Che Bien Ruou Vang Dua

Trng i Hc Cn Th
Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007
TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG
B MN CNG NGH THC PHM
PHNG HONG N
NGHIN CU CH BIN RU VANG DA

LUN VN TT NGHIP K S
Chuyn ngnh: CNG NGH THC PHM
M ngnh: 08
Ngi hng dn
L M HNG
NM 2007
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng nghip v Sinh hc ng dng
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Lun vn nh km theo y, vi ta ti NGHIN CU CH BIN RU

VANG DA, do Phng Hong n thc hin c hi ng chm lun vn thng
qua.
Gio vin hng dn
Gio vin phn bin
Th.S L M Hng
T.S L Nguyn Bnh

Cn Th, ngy
thng
nm 2007
Ch tch hi ng
ii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
LI CM T
Xin chn thnh cm n c L M Hng tn tnh hng dn v truyn t
nhng kinh nghim qu bu ti c th thc hin tt lun vn tt nghip ny.
Thnh tht bit n qu thy c B mn Cng ngh thc phm khoa Nng
nghip v Sinh hc ng dng Trng i Hc Cn Th ging dy v truyn t
nhng kin thc b ch cho ti trong sut thi gian hc tp v rn luyn ti trng.
Chn thnh cm n cc cn b phng th nghim, cc bn sinh vin lp Cng
ngh thc phm kha 28 v 29 nhit tnh gip , ng gp nhng kin qu bu
v to iu kin tt cho ti trong sut thi gian thc hin lun vn.
Sinh vin thc hin
Phng Hong n
iii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
TM LC
Nhm mc tiu to ra sn phm ru vang ch bin t nc da gp phn tng thu nhp
cho ngi dn, gii quyt vn mi trng v sn phm c cht lng tt p ng nhu cu
ca ngi tiu dng, ti Nghin cu ch bin ru vang da c thc hin. Trn
c s mong mun sao cho sn phm t c s cht lng tt
ti tin hnh kho st:
- nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men n qu
trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm vi 3 mc hm lng cht kh l 20%, 22%, 24%
v 3 mc t l nm men l 0,2g/l, 0,4g/l, 0,6g/l.
- nh hng pH ca nc da n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm vi 3 mc
pH l 4, 4,5 v 5.
- nh hng ca agar n qu trnh lm trong ru v cht lng sn phm vi 4 mc
t l agar s dng l 0g/l, 0,5g/l, 1g/l v 1,5g/l.
Qu trnh nghin cu cho ta c th ch bin sn phm ru vang da t c cht lng tt
vi cc iu kin sau:
- Hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men nh hng nhiu n
qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm, ta nn tin hnh ln men vi hm lng cht kh
ha tan trong dch ln men l 22% v t l nm men l 0,4 g/l s to iu kin cho qu trnh
ln men tt, hm lng ru ca sn phm cao v cht lng sn phm tt.
- pH ca nc da nh hng mt t n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm, khi
dch nc da c pH > 4,5 th qu trnh ln men s din ra tt hn. Tuy nhin, pH > 5 th
sn phm c gi tr cm quan km hn. Do , pH thch hp l 4,5.
- T l agar nh hng n qu trnh lm trong ru v cht lng sn phm, s dng t
l agar l 0,5 g/l, tin hnh lm trong khong 15 ngy th sn phm s trong v t cht
lng tt hn.
iv
Trng i Hc Cn Th
MC LC
LI CM T ........................................................................................................................ ii
TM LC .........................................................................................................................iii
MC LC............................................................................................................................ iv
DANH SCH BNG ........................................................................................................... vi
DANH SCH HNH ............................................................................................................ ix
CHNG I T VN .................................................................................................. 1
1. Tng quan ...................................................................................................................... 1
2. Mc tiu th nghim ...................................................................................................... 1
CHNG II LC KHO TI LIU ................................................................................ 2
1. Nguyn liu dng trong nghin cu................................................................................ 2
1.1 Nguyn liu nc da............................................................................................... 2
1.2 Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc da ..................................................................... 2
2. Nm men ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 c tnh chung ca nm men.................................................................................... 4
2.2 Dinh dng ca nm men......................................................................................... 5
2.3 Nm men thng gp trong sn xut ru vang tri cy........................................... 6
3. Thnh phn ca ru vang ............................................................................................. 7
3.1 Cn .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 ng ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Acid.......................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Tro v cc mui........................................................................................................ 8
3.5 Cht gy mi thm ................................................................................................... 9
3.6 Vitamin..................................................................................................................... 9
3.7 Polyphenol .............................................................................................................. 9
4. Sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh ln men ru vang...................... 9
4.1 S to thnh acid...................................................................................................... 9
4.2 S to thnh alcohol cao phn t ........................................................................... 10
4.3 S to thnh ester................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Cc vi khun c hi cho nm men........................................................................... 11
4.4.1 Vi khun lactic................................................................................................. 11
4.4.2 Vi khun acetic ................................................................................................ 11
4.4.3 Vi khun butylic v cc vi sinh vt khc ........................................................... 11
5. C ch ca qu trnh ln men ....................................................................................... 12
6. ng hc ca qu trnh ln men ................................................................................... 12
7. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men ................................................................ 13
8. Tiu chun ca nc trong sn xut ru ..................................................................... 15
CHNG III PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP TH NGHIM................................. 17
1. Phng tin th nghim ................................................................................................ 17
1.1 a im tin hnh th nghim................................................................................ 17
1.2 Thi gian thc hin ti....................................................................................... 17
1.3 Thit b v dng c ................................................................................................. 17
1.4 Nguyn vt liu, ho cht ....................................................................................... 18
2. Phng php th nghim............................................................................................... 18
2.1 Phng php th nghim......................................................................................... 18
2.2 Phng php phn tch .......................................................................................... 18
2.3 Quy trnh th nghim............................................................................................... 19
2.4 Ni dung v b tr th nghim ................................................................................. 20
Trng i Hc Cn Th
2.4.1 Kho st nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l

nm men n thi gian ln men v cht lng sn phm ........................................ 20
2.4.2 Kho st nh hng pH ca dch ln men n thi gian ln men v cht
lng sn phm....................................................................................................... 21
2.4.3 Kho st nh hng ca cht lm trong........................................................... 21
CHNG IV KT QU V THO LUN ...................................................................... 23
1. Thnh phn ca nc da......................................................................................... 23
2. nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men n
qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm........................................................................ 24
2.1 nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men v t l nm men
n qu trnh ln men.................................................................................................. 26
2.2 nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan, t l nm men n gi tr cm quan
sn phm...................................................................................................................... 29
3. nh hng pH dch ln men n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm................. 31
3.1 nh hng pH ca dch ln men n hm lng ng cn li trong qu trnh
ln men ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.2 nh hng ca pH ca dch ln men n hm lng ru ca sn phm trong
qu trnh ln men ........................................................................................................ 32
3.3 nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan ca sn phm...................... 33
4. nh hng ca vic lm trong bng agar n qu trnh lm trong ru v cht lng
ca sn phm................................................................................................................ 33
4.1 nh hng ca t l agar n trong sn phm ( truyn quang T, %).............. 34
4.2 nh hng ca vic lm trong bng agar n gi tr cm quan sn phm .............. 35
CHNG V KT LUN V NGH........................................................................... 36
1. Kt lun ....................................................................................................................... 36
2. ngh ........................................................................................................................ 36
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................... 38
PH LC .............................................................................................................................. x
PH LC 1 CC CH TIU PHN TCH........................................................................ x
1. Phng php phn tch thnh phn ho hc ca nc da .......................................... x
2. Phng php phn tch hm lng ng cn li ca sn phm trong qu trnh
ln men ........................................................................................................................ xi
3. Phng php xc nh hm lng ru hnh thnh trong sn phm ........................... xi
4. Phng php xc nh kh cn thit cho dch ln men ......................................... xii
5. Phng php nh gi cm quan (theo phng php cho im Hedonic)................. xiii
PH LC 2 PHN TCH THNG K .......................................................................... xiv
vi
Trng i Hc Cn Th
DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1. Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc da................................................................ 2
Bng 2. Thnh phn cht khong ca nc da............................................................... 3
Bng 3. Thnh phn vitamin ca nc da...................................................................... 3
Bng 4. Thnh phn acid amin ca nc da .................................................................. 4
Bng 5. Thnh phn ha hc ca nm men...................................................................... 5
Bng 6. Gii hn hm lng cc ion trong nc.............................................................. 15
Bng 7. S b tr th nghim ...................................................................................... 20
Bng 8. Kt qu thng k nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn
li v hm lng ru ca sn phm trong qu trnh ln men............................... 24
Bng 9. Kt qu thng k nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men
n hm lng ng cn li v hm lng ru ca sn phm ....................... 25
Bng 10. Kt qu thng k nh hng t l nm men n hm lng ng cn li v
hm lng ru ca sn phm ........................................................................... 25
Bng 11. Kt qu nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men v t l
nm men n gi tr cm quan ........................................................................... 29
Bng 12. Kt qu thng k nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men
n gi tr cm quan .......................................................................................... 29
Bng 13. Kt qu thng k nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan sn phm....... 30
Bng 14. Kt qu thng k nh hng pH ca dch ln men n hm lng ng cn li
v hm lng ru ca sn phm ..................................................................... 31
Bng 15. Kt qu thng k nh hng thi gian ln men n qu trnh ln men khi
thay i pH......................................................................................................... 31
Bng 16. Kt qu thng k nh gi cm quan sn phm theo pH ca nc da.............. 33
Bng 17. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca cc t l agar khc nhau n trong sn
phm ( truyn quang T, %) ........................................................................... 33
Bng 18. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca thi gian lm trong n trong ca sn
phm ( truyn quang T, %) ............................................................................. 34
Bng 19. Kt qu nh gi cm quan sn phm theo t l agar trong qu trnh lm trong . 35
Bng 20. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men,
t l nm men n hm lng ng cn li trong sn phm............................. xiv
Bng 21. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn li .... xiv
Bng 22. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n hm lng ng cn li trong
sn phm .......................................................................................................... xiv
Bng 23. Kim nh LSD nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men
n hm lng ng cn li trong sn phm.................................................... xiv
t l nm men hm lng ru ca sn phm trong qu trnh ln men................ xv
Bng 25. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ru ca
sn phm ............................................................................................................. xv
vii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 26. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n hm lng ru ca sn phm .... xv

