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Kt cu thp 7/2009

MC LC
1

I CNG V THIT K KT CU THP ................................................................. 4


1.1
Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1
u nhc im v phm vi s dng..................................................................... 4
1/ u im : .......................................................................................................................... 4
2/ Nhc im : .................................................................................................................... 4
3/ Phm vi s dng : ............................................................................................................. 5
1.1.2
Yu cu c bn i vi kt cu thp..................................................................... 5
1.2
Thit k kt cu thp theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05................................................ 5
1.2.1
Quan im chung v thit k ................................................................................ 5
1.2.2
S pht trin ca qu trnh thit k ....................................................................... 6
1.2.3
Nguyn tc c bn ca tiu chun 22TCN 272-05............................................... 9
1.2.4
Gii thiu v ti trng v t hp ti trng theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05........ 15
1.3
EV............................................................................................................................... 17
1.3
VT LIU .................................................................................................................. 21
1.3.1
Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi thp ............................................................... 21
1.3.2
Khi nim v ng sut d ................................................................................... 26
1.3.3
Gia cng nhit..................................................................................................... 27
1.3.4
nh hng ca ng sut lp ( s mi) ............................................................... 27
1.3.5
S ph hoi gin ................................................................................................. 30
2 LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP .............................................................................. 31
2.1
GII THIU CHUNG V LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP .......................... 31
2.1.1
Lin kt dng inh: ( inh tn, bu lng) ............................................................. 31
2.1.2
Lin kt hn ........................................................................................................ 32
2.2
CU TO LIN KT BU LNG ............................................................................. 32
2.2.1
Cu to , phn loi bu lng ................................................................................. 32
2.2.2
Cc hnh thc cu to ca lin kt bu lng ......................................................... 35
2.2.3
B tr bu lng ...................................................................................................... 36
2.3
LIN KT BU LNG CHU CT ............................................................................ 39
2.3.1
Cc trng hp ph hoi trong lin kt bu lng thng..................................... 39
C hai dng ph hoi ch yu trong lin kt bu lng chu ct: ph hoi ca bu lng v ph
hoi ca b phn c lin kt. .............................................................................................. 39
2.3.2
Cng chu p mt v cng chu ct ca lin kt................................... 41
1/ Cng chu ct ca bu lng ........................................................................................... 41
2/ Cng chu p mt ca bu lng..................................................................................... 42
2.3.3
Cng chu ma st ca lin kt bu lng cng cao .................................. 45
c im ch to v c im chu lc ca lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st, cc
phng php x l b mt thp: ................................................................................................. 45
2.3.4
Tnh ton lin kt bu lng chu ct ..................................................................... 47
2.4
LIN KT BU LNG CHU KO............................................................................ 56
2.5
LIN KT HN......................................................................................................... 57
2.5.1
Cu to lin kt hn ............................................................................................ 57
2.5.2
Sc khng tnh ton ca mi hn........................................................................ 60
2.5.3
Lin kt hn lch tm ch chu ct ...................................................................... 64
2.6
CT KHI ................................................................................................................. 68
2.6.1
Ct khi trong lien kt bu lng ........................................................................... 68
2.6.2
Ct khi trong lien kt hn.................................................................................. 69
3
CU KIN CHU KO ..................................................................................................... 70

Kt cu thp 7/2009

3.1
c im cu to : ...................................................................................................... 70
3.1.1
Cc hnh thc mt ct : ....................................................................................... 70
3.1.2
Cc dng lin kt : .............................................................................................. 70
3.2
Tnh ton cu kin chu ko ng tm........................................................................ 71
3.2.1
Tng qut :......................................................................................................... 71
3.2.2
Sc khng ko chy ............................................................................................ 72
3.2.3
Sc khng ko t .............................................................................................. 72
3.2.4
Gii hn mnh ............................................................................................... 77
4
CU KIN CHU NN ..................................................................................................... 79
4.1
c im cu to ........................................................................................................ 79
4.1.1
Hnh thc mt ct kn ......................................................................................... 79
4.2
Khi nim v n nh ca ct ..................................................................................... 80
4.2.1
Khi nim v mt n nh n hi...................................................................... 80
4.2.2
Khi nim v mt n nh qu n hi ............................................................... 84
4.3
Tnh ton cu kin chu nn ng tm........................................................................ 85
4.3.1
Sc khng nn danh nh.................................................................................... 85
4.3.2
T s mnh gii hn ...................................................................................... 88
4.3.3
Cc dng bi ton................................................................................................ 90
5
CU KIN CHU UN TIT DIN CH I..................................................................... 93
5.1
C IM CHUNG V CU TO ........................................................................ 93
5.1.1
Cc loi dm v phm vi s dng:...................................................................... 93
1/ Dm thp hnh ................................................................................................................ 93
2/ Dm ghp ( dm t hp)................................................................................................. 93
5.1.2
Cc kch thc c bn ca dm .......................................................................... 93
5.2
TNG QAN V NG X CA DM ( DM I KHNG LIN HP).................. 94
5.2.1
Cc giai on lm vic ca mt ct dm chu un thun ty. Khi nim m men
chy v m men do ........................................................................................................... 94
5.2.2
S phn b li mmen ........................................................................................ 96
5.2.3
Khi nim v n nh ca dm ........................................................................... 98
5.2.4
Phn loi tit din ............................................................................................... 98
5.2.5
cng .............................................................................................................. 99
5.3
CC TRNG THI GII HN.............................................................................. 100
5.3.1
Trng thi gii hn cng ............................................................................ 100
5.3.2
Trng thi gii hn s dng .............................................................................. 100
5.3.3
Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy................................................................... 101
5.4
M MEN CHY V M MEN DO .................................................................... 113
5.4.1
M men chy ca tit din lin hp.................................................................. 114
Cc tnh cht ......................................................................................................................... 115
Cng.................................................................................................................................. 117
5.4.2
Mmen chy ca tit din khng lin hp........................................................ 118
5.4.3
Trc trung ho do ca tit din lin hp ......................................................... 118
5.4.4
Trc trung ho do ca tit din khng lin hp .............................................. 121
5.4.5
Mmen do ca tit din lin hp .................................................................... 121
5.4.6
Mmen do ca tit din khng lin hp ......................................................... 123
5.4.7
Chiu cao ca vch chu nn ............................................................................ 124
5.5
NH HNG MNH CA VCH NG I VI SC KHNG UN
CA DM............................................................................................................................ 124
5.5.1
Mt n nh thng ng ca vch..................................................................... 124
5.5.2
Mt n nh un ca vch................................................................................. 127

Kt cu thp 7/2009

5.5.3
Yu cu ca tit din chc i vi vch ........................................................... 128
5.5.4
Tm tt hiu ng mnh................................................................................ 129
5.5.5
H s chuyn ti trng ...................................................................................... 130
5.6
NH HNG CA MNH CA CNH CHU NN N SC KHNG
UN CA DM.................................................................................................................. 131
5.6.1
Yu cu v bin chu nn ca tit din chc..................................................... 132
5.6.2
Gii hn ca bin chu nn i vi tit din khng chc.................................. 132
5.6.3
Tm tt nh hng mnh ca bin chu nn................................................ 134
5.7
LIN KT DC CA CNH CHU NN ............................................................. 134
5.7.1
S cn xng ca phn t................................................................................... 137
5.7.2
H s iu chnh Cb khi mmen thay i......................................................... 137
5.7.3
Tit din I khng lin hp n hi.................................................................... 138
5.7.4
Tit din khng lin hp khng chc................................................................ 141
5.7.5
Tit din chc khng lin hp........................................................................... 141
5.7.6
Tit din lin hp n hi ................................................................................. 142
5.7.7
Tit din lin hp khng chc........................................................................... 142
5.7.8
Tit din lin hp chc...................................................................................... 143
5.8
TM TT V TIT DIN CH I CHU UN...................................................... 144
5.9
SC KHNG CT CA MT CT CH I.......................................................... 152
5.9.1
Sc khng ct tc ng ln dm ....................................................................... 152
5.9.2
Sc khng ct do tc ng trng cng............................................................ 154
5.9.3
Sc khng ct t hp ........................................................................................ 157
5.9.4
Sc khng ct ca vch khng c sn tng cng ......................................... 158
5.9.5
Sc khng ct ca vch c tng cng......................................................... 160
5.10 SN TNG CNG............................................................................................ 168
5.10.1
Sn tng cng ng trung gian .................................................................... 168
5.10.2
Sn tng cng gi......................................................................................... 174
5.11 MI NI DM ........................................................................................................ 177
5.11.1
Cc loi mi ni dm........................................................................................ 177
5.11.2
Mi ni cng trng bng bu lng ................................................................... 178

Kt cu thp 7/2009

I CNG V THIT K KT CU THP

1.1 Gii thiu chung


1.1.1

u nhc im v phm vi s dng

1/ u im :
Kt cu thp c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng do c nhng u
im c bn nh sau:
Kt cu thp c kh nng chu lc ln. Do cng ca thp cao nn cc kt cu thp
c th chu c nhng lc kh ln vi mt ct khng cn ln lm, v th c th li dng c
khng gian mt cch hiu qu.
Vic tnh ton kt cu thp c tin cy cao. Thp c cu trc kh ng u, m un
n hi ln. Trong phm vi lm vic n hi, kt cu thp kh ph hp vi cc gi thit c bn
ca sc bn vt liu n hi (nh tnh ng cht, ng hng ca vt liu, gi thit mt ct
phng, nguyn l c lp tc dng).
Kt cu thp nh nht so vi cc kt cu lm bng vt liu thng thng khc (b
tng, gch , g). nh ca kt cu c nh gi bng h s c = / F , l t s gia t
trng ca vt liu v cng F ca n. H s c cng nh th vt liu cng nh. Trong khi b
tng ct thp (BTCT) c c = 24.10 4

1
1
, g c c = 4,5.10 4
th h s c ca thp ch l
m
m

1
(Ti liu [1])
m
Kt cu thp c tnh cng nghip ho cao: N thch hp vi thi cng lp ghp v c
kh nng c gii ho cao trong ch to. Cc cu kin thp d c sn xut hng lot ti xng
vi chnh xc cao. Cc lin kt trong kt cu thp (inh tn, bu lng, hn) tng i n
gin, d thi cng.
Kt cu thp c tnh kn : Vt liu v lin kt kt cu thp khng thm cht lng v
cht kh nn rt thch hp lm cc kt cu cha cc cht lng, cht kh.
Ngoi ra thp cn l vt liu c th ti ch s dng li sau khi cng trnh ht thi
hn s dng , do vy c th xem thp l vt liu thn thin vi mi trng.
So vi kt cu b tng, kt cu thp d kim nghim, sa cha v tng cng.
3, 7.10 4

2/ Nhc im :
Bn cnh cc u im ch yu k trn, kt cu thp cng c hai nhc im:
Kt cu thp d b han g: Trong mi trng m t, c cc tc nhn n mn thp d
b han g, t han g b mt n ph hng c th ch sau mt thi gian ngn. Do vy khi thit k
cn cn nhc dng thp ni thch hp, ng thi kt cu thit k phi thng thong, phi tin

Kt cu thp 7/2009

cho vic kim tra sn bo dng .Trong thit k phi lun a ra bin php chng g b mt
cho thp nh sn, m.T nhc im ny dn n h qu l chi ph duy tu bo dng thng
xuyn ca cc kt cu thp thng thng l kh cao. chng g ngi ta cng c th dng
thp hp kim .
Thp chu nhit km. nhit trn 4000C, bin dng do ca thp s pht trin di
tc dng ca tnh ti (t bin ca thp). V th, trong nhng mi trng c nhit cao, nu
khng c nhng bin php c bit bo v th khng c php s dng kt cu bng thp.

3/ Phm vi s dng :
Thp c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc xy dng ni chung cng nh trong xy
dng cu ng ni ring. Trong thc t chng ta c th thy thp c dng lm dm, gin
cu, khung, gin v ko ca cc nh cng nghip, dn dng, cc ct in, cc b cha Tuy
nhin, kt cu thp c bit c u th trong cc kt cu vt nhp ln, i hi thanh mnh
cao, chu ti trng nng v nhng kt cu i hi tnh khng thm.

1.1.2

Yu cu c bn i vi kt cu thp

1/ Yu cu v mt s dng, y l yu cu c bn nht i vi ngi thit k.


- Kt cu thp phi c thit k sc khng li cc ti trng trong sut thi gian
s dng .
- Kt cu thp m bo tui th ra. Hnh dng, cu to phi sao cho tin bo
dng, kim tra v sn bo v.
- p cng l mt yu cu v mt s dng. Kt cu thp phi c hnh dng hi ha
thanh thot, ph hp vi cnh quan chung ca khu vc.
2/ Yu cu v mt kinh t:
- Tit kim vt liu.Thp cn c dung mt cch hp l. Khi thit k cn chn gii
php kt cu hp l, dung cc phng php tnh ton tin tin.
- Tnh cng ngh khi ch to. Kt cu thp cn c thit k sao cho ph hp vi vic
ch to trong xng, s dng nhng thit b chuyn dng hin c, gim cng ch
to.
- Lp rp nhanh
t c hai yu cu c bn trn y cn in hnh ha kt cu thp. Din hnh ha tng
cu kin hoc in hnh ha ton b kt cu.

1.2 Thit k kt cu thp theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05


1.2.1

Quan im chung v thit k

Cng tc thit k bao gm vic tnh ton nhm chng minh cho nhng ngi c trch
nhim thy rng, mi tiu chun tnh ton v cu to u c tha mn. Quan im chung

Kt cu thp 7/2009

m bo an ton trong thit k l sc khng ca vt liu v mt ct ngang phi khng nh hn


hiu ng gy ra bi cc ti trng v tc ng ngoi, ngha l
Sc khng ca vt liu Hiu ng ca ti trng

hay R Q

(1.1)

Khi p dng nguyn tc n gin ny, iu quan trng l hai v ca bt ng thc phi
c nh gi trong cng nhng iu kin. Ni cch khc, s nh gi ca bt ng thc phi
c tin hnh cho mt iu kin ti trng ring bit lin kt sc khng v hiu ng ti trng
vi nhau. Lin kt thng thng ny c quy nh bng vic nh gi hai v cng mt trng
thi gii hn.
Trng thi gii hn (TTGH) c nh ngha nh sau:
Trng thi gii hn l trng thi m nu vt qu ,th kt cu cu hoc mt b phn
ca n khng cn p ng c cc yu cu m thit k t ra cho n.
Cc v d ca TTGH cho cu dm hp bao gm vng, nt, mi, un, ct, xon, mt
n nh (on), ln, p mt v trt.
Mt mc tiu quan trng ca thit k l ngn nga khng t ti TTGH. Tuy nhin,
khng phi l ci ch duy nht. Cc mc tiu khc phi c xem xt v cn i trong thit
k ton th l chc nng, thm m v tnh kinh t. S l khng kinh t nu thit k mt cu m
khng c b phn no c th b ph hoi bao gi. Do , cn phi xc nh u l mc ri ro
hay xc sut xy ra ph hoi c th chp nhn c. Vic xc nh min an ton chp nhn
c (sc khng cn phi ln hn bao nhiu so vi hiu ng ca ti trng) khng phi cn c
vo kin ca mt c nhn m phi da trn kinh nghim ca tp th k s v c quan nghin
cu. Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, da trn tiu chun AASHTO LRFD (1998) ca
Hip hi cu ng M, c th p ng c cc yu cu trn.

1.2.2

S pht trin ca qu trnh thit k

Qua nhiu nm, qu trnh thit k c pht trin nhm cung cp mt min an ton
hp l. Qu trnh ny da trn nhng kin ng gp trong phn tch hiu ng ca ti trng v
cng ca vt liu s dng.

1.Thit k theo ng sut cho php (-SCP-ASD)-Allowable Stress Design


Cc phng php thit k u tin trong lch s c xy dng tp trung trc ht
vo kt cu thp. Thp kt cu c ng x tuyn tnh cho ti im chy, c nhn bit kh r
rng v thp hn mt cch an ton so vi cng gii hn ca vt liu. an ton trong thit
k c m bo bng quy nh l ng sut do hiu ng ca ti trng sinh ra ch bng mt phn
ng sut chy fy. Gi tr ny tng ng vi vic quy nh mt h s an ton F bng 2, ngha
l,
F=

f
sc khng, R
= y =2
hiu ng ti trng, Q 0,5 fy

Kt cu thp 7/2009

V phng php thit k ny t ra gii hn v ng sut nn c bit n vi tn gi


thit k theo ng sut cho php (Allowable Stress Design, ASD).
Khi phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php mi ra i, hu ht cc cu c cu to
gin hoc vm. Vi gi thit cc cu kin lin kt vi nhau bng cht v kt cu l tnh nh,
vic phn tch cho thy cc cu kin thng ch chu ko hoc chu nn. Din tch hu hiu cn
thit ca mt thanh ko chu ng sut phn b u c xc nh n gin bng cch chia lc
ko T cho ng sut ko cho php ft.
din tch hu hiu cn thit Anet

hiu ng ti trng T
=
ng sut cho php ft

i vi cu kin chu nn, ng sut cho php fc ph thuc vo mnh ca cu kin,


tuy nhin, c s xc nh din tch cn thit ca mt ct ngang vn nh trong cu kin chu
ko; din tch mt ct cn thit bng lc nn C chia cho ng sut cho php fc.
din tch hu hiu cn thit Agross

hiu ng ti trng C
=
ng sut cho php fc

Phng php ny c p dng trong nhng nm su mi ca th k 19 thit k


thnh cng nhiu cu gin tnh nh nhp ln. Ngy nay, cc cu tng t vn c xy dng
nhng chng khng cn l tnh nh v chng khng cn c lin kt bng cht. Do , ng
sut trong cc cu kin khng cn phn b u na.
Phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php cng c p dng cho dm chu un. Vi
gi thit mt ct phng v quan h ng sut-bin dng tuyn tnh, m un mt ct (m men
chng un) cn thit c th c xc nh bng cch chia m men un M cho ng sut un cho
php fb.
m un mt ct cn thit S

hiu ng ti trng M
=
ng sut cho php fb

n trong phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php l gi thit ng sut trong cu
kin bng khng trc khi c ti trng tc dng, ngha l khng c ng sut d tn ti khi ch
to. Gi thit ny t khi ng hon ton nhng n gn ng hn i vi nhng thanh c hn l
i vi nhng mt ct h, mng ca cc dm thp cn in hnh. Cc chi tit mng ca dm
thp cn ngui i (sau x l nhit) vi mc khc nhau v ng sut d tn ti trong mt ct
ngang. Cc ng sut d ny khng ch phn b khng u m chng cn kh d on trc.
Do , cn phi c s iu chnh i vi ng sut un cho php, c bit trong cc chi tit chu
nn, xt n nh hng ca ng sut d.
Mt kh khn khc trong p dng phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php i vi
dm thp l un thng i km vi ct v hai ng sut ny tng tc vi nhau. Do vy, s
khng hon ton ng khi s dng cc th nghim ko mu xc nh cng chy fy cho
dm chu un. Mt quan nim khc v ng sut chy c kt hp xem xt hiu ng ct s l
logic hn.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Nh vy, phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php c xy dng cho thit k
cc kt cu thp tnh nh. N khng nht thit phi c p dng mt cch cng nhc cho cc
vt liu khc v cho cc kt cu siu tnh.
Phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php hin vn c dng lm c s cho mt s
tiu chun thit k cc nc trn th gii, chng hn, tiu chun ca Vin kt cu thp M
(AISC)
Phng php ny c nhiu nhc im nh :
Quan im v bn da trn s lm vic n hi ca vt liu ng hng
,ng nht .
Khng biu hin c mt cch hp l v cng gii hn l ch tiu c bn
v kh nng chu lc hn l ng sut cho php
H s an ton ch p dng ring cho cng , cha xt n s bin i ca ti
trng
Vic chn h s an ton da trn kin ch quan v khng c c s tin cy v
xc sut h hng.
khc phc thiu st ny cn mt phng php thit k c th :
Da trn c s cng gii hn ca vt liu
Xt n s thay i tnh cht c hc ca vt liu v s bin i ca ti trng
nh gi an ton lin quan n xc sut ph hoi .
Phng php khc phc cc thiu st trn l AASHTO-LRFD 1998 v n c chn lm c
s bin son tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05.

2.Thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng LRFD ( Load and Resistance Factors


Design)
xt n s thay i c hai pha ca bt ng thc trong phng trnh 1.1 .Pha sc
khng c nhn vi mt h s sc khng da trn c s thng k (<=1).Pha ti trng
c nhn ln vi h s ti trng da trn c s thng k ti trng , thng ln hn 1.V hiu
ng ti trong trng thi gii hn bao gm mt t hp ca nhiu loi ti trng (Qi) nhiu mc
khc nhau ca s d tnh nn pha ti trng c biu hin l tng ca cc gi tr i Qi
.Nu sc khng danh nh l Rn , tiu chun an ton s l :
Rn hiu ng ca i Qi
(1.2)

V cng thc 1.2 cha c h s ti trng v h s sc khng nn phng php thit k


ny c gi l phng php thit k theo h s sc khng v h s ti trng (Load and
Resistance Factors Design, vit tt l LRFD). H s sc khng cho mt TTGH nht nh

phi xt n s khng chc chn trong


Tnh cht vt liu
Phng trnh d tnh cng
Tay ngh ca cng nhn
Vic kim tra cht lng

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Tm quan trng ca ph hoi

H s ti trng i c chn i vi mt loi ti trng nht nh phi xt n s khng


chc chn trong
ln ca ti trng
S sp xp (v tr) ca ti trng
T hp ti trng c th xy ra
Trong vic chn h s sc khng v h s ti trng cho cu, l thuyt xc xut c p
dng cho cc s liu v cng vt liu v thng k hc, cho trng lng vt liu cng nh
ti trng xe c.
Mt s kin nh gi v phng php LRFD c th c tm tt nh sau:
u im ca phng php
1.
Xt ti s thay i trong c sc khng v ti trng.
2.
t c mc an ton kh ng u cho cc TTGH v cc loi cu
khc nhau, khng cn phn tch thng k hay xc xut phc tp.
3.
a ra mt phng php thit k hp l v nht qun.
Nhc im ca phng php
1.
i hi s thay i trong quan im thit k (so vi tiu chun c).
2.
Yu cu c hiu bit c bn v l thuyt xc xut v thng k.
3.
Yu cu c cc s liu thng k y v thut ton tnh xc xut
iu chnh cc h s sc khng cho ph hp vi nhng trng hp c bit.
Phng php LRFD c dng lm c s cho cc tiu chun thit k ca M hin nay
nh tiu chun ca Vin kt cu thp M (AISC), ca Hip hi cu ng M (AASHTO)
cng nh tiu chun thit k cu nc ta.

1.2.3

Nguyn tc c bn ca tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

Bn Tiu chun thit k cu mi 22 TCN 272-05 (lc ra i, nm 2001, mang k hiu


22 TCN 272-01) c bin son nh mt phn cng vic ca d n ca B giao thng vn
ti mang tn D n pht trin cc Tiu chun cu v ng b .
Kt qu ca vic nghin cu tham kho a n kt lun rng, h thng Tiu chun
AASHTO ca Hip hi cu ng M l thch hp nht c chp thun p dng Vit
nam. l mt h thng Tiu chun hon thin v thng nht, c th c ci bin ph hp
vi cc iu kin thc t nc ta. Ngn ng ca ti liu ny cng nh cc ti liu tham chiu
ca n u l ting Anh, l ngn ng k thut thng dng nht trn th gii v cng l ngn
ng th hai ph bin nht Vit nam. Hn na, h thng Tiu chun AASHTO c nh hng
rt ln trong cc nc thuc khi ASEAN m Vit nam l mt thnh vin.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

10

Tiu chun thit k cu mi c da trn Tiu chun thit k cu AASHTO LRFD,


ln xut bn th hai (1998), theo h n v o quc t SI. Tiu chun LRFD ra i nm 1994,
c sa i v xut bn ln th hai nm 1998. Tiu chun ny c son tho da trn
nhng kin thc phong ph tch ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau trn khp th gii nn c th
c coi l i din cho trnh hin i trong hu ht cc lnh vc thit k cu vo thi im
hin nay.
Cc ti liu Vit nam c lit k di y c tham kho hoc l ngun gc ca
cc d liu th hin cc iu kin thc t Vit nam:
Tiu chun v thit k cu
22 TCN 181979
Tiu chun v ti trng gi
TCVN 2737 1995
Tiu chun v ti trng do nhit
TCVN 4088 1985
Tiu chun v thit k chng ng t
22 TCN 221 1995
Tiu chun v giao thng ng thy
TCVN 5664 1992
Cc quy nh ca b Tiu chun thit k cu mi ny nhm s dng cho cc cng tc
thit k, nh gi v khi phc cc cu c nh v cu di ng trn tuyn ng b. Cc iu
khon s khng lin quan n cu ng st, xe in hoc cc phng tin cng cng khc.
Cc yu cu thit k i vi cu ng st d kin s c ban hnh nh mt ph bn trong
tng lai.

1.2.3.1Tng qut
Cu phi c thit k t c cc mc tiu: thi cng c, an ton v s dng
c, c xt n cc yu t: kh nng d kim tra, tnh kinh t, m quan. Khi thit k cu,
t c nhng mc tiu ny, cn phi tha mn cc trng thi gii hn. Kt cu thit k phi
c do, phi c nhiu ng truyn lc (c tnh d) v tm quan trng ca n trong khai
thc phi c xt n.
Mi cu kin v lin kt phi tha mn cng thc 1.3 i vi tt c cc trng thi gii
hn.

i Qi Rn = Rr

(1.3)

trong :
Qi

hiu ng ca tc ng (v d, ni lc do ti trng ngoi sinh ra).

h s ti trng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho hiu ng ca tc

Rn

sc khng danh nh.

h s sc khng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho sc khng danh

Rr

sc khng tnh ton (hay sc khng c h s), Rr = .Rn.

ng.

nh.

trng trong khai thc

h s iu chnh ti trng, xt n tnh do, tnh d v tm quan

Kt cu thp 7/2009

= D R I > 0, 95

R D l

1, 0

11

i vi ti trng dng gi tr max


i vi ti trng dng gi tr min

h s xt n tnh do

h s xt n tnh d

h s xt n tm quan trng trong khai thc

Hai h s u c lin quan n cng ca cu, h s th ba xt n s lm vic ca


cu trng thi s dng. i vi tt c cc trng thi gii hn khng phi cng , D = R =
1,0.

1.2.3.2 Khi nim v tnh do, tnh d v tm quan trng trong khai thc
1/ H s xt n tnh do D
Tnh do l mt yu t quan trng i vi s an ton ca cu. Nh tnh do, cc b
phn chu lc ln ca kt cu c th phn phi li ti trng sang nhng b phn khc c d tr
v cng . S phn phi li ny ph thuc vo kh nng bin dng ca b phn chu lc ln
v lin quan n s pht trin bin dng do m khng xy ra ph hoi.
Nu mt cu kin ca cu c thit k sao cho bin dng do c th xut hin th s
c d bo khi cu kin b qu ti. Nu l kt cu BTCT th vt nt s pht trin v cu kin
c xem l vo tnh trng nguy him. Phi trnh s lm vic gin v n dn n s mt kh
nng chu lc t ngt khi vt qu gii hn n hi. Cc cu kin v lin kt trong BTCT c
th lm vic do khi hn ch hm lng ct thp chu un v khi b tr ct ai kim ch bin
dng. Ct thp c th c b tr i xng chu un, iu ny cho php xy ra s lm vic
do. Ni tm li, nu trong thit k, cc quy nh ca Tiu chun c tun theo th thc
nghim cho thy rng, cc cu kin s c tnh do cn thit.
i vi trng thi gii hn cng , h s lin quan n tnh do c quy nh nh
sau:

D 1,05

i vi cc cu kin v lin kt khng do

D = 1,0

i vi cc thit k thng thng v cc chi tit theo ng Tiu

D 0,95

i vi cc cu kin v lin kt c cc bin php tng thm tnh

chun ny
do vt qu nhng yu cu ca Tiu chun ny
2/ H s xt n tnh d R

Tnh d c tm quan trng c bit to ln i vi khong an ton ca kt cu cu. Mt


kt cu siu tnh l d v n c nhiu lin kt hn s lin kt cn thit m bo khng bin
dng hnh hc. V d, mt dm cu lin tc ba nhp l kt cu siu tnh bc hai. Mt t hp hai
lin kt n, hoc hai lin kt chng quay, hoc mt lin kt n v mt lin kt chng quay c

Kt cu thp 7/2009

12

th b mt i m khng dn ti hnh thnh khp do ngay lp tc v ti trng tc dng c th


tm c cc con ng khc truyn xung t. Khi nim nhiu ng truyn lc l tng
ng vi tnh d. Cc ng truyn lc n hay cc kt cu cu khng d c khuyn co
khng nn s dng.
Tnh d trong kt cu cu lm tng khong an ton ca chng v iu ny c phn
nh trng thi gii hn cng qua h s xt n tnh d R, c quy nh trong Tiu
chun 22 TCN 272-01 nh sau:

R 1,05
R = 1,0
R 0,95

i vi cc cu kin khng d
i vi cc cu kin c mc d thng thng
i vi cc cu kin c mc d c bit

3/ H s xt n tm quan trng trong khai thc I

Cc cu c th c xem l c tm quan trng trong khai thc nu chng nm trn con


ng ni gia cc khu dn c v bnh vin hoc trng hc, hay l con ng dnh cho lc
lng cng an, cu ha v cc phng tin gii cu i vi nh , c quan v cc khu cng
nghip. Cu cng c th c coi l quan trng nu chng gip gii quyt tnh trng i vng do
tc ng, gip tit kim thi gian v xng du cho ngi lao ng khi i lm v tr v nh.
Ni tm li, kh c th tm thy tnh hung m cu khng c coi l quan trng trong khai
thc. Mt v d v cu khng quan trng l cu trn ng ph dn ti mt vng ho lnh c
s dng khng phi quanh nm.
Khi c s c ng t, iu quan trng l tt c cc con ng huyt mch, nh cc
cng trnh cu, vn phi thng. V vy, cc yu cu sau y c t ra i vi trng thi gii
hn c bit cng nh i vi trng thi gii hn cng :

I 1,05
I = 1,0
I 0,95

i vi cc cu quan trng
i vi cc cu in hnh
i vi cc cu t quan trng

i vi cc trng thi gii hn khc:

I = 1,0

1.2.3.3Cc trng thi gii hn theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05


Kt cu cu thp phi c thit k sao cho, di tc dng ca ti trng, n khng
vo bt c TTGH no c quy nh bi Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05. Cc TTGH
ny c th c p dng tt c cc giai on ca cuc i kt cu cu. iu kin phi t ra
cho tt c cc TTGH l sc khng c h s phi khng nh hn hiu ng ca t hp ti trng
c h s (cng thc 1.3)
Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, i vi kt cu thp, c bn trng thi
gii hn c cp:

Trng thi gii hn s dng: c xt n nhm hn ch bin dng ca


cu kin v hn ch ng sut i vi thp.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

13

Trng thi gii hn cng : c xt n nhm m bo kh nng chu


lc ca cc b phn kt cu v cng v v n nh di cc t hp ti trng c
bn.

Trng thi gii hn mi: c xt n nhm hn ch bin ng sut do


mt xe ti thit k gy ra vi s chu k bin ng sut d kin.

Trng thi gii hn c bit: c xt n nhm m bo s tn ti ca


cu khi xy ra cc s c c bit nh ng t, va m xe, xi l, l ln.
1/Trng thi gii hn s dng
TTGH s dng lin quan n c tnh ca cu chu ti trng trng thi khai thc.
TTGH s dng ca kt cu thp, cc gii hn c t ra i vi vng v cc bin dng qu
n hi di ti trng s dng. Bng hn ch vng, cng thch hp c m bo v
dao ng c gim ti mc c th chp nhn c. Bng kim tra s chy cc b, c th
trnh c cc bin dng qu n hi thng xuyn v ci thin kh nng giao thng.
V cc quy nh cho TTGH s dng l da trn kinh nghim v phn quyt ca ngi

thit k hn l c xc nh theo thng k, h s sc khng , h s iu chnh ti trng v


h s ti trng i trong cng thc 1.3 c ly bng n v.
Gii hn v vng l khng bt buc. Nu ch u t yu cu, c th ly vng

1
l , vi l l chiu di nhp tnh ton. Trong tnh ton
800
vng, phi gi thit v phn phi ti trng i vi dm, v cng chng un ca dm c
s tham gia lm vic ca bn mt cu v s ng gp cng ca cc chi tit gn lin nh ro
chn v g chn bnh bng b tng. Ni chung, kt cu cu c cng ln hn gi tr c xc
nh bng tnh ton. Do vy, vic tnh ton vng ch l s c lng vng thc t.
Cc gii hn i vi bin dng qu n hi l bt buc. S chy cc b di ti trng
s dng II (theo AASHTO LRFD) l khng c php. S chy cc b ny s khng xy ra
cho cc mt ct c thit k bng cng thc 1.3 i vi TTGH cng nu hiu ng lc ln
nht c xc nh bng phn tch n hi. Tuy nhin, nu c phn phi li m men qu n
hi th khp do c th hnh thnh v cc ng sut phi c kim tra. Trong trng hp ny,
cc ng sut ca bn bin chu un dng v chu un m cn khng vt qu:
tng i cho php i vi hot ti l

i vi c hai bn bin thp ca mt ct lin hp (dm thp, bn b tng)

f f 0, 95 Rh Fyf

(1.4)

i vi c hai bn bin thp ca mt ct khng lin hp

f f 0,80 Rh Fyf

(1.5)

trong , Rh l h s gim ng sut ca bn bin cho dm lai (l dm m vch v bn


bin lm bng vt liu khc nhau), ff l ng sut n hi ca bn bin gy ra bi ti trng s
dng II (MPa) v Fyf l ng sut chy ca bn bin (MPa). i vi trng hp dm thng

Kt cu thp 7/2009

14

thng c cng loi thp vch v cc bn bin, Rh = 1, 0 . Vic m bo cng thc 1.4 (hay
1.5) s ngn chn s pht trin ca bin dng thng xuyn do s chy cc b ca bn bin
di tc ng ca vt ti s dng i khi xy ra.
2/Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy
Thit k theo TTGH mi bao gm vic gii hn bin ng sut do xe ti mi thit k
sinh ra ti mt gi tr ph hp vi s chu k lp ca bin ng sut trong sut qu trnh khai
thc cu. Thit k cho TTGH t gy bao gm vic la chn thp c do dai thch hp cho
mt phm vi nhit nht nh.
Chi tit v ti trng mi v kim ton mi c th tham kho ti liu [3], [4].
3/Trng thi gii hn cng
TTGH cng c lin quan n vic quy nh cng hoc sc khng tho
mn bt ng thc ca cng thc 1.3 cho cc t hp ti trng quan trng theo thng k sao cho
cu c khai thc an ton trong tui th thit k ca n. TTGH cng bao hm s nh gi

sc khng un, ct, xon v lc dc trc. Cc h s sc khng c xc nh bng thng k


thng l nh hn 1,0 v c gi tr khc nhau i vi cc vt liu v cc TTGH khc nhau.
Cc h s ti trng c xc nh bng thng k i c cho trong ba t hp ti trng
khc nhau ca bng 1.1 theo nhng xem xt thit k khc nhau
TTGH cng c quyt nh bi cng tnh ca vt liu hay n nh ca mt
mt ct cho. C 3 t hp ti trng cng khc nhau c quy nh trong bng 1.2 (Theo
AASHTO LRFD: c 5 t hp ti trng cng ). i vi mt b phn ring bit ca kt cu
cu, ch mt hoc c th hai trong s cc t hp ti trng ny cn c xt n. S khc bit
trong cc t hp ti trng cng ch yu lin quan n cc h s ti trng c quy nh i
vi hot ti. T hp ti trng sinh ra hiu ng lc ln nht c so snh vi cng hoc sc
khng ca mt ct ngang ca cu kin.
Trong tnh ton sc khng i vi mt hiu ng ti trng c h s no nh lc dc
trc, lc un, lc ct hoc xon, s khng chc chn c biu th qua h s gim cng
hay h s sc khng . H s l h s nhn ca sc khng danh nh Rn v s tha mn trong
thit k c m bo bi cng thc 1.3.
Trong cc cu kin bng thp, s khng chc chn c lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca
vt liu, kch thc mt ct ngang, dung sai trong ch to, tay ngh cng nhn v cc cng thc
c dng tnh ton sc khng. Tm quan trng ca ph hoi cng c cp trong h s
ny. Chng hn, h s sc khng i vi ct nh hn i vi dm v cc lin kt ni chung v
s ph hoi ca ct ko theo nguy him cho cc kt cu ta trn n. Cc xem xt ny c
phn nh trong cc h s sc khng TTGH cng c cho trong bng 1.1.

Kt cu thp 7/2009
Bng 1.1
Cc h s sc khng cho cc TTGH cng
Trng hp chu lc

15

H s sc khng

Un
Ct
Nn dc trc, cu kin ch c thp
Nn dc trc, cu kin lin hp
Ko, t gy trong mt ct thc (mt ct hu hiu)
Ko, chy trong mt ct nguyn
p mt ta trn cc cht, cc l doa, khoan, l bu lng v cc b

f = 1,00
= 1,00
c = 0,90
c = 0,90
u = 0,80
y = 0,95
b = 1,00

p mt ca bu lng ln thp c bn
Neo chng ct
Bu lng A325M v A490M chu ko
Bu lng A307 chu ko
Bu lng A325M v A490M chu ct
Ct khi
Kim loi hn trong cc ng hn ngu hon ton
Ct trn din tch hu hiu
Ko hoc nn vung gc vi din tch hu hiu
Ko hoc nn song song vi din tch hu hiu

bb = 0,80
sc = 0,85
t = 0,80
t = 0,65
s = 0,80
bs = 0,80

mt cn

el = 0,85
= ca
thp c bn

= ca

thp c bn
Kim loi hn trong cc ng hn ngu khng hon ton
Ct song song vi trc ng hn
Ko hoc nn song song vi trc ng hn
Nn vung gc vi din tch hu hiu
Ko vung gc vi din tch hu hiu
Kim loi hn trong cc ng hn gc
Ko hoc nn song song vi trc ng hn
Ct trong mt phng tnh ton ca ng hn

e2 = 0,80
= ca
thp c bn

= ca
thp c bn el = 0,80
= ca
thp c bn

e2 = 0,80

4/Trng thi gii hn c bit


TTGH c bit xt n cc s c vi chu k xy ra ln hn tui th ca cu. ng t,
ti trng bng tuyt, lc m xe v va x ca tu thuyn c coi l nhng s c c bit v ti
mi thi im, ch xt n mt s c. Tuy nhin, nhng s c ny c th c t hp vi l lt
ln (khong lp li > 100 nm nhng < 500 nm) hoc vi cc nh hng ca xi l.

H s sc khng i vi TTGH c bit c ly bng n v.

