HA 12: CHNG CACBOHTDRAT

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CHNG 2: CACBOHIRAT I- Khi nim v phn loi cacbohirat: - Cacbohirat ( cn gi l gluxit hay saccarit) l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc v thng c cng thc chung l Cn(H2O)m - Phn loi: Monosaccarit l nhm cacbohirat n gin, khng b thy phn: Glucoz, fructoz . Gm 3 nhm ch yu sau:

CACBOHIRAT

isaccarit l nhm cacbohirat khi b thy phn mi phn t sinh ra 2 phn t Monosaccarit: saccaroz, mantoz. Polisaccarit l nhm cacbohirat khi b thy phn n cng mi phn t sinh ra nhiu phn t monosaccarit: tinh bt, xenluloz.

II- Monosaccarit A. GLUCOZO: 1) Cu to : CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO * Trong dd glucozo tn ti ch yu dng vng 6 cnh enzim ,25 350 C 2) Ha tnh: C2H5OH + CO2 + Cu ( OH ) 2 (C H 6 11O6)2Cu dd xanh lam m
+ ( CH 3CO ) 2 O xt ,t 0

* CTPT: C6H12O6

* PTK: 180

B. FRUCTOZ: L ng phn ca glucoz 1) Cu to phn t : CH2OH[CHOH]3-CO-CH2OH * Trong dd glucozo tn ti ch yu dng vng 5 cnh 2) Ha tnh:
+ Cu ( OH ) 2 (C6H11O6)2Cu dd xanh lam m + ( CH 3CO ) 2 O C6H7O(OCOCH3)5 xt ,t 0

C6H7O(OCOCH3)5 Pentaaxetylglucozo Fructozo .

Glucozo

+ Ag ( NH 3 )2 OH C6H11O5-COONH4 Amonigluconat + Br2 + H 2 O C6H11O5-COOH + H 2 ( Ni ,t 0 )

Pentaaxetylfrutozo

axit gluconic Ch : *

C6H11O5COONH4 Amonigluconat
+ H 2 ( Ni ,t ) CH2OH[CHOH]4CH2OH Sorbitol
0

+ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 OH

CH2OH[CHOH]4CH2OH Sorbitol
Glucozo vng 3) iu ch:
+ CH 3OH ( xt ,t ) ete vng (khng m vng)
0

Fructozo

OH Glucozo

(C6H10O5) n + nH2O

H ,t

nC6H12O6

* Frutozo khng lm mt mu nc Brom

III- isaccarit: * - CTPT: C12H22O11 * PTK: 342 1. SACCAROZ 2. MANTOZ: L ng phn ca saccaroz a) Cu to phn t a) Cu to : - Saccaroz l 1 isaccarit c cu to t 2 gc - Saccaroz l mt isaccarit c cu to t 1 gc glucoz v 1 glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glicozit + H 2 O , H + ,t 0 gc fructoz lin kt vi nhau qua cu ni C1-O-C2 (glicozit) b) Ha tnh: glucozo + Cu ( OH )2 b) Ha tnh: (C12H21O11)2Cu dd xanh lam m + Cu ( OH ) 2 (C12H21O11)2Cu dd xanh lam m + Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 OH Mantozo C11H21O10-COONH4 + 0 + H O , H , t 2 Saccarozo glucozo + fructozo + Br2 + H 2O C11H21O10-COOH c) iu ch: (C6H10O5) n + nH2O
enzim amylaza n C12H22O11

IV- Polisaccarit: * CTPT: (C6H10O5)n * PTK: 162n 1. TINH BT: 2. XENLULOZO: a) Cu trc phn t: [C6H7O2(OH)3]n a) Cu trc phn t - Phn t gm nhiu gc -glucoz, mch phn nhnh - Cu to: Phn t gm nhiu gc -glucoz ; Gm 2 dng b) Ha tnh + Amiloz: C cu trc mch khng phn nhnh + H 2 O , H + ,t 0 glucozo + Amilopectin: C cu trc mch phn nhnh + HNO3 dac + dd I 2 b) Ha tnh: C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n Xenluloz trinitrat hp cht mu xanh tm Xenlulozo H SO dac Tinh bt

+ H 2O + H 2O Dectrin Mantozo glucozo amylaza mantaza

glucozo
+ H 2O amylaza

+ H 2 O , H + ,t 0

T axetat + CH3COOH
- Xenlulozo khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2, nhng tan c trong dd [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (nc Svayde) Mantoz X X X X X X Tinh bt Xenluloz

+ ( CH 3CO ) 2 O xt ,t 0

V- Tng kt v cacbohirat : Ghi ch: Du X l c phn ng Cht Glucoz fructoz Saccaroz Phn ng H2 ( Ni, to) X X Cu(OH)2 X X X Cu(OH)2/OH-, to X X dd AgNO3/NH3, to X X Thy phn X dd Br2 X dd I2

X X

HA 12: CHNG CACBOHTDRAT

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