n hm lng ru ca sn phm ...................................................................... xv
Bng 28. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH n hm lng ng cn li trong sn
phm ................................................................................................................... xvi
Bng 29. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn li ...... xvi
Bng 30. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH n hm lng ng cn li............................. xvi
Bng 31. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH n hm lng ru ca sn phm................ xvi
Bng 32. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ru trong
sn phm .......................................................................................................... xvii
Bng 33. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH n hm lng ru trong sn phm.................. xvii
Bng 34. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n trong ca sn phm
( truyn quang T, %) trong qu trnh lm trong ............................................. xvii
Bng 35. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian lm trong n trong ca
sn phm ( truyn quang T, %) ....................................................................... xvii
Bng 36. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n trong ca sn phm
( truyn quang T, %)..................................................................................... xviii
Bng 37. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch
ln men, t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v mu sc ca sn phm .......... xviii
Bng 38. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v mu
sc ca sn phm ............................................................................................... xviii
Bng 39. Kim nh LSD nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln
men n gi tr cm quan v mu sc ca sn phm.......................................... xviii
Bng 40. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln
men, t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn phm ........................ xviii
Bng 41. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v mi ca
sn phm ........................................................................................................... xix
n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn phm ......................................................... xix
Bng 43. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln
men, t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn phm ............................ xix
Bng 44. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v v ca
sn phm ............................................................................................................ xix
n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn phm............................................................ xix
Bng 46. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan
v mu sc ca sn phm ..................................................................................... xx
Bng 47. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan v
mu sc ca sn phm ......................................................................................... xx
Bng 48. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan v
mi ca sn phm .............................................................................................. xx
viii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
mi ca sn phm................................................................................................. xx
v ca sn phm ................................................................................................. xx
v ca sn phm .................................................................................................. xxi
Bng 52. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v trong
ca sn phm...................................................................................................... xxi
Bng 53. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v trong
ca sn phm...................................................................................................... xxi
Bng 54. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v
mu sc ca sn phm ....................................................................................... xxi
Bng 55. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v
mu sc ca sn phm ........................................................................................ xxi
Bng 56. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v mi
ca sn phm...................................................................................................... xxii
Bng 57. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v mi ca
sn phm ........................................................................................................... xxii
Bng 58. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v v ca
sn phm ............................................................................................................ xxii
Bng 59. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn
phm .................................................................................................................. xxii
ix
Trng i Hc Cn Th
DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1. Nm men Saccharomyces................................................................................... 5
Hnh 2. My o pH ......................................................................................................... 17
Hnh 3. Saccharometer.................................................................................................... 17
Hnh 4. My so mu Spectrophotometer.......................................................................... 17
Hnh 5. Thy trng k..................................................................................................... 17
Hnh 6. Cn in t......................................................................................................... 17
Hnh 7. Nguyn liu da ................................................................................................. 23
Hnh 8. th biu din s thay i hm lng ng kh theo thi gian ln men
khi hm lng cht kh trong dch ln men l 20%............................................. 26
Hnh 11. th biu din s thay i hm lng ruu trong sn phm theo thi gian
ln men khi hm lng cht kh trong dch ln men l 20% ............................... 27
Hnh 14. Sn phm sau ln men ...................................................................................... 30
Hnh 15. th biu din s thay i hm lng ng kh theo pH trong qu trnh
ln men .............................................................................................................. 32
Hnh 16. th biu din s thay i hm lng ru ca sn phm theo pH trong
qu trnh ln men................................................................................................ 32
Hnh 17. Sn phm sau ln men c diu chnh pH........................................................... 33
Hnh 18. th biu din s thay i truyn quang T (%) theo thi gian lm trong... 34
Hnh 19. Sn phm ang lm trong bng agar ................................................................. 35
Hnh 20. Sn phm sau khi lm trong.............................................................................. 35
Hnh 21. Sn phm ru vang da .................................................................................. 35
Trng i Hc Cn Th
CHNG I T VN
1. Tng quan
Tt c nhng b phn ca da nh: thn da, cm da, go da, l da, nc
da. u c s dng rng ri trong i sng hng ngy. Trong nc da c
cha gn nh ton b dng cht cn cho c th, nhiu vitamin nhm B v cht
khong, nc lc thc vt, acid amin, protein, glucoseDo , nc da thng dng
lm nc gii kht rt tt, l ngun thc phm b dng cung cp nng lng cho c
th.
Trong thc t c kh nhiu sn phm c ch bin t qu da gip cho ngi
nng dn tng thm thu nhp nh: ko da, thm x da, sa da, cm da no sy,
nc da ng lon.v.vHin nay, ti cc nh my cm da no sy cng nh cc
im bn cm da cc ch cho ra mt lng nc da rt ln. Tuy nhin, lng
nc da ny ch c s dng mt phn trong ch bin thc phm, phn ln cn li
cha c tn dng mt cch hiu qu. Mt khc, nc da khi xung t s lm
t chai; xung rung trng la th la xanh tt nhng khng tr bng v c m
thc vt; a xung sng, h s nh hng xu n mi trng. T thc trng trn,
vic Nghin cu ch bin ru vang da s gp phn tng thm thu nhp cho
ngi dn, gii quyt c vn nhim mi trng v cng gp phn lm a dng
ho sn phm ru vang p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
2. Mc tiu th nghim
t c sn phm ru vang da t nc da thng qua phng php ln men
truyn thng, sn phm c hng v thm ngon.
t c mc tiu trn, ti tin hnh cc th nghim sau:
- Kho st nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l
nm men n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm.
- Kho st nh hng pH ca dch ln men n qu trnh ln men.
- Kho st nh hng ca cht lm trong n qu trnh lm trong ru.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
CHNG II LC KHO TI LIU

1. Nguyn liu dng trong nghin cu
1.1 Nguyn liu nc da
Da c trng nhiu n , Philippines, Srilanka, M Lai, Indonesia, Trung
M, qun o Cu Ba, qun o Nam Thi Bnh Dng Thm thc vt trn cc o
v b bin vng Nam Thi Bnh Dng ch yu l da.
Ti Vit Nam, da c trng nhiu nht cc tnh ng Bng Sng Cu Long
nh Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, C Mau, Bc Liu, Tin GiangCc ging da
trng Vit Nam nh: da ta, da B (da Bung), da Du, da Tam Quan, da
Nhm, da Xim, da o, da Sp, da Thm.
Nc da ti (khong 7 thng) l nc gii kht rt tt, c dng trong trng
hp b bnh ng rut, tiu chy, ma chng mt nc. Nc da ti cn dng
lm mi trng nui cy m v c cha cht iu ho sinh trng v n cng l
nguyn liu r tin bo qun hoa ti (Nguyn Bo V, 2005).
1.2 Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc da
Bng 1. Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc da
Cht dinh dng
n v
Gi tr (100g)
Nc
94,99
Protein
0,72
Lipid tng s
0,2
Tro
0,39
Carbohydrate
3,71
Cht x
1,1
ng tng s
2,61
(USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19 (2006))
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 2. Thnh phn cht khong ca nc da
Cht khong
n v
Gi tr (100g)
Ca
mg
24
Fe
mg
0,29
Mg
mg
25
mg
20
mg
250
Na
mg
105
Zn
mg
0,1
Cu
mg
0,04
Mn
mg
0,142
Se
mg
Bng 3. Thnh phn vitamin ca nc da
Vitamin
n v
Gi tr (100 g)
Acid ascorbic
mg
2,4
Thiamin
mg
0,03
Riboflavin
mg
0,057
Niacin
mg
0,08
Acid pantothenic
mg
0,043
B6
mg
0,032
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 4. Thnh phn acid amin ca nc da
Acid amin
n v
Gi tr (100 g)
Tryptophan
0,008
Threonine
0,026
Isoleucine
0,028
Leucine
0,053
Lysine
0,032
Methionine
0,013
Cystine
0,014
Phenylalanine
0,037
Tyrosine
0,022
Valine
0,044
Arginine
0,118
Histidine
0,017
Alanine
0,037
Acid aspartic
0,07
Acid glutamic
0,165
Glycine
0,034
Proline
0,03
Serine
0,037
2. Nm men
2.1 c tnh chung ca nm men
Qu trnh ln men ru c thc hin nh loi Saccharomyces, loi ny c tnh
k kh khng bt buc, chng c kh nng h hp v ln men, kh nng ln men ca
chng rt khc nhau. Sinh trng k kh nghim ngt Saccharomyces cerevisiae ch
xy ra mt vi th h, bi v s tng hp sterol cn cho vic hnh thnh cu trc
mng t bo i hi phi c oxy. Nu sterol v cc acid bo cha no c cung cp th
nm men c th sinh trng trong iu kin k kh nghim ngt trong t nhin nh:
trong t, thc phm, rau qu. Nm men s sinh sn bng nha bo trong iu kin nui
cy khng thun li hoc mi trng qu ngho dinh dng.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
T bo nm men c hnh thi v kch thc khc nhau. Tu loi, tu ging, chng
c th hnh cu, hnh bu dc, hnh trng, hnh qu chanh, hnh ng. Tu theo loi,
ging v iu kin sinh trng kch thc t bo nm men khc nhau rt nhiu, chng
c th thay i trong khong 1,5 5,3 m hay c khi di hn na, cc loi nm men
thng dng trong sn xut ru bia c kch thc khong 4 7 m (Bi Th Qunh
Hoa).
Hnh 1. Nm men Saccharomyces

Bng 5. Thnh phn ho hc ca nm men
Cc cht
Thnh phn (%)
Cacbon
49,8
Cao
12,4
Nitro
6,7
Hydro
3,54
P2O5
2,34
K2O
0,04
SO3
0,42
MgO
0,38
Fe2O3
0,035
SiO
0,09
(Nguyn c Lng , 1996)
2.2 Dinh dng ca nm men