1.2.4

Gii thiu v ti trng v t hp ti trng theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05


1/ Cc t hp ti trng

Ti trng thng xuyn


DD = ti trng ko xung (xt hin tng ma st m)
DC = ti trng bn thn ca cc b phn kt cu v thit b ph phi kt cu
DW = ti trng bn thn ca lp ph mt v cc tin ch cng cng

Kt cu thp 7/2009

EH
EL
ES
EV

=
=
=
=

16

ti trng p lc t nm ngang
cc hiu ng b hm tch lu do phng php thi cng.
ti trng t cht thm
p lc thng ng do t trng t p.

Ti trng tm thi
BR
CE
CR
CT
CV
EQ
FR
IM
LL
LS
PL
SE
SH
TG
TU
WA
WL
WS

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

lc hm xe
lc ly tm
t bin
lc va xe
lc va tu
ng t
ma st
lc xung kch (lc ng ) ca xe
hot ti xe
hot ti cht thm
ti trng ngi i
ln
co ngt
gradien nhit
nhit u
ti trng nc v p lc dng chy
gi trn hot ti
ti trng gi trn kt cu

Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD quy nh xt 11 t hp ti trng.


Trong Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05, vic t hp ti trng c n gin ha ph hp
vi iu kin Vit nam. C 6 t hp ti trng c quy nh nh trong bng 1.2.

Kt cu thp 7/2009
Bng 1.2

T hp ti
trng
Trng thi
gii hn

DC
DD
DW
EH
1.3
ES

17

Cc t hp ti trng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
EL

Cng mt lc
ch dng mt
trong cc ti
trng
WA

WS

WL

FR

TU
CR
SH

TG

SE
eq

ct

cv

Cng I

1,75

1,00

1,00 0,5/1.20 TG

SE

Cng II

1,00

1,40

1,00 0,5/1.20 TG

SE

Cng III

1,35

1,00

0.4

1,00 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG

SE

c bit

0,50

1,00

S dng

1.0

1,00

1,00

0,75

Mi ch c LL,
IM & CE

1,00

0,30 1,00 1,00 1,0/1,20 TG


-

1,00 1,00 1,00

SE

1. Khi phi kim tra cu dng cho xe c bit do Ch u t quy nh hoc xe c giy
php thng qua cu th h s ti trng ca hot ti trong t hp cng I c th gim
xung cn 1,35.
2. Cc cu c t l tnh ti trn hot ti rt cao (tc l cu nhp ln) cn kim tra t hp
khng c hot ti, nhng vi h s ti trng bng 1,50 cho tt c cc kin chu ti trng
thng xuyn.
3. i vi cu vt sng cc trng thi gii hn cng v trng thi s dng phi xt
n hu qu ca nhng thay i v mng do l thit k xi cu.
4. i vi cc cu vt sng, khi kim tra cc hiu ng ti EQ, CT v CV trng thi gii
hn c bit th ti trng nc (WA) v chiu su xi c th da trn l trung bnh hng
nm. Tuy nhin kt cu phi c kim tra v v nhng hu qu do cc thay i do l,
phi kim tra xi nhng trng thi gii hn c bit vi ti trng nc tng ng
(WA) nhng khng c cc ti trng EQ, CT hoc CV tc dng.
5. kim tra chiu rng vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp d ng lc trng thi
gii hn s dng, c th gim h s ti trng ca hot ti xung 0,08.
6. kim tra kt cu thp trng thi gii hn s dng th h s ti trng ca hot ti
phi
tng ln 1,30.
H s ti trng tnh cho gradien nhit TG v ln SE cn c xc nh trn c s mt
n c th ring. Nu khng c thng tin ring c th ly TG bng:
0,0 cc trng thi gii hn cng v c bit
1,0 trng thi gii hn s dng khi khng xt hot ti, v
0,50 trng thi gii hn s dng khi xt hot ti

Kt cu thp 7/2009

18

Bng 1.2b H s ti trng dng cho ti trng thng xuyn, p

H s ti trng
Ln nht
Nh nht
1,25
0,90
1,50
0,65

Loi ti trng
DC: Cu kin v cc thit b ph
DW: Lp ph mt cu v cc tin ch

2/ Hot ti xe thit k
a/ S ln xe thit k
B rng ln xe c ly bng 3500 mm ph hp vi quy nh ca Tiu chun thit
k ng t. S ln xe thit k c xc nh bi phn nguyn ca t s w/3500, trong w
l b rng khong trng ca lng ng gia hai va hoc hai ro chn, tnh bng mm.
b/ H s ln xe
H s ln xe c quy nh trong bng 1.3
Bng 1.3
S

ln

H s ln xe m
H s ln

cht ti
1

1,20

1,00

0,85

>3

0,65

c/ Hot ti xe t thit k
Hot ti xe t trn mt cu hay cc kt cu ph tr c k hiu l HL-93, l mt t
hp ca xe ti thit k hoc xe hai trc thit k v ti trng ln thit k (hnh 1.2).

Xe ti thit k
Trng lng, khong cch cc trc v khong cch cc bnh xe ca xe ti thit k
c cho trn hnh 1.1. Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.
C ly gia hai trc sau ca xe phi c thay i gia 4300 mm v 9000 mm gy
ra ng lc ln nht.
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh
ti trng trc thp hn ti trng cho trn hnh 1.1 bi cc h s chit gim 0,50 hoc 0,65.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 1.1

19

c trng ca xe ti thit k

Xe hai trc thit k


Xe hai trc gm mt cp trc 110.000 N cch nhau 1200 mm. Khong cch theo chiu
ngang ca cc bnh xe bng 1800 mm.
Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh
ti trng hai trc thp hn ti trng ni trn bi cc h s chit gim 0,50 hoc 0,65.

Ti trng ln thit k
Ti trng ln thit k l ti trng c cng 9,3 N/mm phn b u theo chiu dc
cu. Theo chiu ngang cu, ti trng c gi thit l phn b u trn b rng 3000 mm. Khi
tnh ni lc do ti trng ln thit k, khng xt tc ng xung kch. ng thi, khi gim ti
trng thit k cho cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ti trng ln vn gi nguyn gi tr 9,3
N/mm, khng nhn vi cc h s (0,50 hay 0,65).

Kt cu thp 7/2009
Hnh 1.2

20

Hot ti thit k theo Tiu chun 22 TCN 272-05 v AASHTO LRFD (1998)

Lc xung kch
Tc ng tnh hc ca xe ti thit k hoc xe hai trc thit k phi c ly tng thm
mt t l phn trm cho tc ng xung kch IM, c quy nh trong bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4

Lc xung kch IM

Cu kin

IM

Mi ni bn mt cu, i vi tt c cc
trng thi gii hn

75%

Tt c cc cu kin khc
Trng thi gii hn mi

15%
25%

Cc trng thi gii hn khc

3/ Ti trng mi

35 KN

145 KN

4300 mm
Hnh 1.2a

145 KN
9000 mm

Xe t i thit k mi

Lc xung kch l 15% v h s ti trng l 0,75.


V sc khng mi ph thuc vo chu k ng sut , do vy cn bit chu k ca ti trng
mi .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

1.3

21

VT LIU

Cc thuc tnh c bn ca thp l th hin cng chy, cng ko t, do,


rn v dai.
Cng chy l ng sut m ti xy ra s tng bin dng m ng sut khng tng.
Cng chu ko l ng sut ln nht t c trong th nghim ko.
do l ch s ca vt liu phn nh kh nng gi c bin dng qu n hi m
khng xy ra ph hoi. N c th c tnh bng t s gia gin khi ph hoi v gin
im chy u tin.
rn l thuc tnh ca vt liu cho php chng li s mi mn b mt.
dai l thuc tnh ca vt liu cho php tiu hao nng lng m khng xy ra ph hoi.

1.3.1

Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi thp


1.3.1.1 Thnh phn ho hc ca thp

Thnh phn ho hc c nh hng trc tip ti cu trc ca thp, do c lin quan


cht ch n tnh cht c hc ca n.
Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca thp l st (Fe) v cc bon (C). Lng cc bon tuy
rt nh nhng c nh hng quan trng i vi tnh cht c hc ca thp: lng cc bon cng
nhiu th cng ca thp cng cao nhng tnh do, tnh dai v tnh hn ca n gim. Thp
dng trong xy dng i hi phi c tnh do cao trnh t gy t ngt nn hm lng cc
bon c hn ch kh thp, thng khng ln hn 0,2-0,22 % v khi lng.
Trong thp cc bon thng, ngoi st v cc bon cn c nhng nguyn t ho hc
khc. Cc nguyn t ho hc c li thng gp l mangan (Mn) v silic (Si). Cc nguyn t c
hi c th k n l pht pho (P) v lu hunh (S) th rn, xy (O) v ni t (N) th kh. Cc
nguyn t c hi ny, ni chung, lm cho thp tr nn gin, c bit khi thp lm vic trong
iu kin bt li (chu ng sut tp trung, ti trng lp, chu nhit cao).
Thp hp kim l loi thp m ngoi nhng thnh phn ho hc k trn, cn c thm
cc nguyn t kim loi b sung. Cc nguyn t ny c a vo nhm ci thin mt s thuc
tnh tt ca thp nh lm tng cng m khng gim tnh do, tng kh nng chng g hay
kh nng chng mi mn. Chng hn, crm v ng lm tng kh nng chng g ca thp, c
s dng trong ch to thp chng g, mangan lm tng cng ca thp v c th kim ch
nh hng xu ca sunfua. Tuy nhin, hm lng cc kim loi b sung cng cao (hp kim cao)
th tnh do, tnh dai, tnh hn cng gim. Thp hp kim dng trong xy dng l thp hp kim
thp vi thnh phn kim loi b sung khong 1,5-2,0%.
Phn loi thp theo mc kh xy
Thp lng t l luyn c rt vo cc khun ngui .tu theo phng php lng
ngui chia ra :

Kt cu thp 7/2009

22

+ Thp si: thp khi ngui bc ra nhiu bt kh nh xy , cacbon oxyt (nn


trng nh si); Cc bt kh to thnh nhng ch khng ng cht trong cu trc ca thp , lm
thp si c cht lng khng tt , b gin v lo ho .
+ Thp tnh ( thp lng) thp tnh trong qu trnh ngui khng c hi bc ra nh
thp si, do c thm vo cc cht kh oxy nh silic, nhm, mangan. Nhng cht ny kh
ht oxy c hi v nhng cht phi kim loi khc to nn x ni trn mt. Phn x ny c loi b
i, thp tr nn ng cht hn nhiu, chu ti trng ng tt, nhng thp tnh t hn .
Thp na tnh ( na lng ) : l trung gian gia hai loi trn. Thp ny oxy khng
c kh hon ton, do vy cht lng v gi thnh ca n cng l trung gian gia hai loi thp
trn.

1.3.1.2
Biu ng sut bin dng in hnh ca thp khi chu ko mt
phng
Cc thuc tnh c hc ca cc loi thp kt cu in hnh c biu din bng bn
ng cong ng sut-bin dng trong hnh 1.3. Mi ng cong i din cho mt loi thp kt
cu vi thnh phn cu to p ng cc yu cu ring. R rng l cc loi thp ng x khc
nhau, tr vng bin dng nh gn gc to . Bn loi thp khc nhau ny c th c nhn
bit bi thnh phn ho hc v cch x l nhit ca chng. l thp cc bon (cp 250), thp
hp kim thp cng cao (cp 345), thp hp kim thp gia cng nhit (cp 485) v thp hp
kim gia cng nhit cng cao (cp 690). Cc thuc tnh c hc nh nht ca cc thp ny
c cho trong bng 1.5.

Hnh 1.3

Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh i vi thp kt cu

Kt cu thp 7/2009

23

Mt tiu chun thng nht ho cho thp cu c cho trong ASTM (1995) vi k hiu
A709/A709M-94a (M ch mt v 94a ch nm xt li ln cui). Su cp thp tng ng vi bn
cp cng c cho trong bng 1.2 v hnh 1.2. Cp thp c k hiu W l thp chng g,
c kh nng chng g trong khng kh tt hn v c bn so vi thp than thng v c th c
s dng trong nhiu trng hp m khng cn sn bo v.
Tt c cc cp thp trong bng 1.5 u c th hn, tuy nhin khng phi vi vi cng
mt quy cch hn. Mi cp thp c nhng yu cu ring v hn phi c tun theo.
Trong hnh 1.4, cc s trong ngoc bn mc cng thp l k hiu theo ASTM
ca thp c cng chu ko v thuc tnh bin dng ging thp A709M. Cc con s ny
c nu l v chng quen thuc i vi nhng ngi thit k khung nh thp v cc cng trnh
khc. S khc nhau c bn nht gia cc thp ny v thp A709M l ch thp A709M c
dng cho xy dng cu v phi c yu cu b sung v th nghim xc nh dai. Cc yu cu
ny khc nhau i vi cc cu kin ti hn t gy v khng t gy trong tnh ton TTGH
mi v t gy.
Hai thuc tnh ca tt c cc cp thp c coi l khng i, l m un n hi Es =
200 GPa v h s gin n v nhit bng 11,7.10-6.
Phn sau y gii thiu tm tt v thuc tnh ca cc cp thp ng vi cc cp cng
khc nhau. gip so snh cc loi thp ny, cc biu ng sut-bin dng giai on u
v ng cong g ph thuc thi gian c cho, tng ng, trong cc hnh 1.5 v 1.6.
Bng 1.5 Cc thuc tnh c hc nh nht ca cc thp cn dng trong cng trnh, cng v chiu dy

Thp kt
cu

Thp hp kim thp


cng cao

Thp hp kim ti
nhng cng cao
M270
Cp 690/690W

K hiu theo
AASHTO

M270
Cp 250

M270
Cp 345

K hiu theo ASTM


tng ng

A709M
Cp 250

A709M
Cp 345

Chiu dy ca bn
(mm)
Thp hnh

Ti 100

Ti 100

Tt c
cc
nhm
400

Tt c
cc
nhm
450

Tt c cc
nhm
485

620

760

690

250

345

345

485

690

620

Cng chu ko
nh nht, Fu, (MPa)
im chy nh nht
hoc cng chy
nh nht, Fy, (MPa)

M270
Cp
345W
A709M
Cp
345W
Ti 100

Thp hp
kim thp
ti nhng
M270
Cp
485W
A709M
Cp
485W
Ti 100

A709M
Cp 690/690W
Ti 65

Trn 65
ti 100
Khng p Khng p Khng p
dng
dng
dng

Kt cu thp 7/2009

1.3.1.3

24

Phn loi thp kt cu theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

1/Thp cc bon cng trnh


Tn gi nh vy tht ra khng c trng lm v tt c thp cng trnh u c cc bon.
y ch l nh ngha k thut. Cc tiu chun nh loi thp cc bon c th tham kho trong
ti liu lin quan
Mt trong nhng c trng ch yu ca thp cc bon cng trnh l c im chy c
nhn bit r v tip theo l mt thm chy di. iu ny c miu t trong hnh 1.4 v n biu
th tnh do tt, cho php phn phi li ng sut cc b m khng t gy. Thuc tnh ny lm
cho thp cc bon c bit ph hp khi s dng lm chi tit lin kt.
Thp cc bon c tnh hn tt v thch hp cho bn, thanh v cc thp cn nh hnh
trong xy dng. Chng c d kin cho s dng trong nhit khng kh. Mc g trong
hnh 1.5 i vi thp cc bon c ng (Cu) bng khong mt na thp cc bon thng thng.
2/Thp hp kim thp cng cao
Cc thp ny c thnh phn ho hc c hn ch pht trin cng chy v
cng ko t ln hn thp cc bon nhng lng kim loi b sung nh hn trong thp hp
kim. Cng chy cao hn (Fy = 345 MPa) t c trong iu kin cn nng hn l qua gia
cng nhit. Kt qu l chng c im chy r rng v tnh do tuyt vi nh c miu t trong
hnh 1.4.
Thp hp kim thp cng cao c tnh hn tt v thch hp cho bn, thanh v cc
thp cn nh hnh trong xy dng. Cc hp kim ny c sc khng g trong khng kh cao hn
nh cho thy trong hnh 1.5. Do c cc phm cht tt ny, thp cp 345 thng l s la chn
u tin ca ngi thit k cc cu c nhp trung bnh v nh.
3/Thp hp kim thp gia cng nhit
Thp hp kim thp cng cao c th c gia cng nhit t c cng
chy cao hn (Fy = 485 MPa). Thnh phn ho hc cho cc cp 345W v 485W l gn nh
nhau. Vic x l nhit (ti thp) lm thay i cu trc vi m ca thp v lm tng cng ,
rn v dai.
S gia cng nhit lm im chy ca thp dch chuyn cao ln nh cho thy trong
hnh 1.4. C mt s chuyn tip r rt t ng x n hi sang ng x qu n hi. Cng
chy ca cc thp ny thng c xc nh gin bng 0,5% di tc dng ca ti trng
hoc gin bng 0,2% theo nh ngha b (xem hnh 1.4).
Thp hp kim thp c gia cng nhit c th hn, tuy nhin ch thch hp cho tm.
Sc khng g trong khng kh ca chng l ging nh thp hp kim thp cng cao.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 1.4

Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng ban u in hnh i vi thp cng trnh

Hnh 1.5

Cc ng cong g cho mt vi loi thp trong mi trng cng nghip

25

4/ Thp hp kim gia cng nhit cng cao


Thp hp kim l loi thp c thnh phn ho hc khng phi nh trong thp hp kim
thp cng cao. Phng php gia cng nhit ti nhng c thc hin tng t nh i vi
thp hp kim thp nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca cc nguyn t hp kim lm pht trin
cng cao hn (Fy = 690 MPa) v tnh dai ln hn nhit thp.

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26

ng cong g trong khng kh i vi cc thp hp kim (cp 690) c cho trong


hnh 1.6 v th hin sc khng g tt nht trong bn cp thp.
y, cng chy cng c xc nh gin bng 0,5% di tc dng ca ti
trng hoc gin bng 0,2% theo nh ngha b nh miu t trong hnh 1.5. Khi xem xt
ng cong ng sut-bin dng y trong hnh 1.4, r rng cc thp c gia cng nhit t
cng chu ko dng chp v ng sut gim nhanh hn so vi thp khng c x l nhit.
do thp hn ny c th gy ra vn trong mt s tnh hung khai thc v, do vy, cn
phi thn trng khi s dng thp gia cng nhit.

1.3.2

Khi nim v ng sut d

Hnh 1.6
S ha ng sut d trong cc mt ct thp cn v ghp trong xng.
(a) mt ct cn nng, (b) mt ct hnh hp hn, (c) bn cn mp, (d) bn ct mp bng la, (e)
mt ct I t hp hn ct mp bng la

ng sut tn ti trong cc b phn kt cu m khng do tc ng ca bt k ngoi lc


no c gi l ng sut d. iu quan trng l nhn bit s c mt ca n v ng sut d nh
hng n cng ca cc cu kin chu lc. ng sut d c th pht sinh trong qu trnh gia
cng nhit, gia cng c hc hay qu trnh luyn thp. ng sut d do gia cng nhit hnh thnh
khi s ngui xy ra khng u. ng sut d do gia cng c hc xy ra do bin dng do khng
u khi b kch p. ng sut d do luyn kim sinh ra do s thay i cu trc phn t ca thp.
Khi mt ct ngang c ch to bng hn ba chiu, ng sut d xut hin c ba
chiu. S t nng v ngui i lm thay i cu trc ca kim loi v s bin dng thng b
cn tr, gy ra ng sut d ko c th t ti 400 MPa trong mi hn.

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27

Nhn chung, cc mp ca tm v thp bnh thng chu ng sut d nn, khi c ct


bng nhit th chu ng sut d ko. Cc ng sut ny c cn bng vi ng sut tng ng
c du ngc li v tr khc trong cu kin. Hnh 1.6 biu din mt cch nh tnh s phn b
tng th ng sut d trong cc thanh thp hn v cn nng. Ch rng, cc ng sut trong hnh
ny l ng sut dc thanh.

1.3.3

Gia cng nhit

Thuc tnh c hc ca thp c th c nng cao bng cc phng php gia cng
nhit khc nhau: gia cng lm ngui chm v gia cng lm ngui nhanh.
Gia cng lm ngui chm l php ti chun thng thng. N bao gm vic nung
nng thp n mt nhit nht nh, gi nhit ny trong mt khong thi gian thch hp
ri sau , lm ngui chm trong khng kh. Nhit ti tu theo loi gia cng. Gia cng lm
ngui chm lm tng tnh do, tnh dai ca thp, lm gim tnh d nhng khng nng cao c
cng v cng.
Gia cng lm ngui nhanh c ch nh cho thp cu, cn c gi l ti nhng.
Trong phng php ny, thp c nung nng ti ti khong 9000C, c gi nhit
trong mt khong thi gian, sau c lm ngui nhanh bng cch nhng vo b nc hoc
b du. Sau khi nhng, thp li c nung ti khong 5000C, c gi nhit ny, sau
c lm ngui chm. Ti nhng lm thay i cu trc vi m ca thp, lm tng cng ,
rn v dai.

1.3.4

nh hng ca ng sut lp ( s mi)

1/ Khi nim chung v mi : Khi thp chu ti trng lp i lp li nhiu ln ( hng


triu ln) n c th b ph hoi mc ng sut nh hn cng khi chu ti trng tnh. Ngi
ta gi hin tng ny l s mi ca thp. S ph hoi mi mang tnh cht ph hoi gin, thng
xy ra t ngt v km theo vt nt. ng sut ph hoi mi ca thp gi l cng mi. Cc
th d v ng sut lp xem hnh 1.7.
Bn cht ca hin tng mi l do hnh thnh v tch lu h hng di tc dng ca ti trng
mi, gn lin vi n l s hnh thnh v lan truyn vt nt.

Khi thit k kt cu cu thp, ngi thit k phi nhn thc c nh hng ca ng


sut lp. Xe c i qua bt k v tr xc nh no u lp i lp li theo thi gian. Trn ng
cao tc xuyn quc gia, s chu k ng sut ln nht c th hn mt triu ln mi nm.
Cc ng sut lp ny c gy ra bi ti trng s dng v gi tr ln nht ca ng sut
trong thp c bn ca mt ct ngang no s nh hn so vi cng ca vt liu. Tuy
nhin, nu c hin tng tng ng sut do s khng lin tc v vt liu hoc v hnh hc, ng
sut ti ni gin on c th d dng ln gp hai hoc ba ln ng sut c tnh ton t ti

Kt cu thp 7/2009

28

trng s dng. Ngay c khi ng sut cao ny tc dng khng lin tc, nu n lp i lp li nhiu
ln th h hng s tch lu, vt nt s hnh thnh v s ph hoi cu kin c th xy ra.
C ch ph hoi ny, bao gm bin dng v s pht trin vt nt di tc ng ca ti
trng s dng, m nu t bn thn n th khng gy ra ph hoi, c gi l mi. Thp b
mi khi chu mc ng sut trung bnh nhng lp li nhiu ln. Mi l mt t xc ng m t
hin tng ny.

Hnh 1.7

Cc th d v ng sut mi .

2/ Xc nh cng mi
Cng mi khng phi l mt hng s vt liu nh cng chy hay m un n
hi. N ph thuc vo cu to c th ca mi ni v, thc t, ch c th c xc nh bng
thc nghim. V hu ht cc vn tp trung ng sut do s khng lin tc v hnh hc v vt
liu c lin quan n lin kt hn nn hu ht cc th nghim v cng mi c thc hin
trn cc loi mi hn.
Qu trnh th nghim i vi mi lin kt hn l cho mt lot mu chu mt bin
ng sut S nh hn cng chy ca thp c bn v lp li ng sut ny vi N chu k cho ti

Kt cu thp 7/2009

29

khi lin kt ph hoi. Khi gim bin ng sut, s chu k lp dn n ph hoi tng ln. Kt
qu th nghim thng c biu din bng biu quan h gia log S v log N. Mt biu
S-N in cho mt lin kt hn c cho trong hnh 1.7. Ti mt im bt k trn biu , gi tr
ng sut l cng mi v s chu k l tui th mi ti mc ng sut . Ch rng, khi
bin ng sut gim ti mt gi tr c trng, s chu k ng sut c th tng khng gii hn
m khng gy ra ph hoi. ng sut gii hn ny c gi l gii hn mi ca lin kt.

Hnh 1.7

Biu S-N in hnh cho cc mi ni hn

nh hng ca cng ca vt liu c bn


Cng mi ca cc b phn khng hn tng theo cng chu ko ca vt liu c
bn. Cng mi ny c biu din trn hnh 1.8 cho c cc mu trn c v mu c l. Tuy
nhin, nu thp cng cao c s dng trong cc cu kin hn th khng c s tng trong
cng mi.
S d c s khc nhau trong ng x ny l v trong vt liu khng hn, vt nt phi
c hnh thnh trc khi chng c th pht trin, trong khi cc mi ni hn, vt nt c
sn v tt c chng ch cn pht trin. Mc pht trin vt nt khng thay i nhiu theo
cng chu ko; do , cng mi ca mi hn khng ph thuc vo loi thp c lin
kt.
nh hng ca ng sut d
Ni chung, mi hn s khng c gim ng sut nn c th gi thit rng, ng sut
d s tn ti u trong lin kt. Nu mt chu k ng sut c bin S tc dng th bin

ng sut thc t s chy t r ti r S v bin ng sut danh nh l S. Do , c th biu


din ng x mi ca mt mi hn ch ph thuc vo bin ng sut, khng cn bit ng sut
ln nht v nh nht thc t. Trong Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, mi do ti trng
gy ra c xem xt ph thuc vo bin ng sut v ng sut d c b qua.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 1.8

30

Cng mi so snh vi cng tnh

Nhn xt kt lun v mi
Mi l nguyn nhn ph bin nht gy ph hoi thp, ch yu l do vn ny khng
c nhn thc y trong giai on thit k. S ch thch ng n vic la chn mi ni
v cu to chi tit cng nh hiu bit v cc yu cu ca ti trng s dng c th loi tr hu
ht cc vt nt ph hoi, trong khi s b qua cc nhn t ny c th dn n thm ho.

1.3.5

S ph hoi gin

Mt k s thit k cu phi hiu nhng iu kin l nguyn nhn gy ra ph hoi gin


trong thp kt cu. Phi trnh ph hoi gin v chng khng do v c th xy ra ng sut
tng i thp. Khi c nhng iu kin ny, vt nt c th lan truyn rt nhanh v s ph hoi
t ngt c th xy ra.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca ph hoi gin l trng thi ng sut ko ba trc c
th xut hin mt khe, rnh trong mt b phn hoc do s khng lin tc b cn tr trong mt
lin kt hn.
Ph hoi gin cn c th xy ra do nhit mi trng thp. Thp cng trnh th hin
tnh do nhit trn 0oC nhng chuyn thnh gin khi nhit gim.
Lin kt hn cn c cu to trnh ng sut ko ba chiu v kh nng ph hoi
gin. Mt v d l lin kt hn ca sn tng cng ngang trung gian vi dm ghp. Trc y,
sn tng cng ny thng c thit k c chiu cao bng chiu cao vch v c hn c
vo bin nn v bin ko. Nu sn tng cng c hn vo bin ko nh trong hnh 1.9 th
s cn tr bin dng ca mi hn khi ngui theo ba phng s sinh ra ng sut cng ba chiu
trong vch, l iu kin thun li dn n ph hoi gin, c bit khi ng thi c s gim

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31

nhit hoc c s khng hon ho v vt liu.V vy, ngy nay, sn tng cng ngang
khng c php hn vo bin ko.

Hnh 1.9
Lin kt ca sn tng cng ngang trung gian vo dm ghp
(a) Cu to khng ng, (b) Cu to ng

2 LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP


2.1 GII THIU CHUNG V LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP
Trong kt cu thp cc cu kin c ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt nh: lin kt hn ,
bu lng , inh tn .
Trong cc kt cu thp hin nay, c hai loi lin kt thng c s dng: lin kt
inh v lin kt hn. Hnh 2.1 gii thiu mt s dng lin kt ph bin trong kt cu thp.
2.1.1

Lin kt dng inh: ( inh tn, bu lng)

Lin kt inh l cm t chung dng ch cc loi lin kt c dng thanh thp trn
xu qua l ca cc b phn cn lin kt. Nh vy, inh i din cho inh tn, bu lng, bu lng
cng cao, cht Cc loi lin kt inh c cp trong chng ny l lin kt bng bu
lng thng v lin kt bng bu lng cng cao.
u im ca lin kt dng inh l : Chu ti trng ng tt, thun tin cho vic tho lp. c
bit hin nay trong cc cng trnh cu ngi ta s dng bu lng cng cao rt ph bin.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

32

Nhc im : Tn vt liu v tn cng ch to , gy ra hin tng gim yu tit din.


2.1.2

Lin kt hn

Lin kt hn c th c dng cho cc mi ni ngoi cng trng nhng ni chung,


ch yu c s dng ni cc b phn trong nh my.
Tu theo trng hp chu lc, cc lin kt c phn chia thnh lin kt n gin, hay
lin kt chu lc ng tm, v lin kt chu lc lch tm. Trong chng ny, lin kt n gin
c trnh by trong cc mc 2.1-2.7, lin kt chu lc lch tm c cp trong mc 2.8.

Hnh 2.1

2.2 CU TO LIN KT BU LNG


2.2.1

Cu to , phn loi bu lng

Bu lng c phn thnh hai loi : Bu lng thng v bu lng cng cao ;

2.2.1.1 Bu lng thng


Bu lng thng c lm bng thp t cc-bon ASTM A307 c cng chu ko 420
MPa. Bu lng A307 c th c u dng hnh vung, lc gic hoc u chm(hnh 2.2). Bu lng
thp thng khng c php s dng cho cc lin kt chu mi.

2.2.1.2 Bu lng cng cao


Bu lng cng cao phi c cng chu ko nh nht 830 MPa cho cc ng
knh d = 16 27 mm v 725 MPa cho cc ng knh d = 30 36 mm. Bu lng cng cao
c th dng trong cc lin kt chu ma st hoc lin kt chu p mt.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

33

ai c

ai c

Thn inh

Ren

Chiu di

ng knh

Chiu di

Hnh 2.2 Bu lng thp t cc bon A307 cp A. u bu lng do nh sn xut quy nh

a. u v ai c hnh lc lng ; b. u v ai c hnh vung ; c. u chm


Lin kt chu p mt chu c ti trng ln hn nhng gy bin dng ln khi chu ng
sut i du nn ch c dng trong nhng iu kin cho php. Trong cu, mi ni bu lng
chu p mt khng c dng cho cc lin kt chu ng sut i du.
Lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st thng dng trong kt cu cu chu ti trng
thng xuyn gy ng sut i du hoc khi cn trnh bin dng trt ca mi ni. Lin kt bu
lng cng cao chu p mt ch c dng hn ch cho cc b phn chu ng sut mt du
v cho cc b phn th yu.
Trong xy dng cu, c lin kt bu lng cng cao v lin kt hn u c th c
s dng cho cc mi ni ngoi cng trng song lin kt bu lng cng cao c dng l
ch yu. Lin kt hn ch c s dng trong cc lin kt th yu, khng chu hot ti, dng
lin kt cc tm mt cu hoc cc b phn khng chu lc chnh.
Trong thc t, thng s dng hai loi bu lng cng cao A325 v A490 vi u m
v ai c theo tiu chun ASTM nh trn hnh 2.3.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

34

Bc ren

Hnh 2.3

Bu lng cng cao

Trong cc lin kt bng bu lng cng cao chu ma st, cc bn ni c p vo


nhau nh lc xit bu lng. Lc xit bu lng cn ln khi chu ct, ma st gia cc bn thp
kh nng chng li s trt. Lin kt chu ma st yu cu b mt tip xc ca cc bn ni
phi c lm sch khi sn, du m v cc cht bn. Cng c th dng lin kt trong bu
lng b p mt, s dch chuyn ca cc bn ni c ngn cn bi thn bu lng.

Bng 2.1 Chiu di ng ren ca bu lng CC

ng knh bu
lng (mm)
12.7
15.9
19.0
22.2
25.4
28.6
31.8
35.0
38.1

Chiu di ren
danh inh (mm)
25.4
31.8
35.0
38.1
44.5
50.8
50.8
57.2
57.2

lch ren
(mm)
4.8
5.6
6.4
7.1
7.9
8.6
9.7
11.2
11.2

Chiu di tng
cng ren (mm)
30.2
37.3
41.4
45.2
52.3
59.4
60.5
68.3
68.3

Cc kch thc l bu lng khng c vt qu cc tr s trong bng 2.2.

Kt cu thp 7/2009
Bng 2.2
ng knh
bu lng
d (mm)
16
20
22
24
27
30
36

35

Kch thc l bu lng ln nht


L chun

L qu c

L van ngn

L van di

ng knh
18
22
24
26
30
33
39

ng knh
20
24
28
30
35
38
44

Rng x Di
18 22
22 26
24 30
26 33
30 37
33 40
39 46

Rng x Di
18 40
22 50
24 55
26 60
30 67
33 75
39 90

L qu c c th dng trong mi lp ca lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st.


Khng dng l qu c trong lin kt kiu p mt.
L van ngn c th dng trong mi lp ca lin kt chu ma st hoc p mt. Trong
lin kt chu ma st, cnh di l van c dng khng cn ch n phng tc dng ca ti
trng, nhng trong lin kt chu p mt, cnh di l van cn vung gc vi phng tc dng
ca ti trng.
L van di ch c dng trong mt lp ca c lin kt chu ma st v lin kt chu p
mt. L van di c th c dng trong lin kt chu ma st khng cn ch n phng tc
dng ca ti trng, nhng trong lin kt chu p mt, cnh di l van cn vung gc vi
phng tc dng ca ti trng.
Trong xy dng cu, ng knh bu lng nh nht cho php l 16 mm, tuy nhin khng
c dng bu lng ng knh 16 mm trong kt cu chu lc chnh.
2.2.2

Cc hnh thc cu to ca lin kt bu lng

Tu theo hnh thc cu to c lin kt i u c bn ghp hoc lin kt chng


1/ i vi thp tm
C th dng lin kt i u c hai bn ghp , hay c mt bn ghp hoc dng lin kt
chng.
Lin kt i u c hai bn ghp i xng, lc truyn i ng tm nn c kh nng
truyn lc tt.Lin kt i u c mt bn ghp v lin kt chng lc truyn i lch tm nn c
m men un ph gy bt li cho s lm vic ca bu lng .
2/ i vi thp hnh
Khi lin kt i u, cc thp hnh c ni bng cc bn ghp v c th ni bng thp
gc, vi ch tng din tch tit din ca thp ni ( bn ghp ) khng c nh hn din tch
tit din ca cu kin c lin kt .S phn b ca bn ghp nn ph hp vi thp hnh cu
kin.
ng knh ca bu lng khng c nh hn 16mm. Khng c dng bu lng ng
knh 16mm trong cc cu kin ch yu, tr phi ti cc cnh ca thp gc 64mm v cc bn

Kt cu thp 7/2009

36

cnh ca cc mt ct c kch thc yu cu cc bu lng lin kt 16mm phi tho mn cc quy


nh v cu to khc quy nh y.
Thp hnh kt cu khng dng c bu lng 16mm th ch nn gii hn dng cho cc lan can.
Cc thp gc m quy cch ca n khng yu cu phi xc nh bng tnh ton th c th dng
cc loi bu lng nh sau:
Bu lng ng knh 16mm cho cnh 50mm
Bu lng ng knh 20mm cho cnh 64mm
Bu lng ng knh 24mm cho cnh 75mm
Bu lng ng knh 27mm cho cnh 90mm
ng knh bu lng trong cc thp gc ca cc thanh ch yu khng c vt qu mt phn
t chiu rng cnh ca thanh c b tr chng.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Hnh 2.4 Cc hnh thc lin kt

2.2.3

B tr bu lng

B tr bu lng cn phi m bo yu cu truyn lc tt , cu to v ch to n gin. C


hai cch b tr : b tr song song ( hnh 2.5a) v b tr so le (hnh 2.5b ), vic la chn cch b
tr tu thuc vo cu to lin kt v s lng bu lng.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

37

(a)

(b)

( c)

Hnh 2.5 B tr bu lng (a) b tr song song (b) b tr so le

Vic quy nh khong cch nh nht, khong cch ln nht gia cc bu lng cng nh
t bu lng ti mp cu kin nhm nhng mc ch khc nhau.
Khong cch nh nht gia cc bu lng c quy nh nhm m bo khong cch
trng gia cc ai c v khng gian cn thit cho thi cng (xit bu lng). Khong cch nh nht
t bu lng ti mp cu kin c quy nh nhm mc ch chng x rch thp c bn.
Khong cch ln nht gia cc bu lng cng nh t bu lng ti mp cu kin c
quy nh nhm m bo mi ni cht ch, chng m v chng lt bi cng nh chng cong
vnh cho thp c bn.
Cc yu cu c bn v khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp theo Tiu chun
thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 c tm tt nh sau:
Khong cch t tim ti tim ca cc bu lng (theo mi phng) khng c nh hn
3d, vi d l ng knh ca bu lng.
Khong cch nh nht t tim l ti mp cu kin (theo mi phng), l hm ca kch
thc bu lng v dng gia cng mp, c cho trong bng 2.3. Khong cch t tim l ti mp

Kt cu thp 7/2009

38

thanh (theo mi phng), ni chung, khng c ln hn 8 ln chiu dy ca thanh ni mng


nht v khng c ln hn 125 mm.
Khong cch gia cc bu lng v khong cch t bu lng ti mp, k hiu tng ng
l s v Le, c minh ho trn hnh 2.5c.
Cc iu khon y v chi tit v khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp c
th c tham kho trong Ti liu [2], mc 6.13.2.6.
2.2.3.1 Khong cch ti thiu
Khong cch t tim n tim bu lng khng c nh hn ba ln ng knh. Khi dng bu
lng c l qu c hoc l van th khong cch tnh ti thiu gia hai mp l k nhau theo
phng lc cng nh phng vung gc khng c nh hn 2 ln ng knh bu lng.
2.2.3.2 Khong cch ti a ca cc bu lng chng thm (sealing bults)
m bo chng thm cho cc mi ni, c ly bu lng trn mt tuyn tim n 1 hng
k lin vi mp t do ca bn tp ngoi hay thp hnh phi tho mn:
S (100 + 4,0t) 175

(2.1)

(6.13.2.6.2-1)

Nu c mt hng th hai b tr u so le vi hng gn mp t do c khong cch nh hn


38+4.0t th c li so le gia hai hng inh phi tho mn:

S 100+4.0 t(3.0 g / 4.0)175

(2.2)

(6.13.2.6.2-2)

Khong cch so le ny khng nh hn mt na khong cch yu cu cho mt hng n.


