is inference The clear-cut. seem however does the of very very sanctuary complex, platforms carried outat that intheceremonies was revered onethata maledeity (although platform strong her unlike female a different of the exclude evenhereonecannot who, deity possibility altogether . Such female not and male served been have would votaries) by by appropriately counterparts, has not been foundat any otherAegean bronzeage shrine. an assemblage ofCretein thepalace periods. feature are quitea common in bronze, Male figurines, notably thepeak Minoandatefrom Middle of are terracotta there male, undoubtedly figurines, Already ofEarlyMinoan are malefigurines at Petsofa (Myres1903,pl. X), and indeedthere sanctuary in bronzeis thestanding form male, date. But in theSecond Palace periodthemostcommon as a in whatis generally with one handat theforehead theMinoancodpiece, regarded wearing in scenes also is ofobeisanceor adoration(Biesantz1954, 169). The gesture depicted gesture in caves (e.g. Boardman do occuras offerings thatview.Thesefigurines to confirm which serve The form seems a religious contexts where 1961,no. 1) and in other appropriate. interpretation it and I in a Late Bronze context in theKea temple isfound undoubtedly (Caskey1956,pl. 56a) emaciatedform therestofthebronzeage in Crete,beingfoundin a rather survives through or protogeometric dated to theSubminoan whichis generally period(Naumann 1976,51 and of withtheterracotta associated the shrines in of found has notbeen form effigy any 52) . Butthis in in or the its of can nor the Minoan GoddesswithUpraised Arms, palaces findspots any as shrines. on othercriteria, sitesbe positively domestic identified,
42 1
Such observations 'le problmedu dieu mle' to led Picard (1948, 80) , in considering conclude: 'Si l'on tenait la documentation trs strictement parles qui nousa tjusqu'ici livre d'un dieu on devrait admettre fouilles, encore, pourl'existence que nousn'avonsaucunepreuve, mle adulteen Crete.'Certainly thesame comments could be made fortheearlyMycenaean at the at thetime whentheMinoanpalaceswerestill Indeedin themainland period flourishing. A rareexception, from malerepresentations an import are almost time, clearly entirely lacking. from Crete,is offered by the lead figurine Kampos tomb (Bossert1923,fig.250) resembling Minoan bronzefigures. contemporary For thesucceeding palace periodin the mainland,Late Helladic IIIB, when the Minoan in decline),thesituation is very palacesalreadywerein ruins(or in thecase ofKnossosperhaps little in theRoom oftheFrescoat different. thepossible male figures on thefresco Apartfrom are no clearmale representations withreligious It is ofcoursethe connotations. Mycenaethere case thattheterracotta from classedbyFrench( 1981, 173) inhergroupb,were figures Mycenae, in someinstances on thegrounds of regarded byTaylour(1969,92; 1970,271) as male,mainly theabsenceofbreasts and ofthebaldness ofthehead. ButDr French has arguedthatthese are without indication ofsex (sexless/unisex). of simply figures theylack any indication Certainly malegenitlia or ofdistinctive male dressor gear (for instance swords).They maywell,as she havebeenadornedwith and given attributes madeoforganic and it materials, suggests, drapery wouldthen havebeenquitepossible for them tohaverepresented malepersons ordivinities. But there is no direct evidence for and they can hardly be classedwithin therepertoire ofmale this, plasticfiguration. Similarobservations Late Helladic IIIC period.Dr Frenchin her apply to thesucceeding in ChapterVI has illustrated discussion a penisfrom a largeterracotta at Tiryns(fig. figure from theAcropolis at Athens(French1971,148), ofwhichDr 6.10), and citesa male figurine Nichollshas kindly shownme an illustration, but theseunusualoccurrences serveto simply underline thegeneralabsenceofmale figurines theverynumerous female amongst examples. The largehead from Asine (Frdinand Persson1938,229, fig.206), originally hailed as the 'LordofAsine', waslongago re-interpreted as female than (e.g. Picard1948,236). Indeed,other theTirynspenisthe onlyimportant male representations from thistimeare the finds of the bronzesmiting in ChapterVIII. These bronzesfrom are god discussed Mycenaeand Tiryns ofinterest, and a Late Helladic IIIC dateis certainly for them. Butthey lackany certainly likely context at thosesitesand theyare in any case imported religious pieces. At thispointwe mustreturn to Crete,wherein the post-palaceperiod,thereare several finds. Two ofthem totheLate Minoan IIIB period, and werefound important maybe assigned inassociation with theMinoanGoddesswith The first ofthese is thewellknown UpraisedArms. a dove from theShrineoftheDouble Axes at Knossos(Evans 1928,340, fig. votary carrying He is shown and issmall, buttheabsenceofcomparable finds in Crete clothed, thefigurine 192). orindeedmainland Greecedoesmakethefind a significant one.Verymuchmoreremarkable is thestanding 'warrior' from thevillaat Kannia (Mitropolis) nearGortyn (Levi 1959,fig. 6.6). The figure is 38.5 cmhigh, and thus some3 cm taller thanthelargest male.He stands Phylakopi on a plinth, and theleft armcomes forward inmuchthesamegesture as thePhylakopi males(the armand thehead are missing) . He wearsa tunicwhoseloweredge is shownin relief as right frilled belowthewaist.The genitlia are notshownand themaleidentification dependspartly on theabsenceofbreasts, on thegeneral on thedress: itdoes partly shapeofthebodyand partly however seementirely In several this most with SF plausible. respects figure compares closely 1 from which likewise stood on a and which also wears a 15 3 Phylakopi, probably plinth, tunic, are clearly modelled. Thereis also a male although painted.On thisMelian piece thegenitals ofLate Minoan IIIB date from theUnexploredMansion (Popham 1973,60). figurine
422
oftheMinoanGoddess several which include The dateoftheKannia finds, figures impressive The excavator(Levi 1959,250) considered ofdispute. has beena matter withUpraisedArms, at thesame timein Late Minoan I as the wereburiedin a single thatall thefinds destruction, Late Minoan do contain thefinds and AghiaTriadha.Butalthough certainly palacesofPhaistos a stirrup to later indrawing attention I material, be correct Alexiou(1958) must finds, including IIIB the Late Minoan finds to him to assigntheprincipal jar (Levi 1959,fig.37a), whichled Minoan be Late could well IIIC, and 31 and 32) (ibid. figs. period.Some ofthesmallfigurines follow we can So to that Nicholls(1970, 10) would assigna bovinefigure period. although IIIB male 'warrior' the Minoan inregarding as ofLate the'goddess' Alexiou date, might figures had two was found, period.Room V, wherethisfigure conceivably belongto the following rather beenusedthere, there found thattheobjects and itispossible benches mayhaveoriginally thefloor above. from thanderiving malefigures whatobjectsthePhylakopi further At this precisely considering pointitis worth of them did some that indications observed hands.Dr French heldin their originally originally thatthearm and stresses made ofterracotta, ofsomekind,likewise carry objectsor emblems withbothhandsheldforward, foreach (see ChapterVI). But thegesture is different position Levi made by servesto call intoquestionthe suggestion (1959, 246) thathis Kannia figure as inthesamemanner was armofthat Foriftheright helda shield. figure heldforward originally less seems a shield now would with the Phylakopipieces the left,as comparison suggest, weretobe heldin thehand. It would armis in anycase rather The left highifa shield plausible. a as a 'warrior' thattheidentification feature seemto be uponthebasisofthis rests, principally takenup by Vermeule(1974, 22). suggestion lead to the same that quite different It is possible,however, may ultimately arguments for closest the ForintheNearEastas inCrete(as willbe arguedbelow), conclusion. comparanda the In the in bronze. in but not clay are found terracotta thePhylakopi Levant,among figures shoulder at roughly bothhandsheldforward isseen,with a comparable bronze gesture figurines the where 'Anatolian the terms thisis whatNegbi (1976, 8) Pose', level,although unevenly: with held arms are In case both are in her'Syrian closest forward, the group'. each comparisons in cases (e.g. Negbi some and the of clear indication handsinturned, elbow, usuallywithout a with often shoulder at are setfairly 8. and 9) they level, spearheldvertically high, 1976,8 figs. the thatwhereas be It in other. or club the in one hand,and a daggeror sword may significant are in otherstandardposes (i.e. 'Egyptian','Smiting','Benedictory', 'Enthroned') figures also a sometimes showthegenitals, shownclothed, indicating manyoftheseclearly normally SF on in seen the one paint Phylakopi daggerat thebelt(e.g. Negbi 1976,11,fig.13) recalling like that or helmets conical short wear rather headdress, Phylakopi again 2340. Some ofthem example. withit malescarries forthePhylakopi Near Easternprototype ofa possible The indication Near the of at imitations five terracotta we find should For why somedifficulties. Phylakopi when in the bronze no with 'Anatolian in male Eastern Aegean, prototypes corresponding pose' in and yetseveralNear Easternimports ofthesmiting versions we have no terracotta figure close not are resemblances The from two probably sufficiently to bronze, Phylakopi? including of the 'Anatolianpose' imitation a are direct the that lead us to conclude figures Phylakopi Butthe ofa misnomer.) is itself 'Anatolian' term Levant. the of bronze something (The figurines wellthe like in their were that hands, is carrying weapons they plausible suggestion highly Braidwood and Tell from much known (Braidwood Judeideh earlier) group very (butprobably a ofthem and maces,thefirst with werefound 1960,pl. 56 - 9) , which againnakedbutfor spears not it is this of the basis On a conical and therefore, likely although analysis, belt, cap. wearing
423
thatthePhylakopi malefigures a shield, did possibly (ortheexamplefrom Kannia) carried they hold weaponsin theirhands,and the designation 'warrior'is at least a plausibleone. The alternative madein ChapterVI, thatthey heldsomeobjectlaid acrossbotharms, is suggestion, equallypossible. we haveso farbeenable tofind relevant in Crete for them Although onlya single comparison to the end of IIIB the Late Minoan the material is much less richer, up period, although well in the The most other than thosefrom understood, finds, caves, succeeding significant phase. comefrom thesites ofAghiaTriadhaand Phaistos, where isan important there series offigurines not onlyin terracotta but in bronze.The siteat Aghia Triadha was excavatedearlyin the of Cretan studies ofitsshrines is not (Paribeni1903),and thecomplicated development history clear. An with snake was in the Late tubes, entirely early(LM I) shrine, possibly superseded MinoanIIIB period a shrine to the 'Minoan Goddess with and by UpraisedArms', subsequently abandoned (Alexiou 1958,217; Banti 1943,52). DuringtheLate Minoan IIIC perioda new area came into ritualuse, the Piazzale dei Sacelli, apparently in the open air, from which votive have come. of the finds were Banti important Many deposits lucidly published by (1943), but unfortunately notthebronzes, whichhave neverbeen comprehensively documented (but seeBorda 1946; Zervos1956; Naumann1976).Thisistheonlycontext in Crete, widely regarded as a sanctuary, from whicha number ofmale representations, bothin terracotta and in bronze have come. The terracotta from thesiteincludeseveral which have reasonably beenregarded as figurines males (e.g. Banti 1943,fig.49, inv nos. 3056 and 3063). Inv. no. 3063 has an appliqu dot thepenis, and itis possible thatthearmswerein theforward reminiscent of indicating position, thePhylakopi also Borda figures (see 1946,pl. XLII, 6 and 12,and pl. XLIV, 5). Thereis also a ina cloak(Banti1943,fig. takentorepresent a male,and twofigurine figurine 50) generally legs The first to a skirt or loin (Banti 1943,fig.53). cloth,and thesecondis broken goesup square above theknee:itsfoot has a paintedsandal,and thestyle ofthepaintwork is reminiscent ofSF frm One feature in of interest the from thePiazzaledei Sacelliisthe r553 Phylakopl. assemblage occurrenceof animal figurines there (and of larger animal figures)along with male in but the absence ofanyclearcultfigure there is a largeterracotta representations, (although head (Banti1943,fig. There are no signs ofPsifigurines, and thearmsillustrated from two 47)). humanfigures a different thus has (Banti1943,fig. 30) are from partofthesite.The assemblage ofresemblance more with thefinds from thenorth-west altarofthePhylakopi WestShrine points thanwiththesouth-west altaror thefinds ofRoom A. The distinction hereis notclear-cut, but there isperhaps thehint that different cultassemblages do havea different which character, may reflect thenature ofthecultpractices and perhapsofthedivinity honoured. Thus,in thesame the distinctions between the from thePiazzale dei Sacelli and thatfrom the way, assemblage Amyklaion (Demakopoulou1982),whichmustbe ofabout thesamedate,maynotbe so much conditioned focusto the by the different regionalcontextas by a different supernatural observances. At this to bring intodiscussion someofthefigurines ofbronzefrom Crete pointitis necessary whichare generally classedas 'Subminoan'or protogeometric (Naumann 1976). None ofthem is from a good stratigraphie and manyare from caves. Naumann however context, publishes from Triadha. The a series eight Aghia figures wearing Minoan-style codpiecein this (SapounaSakellaraki1971) and thosesaluting in theMinoan manner, are all classified by Naumannas are insteadtermed 'Subminoan',whilethosewhichare naked and whichare not so saluting Boardman(1961, 7) in theabsenceofreliablestratigraphie information was protogeometric. likewise to the bronze from the Dictaean Cave on and obliged classify figurines stylistic grounds,
424
again those salutingare generallyclassed as Minoan, while Boardman relegatesto the further Intermediate Periodthose bronze with'theknees and often bent,thelegsshorter figures the necks and It is that longer, complete nudity'. quiteseparate, immediately very striking the terracotta their late bronze show several of these figurines, Phylakopi despite age date, Indeed their closest are found the characteristics. bronze of parallels among figurines Creteof the this class(e.g.Naumann1976,P7, P20 and P2, and S28; Boardman1961,no. 21). Moreover, in Cretanbronzesin turnlikewise findtheirclosestwell-stratified of point comparison the It that had these been terracotta seems available whentheCretan likely figurines. Phylakopi an earlier date might have been found someofthe bronzes werebeingstudied, acceptablefor whichmayjust as readilyhave been made in the Late latter. The Phylakopi male figurines, latebronze for HelladicIIIB periodas in (early)IIIC, thus age antecedents respectable provide in This caves. is and the Cretan this series offigurations from Triadha doublyinteresting Aghia in and rightly taken as indicatinga continuity are generally, that the Cretan figurines traditions fromthe late bronze age to the geometric period,a continuity bronzeworking the that in Greece. It has been mainland Olympia bronze suggested lacking apparently later at of so which stand the head for maybe linked many developments, figurines, instance, in the Cretan bronzesof the reflected traditions and iconographie withthe metalworking Intermediate (at leastin the period(Boardman1961,1 and 118). The stance,thenearnudity There at is of of these and the may thusbe a anticipated Phylakopl. style many modelling) ofthemale nude late bronze these first ofcontinuity thread age plasticrepresentations linking at once be claim for The Greece. with those of nudityshould,however, geometric figure the anatomical details show terracottas. for the modified, (particularly Although they Phylakopi in undoubted do fact bear be obscured which would they painted byclothing, normally genitals) that ofpaintto suggest have traces In three themselves casesthegenitals ofclothes. indications artistic a of curious There is covered were conventions, here,then, mixing by clothing. they a rather odd effect. giving context ofthelate in a well-defined at Phylakopi, ofmale figures The discovery sanctuary of the for our a number of thus has bronzeage Aegean understanding significant implications the which has alwayspuzzledscholars, theproblem In particular ithighlights namely religions. mainland and the of Crete the between differences (including religions prehistoric striking very seemtomeetthe we first ironage,where oftheGreek on female their beings)and those emphasis shouldhave beenused Greece.That these ofAncient male-dominated figures pantheon largely earlierthan the middleof the Late Helladic IIIC period,and in Melos at a date certainly a measure thematerial time from for thefirst as Late HelladicIIIB gives as early record, perhaps in male divinities as of names identified of the of occurrence to therelative ofsupport frequency theLinear tablets. the Phylakopi from forthe two bronzefigurines The Aegean and Near Easterncomparisons within is their function it VIII. Here in some at considered have been length Chapter sanctuary were us. As notedin ChapterIX, they interest oftheAegeancultswhichprimarily thecontext somewayto theeastoftheEast Shrine, One (SF 518) was found shrine. insideeither notfound The thetwoshrines. between ofthecourtyard tothesouth and theother(SF 1802)immediately the to have come both is in verylate levels, latter sanctuary mayoriginally figurines although muchearlier. undoubted theAegeancomefrom from As notedin ChapterVIII, onlytwoother examples has and of these neither While secure contexts. Tiryns) Mycenae (at chronologically, prehistoric
in smiting male pose; thegold head figurines (ii) The bronze
ANDAEGEAN CULT PRACTICE THE SANCTUARY
425
wherebothprehistoric and geometric contexts Four comefrom cultassociations. anydefinite One is from theArtemision on are ofreligious finds occur,and twoofthese significance. deposit and Trheux 1948,pl. 39) wheretheotherfinds earlier(Gallet de Santerre Delos, discussed thePatsos a shrine and laterburied.The secondis from within couldwellbe offerings originally seem cave (Boardman1961,pl. 25). The objectswithin manyof theseCretancave deposits ofvotivecharacter. mainly votive and the thatthey wereoften Thesefinds, conclusive, offerings, although hardly suggest also.Theyareinteresting be thecase for thePhylakopi samecouldconceivably mainly, figurines a partoftheAegean Near Eastern on accountoftheir Theyare onlyindirectly origin. perhaps, untiltheveryend of thebronzeage, whenpiecessuch as thosefrom iconographie repertoire in thediscussion ofthe in ChapterVIII, weremade in theAegean.As indicated Delphi,listed bronze malefigures arenowgrounds for that someoftherelated terracotta above,there thinking theendofthebronzeage. Thereis no reasonwhythefirst figurines mayhave beenmade before in smiting locallyproducedfigurines pose shouldnot have been made at thesame time. The head insheet is undetermined. gold (SF 192) shouldalso be notedhere.Itssex,however, Itspossible usewasdiscussed in Chapter VIII: itmayhaveembellished a smallcultfigure whose form wouldbe ofthegreatest interest to us. But unfortunately at present there are fewrelevant otherthanthesheetgoldcoverings seenon someoftheNear Easternfigurines of comparisons, bronze.
(c) AnimalRepresentations (i) The bovine figures
from the feature ofthefinds and figurines, by farthemoststriking Beyondthehumanfigures that bovids. It be of number of terracotta was the may sanctuary large representations Phylakopi thatthesex beenusedheretostress bovidhas consistently bullsare often buttheterm depicted, of thebull or cow is not indicated.As indicatedin ChapterVI, thereare two quite distinct solidfigurines are as bovidfigures and thesmall, The larger ceramic(i.e. hollow-bodied) groups. humanfigurines discussed. as thelarge,humanfigures and thesmaller wellcontrasted already found: tenin isan altogether remarkable sitefor thenumber oflargebovinefigures Phylakopi in a in ChapterIX, theyare foundwithhumanfigures all. In theWestShrine, as described it the human manner consistent withtheir as as were, figures serving supporters, accompanying werenotrhyta, thatis tosayfurnished with to and figurines found there. Mostofthem apertures In theEast Shrine in ofliquids, so thatthey cannotbe regarded as cultvessels. allowthepouring humans.But thegeneralassociation within thesanctuary is are bovidswithout phase 2b there clear enough. in this A distinction shouldcertainly be drawnbetween theanimals onemayterm class,which in a and the Minoan terracotta vessels the form of the kind ofanimal bull, 'stylised', complete whichKoehl (1981) terms 'animalaskoid'.On themap (fig. 10.2) theseare designated rhyton 'naturalistic'. The latter to theLate BronzeI period,although there are earlier belongmainly The stylised wheelmadeMycenaeanform has been usefully discussed precursors. by Nicholls thantheLate BronzeIII period.There (1970). Onlyone or twoexamples maybe datedearlier can be littledoubt, as Nichollsand French (Chapter VI) agree, that the 'stylised' form from the'naturalistic' one.The transition developed maywellhave taken place in theCyclades, wherethe earliernaturalistic form is found(e.g. FIG.9.1 from Phylakopi).The two cloverdecorated from thesanctuary from thesite. figures maybe amongtheearliest 'stylised' examples Indeed whilenineofthePhylakopi from thephase 2b sanctuary exampleswerefrom deposits datableto theLate Helladic IIIC period, do notshowdecorative features collapse, they typical ofthattime,and may all have been manufactured duringthe Late Helladic IIIB period.
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It is onlywhenwe comparePhylakopi withother nature of Aegeansitesthattheexceptional their occurrence becomes clear.In Crete, bovinefigures in theshrines are notingeneral found of theLate Minoan III period.The horse from etal. 1938,92 and pl. 32, 1) is Karphi (Pendlebury theshrine notfrom and thebull head from Prinias(HeraklionMuseum 1715; Nicholls there, as associatedwiththehumanfigures foundthere(Wide 1901). 1972, 12) is notdocumented withupraisedarmsof Cretantype Only in the 'UnexploredMansion' at Knossosis a figure with a bovinefigure, found and theinstallation hereisnotinthesamecategory as therecognised shrines of the time. in Creteseemin generallate. At Aghia Triadha and Phaistostheyare in The occurrences whatseemto be Late Minoan IIIC assemblages, at Aghia accompaniedby animal figurines Triadha (Band 1943,53) and by a Psi figurine at Phaistos(Pernier1902, 123). Animalfigures seemveryrareat the Kea temple.Mrs Caskey (1981, 132) has reported a wheelmade bovidand further unspecified pieces.Thereis also a pottery dolphin(Caskey1962a, has beencompared(ChapterVI) to thatofa hornfrom pl. 101,e) whosefabric (SF Phylakopi It is ofgreatinterest thattheMycenaetemple and itsassociatedrooms lack animal entirely ofthis kind.And onlya single animalhas so farbeenreported from theTiryns in shrines figures theUnterburg. It comes from Room 117 (Kilian 1978,465,fig. VI, 22), and as notedin Chapter resembles SF 1032,whichlikewise has a largehole at therearand very similar Phylakopi legs. This dearthof finds at the main Mycenaeanshrines contrasts withtheiroccurrence at a number ofsites which do nothavebuildings liketheshrines and which lackthe often themselves, human terracotta Here the distinction made by Hgg (1968, 52) betweenbuilt figures. in theopenair,without sanctuaries and those Thisdistinction, based buildings, maybe relevant. on Hgg's survey ofthesurviving is matched remains, archaeological by thatmade bystudents ofscenes on thegoldrings and other depicted representations (e.g. Mylonas1977,55) between and hypaethral sanctuaries. It shouldofcoursebe bornein mindthatmostof these temples relateto a somewhat earlierperiod,but the distinction depictions may well have persisted. Bovinefigures a feature at many oftheproposed them are,infact, sanctuaries, open-air amongst theAmyklaion (Tsountas 1892; Buschorand von Marrow 1926; Demakopoulou1982). Some cautionis neededat thispoint, sincethesesitesare claimedas ofreligious significance becausebovinefigures and other forms arefound at them. Theiroperation as precisely symbolic thelocusofreligious ritual wouldbe difficult todocument, wereitnotthatsomeofthesymbolic finds werealready identified as ofreligious from theshrines discussed. Thisis significance already nottheplacefor thecareful and detailed which wouldbe neededtoestablish thevalidity analysis oftheclass ofhypaethral sanctuaries. It certainly And ifit is appears a plausiblesuggestion. for themainland, therelevant at AghiaTriadhaand Phaistos add two accepted findspots might Cretancases. We shouldremember, thatat Ialysosin Rhodesa fineterracotta ofa horse, however, figure tothis ina tomb(Jacopi1931,pl. XXII). It wouldbe dangerous class,occurs belonging general thento claimas an authenticated siteevery locationwhereterracotta animalfigures religious and figurines have been found. The observation remains thatthesefigures are valid,however, not a usual feature of the Mycenaean shrines and do not occur at the Cretan ones. Their abundanceat Phylakopi is thusall themorenotable. Withthesmallanimalfigurines ofterracotta at Phylakopi, we are dealingwitha form which, likeitshumancounterparts ofPhi and Psi form, has been a frequent and familiar feature since
(ii) The animal figurines
I7I3l
428
the first Yet it is only with the excavationsof the excavationsat Mycenaean settlements. All context. in a clearreligious and that see these smaller shrines we figurines Phylakopi Tiryns while or tenofthelargebovidsfrom from the came collapsephase (phase2b) earlier, Phylakopi from thisphase,as againstfive animalfigurines came from phase3b onlythree fairly complete and nine from as numerous as well fragmentary examples.(The precisenumbers phase 3c is clear.) Typologically, but the pattern depend on the criteria adopted for'completeness', as were of some of the animal however, figurines quite earlyforms, notedabove, and were at thesouth-west werefound in animal No first used earlier contexts. platform figurines probably wereat thenorth-west thefewoccurrences oftheWestShrine.In theWestShrine, platform, None was foundin Room A or theniche.In contrast, theywere alongwiththemale figures. detailin in examined were occurrences These in East Shrine. the greater frequent particularly IX. Chapter Theiroccurrence Animalfigurines ofthis kinddo notform partoftheMinoanculttradition. do best of To the late. in Creteis thusrare(FIG.10.4) and thefinds they myknowledge notably absencein Thisvirtual arefound. humanfigures thelarger where notoccurat anyoftheshrines in thelaterLate in themainland is wellestablished sincetheform Creteis all themoremarked Helladic period(French1971, 151). the templeat Kea, (although from of thisclass have been illustrated No animal figurines has beencitedfrom none and Mrs mentioned are Taylour's Caskey(1981, 132)), by fragments mustbe thefinalreport roomsat Mycenae,although and adjoining in thetemple excavations a consistent Animalfigurines statement. awaited in each case fora definitive are, however, of the site at the end of Late of the Tirynsshrines. feature Already,beforethe destruction whichKilian (1981a wall for thecity within seemstohave beena chamber Helladic 11IB there two included from of debris the basis on cult a has claimed it,which function, swept mainly 171) two and six animal Phi form of two Tau and of and two Psi figurines figurines respectively, soon Room 119,constructed likethe'provisional' ofthis as a shrine Butthestatus chariots. room, in are finds the when be evaluated must thedestruction after published full. (Kilian 1981a,162) finds. other with animal six 1 contained Room 19 along altogether figurines Room 117 followed at Tiryns, itself It iswiththeshrine by 110 then110a thatwe areon surer in Room 110 was a fragment Room within found was animal No 117; there figurine ground. of a me to 1 10a. This in Room none and pattern dissociation: possible suggests 465) (Kilian 1978, tendto be Psi of indeed and animal of finds that to it is perhaps figurines figurines possible say in contexts are than female human the in contexts morenumerous they figures lacking large almost is the dissociation where for true This is them. complete. Phylakopi, certainly containing and at Mycenae. twosites at these is at present Butthis bythefinds prompted onlya suggestion foundat are frequently The essential pointshouldherebe made thatsuchanimalfigurines Psi Phi and human than common less are sites figurines (althoughthey manyMycenaean are shrines. thatall thecontexts no suggestion is again absolutely (French1971, 151))'there has and there at most in found tombs, Prosymna, notably They are, indeed,quite commonly at Tirynsand at the shrines Their occurrence about theirfunction. been muchspeculation be part thatthey documents circumstances, could,inappropriate certainly Phylakopi especially discussed to thatofthehumanfigurines The case is verysimilar at a shrine. oftheassemblage of as a study orhousecult. ofdomestic havebeenusedinthecontext Just which earlier, mayoften cult official between distinction some to lead one (for places thelargeanimalfigures day may of ofthecontexts so a morecomplete versus shrines analysis instance sanctuaries), hypaethral and between the difference illuminate private public these small animal figurines may observances.