Nm men tip nhn thc n bng con ng hp th chn lc trn b mt t bo
v sau khuch tn vo bn trong. Mng v lp bao bc nguyn sinh cht ca t bo
trong trng hp ny ng vai tr l mng bn thm, iu khin cc cht dinh dng
vo t bo v thi ra mi trng xung quanh nhng sn phm ca hot ng sng.
cho t bo d hp th, cc cht dinh dng phi l nhng cht c nguyn t lng thp
v ho tan trong nc, mt phn cc cht dinh dng chuyn ho cc hp cht cao
phn t (protid, glucid, lipid) trong t bo v xy dng thnh t bo mi.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Nm men sinh sn trong mi trng nc ng, lc tch men, ra, p b nc

s c men bnh hay gi l men p.
Nc trong nm men gm hai dng: dng t do bm ngoi mng t bo khong
28% v dng kt hp khong 47%. Thnh phn cc cht khng ph thuc vo ging
nm men.
Nm men cng ging nh cc c th thc vt khc cn oxi, cacbon, nit,
phospho, kali, magi. trong :
* Oxy, hydro, cacbon
Oxy, hydro cung cp cho t bo t nc ca mi trng. Ngun cung cp cacbon
l cc loi ng khc nhau. nhng giai on nht nh, nm men cn s dng
ngun cacbon ca acid amin.
* Nit
Nm men khng c men ngoi phn gii protid, cho nn khng th phn ct
alblumin ca mi trng thnh cht c kh nng ng ho m phi cung cp nit
dng ho tan. C th l m hu c hoc v c. Dng hu c thng c s dng l
acid amin, pepton, amid, ure. m v c l mui amon kh nitrat, sulfat.
* Cc vitamin
Vitamin B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (acid pentotenic), B5 (PP acid
nicotic)
* Cht khong
Cht khong c nh hng to ln n hot ng sng ca t bo nm men. Trc
ht l phospho, c trong thnh phn ca nucleoprotein, polyphosphat ca nhiu
enzyme v ca sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ru, chng to ra mi ln
kt c nng lng ln. Lu hunh tham gia vo thnh phn ca mt s acid amin,
albumin, vitamin v enzyme, mt s nguyn t vi lng nh magie, st c nh hng
n qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho ca nm men. Magie tham gia vo nhiu phn ng
trung gian ca s ln men. St tham gia vo thnh phn enzyme s h hp v cc qu
trnh khc. Nm men cha nhiu kali, n thc y s pht trin ca nm men tham gia
vo s ln men ru, to iu kin hi phc phosphorin ho ca acid pyruvic. Mangan
ng vai tr tng t magie (Bi Th Qunh Hoa).
2.3 Nm men thng gp trong sn xut ru vang tri cy
Saccharomyces vini
y l loi ph bin trong ln men nc qu, chim 80% tng s c trong nc
qu ln men. Kh nng kt lng ca n ph thuc vo tng chng: cc t bo dng bi
hoc dng bng.
Ngun cacbon ca nm men ny l ng, cn v acid hu c, nhng tc nhn
sinh trng l acid pantotinic, biotin, thiamin v piridoxin.
a s cc t bo loi ny hnh ovan, c kch thc t (3 8) x (5 12) m. Sinh
sn theo li ny chi v to bo t. Saccharomyces vini sinh ra enzym invectase c kh
nng kh ng saccarose thnh glucose v fructose. V vy, trong ln men ta c th
Trng i Hc Cn Th
b sung loi ng ny vo dung dch qu v hm lng ru c bnh thng.

Chng ny ln men ch t 8 10% hm lng ru theo th tch. giai on cui ln
men Saccharomyces vini kt lng nhanh v lm trong dch ru.
Cc chng ging ny c c tnh ring v kh nng chu cn, chu sulfit, to thnh
cc cu t bay hi v cc sn phm th cp lm cho ru vang c mi v c trng
ring bit.
Giai on cui cng ca qu trnh ln men cc t bo Saccharomyces vini thng
gi, khng tip tc chuyn ng thnh cn v b cht rt nhanh.
Saccharomyces uvacum
Loi ny c tch ra t nc qu nho, ru v nc qu gip bo t ln men t
nhin, v hnh thi n khng khc vi cc loi khc. Kh nng sinh bo t kh mnh
trong mi trng thch malt. Cc chng ca loi ny c th ln men t 12 130 cn
trong dch nc nho.
Saccharomyces chevalieri
Nm men ny c tch ra t nc nho ln men t nhin, t ru vang non c
gy men t nc da. Saccharomyces chevalieri thun chng ln men nc nho c th
to 160 cn. N thng ln vi Saccharomyces vini.
Saccharomyces ovifromis
c tch ra t nc nho t ln men, nhng loi nm men ny t hn so vi
Saccharomyces vini. Ging thun chng pht trin tt trong nc nho v cc loi nc
qu khc, c kh nng chu c cn cao, ln men kit ng v c th to thnh
ti 180 cn. Cc yu t sinh trng ca loi ny ging nh Saccharomyces vini. Dng
chng thun khit ca ging ny ln men dch qu c hm lng ng cao ch
vang kh cho kt qu tt.
Trong qu trnh ln men, ging ny to thnh trn dch qu. Saccharomyces
ovifromis ln men c glucose, fructose, saccarose, maltose, manose v 1/3 rafinose;
n khng ln men c lactose v pentose. iu khc c bn ca Saccharomyces
ovifromis vi Saccharomyces vini l khng ln men c galactose v men ni trn b
mt dch ln men to thnh mng.
Nhn chung, hai ging men ru vang Saccharomyces ovifromis v
Saccharomyces vini c nhiu chng loi c dng trong sn xut. Nhiu chng men
ru c nhit thch hp l 18 250C, 350C s sinh sn ca n b c ch, 400C
s sinh sn ca n b ngng hon ton, nhit 160C s sinh sn v ln men b ko
di. Cc iu kin ho l, thnh phn cht lng dch qu, cng nh pH ca mi
trng c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh sng ca nm men (Bi Th Qunh Hoa).
3. Thnh phn ca ru vang
Thnh phn ru vang gm cc nhm sau y:
3.1 Cn
Cn l thnh phn quan trng nht ca ru vang v ngi ta ung ru trc ht
l v c cn ethylic lm cho ru mnh, ung vo gy hin tng sinh l gi l say.
Cn ethylic c mi thm, v hi ngt ging ng do nhng ru khng c ng
Trng i Hc Cn Th
nh ru trng khi ung vo vn c v ngt. cn ph bin ca ru vang l 10

120. Di 100 ru hi lt, 13 - 140 th cn hi cao, ung vo s chng say, khng
ung c nhiu v ngui ta ung ru vang khng phi ch v c cn. Nu cn thp
c th cho thm cn ethylic tinh khit.
3.2 ng
Hm lng ng ru vang nho l 2 - 3 g/l v ng trong ru vang ch
yu l fructose, glucose v mt t galactose. Nu cho thm ng saccharose vo trc
khi ln men th ton b thy phn thnh ng kh. V vy, nu pht hin saccharose
trong ru vang thnh phm l ng pha thm.
Ty theo lng ng kh cn li trong ru vang ln men xong m ngi ta
phn bit ru vang:
- Vang kh : lng ng di 10 g/l.
- Vang na kh: lng ng t 20 - 30 g/l.
- Vang na ngt: lng ng t 45 - 65 g/l.
- Vang ngt: lng ng t 80 - 110 g/l.
Lng ng kh cng cao th cn phi cao gi cn i. cn ca ru
kh ch t 9 - 110, ru ngt th cn t 12 - 130 v hn na.
Ru vang cn nhiu ng kh. c bit khi cn cn thp rt d b nhiu loi
vi khun ym kh cng nh hiu kh ph hy ng chuyn thnh acid lactic, dm lm
mt mi v ca ru.
3.3 Acid
L thnh phn quan trng ca ru vang, ngang vi cn. Ru vang l thc ung
c chua cao (acid tng s ti 4 5 g/l, pH t 2,9 - 3,9) nhng d ung v v chua
ca acid c cn i bi v ngt ca cn v glycerine, v cht ca polyphenol, v mn
ca mui.
Acid hu c trong ru vang cn c tc dng l ngn cn hot ng ca cc vi
khun lm hng ru. nh lng acid hu c kh hn acid v c nhiu do ngi
ta cha bit ht acid ca ru vang qu, nht l min nhit i.
3.4 Tro v cc mui
C nhiu mui khong trong ru vang qu ph bin nht l P, S, K, Na, Ca, Mg,
F2, I2.Mc d lng thp khong 1,5- 3 g/l ru vang nhng cht mui trong tro gi
vai tr quan trng.
- Lm tng hng v ca ru
- Lm tng gi tr dinh dng do trong ru c nhiu cht mui ht sc cn thit
cho c th sng vi mt lng nh.
Nhng cht vi lng nh Fe hm lng bnh thng ch vi mg/l v Cu l 0,2
0,3 mg/l. Nu ch tng vi mg/l cng gy kt ta lm ru c v mt hng v.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.5 Cht gy mi thm