Trong :
t- Chiu dy nh hn ca bn ni hay thp hnh (mm)
g- Khong cch ngang gia cc bu lng (mm)
2.2.3.3 Bc dc ln nht cho bu lng trong thanh ghp
bu lng ghp dng lin kt cc b phn ca thanh gm hai hoc nhiu tm bn hoc thp
hnh ghp li vi nhau.
Bc dc cho bu lng ghp ca thanh chu nn khng vt qu 12.0t. khong cch ngang
gia cc hng bu lng k nhau khng vt qu 24.0t. Bc dc so le gia hai hng l so le phi
tha mn:

p 15.0t- (3.0 g / 8.0)12.0t

(2.3)

Bc dc trong thanh chu ko khng vt qu hai ln quy nh cho thanh chu nn.
Khong cch ngang cho thanh chu ko khng vt qu 24.0t
Bc dc ln nht ca bu lng trong cc thanh ghp khng vt qu tr s nh hn theo yu
cu chng m.
2.2.3.4 Bc dc ln nht cho bu lng ghp u thanh chu nn
Bc dc bu lng lin kt cc b phn ca thanh chu nn khng vt bn ln ng knh
bu lng trn on chiu di bng 1.5 ln chiu rng ln nht ca thanh. Ngoi on ny bc

Kt cu thp 7/2009

39

inh c th tng dn trn on chiu chiu di bng 1,5 ln chiu rng ln nht ca thanh cho
n khi t c bc ln nht theo cng thc.
2.2.3.5 Khong cch n mp thanh
Khong cch n mp thanh l khong cch tnh t tim bu lng n u thanh khng nh
hn khong cch n mp cho trong bng 2.3. Khi dng l qu c hoc l ovan , khong cch
tnh cui nh nht khng nh hn ng knh bu lng. Khong cch cui ln nht s l khong
cch n mp ln nht khng ln hn 8 ln chiu dy ca bn ni mng nht hay 125mm.
Bng 2.3

Khong cch n mp thanh ti thiu (mm)

ng knh bu lng (mm)


16
20
22
24
27
30
36

Cc mp ct

Cc mp tm, bn hay thp hnh c


cn hoc cc mp c ct bng kh t

28

22

34

26

38

28

42

30

48

34

52

38

64

46

2.3 LIN KT BU LNG CHU CT


Lin kt bu lng chu ct l loi lin kt m lc tc dng trong lin kt c phng
vung gc vi ng trc ca thn bu lng.
2.3.1

Cc trng hp ph hoi trong lin kt bu lng thng

C hai dng ph hoi ch yu trong lin kt bu lng chu ct: ph hoi ca bu lng v
ph hoi ca b phn c lin kt.
1/ Ph hoi ca bu lng :

Xt mi ni c biu din trong hnh 2.6a. S ph hoi ca bu lng c th c gi


thit xy ra nh trong hnh v. ng sut ct trung bnh trong trng hp ny s l
fv =

P
P
=
A d2 / 4

trong , P l lc tc dng ln mt bu lng, A l din tch mt ct ngang ca bu lng v


d l ng knh ca n. Lc tc dng c th c vit l

P = fv A

Kt cu thp 7/2009

40

Mc d lc tc dng trong trng hp ny khng hon ton ng tm nhng lch


tm l nh v c th c b qua. Lin kt trong hnh 2.6b l tng t nhng s phn tch cn
bng lc cc phn ca thn bu lng cho thy rng, mi din tch mt ct ngang chu mt na
ca ti trng ton phn, hay, hon ton tng ng, c hai mt ct ngang tham gia chu ti
trng ton phn. Trong trng hp ny, ti trng l P = 2 fv A v y l trng hp ct kp (ct
hai mt). Lin kt bu lng trong hnh 2.6a ch vi mt mt chu ct c gi l lin kt chu ct
n (ct mt mt). S tng hn na b dy vt liu ti lin kt c th lm tng s mt phng ct
v lm gim hn na lc tc dng trn mi mt ct. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm tng chiu di
ca bu lng v khin cho n c th phi chu un.

Hnh 2.6

Cc trng hp ph hoi ct bu lng

1/ Ph hoi ca b phn lin kt :

Cc dng ph hoi ca cc b phn c lin kt c chia thnh hai trng hp chnh.


1.
S ph hoi do ko, ct hoc un ln trong cc b phn c lin kt. Nu mt
cu kin chu ko c lin kt, lc ko trn c mt ct ngang nguyn v mt ct ngang hu
hiu u phi c kim tra. Tu theo cu to ca lin kt v lc tc dng, cng c th phi
phn tch v ct, ko, un hay ct khi. Vic thit k lin kt ca mt cu kin chu ko thng
c tin hnh song song vi vic thit k chnh cu kin v hai qu trnh ph thuc ln
nhau.
2.
S ph hoi ca b phn c lin kt do s p mt gy ra bi thn bu lng. Nu
l bu lng rng hn mt cht so vi thn bu lng v bu lng c gi thit l nm lng lo
trong l th khi chu ti, s tip xc gia bu lng v b phn c lin kt s xy ra trn khong
mt na chu vi ca bu lng (hnh 2.7). ng sut s bin thin t gi tr ln nht ti A n bng
khng ti B; n gin ho, mt ng sut trung bnh, c tnh bng lc tc dng chia cho
din tch tip xc, c s dng.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

41

Do vy, ng sut p mt s c tnh l f p = P /(dt ), vi P l lc tc dng ln bu


lng, d l ng knh bu lng v t l b dy ca b phn b p mt. Lc p mt, t , l
P = f p dt .

Hnh 2.7

Hnh 2.8

S p mt ca bu lng ln thp c bn

p mt bu lng gn u cu kin hoc gn mt bu lng khc

Vn p mt c th phc tp hn khi c mt mt bu lng gn hoc khi gn mp


u cu kin theo phng chu lc nh c miu t trn hnh 2.8. Khong cch gia cc bu
lng v t bu lng ti mp s c nh hng n cng chu p mt.
2.3.2

Cng chu p mt v cng chu ct ca lin kt

1/ Cng chu ct ca bu lng


Bu lng thng khc vi bu lng cng cao khng ch cc thuc tnh ca vt liu
m cn ch lc p cht do xit bu lng khng c tnh n. Bu lng thng c quy nh
trong Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 l bu lng ASTM A307.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

42

Sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng cng cao TTGH cng trong cc mi


ni m khong cch gia cc bu lng xa nht o song song vi phng lc tc dng nh hn
1270 mm c ly nh sau:
Khi ng ren rng khng ct qua mt phng ct

Rn = 0, 48 Ab Fub Ns

(2.4)

Khi ng ren rng ct mt phng ct

Rn = 0,38 Ab Fub Ns

(2.5)

trong :
Ab
din tch bu lng theo ng knh danh nh (mm2),
Fub
cng chu ko nh nht ca bu lng (MPa), v
Ns
s mt phng ct cho mi bu lng
Sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng trong cc mi ni di hn 1270 mm c ly bng
0,80 ln tr s tnh theo cc cng thc 2.4 hoc 2.5.
Sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng thng ASTM A307 c xc nh theo cng
thc 2.5. Khi b dy tp bn ni ca mt bu lng A307 ln hn 5 ln ng knh, sc khng
danh nh s gim i 1,0% cho mi 1,50 mm ln hn 5 ln ng knh.
Sc khng ct c h s ca bu lng l Rn , vi = 0, 65 i vi bu lng thng v

= 0,80 i vi bu lng cng cao (bng 1.1).

2/ Cng chu p mt ca bu lng


Cng chu p mt khng ph thuc vo loi bu lng v ng sut c xem xt l
trn b phn c lin kt ch khng phi trn bu lng. Do vy, cng chu p mt cng
nh cc yu cu v khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp u cu kin, l nhng i
lng khng ph thuc vo loi bu lng, s c xem xt trc khi bn v cng chu ct
v chu ko ca bu lng.
Cc quy nh ca Tiu chun AISC v cng chu p mt cng nh tt c cc yu
cu i vi bu lng cng cao c c s l cc quy nh ca tiu chun RCSC, 2000 (Hi
ng nghin cu v lin kt trong kt cu). Phn trnh by sau y gii thch c s ca cc cng
thc cho cng chu p mt trong Tiu chun AISC cng nh AASHTO LRFD.
Mt trng hp ph hoi c th xy ra do p mt ln l s x rch ti u mt cu kin
c lin kt nh c minh ho trn hnh 2.9a. Nu b mt ph hoi c l tng ho nh
biu din trn hnh 2.9b th ti trng ph hoi trn mt trong hai mt s bng ng sut ph hoi
ct nhn vi din tch chu ct, hay
Rn
= 0, 6 Fu Lc t
2
Trong
ng sut ph hoi ct ca cu kin c lin kt
0,6Fu
Lc
khong cch t mp l ti mp cu kin c lin kt

Kt cu thp 7/2009

43

t
chiu dy ca cu kin c lin kt
Cng tng cng l

Rn = 2(0, 6 Fu Lc t ) = 1, 2 Fu Lc t

Hnh 2.9

(2.6)

S x rch ti u cu kin

S x rch ny c th xy ra ti mp ca mt cu kin c lin kt, nh trong hnh v,


hoc gia hai l theo phng chu lc p mt. ngn nga bin dng qu ln ca l, mt gii
hn trn c t ra i vi lc p mt c cho bi cng thc 2.6. Gii hn trn ny l t l
thun vi tch s ca din tch chu p mt v ng sut ph hoi, hay

Rn = C din tch p mt Fu = CdtFu

(2.7)

Trong
C
hng s
D
ng knh bu lng
T
chiu dy cu kin c lin kt
Tiu chun AISC s dng cng thc 2.6 cho cng chu p mt vi gii hn trn
c cho bi cng thc 2.7. Nu c bin dng ln, m iu ny thng xy ra, th C c ly
bng 2,4. Gi tr ny tng ng vi gin di ca l bng khong inch. Nh vy

Rn = 1, 2 Fu Lc t 2, 4dtFu
Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 (cng nh AASHTO LRFD), cng
chu p mt ca lin kt bu lng, v bn cht, c xc nh trn c s phn tch trn. Tuy
nhin, quy nh v cc trng hp ca sc khng p mt danh nh th hin khc bit v hnh
thc, c th nh sau:
i vi cc l chun, l qu c, l van ngn chu tc dng lc theo mi phng v l
van di song song vi phng lc tc dng:

Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng khng nh hn 2d v khong cch tnh
n u thanh khng nh hn 2 d:
Rn = 2,4.d.t.Fu
(2.8)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

44

Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng nh hn 2 d hoc khong cch tnh
n u thanh nh hn 2 d:
Rn = 1,2.Lc.t.Fu
(2.9)
i vi cc l van di vung gc vi phng lc tc dng:

Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng khng nh hn 2 d v khong cch


tnh n u thanh khng nh hn 2 d:
Rn = 2,0.d.t.Fu
(2.10)

Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng nh hn 2 d hoc khong cch tnh
n u thanh nh hn 2d:
Rn = Lc.t.Fu
(2.11)
trong ,
Lc
khong cch trng, theo phng song song vi lc tc dng, t mp ca
l bu lng ti mp ca l gn k hoc ti mp ca cu kin
t
chiu dy cu kin c lin kt
d
ng knh bu lng
Fu
ng sut ko gii hn ca cu kin c lin kt (khng phi ca bu
lng)
Trong ti liu ny, bin dng c xem xt l trn gc thit k. Cng chu p
mt tnh ton ca mt bu lng n, do vy, c th c tnh bng Rn , vi l h s sc
khng i vi p mt ca bu lng ln thp c bn

= 0, 75

theo AISC

= 0,80

theo AASHTO LRFD (1998)

trong ,
Lc
khong cch trng, theo phng song song vi lc tc dng, t mp ca
l bu lng ti mp ca l gn k hoc ti mp ca cu kin
t
chiu dy cu kin c lin kt
Fu
ng sut ko gii hn ca cu kin c lin kt (khng phi ca bu
lng)

Hnh 2.10

Kt cu thp 7/2009

45

Hnh 2.10 miu t khong cch Lc. Khi tnh ton cng p mt cho mt bu lng, s
dng khong cch t bu lng ny n bu lng lin k hoc n mp theo phng lc tc dng
vo cu kin lin kt. i vi trng hp trong hnh v, lc p mt s tc dng trn phn bn
tri ca mi l. Do vy, cng cho bu lng 1 c tnh vi Lc bng khong cch gia hai
mp l v cng cho bu lng 2 c tnh vi Lc bng khong cch ti mp cu kin c
lin kt.
Cho cc bu lng gn mp, dng Lc = Le h / 2 . Cho cc bu lng khc, dng Lc = s h ,
trong
Le
khong cch t tm l ti mp
s
khong cch tim n tim ca l
h
ng knh l
Khi tnh khong cch Lc, cn s dng ng knh l thc t (tc l rng hn 1/16 inch
so vi ng knh thn bu lng, theo AISC)

1
in.
16
hay n gin
h=d+

h = d + 2 mm cho bu lng c d24mm v h=d+3mm cho bu lng c d>24mm


Khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp
Yu cu v khong cch ti thiu gia cc bu lng v t bu lng ti mp c lin quan
n x rch thp c bn . Khong cch gia cc bu lng v khong cch t bu lng ti mp, k
hiu tng ng l s v Le, c minh ho trn hnh 2.11.

Hnh 2.11

2.3.3

nh ngha cc khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp

Cng chu ma st ca lin kt bu lng cng cao

c im ch to v c im chu lc ca lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st,


cc phng php x l b mt thp:
Bu lng cng cao c lm t thp hp kim (40Cr;38CrSi) v phi qua gia cng
nhit.
V mt sc khng trt ca bu lng cng cao c to nn bi lc ma st pht sinh
trn b mt tip xc ca cc cu kin. Do vy sc khng trt ca bu lng cng cao ph

Kt cu thp 7/2009

46

thuc vo lc cng trong thn bu lng , h s ma st ca b mt tip xc v nh hng ca kch


thc l. Khi lp rp loi bu lng ny cn phi m bo hai vn chnh l : Khng ch lc
xit m bo to ra c lc cng Pt trong thn bu lng nh quy nh, lm sch mt tip xc
.
Cc phng php khng ch lc xit l :
- Phng php dng c l o lc : M=kPtd ( M- m men xon; Pt-lc cng trong
bu lng, k h s xc nh bng thc nghim)
- Phng php o trc tip
Cc bin php lm sch mt tip xc :
- Dng bn chi st
- Phun ct
- Phan la
- X l ho hc b mt
ngn nga s trt, Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 quy nh vic tnh ton
phi c tin hnh vi t hp ti trng s dng. Sc khng trt ca bu lng cng cao,
v c bn, l mt hm ca tch s gia h s ma st tnh v lc cng trc trong bu lng. Quan
h ny c phn nh bng cng thc xc nh sc khng trt danh nh ca mt bu lng
cng cao nh sau

Rn = Kh Ks Ns Pt

(2.12)

trong :
Ns s mt ma st ca mi bu lng (thc t bng s mt ct ca bu lng),
Pt
lc ko ti thiu yu cu trong bu lng, c quy nh trong bng 2.4,
Kh
h s kch thc l, c quy nh trong bng 2.5, v
Ks
h s iu kin b mt, c quy nh trong bng 2.6.
Bng 2.4

Lc ko ti thiu yu cu trong bu lng

ng knh bu lng
(mm)

Bu lng A325M

Lc ko ti thiu yu cu trong bu lng Pt (kN)


Bu lng A490M

16

91

114

20

142

179

22

176

221

24

205

257

27

267

334

30

326

408

36

475

595

Kt cu thp 7/2009
Bng 2.5

47

Cc tr s ca Kh

Cho cc l chun

1,0

Cho cc l qu c v kha rnh ngn

0,85

Cho cc l kha rnh di vi rnh vung gc vi


phng ca lc

0,70

Cho cc l kha rnh di vi rnh song song vi


phng ca lc

0,60

Bng 2.6

Cc tr s ca Ks

Cho cc iu kin b mt loi A

0,33

Cho cc iu kin b mt loi B

0,50

Cho cc iu kin b mt loi C

0,33

Tiu chun i vi cc loi b mt:


Loi A:
cc lp cu bn c lm sch, b mt khng sn v c lm sch bng
thi vi lp ph loi A.
Loi B:
cc b mt khng sn v c lm sch bng thi vi lp ph loi B.
Loi C:
b mt m km nng, c lm nhm bng bn chi st sau khi m.
Sc khng trt tnh ton (c h s) ca bu lng cng cao cng chnh l sc khng trt
danh nh ( = 1, 0 )

Rr = Rn = Kh Ks Ns Pt
2.3.4

(2.13)

Tnh ton lin kt bu lng chu ct

2.3.4.1 Lin kt chu lc ng tm


a/ Chon ng knh bu lng v chn kch thc bn ghp
ng knh bu lng c la chn ph thuc vo kch thc cu lin v lin kt .
Kch thc bn ghp chn phi m bo :

sp

(2.14)

Trong Asp tng din tch tit din ngang ca cc bn ghp (Splice plate -bn ni)
A din tch tit din ca cu kin c lin kt
b/ Tnh ton s lng bu lng v b tr
S bu lng c s b chn theo cng chu ct , sau chn v b tr bu lng. Tip
theo l kim tra theo cng chu p mt, vi bu lng cng cao cn phi kim tra sc
khng trt trng thi s dng.
V d 2.1:
Tnh ton thit k mi ni i vi lin kt c cho trong hnh 2.12. S dng bu lng
ASTM A307, ng knh 20 mm, thp kt cu M270 cp 250, mp cu kin dng cn. Lc ko
c h s bng 120 kN.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

48

Hnh 2.12
Hnh cho v d 2.1
Li gii
Thp kt cu M270 cp 250 c cng chu ko Fu = 400 Mpa
Bu lng ASTM A307 c cng chu ko nh nht

d2

Din tch mt ct ngang bu lng

Ab =

S mt chu ct ca bu lng:

Ns = 1

Fub = 420 MPa

= 314 mm 2

Sc khng ct danh nh ca mt bu lng c tnh theo cng thc 2.5

Rn = 0,38 Ab Fub Ns = 0,38.314.420.1 = 50114 N = 50,114 kN


Sc khng ct c h s ca mt bu lng l

Rn = 0.65 * 50,114 = 32,574kN


S bu lng cn thit l : n =

P
120
=
= 3,68bulng
Rn 32,574

Chn 4 bu lng b tr nh hnh v sau :

Kim tra cc khong cch


Khong cch thc t gia cc bu lng = 65 mm > 3d = 60 mm (khong cch nh nht)
Khong cch thc t ti mp = 30 mm > 26 mm (khong cch nh nht, bng 2.2)
ng knh l bu lng tnh p mt
h = d + 2 mm = 22 mm

Kt cu thp 7/2009

49

Kim tra p mt c trn thanh ko v trn bn nt


a) p mt trn thanh ko
L gn mp

h
22
= 30
= 19 mm
<
2d = 40 mm
2
2
Cng chu p mt danh nh c tnh theo cng thc 2.9
Lc = Le

Rn = 1, 2 Lc tFu = 1, 2.19.12.400 = 109440 N = 109, 44 kN

Rn = 0,8.109, 44 = 87,552 kN
L khc

Lc = s h = 65 22 = 43 mm >
2d = 40 mm
Cng chu p mt danh nh c tnh theo cng thc 2.8

.(2, 4dtFu ) = 184,320 kN


Cng chu p mt i vi cu kin chu ko l

Rn = 2.(87,552) + 2.(184,320) = 743, 744 kN


b) p mt trn bn nt
L gn mp

h
22
<
2d = 40 mm
= 30
= 19 mm
2
2
Cng chu p mt danh nh c tnh theo cng thc 2.8
Lc = Le

Rn = 0,8.1, 2 Lc tFu = 0,8.1, 2.19.10.400 = 72960 N = 72, 96 kN


L khc

Lc = s h = 65 22 = 43 mm >
2d = 40 mm
Cng chu p mt danh nh c tnh theo cng thc 2.9

.(2, 4dtFu ) = 0,8.2, 4.20.10.400 = 153600 N = 153, 60 kN


Cng chu p mt i vi bn nt l

Rn = 2.(72, 96) + 2.(153, 60) = 453,12 kN


Kt lun kim tra p mt:
Cng chu p mt ca bn nt l quyt nh.

Rn = 453,12kN P = 120kN
Vy lin kt m bo !
Khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp trong v d 2.1 l ging nhau i vi
cu kin chu ko v bn nt. Ch c chiu dy ca chng l khc nhau, do cn kim tra bn
nt. Trong nhng trng hp th ny, ch cn kim tra cu kin mng hn. Nu cc khong
cch ti mp l khc nhau th phi kim tra c cu kin chu ko v bn nt.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

50

V D 2.2
Mt thanh ko c ni vi bn nt nh trong hnh 2.13. bng bu lng cng cao
A325, ng knh 20 mm, ng ren ct mt phng ct ca mi ni. S dng thp M270M cp
250 cho c hai cu kin, b mt loi A. Lin kt khng cho php trt. Ti trng c h s
TTGH cng bng 250 kN, ti trng c h s TTGH s dng bng 160 kN. Hy kim
ton mi ni (xt n tt c cc trng hp ph hoi c th xy ra).
Li gii
a) Tnh sc khng ct:
Tnh cho mt bu lng

Bu lng ASTM A325 c cng chu ko nh nht

d2

Din tch mt ct ngang bu lng

Ab =

S mt chu ct ca bu lng:

Ns = 1

Fub = 830 MPa

= 314 mm 2

Sc khng ct c h s ca mt bu lng l

Rn = 0,8.0,38 Ab Fub Ns = 0,8.0,38.314.830.1 = 79230 N = 79, 23 kN


Sc khng ct c h s ca bn bu lng l

Rn = 4.79, 23 = 317 kN

Hnh 2.13 Hnh cho v d 2.2. Kch thc ghi bng mm.

b) Tnh sc khng p mt
Thp kt cu M270 cp 250 c cng chu ko Fu = 400 MPa
ng knh l bu lng tnh p mt
h = 22 mm
Kim tra p mt cho bn nt (l chi tit mng hn).
L st mp

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Lc = Le

51

h
22
= 35
= 24 mm < 2d = 40 mm
2
2

Rn = 0,8.1, 2 Lc tFu = 0,8.1, 2.24.10.400.10 3 = 92,16 kN


Cc l khc

Lc = s h = 75 22 = 53 mm > 2d = 40 mm

.(2, 4dtFu ) = 0,8.2, 4.20.10.400.10 3 = 153, 6 kN


Cng chu p mt ca bn nt l

Rn = 2(92,16 + 153, 6) = 491,52 kN


c) Tnh sc khng ct khi:
Kch thc vng ct khi ca bn nt v thanh ko, tr chiu dy, l nh nhau. Bn nt
mng hn, do , l quyt nh.

Nu Ant 0,58 Anv th Rn = bs ( 0,58Fy Agv + Fu Ant )


Nu Ant < 0,58 Anv th Rn = bs ( 0,58Fu Anv + Fy Agt )
Tnh cc thnh phn din tch:
Agv = 10(75 + 35).2 = 2200 mm 2

Anv = 10(75 + 35 1,5.22).2 = 1540 mm2


Agt = 10.75 = 750 mm 2

Ant = 10.(75 22) = 530 mm 2


Kim tra, c Ant < 0,58 Anv .
Vy

Rn = 0,8 ( 0,58.400.1540 + 250.750 ) = 435,82 kN


d) Tnh sc khng trt:
Sc khng trt danh nh ca mt bu lng c tnh bng cng thc 2.9:

Rn = Kh Ks Ns Pt
= 1.0,33.1.142 = 46,86 kN
Sc khng trt c h s cng bng sc khng trt danh nh ( = 1 )
Sc khng trt c h s ca bn bu lng:

Rn = 46,86.4 = 187, 4 kN
p s
Xt TTGH cng , sc khng ct ca bu lng (317 kN) l quyt nh. Gi tr ny
ln hn so vi ti trng TTGH cng (250 kN).
Xt TTGH s dng, sc khng trt ca bu lng (187,4 kN) ln hn so vi ti trng
TTGH s dng (160 kN).

Kt cu thp 7/2009

52

Vy, lin kt m bo an ton.


2.3.4.2 Lin kt chu lc lch tm
Lin kt cng son vo ct nh trong hnh v di y mt v d ca lin kt bu lng
chu ct lch tm. C hai cch tip cn gii quyt bi ton: phn tch n hi theo truyn
thng v phn tch cng gii hn. Phn sau y trnh by cch tnh ni lc bu lng trong
lin kt lch tm bng phn tch n hi. Cch tnh ton theo phn tch cng gii hn c
th tham kho ti liu [5].

Phn tch n hi
Ti trng P tc dng lch tm c th c thay th bng mt lc P tc dng ti trng
tm cng vi mt m men M = P.e, vi e l lch tm.
Di tc dng ca ti trng ng tm P, mi bu lng chu tc dng ca mt phn lc

chia u pc = P / n , vi n l s bu lng.
Di tc dng ca m men, ni lc ca bu lng c th c xc nh khi coi ng sut
ct trong bu lng l do xon ca mt mt ct ngang i vi cc din tch mt ct ngang ca cc
bu lng. Nh vy, ng sut ct trong mi bu lng c th c tnh theo cng thc v xon

Md
(2.15)
J
trong
D
khong cch t trng tm ca din tch ti im cn tnh ng sut
J
m men qun tnh cc ca din tch quanh trng tm
v ng sut fv vung gc vi d.
Nu p dng nh l trc song song, J cho ton th din tch c th xp x bng
fv =

J = Ad 2 = A d 2
y, gi thit tt c cc bu lng c cng din tch. Cng thc 2.15 c th c vit
thnh

fv =

Md
A d 2

Kt cu thp 7/2009

53

v lc ct trong mi bu lng do m men sinh ra l

pm = Afv = A

Hnh 2.14

Md
Md
=
2
A d
d2

Phn tch cc thnh phn lc ca bu lng chu lc lch tm

Hai thnh phn lc ct c xc nh c th c cng vec t to thnh hp lc p


nh c minh ho trong hnh 2.14. Kch thc ca bu lng s c chn theo ni lc ln nht
trong cc bu lng.
Tng qut hn, cc lc tc dng c th c biu din theo cc thnh phn vung gc
vi nhau. Vi mi bu lng, cc thnh phn nm ngang v thng ng ca lc do ct trc tip l

P
Px
v
pcy = y
n
n
trong , Px v Py l cc thnh phn theo phng x v phng y ca lc tng cng tc
dng ti lin kt (hnh 2.15). D dng chng minh c, cc thnh phn nm ngang v thng
ng do s lch tm c th c tnh bng cc cng thc
pcx =

pmx =

My
(x2 + y2 )

pmy =

Mx
(x2 + y2 )

v ni lc tng cng ca bu lng l

P=
trong

( P ) + ( P )
2

Rn

px = pcx + pmx ;

(2.16)

py = pcy + pmy

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 2.15

54

Hai thnh phn lc vung gc ca bu lng

V D 2.3
Kim ton mi ni cho trong hnh 2.16. S dng bu lng cng cao A325, ng
knh 22 mm, l chun, lm vic chu p mt. Gi thit rng ng ren bu lng ct qua mt
phng ct ca mi ni. Cc cu kin bng thp M270 cp 345.

80

3x75

50

50 75 50

50

t=10

t=16
Hnh 2.16

Hnh cho v d 2.3

Li gii
Bu lng A325 c cng chu ko nh nht Fub = 830 MPa
Thp M270 cp 345 c
Fu = 450 MPa
a) Tnh ni lc tc dng ti trng tm lin kt
Lc thng ng bng 200 kN gy ra ni lc ti lin kt gm hai thnh phn:
Lc ct
V = 200 kN

75 3
)10 = 33,5 kNm
2
Vy, y l lin kt bu lng chu ct di tc dng ng thi ca m men v lc ct.
a) Tnh ni lc ln nht ca bu lng
M men

M = Pe = 200(130 +

Kt cu thp 7/2009

55

Ni lc bu lng do lc ct l

P 200
=
= 25 kN
8
n
Di tc dng ca m men, bu lng xa trng tm nht l bu lng chu lc ln nht.
pcy =

2
2
75 2
75
3.75
2
2
.8
.4
x
y
+
=
+
+
) 2 2 2 .4 = 67500 mm4
(

ymax = 112,5 mm; xmax = 37,5 mm


Ni lc thnh phn ca bu lng xa nht do m men l

pmx =

My
33,5.103
.112,5 = 55,8 kN
=
( x 2 + y 2 ) 67500

pmy =

Mx
33,5.103
.37,5 = 18, 6 kN
=
( x 2 + y 2 ) 67500

Ni lc tng cng trong bu lng xa nht l

p = ( px )2 + ( py )2 = (55,8)2 + (25 + 18, 6)2 = 70,8 kN


b) Tnh sc khng ct ca mt bu lng
Bu lng ASTM A325 c cng chu ko nh nht

d2

Din tch mt ct ngang bu lng

Ab =

S mt chu ct ca bu lng:

Ns = 1

Fub = 830 MPa

= 380 mm 2

Sc khng ct c h s ca mt bu lng l

Rn = 0,8.0, 48 Ab Fub Ns = 0,8.0, 48.380.830.1 = 79230 N = 121 kN


c) Tnh sc khng p mt ti mt l bu lng
Bn cng son c chiu dy t = 10 mm, mng hn thp bn nt . Vic tnh ton p mt
c tin hnh i vi bn cng son .
Vi l st mp

Lc = Le

h
24
= 50
= 38 mm
2
2

<

2d = 44 mm

Rn = 0,8.(1,2 Lc tFu ) = 0,8.1,2.38.10.450.103 = 164,16 kN


Vi cc l khc

Lc = s h = 75 24 = 51mm >

2d = 44 mm

Rn = .(2, 4dtFu ) = 0,8.2, 4.22.10.450.103 = 190,08 kN

p s

Cng p mt ti l st mp l quyt nh: Rn = 169 kN

Kt cu thp 7/2009

56

Ni lc ln nht ca bu lng do ti trng (70,8 kN) nh hn so vi sc khng ct ca bu


lng (121 kN) v sc khng p mt ti mt l bu lng (164,16 kN). Vy, lin kt m bo an
ton.

2.4 LIN KT BU LNG CHU KO


Khi lc ko tc dng ln mt bu lng khng c cng trc th lc ko trong bu lng
s bng lc tc dng. Tuy nhin, nu bu lng c ko trc th mt phn ln ti trng tc
dng c s dng vo vic lm gim bt lc nn hay lc p gia cc b phn c lin kt.
Cc bu lng cng cao chu ko dc trc phi c cng n lc quy nh trong bng 2.3.
Lc tc dng ln lin kt chu ko c xc nh bng tng cng lc do ti trng bn
ngoi sinh ra v lc do tc ng by ln i vi bu lng.
Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, sc khng ko danh nh ca bu lng
cng cao, Tn, c lp vi mi lc xit ban u, c tnh bng cng thc

Tn = 0, 76.Ab .Fub

(2.17)

trong :
Ab
din tch bu lng theo ng knh danh nh (mm2)
Fub
cng chu ko nh nht quy nh ca bu lng (MPa)

Tc ng by ln ( Tc ng nh)
Do tc ng by ln gy ra bi s bin dng ca cc cu kin trong lin kt chu ko
(hnh 2.17), bu lng cng cao chu mt lc ko b sung.
Lc ko do tc ng by c tnh bng
3b
t3
Qu =
Pu
8
328000
a

(2.18)

trong :
Qu
lc nh trn mt bu lng do ti trng c h s, c ly bng
khng khi lc l m (N)
Pu
lc ko trc tip trn mt bu lng do ti trng c h s (N)
a
khong cch t tim bu lng n mp tm (mm)
b
khong cch t tim bu lng n chn ng hn ca cu kin lin
kt (mm)
b dy nh nht ca cc cu kin lin kt

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 2.17

57

Tc ng by ln trong lin kt bu lng chu ko

2.5 LIN KT HN
Lin kt hn l hnh thc lin kt ch yu hin nay trong kt cu thp. Lin kt hn n
gin v cu to, thit k v thi cng, t chi tit v khng gy gim yu mt ct. Thng thng,
cc cu kin thp c hn ni trong nh my v c lp ghp ti cng trng bng bu lng
cng cao.
Tuy nhin, nhc im ca lin kt hn l thng gy ng sut d, c bit trong nhng
mi hn ln. Ngoi ra, cht lng mi hn ph thuc nhiu vo cng ngh hn v trnh
ngi thi cng.
Cc mi hn c thit k vi cng bng cng thp c bn, trong , que hn
c quy nh ph hp vi tng loi thp kt cu.
2.5.1

Cu to lin kt hn

Cc loi mi hn ch yu trong kt cu thp l hn gc, hn rnh v hn inh tn, trong


thng dng nht l hn gc. Khi chu lc nh, ng hn gc l kinh t v khng phi gia
cng mp cu kin hn. Khi chu lc ln, mi hn rnh c hiu qu hn v mi hn c th ngu
hon ton vo thp c bn. Hn inh tn ch c s dng khi khng th hn gc hay hn rnh.
Trong mt lin kt, c th s dng kt hp nhiu loi ng hn.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

58

2.5.1.1 Hn gc
Mi hn gc c thc hin gc vung gia hai cu kin cn lin kt (hnh 2.18). Mt
ct mi hn c th quy v dng tam gic vung. Kch thc c trng ca mt ct mi hn l
cnh nh hn trong hai cnh vung gc ca tam gic, c gi l chiu dy ng hn, k hiu
l w. Do mt on ng hn c th chu tc dng ca ct, nn hay ko theo mi phng, mt
ng hn yu nht l khi chu ct v n lun lun c gi thit l b ph hoi do ct. c
bit, s ph hoi c gi thit l xy ra do ct trong mt phng i qua ch hp nht ca ng
hn. B rng nh nht ny l khong cch vung gc t chn ng hn ti ng huyn ca
tam gic.

Hnh 2.18 Mi hn gc

2.5.1.2

Hn rnh

Mi hn rnh thng c s dng ni hai cu kin nm trong cng mt mt phng


(hnh 2.19), nhng cng c th dng cho mi ni ch T hay mi ni gc. Trong loi mi hn
ny, mp cc cu kin phi c gia cng m bo cho mi hn ngu trn ton b chiu dy
cc thanh ni.

Hnh 2.19 Mi hn rnh

Kt cu thp 7/2009

59

Cc mt ct l tng
Cc mt ct chp nhn

Cc mt ct khuyt tt
Hnh 2.19a- Mt ct mi hn gc

Mt ct chp nhn
Mp khng ngu

Khng chiu dy

Qu li

Qu lp

Chng cho

Mt ct khuyt tt
Hnh 2.19b Mt ct mi hn rnh

2.5.1.3

Gii hn kch thc ca mi hn gc

Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, chiu dy ln nht ca mi hn gc dc


theo cnh ca cu kin lin kt c ly bng

Chiu dy bn ni, nu bn ni mng hn 6 mm

Kt cu thp 7/2009

60

Chiu dy bn ni tr i 2 mm nu bn ni dy hn hoc bng 6 mm.


Chiu dy nh nht ca mi hn gc c quy nh nh trong bng 2.6.
Bng 2.7

Chiu dy nh nht ca ng hn gc (Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 )

Chiu dy chi tit lin kt mng hn


(mm)
T 20
T >20

Chiu dy nh nht ca ng hn gc
(mm)
6
8

Chiu di c hiu nh nht ca ng hn gc phi ln hn bn ln chiu dy ca n v


phi ln hn 40 mm.
Cc quy nh cu to chi tit ca lin kt hn theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 27205 c th tham kho trong Ti liu [2].

2.5.2

Sc khng tnh ton ca mi hn

2.5.2.1

Mi hn rnh

a)
Mi hn rnh ngu hon ton
Chu lc dc trc
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu hon ton chu nn hoc chu ko trc
giao vi din tch hu hiu hoc song song vi trc ng hn c ly nh sc khng tnh
ton ca thp c bn.

Chu ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu hon ton chu ct trn din tch hu
hiu c ly theo tr s nh hn hoc cho bi cng thc 2.19 hoc 60% sc khng tnh ton
chu ko ca thp c bn.

Rr = 0, 6e1 Fexx

(2.19)

trong

Fexx

cng phn loi ca thp ng hn

e1

h s sc khng i vi i vi thp hn (bng 1.1)

b)
Mi hn rnh ngu cc b
Chu lc dc trc
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu cc b chu ko hoc chu nn song
song vi trc ng hn hoc chu nn trc giao vi din tch hu hiu c ly nh sc khng
tnh ton ca thp c bn.
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu cc b chu ko trc giao vi din
tch hu hiu c ly theo tr s nh hn hoc cho bi cng thc 2.20 hoc sc khng tnh
ton chu ko ca thp c bn.

Rr = 0, 6e1 Fexx

(2.20)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

61

trong , e1 l h s sc khng i vi thp hn (bng 1.1)

Chu ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu cc b chu ct song song vi trc
ng hn c ly theo tr s nh hn hoc ca sc khng c h s ca vt liu lin kt c
quy nh trong iu 6.13.5 (Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05), hoc cho bi cng thc
2.21

Rr = 0, 6e 2 Fexx

(2.21)

trong , e 2 l h s sc khng i vi thp hn (bng 1.1).

2.5.2.2 Mi hn gc
Chu lc dc trc
Sc khng tnh ton ca lin kt bng ng hn gc chu nn hoc chu ko song song
vi trc ng hn c ly nh sc khng tnh ton ca thp c bn.
Chu ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca ng hn gc chu ct trn din tch hu hiu c ly theo tr
s nh hn hoc cho bi cng thc 2.22 hoc sc khng c h s ca vt liu lin kt c quy
nh trong iu 6.13.5.

Rr = 0, 6e 2 Fexx

(2.22)

trong

Fexx

cng phn loi ca thp ng hn

e 2

h s sc khng i vi i vi thp hn (bng 1.1)

Sc khng c h s ca vt liu lin kt trong lin kt chu ct c quy nh nhm m


bo khng xy ra ph hoi ct chy i vi cu kin lin kt (hnh 2.20), phi c ly theo
cng thc 2.23.

Rr = v Rn

(2.23)

Rn = 0,58 Ag Fy

(2.24)

trong , Ag l din tch nguyn chu ct ca cu kin lin kt, Fy l cng chy ca
thp lin kt v v l h s sc khng i vi ct ( v = 1, 0 ).

Hnh 2.20 ng hn gc chu ct. Cn phi kim tra cng chu ct ca tm cng son

Kt cu thp 7/2009

62

Din tch hu hiu ca ng hn gc bng chiu di hu hiu ca ng hn nhn vi


chiu dy tnh ton ca mi hn, l khong cch nh nht t chn ng hn n mt mi hn
(hnh 2.21).
Trong phn ln cc bi ton ca lin kt hn, phn tch cng nh thit k, nn s dng
cng trn mt n v chiu di ca ng hn (hoc l cng ca bn thn ng hn,
hoc l cng ca thp c bn, tu theo gi tr no nh hn). Cch tip cn ny s c
minh ho trong v d sau y.