animalrepresentations (Hi) Other
429
from are very animalrepresentations few.The absenceofanysymbolism The other Phylakopi in contexts in Creterelating found to snakesis notable.Snakesare fairly to relating frequently seen in representations on rings or gems.They are cult (Nilsson1950,320), althoughrarely in theGourniashrine welldocumented there is no (Hawes 1908,pl. XI). Although particularly from theKea temple or theTiryns and Mylonas(1966, 152) ishighly indication ofthem shrines, aboutthesuggestion ofa Mycenaeansnakegoddess suchas has beenclaimedin Crete, sceptical theRoom withtheIdols at Mycenae(Taylour1969,pl. IX) has yielded remarkable terracotta models ofcoiledsnakes. ofseventeen snakes have beenrecovered. It shouldbe noted Fragments thatthiscoiled form has not been foundin Crete,and once again we have an indication of variation. regional pronounced As indicatedin ChapterVIII, thereare fewAegean comparisons forour bronzebird (SF thatthissmallpiece ofbronzework servedto decoratea larger 1578). The mounting suggests did ofcourse rolein theMinoanreligions, from thepalace period object.Birds playa significant to Late Minoan III, when theyare seen (along withpoppies and hornsof rightthrough on theheads ofsomeoftheeffigies oftheMinoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms consecration) are in general unusualfinds in the (Nilsson1950330- 41). Bronzeanimalrepresentations very that oneofthefew a bronze lion,comes Aegeanlatebronze age,and itisinteresting comparisons, from late levelsat theAghia Irinitemple(Caskey 1962a, pl. ioi,f). in thesanctuary The sealstones are tobe regarded as valuableofferings: thesubjects depicted this havebeenconsidered relevant. As Dr Younger uponthem maynot,for purpose particularly showsin ChapterVII, theyfallnaturally within thecanon oflate bronzeage glyptic.
Forms (d) Other Symbolic Horns double axe (i) of consecration,
feature oftheMinoan religious is theshape termed Perhapsthemostprominent repertoire by Evansthe'horns ofconsecration'. It is found in numerous Cretancontexts ofthepalace period, and is a prominent in theshrines feature ofLate Minoan 11IB and C. Therewere, for instance, horns ofconsecration on thecultbenchin theShrine oftheDouble Axesat Knossos. Whether the was alwaysa religious one is a matter for discussion significance (seeNilsson1950,184): as in the case ofthedouble axe, one maywonderwhether it maynothave been civicor royalin some cases.Butthefrequent occurrence inreligious contexts isundoubted, and thehorns arefound on, or portrayed altars. on, It is noteworthy, no signof the hornsof consecration in the then,thatthereis absolutely in whether or Phylakopi sanctuary, clay plaster,or in associationwithany of the figures. Moreoverthisimpression, once noted,is reinforced by othersitesoutsideof Crete. Despite variousMinoan features of the Kea temple, thissymbol is notfoundthere. In Mycenaeancontexts we first see this motif on thesmalltemple modelin goldleaffrom the Shaft Gravesat Mycenae(Nilsson1950, 173),buthere, as in therather on frequent appearances thegold rings, we are dealingwithportableobjects,manyofwhichmay have been made in Crete. actualhorns ofconsecration havebeenfound, there areoccurrences at Veryfew although The most context is the in fresco the PylosandGla (Mylonas1966,162). significant undoubtedly RoomwiththeFresco(Taylour1969,pl. Xa), whichhas alreadybeendiscussed. The motif has notbeen reported from theTirynsshrines, in nor G House at Asine. however, The otherprincipalCretan emblem is the double axe, which occurs in many Cretan A magnificent representations. reduplicated example in bronzewas foundin the palace at isfound ingoldat theArkalachori cave. It doesnotoccurso often inshrines Zakro,and theform
43
on thecult was found buta miniature oftheLate Minoan IIIB - C periods, examplein steatite is not thatthis form oftheDouble Axesat Knossos.Againitis noteworthy benchin theShrine the Nor is it from or indeed elsewhere on the site. seenat all in thePhylakopi reported sanctuary, of enumeratedthe mainland occurrences Kea temple.Mylonas (1977, 121) has usefully III. concludes: 'the all to Late Helladic He of them which are few, relatively prior depictions, at leastfrom theendof ofMycenaeanreligion, or emblem Double Axewas notusedas a symbol is out the This remark borne of the B.C. to the end the15th by absence Mycenaeanage'. century House G at shrines and from theTiryns thecultarea at Mycenae,from ofthedoubleaxe from the flat ceremonial form of doubleaxe and of the decorative Asine.The onlymainland examples from in Geometric from made bronze,apart Amyklai period examples possibly actually sanctuaryof Apollo Maleatas near (Demakopoulou 1982, 77), are fromthe remarkable sitewithmanyMinoanfeatures. 1981),an altogether exceptional Epidauros(Lambrinoudakis The whichone wouldexpectin a Minoanpeaksanctuary. are very muchthose The finds there between Minoan and Mycenaean religious find patternthus emphasisesthe distinction here Phylakopigoes with the mainland,while the Epidauros findshave a conventions: Cretancharacter. and exceptional distinctive are at Phylakopi ofMinoan religious features the other lacking entirely symbolism Amongst shield. the 'sacral knot',and thefigure-of-eight The stonefoundoutsidethedoorwayof the West Shrine(plate 7) is neither verylargenor The circular a to care with it nor was possibility plan. give perfectly anygreat shaped impressive, the Late be one of thestonesfallenfrom thatit might be considered shouldcertainly simply A in this area. there were of which IIIB defensive Helladic argument wall, supporting many level ofsoilabovetheuppermost butsaton a thin wouldbe thatitwas notsetintothefloor, layer have been to seem did indeed this stone other on the ofpaving. deliberately shapedto hand, But, be It surface. a flattened on it sat and a may thathad stably regular impression, give somewhat on the in his stones notion of raised the not Arthur Evans Sir Aegeanreligions essay early baetylic in tomind.I nowfeelthattaken so readily wouldnothavesprung ), thesuggestion (Evans 1901 rethe in view of in order is caution conclusive. was not the find isolation Certainly altogether are hand there ofa supposed assessment baetylat Mallia (Nilsson1950,106). Buton theother make the to the from documents sufficient plausible. suggestion Aegean prehistoric supporting and more muchtaller areofcolumnar citedintheliterature someofthestones form, Although which the Nilsson case the than slender giveits stalagmites 1950,259,fig.127), (e.g. Phylakopi as name to the 'FetishShrine'of the LittlePalace at Knossosare veryplausibly interpreted the of instance notable most the are These and a cult 519). (Evans 1928,346 significance having Most of theotherevidencecomesfrom actual findofsuch stonesin cultcontext. depictions, theLate Minoan tomb4 at Sellopouloin Crete The ringfrom on gold rings. primarily a rock. before a manon hisknees showing convincing, (Pophametal 1974,fig.14,D) is themost ofthe the in who are considered Otherinstances religion discussing byMylonas(1966, 140 8), male ancestral and '. . .their 161 : comment the makes important (ibid., ) interesting Mycenaeans columns and in the without remained deities they free-standing baetyls Perhaps representation. drawn be should distinction a firm aniconic their found have Certainly representations'. may - and thelower, - likethatin thetympanum oftheLion Gate at Mycenae thecolumns between like thaton the Sellopouloringand perhapsthe Phylakopi moreroundedbaetyls, example. of cult the of antecedents Minoan the in Delphian Apollo, Evans,(1928,838) discussing possible as illustrated oftheomphalos theresemblance mentions form, by themarbleexampleat Delphi
stone (it) Thepossible baetyl
43 1
intheCave ofPsychro Cave. suchas those and theEileithyia (ibid. 556), tostalagmitic fig. pillars as isundoubted, buttheidentification ofourstone The resemblance heretotheDelphiexamples a baetylor omphalosis not a certainone. and thebronzes theterracotta and figurines therepertoire discussed, figures already Apartfrom at Phylakopi is not impressively ofcultequipment large. In thefirst thatthere was herenoneofthefine stonevessels place it shouldagain be stressed tofind within thecultassemblage from a Minoanpalace. But,as noted suchas onewouldexpect in a context outsidethe Minoan palatial milieu. above, thisis hardlysurprising A secondnotableabsenceis anyportable'tableofofferings'. suchas Many Minoan shrines, in a central theShrine oftheDouble Axesat Knossos, had sucha low table,often oftripod form, A comparable where itwas clearly cultpurposes. usedfor issometimes seenon position, practice themainland, whereat Mycenaea clayaltarwas found besidetheidol seton thecultbenchin theTemple(French1981b, hand thepedestal vaseis a specialform which was 45). On theother at Phylakopi L (East Shrine, as theonlypottery vesselin Assemblage particularly prominent A (Room A, phase2b) and at thenorth-east also inAssemblage altar(Phase phase3c): itoccurs in shape thisis close to Furumark's stands 3b or 3c) in theWestShrine(plate 20). Although ofa tableofofferings, and some (Furumark 1941,71) itcouldhaveserved manyofthefunctions The shapeis alreadyknown from analogoususemaybe suspected. 1904, Phylakopi (Phylakopi a ceremonial usewas alreadysuggested. It has antecedents at Phylakopi in 158,fig.157),where theLate BronzeI period(Phylakopi comes 1904,138fig.no), wheretheinspiration evidently from Late Minoan la pottery. The most obviousceramic form associated withcultassemblages in Creteis thepottery tube, sometimes termed a 'snake tube'. These are well represented, forinstance, at the shrineat Gournia(Hawes 1908,pl. XI) where inassociation werefound with a tableofofferings and they one oftheusualfigures withupraised arms.Othersare known from Koumasa and Prinias, and from thevilla at Pyrgos-Myrtos thePhylakopi is (Cadogan 1973). Its absencefrom sanctuary therefore noteworthy. Thereis onlyone further ceramicform at Phylakopi, whichis associatedespecially withthe thecomposite or double container werefound, sanctuary: (plate 20) ofwhichthree examples twoon thecultbenchin thesouth-west corner oftheWestShrine, and one in Assemblage K, on theplatform in thenorth-east corner which it.As MissMountjoy outin Chapter replaced points are forms are known to V, these 325 and 330 ofFurumark (1941,69). Once again suchvessels occurincultcontexts. Thereisa very similar vessel from thecultassemblage inHouse G at triple Asine(Frdin and Persson 1938,298). The pottery inAssemblage tray(plate 20) found J should also be noted. The other items ofcultequipment in Chapter havebeendiscussed VIII. Notableamongthem are the two stonepedestalvases,the tortoise shelllyresand the conch shells.Otherwise the from thesanctuary included butlittle elsethat wasevidently intended for objects many offerings, use in thecult. 4. Transformations In this so farithas beenpossible to use theevidence from and from theother chapter Phylakopi shrines toclarify a number ofdifferent ofthecultpractices ofthebronze aspects age,and tomake a number ofnecessary distinctions. It isappropriate nowtoconclude social,spatialand temporal on a morespeculative and to consider the successive thetransformations in cult note, changes, and in belief whichthesedifferent structure, practice through aspectswereproduced.
(Hi) Cultequipment
432 of Meaning (a) The Problem
one: on cultpractice rather so farhas beena deliberately and material The emphasis pragmatic this thanon whatthey believed. The reasons for on whatpeopledidrather thanon meaning, are, followed here from the 'empathy' and distinguish the procedure of course,methodological, in anthropology and in ChapterI, and from much'structuralist' writing approachdiscussed clearaccount ofhowitis where isoften claimedwithout nowinarchaeology, anyvery 'meaning' derivedor validated. as cultscenes, I do notdoubtthata careful ofwhatmaybe recognised ofdepictions analysis can lead to somevalidconclusions. whenthese are sufficiently however, abundant, Obviously, of this outlinedat the beginning distinctions the analysiswill need to make the contextual thanimpose rather within thematerial, ifitis tobe sensitive latent to thepatterns upon chapter in The depictions whichhave grownup sincethelast century. it someofthe modernmyths that in Crete, such and itis there from theSecondPalace period areavailableprimarily question are all finds I think, make themostheadway.The Phylakopi an approachmight, sanctuary here. muchlaterthanthis,and I wantinsteadto ask twoquestions themof within is thepresence theAegeanshrines feature The maincommon together linking so found classes areseenon FIG... The earliest, The three ofa female principal figure. images woman ofthestanding faronlyat Aghia Irinion Kea, is theverylarge,solidterracotta figure intotwo divided handson hips.The secondis theMycenaeanfigure, and with with barebreasts and Tiryns.The thirdis the classesat Mycenae,the secondof themseen also at Phylakopi thepost-palatial from Minoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms, periodin Crete. one. In thefirst a two-fold isinfact ormany?' 'One goddess The question site, place,at a single deitieswho together ofdistinct or a series a singledeity, foundthererepresent do theeffigies can we regard intoaccount, thevaroussites a pantheon? Andsecondly, constitute taking might siteshave Or do different at them? thisas thesame deity(or thesame pantheon)represented own? deitiesof their distinctive At thisstagewe are of courseacceptingtheviewsadvanced earlierthatthe largehuman are notinfact inquestion thattheimages The possibility as cultimages. did indeedserve figures This is indeed here. been has not rather but the of votaries, fully explored deity, representations and shecitesthevery advancedby Mrs Caskey(i 981) fortheKea temple, theargument large In thecase ofAghiaIrinishemaywellbe offifty-five. oftheorder found offigures number there, was at Mycenae.There a singlefigure different is conspicuously But theinterpretation right. about 20 inRoom 32. The remaining found setup on a benchin theTemple,and another pieces, has which in all, were foundin the Room withthe idols (and an adjoiningalcove), very was it is:why ofsomekind.Now thepertinent as a store beenregarded question understandably to have so many? necessary - perhaps wereadornedin variousways has beenmade thatthey The interesting suggestion or other flower no longerpreserved perhaps in cloth,and givenattributes organic garlands deitiesto be materials.In such a case it would be possiblefora whole seriesof different occasions. on successive represented inbothitsMycenae armposition, toseetheupraised itwouldbe possible argument, Usingthis notas theunique these of features recurrent other and thevarious and Minoanvariants, images, have toohastily writers some which Mother Great the ofa specific attribute (for example deity, A and holiness of attribute more sanctity. readyparallelwhich general assumed),but as the In iconand in fresco church. in the saint of the is the comesto mind Byzantine image patriarch
or many? (i) One Goddess
433
of a father wecan often at a malesaint, that we arelooking, for instance, unhesitatingly recognise he attributes thechurch. with much whatever of and after a careful Only greater difficulty study a reading or after oftheaccompanying are we able to determine maybe carrying, inscription, which features. saint: sometimes indeed individual saints have no precisely distinguishing This problem is posedby thevery at number of human large figures Mycenae.It is seteven moreconcretely such finds as those of Gazi a number ofimagesis found. where much smaller by Arewe toseein thefive from that with five their different deities, site, attributes, different figures or simply fivealternative of the same and interchangeable shown with different images deity, attributes? At Phylakopi, we have alreadya minimum oftwodeities, thefemaleand the male, (ifthe are as cult rather than as . But it wouldbe perfectly figures regarded images votaries) possible, van Leuven (1978) has suggested, to thinkin termsof a group of severaldistinct divine personages. This problem is made moreacute by theinterpretations offered for someoftheMycenaean tablets Iftheidentification discussed earlier. ofcertain texts as lists ofofferings made to a whole series ofdivine is I correct believe that in thatregard), caution is still recipients (and appropriate thenthere was at thattimea verywide rangeofdivinities. This might lead one to accept the notion ofseveral rather thanone. It is relevant hereto quote thewordsofSir Arthur goddesses Evans (Hutchinson see also Furumark 1962,207; 1965,89): 'I havealwaysin mindthepossibility thatthegoddess whoappearsin so manyrelations in Minoanscenes and impersonations cover what was as deities may really regarded separate with separate names equivalentto Artemis, Rhea, Athena,Aphroditeetc. But as a it is convenient, in default ofmoredefinite to treatthe provisional procedure knowledge, as the same Nature Goddess under various celestial with goddess essentially great aspects thedove, chthonic withthesnakeetc. etc' The epithet Potniaoccurs in thetablets, toa series ofdifferent quitefrequently clearly relating deities. It wouldbe perfectly to see the of the with bothin possible image goddess arms, upraised herMycenaeanand Minoan variants, as thevisualrepresentation, theiconicimageofPotnia. The form wouldindicate a class ofdivinepersonage, whoseindividual wouldhave tobe identity be givenspecific visualattributes. signified by othermeans.In somecases theimagemight In her identity be made clear the and ritual others, observances held in her might by prayers honour. Whenreligious beliefs have undergone a series oftransformations overa longtimeperiod,it is the case thatwe are much betterinformed about the mostrecentof them.The commonly then arises as tohowfar ourinsights intothatmorerecent question backinto stagecan be carried earlierphasesofdevelopment. In the Aegean case we do of coursehave a greatdeal of information about the religous and beliefs oftheGreeks in thelaterfirst millennium BC. How farcan we use theseto practices illuminate out understanding of the religions of the bronzeage? On theone hand it is entirely and practices oftheclassical plausiblethatmanyofthebeliefs Greeks had bronze age roots and origins.Time and again we can spot details in the record ofthebronze rather match whatwe alreadyknowabout archaeological age which neatly classical Greek times. ButI believethatthis isa dangerous all tooeasily leads practice one,which us toproject ourpicture for themorerecent which periodbackontoan earlier period mayhave been profoundly different.
Back FromKnownto Unknown (ii) Projecting
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The risks are greater whenwe bringto thediscussion notionabout the somepreconceived as an natureofthechanges.It is common, forinstance, oftheGreeks to consider thereligion instance ofan Indo-European of and to view those some of the bronze them)as religion, age (or can On this modelthose which non-or pre-Indo-European. of Greek religion particular aspects are be identified as typically the name of Zeus and himself, to 'Indo-European', notably person Froma be viewedas importations, the matrix. implanted indigenous, upon pre-Indo-European fusion of the two,thereligion of theGreekswould have emerged. It is important to see thatthisview rests about languageand upon a seriesofassumptions in a linguistic the the term is one), Aegean (since languageorigins 'Indo-European' primarily about belief and thenon further resting upon assumptions supposedly systems Indo-European the Indo-Europeancharacter of the Greeklanguage is to be these.If one doubtswhether ofnew peoplesintoGreeceduringthebronzeage (see Renfrew by an immigration explained the whole framework of 1973b) assumptions collapses. Greek well inclineone to seek the rootsof the subsequent Criticism of thisposition might in of in than some external source the bronze of the rather religious age Aegean, pantheon ones also, thatthe Mycenae figures, and perhapsthe Phylakopi The possibility inspiration. willnot But these a wholerangeofdeities wouldfacilitate suchinterpretaions. might represent within discernible from thenecessary distinctions haveanyvalueunless actually emerge patterns hoc a series ofaccommodative ofplausible'matches', thebronzeage material: by post arguments is notenough. to laterreligious material is made to conform whichtheprehistoric categories, ofMelosin thelatebronze relevant tothecultpractices The first transformation, age, significant ofthat intheAegean,at thebeginning there and elsewhere isthedevelopment phase,ofpractices those of Minoan Crete. The range of depictionsin Late Minoan I Crete is resembling from thetimeoftheShaftGraves,and perhapsbefore, rich.Moreover, aspectsof particularly modelin small instance the in for the are seen Minoan religious mainland, temple symbolism ofthis 1 The Cretoiserie at found with horns of leaf consecration, Mycenae(Nilsson 950, 173). gold of the external that the Was it has been symbols prestigious simply variously interpreted. period without werebeingadoptedbytheMycenaeans and moresophisticated any palace civilisation a in whatMalcolmWiener(1984) has aptlytermed in their fundamental beliefs, restructuring in at that time oftheMinoanreligion features Or werefundamental effect'? 'Versailles adopted themainland? on the until we have a clearer which we shallnotbe able to answer Thisis a question picture, and oftheir in theLate BronzeI period, cultpractices bothofmainland basisofnewdiscoveries, at Minoancharacters, ofundoubtedly someofthem offinds, series The remarkable predecessors. hint at one of the ofApollo Maleatas near Epidaurus(Lambrinoudakis thesanctuary 1981) It certainly understood. one thatis as yetlittle ofcontact, mechanisms appearstohave although imitation of Minoan symbolism. entailedmorethana superficial in was discussed in Late BronzeI times at Phylakopi to cultpractices The evidence relating in Thera there would seem to as allow of to too IX. It is but, conclusions, many scanty Chapter withMinoan customs. be someconformity The temple there at AghiaIrinion Kea all themoreremarkable. Thismakesthefinds began were made the the terracotta of and most in bronze the middle itslife during figures age, already and with barebreasts can ofa ladyin a longskirt thefigure Now although Late BronzeI period. itself does notso farhave persuasive thetemple Minoan precursors, from be derived certainly There are possibleshrines Cretanantecedents. duringthe Second Palace period (see Hood
theMinoan Palaces (b) Beyond
ANDAEGEAN CULT PRACTICE THE SANCTUARY
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at Gourniawas probablyconstructed at thattime.And at Aghia Triadha 1977). The shrine thereis a symmetrically arrangedroom withcult bench oppositethe entrancewhichwas in Late builtduringtheLate Minoan I periodand destroyed and rebuilt by fire, apparently But although Minoan III (Band 1943,28 and 52). None oftheseis as old as theKea temple. in Cretefor theAghiaIrinishrine, which then be represented mayyetbe found might precursors in offshoot ofCretancultpractice, thepicture couldbe represented as a direct very differently thelightofour current knowledge. has no known Cretanprecursor. At present theAghiaTriadha temple The issueoftheuse of been discussed by Marinatosand Hgg (1983), and largescale imagesin Cretehas recently at a smaller scale in Crete.But thepossibility theimagechosenat Kea is familiar of certainly I cultfigures local Cycladicantecedents forbuiltshrines shoudnotbe overlooked. containing in press)thatthelargermarblefigures have recently oftheEarlyCycladic argued (Renfrew, periodcan bestbe regardedas cult images,and thattheymay have been used duringcult none of which has yet been properlyexcavated. This is at present practicesin shrines, But we shouldrecognise thatthe builtsanctuary withlargefemalecult image hypothetical. couldwell,in theAegean,have a Cycladicorigin. On this view,theKea examplewouldreflect Minoan ideas onlyin theform and in someoftheofferings made givento thecultimageitself, would not necessarily be a Minoan one. (e.g. Caskey 1964,pl. 56a). The cult itself In thelastsection, thefirst ofthefundamental transitions underreview was discussed. Thiswas in therest thedevelopment oftheAegean,priortoand during theLate BronzeI period, ofcult in some respects thoseof Crete. practices reflecting The sanctuary builtat Phylakopi a new duringthe Late Helladic periodrepresents in terms ofour present fortheprehistoric Melians.Whatever departure, knowledge, mayhave itelsewhere, at Phylakopi, ithas no satisfactory Minoan predecessor preceded amongthetown shrines proposedby Hood (1977). A good case has been made out fora Middle Minoan at Mallia (van Effenterre in form. the sanctuary 1980,443), but it is irregular Architecturally mostrelevantbuildingis probablythe Late Minoan I 'shrine'at Aghia Triadha already discussed (Nilsson1950, 130). in thepreceding The discussion section thepossible oftheKea temple highlights significance as a precursor, but the bold symmetry of the WestShrineis not seen there. It would,ofcourse,be possibleto look further wherethereare afield,perhapsto Cyprus, from Kitionand Enkomi. The finds from thesanctuary oftheingot finds, important notably god notleastin thetwowheel-made centaurs (Courtois1971) showseveralMycenaeanaffinities, and thenumerous ofapproximately Psiform. Butitisdatedtothetwelfth and eleventh figurines and is thusnotearlyenoughto serveas a precursor. centuries, Temples2 and 3 at Kition,the intheseries earliest excavated there their (Karageorghis 1973;1976,55) areofinterest, although was certainly rather laterthantheconstruction oftheWestShrine at Phylakopl. The inception mainarea or roomis,in each case,regarded as an opencourtyard and indeed bytheexcavator, thisis a feature of the Cypriote in general(strom1972; Masson 1973). It may be temples remarked in passing however thattheconventional viewthattheCypriote sanctuaries wereall whilethe townshrines of the Aegean were roofed of hypaethral may in part be a tradition thepillars in thecourtyard oftemple 2 at Kition(Karageorghis interpretation: 1976,54) might have sustained a roofratherthan merely a portico:alternatively, a case could be made for the main roomoftheWestShrine at Phylakopi as a courtyard, thatisnotthe regarding although offered here.Thereare,however, severe toanyCypriote interpretation chronological objections
(c) The Origins of thePhylakopi Sanctuary
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for the PhylakopiWest Shrine. Apart fromthe Kition temples,the Cypriote precursor in the Late IIC date whichplaces themeffectively are mainlyof Late Cypriote sanctuaries Helladic IIIC period (French and strom 1980). The exceptionsare mainlyopen air suchas Myrtou-Pigadhes; withlessimpressive sanctuaries onlyat Vounariare there buildings, is far ofthatsiteas a temple date (Symeonoglou ofearlier solidstructures 1975) and thestatus at thetimeofthis as a likely sourceofreligous does notemerge clear.Cyprus from inspiration muchtheother seemvery and latertheinfluences transformation, way,withmanyMycenaean centuries. and eleventh in the Cypriote cultsof the twelfth reflected features materials It is ofcoursethesymbolic turns. Insteadit is to themainlandthatone naturally on Melos are There is no doubt that the femalefigures whichlead one in thisdirection. has been identified and theLady ofPhylakopi by Dr Frenchas an Mycenaeanin character, as earlyas the notnecessarily The bovinefigures, from theArgolid. although import, probably So too are thehumanand animal are Mycenaeanin character. ofthesanctuary, foundation The absenceofdouble axes and ofhornsof someofthelatterbeingofearlyforms. figurines, is perfectly whileodd in a Minoan context, consecration, acceptablefora Mycenaeanone. sincetheWestShrineis earlierthanthemost is ofcoursea problem, there Architecturally theIdols) at Mycenae.Buthereitshould theRoom with theTemple (with obvious comparison, the on themainlandduring about thecultpractices thatwe knowverylittle again be stressed of The severe CretanSecondPalace periodand in thesucceeding symmetry coupleofcenturies. is whichwe see also in aspectsof the West Shrineat Phylakopi, the Mycenaeanmegaron, alreadyin the EarlyHelladic periodby the House oftheTiles in Lerna. anticipated At present, then,I am inclinedto see in the West Shrineat Phylakopithe adoptionof mainland cult practices,which were conductedin a buildinghaving possible mainland themegaron a coupleofdecadesafter constructed The WestShrine was,ofcourse, predecessors. whichis veryprobablyofmainlandinspiration. at Phylakopi, ofwhatwereeffectively about 1360BC, theadoption at thattime, Ifwe aretoseeat Phylakopi to is all themorerelevant themselves ofthosepractices theorigin mainland religious practices, not is still on in theprevious whichwe have alreadytouched us. That transformation, section, arms raised oftheMycenaeanimagewith thatthedevelopment itislikely cleartous.ButI think 1 in theLate Helladic periodmayowe muchto Minoanprecursors (seeFrench1981a, 73). of the palaces, in Creteand the destruction administration Withthe collapseof centralised tookplace in radicaltransformations halfa century or morelaterby thatofKnossos, followed and a such I have elsewhere As system collapse, 1981b,30), (Renfrew argued religious practice. of survival 'the followed is for a state thedisappearance ofcentral by religion, generally support the shrines time that the It was at this cults and beliefs'. as "folk" elements containing religious oftheMinoan GoddesswithUpraisedArmsmade their appearance.Theirchronology images and imagemade their and itwouldappear thatin manycasesshrine has beenreviewed earlier, appearancetogether. in Creteof the Mycenaeanoccupationat to ask herewhat werethe effects It is pertinent someclose indicate isfollowed, ofthem iftheusualinterpretation The Linear tablets, Knossos. are dated Knossosat thistimeand Pylos.(The Pylostablets in cultpractice between affinities was what reflect ones Knossos but and the rather Mycenaean basically later, presumably they cultpractice.) thefallof after thattheadoptionin Creteat thistime,probably It may thusbe suggested a built set within with a of an of of the custom arms, Knossos, Upraised goddess revering image
of Collapsein Crete (d) The Aftermath
CULT PRACTICE ANDAEGEAN THE SANCTUARY
437
This reflects the acceptanceof what were fundamentally shrine, Mycenaean cult practices. a far a where so as the from the mainland to would, Crete, goes,represent reflux iconography was the mainland itself of Cretan and modified to become image ultimately inspiration, adopted 'Minoan GoddesswithUpraisedArms'(Renfrew 1981b,32; see Furumark 1965,89; French 1981a, 178). Thereare,however difficulties withthisviewwhicharisefrom our lack ofknowledge ofcult in in Crete and the Mainland the the fall of the Cretan century images following palaces in the Minoan Goddess with around1450BC. As indicated Arms has not above, yetbeen Upraised insecure found datedearlier thanLate MinoanIIIB, ofwhich contexts therecent at excavations a good example (Popham 1973,fig.48). Bellthe 'UnexploredMansion' at Knossosfurnish skirted are ofcourse known from various earlier an interesting Late contexts, figurines including Minoan II examplefrom thesame site (ibid.fig.47). The existing ofMycenaeanfigures is notlarge,and theearliest form repertoire maybe the in followed Late Helladic conical IIIA2 such as the figure, vessel-shaped by figures Lady of The with raised arms is not inthe attested before this it when is first seen time, Phylakopl. gesture smallPsi figurines the late A2 (during phase). The possibility ofcontinuous at Knossos evolution from thetraditional bell-skirted form tothe Goddess with Arms cannot be excluded. But the construction a of with shrine, Upraised separate set benches is seen earlier at in than Crete and the case a for Mainland effigies upon Phylakopi it there for was arguedabove. The lack ofa clearpredecessor on theMainlandfor both origin shrine and effigy is a present which future discoveries can resolve. difficulty, only Thesesuggestions for radicalchangeafter thepalacesarisenaturally from theconsideration of socialcontext setat thebeginning ofthis For the in cult no in chapter. question longer operated thecontext ofa centralised And although oftheearlierMinoan palace society. manyfeatures forinstance theuse ofhornsofconsecration as a religious remained, religion emblem, others, suchas thereliance on a rangeofcultequipment handsome stone vessels, including disappeared entirely. The mostsignificant of the innovations seen at the Phylakopi is undoubtedly the sanctuary introduction there ofthemaleterracotta At least three of these in were use at the time of figures. thecollapse(phase 2b). One ofthemwas re-used in phase 3b, along withthe two remaining thatthesetwowerealso first usedbefore thecollapseand re-used pieces.It is ofcoursepossible The date of manufacture of these is uncertain. From the stratigraphie subsequently. figures could have been introduced into the West Shrine at its outset, in the Late they standpoint HelladicIIIA2 period, or during theLate Helladic IIIB period, or earlyin Late Helladic IIIC, sometime thecollapse, priorto thecollapse.(Two piecescould ofcoursehave been made after but I inclinetowardthe view thattheywerein factmade before at the same timeas the it, others.) Thosefew ofcomparison whichexist, reviewed above and in ChapterVI, notably the points resemblances between themostelaborately and the front of the paintedfigure (SF 1553) part centaur from lead one to set their introduction to theshrine Lefkandi, might duringtheLate Helladic IIIC period, not long beforethe collapse. Certainlythat would fitin with the indications from Cretethatmale figures werebeingmade towards theend ofthebronzeage. That is theclearindication oftheAghiaTriadha finds, discussed above,and ofthebronzefinds from thecavesalso. It maywellbe thatthemalefigure from Kannia, discussed above,is ofLate Minoan IIIC date, althougha date in Late Minoan IIIB is equallypossible.The ivory head from thecultarea at Mycenae (Taylour 1970,275 and pl. XLI) may also be male.
(e) Male and Female
438
the dearthofmale cultimagesfrom ofthesefigures theastonishing The finding highlights in is reviewed above and limited further evidence bronze ChapterVI.) age. (The very Aegean in fact it runs or deities revered weretheonlydeity Whilethiswouldnotbe surprising, female, the Linear as those of on male to the occurrence of counter deities, names, interpreted entirely those from tablets.It is of coursepossiblethatthe sexlesshumanfigures, Mycenae, notably forothersites. to represent servedsometimes males,but thatdoes not coverthedeficiency for there areanylocalantecedents as towhether be considered should ofcourse The possibility marble and to the to refer It is certainly suchmalefigures. figurines EarlyCycladic permissible whichas mentioned above, may have servedas cult images.A numberof theseare figures thetimespan oftheGrotta-Pelos made within male. The earlier ones,probably undoubtedly in cases wear three culture 1981,9nos.6 to8). These polos caps (Getz-Preziosi (EarlyCycladicI) in 1544). The distance and terracottas of the shrine those on two resemble (SF 2340 undoubtedly - wellovera millennium. thatwhatmaybe theearliest Butitis ofinterest time is great Aegean oftheEarlyCycladic is seenin theCyclades.The latermalefigurines ofthis feature occurrence witha daggerat the class(Getz-Preziosi warrior ofthehunter/ series are mainly , 26), often 1981 Whilethese across thechest. a baldric and with thesanctuary) waist(likeSF 2340from examples in an their occurrence forthesanctuary, relevance fartoo earlyto be ofdirect maybe thought a female one is ofinterest. idiomwhichwas predominantly BC that millennium ofthefirst cults to thereligious in relation tothetransition It is,however, below. further This pointis discussed relevant. seemespecially thesefigures thatthecollapseoftheMinoan palaces musthave been offundamental earlier It was stressed for the then,thattherewere practiceof the Minoan cults.It is not surprising, significance since themainland, hold for also observations The same time. after that notablechanges might end after the centres as function to have ceased to there are thepalaces majororganising thought of of the demise the date for to hold likewise IIIB. It ofLate Helladic although Phylakopi, ought at the an end to have come that it earlier It was not known. there is themegaron may suggested of some sincethiswas clearlya cataclysm same timeas the phase 2b collapseof the shrine, a whole. forthesiteas significance tohave at Phylakopi thecollapseseems in ChapterIX, thephaseafter as reviewed Certainly, used male the of All three in use. were No female ofimpoverishment. beena time figures figures in use either. were bovine was. No one re-used: in phase 3b may have been figures certainly In phase 3c the was offered contribution by a singlePsi figurine. Duringphase 3b, thefemale Shrinesa West the and East the both which made were additions structural curious gave the Kea BB within Room of the construction earlier As noted mean appearance. distinctly or human no time at this are There is its use of last in the analogous. distinctly very phase temple and in theWestShrine, and an animalfigurine humanfigurine at all,buta single animalfigures The stonecolumnar in theEast Shrine. withsevenbovinefigurines twohuman(Psi) figurines ofthe be true same and the Shrine was in the West seen now re-used, might possibly clearly lamp head ofsheetgold foundin the East Shrine. from I would argue, then,that the transformation phase 2 to phase 3 at the Phylakopi to cultcentre a from a transition as be seen well can centrally supported prosperous, sanctuary at the time whatever innovations There are no iconographie minorshrine. an impoverished thesmallhumanand animalfigurines . Andas notedearlier, thegoldheadwasnewthen) (unless more and the figures. impressive larger effectively replace
of Collapsein Melos and theMainland (f) The Aftermath
439
itwouldcertainly tothemainland, be possible topaintan equallydirepicture ofthe Turning ofsystem The Templeand itsasociatedrooms cameto consequences collapsefor Mycenaeitself. an end,and although there are continued in thearea in the indications ofpossible cultpractice form ofan altar,thereare no morefinds ofsymbolic from the representations. (The frescoes Southwest withcertainty as comingfroma shrine, as noted Buildingcannot be identified earlier.) At Tirynsthisis, ofcourse,a timeof profound of the changes,leadingto the construction in theUnterburg. successive shrines there Kilian (1980, 183) hasstressed thatthis was a period of relative there. Howeverthevery modest dimensions oftheTiryns shrine are certainly prosperity moreappropriate to a 'folk'thanto a palace-style cultpractice. The finds are correspondingly thetwocultimages from Room 11 are admittedly and in modest; although very accomplished The same cannotbe said of theimagefrom thelast phase ofRoom 110a. good style. thereligious ofthebronzeage,one ofthelesswelldocumented occurs late Among developments intheLate HelladicIIIC period. finds and thedistinctions madehere, AgainthePhylakopi help us to see it in clearerperspective. Until thisphase of the bronzeage, the regionaldiversity discussed at thebeginning ofthischapter seemsfairly wellmarked. The humanfigures seenin FIG. 10.1showa distinction, for between those ofCreteand ofthemainland. instance, Duringthe Late Helladic IIIC periodsuch distinctions becomeblurred. We have alreadyseenthatthewheel-made animalfigures ofMycenaeantypeoccur stylised also in Creteat a number ofsites(fig.10.2). The very widedistribution theAegean throughout oftheLate Psifigurines extent ofLate Linearanimalfigurines also (fig. (fig.10.3) and toa lesser thelatefinds from Phaistos and those from thePiazzale dei earlier, 10.4),is ofnote.As indicated Saccelli at Aghia Triadha are ofparticular interest. To these forms we mayperhaps add thebronzefigurines in smiting earlier pose.As discussed those from from Delos and from Patsosarecertainly from contexts neartheendofthe Phylakopi, bronzeage, and thesame may hold fortheTirynsand Mycenaeexamples. The evidence doesnotadd up tomuchyet.It maybe tooearlytoclaima complete admittedly in theearlier breakdown in cultpractice. Moreover there is no doubtthatthe regional diversity cultoftheMinoan GoddesswithUpraisedArmspersisted untila very latedate at suchCretan sites as Karphiand Prinias, intotheprotogeometric itmay perhaps however, period.Elsewhere, havebeensuperseded closer tothepractices ofthevery in bysomething late,post-palatial period themainland.And there it could be suggested thatthe ofsomeoftheso-calledopen-air floruit sanctuaries mentioned suchas theAmyklaion, was likewise thedemise of earlier, late,after very themainlandpalaces. It wouldbe wrongto over-complicate thepicture a significant and widespread by claiming in cult practiceduringthe mid- to late eleventhcentury transformation BC. But it is not innacurate tonotethatthefloruit oftheMinoanGoddesswith cameinCreteafter UpraisedArms theend oftheCretanpalacesyetat a timewhentheMycenaeanpalaces werestillfunctioning. The female ofMycenaeanform werein use at thesametime on theMainland,although figures earlier and at theyperhapsbegan Tirynsat least were used later.The human and animal however havebeenusedlargely indomestic whiletheshrines had the figurines mayinitially cult, human so that it is later that the smaller ofLate Psi larger figures, only figurines, predominantly form for thehumans and Late Linearfor theanimals, areseeninmorepubliccontexts, inshrines and open air sanctuaries.
Elements theLate Helladic IIIC Period (g) The Emergence of Common during
440
wascertainly ofthis glimpsed byNicholls (1970) inhispenetrating Something general picture in catch resemblances male And we further echoes the between theterracotta study. interesting from and the similar bronze from the Cretan caves. As representations figures Phylakopi these have been set on to a date after the discussed above, generally typological grounds purely Late Minoan IIIC period:thatdatingcan now be questioned. letalonetointerpret it.Butitislikely It istooearly ofthis yettoobtaina clearpicture pattern, For this was thefirst time for close thattheinterpretation willneedto be in partin socialterms. in were to be found the that no centres whatever on a thousand Aegean. years palace in culture, whichoccurred betweenthe In discussing the transformations including religion, itis tempting toassume time oftheMinoanand Mycenaeanpalacesand thatofarchaicGreece, whichhas sometimes been thegap in ourknowledge thatthemajorchangestookplace during to have been newpeoples, theDark Age. At one timetheagentofchangewas thought termed so that and newbeliefs, newways, newcustoms this whowouldhavearrived during periodwith it. from theworldbefore different wouldhave beenvery theworld after thegap in theevidence from information thecase: we have verylittle That there is a gap in theevidenceremains thatthe'gap5is around1050BC. In ChapterIII ithas beensuggested or cemeteries settlements but it is stillthere. been thought, shorter thanhas sometimes isnolonger thatthemajordiscontinuity It isnowclear,however, bytheendofthe represented are IIIC Minoan and since the Late Helladic of Crete or the either mainland, periods palaces at this time seems of influx of a substantial The understood. well population theory increasingly unlikely. increasingly For a rather different can nowbe usedtoindicate I believe evidence thatthereligious picture. that it no longer does fadeout fora time, whileit is truethatour evidence everything appears thereligious In particular whatwentbefore. from different after thegap was radically changes or than we have which than those more fundamental have been no then discussed, already may inthis occurred followed later.It isall tooeasytoassumethatthesignificant those which changes it. The after and before than as innovations rather we know which brief of little, relatively period series of a whole with more have been well of significant complicated, may pattern development from It may be possibleto develop a 'gradualist'view forthe transition transformations. the where the in of Greek to one, changes big 'catastrophist' religion, place Mycenaean happenedduringtheDark Age. in the ofthisidea, whichis alreadyinherent a detaileddevelopment This is nottheplace for The Nilsson of work in the sense indeed in a certain and Nicholls (1950). great (1970), paperby as it Dark the links across more a few to make allow us finds were, Age, however, do, Phylakopi was not is stillmostdeficient when our knowledge and so to emphasisethat the moment occurred. all the when also the changes significant period necessarily animalsby Nicholls.The to thewheelmade This pointhad alreadybeen made in relation also bythe in thetradition follow centaur Keramaikos represented clearly stagand theLefkandi It Triadha. and Aghia at Phaistos instance and bythelaterexamples seen,for bovids, Phylakopi these To Coldstream has been well made also by Professor (1977) in his InauguralLecture. centaurand theLefkandi between resemblance we can now add theundoubted observations above. theWestShrine(SF 1553) noted from one ofthemale figures Zeus has longbeen recognised oftheposeoftheSmiting The earlyorigin (Smith1962),and is the Of the pointis emphasised by the two Phylakopifinds. perhapsgreatersignificance from caves and Cretan the from thatsomeofthebronzefigurines discussed earlier, recognition,
theDark Age (h) Across
441
a Aghia Triadha should now be dated to the Late Helladic IIIC period,thusunderlining Even thebronzebirdfrom forcultpurposes. in theproduction ofbronzefigurines continuity ofthegeometric in itsmodestway,heraldsthecomparableproducts period.The Phylakopi, ofthe likewise foreshadows thehammered the East Shrine, beatengold head from technique withitsbenches, theearly form ofarchaicCrete.The shrine bronzesphyrelata itself, anticipates ofearlyGreektimes. benchtemples finds new ideas,and to enlargethediscussion These are notentirely beyondthePhylakopi in But I believethatit is now possibleto seek a shift themselves would be undulylengthy. acrossa as a fewfragile strands ofcontinuity We need no longersee thesethings perspective. nowseems oneoftransformation elsechanged.The process dividewhennearly everything great theMycenaeantotheGreek thanofsubstitution. We might indeedviewthepassagefrom rather inthe theDarkAgeitself, transformations. The changeacross as a wholeseries ofsmaller religion BC need not be more radical than any other:it simplyhappens to be eleventhcentury of theevidence. eclipsein thevisibility accompaniedby a temporary 5. Prospect: The Dynamics of Cult At thebeginning ofthisvolumethecentral was raisedofthedifficulty ofrecognising problem indications ofcultpractice and religious belief from thearchaeological record. This unequivocal insomedetailherefor has beenexamined theprehistoric for Aegean,and in particular question thatpartofthesiteat Phylakopi whichwe have identified as theSanctuary ofthetown.The in some considerable finds from the Sanctuary have been presented detail,witha systematic reviewof theirstratigraphie so that the rathercomplexquestionof the internal contexts, of the area can be documented.It mightseem that these are rathermodest chronology achievements for so large a volume, but I thinkthat the discussionmay in fact have rather morethan this. something accomplished In ChapterIX and X it was found thatthereligious natureoftheSanctuary at Phylakopi was noteasytoestablish on thebasissolely ofa careful ofthefinds from thesiteitself. It was analysis - for found thatthepatterning from thesite in thevarious instance amongthefinds assemblages - might ofobjectsrecovered in different be open to various partsoftheEast and WestShrines notall ofthem It was onlywhenthese finds wereconsidered within a interpretations, religious. widerspatialcontext thata clearerpicture was seen to emerge. This forus raisesthe whole questionof the scale,in spatial terms, of the fieldof analysis. it is possibleto consider one corner ofone room(e.g. Assemblage Obviously simply A), or the entire contents ofa single roomor building or thecontents ofa complete (e.g. theWestShrine), or of an entire The hierarchy site,such as Phylakopl. complexsuch as the Sanctuaryitself, continues to the entire island (e.g. Melos), the largerregion (e.g. the obviously upwards, Cyclades, or Crete), the whole Aegean basin, or the larger dimensionsof the East Mediterranean. There is nothing new in asserting thisrather it was indeed simplehierarchy: and 1 in the of represented graphically (Renfrew Wagstaff 1982,fig. .4) considering development settlement in Melos. early The discussion herehas showed, thatthis notion ofthespatialunitofcontext and of however, interaction is a surprisingly and subtle one. The notion of 'interaction has complex sphere' been a familiar one for and the of interaction' has been in mentioned manyyears, process 'peerpolity X. But it is clear from the discussion there that a much more Chapter very thoroughgoing isneededofthespatialcontext notonlyofsymbolic artefacts butofthecultpractices and analysis
(a) The Hierarchy of Contexts
442
in whichunderlay theirdistribution. The consideration of context indeedthe belief systems X is thus an imortant not so much for what it achieves is modest one, (which enough) Chapter a framework within whichfurther research willhave to be conducted. but forestablishing find At thispoint it is necassary to entera plea forthe fullpublicationof the relevant in The discoveries at are of considerable intrinsic interest themselves. assemblages. Phylakopi as But I would argue that theirworthis greatlyincreasedby theirfulldocumentation, in ChapterIV, withthedetaileddescription accordedto themin thesucceeding undertaken Ifonlywe had detailedreports, instance ofall theshrines devotedto theMinoan for chapters. of material to the GoddesswithUpraisedArms,we would have a formidable body relating in the was restricted to Crete whose conductofwhatappearsto be one specific cult, practice threecenturies or so following the demiseof the Minoan Palaces. We can alreadyglimpse thatfull ofitsnature,thanks to thecareful studyby Alexiou (1958), but without something What is not found is lost. evidence the can, always nearly significant negative publication highly full and onlyvery as whatisinfact infavourable be as interesting found, circumstances, analysis can revealit. and publication a much theislands, from theMainlandand from from Whenwehavesuchpublications Crete, in cult and ofthelocal consistency ofthelocal variations willbe possible moresubtleanalysis be level can at that sort of detailed from an meaningful synthesis Only investigation practice. undertaken. finds for theSanctuary ofpreparing from theexperience which One lesson publication emerges of awareness oftheneed forthesystematic has thusbeen a sharpened analysis spatialcontext. in diachronic to think and useful has been thatit is possible setout in thelastsection, Another, in and beliefs cult the taken which have the and to to consider terms, practices place changes try thepractices to avoid projecting it is necessary areas.To do thiseffectively, within therelevant wherethe relevant or its successors forone periodonto eitherits predecessors documented evidencemay be lacking. The to be written. ofcultin theearlyAegeanremains A coherent ofthedevelopment study to and so material available the was to Nilsson of gathertogether (1950) greatachievement the from be could as he a field of establish showed, approached primarily studywhich, at his finds. He was thusthegreatpioneerin thisarea, but withthematerial archaeological we can which distinctions the him stress to for chronological lay upon disposalit was difficult historical at In serious no discern developments early attempt reviewing today. consequence, could be undertaken. a dynamical material nowavailable,something Withthemuchricher approach approaching in manyareas,and I of transformations see a series can We is nowbecoming certainly possible. oftheearly ofthereligion totheunderstanding above thatthese havesuggested maybe relevant of and BC as anyappeal tosupposed inthefirst millennium Greeks myths beliefs Indo-European froma varietyof externalorigin.Of course Greece has always been open to influences - the two bronze'SmitingGod' figures the Sanctuarymake thispointvery from directions inlocal terms, thelocaldevelopments to follow be nonetheless But it should possible graphically. available to us ideas. Withthematerial offoreign theeffects whereappropriate whilenoting thisnow beginsto seema practicalobjective. recent from discoveries,
of Cultand Religion (b) The Evolution
THE SANCTUARYAND AEGEANCULT PRACTICE Ethnos, (c) Symbol, Language
443
The studyof earlyreligion has not yeteffectively been integrated intothe by archaeologists That cults of their on the nature and of societies. the larger thinking pattern development early initsheyday oftheMinoancivilisation wereprincipally has been understood, palace-based long forinstance, of the peak sanctuaries has onlymorerecently althoughtheclearersignificance That theMycenaeanreligion waslesssecurely emerged. onlybecamecleartous palace-oriented withthefinds at Mycenae(although thecultarea there was nonetheless within thecitadel, and under direct verypossibly palace control). Yet there has as yetbeenno systematic ina systematic of oftheiconography manner, analysis, incomparison Creteand ofMycenaetaken withthatoftheother civilisations of the world. great It is evidentthat rulesand sanctions of social orderbased upon religious beliefs were not with in the same of as for Mesoamerica exploited publicly, degree propagandist grandiloquence instance. But thepossibility ofexamining, on thebasisofthemeansofvisualcommunication societies thedegree towhich theprevailing wasinfact used themselves, adoptedbythese religion to legitimise theexisting socialsystem, has notyetbeenseizedupon. This is an obviousenough lineofapproachina world where muchscholarly iscouchedinneo-Marxist butit terms, writing has yetto be effectively utilised. these various ofreligious and religious twoother Underlying questions unity changeare those once in so fashionable the but now often avoided. The literature, bigquestions, archaeological - I am sceptical first is thematter ofethnic affiliation. Thisis nota racialquestion oftheclaims, stillmade by some physical in thehuman forconsistent anthropologists, regionaldifferences at in constitution the times The issue rather is how came to belongto physical question. people than their own and administrative of how came to belong ones, larger groupings political they and to identifiable and distinctive. to, ultimately be,something collectively Thisethnic is ofcourseclosely alliedto theissueoflanguage.How did thelinguistic question unities and differences, observable from thetimewhenwritten records first becameavailable, establishthemselves? The movements of peoples mustnaturally constitute one part of the answer.But ultimately the solutionwill have to be givenin terms of a model of linguistic formation and differentiation, in whichmigratory will probablyhave to take a arguments nonetheless subsidiary (if significant) position. Boththese relateto theformation and perpetuation ofspatially extensive of questions systems interaction. These are of the same of interaction which we not, course, symbolic systems symbolic have been studying in our examination ofcultpractices. But theymustinterrelate withthese, and often correlate withthem, no doubt sometimes them. It seems tome, although cross-cutting that one of the most avenues for the of these and hitherto therefore, promising exploration large, thestudy ofreligious Once again it unmanageable, questions maywellbe through symbolism. willhavetobe conducted on thebasisoftheanalysis ofwell-published setoutwith assemblages, thecomplete contexts of their discovery. These arguments thatin setting out thefinds from the Phylakopi give me reasonto think in sometimes almost exhaustive detail we are not the trivial minutiae of Sanctuary presenting that better be to an data archive. One can sense something might relegated unregarded readily thatthere still remain within these muchbroader data, as yetunexploited possibilities byus,for and more Thesewillbe difficult todevelopeffectively until wehave illuminating interpretations. thematerials from other sanctuaries available to us with a of Aegean comparable degree detail. Whenwe do, I believethatwe shallbegintoseeourwayto tackling moreeffectively someofthe theearlydevelopment ofAegean lifeand culture. reallybig questions concerning
444
onthe this owemuchtothework ofMr CallumMacfarlane: Note Theyrely mainly maps.The mapsillustrating chapter on data suppliedby Dr. ElizabethFrench. Hood 1978,Nicholls1970. FIG.o.i. Sources:French1971 revised, Nicholls FIG.10.2. Sources:'Naturalistic': Buchholzand Karageorghis 1973.Hood 1978,Nichols1970; 'Stylised': etal. 1970,26 and . 19, Frenchpersonalbibliography and autopsy. 1970,Desborough - Sakellarakis1972b,pl. 277. Addition:'Naturalistic': Archanes FIG.10.3 Sources:French1971 (onlythelate Psi sectionhas been revised). forLate Psi: add Argos,Lefkandi; omitEretria. Corrections: has been revised). FIG.10.4 Sources:French1971 (onlytheLate Linear section
AppendixA
CallumMacfarlane and Todd Whitelaw T. Cherry, John byColinRenfrew,
in ChapterII, wherethenomenclature was discussed The conductoftheexcavation adopted was discussed.It will be recalled that each excavationarea was excavated in a seriesof strata which were assigned layer numbersunique to the trench. (Where stratigraphie and the subdivisions also assignedlayer strataweresubdividedarbitrarily, real appropriate in areas is seen FIG. of excavation 2.2. The nomenclature numbers.) it proved convenient to of the site stratigraphy, During the processof interpretation in thestratigraphie sections to as well as summarise theinformation contained 2.7 2.14), (FIGS. in schematic whichare presented here.Trenchdesignations other observations, layer diagrams, within in terms at thetopofthecolumns, and layernumbers areindicated them of are indicated walls are their truestratigraphie Floors and indicated schematically. relationships. task of dividingthe sequence into chronological The interpretive phases is describedin III. that It should be stressed while the are based closely stratigraphie sequences Chapter upon on the basis of superpositions, the divisioninto phases is based upon a directobservation, ofinterpretive setout in ChapterIII. The phasesassigned are seenat the arguments complex left-hand sideofthelayerdiagrams.(D indicates S and denotes surface or unstratified Debris, 'Debris' relates to the ultimate abandonment of the not to earlier layers. Sanctuary, destruction.) The floors on thesiteweremainly ofearth, and consequently noteasyto recognise. For this in digging reasonthematerial recovered the floor itself was included the of up (from standpoint within the of the material the floor. To have done the phasing) phase lyingdirectly upon in caseswherethefloor converse wouldhave runtherisk, was noteverywhere observed, clearly ofsometimes one or twopotsherds above thefloor withthelayerbelowthe including originating floor: this couldhave lead toan to an erroneous attribution for thefloor, chronological datingit laterthanwas in factthe case. The layer diagrams are otherwiselargely self-explanatory. They should be read in with the text of III and IV. conjunction ChaptersII,
Levels of Stratigraphie Synopsis
445
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FIG. 11.5 Layer diagrams for the street and courtyard
SYNOPSIS OF STRATIGRAPHIC LEVELS