Qu ti, c bit nh qu nhit i: xoi, da rt thm. l mi thm do cc
cht ngun gc tecpen quyt nh nhng i b phn cc cht ny b phn hy v b
kh CO2 ko theo trong qu trnh ln men. V phn mnh, con men cng sn sinh ra
nhng cht c mi thm trong c cn cao phn t v ester ca chng. Trong qu
trnh ru chn pht sinh ra mt mi thm c bit gi l buk (bouguet) do cc cht
oxi ha kh gy ra, nhng dng kh oxi mi thm, v vy gi ru vang qu trong
bnh nt kn hon ton khng c oxy mt thi gian di th c mi thm. Nu trong
bnh c ch trng v nt khng kn oxy lt vo th mi thm b phn hy rt nhanh.
3.6 Vitamin
Nuc qu c ting l giu vitamin nhng n c b ph hy trong qu trnh ln men
hay khng? J. Riber Gayon vit nh sau: Ni tm li, ln men ru iu chnh li
phn vitamin ca nc qu, c phn b sung thnh phn . Ch tng rng ln men
ph hy ht vitamin ca nc qu. Thc ra, l k thut tt gi li cc vitamin
.
3.7 Polyphenol
Hp cht phc tp ch c trong v qu do khi ch bin bng nc qu khng
c xc (vang trng) rt t polyphenol. Ngc li, khi cho ln men c nc v xc qu
th trong ru vang c nhiu polyphenol (vang ).
Polyphenol bao gm nhiu ha cht khc nhau:
- Acid phenolic: acid benzoic, acid xinamin
- Flavon lm cho ru c mu vng.
- Antoxian lm cho ru c mu .
Tanin d kt bng vi protein trong nc qu, cng d oxi ha lm cho ru c
mu ti.
Polyphenol ch c nhiu trong ru vang , lm cho ru c mu, c v cht, v
to nhng iu kin khng thun li cho khun c hi (V Cng Hu, 1983).
4. Sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh ln men ru vang
4.1 S to thnh acid
Trong qu trnh ln men ru lun to cc acid hu c bao gm: acid acetic,
lactic, citric, pyruvic v succinic nhng nhiu hn c l acetic v lactic.
* Acid acetic
N c th to thnh t phn ng oxy ho kh gia hai aldehyde acetic - mt phn
t b oxy ho, phn t th hai s b kh:
CH3CHO + CH3CHO + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
* Acid lactic
N c to bi pyruvat dehydronase theo phn ng:
CH3CO.COOH + NAD.H2 CH3CHOHCOOH + NAD
Trng i Hc Cn Th
* Acid citric
Theo Lapphon c to t aldehyde acetic phn ng ny c biu din tng qut
nh sau:
9CH3OH + 4H2O (CH2COOH)2(OH)2COOH + 6C2H5OH
* Acid succinic
Acid ny c to thnh c th theo hai con ng: dehydro v trng hp hai
phn t acid acetic vi aldehyde acetic:
2CH3COOH + CH3CHO COOHCH2COOH + C2H5OH
4.2 S to thnh alcohol cao phn t
Mt trong nhng sn phm ph quan trng c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men
ru, l cc ru c s nguyn t cacbon ln hn hai (gi chung l alcol cao phn t).
Cc alcol ny tuy t nhng ln vo cn etylic s gy nh hng xu ti cht lng sn
phm. l cc alcol propylic, isoamylic, amylic hm lng ca chng ch vo
khong 0,4 0,5% so vi cn etylic nhng gy cho sn phm mi hi kh chu. Cc
alcol ny c tn chung l du fusel v ch c mi hi kh chu nn gi l du kht.
4.3 S to thnh ester
Song song vi vic to ra acid v alcol, di tc dng ca enzym esterase ca
nm men, cc acid v alcol s tc dng ln nhau to ra nhng este tng ng. C
th vit di dng tng qut sau:
R1CH2OH + R2COOH R2COOCH2R1 + H2O
V d: khi alcol etylic kt hp vi acid acetic l s nhn c este etylic hay
acetat etyl:
C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH2COOC2H5 + H2O
S to thnh este s d dng hn khi cc cu t tham gia phn ng l cc
aldehyde:
R1CHO + R2CHO R1COOCH2R2
Khi tt c bin i ca aldehyde s c thc hin m khng cn tiu tn nng
lng.
Cc aldehyde cng c th ngng t vi nhau to ra cht mi, va c nhm
CHO va c cha nhm OH.
CH3CHO + CH3CHO CH3CHOHCH2CHO
Khi tc dng vi alcol etylic, aldehyde acetic s bin thnh dietyl acetat:
CH3CHO + 2C2H5OH CH3CH(OC2H5)2 + H2O
Da vo cc kt qu thu c trong phng th nghim cng nh trn thc t sn
xut, ngi ta nhn thy rng lng sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian to thnh
trong cc qu trnh ln men, ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, chng thay i theo nhit
, pH, mc sc kh cng nh chng nm men v c ngun nguyn liu.
10
Trng i Hc Cn Th
4.4 Cc vi khun c hi cho nm men

Dch ln men khng ch l mt mi trng dinh dng tt cho nm men m cn
cho cc vi sinh vt khc. Trong nc, trong khng kh cng nh cc ngun nguyn
liu tham gia vo thnh phn mi trng lun cha mt lng vi sinh vt c hi cho
ln men ru. Cc vi sinh vt nu ln vo dung dch ng s bin ng thnh cc
sn phm khc v do lm gim hiu sut ln men ru.
4.4.1 Vi khun lactic
y l loi vi khun ym kh, chng gm c hai loi: lactic in hnh v lactic
khng in hnh. Lactic in hnh s bin ng thnh sn phm duy nht l acid
lactic:
C6H12O6 2 CH3CHOHCOOH + 18Kcal
Vi khun lactic khng in hnh s s dng ng v to ra acid lactic, ngoi ra
cn to ra mt lng ng k cc cht khc nh: alcol, acid acetic, cacbonic, diacetyl
v aceton. Cc sn phm c to ra ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit , pH, mc
ym kh V vy, cc sn phm to thnh khng n nh.
Lactic in hnh c nhit ti u trong khong 49 510C, cn lactic khng in
hnh c nhit ti u trong khong 37 380C.
4.4.2 Vi khun acetic
Vi khun acetic l loi vi khun hiu kh cng khng to thnh bo t, c nhit
ti u trong khong 20 350C, ti a 420C chng pht trin tt trong mi trng c
alcol thp, oxy ho alcol thnh acetic:
C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O + 116Kcal
Trong mi trng khng c alcol, vi khun acetic s oxy ho ng thnh acid
gluconic.
Cc vi khun acetic khng ch oxy ho alcol acetic m cn oxy ho cc alcol
khc. V d nh di tc dng ca oxy ho ca vi khun acetic, alcol butylic s bin
thnh acid butyric:
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2COOH
V alcol propylic s bin thnh acid propylic:
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2COOH
Vi khun lactic thng pht trin trn b mt dch ln men lu ngy, trong iu
kin ln men ru chng t c kh nng pht trin v vi khun ny rt hiu kh.
4.4.3 Vi khun butylic v cc vi sinh vt khc
Nu ly dch qu cha ln men em cy trn hp a petri trong mi trng thch
hp s pht trin nhiu vi khun c kh nng to bo t. Chng gm vi khun butylic,
acetic butylic, subtilisnhng iu kin ln men ru, tt c cc vi khun ny khng
pht trin v pH ti thch ca chng u nm trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim
yu. V vy, nhim khun ch yu trong ln men ru ch yu l vi khun lactic.
(Nguyn nh Thng, 2000)
11
Trng i Hc Cn Th
5. C ch ca qu trnh ln men
ln men ngi ta cho vo mi trng mt lng t bo nm men nht nh.
Ty theo phng php ln men m lng nm men cho vo khc nhau. Thng thng
khi ln men, lng t bo nm men phi t c > 100 triu t bo trong 1ml dch ln
men. Do din tch b mt ca t bo nm men rt ln nn kh nng hp th cc cht
dinh dng rt mnh. ng ln men v cc cht dinh dng khc trong mi trng
ln men trc tin c hp th trn b mt ca nm men sau khuch tn qua mng
vo bn trong t bo nm men, ru v CO2 s c to thnh.
Ru etylic to thnh khuch tn ra mi trng bn ngoi qua mng t bo nm
men. Ru ha tan v hn trong nc nn khuch tn rt nhanh vo mi trng, CO2
cng ha tan vo trong mi trng nhng s ha tan khng ln. p sut 800 mmHg,
nhit 25 300C l 0,856 0,837 lt CO2 trong mt lt nc. V th CO2 sinh ra
trong qu trnh ln men s khuch tn vo mi trng v nhanh chng t c trng
thi bo ha. Khi bo ha, CO2 bm xung quanh t bo nm men hnh thnh nhng bt
kh. T bo nm men thng dnh lin vi nhau, bt kh sinh ra ngy cng nhiu v
ln dn ln hnh thnh ti ln, n lc no c s chnh lch gia khi lng ring
ca mi trng v t bo nm men s ni ln trn b mt. Khi n b mt, do c s
thay i t ngt sc cng b mt nn chng b v ra lm cho kh CO2 b phng thch
ra bn ngai. Lc ny khi lng ring ca nm men ln tr li nn chng b chm
xung. Qu trnh ny din ra lin tc nn t bo nm men vn t trng thi tnh chuyn
sang trng thi ng, lm gia tng kh nng tip xc t bo nm men v mi trng
iu ny lm cho qu trnh trao i cht din ra nhanh hn, mnh m hn. Khi lm
tng nhanh qu trnh ln men.
Kh CO2 c ch qu trnh ln men, nhng trong qu trnh thot kh CO2 lm tng
kh nng ln men ca nm men. Kch thc, vt liu ch to ca thit b ln men, cc
cht ha tan mang in tch, cc vt l lng khc hin din trong dch ln men khi ln
men u nh hng n s thot kh CO2 nn cng nh hng qu trnh ln men (Bi
Th Qunh Hoa).
6. ng hc ca qu trnh ln men
Tc ca qu trnh ln men c th quan st c bng cch theo di thay i
ca hm lng ng trong dch ln men, quan st bng cch theo di s thay i
ru v CO2 to thnh cng nh sau thay i tr s ca nng dch ln men.
Qu trnh ln men chia lm 3 thi k chnh:
- Thi k u: khong 60 gi k t khi cho nm men tip xc vi dch ln men.
S ln men din ra rt chm, ng ln men khng ng k.
- Thi k 2: y l thi k ln men chnh. Chim khong 60 - 120 gi sau thi k
u. S pht trin ca nm men v s ln men sau mi gi tng ln ng k v t n
tr s cc i.
- Thi k cui: y l giai on ln men ph xy ra rt chm ng thi l thi k
n nh to mi cho sn phm. Ty theo phng php ln men, loi sn phm m thi
gian ln men ph ko di khc nhau khng quan st c.
12
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Thi k ln men chnh l thi k bin i su sc cc thnh phn trong dch ln