Hnh 2.21 Mt ct tnh ton ca ng hn gc

V D 2.4
Mt thanh thp dt chu ko dc trc c lin kt vo mt bn nt nh trong hnh 2.22
ng hn gc c chiu dy 6 mm c ch to bng que hn E70XX c cng

Fexx = 485 MPa . S dng thp kt cu loi M270, cp 250. Gi thit rng cng chu ko
ca thanh ko l c m bo. Hy xc nh cng thit k ca lin kt hn.

Hnh 2.22

Hnh cho v d 2.4

Li gii
Do ng hn c b tr i xng vi trc dc ca cu kin, lin kt c xem l mt
lin kt n gin v khng c ti trng b sung do lch tm.

Chiu dy tnh ton ca ng hn l (0,707 6)


Kh nng chu ct trn mt n v chiu di (1 mm) ng hn l

Kt cu thp 7/2009

63

Rr = 0, 6e 2 Fexx .0, 707w = 0, 6.0,8.485.0, 707.6 = 987, 6 N/mm


Kh nng chu ct trn mt n v chiu di ca thanh ni mng hn (bn nt) l

v Rn = v .(0,58 tFy ) = 1, 0.0,58.8.250 = 1160 N/mm


Cng ng hn l quyt nh. Kh nng chu lc ca ton lin kt l

Rr = 987, 6.(100 + 100) = 197520 N = 197,52 kN


p s

Cng thit k ca lin kt hn l 197,52 kN.

V D 2.5

Mt thanh thp dt c kch thc 12 100 mm2 bng thp M270, cp 250 chu ko ng
tm vi lc ko c h s bng 210 kN. Thanh ko c hn vo bn nt c chiu dy 10 mm
nh trong hnh 2.23. Hy thit k lin kt hn.

Hnh 2.23

Hnh cho v d 2.5

Li gii
i vi thp c bn M270, cp 250, thng dng loi que hn E70XX c

Fexx = 485 MPa .


Th chn ng hn c kch thc ti thiu w = 6 mm.
Kh nng chu lc ca mt n v chiu di ng hn, nh c tnh trong v d 2.5,
l 987,6 N/mm.
Kh nng chu ct trn mt n v chiu di ca thanh ni mng hn (bn nt) l

v Rn = v .(0,58 tFy ) = 1, 0.0,58.10.250 = 1450 N/mm


Cng ng hn l quyt nh.
Chiu di ng hn cn thit l
L=

210.103
= 213 mm
987, 6

tho mn yu cu v chiu di ti thiu ca ng hn l 4w = 24 mm v 40 mm.


p s
Vy, s dng hai ng hn song song bng nhau, mi ng hn di 110 mm.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

2.5.3

64

Lin kt hn lch tm ch chu ct

Lin kt hn lch tm c phn tch, v c bn, ging nh cch thc p dng cho
lin kt bu lng, ngoi tr chiu di n v ca ng hn s thay th cho cc bu lng ring bit
trong tnh ton. Cng nh trong lin kt bu lng lch tm chu ct, lin kt hn chu ct c th
c nghin cu bng phng php phn tch n hi hoc phng php cng gii hn.
Phn sau y trnh by cch tnh lin kt bu lng lch tm bng phn tch n hi. Cch tnh
ton theo phn tch cng gii hn c th tham kho ti liu [5].
Phn tch n hi
Ti trng tc dng ln cng son trong hnh 2.24a c th c coi l tc dng trong mt
phng ng hn ngha l mt phng hu hiu (c chiu rng nh nht). Chp nhn gi thit
ny, ti trng s c chu bi din tch ca ng hn nh miu t trong hnh 2.23b. Tuy
nhin, vic tnh ton s c n gin ho nu s dng chiu dy mt ct hu hiu ca ng
hn bng n v. Nh vy, ti trng c tnh ton c th nhn vi 0,707w (w l chiu dy ca
mi hn) c c ti trng thc t.
Mt lc lch tm trong mt phng ng hn gy ra c ct trc tip v ct xon. V tt
c cc phn t ca ng hn tham gia chu ct nh nhau nn ng sut ct trc tip l

P
L
vi L l tng chiu di cc ng hn v bng din tch chu lc ct v y, s
dng chiu dy c hiu ca ng hn bng n v. Nu s dng cc thnh phn vung gc th
f1 =

P
Px
v
f1 y = y
L
L
trong Px v Py l cc thnh phn ca lc tc dng theo trc x v trc y. ng sut ct
do m men sinh ra c th c tnh bng cng thc tnh xon
f1 x =

Md
J
trong
d
khong cch t trng tm ca din tch chu ct n im cn tnh ng sut
J
m men qun tnh cc ca din tch ny
f2 =

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 2.24

65

ng hn gc chu lc lch tm

Hnh 2.25 biu din ng sut ny ti gc trn cng bn phi ca ng hn cho. Biu
din theo cc thnh phn vung gc

f2 x =

My
J

f2 y =

Mx
J

trong , J = I x + I y , vi Ix v Iy l m men qun tnh ca din tch ct i vi hai trc


vung gc.
Nu bit tt c cc thnh phn vung gc th c th cng vc t xc nh hp ng
sut ct ti im cn tnh ton
fv =

( f ) + ( f )

Hnh 2.25

Rn

(2.25)

ng sut ng hn ti im xa trng tm nht

V D 2.6
Hy xc nh kch thc ng hn cn thit cho lin kt tm cng son vo ct nh
trong hnh 2.26. Ti trng c h s bng 260 kN. Tm cng son lm bng thp M270 cp 250,

ct ch I lm bng thp M270 cp 345. S dng que hn E70XX c cng Fexx = 485 MPa .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

66

Hnh 2.26 Hnh cho v d 2.6

Li gii
Lc tc dng lch tm c th c thay th bng mt lc v mt m men nh trong
hnh 2.26. Trc ht, tnh ton vi chiu cao ng hn bng n v. ng sut ct trc tip,
tnh bng N/mm, l nh nhau trn ton b din tch ng hn v bng
f1 y =

260.103
= 371, 4 N/mm
(200 + 300 + 200)

Trc khi tnh cc thnh phn ng sut ct do xon, cn xc nh trng tm ca cc


ng hn:
x .(700) = 200(100)(2) hay x = 57 mm
lch tm

e = 250 + 200 57 = 393 mm v m men xon bng

M = Pe = 260(393) = 102,18.10 6 Nmm


Nu b qua m men qun tnh ca mi ng hn nm ngang i vi trc trng tm ca
n th m men qun tnh ca ton b din tch ng hn i vi trc trng tm nm ngang l

1
(1)(300)3 + 2(200)(150)2 = 11, 25.10 6 mm 4
12
Tng t

Ix =

Kt cu thp 7/2009

67

I y = 2 (1)(200)3 + (200)(100 57)2 + 300(57)2 = 3, 05.10 6 mm 4


12

V
J = I x + I y = (11, 25 + 3, 05).10 6 = 14,3.10 6 mm 4

Hnh 2.26 biu din phng ca hai thnh phn ng sut ti mi gc ca lin kt. Khi t
hp ng sut, ta thy gc trn cng bn phi v gc di cng bn phi l cc v tr nguy him
nht. Cc thnh phn ng sut ti cc im ny, tnh bng N/mm, l
f2 x =

My 102,18.10 6 (150)
=
= 1071,82 N/mm
J
14,3.106

f2 x =

Mx 102,18.106 (200 57)


=
= 1021,8 N/mm
J
14,3.10 6

fv = (1071,82)2 + (371, 4 + 1021,8)2 = 1758 N/mm


Kim tra cng ca thp c bn (bn cng son l khng ch)

v Rn = v .(0,58 tFy ) = 1, 0.0,58.14.250 = 2030 N/mm

>

1758 N/mm

bo)
T cng thc xc nh cng ng hn trn mt n v di (1 mm)

Rn = 0, 6e 2 Fexx .0, 707w ,


c th tnh c chiu cao cn thit ca mi hn

w=

1758
= 10, 68 mm
0, 707(0, 6)(0,8)(485)

p s
S dng ng hn c chiu cao w = 12 mm.

(m

Kt cu thp 7/2009

68

2.6 CT KHI
2.6.1

Ct khi trong lien kt bu lng

Trong mt s dng lin kt, mt on (segment) hay mt khi block cu kin c


th b x rch ra v c gi l Ct khi (Block Shear). minh ho cho hin tng ny ta xem
th d hnh 2.27 :

Ct (Shear)

b
c Ko (Tension)

Hnh 2.27 Ct khi xy ra thp gc n chu ko lin kt bu lng vi bn nt

Trong v d trn khi c t m s b ph hoi do ct dc theo mt ct ab v b ph


hoi do ko trn mt bc.
Vic ph hoi xy ra da trn gi nh l mt mt s b ph hoi do t gy, mt kia s
b ph hoi do chy do.Tc l t gy trn mt chu ct s i km chy do trn mt chu ko,
hoc t gy trn mt chu ko s i km chy do trn mt chu ct. C hai mt gp phn to
nn sc khng tng cng, sc khng ct khi s l tng ca cc sc khng ca hai mt chu ct
v mt chu ko.
Sc khng danh nh ko t l FuAnt ,i vi ko chy l FyAgt,trong Ant , Agt l din
tch thc v din tch nguyn ca mt chu ko bc.
Sc khng danh nh ct t l 0,58FuAvn ,i vi ct chy l 0,58FyAvg,trong Avn ,
Avg l din tch thc v din tch nguyn ca mt chu ct ab.
C hai kiu ph hoi l :
Kiu (1) :Ct chy i km vi ko t , Sc khng tnh ton l :

Rn = [0,58Fy Avg + Fu Atn ]

Kiu (2) :Ct t i km vi ko chy , Sc khng tnh ton l :

Rn = [0,58Fu Avn + Fy Atg ]

Bi v trng thi gii hn l t gy nn phng trnh khng ch s l kiu c gi hn


t gy l ln hn, ngha l nu FuAtn0,58FuAvn th phng trnh kiu (1) s l khng ch ,
trong trng hp ngc li phng trnh kiu (2) s khng ch.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

69

Lin kt cn c xem xt tt c cc mt c th b ph hoi trong thanh v trong bn


ni. Xt hai mt phng song song v vung gc vi lc tc dng. Mt phng song song vi lc
tc dng c xem nh ch chu ng sut ct, mt phng vung gc vi lc tc dng c xem
nh ch chu ng sut ko. Sc khng tnh ton t hp ca hai mt phng theo LRFD
AASHTO-1998 ly nh sau:

Nu Atn 0,58Avn, th:


Nu Atn < 0.58 Avn :

Rr= bs (0,58 Fy Avg + Fu Atn)

Rr= bs (0,58 Fu Avn + FyAtg)

(2.26) (6.13.4-1)
(2.27) (6.13.4-2)

Avg = Din tch nguyn dc theo mt chu ng sut ct (mm2)


Avn = Din tch thc dc theo mt phng chu ng sut ct (mm2)
Atg =Din tch nguyn dc theo mt phng chu ng sut ko (mm2)
Atn = Din tch thc dc theo mt phng chu ng sut ko (mm2)
Fy =Cng chy nh nht qui nh ca vt liu lin kt (MPa)
Fu = Cng ko nh nht quy nh ca vt liu lin kt trong bng (MPa) [A6.4.1.1]
bs =H s sc khng i vi ct khi [A6.5.4.2] ( bs =0.80)
2.6.2

Ct khi trong lien kt hn

Ct khi trong lin kt hn gc vn dng cng thc 2.26 v 2.27 nhng cn lu trong
lin kt hn khng c s gim yu tit din nn tit din thc bng tit din nguyn ( Avg=Avn
v Atg=Atn).

Kt cu thp 7/2009

3
3.1
3.1.1

70

CU KIN CHU KO
c im cu to :
Cc hnh thc mt ct :

Cu kin chu ko l cc cu kin ca kt cu chu lc ko dc trc . Chng thng gp


trong cc khung ngang v ging dc ca h dm cu cng nh trong cc cu gin, cu gin
vm. Dy cp v thanh treo trong cu treo v cu dy vng cng l nhng cu kin chu ko.
iu quan trng l phi bit cu kin chu ko c lin kt vi cc cu kin khc trong
kt cu nh th no. Ni chung, y l cc chi tit lin kt quyt nh sc khng ca mt cu
kin chu ko v chng cn c cp trc tin.
Hnh thc mt ct ngang ca cu kin chu ko kh a dng , bt k hnh dng no cng
c th c s dng v yu t quyt nh cng ca cu kin chu ko ch l din tch mt
ct ngang .Ta thng gp cc dng mt ct : thp bn , thp hnh , mt ct ghp .

3.1.2

Cc dng lin kt :

C hai dng lin kt cho cc cu kin chu ko: lin kt bu lng v lin kt hn. Mt
lin kt bu lng n gin gia hai bn thp c cho trong hnh 3.1. R rng, l bu lng gy
gim yu mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin. L bu lng cn gy ng sut tp trung mp l,
ng sut ny c th ln gp ba ln ng sut u mt khong cch no i vi mp l (hnh
3.1). S tp trung ng sut xy ra khi vt liu lm vic n hi s gim i ti trng ln hn do
s chy do.

Hnh 3.1

S tp trung ng sut cc b v ct tr ti l bu lng

Mt mi ni n gin bng hn gia hai bn thp c biu din trn hnh 3.2. Trong
lin kt hn, mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin khng b gim yu. Tuy nhin, ng sut trong
bn b tp trung ti v tr k vi ng hn v ch tr nn u n k t mt khong cch no
ti ng hn.
Nhng s tp trung ng sut v tr k vi lin kt ny l do mt hin tng c gi
l s ct tr. vng gn vi l bu lng hoc gn vi ng hn, ng sut ct pht trin lm cho
ng sut ko xa l bu lng hoc ng hn gim i so vi gi tr ln hn ti mp.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 3.2

3.2
3.2.1

71

S tp trung ng sut cc b v ct tr ti lin kt hn

Tnh ton cu kin chu ko ng tm


Tng qut :

Cc kt qu th nghim ko thp cu c th hin bng cc ng cong ng sut-bin


dng trong hnh 1.5. Sau im chy vi ng sut t ti Fy, ng x do bt u. ng sut gn
nh khng i cho ti khi s cng ho bin dng lm ng sut tng tr li trc khi gim i v
mu th t t ngt. Gi tr nh ca ng sut cho mi loi thp trong hnh 1.4 c nh
ngha l cng chu ko Fu ca thp. Cc gi tr ca Fy v Fu c cho trong bng 1.5 i
vi cc loi thp cu khc nhau.
Khi lc ko tc dng ti u lin kt tng ln, im c ng sut ln nht ti mt ct
nguy him s chy u tin. im ny c th xut hin ti ni c ng sut tp trung nh c
ch ra trong hnh 3.1 v 3.2 hoc ti ni c ng sut d ko ln (hnh 1.3). Khi mt phn ca
mt ct nguy him bt u chy v ti trng tip tc tng ln, xut hin s phn phi li ng
sut do s chy do. Gii hn chu lc ko thng thng t c khi ton b mt ct ngang b
chy.
C 3 dng h hng trong cu kin chu ko :
H hng do chy ca mt ct ngang nguyn
H hng do t ca mt ct thc
Ni dung yu cu cn kim ton trong cu kin chu ko l :
Sc khng chy ca mt ct ngang nguyn
Sc khng t ca mt ct thc ( mt ct gim yu )
Gii hn mnh

Kt cu thp 7/2009

3.2.2

72

Sc khng ko chy
Sc khng chy tnh ton (c h s) c xc nh bi

y Pny = y Fy Ag

(3.1)

trong :

y
Pny
Fy
Ag

3.2.3

h s sc khng chy ca cu kin chu ko, ly theo bng 1.1


sc khng ko chy danh nh trong mt ct nguyn (N)
cng chy ca thp (MPa)
din tch mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin (mm2)

Sc khng ko t
Sc khng t tnh ton (c h s) c xc nh bi

u Pnu = u Fu Ae

(3.2)

trong :

h s sc khng t ca cu kin chu ko, ly theo bng 1.1

Pnu
sc khng ko t danh nh trong mt ct gim yu (N)
Fu
cng chu ko ca thp (MPa)
Ag
din tch mt ct thc hu hiu ca cu kin (mm2)
i vi lin kt bu lng, din tch mt ct thc hu hiu l

Ae = UAn

(3.3)

vi An l din tch mt ct thc ca cu kin (mm2) v U l h s chit gim xt n ct


tr.
i vi lin kt hn, din tch mt ct thc hu hiu l

Ae = UAg

(3.4)

H s chit gim U khng dng khi kim tra chy mt ct nguyn v s chy do c xu
hng lm ng u ng sut ko trn mt ct ngang do ct tr. H s sc khng t nh hn
h s sc khng chy do c th xy ra t gy t ngt trong vng cng ho bin dng ca
ng cong ng sut-bin dng.
1/ H s chit gim U
Khi tt c cc b phn hp thnh (bn bin, vch ng, cc cnh thp gc) c ni
i u hoc bng bn nt th lc c truyn u v U = 1,0. Nu ch mt phn ca cu kin
c lin kt (chng hn, ch mt cnh ca thp gc) th phn ny s chu ng sut ln v phn
khng c lin kt s chu ng sut nh hn. Trong trng hp lin kt mt phn, ng sut
phn b khng u, ct tr xy ra v U < 1,0.
i vi lin kt bu lng mt phn, Munse v Chesson (1963) cho bit rng, s gim
chiu di lin kt L (hnh 3.3) lm tng hiu ng ct tr. Cc tc gi ngh s dng cng thc
gn ng sau xc nh h s chit gim

Kt cu thp 7/2009

73

x
0,9
(3.5)
L
trong , x l khong cch t trng tm din tch cu kin c lin kt ti mt phng
chu ct ca lin kt. Nu cu kin c hai mt lin kt i xng th x c tnh t trng tm ca
mt na din tch gn nht. i vi lin kt bu lng mt phn c ba bu lng hoc nhiu hn
trn mi hng theo phng tc dng lc, h s U trong cng thc c th c ly bng 0,85.
U = 1

Hnh 3.3

Cch xc nh x

i vi lin kt hn mt phn ca thp cn I v T ct t I, c ni ch bng ng hn


ngang u
U=

Ane
Agn

(3.6)

trong :
Ane
din tch thc ca cu kin c lin kt (mm2)
Agn
din tch thc ca phn thp cn nm ngoi chiu di lin kt (mm2)
i vi lin kt hn c ng hn dc theo c hai mp cu kin ni ghp (hnh 3.2), h
s chit gim c th c ly nh sau:
U = 1, 0
U = 0,87
U = 0, 75

i vi L 2W

i vi 1,5W L < 2W
i vi W L < 1,5W

(3.7)

vi L l chiu di ca cp mi hn (mm) v W l chiu rng cu kin c lin kt


(mm).
i vi tt c cc cu kin khc c lin kt mt phn, h s chit gim c th c ly
bng
U = 0,85

(3.8)

V D 3.1
Hy xc nh din tch thc hu hiu v sc khng ko c h s ca mt thp gc n
chu ko L 152 x 102 x 12,7, c hn vo bn nt phng nh trn hnh 3.4. S dng thp cng
trnh cp 250.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 3.4

74

Thp gc n chu ko lin kt hn vi bn nt

Bi gii
Do ch mt cnh ca thp gc c hn, din tch thc phi c ly gim i bi h s
U. S dng cng thc 3.7 vi L = 200 mm v W = 152 mm

200
W = 1,3 W
U = 0,75
152
v t cng thc 3.4 vi Ag = 3060 mm2
Ae = UAg = 0,75.(3060) = 2295 mm2

L=

Sc khng chy c h s c tnh t cng thc 3.1 vi y = 0,95 (bng 1.1) v Fy =


250 MPa (bng 1.5) bng

y Png = y Fy Ag = 0, 95(250)(3060) = 727.103 N


Sc khng t c h s c tnh t cng thc 3.2 vi u = 0,80 (bng 1.1) v Fu = 400
MPa (bng 1.5) bng

u Pnu = u Fu Ae = 0,80(400)(2295) = 734.103 N


p s
Sc khng ko c h s c quyt nh bi s chy ca mt ct nguyn
ngoi lin kt v bng 727 kN.
2/ Din tch thc
:
Din tch thc hay din tch gim yu An ca mt thanh chu ko l tng cc tch s ca
b dy t v b rng thc (b rng gim yu) nh nht wn ca mi b phn cu kin. Nu lin kt
bng bu lng, din tch thc ln nht c tnh vi tt c bu lng trn mt hng n (hnh 3.1).
i khi, s hn ch v khong cch i hi phi b tr nhiu hng. S gim din tch mt ct
ngang s l t nht khi b tr bu lng so le (hnh 3.5). B rng thc c xc nh cho mi
ng qua l tri ngang cu kin theo ng ngang, ng cho hoc ng zic zc. Cn xem
xt mi kh nng ph hoi c th xy ra v s dng trng hp cho Sn nh nht. B rng thc

Kt cu thp 7/2009

75

i vi mt ng ngang qua l c tnh bng b rng nguyn tr i tng b rng cc l v


cng vi gi tr s2/4g cho mi ng cho, tc l
An = t.Wn
(3.9)
Trong : Wn Chiu rng thc nh nht ca thanh xc nh theo cng thc sau :
Wn = Wg d hole +

s2
4g

vi wg l b rng nguyn ca cu kin (mm), dhole l ng knh l bu lng (mm), s l


khong cch so le ca hai l bu lng lin tip gia hai hng (mm) v g l khong cch ngang
gia hai hng l (hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5

B tr bu lng so le

- Cch tnh An trong mt s trng hp c bit sau:


a
g+g1-tw

g1

c
d

A n(abefd) = A g A hole = A g 2d hole t f 2d hole t w +

s2
s2
tf +
tw
4(g + g1 t w )
4(g + g1 t w )

Kt cu thp 7/2009

76

g1

g/2+g1-tw/2

c
d

A n(abefcd) = A g A hole = A g 4d hole t f 2d hole t w + 2

s2
s2
tf +
tw
4(g/2 + g1 t w /2)
4(g/2 + g1 t w /2)

V D 3.2
Hy xc nh din tch thc hu hiu v sc khng ko c h s ca mt thp gc n
chu ko L 152 x 102 x 12,7, c hn vo bn nt phng nh trn hnh 3.6. L dng cho bu
lng ng knh 22 mm. S dng thp cng trnh cp 250.
Bi gii
B rng nguyn ca mt ct ngang l tng ca b rng hai cnh tr i mt b dy
wg = 152 + 102 12,7 = 241,3 mm
ng knh l thc t l d = 22 +2 = 24 mm
Dng cng thc 3.9, b rng thc theo ng abcd l
wn = 241,3 2(24) +

(35)2
= 198, 40 mm
4(60)

v theo ng abe
wn = 241,3 1(24) = 217,3 mm

Hnh 3.6

Thp gc n chu ko lin kt bu lng vi bn nt

Trng hp th nht l quyt nh, nh vy

Kt cu thp 7/2009

77

An = twn = 12, 7(198, 40) = 2519, 7 mm 2

V ch mt cnh ca thp gc c lin kt, din tch thc phi c gim i bi h s


U. Theo bng tra cc c trng hnh hc ca thp hnh trong AISC (1992), khong cch t
trng tm ti mt ngoi ca cnh thp gc x = 25,2 mm. S dng cng thc 3.5 vi L = 3(70) =
210 mm
x
25,2
= 1
= 0,88 < 0,90
210
L
v t cng thc 3.3
U = 1

Ae = UAn = 0,88(2519, 7) = 2217,3 mm 2

Sc khng chy c h s cng c tnh nh trong v d 3.1

y Pny = y Fy Ag = 0, 95(250)(3060) = 727.103 N


Sc khng t c h s c tnh t cng thc 3.2:

u Puy = u Fu Ae = 0,80(400)(2217,3) = 709,54.103 N


p s
Sc khng ko c h s c quyt nh bi s ph hoi (t) ca mt
ct gim yu v bng 709,54 kN.

3.2.4

Gii hn mnh

Yu cu v mnh thng c t ra i vi cc cu kin chu nn. Tuy nhin trong


thc t cng cn gii hn mnh ca cu kin chu ko. Nu lc dc trc trong cu kin chu
ko b x dch v tr hoc c mt lc ngang nh tc dng, c th xut hin dao ng hoc
vng khng mong mun. Yu cu v mnh c cho theo L/r, vi L l chiu di cu kin v
r l bn knh qun tnh nh nht ca din tch mt ct ngang cu kin.
Cc yu cu v mnh i vi cu kin chu ko khng phi l thanh trn, thanh c
mc treo, cp v bn, c cho trong bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1

mnh ti a cho cc cu kin chu ko

Cu kin chu ko
Cc thanh chu lc ch yu
Chu ng sut i du
Khng chu ng sut i du
Cc thanh ging

max L/r
140
200
240

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Bi ton thit k
B1: T cc iu kin thit k:

Pry = y Fy A g Pu A gmin =

Pu
y Fy

Pru = u Fu A e Pu A emin =

Pu
u Fu

L
L L
rmin =
r r max
L

r max
B2: Tra bng, chn thp hnh c:
A g A gmin

r rmin

B3: Tnh v kim tra Ae Aemin


B4: Kt lun.

78

Kt cu thp 7/2009

79

CU KIN CHU NN

4.1 c im cu to
Cu kin chu nn l cu kin ch chu lc nn tc dng dc theo trc ca cu kin v
gy ra ng sut u trn mt ct ngang. ng sut u ny l iu kin l tng v lun lun c
s lch tm no ca lc tc dng i vi trng tm mt ct cu kin. M men un tc dng
thng nh v t quan trng. Loi cu kin chu nn ph bin nht l ct. Nu c m men un
theo tnh ton, do s lin tc hoc do ti trng ngang, th ni lc ny khng th b qua v cu
kin phi c xem l ct dm. Cu kin chu nn xut hin trong gin, cc khung ngang v h
ging dc, ni m lch tm l nh v un th cp c th c b qua.
Cc hnh thc mt ct cu kin chu nn ng tm :
Cc hnh thc mt ct ca cu kin chu nn ng tm kh ang dng ,khi chn
mt ct cn lm sao cho n nh ca ct i vi cc h trc qun tnh chnh khng chnh
nhau nhiu (rx ry).
Theo cu to mt ct ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi chnh:

4.1.1

Mt ct kn ( ct c)

Mt ct h ( ct rng )

Hnh thc mt ct kn

a/ Tit din dng ch H


Hnh thc n gin d ch to , d lin kt vi cc cu kin khc .
Ct bng thp cn nh hnh : thp hnh ch I, thp W theo ASTM A6M ( thp
hnh ch I cnh rng) , loi ny cu to v ch to n gin nhng Ix v Iy chnh nhau
nhiu .
Loi mt ct ch H ghp bng ba thp bn lin kt hn loi ny ch to n gin
,nhng c Ix = Iy th b 2d
Loi mt ct ch H ghp bng cc thp hnh loi ny cho kh nng chu lc ln.

tw

tf

tf

bf

a/ Tit din dng hp : hp trn , hp ch nht :

Kt cu thp 7/2009

80

300

16

450

12
16

12

300

4.2 Khi nim v n nh ca ct


4.2.1

Khi nim v mt n nh n hi

Trong thp cng trnh, cc mt ct ngang ct thng mnh v cc TTGH khc thng
t ti trc khi vt liu b ph hng. Cc TTGH khc ny c lin quan n s mt n nh qu
n hi v s mt n nh ca cu kin mnh. Chng bao gm mt n nh ngang, mt n nh
cc b v mt n nh xon ngang ca cu kin chu nn. Mi TTGH u phi c kt hp
cht ch trong cc quy tc thit k c xy dng chn cu kin chu nn.
nghin cu hin tng mt n nh, trc ht xt mt ct thng, n hi tuyt i,
hai u cht. Khi lc nn dc trc tc dng vo ct tng ln, ct vn thng v co ngn n hi
cho n khi t ti trng ti hn Pcr. Ti trng ti hn c nh ngha l ti trng nn dc trc
nh nht m ng vi n, mt chuyn v ngang nh lm cho ct b cong ngang v tm thy mt
s cn bng mi. nh ngha v ti trng ti hn ny c biu din trn cc ng cong ti
trng - chuyn v ca hnh 4.1.
Trong hnh 4.1, im m ti c s thay i ng x c gi l im r. ng ti
trng - chuyn v l thng ng cho ti im ny, sau thn ct di chuyn sang phi hoc
sang tri tu theo hng ca tc ng ngang. Khi vng ngang tr nn khc khng, ct b h
hng do on v l thuyt bin dng nh d bo rng, khng th tip tc tng lc dc trc c
na. Nu s dng l thuyt bin dng ln th ng sut ph s pht trin v quan h ti trng chuyn v s theo ng ri nt trn hnh 4.1.
Li gii theo l thuyt bin dng nh v vn mt n nh c Euler cng b nm
1759. ng chng minh rng, ti trng gy on ti hn Pcr c th c tnh bng cng thc
sau:

Pcr =

2 EI
L2

(4.1)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

81

Hnh 4.1 Biu ti trng-chuyn v i vi cc ct n hi

trong ,
E m un n hi ca vt liu,
I m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang ct quanh trc trng tm vung gc vi
mt phng on,
L chiu di ct c hai u cht.
Cng thc ny rt quen thuc trong c hc v phn chng minh n khng c trnh
by y.
Cng thc 4.1 cng c th c biu din theo ng sut on ti hn cr khi chia c hai
v cho din tch nguyn ca mt ct ngang As

Pcr 2 ( EI / As )
=
cr =
As
L2
Khi s dng nh ngha v bn knh qun tnh ca mt ct I = Ar2, biu thc trn c
vit thnh

cr =

2E
L
r

(4.2)

trong , L/r thng c xem l ch s mnh ca ct. S on(Buckling) s xy ra


quanh trc trng tm c m men qun tnh nh nht I (cng thc 4.1) hay c bn knh qun tnh
nh nht r (cng thc 4.2). i khi, trc trng tm ti hn li xin, nh trong cu kin chu nn
bng thp gc n. Trong bt k trng hp no, t s mnh ln nht u phi c xc
nh v n khng ch ng sut ti hn trn mt ct ngang.
ng sut gy on ti hn l tng c cho trong cng thc (4.2) b nh hng bi ba
thng s cng chnh: lin kt hai u, ng sut d v cong ban u. Hai thng s sau

Kt cu thp 7/2009

82

ph thuc vo phng thc ch to cu kin. Cc thng s ny v nh hng ca chng i vi


cng on s c tho lun trong cc phn tip theo.
1/Chiu di hu hiu ca ct
Bi ton mt n nh c gii quyt bi Euler l i vi mt ct l tng khng c
lin kt chu m men hai u. i vi ct c chiu di L m cc u ca n khng chuyn v
ngang, s rng buc u cu kin bi lin kt vi cc cu kin khc s lm cho v tr ca cc
im c m men bng khng dch xa khi cc u ct. Khong cch gia cc im c m men
bng khng l chiu di ct hu hiu hai u cht, trong trng hp ny K < 1. Nu lin kt
u l cht hoc ngm th cc gi tr tiu biu ca K trng hp khng c chuyn v ngang
c biu din trong ba s u tin ca hnh 4.2.
Nu mt u ct c chuyn v ngang so vi u kia th chiu di ct hu hiu c th ln
hn chiu di hnh hc, khi K > 1. ng x ny c th hin trong hai s sau ca hnh
4.2 vi mt u t do v u kia l ngm hoc cht. Tng qut, ng sut on ti hn cho ct c
chiu di hu hiu KL c th c tnh bng cng thc sau khi vit li biu thc (4.2):

cr =

2E

( KL / r )

(4.3)

vi K l h s chiu di hu hiu.
Cc rng buc u ct trong thc t nm u trong khong gia cht v ngm, ph
thuc vo cng ca cc lin kt u ct. i vi cc lin kt bng bu lng hoc hn c hai
u ca cu kin chu nn b cn tr chuyn v ngang, K c th c ly bng 0,75. Do ,
chiu di hu hiu ca cc cu kin chu nn trong cc khung ngang v ging ngang c th
c ly bng 0,75L vi L l chiu di khng c ngang ca cu kin.

Hnh 4.2
Lin kt u v chiu di hu hiu ca ct. (a) cht-cht, (b) ngm-ngm, (c) ngmcht, (d) ngm-t do, (e) cht-t do

2/ng sut d
ng sut d c cp mc 1.3.2. Ni chung, ng sut d sinh ra bi s ngui
khng u ca cu kin trong qu trnh gia cng hay ch to nh my. Nguyn tc c bn ca
ng sut d c th c tm tt nh sau: Cc th lnh u tin chu ng sut d nn, cc th
lnh sau cng chu ng sut d ko (Bjorhovde, 1992).
ln ca ng sut d thc t c th bng ng sut chy ca vt liu. ng sut nn dc
trc tc ng thm khi khai thc c th gy chy trong mt ct ngang mc ti trng thp hn

Kt cu thp 7/2009

83

so vi d kin FyAs. ng sut t hp ny c biu din trn hnh 4.3, trong cr l ng sut
d nn, rt l ng sut d ko v a l ng sut nn dc trc tc dng thm. Cc phn u ca
cu kin b chy do trong khi phn bn trong vn cn lm vic n hi.

Hnh 4.3

(a) ng sut d, (b) ng sut nn tc dng v (c) ng sut t hp (Bjorhovde, 1992)

3/ cong ban u
ng sut d pht trin trn chiu di cu kin v mi mt ct ngang c gi thit l
chu mt phn b ng sut tng t nh trong hnh 4.3. Phn b ng sut khng u trn chiu
di cu kin s ch xy ra khi qu trnh lm lnh l khng u. iu thng gp l mt cu kin
sau khi c cn trong xng thp s c ct theo chiu di v c t sang mt bn
lm ngui. Cc cu kin khc nm cnh n trn gi lm lnh s nh hng n mc ngui i
ca cu kin ny.
Nu mt cu kin nng nm mt bn v mt cu kin m nm bn kia th s ngui
s l khng u trn mt ct. Ngoi ra, cc u b ct s ngui nhanh hn phn thanh cn li v
s ngui s khng u trn chiu di cu kin. Sau khi thanh ngui i, phn b ng sut d
khng u s lm cho thanh b vnh, cong, thm ch b vn. Nu thanh c dng lm ct th
c th khng cn tho mn gi thit l thng tuyt i m phi c xem l c cong ban
u.
Mt ct c cong ban u s chu m men un khi c lc dc trc tc dng. Mt phn
sc khng ca ct c s dng chu m men un ny v sc khng lc dc s gim i. Do
vy, ct khng hon ho c kh nng chu lc nh hn so vi ct l tng.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

84

cong ban u trong thp cn I cnh rng, theo thng k, c biu din trn hnh
4.4 dng phn s so vi chiu di cu kin. Gi tr trung bnh ca lch tm ngu nhin e1
l L/1500, trong khi gi tr ln nht vo khong L/1000 (Bjorhovde, 1992).

Hnh 4.4

S bin thin ca cong ban u theo thng k (Bjorhovde, 1992).

4.2.2 Khi nim v mt n nh qu n hi


Ti trng gy mt n nh theo Euler trong cng thc (4.1) c a ra da trn gi
thit vt liu lm vic n hi. i vi cc ct di, mnh, gi thit ny l hp l v s on xy
ra mc ti trng tng i thp v ng sut c sinh ra l thp hn cng chy ca vt
liu. Tuy nhin, vi nhng ct ngn, thp, ti trng gy on li cao hn v s chy xy ra trn
mt phn mt ct ngang.
i vi cc ct ngn, khng phi tt c cc th ca mt ct ngang u bt u chy
cng mt thi im. iu ny l hp l v cc vng c ng sut d nn s chy u tin nh
c minh ho trn hnh 4.3. Do , khi ti trng nn dc trc tng ln, phn mt ct cn lm
vic n hi s gim i cho ti khi ton b mt ct ngang tr nn do. S chuyn t ng x n
hi sang ng x do xy ra t t nh c biu din bng ng cong ng sut-bin dng trn
hnh 4.5 cho mt ct ngn. Quan h ng sut-bin dng ny khc nhau do s thay i kh t
ngt khi chuyn t n hi sang do thng xy ra trong cc th nghim thanh hoc mu thp
cng trnh (hnh 1.5).

Kt cu thp 7/2009
Hnh 4.5

85

ng cong ng sut bin dng ca ct cng son ngn

ng cong ng sut bin dng ca ct cng son ngn trong hnh 4.5 lch i so vi ng
x n hi gii hn t l prop ( Proptional limit) v chuyn dn sang ng x do khi t ti

Fy. M un n hi E c trng cho ng x n hi cho ti khi tng cc ng sut nn tc dng


v ng sut d trong hnh 4.3 bng ng sut chy, tc l khi

a + rc = Fy
hay

prop = Fy rc

(4.4)

Trong s chuyn tip gia ng x n hi v ng x do, mc thay i ng sut so


vi bin dng c biu th bng m un tip tuyn ET nh trong hnh 4.5. Vng ng cong
m mt ct ngang c ng sut hn hp c n hi v do c gi l vng qu n hi.
M un tip tuyn hay m un qu n hi ca ti trng gy on ct c nh ngha khi thay
ET cho E trong cng thc 4.3 i vi ng x n hi

T =

2 ET

(4.5)

( KL / r )2

ng cong on t hp n hi v qu n hi (theo Euler v m un tip tuyn) c


biu din trn hnh 4.6. im chuyn tip th hin s thay i t ng x n hi sang ng x
do l gii hn t l prop ca ca cng thc (4.4) v t s mnh tng ng ( KL / r ) prop .

Hnh 4.6

M un tip tuyn lin hp v ng cong ct theo Euler

4.3 Tnh ton cu kin chu nn ng tm


4.3.1

Sc khng nn danh nh

Sc khng nn dc trc ca ct ngn t gi tr ln nht khi s on khng xy ra v ton


b mt ct ngang c ng sut sut chy Fy. Ti trng chy do hon ton Py l ti trng ln nht

Kt cu thp 7/2009

86

m ct c th chu c v c th c s dng chun ho nhng ng cong ct sao cho


chng khng ph thuc vo cp thp cng trnh. Ti trng chy dc trc l

Py = As Fy

(4.6)

i vi ct di, ti trng gy on ti hn Euler Pcr thu c khi nhn cng thc 4.3 vi

As
Pcr =

2 EAs

( KL / r )

(4.7)

Khi chia biu thc 4.7 cho biu thc 4.6, ta c cng thc xc nh ng cong ct n
hi Euler chun

Pcr r 2 E 1
=
=
Py KL Fy c2
2

(4.8)

vi c l gii hn mnh ca ct
KL F

y
c =

r E

(4.9)

ng cong ct Euler v thm chy chun c biu din bng ng trn cng trong
hnh 4.7. ng cong chuyn tip qu n hi cng c th hin. ng cong ct c xt n
s gim hn na ti trng on do cong ban u l ng di cng trong hnh 4.7. ng
di cng ny l ng cong cng ca ct c s dng trong tiu chun thit k.