OLd ? ^ A 8 9 10_ NLespaced
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FIG.11.6 Layerdiagrams for areasadjacenttotheshrines. (Notethatlayers1 to26 ofNLe spaced wereexcavatedas OLc)
PHASE
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with FIG.12. 1 Sketch contexts joiningfragment diagramindicating (heavylines)between linkages in AppendixA). shownby thinlines,are givenmorefully
331
1
STREET
1
& COURTYARD
25
EAST
1
SHRINE
1
2^
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>
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__
in Appendix or pots.Alljoinsare listed offigurines B. (Stratigraphie thjoiningfragments sequences,
AppendixB ofJoinLinkages Analysis

by Callum Macfarlane
The broad construction sequenceofWestShrine,CityWall (Wall ioo), and East Shrinewas in ChapterIII. Within and theserooms observations discussed the established by stratigraphie enabled several the of floors and levels correlation streets, sequences independent stratigraphie form. thesesequencesin diagrammatic to be built up. AppendixA presents However,the if werefew, streets and courtyard meantthatthere construction oftheshrines, compartmented to areas. The these rooms and links between direct was, therefore, problem any, stratigraphie and thus thevarious correlate stratigraphie sequence producean overall sequences independent shrine area. fortheentire thattheepisodesof it seemedan obvioushypothesis Froman earlystagein theexcavation, in of the East and West and the both the identified shrines, CityWall intothe collapse damage ifcorroborated, the Such a correlation, wouldprovide street and courtyard werecontemporary. within these areas. Evidence link established between the local necessary stratigraphie sequences An analysis in support ofthepattern ofjoins acrossthe ofthishypothesis. was therefore sought the shrinearea mightprovide evidence bearing on the problemand help to investigate in in aim With this the the shrines and street. detailed of mind, 'collapse' contemporaneity work which was ofall figurine and pottery records staff, joinsweremaintained bythe'apotheke' P. A. her detailed of the The Miss continued study by Mountjoyduring pottery. catalogue B.i and 2) providedat the end of thisappendixlistsall of theserecorded joins. (TABLES Method of Analysis Not all fragments of the same object are necessarily foundin contemporary deposits.The wearnotedon partsofthesamefigurine, of differential as wellas thenumber joins acrossfloors, attest to thelargenumber offragments whichmusthave been 'kickedaround5 thearea before in buried. This is demonstrated the number of vertical beingfinally point amply by joinsshown FIG. 12.1. The apparent re-use ofsomedamagedfigures and figurines, suchas SF 1550,must also be noted.The simpleequationoflevelsbetween whichthere arejoins is therefore notjustified and a moredetailedmethod ofanalysis was adopted.This involved to establish the attempting context of each and The of from this figurine pot. primary significance anyjoins stratigraphie context' toother areascouldthenbe assessed, sincesuch couldonlybe 'primary joiningcontexts with or later never earlier than the context. than, contemporary primary The figures and figurines in thisrespect. fewdifficulties It seemedlikely thatthey presented from within theshrines. had originated This was borneout by thelargenumber offragments from thesamefigurines found or immediately in each shrine within, above,floor (FIG. deposits Since there were no direct of or between the East and Westshrines, 12.2). joins figures figurines ofa figurine thelowest within thestratigraphie couldbe taken fragment sequenceofeach shrine torepresent itsprimary context. These'primary contexts' areusedfor thefigures in and figurines thedistribution of the various to their concentration around plots assemblages (figs.4.7 4.17); theplatforms leaves little in theshrines. doubt thattheyoriginated
453
454
to establish.The pots crushed 'in situ' by The primarycontextof the pots was more difficult withthelarge quantityofjoining fragments thecollapse ofbouldersfromthe CityWall, together the source ofa numberof foundin thestreetand courtyard,suggestedthat thisarea represented the boulder a found below of The lowest collapse in the street fragment pot stratigraphie pots. and courtyardwas taken to representits primarycontext (but see below fora more detailed . In otherinstances,the discussionofthejoins betweenRoom oftheWest Shrine and thestreet) of pot found in an area, and theirdistributionin a floordeposit concentrationof fragments suggested the primary context. Evidence supplied by the figurinejoins was also useful in suggestingwhich of several contextswas primary. and pots,analysisofthe patternofjoins Having establishedthe point oforiginofthe figurines between areas could proceed. Inevitably, many of these were of little or no stratigraphie and pots not only supported the contemporaneity importance.However, a number offigurines of the collapse between areas, but also provided a useful check on the internal stratigraphie sequences which had been constructedindependently. Internal Joins within the Shrines A numberofjoins between roomsand areas withinthe West Shrine supported the correlationof floorsand levels established on other evidence. In the area northof the 'Blocking Wall' (Wall 626/733), P. Nos. 884 and 1534 support the equation of Floor 4 and Floor 8. Fragmentsfrom ofP. both thesepots are foundin thefloordeposit across thisarea (fig. 12.3). Further,a fragment No. 1534 was foundin the deposit on Floor 1 in the area south of the 'Blocking Wall'. This join corroboratesthat Floor 1 in the south equates with Floor 4/8 in the north.This relationshipis further by pot, Cat. No. 230, with a primarycontexton Floor 4/8 in the north, strengthened in the filllayers immediatelyabove the Floor 1 deposit to the south. whichjoins fragments
'.'.;7j : : : : ; 7"". j .': : .7:: : : :/
^<^J r"?
- -- - I ''.'.'..'.'.
/2690/I
and SF indicatedby largesymbol context ofsevenselected offragments FIG.12.2 Distribution Primary figurines. number
OF JOINLINKAGES ANALYSIS
455
Southofthe'Blocking Wall' theFloorsequence3 to 6 in MLb East had been equated with Floors1 to 5 in NLa and these, The as confirmed withFloor4/8to thenorth. above,correlate construction ofthe'Blocking Wall' above thesefloors halfoftheWest meantthatthesouthern Wall' also terminated wentoutofuse.The 'Blocking Shrine theuseofRoomsA and B. It seems cleartherefore thatthelatest inRoomsA and equatewith floors in themain Floors 4/8and 1/3 roomof theWestShrine.There are no significant joins betweenthe main roomof the West Shrineand either Room A or Room B. However, and joins betweenRoom and thestreet thisimportant correlation courtyard support (see below). Thereis one significant join between Room A and Room B, provided has a primary in the'niche'of context bySF 2690. This figure RoomA, which is partoftheFloor2 deposit in thatroom(fig.12.2). Thisjoinswitha fragment inthefill above Floor6 inRoomB, thus theequationofthese twofloors, immediately supporting thelatest in bothrooms. surface The internal theWestShrine therefore confirm the joinswithin internal stratigraphie sequencedevelopedindependently. The internal fewer sinceit stratigraphie sequenceoftheEast Shrine presented complications, was notcompartmentalised, and floors could readily be identified between theexcavatedareas in thesingle, smallroom.In theone instance thata latefloor surface was notreadily recognised in thesmallarea ofNLd space 1, thedistribution offragments ofostrich shellserved as a useful indicator ofwhich levelrepesented thefloor As notedabove,there are no direct deposit. figurine theEast and WestShrines, there is one pottery joinsbetween though join, P. No. 1526.Thispot has a primary in thefill context above Floor 1,southofthe'Blocking Wall' in theWestShrine. Thisjoinswith a fragment ina lateleveloftheEast Shrine, a join without anygreat stratigraphie Thejoinsfrom bothshrines intothestreet and courtyard therefore are themainkey significance. to correlating thesequencesof use proposedforeach shrine. The East Shrine and Street Tracesofburning in thedoorway oftheEast Shrineindicated a stratigraphie linkagebetween Floor3/5in theEast Shrineand Floor 6 in thestreet ofjoins (see ChapterIII). The pattern betweenthe East Shrineand the streetconfirms this.Perhaps the mostsignificant join is in thedeposits context on Floors6 and 7 in the provided by P. No. 187,whichhas a primary street. This pot notonlydemonstrates thelikely correlation ofFloors6 and 7 in thestreet, but alsojoinswitha fragment in thedeposit on Floor3 oftheEast Shrine(fig.12.3). This indicates thepossible ofFloor3/5in theEast Shrineand Floor6/7in thestreet. P. No. contemporaneity 1 reinforces this since it also has a primary in thedeposit context on Floor7 in thestreet. link, 152 A fragment ofthispot was found in a layerimmediately above theFloor5 depositin theEast Shine.SF Nos. 836, 850, 851 and 852 provideadditional from within theEast Shrine. support Each ofthesefigures or figurines has a primary context in thedepositon Floor 5 of the East all havejoins immediately above thecollapsedeposits in thestreet Shrine, and courtyard (fig SF and with P. 1541, 1542and 1505add further Nos. 802, together 12.2). thefirst 788 weight, three have primary in the layersimmediately contexts above the Floor 5 depositin the East the latter two a have context on Floor also havejoins above Shrine, thepostprimary 3. All five in debris the street. collapse The relationship between Floor3/5in theEast Shrineand Floor6/7in thestreet is therefore wellestablished, as is theepisodeofdamagein bothareas.The collapseoftheCityWall buried and fragments ofthese partsofP. Nos. 187and 1521 on thestreet their surface, potsfound way intotheEast Shrine.Fragment ofthefigurines and potsassociatedwithFloor 3/5in theEast Shrine and damagedat thesame time, weresubsequently thrown out intothestreet above the the destruction. collapsedebrisduringclearingup operations following
456
.......
_
I O
@ 197
884
"V 1410 A 1522 * 1531 1534 D 230
FIG.12.3 Distribution offragments ofeight selected context indicated listed bylargesymbol. (Numbers pots.Primary are theoriginalpot numbers: are listedin AppendixB) corresponding cataloguenumbers
The West Shrine and Street The relationship offigurine from in thestreet bothshrines, and found and fragments, originating is ofparticular interest. of in the are the same courtyard levels, Many fragments immediately above thecollapsematerial context on Floor (fig.2. ) . SF 558 and 1561 each havea primary context 4/8 northof the 'BlockingWall' in the West Shrine,and SF 1553 has a primary above thisfloor All three of these and have into the immediately deposit. figures figurines joins eachwith ina specific area recognised as a pitduring excavation. Thisdeclivity street, fragments also contains SF 851,which has a primary context on Floor5 oftheEast Shrine(fig. joinsfrom theclearing out operations from 12.2). The area appearsto have been used as a dumpduring both shrines. This suggests that the cleaning operation,and the damage which made it in bothshrines. necessary, may have been contemporary The pottery joins betweenthe West Shrine and the streetadd further supportto the correlation ofthecollapseepisodes inall areas.The relevant intotwogroups. potscan be divided The first contains in theWestShrine those context and whichhavejoins in potswitha primary thestreet and courtyard above thecollapsedebris. P. Nos. 1522,884 and Cat. No. 230 all have contexts on Floor4/8north Wall' intheWestShrine ofthe'Blocking and show primary joinsinto thepost-collapse in manyof levelsin thestreet twohavejoiningfragments (FIG.12.3). The first thesamelevelscontaining from bothshrines. P. No. 1515 and Cat. No. 223 figurine fragments bothhave primary in thefillabove floor 6 in Room B. These too havejoins in postcontexts in bothcasesthese are in OLd, thecontinuation ofthestreet though collapselevelsin thestreet, to theeast.P. No. 1531has a primary the context above on Floor 1,in the immediately deposit
ANALYSIS OF JOINLINKAGES
457
in the area southofthe'Blocking Wall' in theWestShrine. This potalso has a joiningfragment as one street. this of The of demonstrated expect, might post-collapse by group pots, pattern joins follows muchthesame pattern as thefigurine fomthe WestShrine. fragents originating in thestreet, The secondgroupcontains context thosepotswhichwereassigneda primary whoselowest the the were above latest floors stratigraphie fragments preceding collapse.P. No. in a in in theFloor6 deposit has a context on the street and Floor7 197 primary joiningfragment Room oftheWestShrine.This pot suggests P. No. these two floors. thecontemporaneity of 141 addsfurther with a primary abovefloor tothecorrelation, context 52 in area NLb strength ofthestreet. in thefill in This has a joiningfragment 6 above Floor Room B. The immediately between Room 6 Floor and thestreet levelspreceding thecollapse, as wellas those levels joins in thestreet inRoom thatthedestruction thecollapse, immediately clearly suggest post-dating and theWestShrinewas contemporary withthecollapseoftheCityWall intothestreet and Courtyard. It isinteresting tonotethatthepattern of theWestShrine and thestreet joins between closely follows thepattern observed East between the Shrine and thestreet. Bothshrines havejoinsfrom the lateststreet levelspreceding the collapse to shrine the depositson whichsuffered floors, of the and pots from thesefloors were subsequently damage. Fragments damaged figurines thrown out into the same levelsand intoa pit,above the collapsedebris,in the street. This 'sandwich' in thestreet, createdbyjoiningmaterial thecontemporaneity ofthe clearly implies 'collapse' in all areas. Pre-collapse Joins The useoftheshrine area in thepre-collapse at ca. 240 years, whilst periodhas beenestimated the periodof use following the collapsewas relatively short, perhapsonlyca. 20 years.It is notsurprising therefore thatthere area number of and areaswhich levels joinsbetween preceded the collapse. A large numberof these are of no great stratigraphie significance, merely different areasofexcavation in thestreet and courtyard demonstrating joinsbetween (FIG.12.1) . Thereare a number of thestreet and Room which areofsomeinterest. P. No. joinsbetween 1524 has a primary context on Floor11 in thestreet, which a fragment in themakeup joinswith ofFloor6 in Room B. P. No. 676 also has a primary context on Floor 11 in thestreet andjoins in a laterlevelofRoomB. Cat. no. 141is an internal with a fragment Room B, which join within thatFloors2 and 7 in theseparately excavatedareasmaybe correlated. Thispattern of suggests between Room of the West Shrine and thestreet and courtyard, as we haveseen, joins pottery continued the collapseand post-collapse through periods.Indeed, these joins werecrucialin the acrosstheshrine area. However, it is perhapsworth equating collapseepisodes considering thelateststreet how thejoins from levelspreceding the collapsewerebrought intoRoom B, whichis somedistance is thatthey wereintroduced as away. Perhapsthesimplest explanation fill of the the construction of the Wall'. it is surprising thatno during However, part 'Blocking werefound in thefill similar to thesouthofthe'Blocking fragments Wall', norindeedin thefill above Floor 4/8 to the north.An alternative be that all thesepots had a explanationmay in context Room and that were broken normal use. Broken they primary during fragments outintocontemporary werethrown street the in Room becoming levels, remaining fragments in their or laterlevels.This explanation wouldaccountforthehistory of original incorporated these two areas. Whilst it between would alter the context of P. Nos. and joins primary 197 1410, conclusions drawnfrom thestratigraphie thejoin pattern would remainunaltered. ofthedata is givenin FIG.12.1,whichpresents, An idea ofthecomplexity a much however, In are shown between the context and the picture. generallinkages simplified only primary
458
ofjoiningfragments. The much morenumerous linksexisting variouscontexts betweenthe have been omitted. contexts ofsecondary fragments In principal, the primary context mustof coursebe the earliest. For reasonsofspace and incompiling this rulehas notinvariably beenfollowed FIG.12. . (For instance the intelligibility, thepot 197 havebeenshown as emanating from for layer1036 ofMLb Room on the linkages a context ofphase2b or phase3a. The moreappropriate context is left ofthediagram, primary theright ofthediagram.)The lists ofjoins givenin layer75 ofarea NLe space c, seentowards about thejoins TABLES B.i and B.2 should be regardedas the basic sourceof information observed. Table B.i. Figureand Figurine Joins
SF 172 2201 174 79 80 99 176 598 196 190 197 503 504 98 198 1737 Context OLc space a layer22 OLc space a layer22 OLc space b layer23 OLc space a layer22 OLc space a layer2 1 OLc space a layer21/22/23 OLc space b layer23 NLd East baulk layer29 OLc space a layer29 OLc space a layer26 OLc space a layer29 OLc space a layer29 OLc OLc OLc NLe space b layer30 space a layer22 space a layer29 layer 150 Phase 3c 3c 3c 3c 3c 3c 3c 3c/D 3b 3c 3b 3b 3b 3c 3b 3b 2b D 3a/3b D 3b D 3c 3C/S 3b 3c 3c 3c 3c 3c 3a 3a/3c Animalfigurine. Type Female figurine. Female figurine
Animalfigurine. Animalfigurine. Animalfigurine.
Matchingfragments: NLe layer 152 1743 OLd layer49 2243 774 159 200 2265 779 482 781 69 182 183 778 1734 788 1026 NLd space 1 layer52 OLc layer 12 OLc space a layer29 OLc layer 12 NLe space b layer53 NLe space a/b layer51 NLe space a layer55 OLc space a layer22 OLc space b layer23 OLc space b layer23 NLe space b layer53 NLe layer 149 NLe space a/b layer59 NLd space 4 layer23
Animalfigurine. Animalfigurine.
Animalfigurine.
ANALYSISOF JOIN LINKAGES

789 180 790 802 501 2264 805 800 81 1 818 810 2398 NLe space a/b layer 59 OLc space b layer 23 NLe space a/b layer 59 NLe space a/b layer 60 OLc space a layer 29 NLd space 4 layer 23 NLe NLe NLe NLe space space space space a layer 61 a/b layer 60 a layer 61 a layer 61 3a 3c 3a 3a 3b 3^/3c 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b D 2b . . ** Bovine figure. Animal figurine. Animal figurine.
459
Animal figurine.
Animal figurine.
NLe space a layer 61 OLc East baulk layer 269
Matching fragments: 2260 NLe layer 153 15 14 NLe layer 213 pb 1322 836 81 100 769 791 798 799 853 1033 1040 1078 2160 2165 NLe OLc OLc NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe NLd NLe NLe OLc NLe space space space space space space a/b layer 62 a layers 21/26/29 a layer 26 c layer 49 a/b layer 59 a/b layer 59
2b/3a J 2b 3W3C 3c 3a/3c 3a 3a 3a 2b 3c 3a/3c 2b/3a 3c 3a/3c
layer 213 pb 1321 space a layer 22 space c layer 34 layer 26 layer 61 layer 34 layer 44 layer 44 layer 34
space a/b layer 59 space a/b layer 62 East baulk layer 122 space c layer 42
Matching fragments: OLc space a 193 NLe space a 819 NLe space c 2256 NLe space c 2267 NLe space c 2268 NLe space c 2269 842 199 807 170 1 1742 846b 804 806 847 855 849 809 831 1750
3c 3a 3a/3c 1 . . 3a/3c J 3a/3c 3a/3c 2b 3b 2b 2b 3a 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b Chariot group. Animal figurine.
NLe space a/b layer 62 OLc space a layer 29 NLe space a layer 61 Cleaning NLe space a/b NLe layer 151 NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe space a/b layer 60 NLe space a layer 61 NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe NLe NLe NLe space space space layer a/b layer 62 a layer 61 a/b layer 62 153
Bovine figure. Driven ox.
460
NLe OLc NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe
850 81 796 812 826 827 1077 851 88 511 751 752 792b 871 839 862 2266
space space space space space space space
a/b layer 62 a layers 21/26/29 a/b layer 59 a layer 61 a layer 61 a/b layer 62 c layer 45
2b 3b/3c 3a 2b 2b 2b 3^/3c 2b 2D/3C 3^/3c 3a/3c 3a 2b/3a 2b 2b 3b 3a 2b 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b
Bovine figure.
NLe space a/b layer 62 Unkown context OLd layer 59 NLe space c layer 34 NLe space c layer 34 NLe space a/b layer 59 NLe space c layer 72
Chariot group.
Matching fragments: NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe space a/b layer 63 OLc space a layer 29
Possible matching fragments: NLe space a/b layer 59 792a NLe space a/b layer 62 843 852 869 854 886 858 97 NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe space c layer 72 NLe space a/b layer 62 NLe space a/b cleaning NLe space a/b layer 62
Animal figurine. Animal figurine. Animal figurine.
Matching fragment OLc space a layer 22 NLe space c layer 74 NLe space c layer 74 NLe space c layer 102 NLb layer 421 NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe space space space space a/b layer 124 a/b layer 62 a/b layer 62 a/b layer 63 space a/b layer 124 space a/b layer 63 space a/b layer 62 space a/b layer 124
3c 2b/3a 2b/3a 2a 2b o/2a 2b 2b o/2a o/2a o/2a 2b o/2a o/2a 2a Possible fish rhyton. Animal figurine. Tall throne.
882 1171 1019 2285 1032 846a 855 859 1038 1128 1129 1725
Bovine figure.
Matching fragment NLe layer 155 175 1 1087 NLe space c layer 89
Possible matching fragments: OLd layer 67 2241a OLc layer 3 2241b NLd space 4 layer 67 224 ic OLc layer 3 224 1d
2D/3C S 3a/3c S
ANALYSIS OF JOIN LINKAGES

NLc layer 215 NLc layer 214 NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc layer layer layer layer 218 214 214 214 3b 3b 2b/3a 3b 3b 3b 3b 3b 3b 3b 2b/3a 3a/3c 3^/3c 2b 3^/3c 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 3a/3c 3^/3c 3^/3c 3a/3c 2b/3a 3^/3c 2b 3b 3b 2b/3a S S 2b? 3c 3c 3b 3c 3c 3c 3b Animal figurine. Animal figurine. Animal figurine. Chariot group. Bovine figure. Male figure. Male figure. Male figure.
46 1
1544 1523 1550 1527 1528 1529 l53 153 1 *533 1534 1553 757 765 1558 764 1556 1564 1567 1568 1569 1570 157 1 1576 1577 158 1 1583 2168 1561 756 758 762 763 X579 865
layer 214 layer 214 layer 214 layer 214
NLc layer 218 NLe space c layer 38 NLe space c layer 46 NLc NLe NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc NLe NLe NLe NLe NLc layer space layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer 221 c layer 46 220 221 221 221 221 221 221 218 218 218 218 218
Chariot group.
layer 221 space c layer 34 space c layer 38 space c layer 46 space c layer 46 layer 218
Matching fragment NLd space 4 layer 67 1563 1036 1532 1555 1606 1023 1727 175 184 1736 177 178 179 1738 NLc NLc NLc NLc layer layer layer layer 221 214 214 218
NLa layer 305 NLb layer 411 a/b layer space 123/124/63 OLc space b layer 23 OLc space b layer 23 NLe OLc OLc OLc NLe layer space space space layer 150 b layer 23 b layer 23 b layer 23 150 NLe
462

Matchingfragments: 170 NLe space c layer49 NLe layer 150 1735 2166 2167 2340 1551 1585 2660 2657 2670 2665 2666 2669 2674 2685 2686b 2689 2686a 2690 2659 2688 NLe space a/blayer 123 NLa layer305 NLe Southlayer237 NLe layer218 NLe layer218 MLb Room A layer963 MLb Room A layer961 MLb MLb MLb MLb MLb Room A layer970 Room A layer965 Room A layer965 Room A layer970 Room A layer970
3a/3c 3b o/2a S 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b/3a 2b Bovinefigure. Male figure.
Female figure. Bovinefigure.
MLb Room A layer976 MLb Room A layer976 MLb Room A layer976 MLb Room A layer976 MLb Room A layer976 MLb Room layer962 MLb Room A layer976
Bovinefigure. Bovinefigure. Bovinefigure.
Table B.2. Pottery Joins

P. No.
186
Cat. No.
178 86
Context
NLe space c layer 74 NLd space 4 layer 73 NLe NLd NLd NLd NLe NLe NLe NLb NLb NLe space c layer 75 space 1 layer 56 space 4 layer 57 East baulk layer 96 space c layer 74 space c layer 99 space c layer 74 layer 417 layer 418 space c layer 72
Phase
2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b 3a/3c 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 3a/3c 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a Amphora. Kylix.
Type
187
Collar-necked jar.
190
96
X93
352
NLe space c layer 74 NLd East baulk layer 96 NLd NLb NLd NLd NLe NLe space 4 layer 79 layer 418 space 4 layer 73 East baulk layer 96 space c layer 74 space c layer 99
Kylix Kylix. Hydria.
194
99

195 in NLe NLb NLd NLd NLd NLd NLd NLe NLe NLe NLe 197 81 NLe MLb MLb NLb NLd NLe NLe NLb NLb NLd NLd NLe NLe NLe 199 130 NLe NLe NLe NLe space c layer 75 layer 418 space 4 layer 67 space 4 layer 68 space 4 layer 73 space 4 layer 79 East baulk layer 96 space c layer 72 space c layer 74 space c layer 109 space d layer 78 space c layer 75 Room layer 1036 Room layer 1037 layer 418 space 4 layer 79 space c layer 74 space c layer 75 layer 417 layer 418 space 4 layer 73 East baulk layer 96 space c layer 72 space c layer 74 space c layer 99 2b 2b/3a 3^/3c 3^/30 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b? 2a/3c? 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b 3a/3c 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 3^/D 2b/3a 3b 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a o/ic 2a/3c 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2a 2a 2b 2b 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a Amphora. Deep bowl. Krater. Hydria. Piriformjar. Jug.
463
198
100
South layer 238 layer 240 South layer 251 East baulk layer 255 NLe East baulk layer 256 NLe East baulk layer 258 NLd space 3 layer 30 NLd space 3 layer 35 NLe NLd NLd NLe space c layer 75 space 4 layer 73 East baulk layer 148 space c layer 74
200
262
259
NLe space d layer 88 NLe space d layer 83 NLd space 4 layer 79 NLd space 4 layer 73 NLd East baulk layer 96 NLe space c layer no NLe space c layer 101 NLa layer 321 NLa 321 NLe NLb NLe NLe space c layer 75 layer 418 space c layer 72 space c layer 74
401
97
451
53
Piriformjar. Tripod cauldron.
466
376
473
98
Amphora.
464
474 263

NLe space c layer 99 NLd East baulk layer 96 NLc layer 213 pb 1315 NLc layer 213 pb 1314 NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe NLe MLd NLa NLe NLe NLe NLd MLb MLb NLc NLd NLe NLe space space space space space b layer 13 1 b layer 129 b layer 130 c layer 101 c layer no Deep bowl. Shallow angular bowl. Goblet.
2b/3a 2b/3a D o/2a o/2a o/2a 2a 2a 2a 2b 3a 2a 2a 2a/3c 2b S D 2b 3a/3c 3a/3c 3a/3c 2b 2b 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b/3a 0/3C 2D/3C 2D/3C 2b 3a/3c 2b/D 2D/3C 2D/3C 2D/3C 3C/D S S 2b/D 2D/3C 3a/3c 3a/3c
664
390
667
74
676
207
space c layer 84 Room layer 511 layer 315 space c layer 82 space c layer 103 space d layer 81 space 3 layer 39 East layer 12 East layer 17 layer 221 East baulk layer 94 space c layer 34 space c layer 42
Deep bowl.
884
115
Stirrup jar.
l45 141 o
373 218
MLb Room A layer 965 MLb Room A layer 963 NLb MLb NLb NLb layer 419 Room layer 1036 layer 418 layer 420
Pedestal vase.
Deep bowl.
144 1
MLb Room layer 1037 MLb Room layer 1036 NLb NLd OLd OLd NLd NLd OLd OLd OLd OLd NLd NLe OLd OLd PLa layer 427 space 2 layer 12 layer 59 layer 63 space 1 layer 64 space 4 layer 69 layer 50 layer 59 layer 61 layer 58 space 3 layer 4 space d layer 26 layer 41 layer 50 layer 20
!54
!35
Krater.
!55
Mug.
1506
508
Jug.
1507
254
OLd layer 59 NLe space c layer 46 NLe space c layer 49
Deep bowl.