men. Chng nh hng n kt qu ca qu trnh ln men. Trong giai on ny, trong
iu kin ln men bnh thng sau mi gi nng ng trong dch ln men s gim
i khong 1 (0Brix, balling, %) ty theo loi sn phm, dy chuyn sn xut.
S tn ti ca thi k ln men cui l c trng i vi qu trnh ln men dch
ng ha t nguyn liu cha tinh bt.
Trong dch ln men nu biu th hm lng ng tn ti trong dch ln men l
100% th 4 6% l dng cht khng tan, 75 77% c chuyn thnh maltose v 19%
l dextrin.
Trong giai on ln men s ng ha cng xy ra nhng rt chm v khng
hon ton, c bit kh khn i vi tinh bt khng tan. Do , tc ln men trong
thi k ny khng ph thuc vo s lng t bo nm men m ch yu ph thuc vo
thy phn hm lng dextrin khng ln men cn li. Tuy vy, chnh nhng loi ng
khng ln men ny s to thnh v ngt cho sn phm. Nh vy, chu k ln men dch
ng ha tinh bt ph thuc vo thi gian ln men cui hay ph thuc vo kh nng
ng ha ca phc h enzyme amylase. Rt nhiu th nghim cho thy cng ko di
thi gian ln men cui th cng gia tng hiu sut ca qu trnh ln men .
Tuy vy ty theo sn phm ca s ln men, nng glucid ca dch ng ha,
phng php ln men, nh sn xut cng s to ra mt qui trnh sn xut ring bit vi
cht lng v thnh phn mong mun ca h (Bi Th Qunh Hoa).
7. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men
* nh hng ca oxi
Hu ht cc chng nm men trong ln men ru vang thuc ging
Saccharomyces. Chng l nhm vi sinh vt k kh tu tin. Khi trong mi trng
oxy nm men phn hu ng dng lm ngun nng lng lng v cu to t bo
tng sinh khi.
Trng hp thiu oxy (k kh) nm men s dng phn oxi ho tan trong mi
trng sinh trng v ch yu l ln men.
Trong qu trnh ln men giai on u yu cu oxi cao nht nm men sinh sn,
pht trin tng sinh khi. Nu c giai on nhn ging th cng cn phi cung cp oxi
bng cch lc hoc sc kh.
* nh hng nhit
Nhit ln men c nh hng n i sng ca nm, men, n qu trnh ln
men v cht lng sn phm.
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v sn xut ru vang xc nh c khong
nhit ln men ru vang trng thch hp l 15 300C, nu ln men nhng thang
thp hn th cng tt. Cn ln men (nc qu ln xc qu) phi chit xut cc
cht thm v polyphenol t v qu nn cn thang cao hn, thng l 250C.
Nhit ln men cao, thi gian ca qu trnh ln men ngn, cn c th thp,
ng st cn nhiu v hng v ca sn phm c khi khng tt.
13
Trng i Hc Cn Th
* nh hng ca hm lng ng
Trong nc qu thng c hm lng ng khng u do vy ngi ta thng
b sung thm ng saccharose. a s cc loi nm men hot ng bnh thng trong
mi trng c hm lng ng di 20%. C mt s chng hot ng mi trng
c ng cao hn. Khi nhn ging thng dng mi trng c ng thp di 10%.
* nh hng ca pH mi trng
Trong thc t ln men nhng dch qu chua thng c ru vang ngon. i vi
dch qu thng c pH t 2,8 3,8. Khong pH ny nm men vn hot ng c.
Vng pH ti thch ca nm men l 4 6.
Trong sn xut ru vang ngi ta thng chun b mi trng nc qu c
pH bng 3 3,5 (Lng c Phm, 1998).
* nh hng ca nh sng
nh sng l yu t km hm hot ng ca nm men vang. c bit cc tia cc
tm trong nh sng s git cht t bo nm men, v vy qu trnh ln men ph thuc
thi tit ca tng v (Bi i, 2003).
* nh hng ca nng ru
Qu trnh nui cy nm men ch yu l to iu kin cho nm men pht trin sinh
khi, t s lng theo yu cu. Song, nm men cng thc hin mt qu trnh ln men
ru ng k (cn ph thuc vo ch thng khng kh).
Thng trong dch nm men c khong 4 6% ru. Nng ru sinh ra c nh
hng n tc v kh nng pht trin ca nm men. Nng ru nh hng n
tc pht trin ring ca nm men cn ph thuc vo thi gian, s lng t bo v
nguyn liu chun b mi trng nui cy. Cng mt mi trng nui cy, s lng t
bo nm men cho vo bng nhau, iu kin cy ging nhau th nng ru ban u
1% cha c nh hng n tc v kh nng pht trin ca nm men, t 4 6%
c nh hng xu (Bi Th Qunh Hoa).
* nh hng ca ngun nit
a s trong nc qu c cc hp cht nit cung cp cho nm men. Song, cng
c trng hp v hn hn hoc tu tng loi qu khng ngun nit cho nm men
sinh trng. Do , cn phi b sung thm ngun nit. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta
thng dng amon sulfat (NH4)2SO4. Cng c th dng dch men t phn cho thm
vo mi trng. Nu dch qu qu chua dng tactrat amon kali hay amon hydroxyt
trung ho bt acid.
Ngoi ngun nit cng cn ch n nhu cu sinh trng ca nm men. Nu thy
men pht trin km c th thm vo 1 lt nc qu 0,2 ml hn hp c thnh phn nh
sau: amon sulfat: 100g/l; vitamin B1: 0,25g/l; canxi pantotenat: 0,25g/l; vitamin H:
0,002g/l. Cng c th dng cao nm men thay cho hn hp ny (Lng c Phm,
1998).
* nh hng mt s t bo nm men
S lng t bo nm men cho vo dch ln men c nh hng ln n qu trnh
ln men. Nu s lng t bo nm men cho vo thch hp th qu trnh ln men tt v
14
Trng i Hc Cn Th
hiu sut thu hi cao, cht lng sn phm cng tt hn. Nu lng t bo nm men
cho vo qu t th tc ln men chm, sinh khi t bo nm men thp to iu kin
cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Nu s lng nm men qu nhiu th mi trng dch ln
men khng cho nm men pht trin, t bo nm men s cht dn, sn phn sinh ra
mi l ng thi ph i mt lng nm men.
* nh hng cht st trng
Cc cht st trng dng trong sn xut nh: formol, Na2SiF6, NaF, CaOCl2, cc
mui kim loi nng, cc tia cc tm u c nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca nm
men. Tuy nhin, mi mt yu t c nh hng khc nhau trong tng iu kin nui
cy v tng chng nm men. Cht thanh trng rng ri l SO2 (anhydrit sulphur), SO2
l ho cht c php dng trong sn xut ru vang hu ht trn th gii v n c tc
dng nhiu mt: chng oxi ho, lm gim hoc tiu dit nhiu loi vi khun c hi
trong c vi khun lactic. Lng SO2 thng dng l 30 120 mg/l, SO2 c tc dng
lm t lit cc enzym oxi ho kh. Nu dng qu liu ru s c mi kh chu v dit
mt s vi khun c ch. Ngun SO2 dng ph bin trong ru vang l hp cht
Na2SO3 (Lng c Phm, 1998).
* nh hng ca CO2
Hm lng CO2 hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men thng hn ch mnh s sinh
sn ca nm men vang. Theo nghin cu ca Miuler Thurrau, khi:
- Hm lng CO2 trong ru vang t n 0,25% trng lng th vic sinh sn
ca nm men nh tr
- Hm lng CO2 trong ru vang t 1,5% trong lng CO2 th nm men khng
cn sinh sn na
Vi hm lng CO2 nh trn, nhit 150C s c p sut l 7,7 atm, nm men
vn sng v tip tc ln men k kh (Bi i, 2003).
8. Tiu chun ca nc trong sn xut ru
cng ca nc khng qu 7mg ng lng/lt, phi trong sut, khng mu,
khng mi. Hm lng mui khng c vt qu gii hn sau:
Bng 6. Gii hn hm lng cc ion trong nc
Ion
Hm lng (mg/l)
Ion
Hm lng (mg/l)
Cl
0,5
SO42-
80
Zn
As
0,05
Cu
Pb
0,1
Fe
0,3
NO3
40
(Bi Th Qunh Hoa)
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
Khng c hoc ch c rt t cc mui kim loi nng nh: Hg2+, Ba2+

Kh nng oxi ho khng qu 2 ml dung dch KMnO4 (0,01N). Cht cn khng
vt qu 1000 mg/l. Nc mt sng h thng c lng mui khong thp, dao ng
t 40 50 mg/l. Nc ngm c lng mui khong nhiu hn, khong 50 3000
mg/l. Hm lng cc cht hu c khng vt qu 4 mg/l. Vi sinh vt hu nh khng
c.
Mui CaCO3, MgCO3, Fe2+, Fe3+ vi lng 400 mg/l, mui nitrat 400 mg/l v
mui nit 200 mg/l s nh hng khng tt n qu trnh ln men.
NH3 vi hm lng 20 mg/l li c tc dng lm tng hiu sut ln men. Hm
lng ln hn th li khng cho php.
Cc mui nitrat, nitrit, phosphat v silicat vi lng nh hn 200 mg/l khng nh
hng n qu trnh ng ho. Mui bicacbonat vi lng khng qu 200 400 mg/l
khng nh hng n s ng ho, nhng lng ln hn nh hng r rt n
enzyme amylase.
E. Coli < 20 t bo/lt (Bi Th Qunh Hoa).
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
CHNG III PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP TH NGHIM

1. Phng tin th nghim
1.1 a im tin hnh th nghim
Th nghim c tin hnh ti phng th nghim ca b mn Cng Ngh Thc
Phm, khoa Nng Nghip & SHD, trng i Hc Cn Th.
1.2 Thi gian thc hin ti
ti thc hin trong thi gian 12 tun, bt u t 26/02/2007 n 18/05/2007.
1.3 Thit b v dng c
Cc thit b, dng c thc hin th nghim gm:
- Chit quang k (hiu ATAGO, 0 320Brix, Japan)
- Saccharometer
- My o pH
- Thu trng k (Hydrometer)
- Cn in t vi chnh xc 0,01g
- Bnh lng gn
- T sy
- Cc bnh ln men
- T mt
- My so mu spectrophotometer
Hnh 2. My o pH
Hnh 5. Thy trng k
Hnh 3. Saccharometer
Hnh 4. My Spectrophotometer
Hnh 6. Cn in t
17
Trng i Hc Cn Th
1.4 Nguyn vt liu, ho cht