Hnh 4.7

ng cong ct chun vi cc nh hng ca s khng hon ho

ng cong cng ca ct phn nh s t hp ng x qu n hi v n hi. S


on qu n hi xy ra i vi ct c chiu di trung bnh t c = 0 ti c = prop , vi prop l
gii hn mnh cho mt ng sut ti hn Euler prop (cng thc 4.4). S on n hi xy ra
cho ct di vi c ln hn so vi prop. Khi thay biu thc 4.4 v cc nh ngha ny vo 4.8, ta
thu c

Kt cu thp 7/2009

87

Fy rc As
1
= 2
Fy
As prop
hay
2
prop
=

1
1

rc

(4.10)

Fy

Gi tr ca prop ph thuc vo tng quan ln ca ng sut d nn rc v ng sut


chy Fy. V d, nu Fy = 345 MPa v rc = 190 MPa th cng thc 4.10 cho kt qu
2
prop
=

1
= 2, 23
190
1
345

v prop = 1,49. ng sut d cng ln th gii hn mnh m ti xy ra s chuyn


sang mt n nh n hi cng ln. Gn nh tt c cc ct c thit k trong thc t u lm
vic nh ct c chiu di trung bnh qu n hi. t khi gp cc ct c mnh n lm
vic nh cc ct di n hi, b on ti trng ti hn Euler.
Sc khng nn danh nh
trnh cn thc trong cng thc 4.9, gii hn mnh ct c nh ngha li nh

sau
2
KL Fy
= =

r E
2
c

(4.11)

im chuyn tip gia on qu n hi v on n hi hay gia ct c chiu di trung


bnh v ct di c xc nh ng vi = 2,25. i vi ct di ( 2,25), cng danh nh
ca ct Pn c cho bi

Pn =

0,88Fy As

(4.12)

l ti trng on ti hn Euler ca cng thc 4.7 nhn vi h s gim 0,88 xt n


cong ban u bng L/1500.
i vi ct di trung gian ( < 2,25), cng danh nh ca ct Pn c xc nh t
ng cong m un tip tuyn c chuyn tip m thun gia Pn = Py v ng cong on Euler.
Cng thc cho ng cong chuyn tip l
Pn = 0, 66 Fy As

(4.13)

Cc ng cong m t cc cng thc 4.12 v 4.13 c biu din trong hnh 4.8 ng
vi c ch khng phi gia nguyn hnh dng ca ng cong nh c biu din
trc y trong cc hnh 4.6 v 4.7.
Bc cui cng xc nh sc khng nn ca ct l nhn sc khng danh nh Pn vi
h s sc khng i vi nn c c ly t bng 1.1, tc l

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Pr = c Pn

Hnh 4.8

88

(4.14)

ng cong ct thit k

T s b rng/b dy gii hn
Cng chu nn ca ct di trung bnh c c s l ng cong m un tip tuyn thu
c t th nghim ct cng son. Mt ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh ca ct cng
son c cho trn hnh 4.5. V ct cng son l kh ngn nn n s khng b mt n nh un.
Tuy nhin, c th xy ra s mt n nh cc b vi hu qu l s gim kh nng chu ti nu t
s b rng/b dy ca cc chi tit ct qu ln. Do vy, mnh ca cc tm phi tho mn

b
E
k
t
Fy

(4.15)

trong , k l k s on ca tm c ly t bng 4.1, b l b rng ca tm c cho


trong bng 4.1 (mm) v t l b dy tm ((mm). Cc quy nh cho trong bng 4.1 i vi cc
tm c dc trn mt cnh v cc tm c dc trn hai cnh c minh ho trn hnh
4.9.
4.3.2

T s mnh gii hn

Nu cc ct qu mnh, chng s c cng rt nh v khng kinh t. Gii hn c


kin ngh cho cc cu kin chu lc chnh l ( KL / r ) 120 v cho cc thanh cu to l

( KL / r ) 140 .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Hnh 4.9
Cc t s b rng/b dy gii hn
Bng 4.1
Cc t s b rng/b dy gii hn
Cc tm c dc theo mt cnh
k
b
Cc bn bin v cnh cha ra ca tm
0,56

B rng na cnh ca mt ct I

B rng ton b cnh ca mt ct U

Khong cch gia mp t do v ng bu lng


hoc ng hn u tin trong tm

Chiu rng ton b ca mt cnh thp gc cha ra


i vi mt cp thp gc t p st nhau
Thn ca thp cn T
0,75

Chiu cao ton b ca thp T


Cc chi tit cha ra khc
0,45

Chiu rng ton b ca mt cnh thp gc cha ra


i vi thanh chng thp gc n hoc thanh chng thp
gc kp t khng p st

Chiu rng ton b ca phn cha ra cho cc


trng hp khc
Cc tm c dc theo hai cnh
k
b
Cc bn bin ca hnh hp v cc
1,4
Khong cch trng gia cc vch tr i bn knh gc
tm y
trong mi bn i vi cc bn bin ca mt ct hnh hp
Khong cch trng gia cc ng hn hoc bu lng i
vi cc tm y cnh
Cc vch v cc cu kin tm khc
1,49
Khong cch trng gia cc bn bin tr i bn knh cong
i vi vch ca dm thp cn
Khong cch trng gia cc gi mp cho cc trng
hp khc
Cc tm y c l
1,86
Khong cch trng gia cc gi mp

89

Kt cu thp 7/2009

rx = 0,32h
ry = 0,49b

rx = 0,38h
ry = 0,60b

rx = 0,38h
ry = 0,60b

4.3.3

Bng 4.2

90

rx = 0,32h
ry = 0,58b

rx = 0,32h
ry = 0,40b

rx = 0,43h
ry = 0,24b

Quan h gn ng gia bn knh qun tnh v kch thc mt ct ngang cu kin chu nn

Cc dng bi ton

1. Bi ton tnh duyt


B1: Kim tra t s mnh gii hn
B2: Kim tra t s rng/dy gii hn
B3: Tnh v kt lun ct c chiu di trung gian hay ct di
B4: Tnh Pn, Pr v so snh vi Pu
B5: Kt lun.
2. Bi ton thit k 1 (thp hnh c lp)
B1: Gi s Fcr (khong 2/3Fy)
B2: Tnh Agmin v rmin
B3: Tra bng, chn thp hnh c:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

91

A g A gmin

r rmin

B4: Tnh Pr v kim tra iu kin Pr Pu. Nu khng t, th ta phi th li vi Fcr


bng Fcr va tnh c cho n khi tha mn.
B5 : Kim tra t s rng/dy gii hn
B6: Kt lun.
3. Bi ton thit k 2 (mt ct t hp)
B1: Gi s Fcr (khong 2/3Fy)
B2: Tnh Agmin v rmin
B3:
- Gi s ct c chiu di trung gian hay ct di
- Tnh v kim tra li gi s trn
- Tnh r =

KL Fy
E

B4: Chn kch thc tit din sao cho rx ry theo cc cng thc gn ng v t
s rng/dy gii hn
B5: Tnh Pr v kim tra iu kin Pr Pu. Nu khng t, th ta phi th li vi Fcr
bng Fcr va tnh c cho n khi tha mn.
B6 : Kim tra t s rng/dy gii hn
B7: Kt lun.
V D 4.1

Tnh cng chu nn thit k c Pn ca mt ct W360 x 110 c chiu di bng 6100


mm v hai u lin kt cht. S dng thp cng trnh cp 250.
Cc c trng
Tra t AISC (1992): As = 14100 mm2, d = 360 mm, tw = 11,4 mm, bf = 256 mm, tf =
19,9 mm, hc/tw = 25,3, rx = 153 mm, ry = 62,9 mm.
Bi gii

T s mnh

max

KL 1, 0(6100)
=
= 97, 0 < 120, t
r
62, 9

Kt cu thp 7/2009

bf
E
b rng
256
200000
:
=
= 6, 4 < k
= 0,56
= 15,8, t
Fy
b dy
2t f 2(19, 9)
250
hc
200000
E
= 25,3 < k
= 1, 49
= 42,1, t
250
tw
Fy

Gii hn mnh ca ct
2
2
KL Fy 97, 0 250
=
=
= 1,19 < 2, 25

r E 200000

ct c chiu di trung gian

Pn = 0, 66 Fy As = (0, 66)1,19 (250)(14100) = 2,15.10 6 N

Cng chu nn thit k

c Pn = 0, 90(2,15.10 6 ) / 103 = 1935 kN

92

Kt cu thp 7/2009

93

5 CU KIN CHU UN TIT DIN CH I


5.1 C IM CHUNG V CU TO
5.1.1

Cc loi dm v phm vi s dng:

Dm l mt loi cu kin c bn,ch yu l chu un. Ni lc chnh trong dm l mmen


un M v lc ct V.
Theo cu to tit din chia dm thp thnh hai loi : Dm thp cn nh hnh( dm thp
hnh) v dm ghp hay dm t hp.
1/ Dm thp hnh

Dm thpe hnh l dm lm t mt thp hnh, thng c tit din ch I,C,Z. Dm thp


hnh ch I c tit din i xng theo c hai trc, li c Ix kh ln nn c dng cho cc
dm chu un phng nh dm sn nh, dm cu trn ng t nhp nh v va.
Dm thp hnh b iu kin cn thp hn ch nn vt liu phn phi trn tit din cha
tht hp l , bn bng kh dy, vt liu gn trc trung ho cu kin khng pht huy ht
cng .
2/ Dm ghp ( dm t hp)

Dm ghp l dm c to thnh t cc thp bn, thp hnh hoc hn hp c thp bn v


thp hnh.
Theo dng mt ct v cch lien kt ta c cc loi dm ghp sau:
Dm ghp tit din ch I lin kt bng ng hn
Dm ghp tit din ch I lin kt bng bu lng hoc inh tn
Dm ghp tit din hp lin kt bng ng hn
Dm ghp tit din hp lin kt bng bu lng hoc inh tn

Hnh 5.1a -Cc loi dm ghp


5.1.2

Cc kch thc c bn ca dm

Cc kch thc c bn ca dm l khu ( nhp dm)v chiu cao dm.


1/ khu dm :
- Khu tnh khng ( chiu di tnh khng ) l khong cch trng gia cc m tr.
- Khu tnh ton ( chiu di nhp tnh ton ) l khong cch gia cc ng tim cc
gi ca dm. (L)
- Chiu di ton b l chiu di thc t ca dm (LT) LT=L+2*(250-300)mm

Kt cu thp 7/2009

94

5.2 TNG QAN V NG X CA DM ( DM I KHNG LIN HP)


Tit din I chu un l mt b phn kt cu chu ti trng vung gc vi trc dc trong t
hp lc un v ct. Lc dc trc thng nh trong hu ht cc dm cu nn thng b qua.
Nu lc dc trc ln th tit din ngang s c xem nh mt dm ct. Nu ti trng ngang
lch tm ln i vi tm ct ca tit din ngang th cn xem xt t hp un xon. Phn di
y ch gii hn trong cc tnh cht c bn v thit k cc dm I thng tuyt i bng thp cn
hoc dm ghp ch to trong nh my c tit din i xng vi trc thng ng trong mt
phng vch v ch yu chu un.
Sc khng ca tit din I chu un ch yu ph thuc vo n nh hoc cc b hoc tng
th. Nu tit din n nh khi chu ti trng th c th c sc khng ln hn mmen chy u
tin My cho ti khi mmen un hon ton chy do Mp. Nu n nh b hn ch bi mt n
nh cc b hay ton b th kh nng chu un s nh hn Mp v nu mt n nh nghim
trng th nh hn My.
5.2.1

Cc giai on lm vic ca mt ct dm chu un thun ty. Khi nim m men


chy v m men do

Xt mt tit din I i xng trn hnh 5.1a chu mmen un thun tu ti gia nhp bi hai
lc tp trung bng nhau. Gi thit dm n nh v ng cong ng sut - bin dng ca thp l
n hi hon ton do. Do ti trng tng tit din vn phng, bin dng tng n khi th
ngoi ca tit din t (hnh 5.1b). Tr s mmen un khi th ngoi cng t cng chy
gi l mmen chy My.

M y = Fy S NC
SNC l m men chng un ca tit din khng lin hp .

Tip tc tng ti trng, bin dng tng v hin tng quay bt u v cng nhiu cc th
bin t cng chy (hnh 5.1c). Trng hp ti hn khi bin dng do ti trng ln n mc
ton b tit din coi nh t cng chy Fy (hnh 5.1d). Khi t n im ny ton tit din
thnh do v mmen un tng ng gi l mmen un do Mp.
Bt k thm ti trng no na cng ch gy bin dng m khng tng sc khng un.
Mmen gii hn ny c th thy trn ng cong l tng mmen - cong trn hnh 5.2.
cong c cc nh nh t s thay i ca bin dng hoc n gin l dc ca biu
bin dng tc l:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

95

c
c

(5.1)

Trong c l bin dng khong cch c cch trc trung ho.


Quan h mmen - cong trn hnh 5.2.c ba phn: n hi, qu n hi v do. Phn qu
n hi l s chuyn i hi ho gia tnh cht n hi v do khi ngy cng nhiu th trong
tit din ngang b chy. Chiu di ng x do p lin quan n cong n hi y l c trng
do dai ca tit din.

Hnh 5.1 S pht trin do khi chu un

(a) Dm gin n chu hai lc tp trung ; (b) Chy do u tin ti th ngoi cng
( c) Mt phn n hi v mt phn chy do ; (d) Do ton phn

Kt cu thp 7/2009

96

M men

Mp
Qu n hi

Do

My
n hi

cong
Hnh5.2 : ng x ca ng cong Mmen - cong l tng

5.2.2

S phn b li mmen

Khi tit din t ti mmen do Mp, quay ph s xut hin ti tit din v hnh thnh
mt khp do c sc chu mmen Mp khng i. Khi khp do xut hin trong mt kt cu
tnh nh nh dm dn gin nh trn hnh 5.1, dm s b gy.
Tuy nhin nu khp do hnh thnh trong mt kt cu siu tnh, hin tng gy khng xy
ra v xut hin mt kh nng chu ti trng ph. Hin tng tng ti trng ny c biu din
trn mt dm hng c gi k trn hnh 5.3a chu ti trng tp trung tng dn gia nhp. Gii
hn ca tnh n hi l khi ti trng gy mmen ngm t ti My. Ti trng gii hn Mp ny
s gy mmen ph hp vi kt qu phn tch n hi nh trnh by trn hnh 5.3b.
Nu tip tc tng ti trng, s gy khp do ti ngm. Tuy nhin kt cu khng v cha
hnh thnh c c cu chuyn ng. Dm trc y ngm mt u nay thnh dm n gin
vi tr s Mp bit ti ngm. C cu chuyn ng cha hnh thnh khi cha xut hin mt
khp do th hai im c mmen ph ln nht di lc tp trung. iu kin ny th hin trn
hnh 5.3c.
Gi thit My = 0.9 Mp t s ca ti trng ph hoi Pcp i vi ti trng chy Py l:

Pcp
( 6M p L ) = 1.25
=
Py 16 0.9M
(
p) L
3

Kt cu thp 7/2009

97

Trong v d ny sc khng ti c th tng khong 25% so vi sc khng ti tnh theo n


hi. Tuy nhin khi ny kh nng quay c th xy ra ti khp ngm do c s phn b li
mmen.

L/2

(a)
L

3PL/16
5PL/32
Py

(b)

M y =3Py L/16
5Py L/32
P cp

(c)

0,5Mp
M p=Pcp L/6
Mp

Hnh 5.3 S phn phi li m men trong dm siu tnh

a) M men n hi ; b) M men chy u tin ;c) M men lc gy c hc


Mt cch th hin khc v s phn b li mmen do khp do l so snh t s gia mmen
dng v mmen m. i vi biu mmen n hi trn hnh 5.3b t s l:
M pos

M neg

5
PL

32
=
= 0.833

3
e
PL
16

Trong khi i vi biu mmen khi gy dm:


M pos

M neg

Mp
= 1.0
=
M
p
ep

Cng nh trc mmen c phn b li.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

98

Mt s trng hp AASHTO LRFD (1998) cho php gim nhiu nht 10% gi tr mmen
m tnh c do phn tch n hi (A1.10.2). Khi gim mmen m, yu cu mmen dng
nhp bn cnh phi tng ln. Trng hp mt dm hng c gi k nh trn hnh 5.3, nu
mmen m Mneg thay i 10% th tho mn iu kin tnh hc s thay i, s mmen dng
M*pos gia nhp phi tng 0.05Mneg tc l:
M *pos = M pos + 0.05M neg
=

5
3

PL + 0.05 PL = 0.156 PL + 0.009 PL = 0.165 PL


32
16

Nu c hai u dm u lin tc, tng ca mmen dng c th gp i.


S phn b li mmen c th xut hin trong kt cu siu tnh khi m bo n nh v nu
kh nng quay tn ti khi xut hin khp do. iu ny to ra s chuyn mmen t cc v tr
ng sut cao ti v tr c d tr cng . Kt qu l nng cao kh nng chu ti v ti trng
ph hoi kt cu s cao hn.
5.2.3

Khi nim v n nh ca dm

Vn c bn ca vic xut hin sc khng mmen do Mp l tit din ngang c n nh


khng. Nu c mt n nh tng th hay cc b th khng th t dc Mp.
Mt n nh tng th xut hin nu bn bin chu nn ca tit din chu un khng c
gi theo phng ngang. Bn bin chu nn khng c gi theo phng ngang s c tnh cht
nh mt ct v c khuynh hng mt n nh ra ngoi mt phng gia hai im c gi theo
phng ngang. Tuy nhin v bn bin l mt b phn ca dm, c vng chu ko gi cho bin
i din lun lun thng, tit din ngang b xon khi bin trn chuyn dch ngang. Tnh cht
trn th hin trn hnh v c xem nh mt n nh xon ngang.
Mt n nh cc b c th xut hin nu t s rng/dy ca phn t chu nn qu ln. Gii
hn ca t s cng ging nh vi cc ct trn hnh 4.3. Nu mt n nh xut hin bin chu
nn th gi l mt n nh cc b bn bin. Nu xut hin vng chu nn ca vch ng th
gi l mt n nh cc b vch ng.
5.2.4

Phn loi tit din

Tit din ngang c phn bit l tit din chc, khng chc, hay mnh tu theo t s
rng/dy ca b phn chu nn v khong cch cc thanh ging.
Mt tit din chc l tit din c th pht trin mmen do ton phn Mp trc khi xy ra
mt n nh ngang hoc mt n nh cc b bn bin hoc vch ng.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

99

Tit din khng chc l tit din c th pht trin mmen bng hoc ln hn mmen chy
My trc khi xy ra mt n nh ca bt k b phn no.
Tit din mnh l tit dinc b phn chu nn qu mnh c th xy ra mt n nh cc
b trc khi t ti mmen chy My. S so snh gia ng cong ng s mmen ca cc dng
ny trn hnh 5.4 th hin tnh cht khc nhau ca tit din mnh, chc v khng chc.
Tit din cng c phn loi l lin hp v khng lin hp. Tit din lin hp l tit din
khi thit k dng cc lin kt chng ct gia bn b tng mt cu v dm thp . Tit din m
bn mt cu b tng khng lin kt vi dm thp th coi l tit din khng lin hp.
M men
Chc

Mp
Khng chc

My
Mnh

cong
Hnh 5.4: ng x ca ba loi dm

Khi c neo chng ct, bn mt cu v dm lm vic cng nhau chng li mmen un.
min c mmen dng, bn b tng chu nn v tng kh nng khng un. Trong min mmen
m, b tng mt cu chu ko v ch c ct thp chu nn thm vo kh nng khng un ca
dm thp. Kh nng khng un ca tit din lin hp do c nng cao, v neo gia bn b
tng v dm thp to cc im gi ngang lin tc cho bn bin chu nn, chng mt n nh
xon ngang. V cc u im trn y, AASHTO LRFD (1998) kin ngh khi no c th, nn
dng kt cu lin hp.
5.2.5

cng

Khi tnh phn t chu un c tit din khng lin hp, ch dng cng ca dm thp. Khi
tnh phn t chu un c tit din lin hp, dng din tch chuyn i ca b tng tnh
cng, da trn t s muyn n hi n (bng
) cho ti trng tc thi v 3n cho ti trng
thng xuyn.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

100

T s muyn n hi 3n l xt ti tng bin dng do t bin ca b tng di tc


dng ca ti trng thng xuyn. T bin ca b tng c khuynh hng chuyn ng sut di
hn t b tng sang thp, lm tng cng tng i ca thp. Vic nhn vi 3n l xt ti
hin tng ny. cng ca tit din lin hp ton phn c th c dng cho ton chiu di
cu, gm c min chu mmen m. cng khng i ny l hp l v tin li v cc th
nghim hin trng ca dm lin tc lin hp cho thy c tc dng lin hp ng k trong
vng chu mmen m.

5.3 CC TRNG THI GII HN


Tit din I chu un cn c thit k chu cc t hp ti trng trong trng thi gii hn
cng , s dng v mi theo bng t hp ti trng chng 1.
5.3.1

Trng thi gii hn cng

i vi tit din chc h s khng un l h s cho mmen:

Mr = f Mn

(5.2)

f l h s khng un theo bng v Mn = Mp l sc khng danh nh c trng cho tit din


chc.
i vi tit din khng chc h s khng un c xc nh theo dng ng sut:

Fr = f Fn

(5.3)

Trong Fn l sc khng danh nh c trng cho tit din khng chc.


Sc khng v h s Vr s c ly:

Vr = vVn

(5.4)

Trong v l h s khng ct theo bng sau v Vn l sc khng ct danh nh c trng cho


vch ng khng gia cng v c gia cng.

Cc h s sc khng, , i vi trng thi gii hn cng phi ly nh sau:

i vi un .............................................................................................................. f = 1,00

i vi ct.................................................................................................................v = 1,00

i vi ct khi........................................................................................................ bs= 0,80

5.3.2

Trng thi gii hn s dng

1/Kim tra vng di hn

Kt cu thp 7/2009

101

p dng t hp ti trng s dng . Dng t hp ti trng ny kim tra chy ca kt cu


thp v ngn nga vng thng xuyn bt li c th nh hng xu n iu kin khai thc.
Khi kim tra ng sut bn bin, s phn b li mmen c th c xt n nu tit din ngang
trong min chu mmen m l chc. ng sut ca bn bin chu mmen dng v m i vi
tit din lin hp khng c qu:

f f 0.95Rh Fyf

(5.5)

v i vi tit din khng lin hp


f f 0.80 Rh Fyf

(5.6)

Trong ff l ng sut n hi ca bn bin do ti trng c h s, Rh l h s gim ng sut


ca bn bin lai (i vi tit din ng nht Rh = 1) v Fyf l cng chy ca bn bin.
2/Kim tra vng do hot ti khng bt buc (A2.5.2.6.2 & A3.6.1.3.2)
vng ca dm phi tho mn iu kin sau y:
1
cp =
L
800
Trong :
L = Chiu di nhp dm (m);
= vng ln nht do hot ti TTGHSD, bao gm c lc xung kch, ly tr s ln
hn ca:
+ Kt qu tnh ton do ch mt mnh xe ti thit k, hoc
+ Kt qu tnh ton ca 25% xe ti thit k cng vi ti trng ln thit k.
vng ln nht (ti mt ct gia dm) do xe ti thit k gy ra c th ly gn ng ng
vi trng hp xp xe sao cho m men un ti mt ct gia dm l ln nht. Khi ta c th s
dng hot ti tng ng ca xe ti thit k tnh ton.
vng ln nht (ti mt ct gia dm) do ti trng ri u gy ra c tnh theo cng
thc ca l thyt n hi nh sau:

5wL4
=
384EI
Trong :
w = Ti trng ri u trn dm (N/m);
E = M un n hi ca thp lm dm (MPa);
I = M men qun tnh ca tit din dm, bao gm c bn BTCT mt cu i vi dm
lin hp (mm4).
5.3.3

Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy

Thit k theo TTGH mi bao gm gii hn ng sut do hot ti ca xe ti thit k mi ch


t n mt tr s thch hp ng vi mt s ln tc dng lp xy ra trong tui th thit k ca
cu .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

102

Thit k theo TTGH t gy bao gm vic chn thp c do dai thch hp mt nhit
quy nh.
1/Ti trng gy mi
Tui th mi c xc nh bng bin ng sut ko trong lin kt . do vy khng quan
tm n ng sut thc cng nh ng sut d.
Bin ng sut chu ko c xc nh bng cch t hot ti mi trn cc nhp khc nhau
ca cu .Nu cu l dm gin n ch c ng sut cc i ng sut cc tiu bng khng.khi tnh
ton cc ng sut ny dng l thuyt n hi tuyn tnh .
Trong mt s vng dc theo chiu di dm chnh ng sut nn do ti trng thng xuyn
khng h s ( tnh ti danh nh ) ln hn ng sut ko do hot ti mi gy ra , vi h s ti
trng mi theo quy nh . b qua hin tng mi ti cc vng ny th ng sut nn phi ln
hn hoc bng hai ln ng sut ko ,v xe ti nng nht qua cu xp x bng hai ln hot ti mi
dng tnh ng sut ko .

35KN

145KN
4300mm

Hnh 5.5

145KN
9000 mm

Xe t i thit k mi

Lc xung kch l 15% v h s ti trng l 0,75.


V sc khng mi ph thuc vo chu k ng sut , do vy cn bit chu k ca ti trng mi .
2/ Tiu chun thit k mi
Phng trnh tng qut vit di dng ti trng mi v sc khng mi cho mi mi ni nh
sau:

(F ) n (f )

(5.7)

Trong : (F)n l sc khng mi danh nh ( MPa) ;


( f) l bin ng sut do xe ti mi gy ra (MPa)
l h s ti trng ( ly theo t hp ti trng mi )

TTGH mi =1 v =1 do vy ta c :
(F ) n (f )

(5.8)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

103

Xc nh chu k ng sut
Chu k ti trng mi c ly nh s ln giao thng trung bnh ca mt ln xe ti n hng
ngy ADTTST.Tr trng hp c iu khin giao thng , s lng xe ca mt ln n c th
tnh t lng xe ti trung bnh hng ngy ADTT bng :
ADTTST = p*ADTT

(5.9)

ADTT =

s xe ti / ngy theo mt chiu tnh trung bnh trong tui th thit k;

ADTTSL

s xe ti / ngy trong mt ln xe n tnh trung bnh trong tui th thit k;

P l phn s xe ti trong mt ln xe n :
S ln xe ti

0,85

0,80

Nu ch bit lng giao thng trung bnh ngy ADT , ADTT c th xc nh bng cch
nhn vi t l xe ti trong lung :
Cp ng

t l xe ti trong lung

ng nng thn lin quc gia

0,2

ng thnh ph lin quc gia

0,15

ng nng thn

0,15

ng Thnh ph

0,10

Gii hn trn ca tng s xe khch v xe ti vo khong 20.000 xe mt ln trong ngy v c


th dng tnh ADT.
S lng chu k ng sut N l s lng xe d kin qua cu ca ln xe nng nht trong tui
tho thit k . Vi tui th 100 nm c th biu din nh sau:
N= (365)(100)n(ADTTST)

(5.10)

Trong n l s chu k ng sut trn mt xe ti ly theo bng .Tr s n>1 chng t chu k
ph xut hin do dao ng sau khi xe ra khi cu.
Bng 5.1 : S chu k ng sut trn mt xe ti n

Phn t dc

Chiu di nhp
>12.000 mm

12.000 mm

Dm gin n

1,0

2,0

Dm lin tc : 1. Gn tr ga

1,5

2,0

1,0

2,0

2. Ch khc

V d 5.1 : Tnh chu k bin ng sut N thit k mi cho mt cu dm n gin hai


ln xe nhp L=10670 mm , thuc ng nng thn mt hng . Dng ADT=20000 xe mt ln
trong ngy .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

104

ADTT =0,2*2*20000 =8000 xe/ ngy


ADTTST = p*ADTT =0,85*8000=6800 xe /ngy
N=365*100*n*ADTTST = 365*100*2*6800=496*106 chu k
4/ Cc loi cu to Cc b phn v cc cu to chi tit c th chu c hiu ng mi c
tp hp vo tm loi , tu theo sc khng mi ca chng .Mi loi k hiu bng ch in hoa : A
l loi tt nht , v E l loi xu nht .Loi cu to A v B dng cho cc b phn phng v lin
kt hn cht lng tt trong cc phn t lp rp khng mi ni .Loi chi tit D v E dng cho
cc loi lin kt hn gc v hn rnh khng c bn knh chuyn thch hp hoc chiu dy tm
bn khng ph hp .Loi C c th p dng cho cc mi hn ca cc lin kt c bn knh chuyn
ln hn 150 mm v thch hp vi mi hn tt .Yeu cu cho mi loi cu to khc nhau tng kt
trong bng 6.6.1.2.3-1 quy trnh 22TCN272-05 bng di dy trch dn 1 phn .
Bng 5.2 - Cc loi chi tit i vi ti trng gy ra mi (6.6.1.2.3-1)
iu kin
chung

Cc cu
kin thng

Kt cu t
hp

Trng thi

Kim loi c bn:


Vi cc b mt cn v lm sch. Cc mp ct
bng la vi ANSI/AASHTO/AWS D1.5 (Bn
cnh 3.2.2), nhn 0,025mm hoc thp hn
Thp c x l chng n mn khng sn, tt c
cc cp c thit k v cu to theo ng vi
FHWA (1990)
mt ct thc ca cc u ca thanh c tai treo
v cc bn cht.
Kim loi c bn v kim loi hn trong cc b
phn, khng c cc gn kt ph, c lin kt
bng:
Cc ng hn rnh lin tc ngu hon ton vi
cc thanh m lt ly i, hoc
Cc ng hn lin tc song song vi phng
ca ng sut
Cc ng hn rnh lin tc ngu hon ton vi
cc thanh m lt li, hoc
Cc ng hn rnh lin tc ngu khng hon
ton song song vi phng ca ng sut
Kim loi c bn cc u ca cc bn ph trn
mt phn chiu di:
Vi cc lin kt u bng bulng trt ti hn
Hp hn bn cnh, vi c hoc khng c cc
mi hn u, hoc rng hn bn cnh vi cc
mi hn u
+ Chiu dy bn cnh 20mm
+ Chiu dy bn cnh > 20mm
Rng hn bn cnh khng c cc mi hn u.

Loi
chi
tit

Th d minh
ha, xem hnh
(6.6.1.2.3-1)

1,2
A

B
E

3,4,5,7
B
B
B
B
B
22
7

E
E
E

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Bng 5.3
Hng s A

Gii hn mi

1011 (MPa)3

(F)TH(MPa)

82,0

165

39,3

110

B'

20,0

82,7

14,4

69,0

C'

14,4

82,7

7,21

48,3

3,61

31,0

E'

1,28

17,9

Loi chi tit

Bulng M164 M (A325M)


chu ko dc trc
Bulng M253 M (A490M)
chu ko dc trc

5,61
10,3

214
262

105

Kt cu thp 7/2009

106

Cc th d minh ho

Bn knh 600 mm

ng hn rnh
hoc hn gc

iu kin hn

Loi C **
Gt x vch ngn
u vung vut thon
hoc rng hn cnh

Loi

Chiu dy khng bng nhau-Ct hn ti


E
ch
Chiu dy khng bng nhau-Ct hn ly i
D
Chiu dy bng nhau-Ct hn ti ch
C
Chiu dy bng nhau-Ct hn ly i
B
* i vi ti trng ngang-kim tra bn knh chuyn tip v loi
thp hn c kh nng

Loi B
Loi E/ *

R**

Loi

R >610
610 >R >150
150 > R > 50
50 > R
Loi B

Hn
gc
D
D
D
E

Loi B
Loi E*

** cng p dng cho ti


trng ngang

u ca ng hn
(ch cho mt bulng)

Loi E*
trong kim loi c bn)

Hn
rnh
B
C
D
E

Loi B

Loi Figure (trong kim loi hn)

Li E*
(trong kim loi c bn
Din tch mt
ct thc
* u ca ng hn khng c chiu di

Din tch mt
ct thc

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Th d minh ho

Chi tit

M t iu kin

Mi ni i u
bn mt cu c
hn ngang

Hn ni i u rnh
n trn tm lt c
nh. Cc ng hn
ca tm lt phi hn
lin tc

Mi ni i u
bn mt cu c
bt bu lng ngang

Trong cc mi ni i
u khng i xng, cc
tc dng ca lch tm
phi c xt trong tnh
ton ng sut

Cc mi ni i
u ca sng
c hn

Cc mi hn rnh kp.
Chiu cao ca li hn
khng c vt qu 20%
ca chiu rng ng hn.
Phi s dng cc di hn
chy v sau ly i, cc
mp bn c lm cho
phng n tn bn nn
phng ca ng sut

Mi ni i
u ca sn
c hn

Hn ni i u rnh
n vi tm lt c nh.
Cc mi hn gc ca
tm lt phi hn lin tc

Mi ni i
u ca sn
c hn
khng c tm
lt

107

Loi chi tit

Hn ni i u rnh
n khng c tm lt

Bng 6.6.1.2.3-2 - Cc loi chi tit i vi ti trng gy ra mi ca cc mt


cu trc hng
Bng 6.6.1.2.3-2

(tip theo)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

108

4 Sc khng mi
T ng cong mi in hnh S-N ,sc khng mi c chia thnh hai loi tnh cht : mt
loi cho tui th v cng v mt loi cho tui th hu hn.Nu bin ng sut ko thp hn
gii hn mi hoc ngng ng sut , chu k ti trng ph s khng lan truyn vt nt mi v
mi ni c tui th cao.Nu ng sut ko ln hn gii hn mi , vt nt mi c th lan truyn
v mi ni c tui th hu hn Khi nim chung ca sc khng mi c th hin:
(F ) n = 3

A 1
(F ) TH
N 2

(5.11)

( F)n l sc khng mi danh nh (MPa) , A l h s cu to (MPa)3 ly theo bng , N chu


k bin ng sut theo phng trnh 5.10, (F)TH l ngng ng sut mi c bin khng
i (MPa)ly theo bng .
ng cong S-N ca tt c cc cu to chi tit trnh by trong phng trnh 5.11chng c
v trn hnh 5.6 bng cch ly gi tr A v (F)TH nh trong bng 5.3 .
Trong on tui th hu hn ca ng cong S-N nh hng ca thay i bin bin
ng sut n s chu k ph hng c th c c bng cch gii phng trnh 5.11 :
N=

A
(F ) 3 n

(5.12)

T trn ta thy khi bin ng sut gim mt na , s chu k ph hoi tng ln 8 ln


.Tng t nu bin ng sut tng gp i tui th ca chi tit gim i 8 ln .
Trong on tui th v hn ca ng cong S-N cho bi phng trnh 5.11 dng h s
bng mt na nhn vi ngng ng sut mi ( F)TH, l tnh hung trong vng 100 nm c
mt xe ti nng c trng lng gp i xe ti mi dng tnh bin ng sut . ng ra nh
hng ny cn c p dng v pha ti trng ca phng trnh 5.11 thay cho pha cng
.Nu dng ngng ng sut kim tra sc khng th phng trnh 5.11 c th vit :
1
(F ) TH (F )
2
Suy ra :

(F ) TH 2 (F )

Nh vy r rng nh hng ca xe ti nng c xt n trong phn tui th vhn ca sc


khng mi .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

109

Hnh 5.6 Bin ng sut i vi s chu k

b/Yu cu v mi i vi vch ng
Nh ni v mi, bin ng sut do ti trng lp khng c qu ln, vn cn li l
kim tra un ra ngoi mt phng vch ng do ti trng lp. kim tra vch ng chu un,
ng sut n hi ln nht, hoc ng sut ct b hn ch bi ng sut mt n nh trong vch
ng chu un hoc chu ct.
Trong tnh ton s s dng: ng sut n hi ln nht, ti trng tnh khng nhn h s v
dng hai ln t hp ti trng mi. Xe ti mi c nhn i khi tnh ng sut ln nht v xe ti
nng nht qua cu gn bng hai ln xe ti mi dng tnh bin ng sut. Cng vy h s
phn b cho xe ti mi ch cht mt ln, khng c s hin din ca nhiu xe v ti trng xung
kch l 15%.
ng sut mt n nh un ca vch da trn cc cng thc mt n nh n hi ca tm c
mp bin c gi tng phn. Bn cnh hng s vt liu E v Fy, tham s chnh xc nh
kh nng mt n nh ca vch l t s mnh ca vch w.

w =

2 Dc
tw

(5.13)

Trong Dc l chiu cao ca vch chu nn trong giai on n hi v tw l chiu dy ca


vch ng. Chiu cao chu nn ca vch Dc l chiu cao tnh ca vch gia bn bin chu nn
v im ca vch c ng sut nn bng khng (A.6.10.5.1.4a). im c ng sut nn bng
khng c th tnh bng cng tc dng ca ng sut n hi do t hp ti trng nht nh (xem
hnh 5.7).