1508 252 NLd NLd NLd OLd space 4 layer 80 space 3 layer 39 space 4 layer 79 layer 59 2a 2b 2a 2b/3c 2b/3c 3a/3c 2a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b 2a 2a 2b S D D 3a/D D D D 2b/3a S 2D/3C 2D/3C 2D/3C 2b 2D/3C 2D/3C 2b 2b 2b/3a 2b 2b 2D/3C 2a/3c 2a/3c 3a/3c 2D/3C 2D/3C 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2D/3C 2D/3C 2D/3C Deep bowl. Deep bowl. Dipper. Deep bowl. Krater. Deep bowl. Deep bowl. Miniature deep bowl.
465
1509 15 13
255
OLd layer 59 NLe space c layer 46 NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLd NLe NLe layer 445 layer 418 layer 420 layer 421 layer 428 layer 437 East baulk layer 148 space c layer 76 space c layer 109 layer 444 layer 332 East baulk layer 227 space 3 layer 4 East baulk layer 29 space d layer 26 layer 15 layer 45
205
1514
127
NLb NLa NLe NLd NLd NLe OLc OLc
1515
MLb Room layer 1036 MMb layer 1002 OLd layer 59 OLd layer 61 OLd layer 62 NLd East baulk layer 148 OLd layer 59 OLd layer 62 NLd East baulk layer 148 NLb layer 421 NLb layer 428 NLe NLd OLd OLd OLd NLe OLd OLd PLa NLe NLb NLb NLe OLd OLd OLd space c layer 75 East baulk layer 148 layer 62 layer 65
15 16
222
15 17
160
15 18
267
1519
227
layer 65 space c layer 49 layer 61 layer 63 layer 16 space c layer 75 layer 418 layer 426 space a/b layer 60 layer 60 layer 61 layer 63
152 1
231
Deep bowl.
466
1522 161

NLd NLe NLe NLe OLd NLe MLb MLb MLb NLe space 3 layer 39 space c layer 34 space c layer 42 space c layer 44 layer 52 space c layer 84 Room layer 1036 Room layer 1038 Room layer 512 space c layer 77 2b 3a/3c 3a/3c 3a/3c 2D/3C 2a 2b/3a ib/2a ib/2a 2a 3a 3W3C 3a/3c 3a/ '3c 3a/3c 3a/3c 3W3C 2b D ib/2a D 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b 3a 3a/3c 3W3C 2a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b 2b/3a? 2b 2a 2b/3a 2b 2b Kylix. Kylix. Kylix. Krater. Jug. Deep bowl. Lipless conical bowl.
1524
208
1526
107 101
NLa layer 316 NLd space 1 layer 15 NLb NLb NLb NLb NLd layer 423 layer 412 layer 414 layer 422 space 3 layer 22
1527
Hydria.
1528
87 206
MLd Room layer 510 NLe layer 212 NLa MLb MLb MLb MLd NLd layer 324 Room layer 1033 Room layer 1035 Room layer 1037 Room layer 512 space 3 layer 36
Collar-necked jar. Deep bowl.
1529
153 1
128
NLa layer 315 NLb layer 422 NLd space 3 layer 28 NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb layer 445 layer 418 layer 420 layer 421 layer 426 layer 427 layer 428 layer 437 layer 441 layer 442
1533
173
Kylix.
534
NLd space 3 layer 36 NLa layer 320 NLe East baulk layer 258 NLb laYer 442 NLb layer 441 NLb layer 442 NLb layer 440 NLb layer 441 NLb NLb NLb NLb layer 451 layer 440 layer 441 layer 442
1535
334
Kylix. Deep bowl.
1536
256
1537
174

*539 269 NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb NLb layer 421 layer 418 layer 423 layer 427 layer 428 layer 437 2b 2b/3a 3a/3c 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 3a/3c 3a/3c 2b/3a 2b/3c 2b 2D/3C 2b/3a D 2b/3a 2b/3a 2b/3a 3W3C 3c o/2a o/2a o/2a o/2a 2b 2b 2D/3C 2b 2b/3a ib/2a ib/2a 2a 2a 2b 2b/3a 2D/3C 2b/3a 2D/3C 2D/3C D 2b 2b 2b 3a 3a 3a/3c Deep bowl. Deep bowl. Deep bowl. Deep bowl. Krater. Askos. Deep bowl. Alabastron. Deep bowl. Kylix. Deep bowl. Deep bowl.
467
!54 154 1
353 268
NLd space 4 layer 68 NLd space 4 layer 67 NLe space a/b layer 60 OLd layer 60 NLd space 1 layer 56 OLd layer 60
1542
Dipper.
*543
387
NLc NLc NLc NLc NLc
layer layer layer layer layer
213 213 213 213 213
pb pb pb pb pb
1322 1316 131 7 1320 1321
1544 -
266
NLc East baulk layer 254 NLd space 3 layer 13 NLe space a/b layer 133 NLe space a/b layer 129 NLe space a/b layer 133 NLe space a/b layer 129 NLe space c layer 75 NLb layer 419 OLd layer 59 NLb layer 419 NLb layer 418 MLd Room layer 516 MLb Room layer 1038 NLe space c layer 92 NLe space c layer 91 NLd space 4 layer 79 NLc layer 213 pb 1321 OLd layer 59 MLb Room layer 1035 OLd layer 53 OLd layer 65 MLd Room layer 514 NLe space c layer 75 NLb layer 419 NLc NLa NLa NLb South layer 252 layer 313 layer 315 layer 423
71
72 112
Krater.
Jug.
126
141 175 221
Kylix. Deep bowl.
223
224
225
230
468
261 307 313

NLe space c layer92 NLe space c layer92 NLe space c layer89 OLd layer 13 NLe space c layer 105 NLb layer445 NLe space c layer86 NLe space c layer89 MLd Room layer512 MLb Room layer 1036 NLd space 4 layer80 NLd space 4 layer79 2a 2a 2a S 2a 2a 2a 2a 2b 2b/3a 2a 2a/2b Deep bowl. Plate. Lid.
354 366
Kylix. Shallow angularbowl.
C Appendix The ChippedStone

byRobinTorrence
blades or unique retouched such as complete No unusualor 'special' artifact prismatic types, or in at no specialized area found the were Furthermore, forms, deposits sanctuary Phylakopl. in theexcavations stone ofthisarea. Nevertheless, cachesofstonetoolswereidentified chipped a sizeableproportion from the ofthefinds ofobsidian, did comprise almost artifacts, exclusively and the to ask what role these tools It seems reasonable,therefore, ordinary bysanctuary. whichtook associatedwiththemmay have played in the activities of manufacture products of thesite.The mostproductive approachto thisquestionis place in thisspecializedportion with thatfound of the stone from the be detailed to sanctuary likely through comparison chipped out the unusual or nonutilitarian of in other sectors ofPhylakopl. By factoring aspects possibly be able to elements connected with the ritual thesanctuary one finds, may identify presumed in the sanctuaryand adjacent a comparative events.Consequently, studyof the artifacts a significant thatfollows. trenches comprises partof the report it Before on is thatthesanctuary be however, important embarking comparisons, assemblage in some detail. Next,althoughit will be shownthatthe artifact described are typespresent in common elsewhere at Phylakopi, it is important to investigate alternate sources ofvariation in thesanctuary itself becausethese reflect differences the use of stone tools both might through can be monitored timeand acrossspace. Two aspectsof patterning withthe data collected. thecomposition of the assemblagein terms of relative ofvariousartifact Firstly, proportions classesshouldyielduseful information about the typesof behaviourtakingplace in the two shrines and adjacentstreets. theabundanceofobsidian shouldreflect thefrequency of Secondly, In order discard and perhaps also ofproduction and usein thesanctuary. tointerpret theresults obtained inthearchaeological twomeasurements, variation context ofthefinds must be bythese controlled sincethecomposition and abundanceoffinds also to the nature may varyaccording ofthedeposit.Whenever willbe made between artifacts foundon floors possiblea distinction and those includedin other in fills accumulated When combined with deposits (largely place). theanalysis ofintra-site at Phylakopi, variation theresults ofthese not studies, separate although that obsidian artifacts in a role the ritual conclusive, common, strongly suggest everyday played in thesanctuary activities at Phylakopl. Data used in the Study it was notpossible to study thetotalcollection ofobsidianfrom thisarea ofthe Unfortunately, sitein thetime available.A totalof2,724obsidianand 23 non-obsidian artifacts weredescribed In selecting and measured. theartifacts for an effort was made toincorporate however, analysis, from thecomplete of in events the a and from deposits sequence sanctuary representative sample ofdiscrete areaswithin boththeEastand WestShrines. A breakdown ofthelevels in represented thefinalstudyis as follows:
469
470
Trench East Shrine West Shrine OLc/NLd/NLe Le MLb
Layers 2 1- 93 94-154 213- 261 8 - 32; 950- 974;

1031 - 1041
Lithic Technology in theobsidianassemblage In simple thetypes ofartifacts terms, represented presence/absence from therest ofthesite(TABLE from are identical to their thePhylakopi sanctuary counterparts basedon pressure can be associated with theblade technology C. 1) . The majority oftheartifacts found at thebronzeage and previously well-known theAegeanarea during flaking throughout parallel-sided prismatic (Torrence, 1979a;Bosanquet,1904).Boththecharacteristic, Phylakopi in theassemblage. The ten are found whichthey werestruck bladesand theparent coresfrom inwell-dated contexts found tobe classified) ofwhich arecomplete bladecores(onlyfive enough areas ofthesite. in corepreparation as known from other illustrate thefullrangeofvariability corewithblade scars Three main types are present (cf.Torrence,1979b): (1) one cylindrical arounda portion ofthecore;(2) one corewithblade scarsremoved aroundtheentire periphery cores and (3) three thearea ofblade removal; locatedopposite ofthecoreand a prepared ridge from flake scarsstruck ofthecorebutwith most oftheperiphery from with bladesremoved many are two insmallnumbers, in theblade assemblage, directions on one side.Alsopresent although or rejuvenation crested bladesand platform ofwasteby-product, distinctive preparation types flakes. thereis evidencefora less highly In additionto the moresophisticated blade industry, been which had probably flakes of the very irregular involving production technology developed or 'instant'tools (Gould, 1980, 131) and thendiscarded. used onlya fewtimesas expedient in Phase oftheassemblage as muchas ninepercent cores(comprising Singleand multi-platform - neitherof which are directly related to blade 1 of the sanctuary)and numerousflakes is in the sanctuary The flakeindustry production werefoundin all areas of both shrines. at other found and at areas other from in to character similar Phylakopi debitage broadly its at Agia Irini,Lerna and Knossos),although observations Aegeanbronzeage sites(personal in of most the case As difficult. makes detailed character Aegean comparison irregular highly rarein thisarea ofthesite;only11 artifacts wereextremely retouched bronzeage assemblages, do not butthey retouch unifacial Each bearsa smallarea ofcontinuous, werefound. suchflakes to regular conform shapesor types. was not restricted withinthe Phylakopisanctuary solelyto Chipped stonemanufacture altered or silicified ofrock, othertypes obsidianas itsraw material, rhyolites largely although and volcanicashes (Shelford, only a small part of the total pers.comm.),in factcomprise area in thesanctuary werefound rawmaterial Twenty-three piecesofnon-obsidian assemblage. and to Phases 2 1 five each and Phase toindividual ofwhich11couldbe assigned 3. phases:one to Since flakecores;none is retouched. or small,veryirregular are flakes Most oftheseartifacts of the the remainder at Phylakopi, the chippedstoneindustry dominates obsidianobviously of the that itself willconcern discussion assemblage. part onlywith
THE CHIPPED STONE
47 1
Temporal Variation artifact classesforeach ofthethree ofdifferent and relative The counts, weights, proportions in weretoosmalltopermit TABLES C. and sizes in are listed mainphases thesanctuary 3. Sample between The distinction further divisions within the a studyofvariationamong the phases. bulbof a a and flakes and chipsis basedon thefactthatflakes positive platform display striking detached of the Hertziancone), whereaschipsare veryirregular force(i.e. a portion pieces weremade features offtakes. Differences and lack thediagnostic unintentionally during flaking in thesequenceofproduction: inorder within theclasses todistinguish primary flakes/chips stages are partially dorsalsurfaces; are totally corticated on their decorticated; secondary flakes/chips can be madeon thebasisof Severalobservations are totally decorticated. and tertiary flakes/chips C.i and 2. thedate in TABLES in theproportion whichis oftertiary flakes is an increase Phase 1 and 2 there (1) Between flakes. offset by a decreasein thenumber(but nottheweight)ofsecondary partially in Phase 3. maintained This difference is largely of corticalflakecores also decreasesbetweenPhases 1 and 2 and (2) The proportion remains low in Phase 3. in therelative number therelative and, to a lesser extent, (3) Thereis a gradualincrease thesequence. ofblades throughout weight there seemsto be a general decreasein theaveragesize of (4) In additionto thesetrends, within each class,especially betweenPhases 1 and 2. theartifacts A measure in interpreting ofcautionmustbe exercised thesetrends becausethetotalsample for Phase 1, are relatively small.Severaltentative be sizes, can,however, particularly hypotheses toaccountfor these thatthediscard ofartifacts tookplace nearthe Assuming proposed paterns. artifacts combinedwith the and/oruse, the increasein decorticated place of manufacture in cortical in flake decrease flakes and especially corescould be relatedto a changein theuseof thearea suchthatin thelaterphaseslessobsidianknapping, theinitial particularly involving ofcorereduction, tookplace and moreartifacts manufactured elsewhere werebrought to stages in theproportion thearea. The rise ofbladesincomparison toflake coresalsosuggests a decrease intheproduction ofexpedient flake tools and moreemphasis on blades.On theother hand,these trends result from thefactthatthemajority ofPhase 1 deposits to the maysimply corresponds In otherwords,it mightbe buildingof the West Shrineratherthan to the use of its floors. thatconstruction fills wouldcontaina higher oflarge,cortical wastebyexpected proportion in relationto toolsthan would the materialdiscardedon floors. products Regardlessof the in the assemblages reasonsforthe differences betweenPhases 1 and 2, it is notablethatthe ofthevariousclassesin Phases 2 and 3 are not markedly dissimilar. Fromthisit proportions iftherateofdiscard for each classofartifact wasstable, thefunction ofobsidian did appearsthat, notaltersignificantly between thetimewhenbothshrines werein use and theperiodafter the majorcollapse. In contrast to the composition of the assemblage,thereare veryclear differences in the ofobsidiandiscarded time.In ordertomonitor theactualamount ofobsidian quantity through a measure which iscomparable units ofvarying sizesmust be used. deposited, amongexcavation The counts C. 1 and 2 are notadequate becausethey are determined to a large givenin TABLES extent ofdeposits for each phasewhich werestudied. difficulties ofthis bythenumber Analytical kindcan be avoidedifthesimple ofobsidianfor a depositis dividedby thevolumeof quantity earthcomprising thatdeposit,yielding a count per unit volume. In the case of the figures inTABLE ofbaskets to23,000cc.) presented C.3, thetotalnumber (i.e.zembils, roughly equivalent ofearthremoved from thedeposits ofeach phaseas they wereexcavated.Unfortunately zembil
472
and we lackdata from one area oftheWest counts werenotrecorded supervisors by all trench wereuncovered. Shrinewhere, forexample,Phase floors in TABLE thatbetween Phases 1 and 2 the C.3 demonstrate enough,theresults Surprisingly inthesanctuary ofobsidian increases of2.5,followed relative bya factor bya very slight quantity in Phase3. A possibility thatmerits serious attention is thatthis riseinobsidianquantity decline intheuseofobsidian a shift from domestic tomainly ritual sinceitwould activities, mayindicate at theendofthebronzeage. The most be expected thatobsidianusewouldbe declining striking inTABLE ofobsidianwerefound on Phase 2 floors; the fact illustrated C.3 is thatlargequantities thatin other and three times thatofPhase3 floor and are nearly twice Phase2 deposits amounts fill Partoftheexplanation forthispattern maylie in thenatureofthePhase 2 floors deposits. All thefloor destruction levelsofPhase 2 actuallybelongin Phase 2b, representing themselves. on whether the of obsidian it remains difficult to highdensity Unfortunately distinguish deposits. outsidetheshrine ofmaterial from is causedbythefactthatlargeamounts thefloors collapsed which as a result ofthedisaster ontothefloors or,as in thecase of seriously damagedbothshrines at material which wasinuseintheshrines ofpottery and figurines, thelargequantities represents not does ofthePhase 2b floor Since thecomposition thetimeofthedestruction. assemblages seemsmore fills thelatter or Phase 3 floors, from either differ hypothesis greatly contemporary in terms of Phase 2b and Phase 3 floors between If this werethecase,thedifference reasonable. of use the shrine conditions fact that under normal reflect the of obsidian maymerely quantity clean (cf.Gamble,AppendixD). floors werekeptrelatively Spatial Variation hindered area isseriously in theuseofspacein thesanctuary ofdifferences bythe Interpretation merit the of Several the discrete areas. from recovered small however, data, aspects very samples of in of the both terms be to In thefirst there comment. differences, composition the appear place shrines and the inside of the the between obsidian in of and the deposited, assemblages quantity to both that seen in TABLE it can be the information From streets. compared C.4 given adjacent is foundon thestreets of the artifacts a muchsmallerproportion theEast and WestShrines reflect the shrines within of blades concentration blades. The of may higher comprised prismatic of tobe a mixture ismorelikely found on thestreet thedebris whereas oftools selection deliberate obsidian of therelative and (used?)tools.In addition, wasteby-products (table C.4) quantities the aroundoutside Sincelessobsidianwas lying thanin theWestShrine. are lowerin thestreet shrine within the found the material that these data thanwas found WestShrine inside, suggest A oftransport and is nottheresult there was discarded processes. bynon-cultural intentionally the in Phase but in Phase Shrine East for the not hold would similar 2, density 3 higher argument deliberate as opposedtoon thestreets ofobsidianinsidetheEast Shrine, outside, again suggests on thepartof thepeople usingtheshrine. behaviour in bothamongthevariousrooms differences werefunctional it appearsthatthere Secondly, was in the discard ofobsidian In Phase2 thefocus thetwoshrines. and between theWestShrine ofobsidianin the thehighest in Room B, whichcontains WestShrineand especially density of Room does Not of the obsidian,but the large quantities possess only sanctuary. history eitherthat the One also is in the blades of might hypothesize high. assemblage proportion obsidian for obsidiantookplace in thisarea or thatitwas a storeroom which involved activities less in Phase 2. Although oftheRoom A collection a highproportion tools.Blades also form densethanin the adjacentroom,obsidianis moreabundantherethanin otherareas of the that ofsometype.It is worth remembering Perhapsit toowas a storeroom sanctuary complex.
THE CHIPPEDSTONE
473
ofobsidianbladesinRoomA, an unusually thehigh offigurines density alongwith largenumber the 'Lady of Phylakopi' werefound.After the major collapseof Phase 2b and the including oftheblocking wallintheWestShrine whenRoomsA and largely went outofuse,the building focus ofobsidiandiscardshifts to theEast Shrine.In thisregard it is interesting that,although the northside of the West Shrinewas stillin use, the quantityof obsidiandiscardedthere in Phase 3. Although declined theconcentration ofobsidianin theEast Shrineis muchgreater thancontemporary whether areas,itis lessthanin Room in theprevious period;one wonders theEast Shrine tookoverthefunctions ofRoomsA and orwhether thenature ofobsidianuse alteredat thisstagein conjunction withthechangein itslocation. Intra-site Variation In order toevaluatemorefully themeaning ofthetemporal and spatialpatterns notedabove,it would be usefulto comparethemwithsimilarpatterns in contemporary from assemblages different areas of thesitewhichpresumably had a secularfunction. the most Unfortunately recentexcavations at Phylakopi, in whichthe sanctuary was uncovered, yieldedverylittle materialcontemporaneous withthe last phases in the sanctuary. In Renfrew's (1978, 405) revised for thesanctuary inPeriodIV inwhich there are twophases. sequence Phylakopi belongs Phase includes Phase 1 in thesanctuary; PhaseF begins withtheconstruction oftheLH 11IB fortification wall (Wall 100), and is therefore withsanctuary Phases 2 and 3. contemporary in trench to theeast ofthesanctuary both PLa, immediately Fortunately area, obsidianfrom Phases and F was recovered. Thismaterial an excellent basisfor with the provides comparison becausethefloors in PLa arepresumed and fills torelate todomestic sanctuary assemblage solely activities. In terms ofthecomposition ofartifact from PLa types(table C.6), theobsidiancollections and thesanctuary do notdiffer it is possibleto see differences time. greatly, although through Forinstance in PLa thecontribution ofcoresand bladesalters little between Phases and F but thereis an increasein the proportions of corticalflakessuggesting that eitherknapping a larger constituted oftheactivities in PhaseF or,more that of proportion likely, theinitial stages which had beencarried out at another of the site in Phase now shifted to PLa. In flaking part thedecreasein Phase forthesanctuary in theproportion ofcoresas wellas cortical contrast, combined withtheincrease in bladesand tertiary was previously to be flakes, flakes, suggested due to a declinein the amountof knappingwhichtookplace. In otherwords,the obsidian which seems tohavemovedawayfrom thesanctuary area in PhaseF mayhaveshifted knapping in part to thearea of thesiterepresented by PLa. On theother handthedata on therelative abundanceofobsidianin thedeposits indicate that obsidianwas accordeddifferent in theshrines treatment to thatin thehousehold. TABLE C.7 showsthatalthough thequantities ofobsidiandeposited in thesanctuary area in Phase were less than halfthatdiscardedin the domestic contexts of PLa, in Phase F the situation had reversed itself. This trend is particulary whencombined withthedata on completely significant whichwas interpreted as indicating thatthe obsidianin the assemblage composition {supra) in Phase F containeda smallerproportion shrine of waste by-products from knappingand a higher offtake and blade toolsthanthecontexts in PLa. Fromthese data consequently density one can surmise thatas thefrequency ofobsidiandiscard(and, byimplication, itsuse) declined in the domestic contexts at Phylakopi, moreobsidianwas being brought into the relatively area. sanctuary
474
Conclusions here althoughtheymust be Several conclusions can be reached fromthe data presented is that in ofthis small sizes. The as tentative view of the study majorconclusion sample regarded in in the which took involved the activities to have been obsidian artifacts place appear in the shrine The of artifacts area at however, deposits, sanctuary Phylakopl. types represented in usethroughout therest ofthesite.DuringPhase thecomposition to theforms wereidentical obsidianwas lessabundant similar toadjacentcontexts was broadly oftheassemblage although in Phases2 and 3 shrines In contrast, of use of the in thesanctuary. the during majorperiods of obsidianwere In fact,largerquantities obsidianseemsto have increasedits importance. This in contexts. in than other the opensup thepossibility sanctuary contemporary deposited - unretouched ofobsidianartifacts thesame types thatat theend ofthebronzeage, roughly were butwhich domestic for had previously beenusedmainly bladesand flakes which purposes activities of the ritual into bronze became tools, increasingly incorporated replacedby gradually with its of the sanctuary the East and West Shrines.Finally,the composition assemblage, thatin and cores,indicates thancorticalflakes flakes and blades rather on tertiary emphasis the area and into were elsewhere manufactured which had been tools deposited brought general there. of oftheartifacts microwearanalysis without At present (e.g. as in Keeley,1979) thenature at. Certainly area can onlybe guessed in which obsidianwas usedin thesanctuary theactivities further techniqueswould be methodological study of the assemblage utilizingdifferent in the the to In it would be valuable. addition, interesting compare role(s)ofobsidian extremely the useof whether to see shrines at other with its Mycenaean counterparts sanctuary Phylakopi with a on a local cult to in theritual areaswas thetrait obsidian Melos, hypothesis stems unique thecontinued itis surely island. to the thatobsidianis,ofcourse, thefact from However, unique - at once the moststriking from the present stem to observation use ofobsidian yetsimplest at of detailed evaluation merits careful which most assemblages study contemporary by study further sites. Acknowledgement: Partial supportfor this researchwas provided by the University ResearchFund at Sheffield University.
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Relative ofObsidian Quantity byPhaseand Context

PHASE No. Per Unit Volume* Total Artifacts Blades All Deposits 1.49 0.05 PHASE 2 All Deposits 3.89 0.66 Floors 8.49 1.98 PHASE 3 All Deposits 3.29 0.60 Floors 2.88 0.43
Table C.3
* The quantity listed in the table is reached by dividing the total number ofpieces recovered fromthe deposits by the total number of zembils(c. 23,000 cc.) of earth comprising the deposits.
Table C.5 Relative ofObsidian in Various Areas within theSanctuary Quantity

PHASE 1 Total Artifacts East Shrine WestShrine Room A Room North Area Streets 1.72 0.09 3.33 12.24 3.81 3.27 0.90 25 0.41 0.26 2.67 36 1.74 1.49 0.47 0.27 0.23 1.00 Blades PHASE 2 Total Artifacts 1.72 Blades 0.34 PHASE 3 Total Artifacts 7.89 Blades I.22
Note: The quantity listed in the table is reached by dividing the total number of pieces recovered from the deposits by the total number of zembils(c. 23,000 cc.) of earth comprising the deposits.
THE CHIPPED STONE
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Table C.6 of Sanctuary withArea PLa Comparison Assemblage Composition

SANCTUARY
Phase Artifact Type Primary Flakes Secondary Flakes Tertiary Flakes Primary Chips Secondary Chips Tertiary Chips Cortical Flake Cores Noncortical Flake Cores Blades Blade Cores Unmodified Nodules Total No. 17 98 49 10 63 20 21 13 215 6 % 8 46 23 5 9 No. 163 977 855 6< 96 78 63 171 356 23 2644 13 < 1 99 Phase F % 6 37 32 4 3 2 No. 31 136 87 143 26 38 29 72 43 5 4J7 10 < 99 Phase % 7 33 21 6 9 7 No. 21 55 25 00 11 00 13 21 17 2 7 9 12 99
TRENCH PLa
Phase F % 14 37 17 7
Table C.7 RelativeAbundanceofObsidian in the Sanctuaryand Area PLa