Nguyn liu: nc da, ng
Ho cht phn tch acid: NaOH 0,1N, Phenolphtalein
Ho cht phn tch bo: cn amoniac, ete thng, ete du ho
Ho cht thanh trng: NaHSO3
Ho cht iu chnh pH: acid citric
2. Phng php th nghim
2.1 Phng php th nghim
Th nghim c b tr vi 2 ln lp li. Kt qu phn tch thng k bng chng
trnh Statgraphics
2.2 Phng php phn tch
- Phn tch acid ton phn bng phng php th tch nh phn
- Xc nh hm lng cht kh ho tan trong dch ln men bng chit quang k
- Xc nh pH bng my o pH
- Phn tch hm lng ng cn li bng saccharometer
- Phn tch hm lng ru trong sn phm bng phng php t trng
- o truyn quang T % bng my Spectrophotometer
- nh gi cm quan bng phng php cho im (theo thang im Hedonic)
18
Trng i Hc Cn Th
2.3 Quy trnh th nghim
Nc da
Phi ch
Thanh
trng
Ln men
Lm trong
n nh
Thnh
phm
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
2.4 Ni dung v b tr th nghim

2.4.1 Kho st nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm
men n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm
Mc ch
Xc nh nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm
men n qu trnh ln men.
Chun b mu
Nc da c phi ch, dng chit quang k o v tnh cc mu cc nng
ng khc nhau, thanh trng nc da bng NaHSO3 140 mg/l khong 30 pht. Cho
nm men vo vi cc t l nm men khc nhau. Cho nc da vo bnh ln men v tin
hnh ln men. Qu trnh ln men c theo di tng ngy (ly mu phn tch hm
lng ng cn li v hm lng ru trong sn phm theo tng ngy) n khi qu
trnh ln men kt thc.
B tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr vi 2 nhn t, lp li 2 ln
Nhn t A: hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men (%), c 3 mc
A1: 20
A2: 22
A3: 24
Nhn t B: lng nm men b sung (g/lt dch ln men), c 3 mc

B1: 0,2
B2: 0,4
B3: 0,6
Bng 7. S b tr th nghim
Nhn t
Nhn t B
B1
B2
B3
A1
A1B1
A1B2
A1B3
A2
A2B1
A2B2
A2B3
A3
A3B1
A3B2
A3B3
S nghim thc = 3*3 = 9

Kt qu ghi nhn
- Hm lng ng cn li
- Hm lng ru trong sn phm
- Kt qu nh gi cm quan sn phm
T th nghim, ta chn ra c hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t
l nm men b sung thch hp cho qu trnh ln men to sn phm c mi v tt. Lm
c s tin hnh cc th nghim tip theo.
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
2.4.2 Kho st nh hng pH ca dch ln men n qu trnh ln men v cht lng

sn phm
Mc ch
Xc nh nh hng ca pH n qu trnh ln men.
Chun b mu
Nc da c phi ch, dng chit quang k v my o pH o v tnh cc
mu cc hm lng cht kh ha tan thch hp theo th nghim 2, iu chnh pH
khc nhau (dng acid citric hoc NaHCO3 iu chnh pH). Thanh trng nc da
bng NaHSO3 140 mg/l khong 30 pht. Cho nm men vo vi cc t l nm men
thch hp theo th nghim 2. Nc da cho vo bnh ln men v tin hnh ln men.
Qu trnh ln men c theo di tng ngy (ly mu phn tch hm lng ng cn
li v hm lng ru trong sn phm theo tng ngy) n khi qu trnh ln men kt
thc.
B tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr vi 1 nhn t, lp li 2 ln
Nhn t C: pH dch ln men sau phi ch, c 3 mc
C1 : 4
C2: 4,5
C3 : 5
S nghim thc = 3
Kt qu ghi nhn
- Hm lng ng cn li
- Hm lng ru trong sn phm
Sau kt qu ghi nhn c ta chn ra pH thch hp cho qu trnh ln men to ra
sn phm c cht lng tt.
2.4.3 Kho st nh hng ca cht lm trong
Mc ch
Xc nh nh hng ca vic lm trong bng agar nhm chn iu kin lm trong
thch hp.
Chun b mu
Nc da sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men thu c sn phm, ta tin hnh lm
trong bng agar vi cc t l khc nhau, theo di thi gian lm trong v nh gi sn
phm.
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
B tr th nghim
Th nghim tin hnh vi 1 nhn t, 2 ln lp li
D: t l agar (g/lt), c 4 mc
D1: 0 D2: 0,5
D3: 1
D4: 1,5
S nghim thc = 4
Kt qu ghi nhn
- trong ca ru
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
CHNG IV KT QU V THO LUN

1. Thnh phn ca nc da
Ch tiu
Hm lng
pH
5,2 5,4
Hm lng cht kh ha tan
3,9 %
Acid ton phn
0,064 %
Hm lng cht bo
0,053 %
Hnh 7. Nguyn liu da
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
2. nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men

n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm
B tr th nghim vi 3 hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men l 20%,
22% v 24%; vi 3 t l nm men khc nhau l 0,2g/l, 0,4g/l v 0,6g/l. Cc ch tiu c
nh l lng NaHSO3 140mg/l khong 30 pht, thi gian ln men l 12 ngy (theo th
nghim thm d). Cc bc tin hnh th nghim tng t nh s b tr. Kt qu
thng k v hm lng ng cn li, hm lng ru trong sn phm sau khi ln
men c th hin trong cc bng sau:
Bng 8. Kt qu thng k nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn li v hm
lng ru ca sn phm trong qu trnh ln men
Thi gian ln men, ngy
Hm lng ng cn li , % Hm lng ru ca sn phm,

%
19,3a
1,5j
16,9b
2,7i
16,0c
3,1i
12,6d
4,8h
10,6e
5,8g
8,9f
7,0f
6,9g
7,8e
5,5h
8,7d
3,6i
9,7c
10
3,1i
10,2c
11
2,0j
11,3b
12
1,3k
11,9ab
13
0,7k
12,4a
(Cc ch ci ging nhau biu th s
khc bit khng c ngha v mt thng k theo ct)
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 9. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men n

hm lng ng cn li v hm lng ru ca sn phm trong qu trnh ln men
Hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch

ln men, %
Hm lng
ng cn li, %
Hm lng ru trong
20
6,2c
7,4b
22
8,0b
7,7a
24
10,5a
7,3b
sn phm, %
Bng 10. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l nm men n hm lng ng cn li v hm

lng ru ca sn phm trong qu trnh ln men
T l nm men, g/lt
Hm lng ng cn li, %
Hm lng ru ca sn phm, %
0,2
9,4a
6,8c
0,4
8,1b
7,5b
0,6
7,2c
8,1a
Qua kt qu tnh thng k th hin bng 8, 9, 10 cho thy: T l nm men nh

hng ln n qu trnh ln men, t l nm men cao th gip qu trnh ln men nhanh
hn, thi gian ln men ngn. Tuy nhin, khi t l nm men cao hn 0,4 g/l th lng
ru sinh ra tng nhng nu s dng t l nm men cao qu s sinh ra nhiu ru bc
cao, aldehyde lm gim gi tr cm quan sn phm, vi t l nm men 0,4 g/l lng
ru sinh ra sc c ch li hot ng ca nm men. Do , ch cn s dng t l
nm men 0,4 g/l trong qu trnh ln men. Tng t, i vi khong hm lng cht
kh ha tan trong dch ln men kho st cho thy: khi tng hm lng cht kh ha
tan th lng ru sinh ra nhiu hn nhng i vi hm lng cht kh ha tan 24%,
th lng ru sinh ra li gim do hm lng ng cao hn ch s hot ng ca
nm men. Do , da vo kt qu thng k nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan
trong dch ln men n lng ru sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men cho thy: ta nn
chn hm lng cht kh ha tan ca dch ln men 22%.
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
2.1 nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men v t l nm men

n qu trnh ln men
HL ng cn li, %
Nm men: 0,2 g/l
Nm men: 0,4 g/l
Nm men: 0,6 g/l
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10 11 12 13
Hnh 8. th biu din s thay i hm lng ng cn li theo thi gian ln men khi hm
lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men l 20%
HL ng cn li, %
25
Nm men: 0,2 g/l
Nm men: 0,4 g/l
Nm men: 0,6 g/l
20
15
10
5
0
1
10 11 12 13
26
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Nm men: 0,2 g/l
Nm men: 0,4 g/l
Nm men: 0,6 g/l
HL ng cn li, %
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
10 11 12 13
Nm men: 0,2 g/l
Nm men: 0,4 g/l
Nm men: 0,6 g/l
HL ru ca sn phm, %
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10 11 12 13
Hnh 11. th biu din hm lng ru trong sn phm theo thi gian ln men khi hm
27
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Nm men: 0,2 g/l
Nm men: 0,4 g/l
Nm men: 0,6 g/l
HL ru ca sn phm, %
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10 11 12 13
Nm men: 0,2 g/l
Nm men: 0,4 g/l
Nm men: 0,6 g/l
HL ru ca sn phm, %
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10 11 12 13
Qua kt qu biu th hnh 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 cho thy: khi s dng t l nm
men thp th qu trnh ln men chm, cng thi gian ln men nhng vi t l nm men
cng cao th sn phm c hm lng ru cng cao, do ng thm vo l ng
saccharose (l mi trng thch hp cho nm men hot ng), khi t l nm men cng
cao th nm men s s dng ng saccharose trit hn trong qu trnh ln men nn
sn phm c hm lng ru cng cao. Tuy nhin, khi t l nm men cao hn 0,4 g/l
th lng ru sinh ra tng nhng gi tr cm quan li km do sinh ra nhiu ru bc
cao, aldehyde, diacetyl, vi t l nm men 0,4 g/l lng ru sinh ra c ch li
hot ng ca nm men. Do , ch nn s dng t l nm men 0,4 g/l. Tng t, vi
hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, khi tng hm lng cht kh ha tan
28
Trng i Hc Cn Th
th lng ru sinh ra nhiu hn nhng n hm lng cht kh ha tan l 24% th sn