Kt cu thp 7/2009

110

V l thuyt, sn tng cng dc ca vch c th ngn cn mt n nh un ca vch. i


vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc, ng sut nn n hi ln nht bin chu nn khi un
fcf i din cho ng sut ln nht trong vch, c gii hn bi cc biu thc sau:
Vi w 5.76

Vi 5.76

E
Fyc

E
E
w 6.43
Fyc
Fyc

Vi w > 6.43

E
Fyc

th f cf Rh Fyc

(5.14)

F
th f cf Rh Fyc 3.58 0.448w yc

(5.15)

th f cf 28.9 Rh

(5.16)

w2

Trong Fyc l cng chy ca bin chu nn. Cc k hiu khc ca cc PT 5.14 5.16
cho trn hnh 5.8 vi Rh = 1.0, E = 200 GPa v Fyc = 345 Mpa.
S tch bit ng s mt n nh un ca vch trn hnh 5.8 thnh tnh do, qu n hi v
n hi l in hnh cho vng chu nn ca tit din I chu un. on do ca ng cong ch
ra rng khng c hin tng mt n nh un ca vch trc khi t ng sutchy.
Mt n nh ct ca vch cng c th xut hin. nng cao kh nng chu ct ngi ta b
tr cc sn tng cng ng c khong cch d0 chia vch thnh mt lot khoang hnh ch
nht vi t s hnh dng bng:

d0
D

(5.17)

Trong D l chiu cao tnh ca vch gia hai bn bin ca dm (xem hnh 5.9).

bc /n

bc /3n

or

Dc

tf

ts

bc

tw

Tit din khng lin hp

Tit din lin hp chuyn i

f c1

f ct

f c2
+

Dc+t f

tw

f t2

f t1
ng sut trong dm thp

f tf

ng sut trong
Tit din lin hp

ng sut
Tng cng

Hnh 5.7 nh ngha v chiu cao chu nn ca vch

fct / Fyc

Rh=1.0
1.00

3,58-0,448

F
E

yc

28,9 E
F

0.70

yc

0.50

100

ts

Kt cu thp 7/2009

139

Do
K h n g m t n n h

155

200
n hi

Q u n hi

Hnh 5.8 Tnh cht mt n nh ca vch un

250

111

Kt cu thp 7/2009

112

Hnh 5.9 nh ngha mt n nh do ct ca vch

ng sut mt n nh ct ti hn ca vch vcr ph thuc vo t s mnh ton phn ca


vch D/tw v c biu hin nh mt phn C ca cng chu ct khi chy Fyw. Cng ct
chy khng th t xc nh c, nhng n ph thuc vo tiu chun h hng do ct chp
nhn. Nu chp nhn tiu chun h hng do ct ca Mises th cng chu ct chy (Fyv) lin
quan n cng chu ko chy theo:
Fyv =

Fy

= 0.577 Fy

(5.18)

Do : vcr = CFyv = 0.58CFyw

(5.19)

Trong Fyw l cng chy ca vch. ng sut ct n hi ln nht trong vch vcf do ti
trng tnh khng h s v hai ln t hp ti trng mi trong bng 1.1 khng c vt qu vcr
ngha l:
vcf 0.58CFyw

(5.20)

Trong C xc nh theo (A.6.10.7.3.3a)


Vi

D
Ek
< 1.1
tw
Fyw

Vi 1.1

Vi

Ek D
Ek
1.38
Fyw tw
Fyw

D
Ek
> 1.38
tw
Fyw

th C = 1.0

th C =

th C =

(5.21)

1.10 Ek
D Fyw
tw
1.52

( D tw )

Trong k l h s mt n nh ct xc nh theo:

Ek
Fyw

(5.22)

(5.23)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

k = 5+

( d0

D)

113

(5.24)

Biu ca cc PT 5.21 5.23 trnh by trn hnh 5.10 vi E = 200Gpa, Fyw = 345Mpa v
d0 = D. Nh trn hnh 5.8, min n hi (khng mt n nh), qu n hi v do cng r rng
cho vch chu mt n nh ct.
C
k=10

1,10
D/t

1.00

Ek
F

yw

1,52 Ek
(D/t ) F

0.80

yw

0.50

50
D o
K hng m t n nh

84

105

150

200

n hi
Q u n hi

Hnh 5.10 Tnh cht mt n nh ct ca vch

5.4 M MEN CHY V M MEN DO


Kh nng chu mmen un ca tit din I ph thuc trc tin vo kh nng chu un ca bin
chu nn. Nu bin chu nn c gi lin tc theo chiu ngang v vch c t l vng chc,
khng xy ra mt n nh ca bin chu nn v tit din ngang c th pht trin ton b mmen
do, ngha l Mn = Mp. Tit din ngang tho mn cc im gi theo phng ngang v t s
rng/dy cho bn bin v vch ng th gi l tit din chc. Cc tit din ny th hin tnh ho
do ton phn v ng cong ng x mmen ging nh phn nh ca ng cong trn hnh
5.4 .
Nu cnh chu nn c gi theo chiu ngang khong cch rng cho php cnh chu nn
mt n nh cc b, nhng khng ton b th cnh chu nn s c tnh cht ging nh mt ct
qu n hi. Tit din ca cc ct qu n hi l tit din T c mt phn t ng sut chy v
mt phn khng chy. Cc tit din ngang ny l trung gian gia tnh do v n hi v c
gi l tit din khng chc. N c th pht trin mmen chy My nhng c ng x gii hn do
nh th hin on gia ng cong hnh 5.4 .

Kt cu thp 7/2009

114

Nu bin chu nn c gi theo phng ngang vi khong cch rng cho php mt n
nh xon ngang th bin chu nn s c tnh cht ging nh mt ct n hi m kh nng chu
lc ca n l ti trng mt n nh Euler b gim bt do hiu ng xon. Hin tng mt n nh
ca tit din ny vi t s mnh tng i cao ca bin chu nn s xut hin trc khi c
th t c mmen chy My. Tit din c gi l tit din mnh. Tnh cht ca tit din
mnh th hin y ca ng cong hnh 5.4.
Cc tit din mnh s dng vt liu khng hiu qu v hu ht ngi thit k nn trnh bng
cch b tr chng ngang. Tu theo tnh hung mt tit din c th c thit k chc
hoc khng chc.
5.4.1

M men chy ca tit din lin hp

M men chy My l m men gy nn ng sut chy u tin ti bt k bn bin no ca tit


din thp . V tit din ngang c tnh cht n hi cho n khi xut hin cng chy u
tin, nn c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng mmen. Do mmen chy My l tng s tc
dng ring r ln tit din thp, tit din lin hp ngn hn v tit din lin hp di hn.
Ba giai on ti trng tc dng ln tit din lin hp biu din cho min mmen un
dng th hin trn hnh 5.11. Mmen do ti trng thng xuyn c h s ln tit din thp
trc khi b tng t 75% cng chu nn 28 ngy l MD1 v n vn cn lm vic theo
mmen khng un ca tit din khng lin hp SNC. Mmen do phn cn li ca ti trng
thng xuyn c h s (lp o ng, b tng ro chn) l MD2 v do mmen khng un tit
din lin hp di hn chu SLT. Mmen b sung do yu cu t gii hn chy mt trong cc
bin thp l MAD. Mmen ny do hot ti c h s v do mmen khng un tit din lin hp
ngn hn chu SST. C th tm mmen MAD t phng trnh:

Fy =

M D1 M D 2 M AD
+
+
S NC
S LT
S ST

(5.25)

v mmen chy My c xc nh theo:


My = MD1 + MD2 + MAD

(5.26)

Bng 5.4 T s m uyn n hi ca thp vi b tng t trng bnh thng


fc (MPa)
16 fc< 20

n
10

20 fc< 25

25 fc< 32

32 fc< 41

41 fc

Kt cu thp 7/2009

MD1
S NC

MD2
S LT

Dm thp

Lin hp b c
3n

115

MAD
S ST
Lin hp b c
n

Fy
ng sut
Tng cng

Hnh 5.11 ng sut do un ti cng chy u tin


V d 5.2

Xc nh mmen chy do My ca mt dm lin hp c tit din ngang trn hnh 5.11


chu mmen dng c h s MD1 = 1180kNm v MD2 = 419kNm. Dng fc = 30 MPa cho bn
b tng v dm thp cng trnh cp 345.
Cc tnh cht
Cc tnh cht ca tit din khng lin hp, lin hp ngn hn v di hn c tnh trong

bng 5.5 -5.7. T s mun n = 8 trong bng 5.4 vi fc = 30MPa. Chiu rng c hiu chuyn i
bc chia cho n xt ti tnh cht ngn hn v 3n xt ti tnh cht t bin di hn.
Trng tm tit din ti mi giai on tnh t nh dm thp v trc song song qua tm
c dng xc nh mmen qun tnh ca cc thnh phn i vi trng tm tit din.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

276

t s=205

bc=2210

116

n=8

92
3n=24

25

15x300
Bn bin trn

10x1500
Vch

25x400
Bn bin di

Hnh 5.11 Mmen chy ca tit din lin hp chu mmen dng

y NC

26.784 10 6
=
= 907.9 mm
29.500

S 1 NC =

di nh dm

10607 10 9
= 11.68 10 6 mm 3
907.9

nh dm thp

Bng 5.5 Cc tnh cht ca tit din khng lin hp


Thnh phn
Cnh trn
15 x300mm
Vch ng
10x1500mm
Cnh di
25 x 400mm
Cng

y
2

Ay

lo

lx

(mm )

(mm)

(mm )

(mm)2

(mm )

(mm2)

4500

7.5

0.034x106

3.649x109

8.44 x104

3.649x109

15000

765

11.475x106 0.306x109

2.813x109

3.119x109

10 000

1527.5

15.275x106 3.839x109

5.21x105

3.839x109

29.500

A (y- y )

26784x104

10.607x109

Kt cu thp 7/2009

117

Bng 5.6 Cc tnh cht ca tit din ngn hn, n = 8


Thnh phn
Dm thp
Bn b tng
205x(2210/8)mm
Cng

lo

lx

(mm)2

(mm4)

(mm2)

26.784x106

13.672x109

10.607 x104

24.27x109

-7.22x106

7.121x109

0.198x109

7.320x109

Ay

A (y- y )

(mm2)

(mm)

(mm2)

29.500

907.9

56631

-127.5

19.563x106

86.131

31.599x109

Bng 5.7 Cc tnh cht ca tit din di hn, 3n = 24


Thnh phn
Dm thp
Bn b tng
205x(2210/24)mm

y ST

y LT

Ay
2

A (y- y )

lo

lx

(mm )

(mm)

(mm )

(mm)2

(mm )

(mm2)

29.500

907.9

26.78x106

4.815x109

10.607 x104

15.422x109

18 877

-127.5

-2.407x106

7.256x109

0.066x109

7.592x109

23.104x109

23.014x109

24.377x106

10.607 10 9
= 16.78x10 6 mm 3
=
1540 907.9

y dm thp

19.563 10 6
=
= 227.1mm
86131

di nh dm

1
S ST
=

b
ST

48377

Cng

b
NC

31.599 109
= 139.12 10 6 mm 3
227.1

nh ca thp

31.599 10 9
=
= 24.07 10 6 mm 3
1540 227.1

y ca thp

24.377 10 6
=
= 503.9 mm
48.377

di nh dm

t
S LT
=

23.014 10 9
= 45.67 10 6 mm 3
503.9

nh ca thp

b
S LT
=

23.014 10 9
= 22.21 10 6 mm 3
1540 503.9

y ca thp

Gii
ng sut y ca dm t gii hn chy trc. T phng trnh 6.49:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Fy =

118

M D1 M D 2 M AD
+
+
S NC
S LT
S ST

345 =

M AD
1180x10 6
419 10 6
+
+
16.78x10 6 22.1 10 6 24.07 10 6

MAD = 24.07 x 106 (345 - 70.3 - 18.9) = 6157 x 106 Nmm


MAD = 6157kNm
Tr li:
T phng trnh 5.26 mmen chy l:
My = MD1 + MD2 + MAD
My = 1180 + 419 + 6157 = 7756 kNm.
5.4.2

Mmen chy ca tit din khng lin hp

i vi tit din khng lin hp, mmen khng un ca tit din bng SNC v mmen chy My
n gin bng:
M y = Fy S NC

(5.27)

SNC l m men chng un ca tit din khng lin hp .


5.4.3

Trc trung ho do ca tit din lin hp

Bc u tin trong vic xc nh ng sut do mmen do ca tit din lin hp l xc nh


trc trung ho ca lc ho do. Lc ho do trong phn thp ca tit din ngang l tch s ca
din tch bn bin, vch ngn v ct thp nhn vi cng chy thch hp. Lc do trong
phn b tng chu nn ca tit din da trn c s tng ng gia khi ng sut hnh ch
nht vi ng sut phn b u 0.85fc. B qua b tng trong vng chu ko.
V tr trc trung ho do(TTHD)tnh c bng cch cn bng lc do chu nn vi lc do
chu ko. Nu khng r rng th cn gi nh v tr trc trung ho do sau chng minh hoc
bc b gi thit bng cch cng cc lc do. Nu v tr gi nh khng tho mn iu kin cn
bng th gii biu thc xc nh v tr ng ca trc trung ho do.
V d 5.3:Xc nh v tr trc trung ha do ca tit din lin hp ca v d 5.2 chu

mmen ung dng. Dng fc = 30MPa, cho b tng v Fy = 345 MPa cho thp. B qua lc do
trong ct thp dc ca bn.
Cc lc do
Cc kch thc c bn v lc do th hin trn hnh 5.12.
Bn:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

119

Ps = 0.85fcbcts = 0.85 (30) (2210) (205) = 11.55 x 106N


. Bin chu nn:
Pc = Fybctc = 345 (300) (15) = 1.55 x 106N
. Vch ng:
Pw = FyDtw = 345 (1500) (10) = 5.175 x 106N
. Bin chu ko:
Pt = Fybttt = 345 (400) (25) = 3.45 x 106N
Y

bc=2210

Ps
t c =15

25

ts =205

Pc

25x400
Bn bin di

Pw
t t =25

10x1500
Vch

1500

15x300
Bn bin trn

Pt

Hnh 5.12. Cc lc do cho tit din lin hp chu mmen dng

Gii:
Qua kim tra, trc trung ha do (TTHD) nm trong bn b tng v:
Ps > Pc + Pw + Pt
Ch c mt phn ca bn yu cu c cn bng vi lc do trong dm thp ngha l:

Y
Ps = Pc + Pw + Pt
ts
nh vy TTDH nm cch nh bn mt khong cch Y

Y = ts =

Pc + Pw + Pt
Ps

Tr li:
Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:

(1.55 +6.176 +3.45) 10 6


= 180.6 mm
Y = 205
11.53 10 6

(5.28)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

120

Trong min chu mmen m khi neo chng ct to tc dng lin hp, ct thp trong bn
b tng c th c xt chu mmen. Ngc vi min chu mmen dng, v cnh tay n
ngn, s tham gia ca ct thp trong min chu mmen m c th c s khc bit.
V d 5.4:

Xc nh v tr ca trc trung ha do cho tit din lin hp trn hnh 5.13 khi chu
mmen m. Dng fc = 30MPa v Fy = 345 MPa. C xt n lc do trong ct thp dc bn mt
cu, gm hai lp, lp trn 9 thanh No10, lp di 7 thanh No15. Dng fy = 400MPa.
Cc lc do:

Coi kch thc c bn v lc do th hin trn hnh 5.13. Bn b tng trong vng chu
ko, coi nh khng lm vic tc l Ps = 0

Ct thp trn:

Prt = Artfy = 9 (100) (400) = 0.36 x 106N

Ct thp di:

Prb = Arbfy = 7 (200) (400) = 0.56 x 106N

Bin bn chu ko:

Pt = Fybttt = 345 (400) (30) = 4.14 x 106N

Vch ng:

Pw = FyDtw = 345 (1500) (10) = 5.175 x 106N

Bn bin chu nn:

Pc = Fybctc = 345 (400)(300) = 4.14 x 106N


bc=2210
7#15

D=1500

30x400

30x400

Hnh 5.13. Lc do cho tit din lin hp chu mmen m

Prt
Prb
Pt
Pw

t c =30

10x1500
Vch

25

t t =30

49

77

9#10

Pc

Kt cu thp 7/2009

121

Li gii:
Bng cch kim tra, trc trung ha nm trong vch ng v:
Pc + Pw > Pt + Prb + Prt
Lc do trong vch ng phi chia ra lc do chu ko v chu nn c cn bng:
Pc + Pw (1-

Y
Y
) = Pw ( ) +Pt + Prb + Prt
D
D

trong Y l khong cch tnh t vch ng n TTHD, gii theo Y ta c:

Y=

D Pc + Pwc Pt Prb Prt


2
Pw

(5.29)

Tr li:
Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:

1500 (4.14 + 5.175 4.14 0.56 0.36) 10 6


Y=
= 616.7mm
2
5.175 10 6
5.4.4

Trc trung ho do ca tit din khng lin hp

i vi tit din khng lin hp s khng c s tham gia lm vic ca bn mt cu v trc


trung ho do c xc nh theo phng trnh :
Y=

D Pc + Pwc Pt
2
Pw

(5.30)

Nu tit din dm thp l i xng, vi bin trn v bin di bng nhau th Pc = Pt v Y = D 2


5.4.5

Mmen do ca tit din lin hp

Mmen do Mp l tng ca cc lc do i vi trc trung ho do. Tt nht th hin trn v d.


Trong tnh ton gi thit khng xy ra mt n nh tng th v cc b do c th xut hin
cc lc do.
V d 5.5

Xc nh mmen do dng cho tit din lin hp ca v d 5.3 trn hnh 5.12. Cc lc
do tnh trong v d 5.3 v Y c xc nh l 180.6mm tnh t nh bn.
Cnh tay n mmen
Cnh tay n i vi TTHD cho mi lc do c th thy trn hnh 5.12

Bn:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

ds =

122

Y 180.6
=
= 90.3mm
2
2

Bin chu nn:

dc = (ts - Y ) + 25 +

tc
= (205 180.6) + 25 + 15 / 2 = 56.9mm
2

Vch ng:

d w = (t s Y) + 25 + t c +

D
2

= (205 - 180.6) + 25 + 15 + 1500/2 = 814.4mm

Bn bin chu ko:

d t = (t s Y ) + 25 + t c + D +

t1
2

= (205 - 180.6) + 25 + 15 + 1500 + 25/2 = 1576.9mm


Bi gii:
Tng s mmen do cc lc do i vi TTHD l mmen do:
Mp =

Y
Ps d s + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pt d t
ts

Tr li: Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:


Mp =

180.6
(11.55 10 6 )(90.3) + 1.55 10 6 (56.9) + 5.175 10 6 (814.4) + 3.45 x10 6 x(1576.9)
205

M p = 10.66 x10 9 Nmm = 10660 kNm.


V d 5.6:

Xc nh mmen do m ca tit din lin hp ca trn hnh 5.13. Cc lc do tnh


trong v d 5.3 v Y xc nh l 616.7mm tnh t nh ca vch ng.
Cnh tay n mmen
Cnh tay n mmen i vi TTHD cho mi lc do c th thy trn hnh 5.13

Ct thp trn

d rt = Y + t1 + 25 + t s 77

= 616.7 + 30 + 25 + 205 + 77 = 799.7mm

Ct thp di:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

123

d rb = Y + t t + 25 + 49 = 616.7 +30 + 25 +49 = 720.7 mm

Bn bin chu ko:

dt = Y +

tt
= 617.5 + 30 / 2 = 631.7 mm
2

Vch ng chu ko:

d wt = 1 / 2(Y) = 1 / 2(616.7) = 308.4 mm

Vch ng chu nn:

d wc = 1 / 2(D Y) = 1 / 2(1500 616.7) = 441.7m

Bin chu nn:

d c = ( D Y ) + t c / 2 = (1500 616.7) + 30 / 2 = 898.3mm

Bi gii:
Mmen do l tng mmen do cc lc do i vi TTHD:
M p = Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pt d t +

Y
(D Y )
Pw d w +
Pw d wc + Pc d c
D
D

(5.31)

Tr li:
Thay s vo cc biu thc trn ta c:

M p = 0.36 10 6 (799.7) +0.56 x10 6 (720.7) + 4.14 x10 6 (631.7) +


(5.175 10 6 )(308.4) +

616.7
1500

(1500 617.7)
(5.175x10 6 )441.7 + 4.14 x10 6 (898.3)
1500

M p = 9.028 10 9 Nmm = 9028kNm


5.4.6

Mmen do ca tit din khng lin hp

Nu khng c neo chng ct gia bn b tng v dm thp, bn b tng v ct thp khng tham
gia lm vic vi tit din. Xt tit din ngang trn hnh 5.13 khng lin hp. Ta c Prt = Prb =
0 v Y = D 2 v:
D t
D t
D
M p = Pt + t + Pw + Pc + c
4
2 2
2 2

(5.32)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

5.4.7

124

Chiu cao ca vch chu nn

Khi xt mnh ca vch ng v n nh, chiu cao cu vch chu nn ng vai tr quan
trng. Trong tit din khng lin hp, vi dm thp i xng kp, mt na chiu cao D s chu
nn. i vi tit din khng i xng khng lin hp v lin hp, chiu cao chu nn ca vch
khng phi l D/2 v s thay i theo chiu un ca dm lin tc.
Khi ng sut do ti trng khng h s cn giai on n hi, chiu cao chu nn ca dm l
Dc s l chiu cao m ti tng i s ca ng sut do ti trng tnh D1 ca tit din thp
cng tnh ti D2 v hot ti LL + IM ca tit din lin hp ngn hn l nn.

5.5 NH HNG MNH CA VCH NG I VI SC


KHNG UN CA DM
Ngoi nhim v chng ct , vch ng cn c chc nng to bn bin xa nhau chu un
c hiu qu. Khi mt tit din I chu un, c hai kh nng h hng, hoc trng thi gii hn c
th xut hin trong vch ng, vch ng c th mt n nh nh mt ct thng ng chu ng
sut nn c bn bin hoc c th mt n nh nh mt tm do ng sut dc trong mt phng
un. C hai dng mt n nh u yu cu hn ch mnh ca vch.
5.5.1

Mt n nh thng ng ca vch

Khi mt tit din I chu un, cong pht sinh ng sut nn gia bn bin v vch ng ca
tit din. ng sut nn ny l do thnh phn thng ng ca lc trong bn bin nh trnh by s
lc cho mt tit din I i xng kp trn hnh 5.14. pht trin mmen chy ca tit din
ngang yu cu bin chu nn phi t cng chy Fyc trc khi vch ng mt n nh. Nu
vch ng rt mnh, s mt n nh nh mt ct, bin chu nn mt chng v cng mt n
nh theo chiu ng v pha vch trc khi t mmen chy.

Hnh 5.14 : Vch ng b nn thng do dm b cong

Kt cu thp 7/2009

125

Fc r

dx

tw
Hnh 5.15: Mt n nh thng ng ca vch ng

Mt n nh ng cu bn bin v pha vch c th c chng minh khi xem xt mt on


chiu di vch dx dc theo trc dm trn hnh 5.14. N chu ng sut dc trc nn fwc do thnh
phn thng ng ca lc trong bin chu nn Pc. T hnh 5.14. Thnh phn lc thng ng l
Pcd m i vi tit din I i xng kp l:
d =

2fc
dx
D

(5.33)

Trong fc l bin dng ca bin chu nn v D l chiu cao ca vch. ng sut nn dc trc
ca vch khi bng:
f wc =

Pc d 2A fc f c fc
=
t w dx
Dt w

(5.34)

Trong Afc l din tch bin chu nn v fc l ng sut trong bin chu nn. Phng trnh 5.34
c th vit cho din tch tit din ngang ca vch Aw = Dtw nh sau:
f wc =

2A fc f c fc
Aw

(5.35)

Nh vy ng sut nn ng trong vch t l vi t s din tch bn bin, vi din tch vch trong
tit din, ng sut nn v bin dng nn trong bin. Bin dng fc khng n gin l fc/E m
phi bao gm c nh hng ca ng sut d fr trong bn bin , ngha l:

fc =

( fc + fr )
E

Kt cu thp 7/2009

126

Nh vy phng trnh 5.35 tr thnh:


f wc =

2A fc
fc ( fc + fr )
EA w

(5.36)

V quan h gia ng sut nn trong vch v ng sut nn trong bn bin c xc nh.


Gi thit phn t trong hnh 5.15 l thuc tm di v ch c n gin dc theo bin trn v
bin di, mt n nh ti hn n hi hoc ti trng Euler l:
Pcr =

2 EI
D2

(5.37)

Trong mmen qun tnh ca phn t tm c chiu di dx l:


I=

t 3w dx
12 (1 2 )

(5.38)

Trong h s Poisson c a vo xt n hiu ng tng cng do s lm vic hai chiu


ca tm vch. ng sut ti hn mt n nh Fcr nhn c bng cch chia phng trnh 5.37
cho din tch phn t twdx:
Fcr =

2 Et 3w dx
2 E t w
=

12 (1 2 ) D 2 t w dx 12 (1 2 ) D

(5.39)

chng mt n nh vch, ng sut trong vch phi nh hn ng sut ti hn mt n nh,


ngha l:
Fwc < Fcr

(5.40)

Thay phng trnh 5.36 v 5.39 vo phng trnh 5.40 ta c:


2A fc
2 E t w
fc ( fc + fr ) <

EA w
12 (1 2 ) D

Gii theo t s mnh D/tw ta c:


2

D Aw
1
2 E 2

<
2
t w A fc 24 (1 ) f c ( f c + f r )

(5.41)

t c mmen chy My trong tit din ch I, yu cu ng sut nn trong bn bin fc t


ti cng chy fyc trc khi vch mt n nh ng. Gi thit tr s nh nht cho Aw/Afc
=0.5v tr s ln nht fr= 0.5Fyc th gii hn trn nh nht ca t s mnh ca vch c th ly t
phng trnh 5.41.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

0.5 ) 2 E 2
(
D
E
<
= 0.388
2
2
tw
Fyc
24 (1 0.3 ) Fyc (1.5 )

127

(5.42)

Trong h s Poisson i vi thp ly l 0.3. Phng trnh 5.42 khng cht ch v ngun
gc v gi thit Aw/Afc v fr nhng n c th c ch v khi nim gn ng ca mnh ca
vch trnh mt n nh thng ng ca bn bin v pha vch.
V d, nu E = 200 GPa v Fyc = 250 MPa th cng thc 5.34 yu cu D/tw nh hn 310.
5.5.2

Mt n nh un ca vch

V un gy ng sut nn trn mt phn ca vch c th xy ra mt n nh ra ngoi mt phng


vch nh trnh by trn hnh 5.16. ng sut ti hn mt n nh n hi cho bi tng qut ho
phng trnh 5.39 tc l:
Fcr =

k2 E t w

12 (1 2 ) D

(5.43)

Trong k l h s mt n nh, ph thuc vo iu kin bin ca bn cnh, t s hnh dng


ca tm (=do/D -phng trnh 5.17) v s phn b ca ng sut trong mt phng. Vi c bn
cnh c n gin v t s hnh dng ln hn 1, Timoshenko v Gere (1969) cho gi tr
ca k vi s phn b ng sut khc nhau trnh by trn hnh 5.16.
Gii phng trnh 5.43 cho t s mnh khi on ca vch:
2

D
k 2
E
=


2
t w 12 (1 ) Fcr

k=23,9

do
Hnh 5.16 : Mt n nh un ca vch

k=7,8

k=4,0

Kt cu thp 7/2009

128

i vi tit din I, t mmen chy trc khi vch ng mt n nh, ng sut mt n nh


ti hn Fcr phi ln hn Fyc, do t = 0.3, mnh yu cu ca vch t mmen chy
tr thnh:
k ( 0.904 ) E
D
E

= 0.95 k
tw
Fyc
Fyc

(5.44)

Trng hp un thun tu ca hnh 5.16, k = 23.9


D
E
E
0.95 23.9
= 4.64
tw
Fyc
Fyc

(5.45)

So snh vi kt qu thc nghim cho thy phng trnh 5.45 rt an ton v n b qua sc khng
sau mt n nh ca vch.
Tiu chun thit k cu AASHTO 1998 cho cc cng thc khc nhau r rng xc nh t
s mnh ca vch trong phn bit mt n nh n hi v qu n hi. tng qut v tri
ca phng trnh 5.44 cho tit din I khng i xng, chiu cao chu nn ca vch Dc c xc
nh trn hnh 5.7, thay D/2 cho trng hp i xng:
D 2Dc
=
tw
tw

(5.46)

V phi ca phng trnh 5.44 cho tit din I khng i xng c sa cho trng hp ng
sut trong bn bin chu nn fc nh hn gii hn chy Fyc. Sau ly gi tr gn ng ca
cng sau mt n nh v nh hng ca sn tng cng dc, tr s ca k c ly l 50
v 150 cho vch khng c sn tng cng dc. Cc biu thc ca AASHTO nh sau :
-

Khng c sn tng cng dc:


2 Dc
E
6.77
tw
fc

(6.10.2.2)

C sn tng cng dc:


2Dc
E
11.63
tw
fc

5.5.3

(5.47)

(5.48)

Yu cu ca tit din chc i vi vch

Tit din chc l tit din c th t mmen do ton phn Mp. Khng ch c cc bn bin t
do m nh trnh by trn hnh 5.1 , cn c c vch na. Bin dng ln pht sinh ti v tr tip
gip gia bn bin v vch khi chy do lan truyn vo vch. bo v cho vch khi mt n
nh trc khi bin dng quay xut hin, k c hiu c ly bng 16. V yu cu mnh l

Kt cu thp 7/2009

129

t mmen do, chiu cao chu nn ca vch Dcp da trn trc trung ho do thay th bng Dc
vo phng trnh 5.46. Thay vo phng trnh 5.44, mnh yu cu ca vch cho tit din
chc ta c:
2Dcp
tw
5.5.4

3.76

E
Fyc

(5.49)

(6.10.4.1.2)

Tm tt hiu ng mnh

Hnh 5.17 l biu tng qut ca kh nng chu un Mn, l hm s ca tham s mnh . Mt
ln na, ba loi tnh cht (n hi, qu n hi v do) c th hin r.
mnh ca vch l:
=

2Dcp
tw

hoc =

2Dc
tw

(5.50)

v tr s im chuyn tip l:

p = 3, 76

E
Fyc

(5.51)

v (i vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc)

r = 6,77

E
fc

(5.52)

Khi c sn tng cng dc

r = 11,63

E
fc

(5.53)

Sc khng un do Mp da trn Fyc v tnh cht ca tit din do. Sc khng un n hi Mr


ph thuc vo ng sut un danh nh Fn v cc tnh cht n hi ca tit din.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

130

Mn

PT chuyn ti trng 5.56

Mp
Mr

Chc

Khng chc

Mnh

Do

Qu n hi

n hi

Hnh 5.17 Sc khng un ca dm I ph thuc t s mnh

5.5.5

H s chuyn ti trng

Khi tit din I khng chc, sc khng un danh nh ph thuc vo ng sut chu un danh
nh Fn cho bi:
Fn = R b R h Fyf

(5.53)

Trong Rb l h s chuyn ti trng, Rh l h s lai v Fyc l cng chy ca bn


bin. Khi bn bin v vch c cng cng chy, Rh = 1. Dm lai c cng vch thp hn
so vi bn bin. Trong chng ny gi thit dng mt tr s thng nht cho Rh.
H s chuyn ti trng Rb to chuyn tip cho tit din qu n hi c mnh gia p
v r (Hnh 5.17). Theo nghin cu gii tch v thc nghim ca Basler v Thurlimann (1961),
s chuyn tip cho bi:
Mu
= 1 C ( 0 )
My
Trong C l dc ca ng thng gia p v r
Hng s C c th hin bi:

(5.54)

o l tr s ca khi Mu/My = 1.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

C=

A w Af
1200 + 300A w A f

131

(5.55)

Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD cng dng phng trnh c dng phng trnh 5.54 v
5.55 cho Rb tc l:

ar
Rb = 1
1200 + 300a r

2Dc
E
b


f c
tw

(5.56)

Trong
ar =

2Dc t w
A fc

(5.57)

V
b = 5.76 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn bng hoc ln hn din tch
bin chu ko.
b = 4.64 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn nh hn din tch bin chu ko.

5.6 NH HNG CA MNH CA CNH CHU NN N SC


KHNG UN CA DM
Do tng bin dng ca vch, pht sinh cng sau mt n nh, tit din I cha hng do
un, khi t ti trng mt n nh vch. Tuy nhin n s hng do un khi mt trong cc phn
t cnh ca khoang vch hng. Nu mt trong cc bn bin hoc sn tng cng ng b
hng th chuyn v ca vch s khng b kim ch, vch khng chng li c phn mmen
un dnh cho vch v tit din I s b h hng.
Trong tit din I i xng kp chu un, bin chu nn s h hng trc tin do mt n nh
cc b hay tng th. Do lin kt dc v t l ca bin chu nn rt quan trng khi xc nh
kh nng chu un ca tit din I. nh gi cng mt n nh ca bin chu nn, bin
c xem nh mt ct ring r.
Gi thit c lin kt lai gia vch v bn bin, mt na bin chu nn c th c m hnh
ho nh mt tm di chu nn u (hnh 5.18) vi mt cnh dc t do v cnh kia c n
gin. Thng thng tm l di so vi chiu rng v iu kin bin cnh chu ti trng c
b qua th h s mt n nh l k = 0.425 i vi nn u.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

5.6.1

132

Yu cu v bin chu nn ca tit din chc

t c kh nng khng un do ca tit din I, ng sut mt n nh ti hn Fcr phi ln


hn gii hn chy Fyc ca bin chu nn. Bng cch tng t, pht trin phng trnh 5 .44
mnh gii hn ca bin chu nn tr thnh:
bf
E
0.95 k
2t f
Fyc

(5.58)

i vi tm hon ton l tng, k = 0.425 v gii hn mnh s c vit nh sau:


bf
E
0.62
2t f
Fyc

(5.59)

Trong l h s xt n c s khng hon ho hnh hc v ng sut d trong bin


chu nn. AASHTO LRFD ly = 0.61 v mnh yu cu ca bin chu nn cho tit din
chc tr thnh:
bf
E
0.382
2t f
Fyc

(5.60)

(6.10.4.1.3)
Nu tit din I thp thp lin hp vi bn b tng min chu mmen dng, bin chu
nn c gi trn sut chiu di v yu cu mnh khng cn thit na.

Hnh 5.18 : M hnh mt na bin chu nn

5.6.2

Gii hn ca bin chu nn i vi tit din khng chc

Nu bin chu nn qu mnh, mt n nh cc b n hi s xut hin trc khi t


cng chy. m bo c tnh qu n hi xy ra AASHTO LRFD yu cu:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

bf
E
1.380
2t f
f c 2 Dc t w

133

(5.61)

Trong fc l ng sut trong bin chu nn do ti trng c h s. Phng trnh 5.61 ph


thuc vo t s mnh ca vch 2Dc/tw v n c th thay i gia cc tr s cho bi phng
trnh 5.48 v 5.49 cho tit din khng chc.
V mnh ca vch tng, cnh dc c chng n gin trn hnh 5.18 mt mt vi
lin kt ng v ngang. nh hng ca mnh ca vch n mt n nh ca bin chu nn
c th c vit li phng trnh nh sau:
bf
E
Cf
2t f
fc

(5.62)

Trong :
Cf =

1.38
2Dc
4
tw

(5.63)

Trong Cf l h s mnh ca bin chu nn thay i theo 2Dc/tw nh trnh by trn


hnh 5.19 . Tr s ca Cf c so snh vi hng s trong phng trnh 5.60 cho tit din chc.
Tht ra nu 2Dc/tw = 170 th chng s nh nhau, i vi cc tr s ca 2Dc/tw > 170 gii hn
trn bf/2tf gim n ti 2Dc/tw = 300 l:
bf
E

= 0.332
fc
2t f 300

(5.64)

Hnh 5.19: mnh ca bin chu nn ph thuc vo mnh ca vch

Kt cu thp 7/2009

134

Kim ton tng tc gia mnh bn bng v bin chu nn ca mt ct c chc

Thc nghim cho thy cc mt ct c chc c th khng c kh nng t c cc m


men do khi t s mnh ca bng v cnh chu nn c hai u vt 75% ca cc gii hn
cho trong cc phng trnh (5.49) v (5.60). Do , tng tac gia mnh bn bng v bin
chu nn, m bo tit din l c chc phi tho mn iu kin sau: (A6.10.4.1.6)

2D cp

E
Fyc

(5.65)

bf
E
(0,75)0,382
2t f
Fyc

(5.66)

tw

(0,75)3,76

Nu khng t th s tc ng qua li gia bn bng v bin chu nn ca mt ct c chc


phi tho mn phng trnh tng tc sau:

2D cp
tw
5.6.3

b
+ 9,35 f
2t f

E
6,25
Fyc

(5.67)

Tm tt nh hng mnh ca bin chu nn

Xem li hnh 5.17 v by gi biu quen thuc th hin ba loi tnh cht, tham s
mnh cho bin chu nn l:
=

bf
2t f

(5.68)

v tr s ti im chuyn tip l:
E
Fyc

p = 0.382

(5.69)

v
r = 1.38

fc

E
2Dc t w

(5.70)

Sc khng mmen do Mp ph thuc vo Fyc v tnh cht tit din do, trong khi sc khng
un n hi Mr ph thuc vo Fn ca phng trnh 5.53 v tnh cht ca tit din n hi.

5.7

LIN KT DC CA CNH CHU NN

Cc mc 5.4 v 5.6 ni v mnh ca vch v mnh ca bin chu nn c lin quan


n mt n nh cc b ca vng chu nn ca tit din I chu un. Mt n nh tng th ca
bin chu nn nh mt ct gia cc im lin kt dc cng cn c xem xt. Nh m t v

Kt cu thp 7/2009

135

trng thi gii hn n nh, bin chu nn khng lin kt dc s b di chuyn theo phng
ngang v vn theo mt dng bit l mt n nh xon ngang.
Nu bn bin c gi bng cc lin kt dc vi khong cch ngn Lp th vt liu ca
bn bin c th chy trc khi mt n nh v c th t c mmen do Mp. Nu khong
cch gia cc lin kt dc ln hn gii hn mt n nh qu n hi Lr, bin chu nn s mt n
nh n hi v gim kh nng chu un. Tnh cht ny c th mt ln na th hin trn quan h
chung gia mmen v mnh trn hnh 5.17 vi tham s mnh cho bi.
=

Lb
rt

(5.71)

Trong Lb l khong cch gia cc im lin kt dc v rt l bn knh qun tnh nh


nht ca bin chu nn cng mt phn ba ca vch chu nn ly i vi trc thng ng trong
mt phng vch.
V chiu di khng lin kt Lb l quan trng hng u trong thit k tit din I chu un
nn n c coi nh mt thng s c lp hn l t s mnh Lc/rt trong vic xc nh kh nng
chu mmen. Do hnh 5.17 v li thnh hnh 5.20 vi Lb thay cho . Ba min tnh cht vn
c gi nh vy: Do (khng mt n nh), mt n nh xon ngang qu n hi v mt n
nh xon ngang n hi.
i vi Lb < Lp trn hnh 5.20 bin chu nn xem nh cgi ngang v kh nng chu
mmen Mn l hng s. Tr s ca Mn ph thuc vo tit din ngang. Nu tit din ngang c
phn loi l chc, tr s ca Mn l Mp. Nu tit din ngang l khng chc hoc mnh, tr s ca
Mn s nh hn Mp. ng ngang t trn hnh 5.20 ch tr s chun ca Mn ca tit din khng
chc.
i vi Lb > Lr tit din ngang s b hng do mt n nh xon ngang. Dng h hng
ny c li gii n hi c in (Timoshenko v Gere 1969) trong sc chu mmen l cn
bc hai ca tng bnh phng ca hai thnh phn: Mt n nh xon thun tu (xon St Venant)
v mt n nh xon ngang (xon on) ngha l:
2
M 2n = M 2n.v + M n.w

(5.72)

Trong Mn.v l sc khng xon St Venant v Mn.w tham gia on. Trng hp un
thun tu gia cc im ging dc, Gaylord (1992) tm c cc biu thc sau:

2
n ,v

M n,w =

2
L2b

4
L4b

EJ y GJ

(5.73)

EJ y EC w

(5.74)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

136

Trong Iy l mmen qun tnh ca tit din thp i vi trc thng ng nm trong
mt phng vch. G l muyn chng ct n hi, J l hng s cng chng xon St Venant v
Cw l hng s on. Khi tit din I thp v chc (hnh 5.21a ), cng xon thun tu (xon St
Venant) khng ch. Khi tit din cao v mnh (hnh 5.21.b ), cng xon un quyt nh.
Vi Lb gia Lp v Lr bin chu nn s h hng bi mt n nh xon ngang qu n hi.
V qu phc tp, tnh cht qu n hi thng dng cc kt qu gn ng thc nghim. ng
thng nh gi sc chu mt n nh xon ngang qu n hi thng c dng hai gi tr Lp v
Lr.