SANCTUARY
All Deposits Phase Total Artifacts Blades Phase F Total Artifacts Blades 3.60 0.63 3.86 0.70 1.80 0.23 2.81 0.32 1.49 0.05 346 0.38 3-95 0.53 Floors
TRENCH PLa
All deposits Floors
Note: The quantity listed in the table is reached by dividing the total numbers ofpieces recovered from the deposits by the total number of zembils{c. 23,000 cc.) of earth comprising the deposits.
AppendixD and the animal bones Formation processes the Sanctuaryat Phylakopi from
by Clive Gamble
theupperlevelsoftheMycenaeansanctuary. A sampleof3485 animalboneswas studied from fromthe excavations of 1974, 1975 and 1976. The bones fromthe These came exclusively intotheearlier accountofthefaunalmaterial from werenotincorporated sactuary Phylakopi where contributed to the identification of (Gamble, 1982) except they speciesthatwerenot thedifference in excavation found on other partsofthesite.The mainreasonforthisconcerns in the the shrine area and the other trenches on the The between site. area excavation strategy was concerned with the of horizontal while the sanctuary investigation complex relationships in smaller trenches into the rest of the site were to recover information dug designed stratigraphie as economical a manner as possible.It was nottherefore to examine of areal possible questions and instead theanalysis concentrated variability amongthebonematerial uponfaunalchanges time.It has been shownby Meadow (1975) thatconsiderable lateralvariation exists through bone as differential between among assemblages.This is due to such factors preservation contexts and variation acrossa sitein humanactivities thatinvolvedtheuse and disposalof bone.It isbecauseofthese inthewaythatthesamples differences wereobtained thattheanalysis oftheshrine and thesiteboneshave been keptseparate. Theseconsiderations have someconsiderable One objective bearing upon thispresent study. in studying thesanctuary bonematerial was tosee ifanyparticular setofritualactivities might in the animal bone assemblage.However in view of the comments be reflected above it is to start on a cautionary noteand warnthatunlessthevariation betweentheshrine necessary bonesand thosefrom therestofthesiteis verygreat(thusaccounting for local areal expected itmaynotbe possible then toisolate suchnuances ofzooanthropological interactions. variation) - ovicaprids, - which The bone material was dominatedby domestic animals pig and cow formed bone recovered(table D.i). A right nearlyall of the total quantityof identifiable mandibleofthebeech marten(Martes witha foina)in whichthecanineis erupting, together atlas vertebrae werefoundin theupperlevelsoftheEast Shrinearea. A left nearly complete humrus ofthesamespecies had previously comefrom theCityIII phaseintrench PK. In trench NLe space c, whichis partofthecourtyard area between thetwoshrines, came twoassociated foot bonesofa smallequid thatis mostprobably a donkey. in separatelevelsthey Whilefound an articulating nevertheless form main right smallmetacarpal. metacarpaland theattendant thedistalend ofthemainmetacarpal was broken excavation and lostso Unfortunately during thatthestate offusion isnotknown for certain. Howeverthere isno reasontothink thatthebone comes from a juvenileanimaland themeasurements on theproximal endmaytherefore be taken as thoseofan adult animal. trench NLe spacec layer from Von Metacarpalmeasurements, Phylakopi 42. (Measurements den Driesch 1976: 93): Greatest breadthof theproximal end 36.6 mm Greatest depthof theproximalend 23.7 mm 479
480
fromthe Some fragments of tortoise egg shell were also recovered carapace and ostrich In lacks mammals however the and are elsewhere. terms of sanctuary sanctuary reported upon this that activities associated with one influence the complex anyexoticspeciesand so possible is removed. of thebone assemblage have had upon theformation might and weight are animalsas measured The proportions ofthemaindomestic bybothnumbers in D.2. presented TABLE in thevariousareasofthesanctuary thisthatthere is somevariation between It is clearfrom in the West terms ofproportional Cattleare notrepresented thesmallarea of representation. inboththecourtyard area between Shrine that wasavailablefor and poorly analysis represented cattleare muchbetter locations oftheEast Shrine room.In all other theshrines and theinterior in theupper element thedominant ofidentifed evenforming, byweight specimens, represented is the In all othercontexts areas thatwerenot dividedintocontexts. westshrine sheep/goat ofcattle and therarity ofspecimens and numbers bothbyweight as measured dominant species in higher ofpig. results percentages linked to rubbish for couldwellbe accounted Thisvariation disposal bya modelofdifferential where thereis the locationsand the internalcourtyard factors.In interior preservation smallerspecieswould escape either of heavy human traffic likelihood only the bones from or removalfordiscard destruction underfoot, by beinghiddenin smallcracks, by trampling chancesof and hencetheir The largerbonesofcow would be moreeasilyspotted elsewhere. Thisfactor them. wouldremove inposition wouldbe muchlessas periodic sweepings remaining as out in table D.3 wheretheaveragesizeoftheidentifiable is very fragments, clearly brought those bonesfound for is greater In all casesthesizeoffragments is plotted. measured byweight, can also be comparedwiththeaveragesize offragments area. These figures outsidetheshrine these somevariation is clearly therest ofthesite(table D.4). Whilethere from amongst figures It from theinterior. thanthose shrine withtheexterior fit better terms do ingeneral figures they of a variety are undoubtedly however thattheseothertrenches is also a reminder sampling loci. activity it and whichcould escape was in use onlythoseboneswhichentered Whilethesanctuary to the build up of archaeologicalmaterial. contributed and survivedestruction detection fellout ofuse it became used as a moregeneral Howeverin theupperlevelsas thebuilding In this instance in theanimalboneevidence. seen can be and this rubbish for ground dumping to attributed can be material bone of the between variation therefore particular assemblages any since the area excavationof the shrine and theirattendantformation activities processes animalsfrom ofthedomestic Whenwe comparetheproportions suchinterpretation. facilitates on the site it is clear that thereis some discrepancy; the shrinewith the other trenches of cattle (table D. 5). However thiscan be economically with the percentage particularly forthe shrinematerialthathas been presented to the recourse interpretation by explained in above. The other trenches,which were too small either to observe differences be do in factseem to rubbish different locationsor to distinguish contexts, internal/external thatis largely bone in animal the trends about information diachronic population supplying on a random selected Whilemoretrenches areal variation. unaffected sampling bysynchronie, an interesting itis nonetheless this toconfirm basisacrossthesitewouldbe necessary impression the samplingof a complexsite fordifferent conclusion typesof questions.The concerning shows more nonetheless the site of therest from tothat data whilebroadly comparable sanctuary the to construct used were which trenches thefourindependent thanfrom variation internal table forcityphasesIII and IV (Gamble 1982; overallfaunalpattern 10).
FORMATION PROCESSES ANDANIMAL BONES
481
in thesanctuary in in theboneresidues is tobe found found thevariation The explanation for in animals not used the rituals associated This is not to that were a study offormation say process. correlation between thebonerefuse toemphasise thatthere is no firm with theshrine butrather connectedwith this structure. and a particularset of activities By comparisonthe bones a clearcorrelation. at Knossos(Jarman associated with theTempleofDemeter 1973)presented to the temple In the first place the bones whichwerefoundin veryclose spatial proximity in the in terms from all theotherlocalities differed ofspeciesrepresentation buildings greatly Fromamongst a totalof area thathad previously beenanalysed for their bonecontents. Knossos a depositof to speciesalmost90% were pig. By contrast 590 bones that were identifiable boreno relation totheactivities associated with Geometric and which age bonesat thesamesite, thetemple, weredominated and pig formed by ovicaprids only 17% oftheremains(Jarman a fusion ofosteological and literary evidencethat 1973:177).The TempleofDemeterpresents an acceptableanimalto sacrifice result sincepig was considered to satisfactory producea very In thesamewaytheTempleofMercury, this at West particular deity. currently beingexcavated a boneassemblage has produced thatis dominated Hill,Uley,Gloucestershire, bygoatremains and which also possesses cockerel bones(Levitan, . Thisconfirms theevidence from forthcoming) thealtarsand statuesthatMercury was indeedthe main deityworshipped at thissite. The Phylakopi evidencecontainsno hintofanimal sacrifice. At bestall thatcould be put forward to support sucha suggestion wouldbe thatsacrifice tookplace at infrequent intervals and involvedveryfewanimals whichwere not selectedon a speciesbasis. Moreovertheir remains werenotdisposed ofina specialmanner. The earlier (Gamble 1982)concluded analysis thatmeatwouldhavebeenan occasionalrather thanstapleitem in thedietoftheinhabitants of The population estimate forthetownin bronzeage times ofca. 700- 1500persons Phylakopl. and Gamble 1982)suggests thatmost (Wagstaff, Augustson peoplein thetownwereengagedin so thateachhousehold wouldhavedirect accesstotheir ownflocks. The surplus animals farming would undoubtedly be eaten by the households and therewould be littleinequality in the amountofmeat available to theinhabitants. White(1979: 277) notes thatinRome theordinary citizen couldonlyexpect toeat Bycontrast meatwhenit was givenout at largepublicfeasts and sacrifices. Harner (1977) sees a similar of the redistribution of a scarceand otherwise unobtainable in theAztec system commodity humansacrifices wherethebodieswereeither consumed or stored. Ritual sacrifice in directly these contexts roleindefining socialrelationships and extending playsan important obligations, as wellas solving certain Such a system wouldclearly be inappropriate on dietary requirements. Meloswhere thepopulation was small,everyone had accessto their ownmeatsupply(albeitan limits of the islandwould mean thatthe keeping of infrequent one), and wherethe physical animalsin sufficient numbers forsacrificial would in make bad sense both economic purposes and ecologicalterms. Thesearguments are supported evidence from theshrine. The sanctuary bythearchitectural at Phylakopi is designedforinterior actionratherthanforexterior The scale of the display. that werefound within suchitems as theseal-stones, it,and inparticular objects suggest personal thancommunal rather ritual Whatever themotive and direction ofsuchactivity itdoes activity. notseemtohaveinvolved theintegrative can possess behaviour and which can powerthatritual weld togetherthe fragmentary sectionsof society.The redistribution of a desired but unobtainable suchas meat,bya greatprovider at a publicceremony isone examplewhere food, in theservice sacrifice ofritualcould be used to enhancestatusand position. The Phylakopi evidence is entirely tosucha scenario. Here we have thequietcontemplation in a contradictory darkened roomofterracotta bovinefigurines thatmight be desiredas a meansofestablishing wealthbut whichon Melos would be an economicliability ifkeptin any numbers. personal
42
from was assisted ofthematerial The analysis Phylakopi by a Small Grantto theHumanities I am to Professor Nicholas Coldstream British forbringing the the from Academy. grateful Mr Demeter to attention and to of Bruce Levitan for the on information my Sanctuary report about the Uley material.
Table D.i Animalbonesfrom theSanctuary area
Numbers of identified specimens Ovicaprids Pig Cattle 678 225 112 1015 Dog Small equid Martes foina(Beech marten) Rabbit Rodent Bird Fish 1 2 2 1 1 3
20
Acknowledgements
ingrams Weight of identified specimens 4628 2217 2496 9341
Unidentifiable fragments
2450 Table D.2
Animal bones by context within the Sanctuary complex Numbers of specimens identified Ovicaprids A. East Shrineinterior B. Courtyard between East and WestShrines C. WestShrine locations D. Exterior E. Upper levelsEast Shrine F. Upper levelsWestShrine 65 265 39 77 99 133 Pig 19 108 12 26 25 35 Cattle 6 19 16 26 45 ingrams of Weight specimens identified Ovicaprids 304 1396 203 906 718 IIQI Pig 193 9O1 62 309 341 411 Cattle 46 358 421 541 "3
of % Numbers identified specimens Ovicaprids A. East Shrineinterior B. Courtyard between East and WestShrines C. WestShrine locations D. Exterior E. Upper levelsEast Shrine F. Upper levelsWestShrine 72217 68 76 65 66 62 Pig Cattle
ingrams of % Weight identified specimens Ovicaprids 53 77 55 45 42 Pig 34 23 19 21 16 Cattle % 3 26 34 43
28 24 22 17 16
5 13 17 21
FORMATION PROCESSES AND ANIMAL BONES
483
Table D.3 size as measured (grams) byweight specimen Averageidentifiable theSanctuaryarea from
Ovicaprids A. East Shrineinterior East and B. courtyard between West Shrines C. WestShrine locations D. Exterior E. Upper levelsEast Shrine F. Upper levelsWestShrine 4.6 5.2 5.2 11.8 7.2 8.2 Pig 10.1 8.3 5.1 11.9 13.6 11.7 Cattle 7.6 18.8 26.3 20.8 25.1
Table D.4 size as measured byweight (grams) Averageidentifiable specimen excavation(Gamble 1982) the restof the Phylakopi from
Ovicaprids IV III II
I
Pig 8.1 8.5 9.7

10.2
Cattle 13.9 25.3 26.4

16.0
5.8 6.0 6.1

6.1
7.4
153
29.5
Table D.5 ofanimal bones from excavated areasother than the Proportions (Gamble1982) Sanctuary.
Ovicaprids CityIV CityIII numbers % weight weight % % numbers % 72.6 59.9 72.5 46.1 Pig 19.9 19.6 10.9 9.9 Cattle 10.3 20.5 16.5 44.0
AppendixE Meios MuseumNumbers

At theconclusion all theantiquities oftheexcavation, found wereentrusted to thecare ofthe and themajority ofthereconstructed GreekArchaeological Service. The moreimportant finds thevery or complete to the Melos Museum.The otherfinds, including potsweretransferred in the which served of animal bones etc. were stored building during largequantities potsherds, Post Office theexcavation as our laboratory and store(theformer building). a finds removed to theMelos Museumwerethere The potsand themoreimportant assigned totheSF (smallfind) orPot which wasmarked on each inaddition MuseumCataloguenumber, no In thecase ofmanyminor Number thecourseofprocessing. objects, alreadymarked during was Museum number Catalogue assigned. specific was not usuallymarkedwiththe Catalogue Number It shouldbe notedthatthe pottery and plates in this employedby Miss Mountjoyin ChapterV and indicatedon the figures thenumbers In thelaboratory laterby Miss Mountjoy. wereassigned volume.These numbers ''. Only the accession numbers were the by distinguished prefix (Pot Numbers) employed pot the morecompletepots were accessionedin thisway, and individualsherdswere normally and layernumber(enclosedwithina triangle) markedsimplywiththe trench designation Pot In the the find context. catalogue in ChapterVI, the laboratory pottery designating in The it had been where for those is indicated Number assigned. pots the 'P') pieces (with prefix and thePhylakopi showtheMelosMuseumcataloguenumber MelosMuseumthus potnumber, whichfollow. and theseare indicatedin theconcordances as wellas objectsof In additionto theitems listedbelow,all remaining fragments, figurine Museum.A few the Melos to to were and bone and beads, shell, bronze,ivory, transported Museumin National the to Service the of a were taken Archaeological by representative objects and male figures theseincludedthetwo smiting Athens forconservation: 1802), the (SF 518 1 which was not bird(SF 1578)and thegoldhead (SF 192),and theivory bronze plaque (SF 24) foundin the Sanctuary.(It shouldbe notedthatthelistsgivenbelow includeall theobjects theSanctuary to objectsfrom are notrestricted to theMelos Museum;they transferred area.) were Museum. to the were removed all the reconstructecd Only thefollowing pots Nearly Post Office in theformer in storage in theexcavationlaboratory retained building: Pi 15; P1436; P1409; P1404; P466; P663; P1500; P104; P174; P1435; 45
484
MELOS MUSEUM NUMBERS
485
Table E.i Finds Various

Phylakopi SF No. 63 1 620 2036 841 840 844 837 834 824 833 1748 808 821 621 603 861 55 192 152 1 579 174 172 1551 1544 1550 1520 1553 809 1558 756 MeiosMuseum Description Cat.No. 134 135 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 585 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 604 Head of Gycladicfigurine SchematicCycladicfigurine Sealstone1 Sealstone10 Sealstone8 Sealstone2 Sealstone4 Sealstone7 Sealstone11 Sealstone9 Sealstone3 (incomplete) Sealstone5 Sealstone6 Sealstone( c) Sealstone( c) Carnelianbead Linear A tabletfragment Gold mask Psi figurine Psi figurine Psi figurine Psi figurine Male figure Male figure Male figure Male figure Male figure Drivenox Chariotgroup Large bovinefigure
Table . 2
486
Phylakopi Pot No.
Pottery
Melos Museum Cat. No. Cat. No. Mountjoy (Chapter VI)
Pi P12 P13 P27 p57 P58 P126 Pi 27 P147 Pi 72 Pi 86 P187 P188 P189 190 192 194 Pi 95 P197 P198 P401 P435 P451 P453 P462 P467 P470 P471 P472 P473 P680 P706 P714 P891 P892 P895 P898 P899 406 Pi 73 P54 Poo P92 P342 P894 P53 1408 P889
610 623 615 626 619 625 641 621 596 617 620 595 627 614 616 609 598 602 605 613 603 606 622 624 599 600 608 607 611 618 601 643 597 612 630 629 632 631 634 635 642 638 637 636 640 633 639 658 628
95 178 86 96 99 in 81 100 97 53 372 382 383 389 542 98 25 93 94 114 36 315 539 -
33
MELOS MUSEUM NUMBERS Table E.3 Finds Other