phm c hm lng ng cn li cao, lng ru sinh ra gim do ng cao qu s
c ch s hot ng ca nm men lm cho nm men khng ln men trit , vi hm
lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men l 22% th sn phm c hm lng ng
cn li thp hn, hm lng ru trong sn phm cao do hm lng cht kh ha tan
trong dch ln men l 22% to mi trng thch hp hn cho nm men hot ng nn
nm men thc hin qu trnh ln men tt. Vi hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch
ln men l 20% th sn phm c hm lng ng cn li thp, hm lng ru trong
sn phm kh cao nhng gi tr cm quan km hn. Do , da vo th biu din
nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men n hm lng ru
ca sn phm trong qu trnh ln men cho thy: ta nn chn hm lng cht kh ha
tan ca dch ln men 22%.
2.2 nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men n
gi tr cm quan sn phm
Bng 11. Kt qu nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men n
T l nm men (g/lt)
0,2
0,4
0,6
HL Cht kh ha tan, %
Mu sc
Mi
20
22
24
20
22
24
20
22
24
6,1
6,9
6,1
6,3
8,1
6,5
6,1
6,0
6,1
6,2
7,2
6,5
5,7
7,4
6,8
5,7
7,6
6,9
5,6
6,9
6,5
6,7
6,8
6,0
6,4
7,6
6,6
(Ghi ch: s liu trong bng l gi tr trung bnh)
Bng 12. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men n
Hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men,

%
trong
Mi
20
6,2b
5,9c
6,2b
22
7,0a
7,4a
7,1a
24
6,2b
6,7b
6,4b
29
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 13. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l nm men n gi tr cm quan sn phm
T l nm men, g/lt
trong
Mi
0,2
6,4b
6,6a
6,3a
0,4
6,9a
6,6a
6,5a
0,6
6,1b
6,7a
6,9a
Qua kt qu thng k im cm quan ca sn phm bng 12 v 13 cho thy:

hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men c nh hng n gi tr cm quan ca
sn phm, vi hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men l 22% c nh gi
cao do kt qu ln men tt, sn phm c mi v c trng v c nhiu ngi a
thch. Tng t, vi t l nm men s dng, khi thay i t l nm men s dng trong
qu trnh ln men th khng nh hng ln n gi tr cm quan sn phm, vi t l
nm men 0,4g/l cho sn phm c gi tr cm quan tt.
V vy, qua kho st nh hng ca hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln
men, t l nm men n qu trnh ln men, vi nhng kt qu thu nhn c cho thy:
ta c th ln men ru t nc da c hm lng cht kh ha tan 22% v t l nm
men 0,4 g/l.
Hnh 14. Sn phm sau ln men
30
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3. nh hng pH dch ln men n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm

B tr th nghim vi 3 mc pH khc nhau bng cch dng acid citric iu
chnh ta c pH bng 4, 4,5 v 5. Cc ch tiu c nh l hm lng cht kh ha tan
trong dch ln men l 22%, t l nm men 0,4 g/lt, NaHSO3 140mg/l khong 30 pht
v thi gian ln men l 12 ngy. Cc bc tin hnh th nghim tng t theo s b
tr. Kt qu c th hin trong cc bng sau:
Bng 14. Kt qu thng k nh hng pH ca dch ln men n hm lng ng cn li v
hm lng ru ca sn phm
pH trong dch ln men
Hm lng ng cn li, %
Hm lng ru trong sn phm, %
10,8a
6,4b
4,5
9,2b
7,2a
9,2b
7,2a
Bng 15. Kt qu thng k nh hng thi gian ln men n qu trnh ln men khi thay i pH
Hm lng ng cn li, %
Hm lng ru ca sn phm, %
20,2a
0,9l
18,4b
2,1k
17,3c
2,9j
13,3d
5,1i
11,6e
6,0h
9,8f
7,0g
8,2g
7,8f
7,3h
8,4e
6,0i
8,9d
10
5,0j
9,4c
11
4,0k
9,9b
12
3,0l
10,6a
13
2,3l
10,9a
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Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.1 nh hng pH ca dch ln men n hm lng ng cn li trong qu trnh ln

men
pH: 4
pH: 4,5
pH: 5
HL ng cn li, %
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
10 11 12 13
Hnh 15. th biu din s thay i hm lng ng cn li theo pH trong qu trnh ln men
3.2 nh hng ca pH ca dch ln men n hm lng ru ca sn phm trong qu

trnh ln men
pH: 4
pH: 4,5
pH: 5
12
HL ru ca sn phm, %
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10 11 12 13
Hnh 16. th biu din s thay i hm lng ru ca sn phm theo pH trong qu trnh ln
men
Qua kt qu biu th hnh 15, 16 v kt qu thng k bng 14, 15 cho thy: pH

trong dch ln men c nh hng n qu trnh ln men, pH cng cao th sn phm sau
ln men c hm lng ru cng cao. cng iu kin ln men nhng vi pH bng
4,5 v 5 sn phm c hm lng ru sau ln men cao hn khi pH bng 4 s sinh ra
ru trong sn phm thp hn do pH bng 4 khng thch hp cho qu trnh ln men,
dch nc da s chua hn, nn nm men hot ng khng mnh, lng ru sinh ra
khng nhiu. Do , da vo kt qu biu th nh hng pH ca dch ln men n qu
trnh ln men cho thy: ta c th iu chnh dch ln men c pH > 4,5 th qu trnh ln
men din ra s tt hn.
32
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.3 nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan ca sn phm

Bng 16. Kt qu thng k nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan sn phm
pH ca nc da
trong
Mi
6,3b
6,4c
6,4b
4,5
8,1a
8,0a
8,2a
7,6a
7,3b
7,4a
Qua kt qu thng k im cm quan ca sn phm bng 16 cho thy: pH nh

hng n v chua, n gi tr cm quan sn phm, vi pH ca dch ln men bng 4,5
trong qu trnh ln men s to sn phm c nh gi cao do mc pH ny cho kt qu
ln men tt v to sn phm c trong, mi v c trng. Do , mu c pH ca dch
nc da bng 4,5 c chn lm c s cho th nghim sau.
Hnh 17. Sn phm sau ln men c chnh pH
4. nh hng ca vic lm trong bng agar n qu trnh lm trong ru v cht

lng ca sn phm
Ru sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men th tin hnh lm trong bng agar. B tr
th nghim vi 3 t l agar l 0,5 g/l, 1 g/l, 1,5g/l v mt mu khng s dng agar. Kt
qu ca qu trnh lm trong c th hin qua bng sau:
Bng 17. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l agar n trong sn phm ( truyn qua T,
%)
T l agar (g/lt)
truyn qua T (%)
65,2b
0,5
82,5a
65,4b
1,5
66,2b
33
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 18. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca thi gian lm trong n trong ca sn phm (

truyn qua T, %)
Thi gian lm trong, ngy
truyn qua T, %
42,4e
58,3d
67,9c
72,0bc
12
75,1b
15
79,6a
18
81,6a
21
81,7a
truyn qua , %
4.1 nh hng ca t l agar n trong sn phm ( truyn qua T, %)
Agar: 0 g/l
120
100
80
Agar: 0,5 g/l
Agar: 1 g/l
Agar: 1,5 g/l
60
40
20
0
0
12
T hi gian lm trong, ngy
15
18
21
Hnh 18. th biu din s thay i truyn qua T (%) theo thi gian lm trong
Qua kt qu biu th hnh 18 v kt qu thng k bng 17 v 18 cho thy: T l

agar nh hng ln n qu trnh lm trong, t l agar thp gip qu trnh lm trong
nhanh hn, sn phm trong hn. Khi t l agar s dng > 1 g/l th qu trnh lm trong
cng din ra nhng trong ca sn phm cha t yu cu. Vi t l agar l 0,5 g/l th
qu trnh lm trong rt tt, sn phm trong. Do , ta ch nn s dng t l agar l 0,5
g/l cho qu trnh lm trong. Tng t, vi thi gian lm trong kho st cho thy:
thi gian lm trong cng c nh hng n trong ca sn phm, khi thi gian lm
trong cng di th sn phm cng trong. Tuy nhin, vi thi gian lm trong khong 15
ngy th sn phm trong, nu thi gian lm trong ko di hn th sn phm cng khng
trong thm do lc ny hu ht cn l lng lng xung y. Do , da vo kt qu
34
Trng i Hc Cn Th
thng k nh hng thi gian lm trong n trong ca sn phm cho thy: ta nn

chn thi gian lm trong khong 15 ngy th trong chp nhn c.
4.2 nh hng ca vic lm trong bng agar n gi tr cm quan sn phm
Bng 19. Kt qu thng k nh gi nh hng ca t l agar trong qu trnh lm trong n gi
tr cm quan sn phm
T l agar, g/lt
trong
Mu sc
Mi
5,5c
5,3c
5,8b
6,5b
0,5
7,4a
7,5a
7,5a
7,3a
6,0bc
6,1b
7,0a
6,9ab
1,5
6,4b
6,6b
7,1a
7,1ab
Qua kt qu thng k im cm quan ca sn phm bng 19 cho thy: agar c

nh hng n gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, t l agar thp th qu trnh lm trong
tt hn, sn phm c nh gi cao hn. Mu khng c s dng agar trong qu trnh
lm trong c nh gi thp nht do sn phm cn c, c nhiu cn l lng trong
ru. Mu s dng agar t l 1 g/l v 1,5 g/l trong qu trnh lm trong sn phm vn
cn c v c t cn l lng do lng agar d khng cn thit nn t l ny khng c
chp nhn. Mu s dng agar t l 0,5 g/l c nh gi cao nht do t l ny sn
phm trong v c mi v tt.
Hnh 19. Ru ang lm trong bng agar
Hnh 20. Ru sau qu trnh lm trong
Hnh 21. Sn phm ru vang da
35
Trng i Hc Cn Th
CHNG V KT LUN V NGH