Hnh 5.20 : Sc khng un ca tit din I vi bin chu nn khng ging

Hnh 5.21 : a) Xon St Venant v (b) Xon on trong mt n nh ngang

Kt cu thp 7/2009

5.7.1

137

S cn xng ca phn t

Tit din I chu un l cn xng khi :


0.1

I yc
Iy

0.9

(5.75)

Trong Iyc l mmen qun tnh bin chu nn ca tit din thp i xng i vi trc
thng ng nm trong mt phng vch v Iy l mmen qun tnh ca tit din thp i vi trc
thng ng trong mt phng vch. Nu t l ca phn t khng nm trong gii hn trn, cng
thc mt n nh xon ngang dng trong AASHTO LRFD khng c gi tr.
5.7.2

H s iu chnh Cb khi mmen thay i

Phng trnh 5.73 v 5.74 nhn c do mmen khng i gia hai im lin kt dc.
Trng hp chung nht l trng hp mmen thay i trong on lin kt dc. i vi tit
din I, c trng hp chiu cao thay i v mmen thay i, lc trong bin chu nn ti cc
im lin kt c dng o nh hng ca mmen thay i. Biu thc tnh h s iu chnh
Cb c cho bi:
2

P
P
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
P2
P2

(5.76)

Trong P1 l lc trong bin chu nn ti im lin kt c lc nh hn do ti trng c


h s v P2 l lc trong bin chu nn ti lin kt c lc ln hn do ti trng c h s. Thay
phng trnh 5.73 v phng trnh 5.74 vo 5.72 gii theo Mn v p dng h s iu chnh Cb
ta c:
M n = Cb

2
4
EI
GJ
EI y EC w
+
y
L2b
L4b

(5.77)

Tit din I vi cc mmen M1 v M2 ti cc im lin kt dc c th hin trn hnh


5.22 Biu mmen gia cc im lin kt dc th hin trn hnh 5.22a v cc lc tng ng
trong bin chu nn P1 v P2 trn hnh 5.22b. Nu P1 = P2, phng trnh 5.76 cho Cb = 1. V lc
trong bin chu nn P1 gim, cng mt n nh xon ngang tng. Nu P1 = 0 (hnh 5.22c)
th Cb = 1.75. Nu P1 tin ti chu ko, Cb tip tc tng cho n khi t tr s ln nht 2.3 ti P1
= 0.46P2 (hnh 5.22d).
Trong nhiu trng hp s thay i mmen gia cc im lin kt dc khng tuyn
tnh. V d khi ti trng phn b u tc dng ln tit din I nm gia cc im lin kt, s thay
i mmen l parabol. Kt qu nhn c cho s thay i mmen khng tuyn tnh bng cch
dng cc cng thc sau y cho Cb:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Cb =

12.5Pmax
2.5Pmax + 3PA + 4PB + 3PC

138

(5.78)

Trong Pmax l gi tr tuyt i ca lc nn ln nht trong bin trong on khng c


ging dc. PA l tr s tuyt i ca lc trong bin chu nn ti im mt phn t ca on
khng c ging dc. PB l tr s tuyt i ca lc trong bin chu nn ti im gia ca on
khng c gng dc v PC l tr s tuyt i ca lc dc trong bin chu nn ti im ba phn t
ca on khng c ging dc. p dng phng trnh 5.78 cho trng hp tuyn tnh trn hnh
5.22 kt qu l: Vi P1 = P2, Cb = 1; vi P1 = 0, Cb = 1.67 v vi P1 = 0.46 P2, Cb = 2.17. Do
phng trnh 5-78 cho kt qu khng qu tha an ton i vi mmen thay i tuyn tnh
khi so vi phng trnh 5.76 v c th dng thun li th hin mi trng hp thay i ca
mmen.

Hnh 5.22 : (a) M men Thay i gia hai im lin kt ; (b) Lc trong bin nn theo M1 v M2
(c) Lc trong bin nn khi M1=0 v (d) Lc trong bin nn khi M1 = -0,46M2

5.7.3

Tit din I khng lin hp n hi

i vi tit din I khng lin hp yu cu v chc cng ging nh tit din lin hp
chu mmen m, khi chiu di khng lin kt Lb vt qu yu cu tit din khng chc (qu
n hi):

Kt cu thp 7/2009

E
Fyc

L b > L p = 1.76rt

139

(5.79)

th tit din ngang c tnh n hi v c sc khng mmen danh nh (ng ngang t


nt trn hnh 5.20) nh hn hay bng My.
Nu vch ng tng i chc chn, hoc c sn tng cng dc th mt n nh do
un ca vch khng th xut hin v c sc chu xon thun tu v xon on trong phng
trnh 5.77 cn dng khi tnh Mn. C th n gin ho phng trnh 5.77 mt cht nu gi thit
tit din I l i xng kp v mmen qun tnh ca thp i vi trc nu Iy b qua s tham gia
ca vch l:
I y = I yc + I yt = 2I yc

(5.80)

Cng vy muyn chng ct G c th c vit vi h s Poisson = 0.3 ta c:


G=

E
E
=
= 0.385E
2 (1 + ) 2 (1 + 0.3)

(5.81)

V hng s on Cw cho tit din I khng k vch thnh:


2

d2
d
d
C w I yc + I yt = I yc
2
2
2

(5.82)

Trong d l chiu cao tit din thp. Thay cc phng trnh 5.80 5.82 vo phng
trnh 5.77 v a h s vo ta c kt qu:
EC b
Mn =
Lb
M n = ECb

d2
2
( 2Iyc ) ( 0.385) J + L2 ( 2I yc ) 2 ( I yc )
b
I yc
Lb

J
0.77
I yc

2 d
+ M y
Lb

(5.83)

c gi tr khi:
2Dc
E
b
tw
Fyc

(5.84)

Trong b xc nh theo phng trnh 5.56


b = 5.76 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn bng hoc ln hn din tch
bin chu ko.
b = 4.64 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn nh hn din tch bin chu
ko.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

140

v
L b < L p = 1.76r '

E
Fyc

(5.85)

Trong rt ca phng trnh 5.79 c thay bng r l bn knh qun tnh nh nht
ca bin chu nn i vi trc thng ng ph hp vi tit din gi thit khng c vch.
Ngay c d phng trnh 5.83 c lp t tit din I kp i xng (Iyc/Iy = 0.5) cng
c th dng cho tit din I n i xng tho mn phng trnh 5.75 ( tit din cn xng ). i
vi tit din I gm cc phn t ch nht hp, hng s cng xon St Venant c th xc inh gn
ng theo:
J=

Dt 3w
b r3
+ f f
3
3

(5.86)

Pht trin phng trnh 5.83, h s lai Rh c ly bng 1.0, ngha l vt liu trong
bin v vch ng c cng gii hn chy.
i vi tit din I c vch mng hn gii hn ca phng trnh 5.84 hoc khng c
sn tng cng dc, hin tng xon tit din ngang c th xy ra v cng chng xon St
Venant c th b qua. t J = 0 vo phng trnh 5.83 mmen mt n nh xon ngang n hi
khi Lb > Lr tr thnh:
M n = 2 ECb

I yc d
L2b

My

(5.87)

a li h s chuyn ti trng Rb ca phng trnh 5.56 v ly Lp l chiu di khng


lin kt ti Mn = 0.5My th phng trnh 5.87 c th vit thnh:

Mn=CbRb(0.5My)(Lr/Lb)RbMy

(5.88)

My =FySxc

(5.89)

Trong Fyc l cng chy ca bin chu nn v Sxc l mmen khng un i vi


trc nm ngang ca tit din I ti bin chu nn. a phng trnh 5.89 vo phng trnh 5.88,
nhn phng trnh 5.87 vi Rb cn bng phng trnh bin i 5.88 v gii theo Lr ta c:
22 I yc d E
Lr =

Sxc
Fyc

(5.90 )

Vi cc gi tr ca Lb gia Lp v Lr mt ng thng chuyn tip gia Mn = My v Mn =


0.5My cho bi:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

( Lb Lp ) R M
M n = Cb R b M y 1 0.5

b
y
Lr Lp

141

(5.91 )

V h s thay i mmen Cb c th ln hn 1.0 (phng trnh 5.76), gii hn trn n


hi Mn c cho trong v phi ca phng trnh 5.91 l RbMy.
5.7.4

Tit din khng lin hp khng chc

Tit din khng lin hp khng chc chu un dng hoc m u theo nguyn tc thit
k chung nh tit din lin hp khngchc chu mmen m, ch c r thay cho rt ngha l

Lb 1, 76 r

E
Fyc

(5.92 )

Nu yu cu lin kt dc c tho mn, kh nng chu un danh nh c th da trn


ng sut un danh nh ca mi bn bin Fn.
Fn = R b R h Fyc

(5.93 )

Trong ti liu ny Rh = 1. Nu yu cu lin kt dc ca phng trnh 5.92 khng tho


mn th sc khng un danh nh s da trn mt n nh xon ngang ca bin chu nn v
c xc nh bng trong bt c phng trnh no sau y 5.83 , 5.88 hoc 5.90.
5.7.5

Tit din chc khng lin hp

Tit din chc khng lin hp bt k chu mmen dng hoc m cng theo nguyn tc
thit k ging nh tit din lin hp chc chu mmen m. Tnh cht chc th hin bin chu
nn c lin kt tho mn:

M
Lb 0,124 0, 0756 1
M

ry E

Fyc

(5.94)

Trong M1 l tr s mmen nh hn do ti trng c h s ti bt k u no trong


on chiu di khng lin kt dc. Cng thc ny clp tnh kh nng xoay qu n hi
bng t nht ba ln quay n hi tng ng vi mmen do. Nu yu cu lin kt dc c tho
mn, sc khng un danh nh Mn bng mmen do Mp. Nu yu cu lin kt dc khng tho
mn, sc khng un danh nh s da trn phng trnh 5.93.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

5.7.6

142

Tit din lin hp n hi

Tit din lin hp chu mmen dng c bn b tng chng ngang thch hp bin chu
nn. Tuy nhin trong vng mmen m bin chu nn khng c chng ngang v c tnh
cht nh mt ct gia hai im lin kt dc khi:

E
Fyc

L b > L r = 4.4 r1

(5.95)

v sc khng un danh nh di dng ng sut ca bin chu nn c xc nh bng

2 E
Fn = C b R b R h
R b R h Fyc
2
(
L
/
r
)
b 1

(5.96)

l ng sut mt n nh ti hn Euler nhn vi h s thay i mmen Cb v h s


gim bn bin RbRh. t Lb = Lr PT 5.95 vo PT 5.96 ta c:

Rn = CbRbRh

Fyc
2

= Fn

(5.97)

Khi khong cch khng c lin kt dc vt qu yu cu ca tit din khng chc (qu
n hi)

L b > L p = 1.76r1

E
Fyc

(5.98)

th tit din ngang c tnh n hi v sc khng mmen danh nh (ng ngang t


trn hnh 5.20) nh hn hoc bng My
Khi tr s Lb nm gia Lp ca PT 5.98 v Lr ca PT 5.95 ng thng chuyn tip gia
Fyc v 0.5 Fyc cho bi:

Fyc
L
Fn = C b Rb Rh Fyc 1.330 0.187( b )
Rb Rh Fyc
r1
E

(5.99)

trong ti liu ny Rn = 1.0


5.7.7

Tit din lin hp khng chc

Vi tit din I chu mmen m vi tr s ca Lb ln hn tr s ca PT 5.94 nhng nh


hn tr s ca PT 5.98 th sc khng un danh nh trn ng sut un danh nh ca bin chu
n
Fn = RbRhFyc

(5.100)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

5.7.8

143

Tit din lin hp chc

Vi tit din chu mmen m c tr s ca Lb nh hn hoc bng tr s trong PT 5.94, th


sc khng un danh nh bng mmen do, ngha l:
Mn = Mp
i vi dm lin tc c tit din chu mmen dng l chc v khng chc tit din
sc khng mmen dng danh nh b gii hn bi:
Mn = 1.3RhMy

(5.101)

Tht ra gii hn ny l h s hnh dng cho tit din chc chu mmen dng bng 1.3.
iu ny tn ti trong dm lin tc v s vt gii hn chy trong vng mmen dng c th
phn b li mmen cho min chu mmen m cho nn n ln hn kh nng chu do phn tch
n hi {A6.10.2.2a}
i vi tit din lin hp chc chu mmen dng, gii hn c t ra cho chiu cao
ca tit din lin hp chu nn m bo chc chn rng bin chu ko ca tit din thp t
bin dng ha cng trc khi b tng b v.
Gi thit b tng b v khi bin dng t 0.003 v bin dng ca thp khi ha cng l
0.012 v dng quan h bin dng tam gic ca hnh 6.43 ta c:

D sh
0.003
1
=
=
d +t s + t h 0.003 +0.012 5
trong Dsh l chiu cao phn chu nn ca tit din lin hp khi c bin dng ha cng
ly nh bn b tng, d l chiu cao ca tit din thp, ts l chiu dy ca bn b tng v th
chiu dy ca vt trn bn bin trn. to min an ton cho bin dng bin chu ko, chiu
cao Dsh phi chia cho 1.5 d to yu cu cho khong cch t nh bn ti trc trung ho khi
chu mmen do l Dp l:

Dp

d + ts + th
7.5

(5.102)

Gii hn Dp ny coi nh yu cu do dai ca tit din lin hp chc chu mmen dng.

Kt cu thp 7/2009

144

th

ts

Dsh

cu =0.003

sh =0.012
Hnh 5.23. Chiu cao n trc trung ha khi bin dng ha cng

5.8 TM TT V TIT DIN CH I CHU UN


Tnh cht ca tit din I chu un phc tp v chi tit v quan nim cn n gin. Chi tit
phc tp v cn nhiu yu cu cho nhng iu kin khc nhau. C tit din lin hp v khng
lin hp chu mmen dng v m phi c xem xt vi ba dng chc, khng chc v mnh.
Quan nim n gin v tt c cc trng thi gii hn theo mt khun mu nh nhau. Chng
cn bit mnh ca vch (hnh 5.8), mnh ca bn bin chu nn (hnh 5.17), hoc ging
dc bin chu nn (hnh 5.20) d dng nhn bit ba dng h hng, khng mt n nh, mt n
nh qu n hi v mt n nh n hi. Cc cng thc din t tnh cht v xc nh im
chuyn tip ca ba on th hin cc yu cu ca thit k.
d theo di cc yu cu thit k v th hin chng trn mt v tr, lp cc bng 5.15.
n 5.17. Gi thit trong ti liu ny, vt liu vch v bn bin c cng cng chy v vy
Rh = 1.0 v n khng xut hin trong phng trnh. (Ghi ch: Do xt n tnh thc t v kinh t
hu ht cc thit k mi u khng lai). H s chuyn ti trng Rb cho trong phng trnh 5.56
v h s thay i mmen Cb cho bi phng trnh 5.76.
Bng 5.16 v 5.17 tham kho ca AASHTO tnh sc khng un danh nh khi mt vch no
y v mnh ca bin chu nn khng tho mn. Mc ny cng thc thay i cng chu
un Mn v l kt qu ca quan h tuyn tnh ca cc s liu thc nghim gia Mp v 0.7My.
Nu cc iu kin sau c tho mn:

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Bng 5.15TTGH cng - tit din I lin hp chu mmen dng Rn = 1.0
Sc khng un danh
nh

mnh ca vch

Chc
Mn = M p

Khng chc
Fn = Rb fyc

Mnh
Fn Rb fyc

Tr trng hp nhp lin tc c cc


mt ct gi trung gian khng chc th
Mn 1,3 My M p
Cc mt ct phi tho mn yu cu
v do ca cng thc 5.92.
2 Dcp
E
3, 76
tw
Fyc

Khng c sn tng cng dc:


2 Dc
E
6, 77
tw
fc
C sn tng cng dc:
2 Dc
E
11, 63
tw
fc

mnh ca bn bin
nn
H lin kt bn
bin nn

Khng yu cu TTGH cng


Khng yu cu TTGH cng nhng phi tho mn
E
Lb 1, 76 rt
Fyc
cho ti trng tc dng trc khi bn b tng ng rn

145

Kt cu thp 7/2009

Bng 5.16TTGH cng - tit din I lin hp chu ung m, Rh = 1.0


Sc

khng

un

Chc

Khng chc

Mnh

Mn = Mp

Fn = RbFyc

Fn RbFyc

danh nh
mnh vch

2 D cp
tw

E
3.76
Fyc

Khng c STC dc

2D c
E
6.77
tw
fc

Xem {A6.10.5.6}

C STC dc:

2D c
E
11.63
tw
fc
mnh bin chu
nn

bf
E
0.382
2t r
Fc

L b [0.124]
Giong bin chu
nn

br
1.38
2t r

L b 1.76 r1

fc

E
2D c
tw

E
Fyc

Xem {A6.10.5.6}

L b 4.44 r1

E
Fyc

Dng PT 5.99

L b 4.44 r1
Dng PT5.96

E
Fyc

146

Kt cu thp 7/2009
147
Bng 5.17 .TTGH CNG TIT DIN I KHNG LIN HP CHU UN DNG V M Rh = 1.0
Chc
Mn = M p

Sc khng
un danh
nh
mnh ca
vch

2 Dcp
tw

3, 76

Khng chc
Fn = Rb fyc
Khng c sn tng
cng dc:
2 Dc
E
6, 77
tw
fc

E
Fyc

C sn tng cng
dc:
2 Dc
E
11, 63
tw
fc
mnh ca
bn bin nn

bf
2t f

0,382

bf

E
Fyc

2t f

1,38
fc

Mnh
Fn Rb fyc
Nu Lb > Lr
2 Dc
E
b
tw
Fyc
(xem cng thc 5.56 i
vi b )

bf

2 Dc
tw

2t f

2,52
Fyc

2 Dcp
tw

(Xem [A6.10.5.6])
H lin kt
bn bin
nn

M
Lb 0,124 0, 0759 1
M

ry E

Fyc

E
Lb Lp = 1, 76 r
Fyc

Lr

2 2 I yc d E
Sxc Fyc

Lp < Lb Lr
S dng cng thc 5.91
Lb > Lr
S dng cng thc 5.88

Nu

2Dcp
E
6.77

tw
Fyc

bf
E

2.52

2t f
2Dcp

Fyc

tw

M ry E
L b 0.124 0.0759 l

M p Fyc
0.7M y Q p Q
th M n = 1 1

Mp Mp
M y Q p 0.7

Trong
Q p = 5.47

Mp
My

3.13 cho tit din khng i xng

Q p = 3.0 cho tit din i xng


Nu

bf
E
0.382
2t f
Fyc

(5.103)

(5.104)

Kt cu thp 7/2009

30.5
th Q =
2Dcp

(5.105)

tw
Cch khc
Q =

4.45

( bf

2t f )

2Dcp t w

E
Fyc

(5.106)

148

Kt cu thp 7/2009

149

T nhng phn tch trn, ta c th tm tt nh sau:

Chiu su khng
i v Fy 345MPa

iu 6.10.4.1.2
2D cp
E
3,76
Fyc
tw

iu 6.10.4.1.3 (*)
+
bf
E
0,382
2t f
Fyc

iu 6.10.4.1.6a ( *)
2D cp
E
(0,75)3,76
Fyc
tw

v
-

bf
E
(0.75)0,382
2t f
Fyc

iu 6.10.4.1.4 (*)
bf
E
1,38
2t f
2D c
fc
tw

iu 6.10.4.1.6b (*)
2D cp
b
E
+ 9,35 f 6,25
tw
Fyc
2t f

(Khi khng c STC dc)

Ghi ch: Tt c cc mt ct u phi tho mn cc gii hn v t l mt ct c


A6.10.2;
(*) = i vi mt ct lin hp chu un dng, cc iu ny c xem nh t ng tho mn

(+) = ng;
(-) = Khng ng.

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


V d 5.8

Xc nh sc khng un m danh nh ca tit din lin hp ca v d 5.4 th hin


trn hnh 5.13 nu chiu di khng lin kt Lb l 6000mm trn nh tr. Trc trung ha do
(TTHD) xc nh trong v d 5.4 l 616.7mm tnh t nh vch. Cng chy ca bin
chu nn Fyc l 345MPa. Mmen do m Mp cho tit din ny tm c trong v d 5.6 l
9028kN. Tr s mmen M1 c h s nh hn mi u ca on chiu di khng lin kt l 2308kNm v tr s mmen c h s ln hn M2 l - 6657kNm. Cng i s ng sut ca tit
din thp gy ra do mmen thit k c h s l 290MPa (ko) bin trn v 316 MPa (nn)
bin di.
Phn loi hnh dng

Tham kho bng 5.16


mnh ca vch cho tit din chc
2 Dc
200000
3.76
= 90
tw
345
Dcp = 1500 - 616.7 = 883.3mm
2 Dcp

tw

2(883.3)
= 177 > 90
10

khng chc

mnh ca vch cho tit din khng chc, khng c sn tng cng dc
2 Dc
200000
E
6.77
= 6.77
= 170
316
tw
fc

d = 1500 + 30 + 30 = 1560mm

Dc = d

fb
316
t r = 1560
30 = 783mm
316 + 290
fb + f t

2D c 2(782)
=
= 157 < 170
10
tw
khng cn sn tng cng dc
mnh ca bin cho tit din khng chc

bf
2t f

bf
2t f

1.38

fc
=

2 Dc
tw

= 1.38

200.000
316 157

= 9.81

400
= 6.7 < 9.81 bin chu nn khng mnh
2(30)

Lin kt dc ca bin chu nn cho tit din khng chc l:


150

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

L b < 1.76rt

E
(di tc dng ca mmen khng i)
Fyc

30(400)3 / 12
rt =
=
= 104.6mm
Ac + Dct w / 3
30(400) + 783(10) / 3
I yc

L b < 1.76rt

E
200.000
= 1.76(104.6)
= 4430mm
Fyc
345

nh hn chiu di yu cu khng lin kt ca tit din chc. Xt n s thay i


mmen, chiu di khng lin kt ln hn c th c xc nh. Nu cn bng PT 5.99 cho
RbRhFyc ta c:

L
C b 1.33 0.187 b

rt

Fyc

=1
E

(5.107)

trong Cb l h s iu chnh thay i mmen ca PT 5.76. i vi tit din khng


i gia cc im lin kt t s P1/P2 trong PT 5.76 c th vit theo M1/M2 tc l:
2

M
M
C b = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M2
M2
2

2308
23608
C b = 1.75 1.05
+ 0.3
2.3
6657
6657

Gii phng trnh 5.107 theo Lb

Lb =
=

1.33 1 / C b
E
rt
0.187
Fyc

1.33 1 / 1.42
E
E
= 3.35rt
r1
Fyc
Fyc
0.187

L b = 3.35(104.6)

200.000
= 8440mm > 600mm
345

Do tit din ngang khng mnh v phn loi l tit din khng chc.
Bi gii
Vi tit din l khng chc, sc khng c h s biu din di dng ng sut l:

f Fn = f R b R h Fyc

(5.108)

trong f l h s sc khng un ly bng 6.8. H s truyn ti trng Rb c xc


nh t phng trnh 6.80.
151

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

2D c
ar
E

b
R b = 1

+
1200
300
a
t
f

r
w
c
trong b = 5.76 v

ar =

2D c t w 2(783)(10)
=
= 1.305
A fc
30(400)

do :
200.000
1.305

Rb = 1
= 0.990
15 5.76
316
1200 + 300 x1.305
Vi r = 1.0 v Rh = 1. 0 , PT 5.108 cho

f Fn = 1.0(0.990)(1.0)(345) = 342 MPa


Tr li:
Tit din ngang ph hp v ng sut cho php 342 MPa vt qu ng sut ln nht
MPa do ti trng.

5.9 SC KHNG CT CA MT CT CH I
Khi vch ca mt mt ct ch I chu lc ct tc dng tng dn trong mt phng ca
n, l thuyt dm bin dng nh c th c s dng d on cng chu ct cho n
khi ti trng on ti hn c t ti. Nu vch c tng cng, cng chu ct b sung
sau mt n nh do hiu ng ca trng ko s c mt cho ti khi vch b chy. Sc khng
ct danh nh Vn c th c tnh bng

Vn = V + V

(5.107)

vi V l sc khng ct do hiu ng dm v V l sc khng ct do hiu ng ca


trng ko.
5.9.1

Sc khng ct tc ng ln dm

Mt khi ng sut ti trc trung ho ca vch tit din I trnh by trn hnh 5.24. V ng sut
un bng khng, khi ng sut thuc dng ct thun tu. Mt vng Mohr ng sut hnh 5.1b
ch r ng sut chnh 1 v 2 bng ng sut ct . Cc ng sut chnh ny to gc 450 so vi
phng ngang. Khi dng l thuyt dm, thng gi thit lc ct V do din tch vch ng
chu ngha l:
=

V
Dt w

(5.108)

Trong D l chiu cao vch v tw l chiu dy.

152

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


Vp = y Dt w

xy

V
xy

(a)

xy

xy
2

xy

xy

(b)
Hnh 5.24. Trng thi ng sut tc dng ln dm
(a) Khi ng sut ti trng trung ho (b) Vng trn Mohr ng sut

Nu khng mt n nh, ng sut ct c th t cng chy y v c th t lc ct hon


ton chy Vp. t cc gi tr ny vo phng trnh 6.2 v sp xp li ta c:

V p = y Dtw

(5.109)

Cng ct chy y khng th t xc nh c, nhng ph thuc vo tiu chun h hng


do ct c chp nhn. Dng tiu chun h hng do ct ca Mises, cng ct chy lin
quan n cng ko chy ca vch y bng:
y =

y
3

= 0.58 y

(5.110)

Nu mt n nh, ng sut ct ti hn mt n nh cr cho mt khoang hnh ch nht (hnh


5.25) c cho bi:
2 E t w
cr = k

12 (1 2 ) D

(5.111)

Trong :
k = 5.0 +

5.0

( d0 / D )

(5.112)

v d0 l khong cch gia cc sn tng cng ng.

153

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


Nu gi thit rng, ng sut ct c chu trong ng x kiu dm l n tn cr v c gi
nguyn sau th V c th c xc nh l mt phn bc nht ca Vp, ngha l
cr
Vp
y

(5.113)

VT =

do

do
D

Hnh 5.25 . nh ngha v t s hnh dng


5.9.2

Sc khng ct do tc ng trng cng

Khi mt khoang vch hnh ch nht chu ct c chng bn cnh, c th xut hin tc
ng ca trng cng ln ng cho. Khoang vch ca tit din I (hnh 5.25) c hai cnh l
cc bn bin v hai cnh l cc sn tng cng ng. Hai i ng bao ny rt khc nhau.
Bn bin thng tng i mm theo phng ng v khng th chng li ng sut khc do
trng cng vch ng. Mt khc cc sn tng cng ng c th c tc dng nh mt
neo cho trng ng sut ko. Kt qu l, vng vch gn st ch tip gip vi cc bn bin
khng tham gia lm vic v c th gi thit c cu chu ti kiu gin nh trn hnh 5.26.
Trong gin tng t ny bn bin l thanh bin, sn tng cng ng l thanh ng chu
nn v vch l thanh cho chu ko.
Cc cnh ca trng cng c hiu trn hnh 2.26 c gi thit i qua gc ca khoang, b
rng ca trng cng s ph thuc vo gc nghing vi ng nm ngang ca ng sut ko
t v bng:
s = Dcos-d 0 sin

(5.114)

S pht trin ca trng cng tng phn ny c quan st trn mt s th nghim trong
phng. V d kt qu ca phng th nghim trng i hc Lehigh. Vo giai on u cht
ti, lc ct trong vch do tc ng dm nhn cho n khi ng sut nn chnh 2 ca hnh
5.24b t ng sut ti hn v thanh xin chu nn ca khoang mt n nh. Ti thi im ny
khng c ng sut nn ph no, nhng ng sut ko t thanh xin chu ko tip tc tng ti
khi t ng sut chy t = Fyw ca vt liu vch. Mt ct ch I c tng cng trong thi
nghim cho thy r rng hnh nh vch b on, ng x sau mt n nh ca trng ko v
hnh nh tng t gin ca c ch ph hu.

154

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


S tham gia lc ct V t tc ng ca trng cng V l thnh phn thng ng ca lc
ko trong thanh xin (hnh 5.26) ngha l:
V = t st w sin

(5.115)

do
t s t w

Hnh 5.26 Tc ng ca trng cng

xc nh gc nghing ca trng cng, ta gi thit khi t = y th phng ca trng


cng s cho V cc i. iu kin ny c th din t:

d
d
(V ) =
( y st w sin ) = 0
d
d
Nu thay phng trnh 5.114 i vi s ta c:
d

y t w ( Dcos sin -d 0 sin 2 ) = 0


d

dn ti:
D tan 2 + 2d 0 tan D = 0
Gii theo :
tan =

2d o + 4d 2 o + 4 D 2
= 1+ 2
2D

(5.116)

Trong l h s hnh dng ca khoang vch d0/D. Dng php bin i lng gic l nhn
c:
cos= ( tan 2 + 1)

1/ 2

= 2 1 + 2

155

1 + 2

1/ 2

(5.117)

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


v
sin = ( cot + 1)
2

1/ 2

1/ 2

2
2 2 1+

(5.118)

Xt s cn bng ca hnh th t do ABDC trn hnh 5.27 ly di trc trung ho ca vch v


nm gia khoang vch v mi pha ca sn tng cng ng. Khi gi thit mt ct I i
xng hai trc, cc thnh phn ca ni lc trng ko b phn ti mt ct thng ng AC v
BD l V / 2 (thng ng) v Fw (nm ngang) c biu din trn hnh 5.27. Trn tit din
ngang AB trng ng sut ko t nghing gc v tc ng ln din tch hnh chiu twd0sin.
S cn bng phng thng ng cho ti trng dc trc trong sn tng cng Fs l:
Fs = t t w d 0 sin sin = t t w ( D ) sin 2

(5.119)

Thay sin t phng trnh 5.118 vo 5.119 ta c :

2
Fs = t t w D

2
2 2 1+

(5.120)

Cn bng theo phng ngang c s thay i lc trong thanh bin Ff nh sau:


F f = t t w (D) sin cos
Thay phng trnh 5.117 v 5.118 vo biu thc trn cho Ff v n gin ho:
F f = t t w D

(6.16) (5.121)

2 1+ 2

Cn bng mmen i vi im E kt qu cho:


1
D
V ( d 0 ) Ff = 0
2
2
D Ff
=
V = Ff

d0
Nh vy s tham gia lc ct ca tc ng trng cng V:
V = t t w D

(5.122)

2 1+ 2

Dng phng trnh 5.109 v 5.110 , V c th vit theo Vp nh sau:


V =

3 t
2 y

1
1+ 2

(5.123)

Vp

156

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

0,5V

0,5V
Ff

Fw
C

do

D/2

do sin

Fs
A

Fw

do

Ff + F f

Hnh 5.27 S hnh th t do ca tc ng trng cng


5.9.3

Sc khng ct t hp

Nu ta thay phng trnh 5.113 v 5.123 vo phng trnh 5.106 ta c mt biu thc cho
sc khng ct danh nh t hp cho vch ca tit din I

3 t
Vn = V p cr +
2 y
y

1 + 2
1

(5.124)

Trong s hng u tin trong ngoc l do tc ng dm v s hng th hai l do tc ng


ca trng cng. Hai hiu ng ny khng phi l hai hin tng xy ra ring r, c lp vi
nhau khi m hiu ng th nht xy ra ri sau hiu ng th hai tr nn chim u th. Hai
hiu ng c xem xt l xy ra ng thi v tc ng tng h to nn sc khng ct t hp
ca cng thc 5.124.
Basler (1961a) thit lp quan h n gin cho t s t/y trong phng trnh 5.124 da trn
hai gi thit. Gi thit th nht l trng thi ng sut bt k u gia ct thun tu v ko
thun tu c th ly gn ng bng mt ng thng khi dng tiu chun chy ca Mises.
Gi thit th hai l bng gii hn 450. Dng hai gi thit ny v thay vo phng trnh ng
sut biu din tiu chun chy ca Mises ta c:
t

= 1 cr
y
y

(5.125)

157

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


Basler (1961a) lm mt s th nghim s so snh sc khng ct danh nh ca phng
trnh 5.124 c dng biu thc gn ng ca phng trnh 5.125. ng chng minh rng s
khc bit nh hn 10% cho gi tr ca gia khng v v cng. Thay phng trnh 6.20 vo
phng trnh 5.124 cng chu ct t hp danh nh ca vch ng thnh:

3 1 ( cr / y )
Vn = V p cr +

2
1 + 2
y

(5.126)

Trong AASHTO, phng trnh 5.126 c vit di dng:

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = Vp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

(5.127)

Trong :
C=

cr
y

(5.128)

do
D

(5.129)

V p = 0.58Fyw Dt w

5.9.4

(5.130)

Sc khng ct ca vch khng c sn tng cng

Sc khng ct danh nh ca vch khng c sn tng cng ca tit din I c th c xc


nh t phng trnh 5.127 bng cch t d0 bng v cng ngha l ch c cng ca tc
ng dm c gi li:
Vn = CVp = 0.58CFyw Dt w

(5.131)

Thay phng trnh 5.110 v 5.111 vo phng trnh 5.128 vi = 0.3 ta c:


2

C=

cr
y

k 2 E t w
t
0.90kE w

2
12(1 ) D
D
=
=
0.58Fyw
0.58Fyw

(5.132)

T phng trnh 5.112 vi d0 bng v cng, k = 5.0 do :


Vn = CV p = 0.90 * 5.0 * E (t w / D) 2 Dt w

(5.133)

4.50 Et w3
Vn =
D

khi sc khng ct l c khng ch bi mt n nh n hi ca vch .


158

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Nu vch tng i vng chc, ng sut ct ti hn mt n nh cr c th ln hn ng sut


ct chy y v vch khng b mt n nh trc khi vt liu bt u chy. T s mnh gii
hn s chy xy ra trc khi mt n nh (Vn = Vp) cho bi:

y cr
2

0.58 Fyw

k 2 E t w
t

= 4.50 E w
2
12(1 ) D
D

D
E
2.8
tw
Fyw

(5.134)

Da trn c s th nghim t l thc ca tit din I hn, Basler (1961a) khuyn: T s mnh
gii hn ca vch gia mt n nh qu n hi v n hi c thit lp khi:
0.8 y cr
D 2.8 E
E

= 3.5
t w 0.8 Fyw
Fyw

(5.135)

Tr s AASHTO chp nhn cng tng ng nhng khc mt cht so vi cc phng trnh
5.133 5.135 cho cc tit din khng c sn tng cng. Cc gi tr do AASHTO chp nhn
c tng kt trong bng 5.18.
Biu thc cho cng chu ct mt n nh qu n hi l mt ng thng gia hai gii
hn mnh ca vch. iu ny c th chng minh bng cch vit biu thc theo D/tw tc l:
Vn = 1.48t 2w EFyw =

1.48t w D
EFyw
D tw

Thay gii hn di D t w = 2.46 E Fyw ta c:


Vn =

1.48t w D EFyw
2.46 E Fyw

= 0.6Fyw Dt w Vp

v gii hn trn D t w = 3.07 E Fyw


Vn =

1.48t w D EFyw
3.07 E Fyw

= 0.48Fyw Dt w 0.8Vp

Hnh dng chung ca sc khng ct danh nh i vi ng cong mnh ca vch ging nh


hnh 5.10 cho mi v hnh 5.17 cho un. Mt ln na ba loi tnh cht: Do, qu n hi v
n hi c th hin s tn ti ca sc khng ct ging nh cc ti trng khc.

159

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Bng 5.18 SC KHNG CT DANH NH CA VCH KHNG TNG CNG

5.9.5

Khng mt n
nh

Mt n nh qu
n hi

Mt n nh n
hi

mnh ca vch

D
E
2.46
tw
Fyw

D
E
3.07
tw
Fyw

D
E
> 3.07
tw
Fyw

Sc khng ct danh
nh

Vn = Vp

Vn = 1.48t 2w EFyw

Vn =

4.55t 3w E
D

Sc khng ct ca vch c tng cng

Nu khng c sn tng cng dc, vch ca tit din I c coi l tng cng khi khong
cch ca cc sn tng cng ng d0 khng vt qu 3D hoc nu c sn tng cng dc,
khi d0 khng vt qu 1.5 ln chiu cao khoang ph D* (hnh 5.28). Ngoi ra, vch ng coi
nh khng c tng cng v p dng cc iu khon trong bng 5.18.
Nu dng sn tng cng dc, nh hng n sc khng ct ca vch c b qua, thin v
an ton. Ni cch khc, chiu cao ton b ca vch D c dng tnh sc khng ct ca
vch khng k n sn tng cng dc.
Khi vch c tng cng, tc ng ca trng cng pht trin v c hai s hng ca phng
trnh 5.127 cng tham gia vo sc khng ct, ngha l:

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = Vp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

(5.136)

Trong C l t s ng sut ct ti hn mt n nh cr chia cho ng sut ct chy y.

160

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

do < 3D

Khoang u dm

D*

do < 1,5D

Khoang trong

do < 1,5D*

Hnh 5.28 : Khong cch ln nht ca sng tng cng ng

5.9.5.1 Yu cu bc xp

Khi gia cng v lp rp, tit din I khng c sn tng cng dc cn bo v cn thn chng
mt n nh ca vch di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn ca ring dm thp. Dng gii
hn mnh chu un ca vch cho tit din I kp i xng, khng lin hp trc khi xut
hin mt n nh (bng 5.17), i vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc ta c:
D
E
6.77
tw
fc

i vi fc = Fy = 250 Mpa v E = 200 Gpa


D
200000
6, 77
= 191
tw
250

AASHTO yu cu vch ca khoang khng c sn tng cng dc s phi c sn tng


cng ng khi
D
> 150
tw

(5.137)

Gii hn ny ni khong cch ln nht ca sn tng cng ng l 3D. Nu vch c D/tw


> 150 th khong cch ln nht ca sn tng cng ng s nh hn 3D nh xc nh theo
biu thc sau:

161

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


2

260
d0
D
D
t
w

(5.138)

Ch rng vi D/tw = 150, th d0 = 3D.