Phylakopi SF No. Meios Museum Cat. No. Phylakopi SF No. Meios Museum Cat. No.
487
a) Figurines 166 168 177 185 189 a 196 197 504 583 759 767 773 774 779 781 788 802 805 810 842
662 663 664 665 666 667 Jo 668 669 698 670 671 696 672 673 674 675 676 677 678a 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 692 686 687 699 688 689
2658 2661 2672 2685 2691 J75 789 n 2348 J4 2660 2670 2687 2689 2690 b) Spindle Whorls 4 5 7 72
650 649 656 645 657 661 660 6^q 59 655 651 646 654 653
847
854 856 857 858 867 869 871 ( + 8f 862) 882 887 1032 1557 1562
694
7I3^ V2 7I5 725
72
92 IO1 I39 I42 I57 24 26 226 243 244 246 259
7I3* 73 7I7 722 77 7I9 7I3Ia 78 7IOa 79^ 7I1 721
1563
1575 1624 2260 2270 2679 836 850 2007 2015
693
690 695 678)8 691 687 652 644 marked645 647 648
2l 2
275 278 282 297 364 468 487 508 584
7l6
727 79a 7I 76 75 704 726 714 720 724
488
Phylakopi SF No.
Melos Museum Cat. No.
Phylakopi SF No.
Melos Museum Cat. No.
675 703 715 723 728 744 793 803 866 982 994 1102 1125 1173 1181 1536 !559 1615 1715 1731 1825 2003 2230 2304 2656 2683 2684 2801 2820 2828 c) Loom Weights
22 59 62 122 154 207
712a 728 7 729 723 731 730 732 701 718 734 738a reworked sherd 738y 739a reworked sherd 734V 7367 734a 738)3 743 735 740 733 reworked sherd 7360 737 7390 742 741
214 223 39 473 497 563 664 1061 1069 1074 1120 1121 1171 i554 1621 2056 2215 2216 2217 d) Spools 237 279/280 457 458 459 460 461 472 479 681 685
1070 1180 1602 2229
744 748)8 nc 751 n.c. 747y 746a n.c. 748)/ n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. 748a 744 748a 751)3 746)8
n.c. 754 758 n.c. 755a n.c. 755)3 756)8 755V 757 756a
n.c. 759 n.c. n.c.
n.c. 752 747/8 747a 749 750
Note: n.c. indicates not catalogued.
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Index
Aegina, emporium,278; figure,animal, 416, female 414; animal,418, Phi/Psi, figurine, 418. AghiaIrini(Kea), 393,398,402,41 1-13,435;bead,319; bench, animal,240, 294; boat, bronze,41 1; disc,stone,346; figure, 216, 278, 411, 413, 414, 432, 434; figurine, 416, female, animal, 262, 278, chariot group, 419, female,209, 417, Phi/Psi, 411, 429; loom 418, male,bronze, 420; lion,bronze, weight,331; mould, stone, 332; needle, bone, 329; rock 286, 290, 291, 294, 295, 411; spindle crystal, 345; sealstone, whorl,330, 331; spool, 331; throne,terracotta, 254; vase, stone,342; weaving,331. Aghia Triadha (Crete), 398, 406-7; bench,435; destruction, animal,407, 428, animal,407, 416,440; figurine, 422; figure, male,bronze,307, 423, 424, 441, male,terracotta, 223, Psi, 24-25, 384; sarcophagus, 325; lyre, 407,417,418,439; fresco, 283. 325, 366-8, 386, 411; sealstone, 283, 284. AghiosIoannes (Crete),sealstone, Akrotiri animal,238,280,416; fresco, 317; loom (Thera),figure, 345; 331; ostrich rhyton, 324; rockcrystal, weight, eggshell shell,327; sherdre-used, 332. Alexiou,S., 367, 405, 422, 442. altar,16, 19,25, 277, 340, 362,431; seealsoattention focussing, table. bench,platform, bead, 64, 97, 318, 319; pendant,346. amethyst: sealstone, 293. Amorgos, (Laconia), 398, 439; bird,terracotta, 310; double axe Amyklai animal, 277, 239, 416, female,414, symbol,430; figure, animal,277,426,Phi/Psi, human, S31,418; lyre, 277;figurine, bronze,384. animal:composite, 19, 23-4, 26, 389; see 23-5, 389; mythical, also figure/figurine. 403. Aplomata (Naxos): lion,sheetgold, 303, 346; pottery, Archaic:bronzemale figurine, 306; seal, 296. Archanes(Crete): feet, terracotta, 372; ring,gold, 399, ivory, 290; shrinemodel,420. 296; sealstone, seealso bench,niche,platform. architecture, 68, 100,299, of,93; postsocket, 126;bolt,evidence doorway, 44, 1, PL.9; RoomsA and B, 63,68, 95, 353; East Shrine, 116,PL. 1ye;WestShrine, 63,93-6, 100,116,127,369,377, stone. a; seealso threshold 408, PLS. yb,9, 1y wall, 89. gate in fortification Asine,411; East Shrine,370, 379; plaster, 342, 369, roofing: 382; Room B, 128; West Shrine,94, 369, 378. Wall 626/733(Blocking Wall), 7, 34-5, 47, 53, 56, 59, 61, 73-4, 92, 93, 95, 107, no, 128, 378-9, PL. 17c. Wall 100 (CityWall), 7, 32-5, 43-5, 61, 70, 73-5, 81, 85, 89, 93, 96, 101, 128, 159, 369, 374, 378, 403, PLS. 3-5, 6c. Wall 661 (Extension Wall), 7, 34-5, 44-5, 70, 74-5, 96, 101, 128, 157-9, 369>374, PL 6b,c. animal, 416; figurine, animal, 426, Argos (Argolid): figure, female, 418; lyrefragment, 325, 384. paired,277, Phi/Psi, and cult centre, cave (Crete): smithy Arkalochori 388; votive, 406. Armenoi(Crete),seal, 292, 296. seeprojectile arrowhead, point. seeDelos. Artemision, Asine (Argolid), 410-11; axe-shaped bead, 346, 386; boat animal,416, female,211, 414, Lord of model,411; figure, animal,428, Psi,4 17, Asine,2 16, 407,4 1o, 4 15, 42 1; figurine, vessel,384, 410, 431. 418; triple animal, Athens: animal,240,416, female, 414; figurine, figure, 428, Phi/Psi, 418, terracottamale, 223, 421; see also Kerameikos cemetery. 417, 418. (Crete), Phi figurine, Atsipadhes attack(?) on Phylakopi, 128, 379. attention 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 363, 364, 372. focussing, awl bronze,69, 99, 313-15 axe, stone,342, 346. from othersites, baetyl:buried,381, 391; comparablefeatures situation, 102; set up, 378; 44, 45; original 430-1; discovery, symbolism, 368, 390, 430-1; PLS. 6c, jb,c. Banks,E. C, 332. Banti,L., 407, 423. bead, 58, 61, 63, 74,97, 317-22,363,371-3, 377, 380,382,406; amethyst, 64, 97, 318, 319; carnelian,317-19, 385; faience, 317,319,320; glasspaste,48, 65, 69, 99, 136, 137,318,320-2; shell, 3 17, 320; use as votive offering, 3 17, 378,385,386; from othersites,317, 319, 408. 'bearded' figure: Asine,216, 410, 415, 421; Cyprus,216. bench,368, 395,406, 437, 441; courtyard, 44, 102,374, PL. 6<:; East Shrine, 44, 45, 102,PLS. 6b,c,1id; RoomsA and B, 65, 69, 78,95, 378; WestShrine, 48, 50-2, 56-9, 63, 65, 92-4, 96, sites, 130,369, PLS. na-c, ''c; other 294,407, 409, 410, 412, 419, 435 L. 11. Binford, bird:bronze, 106-8, 310-11,441, PL. 59, discovery, description, 371, 386,symbolism, 389,429; othersites:bronze,310,gold, 310, terracotta, 310. blossombowl,seeobjectsfound. Boardman, J., 283, 284, 296, 308, 311, 423, 424. boar's tusk, 41, 103, 329, 330, 387. boat model,411. bone debris,37, 64, 300, 362, 387-8, 479-83. bone tool,300, 329-30, 387, 406. boulder: from CityWall, 43, 44, 73,93, , 121, 127, 128; raw material, 349. animal. bovid,seefigure, Bradford, N., 7, 8. Brauron(Attica),ivory seal, 296. brick, 68; unbaked,44. British School ofArchaeology at Athens,1, 5, 27. bronzecasting, 316, 332, 388; seealsoslag, bronzeobjects, seealso boat model,figurine, lion. awl,69,99, 313-15. bird,106-8, 310-11, 371, 386, 389, 429, 441. fragment, 53, 69, 99. knife, 312-14, 323, 386. pin, 313, 315, 386. projectile point,41, 99, 118, 120, 311-14, 386. ring,312, 313, 315, 386. Buchholz,H.-G., 311. indications of, burning, 45, 50, 64, 70,73,93, 377; instone lamp, 345; seealsocharcoal. bronze male Byblos(Levant), figurine, 308.
505
56
INDEX
25; depiction,14, 16, 18-21, 25, 225, 363-5, 367, 368, 372, from votive, 22-4; 381, 389, 397, 413, 415, 417, 420; distinct domestic, 22; name,400, 424, 433; sex,390,420, 424, seealso duality. Delos, 398, 411-12; bird,sheetgold, 310; duck, bronze,310, animal,428, bronzemale,306, 308, 412, 425, 412; figurine, bronze311,412; sealstone, 418; projectile point, 439,Phi/Psi, 290, 292, 295; sheetgold, 303, 310; vase, stone,342. 240,280,416; figurine, Delphi (Phocis),391,398; animalfigure, animal, 428, bronze male, 306-8, 425, Phi/Psi, 418; 430-1. omphalos, Demakopoulou,K., 277. Dendra-Midea (Argolid),bead, 317; ostrich eggshellrhyton, 324 V.R. d'A., 81,85,405. Desborough, Dictaean cave (Crete), 398, 407; bird,bronze,311; figurine, bronzemale, 307, 407, 423; sealstone, 295. disc,seeobjectsfound, discoid,obsidian,296-7. Dodecanese,pottery, 403, 405. seearchitecture, doorway, double axe symbol:absencefrom 436; othersites, Phylakopi, 367, 395, 406, 429-3 seekernos, double vessel, pottery. ., 325. Dragona-Latsoudi, see terracotta drainchannel,terracotta, objects, dressweight, stone,63, 97, 342, 347, 386, 406. dressed stone,40, 69, 93, 101, 362, 363, 374, 375. Droop,J. P., 27, 44, 79, 90, 91, 126,342, 346. 26, 211, 223, 372-3, human/animal, 371; male/female, duality: 377, 380, 381, 383,4^, 420. Durkheim, E., 12. EarlyHelladic III, shellobjects,327. 331. 397; loom weight, Early Minoan II: figure, Early Minoan III; stonebowl,343. seealsoplatform. East Shrine, 7, 45, 72-3, 81, 84. chronology, construction and earlyuse, 81, 100-5, I3) 37,403. 6, 361. discovery, excavation:1974 Season, 32-6; 1975-77 Seasons,36-47. 215, 223, 231, 236, 237, 240, 252, 254, 262, figure/figurine, 381. function, 276, 373. objectsfound,102-5, 116-21, 129, 131, 132, 134, 138-41, 143-4, 147,370. 159-61, 169-70,384. pottery, withWestShrine,71, 74-5, 81. relationship cave (Crete),stalagmite pillar,431. Eileithyia Eleusis (Attica): figurine, animal, 428, Phi/Psi,418; lyre 393. 325; spindlewhorl,330; statusas shrine, fragment, Enkomi(Cyprus),centaur, terracotta, 223, 435; 'hornedgod', 413, 292; Psi figurine, 413; IngotGod, 310,412,435; pottery, 435 Epidauros (Argolid), 434; double axe symbol,430; figure, animal,428, Phi/Psi, 428. animal,416,female, 414; figurine, seedeity, appearance, epiphany, forcult,15, 16, 19, 20, 25, 363, 364, 369, 373, 377, equipment 384-5>395, 397, 405, 431 ethnicaffiliation, 443. animal 428, Eutresis(Boeotia): femalefigure, 414; figurine, Phi/Psi, 418; spindlewhorl,330, 331. Evans,A. J., 11, 14, 24, 327, 365, 375, 406, 429, 433. actions,15, 18, 20, 24, 363, 364, 367. expressive
Cameron,M., 338, 340. Canby,V. S., 306-8. Smith, J., 51, 332. Carington Caskey, J. L., 417, 428, 432. celebrant, 21, 22, 26, 390, 391. terracotta: Enkomi,223, Lefkandi, centaur, 223, 437, 440. Chadwick, J., 388, 400. Chania (Crete),293; sealing,399. charcoal,45, 64, 68, 93, 96, 100. Cherry, J. F., 299-359. seeobsidian. chippedstone, 72, absolute, figure/figurine, 72,84-7,410; relative, chronology: 72, 80-4. 84, pottery, Coldstream, J. N., 440. evidence, 43,45, 50,65, 69, 72,83, Collapse(phase2b): ceramic 105-27; 73,75-6,403; finds, 84, 168-9,PL27,b;chronology, at timeof,369-74. natureof,378-9; sanctuary stone,58, 59, 80, 93, 94, 374, PL. 14c;seealsolamp, column, conchshell,33, 51, 133,327, 328, 361-4, 381, 431. context: 394-402, 441-2; of cult objects,15, 361; of analysis, of 14,24; scale,15,21,24,394-6,441; socialcontext, symbols, 389-91;temporal, 401-2,ofSanctuary, Aegeancultpractice, 396-8. 101-2, 373-4, 378, 386, 391; objectsfound,121-3, courtyard, 141-3, 145-6, 148-9, PL. 3. Arkalochori, Crete,seealsoA. Ioannes,A. Triadha, Archanes, Gournia, Chania,Dictaeancave,Gazi, Gournes, Astipadhes, Idaean cave, Iouktas, Isopata, Kannia, Karphi, Knossos, Koumasa, Mallia, Myrtos, Palaikastro, Patsos peak Phaistos,Phournou Koriphi, Prinias, Pseira, sanctuaries, sacredcaves,Sellopoulo. Pyrgos, Psychro, altartable,plaster, 340. FirstPalace period,398; Second Palace period, chronology: 398, 399,420, 434, 436; collapseofpalace administration, period,403. 401, 436; post-palace drainchannel,terracotta, 335. 211, 278, 406. figurine, figure/ 215. animal,237, 238, 240, 439; female, figure: bronzemale, 307, 308, 420, 424, 440. figurine, 21. fresco, 157,215. pottery, gold,398, 399, 419. ring, sealstone, 283-5, 292, 294, 297. sanctuaries, 405-7. snakesymbol, 429, 434. treeand pillarcult,365. stone,343. vessel, of. cultimage,see deity, depiction cultpractice: 2, 11, 14-16,21, 22, 362; evidence, archaeological fromreligious 21-2; definition, communal, 15, 18; distinct 21-2, 377, 389, 401, 419; pattern,17; belief,12; domestic, 401-2; temporal 16;sequence,18,25; socialcontext, purpose, context, 396-8. Cyprus: bronze male figurine,310; pottery,157; ritual Kition, 412-13; seealsoEnkomi, 395; sanctuaries, expression, Vounari. Kourion,Larnaka Kamelarga,Myrtou-Pigadhes, dance, 18, 19. Daskalakis,N., 51. Davis,J. L., 331. Dawkins,R. M., 27, 44, 79, 90, 91, 126,342, 346. Daykin,., 7, 8, 28, 77, 93, 369. 19, 25, 390, 430; anthrodeity: aniconic representation, 22, 25; appearance,16; colossal,23; composite, pomorphic,
INDEX
seebead, scarab. faience, seereligious belief. faith, as cultimage,363,406, 432; as votive, and figurine: 297, figure 72, 80-4, 278; context, 361; display, 406, 432; chronology, 42, 50, 52, 66, 279; fabric, 209;join linkage, 362; distribution, 209; 76, 121, 125, 141, 211, 374, 378-80, 453-62; import, 231, 240, 277, 280, 381-2; re-use,105,379; stateof pairing, 278; storage, 278, 362; tooling, 209, 225; preservation, other ofthesite,377; from other 209-80;from parts typology, sites,395, 396. marble(Early Cycladic),435, 438. figurine, terracotta figure, animal,50, 51, 54-6, 100, 103, 104, 106,106, 111-18,120, 124,126,129,131,132, 134,139-43,^ h8> 14936; as cultequipment, 238, 373; breakage,114; chronology, 114,236, 239,396,425,clover-leaf, 239,278;decoration, 238, 240, 278, 425, red crosses, 114, striped, 114; distribution, 236,237,370,371, 381; endofuse,381, 382, niche,236, 240; import, 236,415; 240; from 438; fabric, manufacture, 240, 277, 370, wheelmade,50, 65, 209, 415, 238, 240, 277, 280; pairing,240, 277; symbolism, attached vessel, 236,239,240,370,373,384; 425-7; with from earlier othersites, excavation, 276, 376, 389; from 237-40, 277, 280, 376, 407, 416, 428, 440; PLS. 2c,32, female(human),64, 65, 98, 103, 112, 115, 126, 136, 137, 140,142,143,378; armposition, 432,436; as cultimage, 211, 213, 413; breakage,114; 378, 415, 420; bell skirt, 414; decoration,216; distribution, 381; chronology, coiled,211,413,wheelmade, 215; manufacture, import, to female figurine, 211, 413; relationship 277, 428; earlier 211-2, 413; from symbolism, 413-15; typology, other excavation, sites, 211,216,276;from 211,213,215, 216,223,277,278,368,397,411,413,414,422,432,434, 439; PLS.31,32fl,b,d, 38^; seealsoGoddesswithUpraised Arms. female hybrid (SF 2662), 213, 219 221, 372, 378. figure Lady of Phylakopi(SF 2660): analogiesfrom Tirynsand Mycenae,414; as cult image,364, 372, 373, 389, 415; attitude, 80, 215, 238, 278, 377, 414, 372, chronology, 221, 413; 437; decoration, 214, 215, 415; description, discovery, 64, 112,114, 115;end ofuse,381; fabric, 215; head, 112;import, 215,377,414,415,436; location, 408, 415; symbolism, 396, 414-15; PLS. 16a, 31, 320, 330,^. madefemale poorly figure (SF 2658),211,213; chronology, 216, 277; description, 21; discovery, 64, 112, 114, 115; manufacture, 277,415; significance, 215-16;symbolism, 211; PL. 34^. 415; typology, (SF 2691): 65, 113-15,215, 222, uglyhead (female figure) 372, 378, PL. 32c,d. male (human),42, 51,61, 106,107,118,119,130,131,141, 142; arm position, 2177, 372, 422, 423; as cult image, 225, 364, 372, 389, 420; as votary/votive, 372, 373, 389, to NW platform ofWest 420; chronology, 437; confined Shrine,223, 370, 371, 373, 380, 381; decoration, 226, 437, diagonalcross-hatching, 107,223; end ofuse, 381, 382; join linkage,141; manufacture, 223, 225, 277; reuse, 107, 223, 225, 362, 371, 377, 380, 437, 438; significance, 277, 396, 400, 437-8; symbolism, 420-4; 223-30, 420-4, 440; PLS. 35-7. typology, male figure (SF 1550), 229; as cult image,372, principal 373, 420; description, 225, 227; pose, 225, 372; re-use, 380, 453
57
39-43.
bronzemale, 23, 302-10, 385, 386, 390, 424-5; as figurine, cult image, 365, 382; chronology,125, 307-10, 440; 304-6; discovery,37, 45, 127, 145, 382; description, precious metal embellishment,302; role, 382-3; analogies,223; fromother 424-5; terracotta symbolism, sites, 302,303,306-10; 365,407,412,420-5,439,440,442; PLS. 67-70. terracotta figurines, animal,33, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 50, 53, 103, 104, 106, 107, 118-20, 123, 124, 126, 129-32, 134, 135, 137-48,361, 80, 84, 377; decoration, 386; chronology, 381; as votive, 261-2; distribution, 209, 276, 370, 371, 381, 382; fabric, cult,439;join linkage, 262; in domestic 262; import, 50; Kamares ware, 376, 396; Linear, 84, 261, 262, 439; 262, manufacture, 277, PL. ^6a,c,e;re-use, 370; pairing, 261-75,436; from 427-9; typology, 380,382;symbolism, othersites,262, 263, 274, 278, 407, 409, 410, 426, 428. chariotgroup,37, 43, 51, 104-7, 118-21, 123, 126, 133, 252; 141, 142,277, 419; distribution, 370, 371; import, other sites, 225, 252-9; from join linkage,141; typology, 252, 428; PLS. 43*/, 440. drivenox, 106, 118, 119, 126, 140, 146, 277, 361, 419; distribution, 370, 371; typology, 254, 260. female(human), 48, 58, 91, 104, 109-12, 117, 123, 130, forms, 231; as 136-9,143,145,147,148;absenceofearly cult image, 417; as votives,389; bell skirt, 376, 437; 404, 417; distribution, chronology, 231, 276, 370, 371, cult,419, 428, 439; 380, 382; gesture, 376; in domestic Kamares ware, 376, 389; paired (Argos), 277; to female figure,277, 428; symbolism, relationship 417-19; typology, 231-5, 436; wheelmade,231; from other earlierexcavations, sites, 278, 231, 376, 389; from 365,417 Phi: chronology, other 377; from partsofthesite,377,417; from othersites, 417, 418, 428. Psi, 36, 48, 109, 131, 361, 362; as cult image, 372; associationwithdeity,362, 365; chronology, 84, 231, 417; decoration, 417, 437; re-use, 231, 381; gesture, 231, other 210,212,232-4,417; from sites, 380,438;typology, 231,395,407, 410, 413, 417, 418, 428, 435, 439; PL. 34c. armsfigurine (SF 2015), 231, 234, 417, 419. 'flipper' male (human),from othersites,223, 420, 421. FirstCity,384. K. V., 2-4. Flannery, food:as votive, of,363; refuse, bone,37,64,300, 386-7; evidence 362, 387, 388, shell,326, 327. FourthCity,310, 383, 403. Franchthi cave (Argolid),Neolithic shellpendant,327. French, E., 22, 72, 80, 82, 84, 209-80, 377, 378, 405, 408, 413, 414, 417, 421, 425, 426. other fresco, Fish,275; Lily,40, 338, 375; from 299,396; Flying sites,21,317, 325, 384, 398, 401, 407, 419, 421, 429, 439. ritual,17, 19, 25, 363, 367-9, 397, 419. funerary Furumark, ., 72, 8o, 85, 181, 183, 292, 385, 431. Gallet de Santerre, H., 308. Gamble,C, 479-83. games,seeplay, wall, 89. gate,in fortification Gazi (Crete), 367, 405; femalefigure, 213, 368, 414, 433. Geertz,C, 12. Geometric: bronzemale, bird,bronze, 310; deity, 420; figurine, 306, 308, 309, 424; sealstone, 296. Grard-Rousseau, M., 399.
5o8
INDEX
Kalyvia (Messenia): Phi figurine, 418; seal, 288, 289. Kamini (Naxos), 405; sheetgold child,303. disc,323; lead figure, 308, 421. Kampos (Ploponnse):ivory Kannia (Crete),405; destruction, female, 422; figure, 414, 422, terracotta male,421, 423, 437; pottery, 422. V., 412. Karageorghis, animal,416,427,female, 405, Karphi (Crete),311,398; figure, 406, 414, 439. Kastri (Kythera),loom weight, 331. Kato Syme (Crete), 398. Kea, seeAghia Irini. Kerameikoscemetery (Athens): pottery, 85; terracotta stag, 440. a. kerbofstones, 45, 102, 103,374, PL. y double vessel. kernos, stone,343; seealsopottery, Kilian, K., 81, 409, 428, 439. and cultcentre, Kition (Cyprus):bench,412; smithy 388,412, 435 knife, bronze,312-14, 323, 386. Knossos:animal bone, 482; bead, 319; destruction, 283, 285, 288, 293, 397, 400, 403, 436; drainchannel,terracotta, 335; 211,215,280,367,406,414, animal,368,416,female, figure, 367, male, 421, Phi/Psi, 415, 420, male, 225, 277; figurine, 325; Mycenaean 418; hut model, 420; lyre fragment, occupation,283, 398, 436; names of deities,400; ostrich 324; pillar,375; seal or ring,296; sealstoneand eggshell, 430; tablet,293, sealing,283-5, 288-9, 292~4 stalagmite, 399, 420, 433, 436. knuckle bone,48, 138. stoneaxe, 346. Korakou (Corinthia), Kos, seeLangadha, Seraglio. Koukounaries(Paros): destruction, 379. 391, 405; pottery, Koumasa (Crete),406; snaketube,431. Kourion (Cyprus),gold sceptre, 15. . ., 323, 329. Krzyszkowska, 278; stonevase, 342. figurine, Kythera:female female. seefigure, Lady of Phylakopi, lamp,seeobjectsfound. Langadha (Kos), bead, 317, 319. Larisa (Thessaly),male figure, 223. Larnaka Kamelarga (Cyprus),male figure, 277. malefigurine, Late BronzeI: bronze 44, 376; pottery, 309; ivory, 32, 41, 42, 44, 50, 53, 57, 63-4, 46, 52, 64, 65, 152;structure, 66, 69, 70, 78-80,89, 90, 124,310,338, 340,375; symbolism, 395 Late BronzeIII: obsidian,388; projectile point,313; seal, 296; structure, 89, 310. Late Geometric 85. pottery, Late Helladic I: pottery, 283. 152-3, 198; sealstone, Late Helladic II: ivory,323; pottery, 151, 152, 161, PL. 28; sealstone, 283, 286, 294. Late Helladic II A: pottery, 289. 159, 160, 198-9; sealstone, Late Helladic IIB: figurine, 159, 198, 199, 201, 278; pottery, 283. 215, PL. 2a; sealstone, Late Helladic II IA: pottery, 80, 85; sealstone, 285, 286, 288, 390, 396, 401. 292; structure, 80, 85, Late Helladic IIIAi: figurine, 80, 215, 254; pottery, 15 1-3, 159-61,201, PL. 29b, c; sealstone, 285, 292. Late Helladic IIIA2: figure, 80, 81, 83, 151, 80, 215; pottery, 152, 157, 159, 161, 163, 178, 183,202, 215, 395, PL. 29^; 85, 374, 403. sealstone, 283, 288, 290, 292; structure,
gesture,25, 277, 363, 372, 376, 417, 422, 423, 432, 437; adoration,19, 23, 420; epiphany, 23. with Goddess (Minoan),367,368,397,432,442; UpraisedArms associated cultequipment, 395, 397,417,420, 421, 427, 431; chronology, 422,423,436,437; evolution, 398,400,401,403, in Crete, 436,437; manufacture, 413; persistence 439; Potnia, on head, 429. 433; shrines, 405, 406; symbols gold objects head ofsheetgold: discovery, 6, 36, 139, 140,361, 381, 382; 302; re-use (?), 438; significance, 362,371,373, description, 390, 424-5, 441; PL. 59. gold sheet,311, 313, 386. from othersites,15,302-3, 309-11, 313, 386, 398, 399, 419. Goody, J., 12, 18, 20. Gournes(Crete),sealstone, 285. Gournia(Crete),367, 405, 406, 435; figure, animal,376, 416, female,368, 397, 414, 431; snake symbol,397, 429; snake tube,431; table,ceramic, 367. 50, 125,349-51, 356-7, 362. grindstone, Hgg, R., 402, 410, 435. hammerstone, 52, 117,349, 356-7. handle,seeobjectsfound. Hankey,V., 44, 85. Hawes, H. B., 397. Hawkes,C, 1-2. R. ., 317, 319. Higgins, Hood, M. S. F., 397, 405, 435. horns ofconsecration, Phylakopi, 327, 406, 437; absencefrom other sites, 367, 377, 384, 395, 436; symbolism, 429-30; from 407, 412, 4I3.4I9 429-30. Horton,R., 12.
Huizinga, J., 15.
S. E., 85, 344. Iakovidis, animal, 428, 416; figurine, Ialysos (Rhodes): animal figure, Phi/Psi, 292. 418; pottery, 170; sealstone, finds, 399; ofSanctuary 13-14, 19,20; offrescoes, iconography, 374-83; seealsosymbols, of. icon,seedeity, depiction Idaean cave (Crete),398,407; bronzemale figurine, 407; rock sealstone, 327. crystal interaction 441. sphere, ofwealth,19-21, 26, 363, 364, 390. investment Iouktas(Crete),402; lion,stone,346; sealstone, 295. Island sanctuaries, 41 1-13. Island Sanctuaries 289-95, 399. Group (sealstones), 285. Isopata (Crete): ring,399; sealstone, ivory objects disc,50, 125,386; Kampos, 323. handle,118,323, 386. ring,295-6, 376, 377, 395, 396, PL. 550-rf. swordpommel, 313, 323. othersites:scabbardtop,323; seal 296. from James,T. G. H. 300. U., 307. Jantzen, bowl,79; figure/figurine, 42, 50, 71-3, 75; blossom join linkage, 52, 52, 66, 76, 121, 141,211, 374, 378-80, 453-62; pottery, 67-9,83, 116,117,121,125,128,151,159,161,168,169,197, 378, 379, 453"8>462-8.
INDEX
bronze Late Helladic IIIB: figure, 239, 280,414, 425; figurine, 80, 83-5, 155, 157, 161, male,309, 424; ivory, 323; pottery, 172, 174, 178, 181, 185, 192, 204-7, 294, 405, PL. 30; sealstone, 286, 288, 290, 292, 295; symbolism, 419: Late Helladic IIIBi: pottery, 80, 81, 101, 151,152,157, 159, 288,290,292;structure, 32,37,85, 163,178,395;sealstone, Wall 100. 185,403, seealso architecture, Late Helladic IIIB2: pottery, 82, 151, 181; sealstone,288, 295 Late Helladic IIIC: bead, 317; figure, 223, 239, 277, 377; 84, 105,231, 278, 308, 377, bronzemale,309, 421, figurine, 424,441; pottery, 37, 81-5, 105,125,151, 152,155,161,163, 168, 170, 172, 174, 178, 181, 183, 185, 189, 197,204-7, 405, 288. PL. 30; ring,399; sanctuary, 436; sealstone, Late Helladic IIICi: pottery, 290. 85; sealstone, Late Helladic IIIC2, pottery, 85. 83, 161. Developed,403; pottery, Late Minoan I: bronze, 434; figurine, 278; ring, 308; depiction, 345; sealstone,283, 290, 296, 297, 399; 296; rock crystal, structure, 401, 435; vase, stone,342, 344. Late Minoan I A: figurine, 278; ring,295. Late Minoan IB: figurine, 278; pottery, 198-9; sealstone, 283, 286. Late Minoan II: figurine, 437; ring,295; sealstone, 283, 284, 288. Late Minoan I IB, sealstone, 283. Late Minoan III: bronze,308; figure, 376, 406, 420; sealstone, 368, 435. 383; structure, Late MinoanII I A: figure, 397; pottery, 293;sealstone, 285,288, 289. Late Minoan IIIAi: ring, 296; sealstone, 283, 285, 288, 290, 293 Late Minoan IIIA2, sealstone, 289. Late Minoan IIIB: figure, 280, 397; 397, 405, 406; figurine, pottery, 293, 422; shrine, 423. Late Minoan IIIBi, sealstone, 285. Late Minoan IIIC: bronze,423; figure, 397, 405, 422, 437; 422. figurine, Leach, E., 13, 15, 16. lead objects,311-13, 386; figurine from Kampos, 308, 421. Lefkandi terracotta, (Euboia), 398,403; centaur, 223,437,440; male, 223; figurine, figure, 278, animal, 262, 428, Phi/Psi, 231,418; Pictorial Style, 83; pottery, 81-4, 87, 151, 155, 170, 174, 181, 188, 204, 207. Lerna (Argolid):figurine, animal,426, Phi/Psi, 418; disc,332; loom weight, 331; shell,326, 327; spindlewhorl,330, 331; swordpommel, shell,325. 332; tortoise Levi, D., 422. libation,16, 374, 378, 386. liminalzone, 16-19, 22> 23> 3^4 Lindos (Rhodes), bronzemale figurine, 306, 308, 309. Linear A script, 287, 327. Linear script, 287, 296, 388, 399, 412, 420, 424, 436, 438. lion,303, 346, 411, 429. Locri Epizephyrii (Calabria), lyrefragment, 325. loom weight, terracotta, 331, 334, 336, 388. lyre,325-6, 363, 364, 384, 431. C. . ., 349. Macfarlane, Mackenzie,D., 5, 6, 28, 33, 40, 45, 48, 299, 338, 375. MainlandPopularGroup (sealstones), 289, 290, 292, 295, 399. Mainland shrines, 407-11.
509