5.9.5.2 Khoang trong ca tit din chc

Khi tit din I l chc, sc khng un gii hn cho di dng mmen. Nu mmen tng i
cao, cng chu ct ca vch gim v n tham gia vo vic chng li mmen. Basler
(1961b) chng minh rng hiu ng tng tc mmen lc ct xut hin nu lc ct c h s
Vu ln hn 0.6uVn v mmen c h s Mu > 0.75uMy (h s sc khng u v f ly theo
bng.)
Nu gi thit h s hnh dng Mp/My = 1.5 tr s gii hn ca mmen c th vit:
0.75 f M y = 0.75 f (

MP
) = 0.5 f M p
1.5

Khi Mu nh hn hoc bng 0.5fMp th sc khng ct ca vch khoang trong ca tit din
chc cho bi phng trnh 5.136, khi Mu vt qu 0.5fMp, s tng tc gia mmen v lc
ct lm gim sc khng ct danh nh, ngha l:

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = RVp C +
2

1
d
D
+
(
)
0

CV
p

(5.139)

Trong h s gim R cho bi:

Mr Mu
R = 0.6 + 0.4
M r 0.75 f M y

1.0

(5.140)

Trong sc khng mmen l Mr = fMn. S thay i RVp theo mmen Mu do ti trng c


h s trnh by trn hnh 5.29. Sc khng ct danh nh ca phng trnh 5.139 s t nht
bng sc khng ct danh nh ca vch khng tng cng bng cch cho d0 bng v cng vo
phng trnh 5.138.
T s C c xc nh trc y bng cc phng trnh 5.21 5.24 v biu din nh hm
ca D/tw trn hnh 5.10. Khi cr nh hn y , khoang vch ng x n hi v C c xc nh
t cng thc 5.132 nh sau:
C=

1.57
(D / t w ) 2

Ek

F
yw

(5.141)

162

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

tc l rt gn vi phng trnh 5.23. Basler (1961a) ch ra rng phng trnh 5.141 c gi


tr cr nh hn 0.8y, nh vy, t s mnh gii hn ca vch cho ng x n hi c xc
nh khi ly C = 0,8 trong cng thc 5.141 ngha l:
D
1.57Ek
Ek
=
= 1.4
tw
0.8Fyc
Fyc
tc l rt gn vi gii hn trong phng trnh 5.23.

Hnh 5.29 : Tng tc ct v un

Nh trong cc trng hp khc, cc tnh cht c biu din nh hm s ca mnh, ng


x qa n hi c gi thit nh mt ng thng. Gi thit hm tuyn tnh ca mnh c
dng:
C=

Cl
Ek
( D t w ) Fyw

Trong hng s Ct c xc nh t iu kin l ng thng phi i qua im: C = 0.8,


D / t w = 1.40

Ek
, ngha l:
Fyw

0.8 =
Nh vy vi D / t w < 1.40

C=

Cl
Cl = 0.8 (1.4 ) = 1.12
1.40

Ek
Fyw

1.12
Ek
1
( D t w ) Fyw

(5.142)

163

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

tc l rt gn vi phng trnh 5.22. Gii hn trn ca C trong phng trnh 5.142 tng ng
vi cr = y khi ng sut mt n nh do ct bng hay ln hn cng ct chy v ng x
do ton phn xy ra m khng c mt n nh. Khi C = 1,0, t s mnh gii hn l:
D t w = 1.12

Ek
Fyw

rt gn vi gii hn cho bi phng trnh 5.22.


5.9.5.3 Khoang trong ca tit din khng chc

Khi tit din khng chc, sc khng un ti hn (bng 5.15-5.17) cho di dng ng sut, do
gii hn ca tng tc mmen - lc ct l di dng ng sut nhng biu thc cng ging
vy, ngha l:
Nu f u 0.75f Fy

0.87 (1 C )
Th Vn = Vp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

(5.143)

CV
p

(5.144)

Nu f u > 0.75f Fy

0.87 (1 C )
Th Vn = RVp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

Fr f u
Trong : R = 0.6 + 0.4

Fr 0.75f Fy

1.0

(5.145)

Trong fu l ng sut ln nht trong cnh chu nn ca khoang ang xt do ti trng c h


s gy ra v Fr l sc khng un c h s ca bin chu nn ti tnh fu. T phng trnh 5.3
v cc biu thc trong bng 5.15. 5.17. Ta c:
Fr = f Fn = f R b Fyc

(5.146)

Biu thc ca R trong phng trnh 5.145 cng ging nh trong phng trnh 5.140. v hnh
5.29 vi mmen c thay bng ng sut. V biu thc ca R da trn ng sut nn c th
dng nh hng ca bin dng ho cng, v gii hn trn ca 1.0 khng cn p dng cho
phng trnh 5.145.
5.9.5.4 Khoang cui

Khoang cui ca tit din I c cc iu kin bin khc vi cc khoang trong. Mt u khoang
c ng bao gin on v khoang bn cnh c th dng lm neo cho trng ng sut ko.

164

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Kt qu l tc ng ca trng cng khng pht trin v ch c s hng u ca phng trnh


5.127 c dng cho sc khng ct danh nh ca khoang cui.
Ngay c khi khoang cui coi l c tng cng, tht ra ch c s hng u ca phng trnh
5.127 cho kt qu sc khng ct danh nh ging nh vch khng tng cng. Biu thc sc
khng ct cho phng trnh 5.131 v tng hp bng 5.18 cho cc cp khc nhau v
mnh ca vch.
loi b kh nng khoang cui b hng trc, Basler khuyn nn dng mt khong cch
sn tng cng nh hn khoang cui trnh s pht trin ca tc ng trng cng
trong khoang ny. Nu vch khng mt n nh th trng cng vn khng pht trin.
AASHTO LRFD dng cch ny cho khoang cui v ni r i vi vch khng c sn
tng cng dc, khong cch khng vt qu 1.5D v nu vch c sn tng cng dc,
khong cch khng vt qu 1.5 ln chiu cao khoang ph ln nht (hnh 5.28).
5.9.5.5 Tng hp khoang c vch c tng cng

Cc biu thc v sc khng ct danh nh ca vch khoang trong c tng cng c tng
hp trong bng 5.19 v 5.20.
Bng 5.19: SC KHNG CT DANH NH CA VCH C TNG CNG
Chc

Khng chc

Nu M u 0.5f M p
Sc
khng
ct
danh
Nu M u > 0.5f M p
nh

Nu f u 0.75f Fy

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = Vp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

Nu f u > 0.75f Fy

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = RVp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

H s
gim

Mr Mu
R = 0.6 + 0.4
M r 0.75 f M y

1.0

165

CV
p

Fr f u
R = 0.6 + 0.4
Fr 0.75f Fy

1.0

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Bng 5.20.T S NG SUT CT MT N NH TRN CNG CT


CHY
Khng mt n nh

mnh ca vch

C=

D
tw

cr
y

Mt n nh qu
n hi
D

Ek
Fyw

1.38

Ek
1.1
Fyw

tw

C = 1.0

1.10
C=
D / tw

Mt n nh n
hi
D
tw

C=

Ek
Fyw

> 1.38

Ek
Fyw

1.52 Ek
( D / t w ) 2 Fyw

V d 5.9 :

Xc nh sc khng ct ca vch ca tit din ch I ( trong v d 5.4 hnh 5.13) c v li


di y Bit : khong cch ca STC ng l 2000mm cho khoang trong . Chiu di khng
lin kt ca bin chu nn l Lb=6000mm trong min chu m men m , tit din ngang c
phn loi l khng chc . Tng i s ca ng sut trong tit din thp do m men thit k c
h s l 290MPa( ko) bin trn v 316 MPa ( nn ) bin di , Cng chy ca vch
l 345 MPa.
bc=2210
7#15

D=1500

30x400

30x400

Bi gii :

166

Prt
Prb
Pt
Pw

t c =30

10x1500
Vch

25

t t =30

49

77

9#10

Pc

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Tham kho bng 5.19 vi tit din khng chc , tng tc m men lc ct ph thuc
vo ng sut cc i fu bin chu nn do ti trng c h s . ta thy :
f u = 316 MPa > 0.75 f Fy = 0.75 *1.0 * 345 = 259 MPa

Do :

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = RVp C +
2

1 + ( d0 D )

CV
p

Trong :

Fr f u
R = 0.6 + 0.4

Fr 0.75f Fy

1.0

T v d 5.6
Fr = f Fn = f Rb Rh Fyc = 1.0 * 0.990 *1.0 * 345 = 342MPa

Thay vo ta c : R = 0.6 + 0.4

342 316
= 0.725
342 259

T PT 5.129 v 5.130 ta c :

d o 2000
=
= 1.33
D 1500

V p = 0.58Fyw Dt w = 0.58 * 345 *1500 *10 = 3001500 N 302 KN


Tham kho bng 5.20 v tnh k t PT 5.112 :

k = 5.0 +

5.0

= 5.0 +

5.0
= 7.81
1.33 2

Do :
1.38

200000 * 7.81
Ek
= 1.38
= 93
Fyw
345

V :

D 1500
=
= 150
tw
10
Nh vy :
C=

1.52 Ek 1.52 200000 * 7.81


=
= 0.306
345
( D / t w ) 2 Fyw 150 2

CV p = 0.306 * 3002 = 918 KN

167

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


Tr li :
Sc khng ct danh nh ca vch l :

0.87(1 C )
Vn = RV p C +
CV p = 918 KN
2
1

0.87(1 0.306)
= 0.725 * 3002 * 0.306 +
= 2176(0.306 + 0.362) = 1454 KN
1 + 1.33 2

Sc khng ct tnh ton ca vch l :

Vr = vVn = 1.0 *1454 = 1454 KN

5.10

SN TNG CNG

Vch ca thp cn thng dy c th t ng sut chy un v ct m khng


mt n nh. C th dng c sn tng cng ng v dc nng cao cng vch. Ni
chung sn tng cng ng tng cng chu ct trong khi sn tng cng dc tng
cng chng mt n nh un ca vch. Yu cu chn kch thc ca cc sn tng cng
ny s gii thiu trong cc phn sau.
5.10.1

Sn tng cng ng trung gian

Sn tng cng ng trung gian khng cn tr mt n nh chu ct ca khoang


vch nhng n nh ng bao ca khoang vch, nu khng vch s mt n nh. Cc sn
tng cng ny c tc dng nh neo cho trng cng c th pht trin sc chu ct sau mt
n nh (hnh 6.3). Thit k sn tng cng trung gian bao gm xem xt mnh, cng
v cng .
5.10.1.1 mnh
Khi chn chiu rng, dy ca sn tng cng ng trung gian , mnh ca cnh
li phi c gii hn ngn mt n nh cc b. i vi cnh li chu nn, phng trnh
4.16 cho
bt
E
=k
tp
Fyc

(5.10.1)

Trong bt l b rng ca cnh li ca sn tng cng, tp l chiu dy ca cnh li,


k l h s tm ly theo bng 4.2 v Fyc l cng chy ca sn tng cng. i vi tm
c mt cnh, bng 4.2 cho k = 0.45 i vi cnh li khng thuc b phn ca thp cn.

168

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

bf

4t w
tw

tw

tp

bt >bf /4

9t w
9t w

bt

Hnh 5.30 : Sn tng cng ng trung gian


Cc yu cu mnh ca sn tng cng ng trung gian c cho bng hai biu
thc ca AASHTO LRFD 1998 nh sau:

50 +

d
E
b t 0.48t p
30
Fyc

(5.10.2)

v
16t p b t 0.25bf

(5.10.3)

Trong :
d: Chiu cao tit din thp (mm).
bf: Chiu rng bn bin (mm).
5.10.1.2 cng
Sn tng cng ng trung gian nh ng bao ng ca khoang vch. Chng cn
cng gi quan h tng i thng v cho php vch pht trin cng sau mt n
nh.
C th pht trin quan h l thuyt gia sn tng cng ng trung gian v tm vch
bng cch xem xt cng tng i gia sn tng cng ng v vch. Quan h ny c
th biu din bng mt tham s khng th nguyn (Bleich, 1952).

t =

(EI )STC

(EI )

web

Trong :
( EI ) web =

EDt w3
12(1 2 )

Do :

169

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

t =

12 (1 2 ) I t

(5.10.4)

Dt 3w

Trong l h s Poisson, D l chiu cao vch, tw l chiu dy vch v It l mmen


qun tnh ca sn tng cng ng trung gian ly i vi mt tip xc vi vch khi sn
tng cng n v vi im gia chiu dy khi l sn tng cng kp.
Vi = 0.3, phng trnh 5.10.4 c th sp xp li cho:
It =

Dt 3w
t
10.92

(5.10.5)

i vi mt vch khng c sn tng cng dc, gi tr ca t m bo rng vch


c th chu c ng sut on ti hn do ct cr l xp x
21

t = m t 15 6

(5.10.6)

trong , l t s kch thc d0/d v mt l mt h s phng i, xt n ng x sau


mt n nh v nh hng bt li ca s khng hon ho (trong ch to). Khi ly mt = 1,3 v
sau , thay cng thc 5.10.6 vo 5.10.5, ta c
1

I t = 2.5Dt 2w 0.7 0.55Dt 2w

(5.10.7)

AASHTO LRFD 1998 yu cu mmen qun tnh ca bt k sn tng cng ng


no bng hai phng trnh:
I t d 0 t 3w J

(5.10.8)

v
2

D
J = 2.5 p 2.0 0.5
d0

(5.10.9)

Trong d0 l khong cch gia cc sn tng cng ng trung gian v Dp l chiu


cao D ca vch khng c sn tng cng dc hoc chiu cao ln nht ca vch c sn tng
cng dc (hnh 5.28). Thay phng trnh 5.10.9 vi Dp = D vo phng trnh 5.10.8 v
dng nh ngha ca = d 0 / D ta c th vit:
1

I t = 2.5Dt 3w 0.8 0.5d 0 t 3w

(5.10.10)

So snh phng trnh 5.10.10 v 5.10.7, biu thc ca qui phm rt gn vi biu thc
nhn c t l thuyt.
5.10.1.3 Cng
Din tch tit din ngang ca sn tng cng ng trung gian phi ln chng
li thnh phn thng ng ca ng sut xin trong vch. Yu cu v din tch tit din ngang
ca sn tng cng ng da trn nghin cu ca Basler (1961a). Lc dc trc trong lin
kt ng cho phng trnh 5.120. Bng cch thay th quan h n gin ca t t phng

170

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


trnh 5.125 vo phng trnh 5.120 v dng C = cy / y , lc nn trong sn tng cng ng
trung gian thnh:
Fs = Dt w y (1 C )

2
1 + 2

(5.10.11)

Trong y l cng chy ca khoang vch. Phng trnh ny c th t di


dng khng th nguyn bng cch chia cho D2y kt qu cho:
F ( , ) =

Fs
1
2
=

1
C
(
)

D 2 y 2
1 + 2

(5.10.12)

Trong l h s mnh ca vch D/tw. Khi cn n hi, C c cho bi phng


trnh 5.141. Gi y = Fyw / E v ly k nh sau:
4
2
Biu thc ca C tr thnh:
k = 5.34 +

C=

(5.10.13)

1.57 Ek 1.57
4
=
5.34 + 2

2
2

( D t w ) Fyw y

(5.10.14)

Thay phng trnh 5.10.14 vo phng trnh 5.10.12 ta c:


1
3.1 1
2
F ( , ) = 4.2 + 2

y3
1 + 2
2

(5.10.15)

Lc ln nht trong sn tng cng ng c th nhn c bng cch o hm ring


phng trnh 5.10.15 theo v , t kt qu bng khng v gii hai phng trnh ng thi.
Kt qu cho gi tr ca = 1.18 v = 6.22

y . Thay = 1.18 vo phng trnh 5.10.11,

lc ln nht ca sn tng cng ng trung gian thnh:


max Fs = 0.14Dt w y (1 C )

(5.10.16)

Ni lc ny s l lc dc trc ca sn tng cng nu sc khng ct ln nht ca khoang


vch c khai thc ht, tc l, Vu = Vn . Trong trng hp Vu < Vn , ni lc ca sn tng
cng s c gim i t l thun, nh vy,
V
Fs = 0.14Dt w Fyw (1 C ) u
(5.10.17)
Vn
Trong Fyw = y cng chy ca khoang vch.
Phng trnh 5.10.17 c lp cho mt i sn tng cng ng trung gian t i
xng hai bn ca vch (hnh 5.30). Cch b tr khc l sn tng cng n t mt bn
vch. Basler (1961a) ni r rng sn tng cng lm bng thp bn hnh ch nht, sn
tng cng mt bn yu cu t nht c din tch gp 2.4 ln tng din tch sn tng cng
kp. ng cng yu cu thp gc c cnh bng nhau dng lm sn tng cng mt bn cn

171

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


c din tch bng 1.8 ln din tch sn tng cng kp. Cc thay i ny c th thy trong
phng trnh 5.10.17 bng cch vit:
Fs = 0.14BDt w Fyw (1 C )

Vu
Vn

(5.10.18)

Trong B c xc nh trn hnh 5.31.

18tw

tw

B=1.8

B=1

B=2.4

Hnh 5.31: Hng s B ca cc loi STC ng trung gian


Mt phn ca vch c th xem l c tham gia vo chu lc dc trc thng ng.
AASHTO gi thit rng chiu di c hiu ca vch l 18tw cng lm vic vi sn tng
cng. Lc do vch ngoi chu c th ly php tr ca lc trong sn tng cng phng
trnh 5.10.18 .

Fs = 0.14BDt w Fyw (1 C )

Vu
18t 2w Fyw
Vn

(5.10.19)

Din tch As ca sn tng cng ng yu cu chu tc ng trng cng ca vch


nhn c bng cch chia phng trnh 5.10.19 cho cng chy ca sn tng cng Fys
cho ta:

Fyw
V

As 0.15BDt w (1 C ) u 18t w2
F
V
r

ys

(5.10.20)

Trong Vr = Vn v hng s 0.14 lm trn thnh 0.15


V d 5.10: Chon STC ng trung gian mt bn cho tit din I dung trong v d 5.9
th hin trn hnh 5.13.Dng thp xy dng cp 250 cho STC .Thp vch cp 345
Vu=1000KN ti tit din ang xt .
Gii :
mnh :
Kch thc STC c chon m bo mnh yu cu v sau kim tra cng
v cng t PT 5.10.3 Chiu rng phn nh ra ca STC phi tha mn :
bt 0.25bf =0.25*400 =100 mm
Chiu dy sn tp phi tha mn :

172

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


bt 100
=
= 6.25mm
16 16
Chiu dy nh nht ca thp l 8 mm vy ta th dung STC trung gian 8mmx100mm (
hnh 5.32)
tp

bf =400mm

t w =10mm

tp

bt
18tw

tw
bt >bf /4

Hnh 5.32 : STC ng mt bn ca v d 5.10


T PT 5.10.2 chiu rng bt ca STC phi tha mn :

bt 0.48t p

200000
E
= 0.48 * 8
= 109mm
Fys
250

V :
1500 + 30 + 30
d
= 50 +
= 102mm
Khng t
30
30
Thay i kch thc th nghim ca STC l 10mmx110 mm

bt 50 +

bt 0.48t p

200000
E
= 0.48 * 10
= 136mm
Fys
250

cng
M men quan tnh ca STC mt bn i vi mt tip xc vi vch .i vi tm ch
nht ta c :
1
1
I t = t p bt3 = 10 *110 3 = 4.44 *10 6 mm 4
3
3
T PT 5.10.8 v 5.10.9 m men quan tnh phi tha mn :
Dp
; J = 2.5
do

It d t J
3
o w

2.0 0.5

Do khng c STC dc nn Dp=D=1500 mm. T v d 6.1 ,do=2000 mm v tw=10 mm


ta c :
2

1500
J = 2.5
2.0 = 0.59 do vy ly J=0.50
2000

Do :

I t d o t w3 J =2000*103*0.5=1*106 mm4

173

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


Vy STC 10mmx110 mm c It= 4.44*106 mm tha mn
Cng
Din tch tit din ngang ca STC
As= 10x110 =1100 mm2
Phi tha mn PT 5.10.20

Fyw
V

As 0.15BDt w (1 C ) u 18t w2
F
V
r

ys

Trong B=2.4 ( hnh 5.10.2) v t v d 5.9 ta c C=0.306 v Vr=1454 KN do


1000

345
2
As 0.15 * 2.4 *1500 *10(1 0.306)
18 * 10 2
= 1073mm t
1454

250
Tr li : Dng STC ng mt bn vi chiu dy tp=10 mm v bt=110 mm
5.10.2

Sn tng cng gi

Cc sn tng cng gi l sn tng cng ng t ti v tr c phn lc gi v cc


lc tp trung khc. Cc lc tp trung chuyn qua bn bin vo u di ca sn tng cng.
Sn tng cng gi c lin kt vi vch to ng bin thng ng lm neo chu ct t
tc ng ca trng cng.
5.10.2.1 Dm thp cn
Yu cu c sn tng cng gi vch ca dm cn ti cc im c lc tp trung khi
lc ct c h s vt qu:
Vu > 0.75b Vn

(5.10.21)

Trong b l h s sc khng ca gi v Vn l sc khng ct danh nh xc nh


phn 5.9.
5.10.2.2 mnh
Sn tng cng gi c thit k nh mt phn t chu nn, chu lc tp trung thng
ng. Chng thng gm mt i hoc hn cc bn thp hnh ch nht t i xng v mi
bn ca vch (hnh 5.33). Chng c chiu cao bng chiu cao ca vch v thc t cng gn
mp ngoi ca bn bin cng tt. Phn li ca sn tng cng gi phi tho mn yu cu v
mnh:
bt
E
0.48
tp
Fyc

(5.10.22)

Trong bt l chiu rng cnh li ca sn tng cng, tp l chiu dy ca phn t li


sn tng cng v Fys l cng chy ca sn tng cng.
5.10.2.3 Sc khng ca gi
Cc u ca sn tng cng gi phi c p st vi bn bin di nhn phn lc
t y bn bin gi v y bn bin trn nhn lc tp trung t kt cu nhp xung. Nu
chng khng c mi k th phi hn vi bin chu ti bng mi hn rnh ngu.

174

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


Din tch ta c hiu nh hn tit din nguyn ca sn tng cng v u ca sn
tng cng phi vt cho (tit din A-A hnh 5.33). Sc khng ta ca gi da trn din tch
gi trit gim ny v cng chy Fys ca sn tng cng:
Br = b A pn Fys

(5.10.23)

Trong Br l sc khng ta c h s , v b l h s sc khng ta ly theo quy nh


ca QT( chng 5), Apn l din tch thc phn li ca STC.

bf
A

4t w
A

tw

tw

tp

bt

tw

tp

9t w
9t w

bt

B-B

bt

A-A

Hnh 5.33 : Sn tng cng gi


5.10.2.4 Sc khng nn dc trc
Sn tng cng gi cng mt phn vch phi hp nh mt ct chu lc nn dc
trc (tit din B-B hnh 5.33.). Din tch c hiu ca tit din ct c ly bng din tch tt
c cc thnh phn ca sn tng cng cng vi mt on vch nm ti trung tm khng ln
hn 9tw v mi pha ngoi phn t li ca nhm sn tng cng. Mmen qun tnh ca tit
din ct dng trong tnh bn knh qun tnh c ly i vi ng tm ca vch. Thng
thng ngi thit k khng cn bit s tham gia ca vch khi tnh mmen qun tnh v ly
n gin tng s ca mmen qun tnh i vi cc cnh tip xc ca vch.
Sc khng nn dc trc c h s Pr c tnh theo:

Pr = c Pn

(5.10.24)

Trong : c l h s sc khng nn ly trong bng 7 v Pn l sc khng nn danh


nh xc nh chng 4
V d 5.11: Chon STC gi cho tit din I trong v d 5.10 th hin trn hnh 5.34
chu phn lc tp trung c h s Ru=1750 kN .Dng thp cng trnh cp 250 cho sn gi .

175

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

30mm
10 mm

10mm

90 mm
15 mm

1500 mm

200 mm
90 mm
180 mm

30 mm

Mt ct

400 mm
Hnh 5.34: STC gi ca v d 5.11

mnh
Chn chiu rng bt cho STC gi l 180mm bn bin rng 400mm cng xa mp
cng tt , chiu dy nh nht cho tp c xc nh theo PT 5.10.22
bt
E
200000
0.48
= 0.48
= 13.6
tp
Fys
250

tp

bt
180
=
= 13.3mm
13.6 13.6

Th chn STC gi 15mm x 180mm


Sc khng ta
Din tch ca STC c th tnh t PT8.23 vi Br=1750 kN , b=1.0 v Fys=250MPa
Br = b A pn Fys =1.0*Apn*250 =1750*103
1750 *10 3
= 7000mm 2
250
Dng hai i STC 15mm x 180mm t hai bn vch ( hnh 5.34) v cho php ct vt
cch vch 40 mm , ta c din tch p mt bng:
A pn =

176

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


4*15*(180-40)=8400mm2 >7000mm2
t
Vy chon STC gm hai i 15mm x 180mm t hai bn vch .( Lu rng ct vt 45o
vi 4tw mt bn ngn cn s hnh thnh ng sut ko dc gy bt li cho mi hn ch tip
gip gia vch ng v bn bin).
Sc khng nn dc trc :
t tng i STC cch nhau 200mm nh trn hnh 6.61 din tch c hiu ca tit din
ngang thanh nn l :
A=4As +tw(18tw +200)=4*15*180+10*(180+200)=14600 mm2
M men qun tnh :
15 *180 3
180
+ 4 *15 * 180 * (
+ 5) 2 = 126.6 *10 6 mm 4
12
2
Bn knh qun tnh rx ca thanh STC :

Ix = 4Io+4Aoy2 = 4

rx =

Ix
126.6 *10 6
=
= 93mm
A
14600

Do t s mnh :
kL 0.75D 0.75 * 1500
=
=
= 12.1 < 120
r
r
93
mnh theo PT 4.12 ( chng 4) :

2
2
kL Fy 12.1 250
=
=
= 0.0185 < 2.25

r E 200000

Do vy thanh nn thuc loi ct di trung gian , sc khng nn c xc nh bi


4.14
Pn = (0,66) Fy As = (0.66) 0.0185 (250)(14600) = 3.622 *10 6 N

Sc khng nn tnh ton theo PT 8.24 vi c=0.90


Pr = cPn = 0.90*3.622*106 =3260*103 N =3260kN> 1750 kN

5.11
5.11.1

MI NI DM
Cc loi mi ni dm

Do chiu di cung cp vt liu c hn,cnh v bng ( bn bin ,vch ng ) dm c


th phi c ni t hai hay nhiu hn cc bn thp . Cc mi ni loi ny thng c thc
hin trong xng hoc nh my v c gi l mi ni xng .
Do iu kin vn chuyn v cu lp c hn , dm thng c chia thnh vi on
.Cc on ny c kch thc v trng lng ph hp vi iu kin vn chuyn v cu lp
.Cc on c ch to trong xng sau vn chuyn ti cng trng ri ni chng li

177

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


vi nhau c mt dm hon chnh .Cc mi ni cc on dm ny li vi nhau c thc
hin ti cng trng v gi l mi ni cng trng .
Nguyn tc b tr mi ni :
Mi ni phi c b tr i xng qua mt ct gia dm
Mi ni nn b tr v tr c ni lc nh
Vi cc mi ni cng trng khng nn dng nhiu, khi thit k cu to cn
phi to iu kin thun li cho vic thc hin .
mi ni dm

mi ni dm

500

400
Tm 4

50 80

140

80 50

(dy 14mm)

Tm 4
(dy 14mm)

50

75
50

75

25

50 2@80 80 2@80 50
=160
=160

Tm 5
(dy 14mm)

Tm 5
(dy 14mm)

1100

1050

10@85=850

14

950

1100

950

10@85=850

Tm 3
(dy 10mm)

Tm 3
(dy 10mm)

25

75

75

50

Tm 5
(dy 14mm)

50

Tm 5
(dy 14mm)

50 2@80 80 2@80 50
=160
=160
500

Tm 4

50 80

140

80 50

(dy 14mm)
400

Hnh 5.35: Mi ni dm
5.11.2

Mi ni cng trng bng bu lng

Bc 1: Tiu chun thit k


Bc 2: La chn mt ct dm lm c s cho vic thit k mi ni cng trng
Bc 3: Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni cnh
Bc 4 : Thit k mi ni cnh di
Bc 5: Thit k mi ni cnh trn
Bc 6: Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni bn bng
Bc 7 : thit k mi ni bng
Bc 8 : a ra bn v chi tit mi ni cng trng

178

Tm 4
(dy 14mm)

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


1/ Thit k mi ni cnh
1.1/ Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni cnh
trng thi gii hn cng , cc bn ni v cc mi ni trn cnh khng ch ( kim
sot Controling) phi cn xng cung cp mt sc khng nh nht ly theo ng sut thit

k Fcf nhn vi din tch tit din cnh c hiu nh hn, Ae, trn c hai pha ca mi ni ,
y Fcf ly nh sau:
f cf

+ f Fyf

Rh

Fcf =
0,75 f Fyf
2
Trong :

fcf = ng sut un ln nht do ti trng c h s gy ti im gia bn cnh kim


sot, ti mi ni ;
Rh H s lai;
- H s gim ng sut cnh, =1.0
f = H s khng un theo quy nh; (A6.5.4.2)

Fyf- Cng ko chy ca thp bn cnh


Ae Din tch c hiu ca bn cnh (mm2), i vi cnh nn Ae l din tch tit
din nguyn, i vi cnh ko Ae ly nh sau:
F
Ae = u u
F
y yt

An Ag

u H s sc khng ko t ca cu kin chu ko (A 6.5.4.2)


y H s sc khng ko chy ca cu kin chu ko (A 6.5.4.2)

Fu Cng chu ko t ca thp cnh ko


Fyt Cng chu ko chy ca thp cnh ko
An Din tch thc ca cnh ko
Ag Din tch nguyn ca cnh ko
Cc bn ni v cc mi ni ca bn cnh khng kim sot ( Noncontrolling flange)ca
TTGHC phi cn xng cung cp mt sc khng nh nht ly theo ng sut thit k Fncf
nhn vi din tch hu hiu nh hn, Ae, trn c hai pha ca mi ni . Fncf c xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
Fnct = Rcf

f ncf
Rh

0,75 f Fyf

Trong :
Rcf Gi tr ca t s Fcf v fcf i vi cnh kim sot .

179

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

fncf - ng sut un do ti trng c h s gy ra ti im gia bn cnh ti v tr mi


ni ;
+ Ti trng thi gii hn cng , lc thit k trong cc bn ni ( bn ghp ) chu ko s
khng vt qu sc khng ko c h s nh tnh vi cu kin chu ko. Lc thit k trong cc
bn ni chu nn s khng vt qu sc khng nn c h s,Rr v c ly nh sau:
Rr = c Fy As
Trong :
c H s sc khng nn ca cu kin chu nn (A 6.5.4.2)

Fy Cng chy ca bn ni ( Mpa)


Ay Din tch nguyn ca bn ni ( mm2)
1.2. Chn kch thc mi ni
Mi ni c thit k theo phng php th - sai, tc l ta ln lt chn kch thc mi
ni da vo kinh nghim v cc quy nh khng ch ca tiu chun thit k, ri kim ton li,
nu khng t th ta phi chn li v kim ton li. Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi tho
mn.
Ta s b chn kch thc mi ni nh sau: Hnh v:
Cc thng s mi ni:
+ Kch thc bn ni ngoi;
+ Kch thc bn ni trong;
+ ng knh bu lng CC;
+ L bu lng CC s dng l tiu chun;
+ S bu lng CC mt bn mi ni.
1.3. Kim ton khong cch ca cc bu lng CC (A6.13.2.6)
1.4. Kim ton sc khng ct ca bu lng CC
Xc nh sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng CC theo quy nh, ta c Rn
(A6.13.2.7)
Sc khng ct tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHC c xc nh nh sau:
Rr1 = sRn
Trong :
s = H s sc khng cho bu lng A325M (A490M) chu ct theo quy nh;
(A6.5.4.2)
S bu lng CC cn thit cho mi bn mi ni theo sc khng ct c xc nh nh sau:
P
N1 = bot
R r1
Trong :
Pbot = Lc thit nh nht trong bn cnh di TTGHC (N).
1.5. Kim ton sc khng p mt ca bu lng CC
Xc nh sc khng p mt danh nh ca bu lng CC theo quy nh, ta c Rn
(A6.13.2.9)
Sc khng p mt tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHC c xc nh nh sau:
Rr2 = bbRn
Trong :

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Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009


bb = H s sc khng p mt bu lng trn vt liu theo quy nh; (A6.5.4.2)
S bu lng CC cn thit cho mi bn mi ni theo sc khng p mt c xc nh nh

sau:
N2 =

Pbot
R r2

Trong :
Pbot = Lc thit nh nht trong bn cnh di TTGHCI (N).
1.6. Kim ton sc khng trt ca bu lng CC
Xc nh sc khng trt danh nh ca bu lng CC theo quy nh, ta c Rn
(A6.13.2.8)
Sc khng trt tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHSD c xc nh nh sau:
Rr = Rn
S bu lng CC cn thit cho mi bn mi ni theo sc khng trt c xc nh nh
sau:
P
N 3 = bot
Rr
Trong :
Pbot = Lc thit k trong bn cnh di TTGHSD (N).
S bu lng cn thit cho mi bn mi ni c xc nh nh sau:
N = max(N1, N2, N3)
2/ Thit k mi ni bng
2.1. Chn kch thc mi ni
Mi ni c thit k theo phng php th - sai, tc l ta ln lt chn kch thc mi
ni theo kinh nghim, ri kim ton li, nu khng t th ta phi chn li v kim ton li.
Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi tho mn.
Ta s b chn kch thc mi ni nh sau: Hnh v
Cc thng s mi ni:
+ Kch thc bn ni;
+ ng knh bu lng CC;
+ L bu lng CC: S dng l tiu chun;
+ S bu lng CC mt bn mi ni.
2.2. Tnh ton lc ct thit k nh nht
Lc ct thit k nh nht TTGHCI c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(V + Vr ) 0,75V
V= u
r
2
Trong :
Vu = Lc ct c h s tc dng ln dm ti v tr mi ni THTTCI (N);
Vr = Sc khng ct tnh ton ca dm ti v tr mi ni (N).
Lc ct thit k nh nht TTGHSD c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
V = VuSD
Trong :
Vu = Lc ct c h s tc dng ln dm ti v tr mi ni THTTSD (N).
2.3. Tnh ton m men v lc ngang thit k nh nht
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Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

M men thit k nh nht TTGHCI c xc nh theo cng thc sau:


M = Mv + Mw
Trong :
Mv = M men do lc ct thit k ti v tr mi ni TTGHCI tc dng lch tm
vi trng tm nhm inh mi bn mi ni gy ra:
Mv = V.e
Trong :
V = Lc ct thit k nh nht ti v tr mi ni TTGHCI (N);
e = lch tm ca nhm inh mi bn mi ni, ly bng khong cch t trng
tm ca nhm inh mi bn mi ni ti tim mi ni (mm);
Mw = Phn m men tc dng ln phn bn bng, do m men un ti v tr mi ni
TTGHCI gy ra:
Mw =

t w D2
(Ftbot + Fctop )
12

Trong :
Ftbot, Fctop = ng sut thit k nh nht ti trng tm bn cnh di, cnh trn
TTGHCI (N/mm2).
Lc ngang thit k nh nht TTGHCI c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t D
H = w (Ftbot Fctop )
2
Trong :
Ftbot, Fctop = ng sut thit k nh nht ti trng tm bn cnh di, cnh trn
TTGHCI (N/mm2).
M men thit k nh nht TTGHSD c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M = Mv + Mw
Trong :
Mv = M men do lc ct thit k ti v tr mi ni TTGHSD tc dng lch tm vi
trng tm nhm inh mi bn mi ni gy ra:
Mv = V.e
Trong :
V = Lc ct thit k nh nht ti v tr mi ni TTGHSD (N);
e = lch tm ca nhm inh mi bn mi ni, ly bng khong cch t trng
tm ca nhm inh mi bn mi ni ti tim mi ni (mm);
Mw = Phn m men bn bng chu, do m men un ti v tr mi ni TTGHSD
t D2
gy ra:
M w = w (Ftbot + Fctop )
12
Trong :
Ftbot, Fctop = ng sut thit k nh nht ti trng tm bn cnh di, cnh trn
TTGHSD (N/mm2).
Lc ngang thit k nh nht TTGHSD c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t D
H = w (Ftbot Fctop )
2
Trong :

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Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Ftbot, Fctop = ng sut thit k nh nht ti trng tm bn cnh di, cnh trn
TTGHSD (N/mm2).
2.4. Kim ton khong cch ca cc bu lng CC (A6.13.2.6)
Tng t nh trn
2.5. Lc ct tnh ton trong mt bu lng CC
Ta ch tnh ton vi bu lng CC v tr xa nht so vi trng tm ca nhm bu lng
mi bn mi ni, l bu lng chu lc ct ln nht.
Lc ct tnh ton trong bu lng v tr xa nht c xc nh nh sau: Hnh v
2

V Mx max H My max
R max = +

+ +
J N
J
N

Trong :
N = S bu lng mi bn mi ni (bu lng);
V = Lc ct thit k (N);
M = M men thit k (N.mm);
H = Lc ngang thit k (N);
J = Tng bnh phng khong cch ca cc inh trong nhm mi bn mi ni ti
trng tm ca nhm inh (mm2);
J = Jx + Jy = J = (xi2 + y i2 )

Jx = Tng bnh phng khong cch ng ca cc inh trong nhm mi bn mi


ni ti trng tm ca nhm inh (mm2);
Jy= Tng bnh phng khong cch ngang ca cc inh trong nhm mi bn mi
ni ti trng tm ca nhm inh (mm2);
xmax = Khong cch t inh xa nht theo phng ngang ti trng tm ca nhm
inh mi bn mi ni (mm);
ymax = Khong cch t inh xa nht theo phng ng ti trng tm ca nhm inh
mi bn mi ni (mm).
2.6. Kim ton sc khng ct ca bu lng CC
Xc nh sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng CC theo quy nh, ta c Rn
(A6.13.2.7)
Sc khng ct tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHC c xc nh nh sau:
Rr = sRn
Trong :
s = H s sc khng cho bu lng A325M (A490M) chu ct theo quy nh;
(A6.5.4.2)
Sc khng ct tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHCI phi tho mn iu kin sau:
Rmax Rr
Trong :
Rmax = Lc ct tnh ton trong bu lng v tr xa nht TTGHCI (N).
2.7. Kim ton sc khng p mt ca bu lng CC
Xc nh sc khng p mt danh nh ca bu lng CC theo quy nh, ta c Rn
(A6.13.2.9)
183

Bi ging Kt cu thp theo 22TCN 272-05 v LRFD 1998 thng 7-2009

Sc khng p mt tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHC c xc nh nh sau:


Rr = bbRn
Trong :
bb = H s sc khng p mt bu lng trn vt liu theo quy nh; (A6.5.4.2)
Sc khng p mt tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHCI phi tho mn iu kin sau:
Rmax Rr
Trong :
Rmax = Lc ct tnh ton trong bu lng v tr xa nht TTGHCI (N).
2.8. Kim ton sc khng trt ca bu lng CC
Xc nh sc khng trt danh nh ca bu lng CC theo quy nh, ta c Rn
(A6.13.2.8)
Sc khng trt tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHSD c xc nh nh sau:
Rr = Rn
Sc khng trt tnh ton ca bu lng CC THGHSD phi tho mn iu kin sau:
Rmax Rr
Trong :
Rmax = Lc ct tnh ton trong bu lng v tr xa nht TTGHSD (N).

184

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