Mallia (Crete): baetyl (?), 430; stone,346; ringor seal, 296; sanctuary, 45, 435; swordpommel,323. Marinatos,S., 345, 367, 397, 435. male, 223; figurine, animal,428, Markopoulo(Attica):figure, Phi/Psi, 418. Mega Monastirion (Thessaly),chariotfigure, 225. megaron, 389, 390, 401, 403, 405, 436, 438. Megiddo (Levant), bronzemale figurine, 309. ofsanctuary, Melos: context 361-5, 389-91, 403-5; sealstone, 296-7. Menidhi(Attica):disc,323; lyrefragment, 325, 384; sealstone, 288. metalobjects, 97, 302-16,363,406; distribution, 372; fragment, tinobjects. 58; ring, 41; seealsobronze,gold,lead, silver, seesymbol, metonymy, mtonymie. Middle Cycladic,spindlewhorl, spool,331. Middle Minoan: figurine, 278; ostricheggshellrhyton, 324; ring,296; sealstone, 295, 296. Middle Minoan I, stonevase, 342-4. Middle Minoan I IB, shell,327. MiddleMinoan III: bead, 296-7; sealstone, 283,288,297; stone vase, 342. Middle Minoan III A, sealstone, 289. Minet el-Beida (Levant), embellished bronze male figurine, 302, 309. Mochlos:gold head, 303; seal, 297. Moody,J., 7, 8, 211. Morgan,L., 7, 8. mortar, stone,48, 52, 117, 136, 137,PL. fc-e. mould:terracotta, other sites, 132,134,316,332,388,from 287, 332; stone,Aghia Irini,332. P.-A., 71, 80, 81, 83, 151-208,403, 431. Mountjoy, music,18, 19 25, 363, 364, 383-4; seealsoconchshell,lyre. Mycenae (Argoid):altar,431; bead, 319, 408; bench407, 419; chronology, 398,403,407-9; collapse, 85, 87,439; doubleaxe symbol,395; figure, 209, 216, 277, 408, 413-15, 421, 433, animal, 416, male, 223; figurine, 365, animal, 262, 428, female,277, 365, Phi/Psi, 418, Proto-Phi, 408, 417, male, bronze,303, 306, 308, 365, 421, 425, 439, male, terracotta, 223;fresco, 401,407,419,421,429,439; goldobject,302,346; horns ofconsecration, 395, 434; ivory, 323, 408, 437; kernos, stone, 343; lamp,385; lyre fragment, 325; mould,287; needle, 329; ostrich 81, 82, 176, 192; eggshell rhyton, 324; pottery, ring,399; snakesymbol, 429; templemodel,434. Mylonas,G. E., 85, 401, 430. Myres, J. L., 376. Myrtos(Crete): Household Goddess,397; loom weight, 331; spindlewhorl,331. Myrtou-Pigadhes (Cyprus),413, 436. 11, 13, 19, 26. myth, Naumann,U., 407, 423. Naxos, 405; Phi/Psi figurine, 418; seal, 296; stonevase, 342. needle,bone, 329, 330. Negbi,O., 309, 310, 422. Neolithic figurine, 397. Nezero (Thessaly),bronzemale figurine, 306-8. niche:WestShrine, B, 53, 63, 92, 94, 95, 116,364, north/Room 369,381,PLS. 12, 15;WestShrine, A, 59,65, 74, south/Room 76, 92, 94-6, 105, 112-16, 135,215, 236, 239, 362, 364, 369, 370, 372, 273, 378, 415, PLS. 16,. R. V., 237, 277, 280, 421, 422, 425, 440. Nicholls,
510
INDEX
Olympia (Elis), 398; bronzemale figurine, 306-8. seebaetyl. omphalos, seeobjectsfound. ostrich eggshell, Otto, R., 16. and figurines, 231, 240, 277, 381-2, PL. 46. pairingoffigures Palaikastro 335; ostrich 324; stone (Crete):drainpipe, eggshell, slab, 346; tortoise-shell, 325. Palaima, T. G., 346. 25, 432-4. pantheonofdeities, Paros,405; seealso Koukounaries. in cult practice,18, 26, 364. participation Patsos (Crete): animal figure, 416; bronzemale figurine, 306, 308, 425, 439. Peak Sanctuaries(Crete), 386, 396-8, 401, 402, 443; see also Iouktas,Petsofa. interaction, 395, 441. peer polity pendant:shell327, 328; stone,342, 346, 348, 349. J. D. S., 383, 417. Pendlebury, Perati (Attica): amulet,346; axe, stone,346; bead, 317, 319; 81, animal,428, Psi,418; needle,bone,329; pottery, figurine, 82, 85, 403; ring,399; sealstone, 287, 293; shell,387. Petrakis, P., 71. Petsofa (Crete), 376; figure,female, 396, 414; figurine, terracotta male,420. Phaistos animal,407, 422; figure, (Crete),398,406; destruction, animal, 211;figurine, 407,428,Psi,407,417, 4 16, 440,female, 418, 439; shell,327. Phaklaris, P., 325. PhournouKoriphi(Crete), 397. Picard,C, 421. Pike,K., 14. pillarroom,40, 345, 375, 384, 385, 393, 396. pin: bone,329, 330; bronze,313, 315, 386. plaque, stone,342, 348. plaster decorated, 338-9. floors, 44, 46, 51, 52, 57, 58, 61, 67, 69, 71,91,94, 96, 369,PL. ioa,b. 33 48, 56, 68. fragment, 340-1; red,44, 42, 134,299, 338-41; monochrome, painted, 52, 53 65 69 97-9 Io8> 338, 375378 47, 48, 51, 59, 61, 63, 96, 131, 340. platform, from reedimpression roof, 342, 369, 382. shaped,340. platform 376, 383, 395. depiction, East Shrine NE corner, 40, 41, 47, 101, 131, 138, 361, 362, 370, 373, 48, 105, 117-21, 132, 134, 138, 379, 381; objectsfound, 139237, 35O353386 WestShrine,369 NE corner, 92, 93, 131,362, 379-81, 419, PL. 'oc' objects found,133, 136-8, 231, 294, 349, 356, 362, 384, 417. NW corner, 51, 57, 59, 61, 74,94, 130, 135,364, 374, 377, found, 84, 105-8,131, 379380,381,383,PL. 100;objects 133*35137231236, 327, 350, 353, 362, 370-3, 380, 381, 383-5389390419 SE corner, 57, PL. b. SW corner, 56, 58,59,94, 128,131,364,373,374,377,379, found, 58,84, 105,109-10,231, 383,419, PL. 14;objects 35 362, 37-2, 380-5, 390.
Nichoria(Messenia),bead, 317, 319; sealstone, 283, 288. M. P., 3, 11, 14, 384, 393, 405, 442. Nilsson, and seealsobaetyl,bead, bronzeobjects,figure objectsfound, metal objects,ostrich eggshell, figurine, plaster,pottery, shell, sealstone, awl, bronze,69, 99. axe, stone,342, 346. blade, obsidian,386. blossombowl,stone,44, 79, 104,342, 343, 347, 375. boar's tusk, 41, 103, 329, 330, 387. bone debris, 37, 64, 300, 362, 387-8, 479-83. bone tool,300, 329-30, 387, 406. brick, 68; unbaked,44. stone,58, 59, 80, 93, 94, 374, PL. 14c. column, conchshell, 33,51, 133,327,328,361-4,381,383,431,PL.62. disc: clay,66, 117, 337; ivory, sherd,112, 115, 323; re-used 332, 337, PL. 65^; stone,67, 342, 346. discoid,obsidian,296-7. seeterracotta drainchannel, objects, dressweight, stone,63, 97, 342, 347, 386, 406. gold head, seegold objects, 50, 125,349-51, 356-7, 362. grindstone, hammerstone, 52, 117,349, 356-7. handle: ivory323, 386; stone (forostrich rhyton), eggshell 324, 342-4, 348, 384, PL. 64. kernos, stone,343. knife, bronze,312-14, 323, 386. knuckle bone,48, 138. usedas, 353; pottery, 58,59,93, 377,384;stone, lamp:mortar 109,110,135,137,342,363,371,380-2,385,438,PLS. 14^, 66a,b. lead, 311-13, 386. loom weight, terracotta, 331, 334, 336, 388. mortar, stone, 48,52, 117,136,137,349,350,353-5,362,387, 388, PL. 66*. mould,terracotta, 132, 134,316, 332, 388, PL. 65^. needle,bone,329, 330. obsidian,37, 64, 97, 116, 300, 362, 388, 469-78; blade, 386; discoid,296-7. ostrich 33, 139, 42, 84, 138,324, PL. 640^; rhyton, eggshell, 140,324, 343, 361, 381, 384, 385, 390. 406; shell,327, 328; stone,342, 346, 348, 349. pendant, pin: bone,329, 330; bronze,313, 315, 386. plaque, stone,342, 348. stone,50, 61, 135, 137. pounder, point,bronze,41, 99, 118, 120, 311-14, 386. projectile quern,stone,50, 52, 61, 100, 125, 135, 137,PL. 66f,g. 295-6, 276, 377, 395, 312, 313, 315, 386; ivory, ring:bronze, lead (?), 311-13; metal, 57, 111, 41; silver, 396, PL. 55fl-</; 311-13, 386; tin,311-13. rock 41, 46, 118, 120,342,345,348,387,406, PL. 6i*; crystal, seealsosealstone. scarab,faience, 42, 84, 141, 142,300-1, 386, PL. $&e-g. terracotta, 330, 331, 334, 335, 386, PL. 61/ spindlewhorl, 331-2, 337. spool,terracotta, stone,52, 100. spoutedvessel, swordpommel:ivory, 332. 313, 323; terracotta, tortoise-shell, 36, 41, 61, 63, 69, 99, 117, 118, 120, 134, 139, 140,325-6, 384, 431, PLS. 2b, 63, 6^d. vase,stone,43, 105,377, 385, 431. obsidian,seeobjectsfound, seevotive. offering,
INDEX
Platon,., 325 play, 15, 20, 21, 365 Podzuweit, C, 81, 82. 17-19, 22, 363. pollution, Popham,M. R., 84, 215, 401. Potnia (epithet ofdeity),388, 433. seealsoAplomata,Asine,Crete,Dodecanese,Enkomi, pottery, Gournia, Ialysos, Kannia, Kerameikos,Koukounaries, Koumasa, Lefkandi, Mycenae, Perati,Salamis, Thebes, Tiryns, Zygouries. 72, 80-5, 151-208. chronology, collapsedeposits, 168-9. decoration, 151-208. 41-6, 48, 50, 52, 56, 58, 59, 61-7, 69, 92, 98-101, discovery, 104,107,109-12,114-17,121-6,129,134-9,141,143,146, 362, 381. East Shrine,159-61, 169-70. imported, 83, 152, 198, 203. join linkage, 52, 67-9, 83, 116, 117, 121, 125, 128, 151, 159, 161, 168, 169, 197, 378, 453-8, 462-8. repair,311. shape: amphora,43, 122, 169, 173, 174, 374, PLS. 22, 24; bowl, miniature, 52, 99, 155, 157, PL. 19; bowl with reserved rim, 84, 151;collar-necked jar, 43, 52, 84, 120-2, 151,169,171,172,PL. 50,23; cooking pot,52,99, 155,157, PL. 19;cup,56,69,81,99, 146,153,154,158,159,207,208; cup,semi-globular, 69,99; deep bowl,48, 52,66,67,81,83, 84, 104, in, 116, 117, 123, 126, 138, 141, 151, 153, 158, !59> ^3-5, 169, 170, 18 1-6, 197,PLS. 21, 23; dipper,56, 84, in, 169, 178, 179,374; doublevessel, 48, 58, 84, 111, 136, 137, 169-71, 173,362, 364, 371, 380-2 384, 431, PL. 20; hydria, 50, 121, 122, 124, 169, 173, 174,204, 206, PL. 22; jar, 56, 81, in, 158, 159;jug, 43, 52, 59, 67, 99, 121, 122, 135, 137, 155, 157, 169, 174, 175, 197,204, 205, 374, PLS. 19,24; krater, 48, in, 137,152,161-3, 169,176, 177, i93;kylix, 41,42,80, 83,84, 120-2,152,153,169,180,181, conicalbowl, 190,192,374,378,386,PLS.21,23, 24; lipless 82,84, !I> I26, 141, 151,169, 170, 178,180, 183;mug,81, vase,33,48,64, 114, 115,361, 84, 158,159,PL. 23; pedestal 364,371,375,380-2,384,431,PLS. 2,20; piriformjar, 67, 84, 104, 116, 117, 121, 151,PLS. 19,22; pithos, 48, 56, 65, 112; plate, 84, 161, 163, 165, 166, 185; shallowangular bowl,67, 83, 116, 117, 169,190, 192;shallowbowl,52, 64; stemmed bowl,80, 100, 152, 153, 157, 158,PL. 19; stirrup jar, 52,58,82-4,99, 151,153,154,169,174-6,202,PLS. 19, 21; tray, 61-3, 84, 135,137,151,170,188,381,431,PL. 20; cauldroncooking tripod pot,48, 56, 66, 83, 111, 117, 169, 194, 196,PL. 21. skeuomorph, 327. street area, 161-8. style:Alternating, 198; ArgiveClose, 83, 403; Ephyraean, Pictorial, 199,Late Linear,84; Lefkandi 83, 204; Marine, 198,3955Octopus,82, 83, 198,403. treatment, 29. 189-96. unpainted, WestShrine,12-7, 170. stone,61, 135, 137. pounder, 16, 19, 20. prayer, use ofarea, 89-92, 374-7. pre-Shrine seecelebrant. priest, Prinias(Crete),405, 406; figure, animal,427, female, 405, 406, 414, 439; snaketube,431.
511
other sites, 41, 99, 118, 120,311-14,386; from projectile point, 313,412. animal,416; figurine, Prosymna (Argolid):bead, 319; figure, animal,428, Phi/Psi, 418; ring, 399; sealstone, 283,285, 290. Protogeometric, 406; bronzemale figurine, 420, 423; pottery; 85> 405 Pseira (Crete), animalfigure, 280, 416. cave (Crete),stalagmite Psychro pillar,431. purity, 17, 19, 22, 363. Pylos(Messenia): axe, stone,346; bead, 319; boar's tusk,329; ceremonies, 389; chronology, 403; depictionof smiths, 388; figurine,animal, 426, Phi/Psi, 418; fresco, 325, 384; lampstand,stone,345; names of deities,400; sealing and sealstone, 292, 294 296, 399; tablet,293, 388, 400, 420, 436. ofconchshell,327. Pyrgos(Crete),skeuomorph quern,stone,50, 52, 61, 100, 125, 135, 137, PL. 66f,g. radiocarbon 85. dating,lack ofmaterial, Rappaport,R. ., 14. Ras Shamra (Levant), bronzemale figurine, 308, 309; see also Minetel-Beida. system, 27-32, 299. recording Reese, D., 326. 11-12. definition, religion, seecult practice, behaviour, religious 11-14, 17; archaeological belief, evidence,11,389-90; religious transformation, 432-4. Reshef seefigurine, bronzemale. figurine, Rhodes,femalefigure, 414; seealso Ialysos,Lindos,Trianda. Rhodian Hunt Master (sealstones), 291-5. ring;Cretangold, 398, 399, 419; seealsoobjectsfound, ritual behaviour: definition, 12-17; religious,distinctfrom secular,12, 15; secular,12, 14, 20, 363. ritualfacilities, seeequipment, rituallocations,15, 16, 18-21, 25, 363. Roberts, H., 325, 384. rockcrystal, 41, 46, 118, 120,285, 342, 345, 348, 387, 406, PL. 6 if; from othersites,327, 345. seearchitecture. roofing, Room A: chronology, 74; earlyuse, 76-9, 378; excavation, 47, 56, 57, 64-6, 68, 93-6; figure/figurine, 64, 65, 105,211, 213, found, 215,236,240,278,415; objects 64-5, 112-15,362,370, 372; obsidian, 388; pottery, 64-5, 105,384; stone objects, 350; storeroom, 373; SW corner, 95. Room B: chronology, 74; earlyuse, 76-9, 378; excavation, 47, 66, 231; objects 52, 56, 63, 65-9, 93, 95, 96; figure/figurine, found, 66,68,69, 97, 105,116-17,128;obsidian, 388; pottery, 83; stoneobjects,350. Room G, 69. Room H, 69. Rouse, W. H. D., 365. Runnels,C. N., 351. Rssel,P. 397. Rutkowski, B., 4, 375, 393, 412. Rutsi (Messenia),sealstone, 289. Rutter, J., 81-4. sacredcave, 398, 401, 406, 407, 420, 423; seealsoArkolochori, Dictaean, Eileithyia, Idaean, Patsos,Psychro. sacrifice, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 363, 377, 386, 388; seealsovotive. Sakellariou, ., 399. Salamis: figurine, animal,428, Phi/Psi, 418; pottery, 85. Samos, bronzemale figurine, 306, 307, 309.
Poursat, J.-C,323.
512
INDEX
loom weight, 331, 334, 336, 388. mould, 132, 134,316, 332, 388, PL. 65^. 330, 331, 334, 335, 386, PL. 61/ spindlewhorl, spool,331-2, 337. swordpommel, 332. Thebes (Boeotia),ceramicdecoration, 416; 215; animalfigure, 283, animal,428, Phi/Psi, 323; sealstone, 418; ivory, figurine, 285, 294. Thera: contact with Crete, 403; disc, stone, 346; figurine, animal, 278; slab, stone,346; vase, stone,342, 343; seealso Akrotiri. Thermon(Aetolia),bronzemale figurine, 306, 308, 309. Third City,90, 310, 403; cult practice,377; ivoryring,295; stonevase, 342. threshold stone,42, 68, 95, 101, PL. 9. tin,386; coatingon ceramics, 311; ring,311. Tiryns(Argolid),151, 181,224, 403, 407, 409-10; bench,409, 410; collapse,85, 410; birdon bronzecup, 310; chronology, 409, 410, 413-15, animal,240, 277,416, female, 409; figure, 277,413,414, 432, 439, male,223, 224,421, PL. 37; figurine, 365, animal, 262, 275, 409, 410, 428, chariotgroup,252, horse, 419,female, 365,417, Psi,231,409, 418, bronzemale, 81, 181, 183, 303, 306, 308, 309, 365, 421, 425, 439; pottery, 81, 401,439. 240,277,398; Unterburg, 399; shrine, 185;ring, tortoise-shell, 36,41, 61, 63, 69, 99, 117,118, 120,134,139,140, 325-6, 384, 431, PLS. 2b,63, 64t/. 285. Tragana (Messenia),sealstone, transcendent 12, 16, 18-20, 361, 363, 367; seealsodeity, force, transformation, 431-42. offinds, treatment 29. Trheux, J., 308. Trianda (Rhodes), loom weight, 331. triton shell,324. Phi,418; Hera Bopis,365; animal,416; figurine, Troy:figure, mould,terracotta, 332; spindlewhorl,330. 296. Trypiti(Melos), sealstone, Tsountas,C, 303. offinds, 72. typology Ucko, P. J., 397. van Effenterre, H., 405. van Leuven,J. C, 133,412. 285. Vaphio (Laconia): ring,399; sealstone, Vardaroftsa 325. (Macedonia), tortoise-shell, othersites,342. vase, stone,43, 105,377, 385, 431; from verbaltestimony, 3,12, 13, 398, 399. Vermeule, E., 287, 399, 400. stone,53, 92; seealsospoutedvessel. vessel, K. F., 325. Vickery, votary, 23, 25, 227, 363, 367, 368, 372, 397, 406, 420, 421. votive,16, 18-20, 25, 26, 100, 300, 362-4, 368, 385-7, 390-1, 373; bead, 317, 378, 385, 386; Cretan 400, 423; antithesis, caves, 407; distinctfromdepiction of deity, 22-4, 372; and figurine. 345; seealsofigure 373; rockcrystal, homology, Vounari (Cyprus),436. Wall 100,626/733, 661, seearchitecture. Warren,P., 85, 342, 343, 397. Wegner,M., 325. seealsoplatform, WestShrine, 7, 45, 73-4, 80. chronology,
evidence of,32; history 393-43;first Sanctuary: Aegeancontext, and use of,361-91; origins, 435-6; stratigraphie sequence, 71-87. Sandars,. ., 313. scarab,faience, 42, 84, 141,300-1, 386, PL. $8e-g. Schliemann, H., 303, 365. Schofield, E., 345. sealstone: 41, 292-3; discovery, catalogue,281-3; chronology, 284,286-9l >429; placeof 293; motif, 97, 117,118,120; fabric, manufacture, 294; typology, 283-95; votive,364, 373, 406, othersites,283-7, 399; 385, 390; fromMelos, 296-7; from PLS. 49-54. rockcrystal sealstone, (SF 2036), 53, 97, 99, 281,283-6, PL. 49; othersites,283-6, 327. from Second City,90, 91, 375, 376. in the Sanctuary, secularactivity 387-8. Sellopoulo(Crete),gold ring,397, 430. 331. Seraglio(Kos), loom weight, P., 349. Shelford, shell, 387; seealsobead, 326, 387; votive, 43, 326-8; foodrefuse, triton shell. conch,spondylus, shellmodel,Archanes, 420. sieving, 29, 278, 299. silver ring,57, in, 311-13, 386. Sitagroi(Macedonia), 27. slag, 300, 316, 388. bronzemale. seefigurine, God figurine, Smiting Smith,R. H., 307. snakesymbol, 429,431. Phylakopi, 397,406,429; absencefrom snaketube,367, 395, 406, 423, 431. Sounion (Attica),bronzemale figurine, 306, 307. 292-4. SpectacleEye Group (sealstones), ring,296. Sphoungaras(Crete),ivory terracotta, 330, 331, 334, 335, PL. 61/ spindlewhorl, Spiro,M. E., 12, 18. shell,326-8. spondylus 331-2, 337. spool,terracotta, stone,52, 100. spoutedvessel, ofreligion, stateorganisation 26, 401, 402, 436. street: found, excavation, 121-3,141-3, 89,90, 101,102;objects 84, 161-8. 145-6, 148-9,350; pottery, force. seetranscendent force, supernatural swordpommel:ivory, 332. 313, 323; terracotta, of the sanctuaries,413-31; baetyl, 430-1; cult symbolism 425-9; female equipment, 431; animal representations, 417-19, 413-15, figurines, 419-20, figures, representations, bronze, 424-5, terracotta, Psi, 417; male representatios, forms, 429-30. 420-4; othersymbolic 13,24. 394;context, 13-14,25; animal,19;association, symbols, 18,20, 22, 24, 363, 389; 13; deities, 14,24, 394-6; definition, 14, 16, 19, 14, 23; natural,14, 23; redundancy, mtonymie, 363, 367; shell,326; seealsoiconography. S., 323. Symeonoglou, table:Gournia,367; Knossos,367, 431; seealsoaltar. tablet:Knossos,293, 399, 420, 433, 436; Pylos,293, 420, 436. Taylour,W. D., 417, 421, 428. Tell Judeideh(Levant), male bronzefigurine, 422. Temple model,Mycenae,434. and figurine. terracotta objects,330-8; seealsofigure drainchannel, 42, 56, 57, 67, 111, 117, 121, 134, 299,332-5, 337-8369>37> 382, PL. 65*.
INDEX
and earlyuse, 92-100, 130, 152, 377, 403. construction 6, 362. discovery, excavation:1975-76 Seasons,47-57; 1977 Season, 57-70. 211, 223, 231, 236, 237, 252. figure/figurine, function, 276. latestuse, 135. 91-2, 97-100, 105-17, 144-7. objectsfound, 84, 152-7, 170. pottery, withEast Shrine,71, 74-5, 81. relationship 281. sealstone, WickedEye Group (sealstones), 292. Wiener,M., 434. 16, 18, 19. worship, written seetablet,verbaltestimony. sources, J. G., 281-97, 399, 429. Younger,
513
ZaferPapoura (Crete): lyre,384; sealstone, 290. Zakro (Crete): rhyton, 397, 405; sealstone, 287. animal, 428, Phi/Psi,418; Zygouries(Corinthia): figurine, pottery, 152, 178.
Plates
Plate 1
from thesouth(thesanctuary area liessouth-east ofthetent),(b) Aerialphotograph oftheEast (a) Phylakopi Shrineand partoftheWestShrineduring excavation(photo:Professor J. WilsonMyers).
Plate 2
(a) Excavation in the East Shrine,seen fromthe south-east showingAssemblageL in situ (phase 3c). and tortoise shell(SF 825) southoftheplatform in the East Shrine(Assemblage D: (b) Figurine fragments ofbovinefigures southoftheplatform in theEast Shrine(phase 2b). phase 2b). (c) Fragments
Plate 3
seen seenfrom thenorth, theCityWall and theCourtyard, (b) The East Shrine (a) The East Shrine showing from thesouthduringexcavation.
Plate 4
in thestreet between East Shrine and CityWall,seen thesouth, (a) AreaOLd seenfrom (b) Stonedebris lying from thewest(NLe layer34). (c) Largestones from thecollapseoftheCityWall in thestreet southoftheEast Shrine(seenfrom thesouth-west).
Plate 5
theeast crushedby stones fallenfrom seen from the CityWall, to thesouthofthe East Shrine, (a) Pottery E: Floor7). (b) Street theeast (NLe space c, levelbetween seenfrom (Assemblage CityWall and East Shrine, thesame position(Floor 12; phase 2a). levelfrom Floor 10: phase 2a). (c) Lowerstreet
Plate 6
seenfrom theeast,showing stone between below CityWall and East Shrine, layer( 111) running (a) Sounding Wall (66 1) seenfrom to the theeast,withthedoorway southwall ofEast Shrine, (b) The topoftheExtension seenfrom thenorth-west. WestShrine,(c) CityWall, Extension Wall, benchand baetyl,
Plate 7
stonesetting in corner between Wall (66 1) and bench(663), seen CityWall and Extension (a) Quarter-circle withthe baetylseen from from the north-west, the north-east, the (b) The courtyard (c) The baetylfrom north-east.
Plate 8
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Plate 9
theeast. The northern partoftheWestShrineseenfrom
Plate
10
corner oftheWestShrine, with obscured (a) The north-west byWall 604 ofphase3c,and with platform plaster ofNLc Floor4, from theeast. theeast,(b) Close-upofrepeated ofNLc Floor4, seenfrom plastering flooring thesouth. oftheWestShrine, seenfrom corner (c) Platform (505) in thenorth-east
Plate 11
wall (603) oftheWestShrine, seen from thesouth-west, (b) Lower (a) Bench (735) at thefootofthenorth corner oftheWestShrine, ofstones seenin Plate (). (<) North-west benchrevealed bythepartialremoval wall 604 (ofphase 3c) and thebenchseenin Plate (), (d) The East Shrine viewedfrom theeast,showing area NLd space 2.) from thewest.(In theforeground
Plate 12
The nichein thenoth-west corner oftheWestShrine:(a) The nicheseenfrom theeast. (The pottery seen tray in Plate i2(b) isjust visible.)(b) Assemblage thenorth. above,from J ofphase 3c in theniche,seenfrom
Plate 13
2
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Plate 14
theeast,(b) Assemblage (phase2b) in thesouth-west corner The platform oftheWestShrine, (a) seenfrom in front: the thenorth-east. on theplatform, (Note stratigraphie sounding (c) Seen from duringexcavation floor levelwas at thefootofthepillar.)
Plate 15
area fromthe west (comparePlate 8). (b) Room duringexcavationseen fromthe (a) The sanctuary oftheranging rod priorto blocking north-west. The nicheis to theleft (see (a) above) to prevent collapse.
Plate 16
in thesouth-west and SF 2658seenas found corner ofRoomA. (b) Bodies (a) The headless Lady ofPhylakopi ofterracotta humanand animalfigures ofAssemblage at themouth ofthenichein RoomA,from C, seeninsitu thenorth-west.
Plate 17
the south,(b) Stone setting in the (a) Blockeddoorwayin the southwall (622) of the West Shrine,from south-east corner oftheWestShrine, from thenorth-west, endoftheBlocking Wall (626/733) (c) The western seenfrom thenorth, ofthenichein Room A, from thewest, (d) The mouth (e) Doorway(inWall 82 1) between RoomsA and B, seenfrom Room A. (/) Columnarlamp (SF 2309) insitu in area NLc South,seenfrom the north-east.
Plate 18
ofexcavations, thenorth-east at theconclusion seenfrom (b) RoomsA and and thewest (a) The WestShrine oftheWestShrinefrom thesouth.(The southern partofRoom notyetexcavated.)
Plate 19
Wall 66 1 and oftheEast Shrine(36 and 53) and from oftheExtension the Pottery datingtheconstruction levelsoftheWestShrine(25, 31, 33). earlyfloor
Plate 20
from ofphase 2b (93, 94, 373) and phase 3c (375, 314, 315). contexts Pottery
Plate 21
ofphase 2b. Pottery
Plate 22
from Pottery phase 2b, somewith joins withlaterlevels.
Plate 23
from Pottery joins withlaterlevels. phase 2b, somewith
Plate 24
from NLc North(Assemblage Pottery F).
Plate 25
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Plate 26
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Plate 27
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Plate 28
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Plate 30
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Plate 31
The Lady ofPhylakopi(SF 2660).
Plate 32
Human and bovidfigures: (SF 2660); (b) SF 1561,ht. 27.0 cms; (c, d) SF 2691. (a) The Lady ofPhylakopi
Plate 33
detailsand fragments, SF 583,ht. 14.0cms;armfragments (a, b) SF 2660; (c,d) Bodyfragment, (e,f) Figures: SF 2679; {g,h) SF 2274; (ij) SF 1083.
Plate 34
SF 579, (d) SF and figurines: Female figures (a) SF 2672 (upper) and SF 773; (b) SF 2672; (c) Psi figurine, 2658.
Plate 35
SF 1550. Male figure:
Plate 36
Male figures: (a) SF 2340,ht. 23.0 cms; (b) SF 1553; (c) SF 1544; (d) SF 1520.
Plate 37
Male figures: from details,and fragment Tiryns.(a, b and d) SF 1553; (c) SF 2340, ht. 23.0 cms; {e-h) penis from Tiryns.
Plate 38
of Femalefigurines: (a) SF 2015,ht.i5.3cms; (b) SF 2007,ht.i5.2cms; (c) SF 1521,ht.i6.ocms; (d) fragments and ofa figure (SF 520). figurines
Plate 39
SF 2687. Bovidfigure:
Plate 40
Bovidfigures: 32.7 cms; (b) SF 850, length15.0 cms; (c) SF 2685; (d) SF 836. (a) SF 2689,length
Plate 41
Bovidfigures (a, b) SF 2690; (c, d) SF 2670.
Plate 42
ofSF 2689; (e,f) head,SF Bovidfigures: sections detailsofmanufacture, (a, b) SF 2690; (c,d) rearand front 1624.
Plate 43
and figurine feet; (SF 1084 (a) bovidfigure (b) bovidhead,SF847; (e) bovidbodyfragments Figure fragments: is a fragment ofa box); (d) chariot fragment; (e,f) bovidfragments.
Plate 44
oxen: (a) SF 1558; (b) SF 1562; (c) SF 849. Chariotand driven
Plate 45
of (a) Assemblage H. Animalfigurines D, and (b) Assemblage
Plate 46
Animalfigurines. Figurine pairsare seen in (a), (c), and (e).
Plate 47
Floor4 of Animalfigurines and groupfragments: A; (b) from G; (c-d) from (a) from Assemblage Assemblage theEast Shrine;(e) throne (SF 2170). (SF 1019and 157), seatedfigurine fragments
Plate 48
SF 2242; (c) construction detail,SF842, ht.7.5 cms;(b) horse?, detail,SF (a) construction fragments: Figurine earlier no. 262; (A)head SF 1087;(/,g) handfrom excavations, 504,ht.2.9 cms;(d) SF 882; (e) fish fragment, from no. 263. earlierexcavations,
Plate 49
theSanctuary(SF 2036). Scale: 2. Sealstone from
Plate 50
theSanctuary: 2 (SF 844); (e-h),sealstone 2 and 3 from Sealstones (a-d), sealstone 3 (SF 1748). Scale: 2.
Plate 51
theSanctuary, Sealstones (a-d), sealstone 4 (SF 837); (e-j), sealstone 4 and 5 from 5 (SF 808). Scale: 2.
Plate 52
6 (SF 821); (h-k),sealstone7 (SF 834). Scale: 2. Sealstones 6 and 7 from theSanctuary, (a-g), sealstone
Plate 53
Sealstones theSanctuary, 8 and 9 from 8 (SF 840); (e-h),sealstone {a-d), sealstone 9 (SF 833). Scale: 2.
Plate 54
11 (SF 824). Scale: x 2. Sealstones io and 11from io (SF 841); (-#), sealstone theSanctuary, {a-d), sealstone
Plate 55
from other sites: from (CMS 1410), and sealsand impressions (a-d) CMS 1410; (e) CMS Ivory ring Phylakopi x 2. V 608; (f-g) HeraklionMuseum607; (k-j) Kenna (i960), no. 201. Scale approximately
Plate 56
Seals and seal impressions from other sites:(a, b) CMS V 500; (c,d) CMS V 499; (e) CMS XII 236; (/) CMS V 441; (g) CMS V 600; () CMS XIII 126; (t) CMS VII 184. Scale: c. 2.
Plate 57
from other Seal impressions sites:(a) CMS I 26; (b) CMS I 355; (c) CMS IX 191; (d) CMS XIII 59; (e) CMS V 221; (f) CMS I 171. Scale: c. 2.
Plate 58
other and thescarab (SF 766) from theSanctuary: from Seal and impressions sites, (a) CMS V 664; (b) CMS IX 20D; (c) CMS VII 111; (d) Midea T.2. Scale: c. 2. (e-g) Scarab,SF 766,length1.4 cms.
Plate 59
Gold head (SF 192), ht. 2.8 cms;bronzebird (SF 1578), totalht. 3.6 cms.
58
.L . 1. /OTT" - /?/?' . 1
Plate 61
SF 2008; (d) ivory SF 572; (/) terracotta crystal, object,SF 830; (e) rock (a) Shells;(b,c) stone pendant, spindle SF 1825. whorl,
Plate 62
SF 1522. SF 170; below Conch shells:above,
Plate 63
from thesanctuary: SF 825 (length18.0 cms); below, SF 195. from Tortoiseshellsrestored above, fragments
Plate 64
workedcircularopening; of ostrich (SF 167) showing fragments (a) Fragments egg, SF 167; (b) further drillholes. (SF 814) showing fragments (c) stonehandle (SF 194); (d) tortoiseshell
Plate 65
SF 780; (d) vessel blossom bowl (SF 17 17), and terracotta mould, base, objects:(b,c) terracotta (a) Serpentine SF 2675 from C in Room A; (e) drainchannel,SF 786. Assemblage
Plate 66
SF 567, 1628,and 580; (/, (a, b) Stonecolumnar g) saddlequerns:SF lamps:SF 2004and 2309; (c-e) mortars: 1165 and 872.
Plate 67
ofbronze,SF 518. Total ht. 12.5 cms. male figure Smiting
Plate 68
SF 518. male figure, Smiting
Plate 69
ofbronze,SF 1802.Total ht. 13.4 cms. male figure Smiting
Plate 70
SF 1802. male figure, Smiting
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Pedestalvase Double vase Kylix Stirrup jar Othervessel Male Figure Male Figurefrag. Female Figure Female Figurefrag. Female Figurine
cgg|^g|2^g|2g afizfi|,gfi|lfi|lfi|,gfiSfi gJJ.|ji|6t|<2^>Sfi 5_^|^^

2 1 1 4 1 (1)5 15 1 3 1? 5 11? 2 1? 2. 1 3 1 2 2 1 11 (l) (l) 5 1 1 3 1(l) 1 3 1? 1 1 1 1? 3 11 6(4) (l) 2 17 11 3 2? 1 13 1
BovineFigure BovineFigurefrag. Chariot Chariotfrag. Drivenox Drivenox frag. etc. Furniture AnimalFigurine AnimalFigurine frag. Askosfrag/fish rhyton Scarab Sealstone Gold head Gold leaf Silver Lead BronzeFigurine 1 11 1 1 6 4 1 1 1
2 3 1
11(3,) 4 (3) (l) 1
11 3
10
1 1 12 1 1
/3c) Other Areas
PHASE 3b West East Shrine Shrine
PHASE 3c, 3b/c *- g Other West Areas Shrine & ]S
PHASE D, S West Shrine ^ g J-jj Other Areas West Shrine _^ Jc
Other aS
1 1 3 1
2 1
1 1 9 13 1 1
17
11 3 2?
11
11
1 1 1 12 1
1?
2? 1 12 111
3+2? 1? 2 11 2 11
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZI ZZZZZZZ

1 1 . 1
I
1 1 1 3 6 2 1 7 5(1) 2 5 2 1 1 1
]
1 1 1 1
111
" 1
Gold leaf Silver Lead BronzeFigurine Bronze Bead tusk Ivory/Boar's Bone Ostrich egg frag. Tortoise shell shellfrag. Tortoise Conchshell Othershell Spindlewhorl Loomweight (T.C.+stone) Disc (T.C.+ stone) Drain tile T.C. Object Plasterfrag. Stonevase frag./axe etc. Pendant/plaque Dressweight Rock crystal Columnar lamp Stonelamp Quern socket Mortar/door Bi-concave + PiercedLentoid Rubber/Pounder 3 _^^ (l) )? 2 112 11 1 _____ 11 . 2 1 12 2 1 1 1 (5)13 (l) 1 1 2 1 1 112 () 2 3 1 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 1 8 2 2 14 1 4 2 (l)4 3 16 1 2 2 1 1 1 11 1 1 11
1 1 12 1 1 4(8) 1 6 1 (2) 1 4 2(l) 1 1 (2) 1 11 1 1 3 14 1
1 (l) 1 30 1 1 (l) 1 11 3 l(2) 2 1 (l) () 1 4 11? 2 1 (2) 1 11 1
5 (l)
(3)
1 (l)
1 1 (l) 1 1 11 113 4 -1 11 1 12
Marble slab
11
Table 9.4 from theSanctuary.( fewminorpiecesare omitted: theyare diagramoftheprincipalfinds Synoptic in listed in brackets includedin thelists in brackets to Numbers relate given ChapterIV). designations at the top.
111 1
1 1 56 2 1 15 1 1 32 11 23
11 1 1
3 14 1 1?
22 4 3
123
(l) _
1 I 1 1 1 II 1 4 1 1? 1 4 2 1 "^ 2 11 2 | 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 11 1 1? 1? 112 1 11 21+8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1111 1 111 2 1+1? 1
11
MMM-i . ^^ m> _______ ______
1111211
_______ _____ _______ ______ ____ ______ _ _______ _________________ _ _____ ________ ______ _
1
____ i _____ ______ ______ t '
34
______ ___ ___
12
_____
112
5114
2 1
1 1 11
4 1
2 1112
12

Renfrew 1985

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT: THE SANCTUARY AT PHYLAKOPI Author(s): COLIN RENFREW, P. A. MOUNTJOY, ELIZABETH FRENCH, JOHN G.

The Lady of Phylakopi

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 18

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1985

at Athens1985 School ofArchaeology British ISBN 500 96021 6

Listof Tables ListofPlates

x xii 5 11 27 71 89 151 209 281 299 361 393

445 453 469 479 485

List ofText Figures

Preface of Cult The Archaeology

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY

Introduction The Excavations at Phylakopi

FIG.. Map of theAegean,withinsetof Melos

OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

ChapterI fortheArchaeology of Towards a Framework Cult Practice

1. ReligiousBeliefand the Material World

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

2. Material Symbolsand the Role of Iconography

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

of Cult 3. Ritual and the ArchaeologicalRecognition

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

4. Aspectsof Sacred Ritual

of temporal This World A experience

of World The Other reversed not- A experience-

-A" zone "BothA andnot Liminal Sacred area Fieldof ritualactivity

and theOtherWorld (after of theworldof temporal The interaction Leach) experience

THE ARCHAEOLOGYOF CULT

OF CULT THE ARCHAEOLOGY

6. Domestic and Communal Ritual

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

7. Cult image or Votive?

THE ARCHAEOLOGYOF CULT

8. Steps in the Analysisof Prehistoric Religion

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

II Chapter The Excavation

FIG.2.1 The Phylakopi in thecontext of thesite sanctuary 27

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

forthesite ofnomenclature FIG.2.2 System

of five-metre FIG.2.3 Designation squares

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

'' ^H NLd ! space j

' .7 B H'JmTl nlc . l} ^^^H^|

* [space/. ' . ! 3 / ' / /i

area ofexcavationareas in thesanctuary FIG.2.4 The designation

^^""~ -~^ '^L^' ' PLc !

'I NLd I !NLe ^TS^-Ll^/^ i I / space

/ P^LJl 'N*-*I''-I' . // j A-^/^ ^^S^JfPacea/

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

2. The East Shrine:1974ExcavationSeason

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

ofwalls and structures FIG.2.5 The numeration

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT

r - ' J /..'./ '

/77/5// r^9^-^ zz^!/

" ' ' " l^. <'75/1 . . . . '7

+76/7 jf 75/3 ''//

THE ARCHAEOLOGYOF CULT

!" U IT*. ^<'^^ v^^IV

V"WALL ly*-i Juif :v" 501/104

' " 1"" ~""" '

/ P^LJl 'N-I''-I' . // j A-^/^ ^^S^JfPacea/

P-p^!^^ icfl[m ' c. fT.1 Qg^f TT^l?! :' I,