1. Kt lun
Qu trnh nghin cu ch bin sn phm ru vang da, c th rt ra nhng kt lun
sau:
Hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l nm men nh hng nhiu
n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm, ta nn tin hnh ln men vi hm
lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men l 22% v t l nm men l 0,4 g/l s to
iu kin cho qu trnh ln men tt, hm lng ru ca sn phm cao v cht lng
sn phm tt.
pH ca dch ln men nh hng mt t n qu trnh ln men v cht lng sn
phm, khi dch ln men c pH > 4,5 th qu trnh ln men s din ra tt hn. Tuy
nhin, pH > 5 th sn phm c gi tr cm quan km hn. Do , pH thch hp l 4,5.
T l agar nh hng n qu trnh lm trong ru v cht lng sn phm, s
dng t l agar l 0,5 g/l, tin hnh lm trong khong 15 ngy th sn phm s trong v
t cht lng tt hn.
Qua ta c th thc hin theo quy trnh ch bin sau:
Nc da
Phi ch
ng saccharose,
Brix = 22%
Acid citric iu chnh
pH = 4,5
Thanh
trng
NaHSO3, 140mg/l,
30 pht
Ln men
Nm men 0,4 g/l,

12 ngy
Lm
trong
T l agar 0,5 g/l,

15 ngy
n nh
Thnh
phm
36
Trng i Hc Cn Th
2. ngh
Do thi gian nghin cu c gii hn nn khng th kho st ht cc yu t nh hng
n qu trnh ch bin ru vang da. ngh hng ti c iu kin nn tin hnh
kho st vn sau:
Kho st nh hng ca cc cht lm trong n qu trnh lm trong ru vang
da v cht lng sn phm.
37
Trng i Hc Cn Th
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hoa, Bi Th Qunh. Cng Ngh Sn Xut Ru Bia v Nc Gii Kht. Trng i Hc
Cn Th.
2. Hu, V Cng. 1983. Ch Bin Vang Tri Cy Trong Gia nh. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip,
H Ni.
3. i, Bi. 2003. Cng Ngh Ln Men ng Dng Trong Cng Ngh Thc Phm. Nh xut bn
i Hc Quc Gia TP H Ch Minh.
4. Lng, Nguyn c. 2002, 1996. Cng Ngh Vi Sinh. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP
H Ch Minh.
5. Tng, Nguyn Vn. 2003. Lun vn tt nghip Nghin Cu Ch Bin Ru Mn. Trng i
Hc Cn Th.
6. V, Nguyn Bo, Trn Vn Hu, L Thanh Phong. 2005. Cy a Nin. T Sch i Hc Cn
Th.
7. Thng, Nguyn nh. 2000. Cng Ngh Sn Xut v Kim Tra Cn Ethylic. Nh xut bn
Khoa Hc v K Thut.
8. Lin, Dng Th Phng. 1999. Kim Tra Cht Lng Thc Phm Bng Phng Php Cm
Quan. Trng i Hc Cn Th.
9. Lin, Dng Th Phng, Bi Th Qunh Hoa, Nguyn Bo Lc. 2005. Kim Tra Cht Lng
Sn Phm. Trng i Hc Cn Th.
10. Hnh, Nguyn Hng. 2006. Lun vn tt nghip Ln Men Kefir T Nho. Trng i Hc Cn
Th.
38
Trng i Hc Cn Th
PH LC
PH LC 1 CC CH TIU PHN TCH
1. Phng php phn tch thnh phn ho hc ca nc da
- Xc nh pH
Dng my o pH xc nh gi tr pH ca nc da
- Xc nh acid ton phn
Cn 10g mu + nc ct cho vo 50ml, lng 1 gi. ong 25ml nc trong cho
vo 5 git phenolphtalein v em chun bng NaOH 0,1N, n khi xut hin mu
hng nht, c th tch ca NaOH 0,1N v tnh theo cng thc:
X=
K N 2 100
(%)
P
Trong :
K: h s acid, ly K = 0,0064 (tnh theo acid citric)
N: s ml NaOH 0,1N chun c
P: s gam mu
- Xc nh cht kh ho tan
Xc nh cht kh ho tan ta dng chit quang k. Ly dch nc da nh 1 git ln
chit quang k ri c kt qu, ta c 0Brix ca nc da.
- nh lng lipid bng phng php Adam Rose Gottlieb
Nguyn l
Trong mi trng amoniac v cn, chit xut lipid bng ete v ete du ho. bay hi
ht ete, cn lipid v t tnh ra hm lng lng lipd c trong 100 g thc phm.
Amoniac c nhim v ho tan protein, lm thay i sc cng mt ngoi ca cc cht
bo, ct dy ni gia bo v m lipid ho tan vo ete d dng hn.
Cn c tnh ht nc lm cho lipid d ho tan trong ete hn, tham gia vo vic ct dy
ni gia bo v m. Ete cn gi l ete thng hay ete sunfuric, c tnh cht ho tan
lipid nhng cng ho tan cc cht khc nh nc v cc cht ho tan trong nc nh
lactose, mui khong Do ngi ta phi dng thm ete du ho.
Ete du ho t ht nc hn ete thng, c tnh y nc v cc cht ho tan trong
nc ra khi ete thng, lm cho ete thng ch cha cht bo v ete du ho. Ngi
ta khng th dng ete du ho thay cho ete thng c v ete du ho khng ho tan
cc cht bo c cha nc.
Tin hnh
Cho vo bnh lng gn:
- Thc phm
10ml
- Dung dch cn amoniac
10ml
- Ete thng
10ml
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Lc u lc nh, sau lc mnh dn v cui cng lc tht mnh. yn trong 30 pht,

hn hp trong bnh s chia lm 2 lp:
- Lp di l lp amoniac ho tan protein v cc thnh phn khc ca thc phm
- Lp trn l ete ho tan cht bo v c ln mt s cht khc
Tch ly lp ete, b lp dung dch amoniac. Cho thm vo lp ete 10ml dung dch ete
du ho, lc tht mnh ri yn 15 pht, cc cht khng phi l cht bo s tch v
lng xung di bnh lng gn. Tch b lp pha di. Chuyn ht phn ete vo chn
thu tinh sy kh, cn sn theo nguyn tc cn kp. Ra bnh lng gn 2 ln, mi
ln 5ml ete v dn ht c vo chn thu tinh. bc hi ht ete nhit thng, sau
cho vo t sy nhit 1050C trong thi gian 30 pht. Ly ra ngui trong bnh
ht m v cn bng cn phn tch.
Tnh kt qu
Hm lng lipid (X) theo phn trm trong thc phm c tnh theo cng thc:
X (%) =
( P P1 )100
G
Trong :
P: trng lng ca cc v bo sau khi sy, g
P1: trng lng ca cc khng, g
G: trng lng ca mu, g
- Xc nh hm lng ng
xc nh hm lng ng trong nc da ta dng saccharometer. Ly mt th
tch nc da cho vo ng ong, sau cho saccharometer vo v c gi tr trn
saccharometer.
2. Phng php phn tch hm lng ng cn li ca sn phm trong qu
trnh ln men
Xc nh hm lng cn li trong qu trnh ln men ta dng saccharometer
3. Phng php phn tch hm lng ru hnh thnh trong sn phm
Dng t trng k xc nh s thay i t trng trong qu trnh ln men. Sau quy
ra hm lng ru hnh thnh trong sut qu trnh ln men
- Nguyn l
Xc nh hm lng ru hnh thnh da vo s thay i t trng dung dch
Di tc dng ca t bo nm men, ng c chuyn ho thnh ru v CO2
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
- Cch tnh
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
2 46
2 44
2 44
2 44
xi
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Da vo phng trnh phn ng c 1 g CO2 mt i c 1,05 g ru sinh ra

Gi s t trng ca dung dch trc khi ln men l 1,06 v sau khi ln men l 1,02
Lng CO2 mt i cng chnh l chnh lch t trng = 1,06 1,02 = 0,04 kg/l
Lng ru sinh ra = 0,04 x 1,05 = 0,042 kg/l
% khi lng ru trong dung dch =
% ru theo th tch =
0,042
100% = 4,1%
1,02
4,1%
= 5,2%
0,79
(Vi t trng ca ru ethylic l 0,79)

* Ch : cn loi b CO2 v lm lnh n 200C khi xc nh t trng
4. Phng php xc nh kh cn thit cho dch ln men
Xc nh kh cn thit cho dch ln men c th thc hin theo cng thc:
b
a+x
=
100 100 + x
(**)
Trong :
a: kh o c chun b phi trn
b: kh cn t c theo yu cu
x: hm lng ng cn b sung
Dng chit quang k xc nh phn trm cht kh trong dch ln men (xc nh a).
p dng cng thc (**) tnh ra lng ng cn thm vo trong 100ml dch ln men.
T tnh ra lng ng cn b sung cho ton b th tch dch ln men theo phn
trm cht kh yu cu.
xii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
5. Phng php nh gi cm quan (theo phng php cho im Hedonic)

Mc ch: Cho im mt s sn phm v ch tiu no theo s thch ca ngi tiu
dng.
Thang im Hedonic
Thang im Hedonic c xy dng theo mc a thch sn phm tng ng vi
im t 1 n 9. Ni dung m t trong thang im ny c tm tt trong bng sau:
Mc m t
im tng ng
Thch cc
Thch rt nhiu
Thch va phi
Thch hi hi
Khng thch khng chn
Chn hi hi
Chn va phi
Chn rt nhiu
Chn cc
xiii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
PH LC 2 PHN TCH THNG K

t l nm men v thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn li
Analysis of Variance for HL DUONG CON LAI - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:THOI GIAN
8722.22
12
726.851
698.64
0.0000
B:NAM MEN
204.593
2
102.296
98.33
0.0000
C:CKHT %
729.213
2
364.607
350.45
0.0000
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
57.5241
44.2467
13.0964
16.8503
24
24
4
48
2.39684
1.84361
3.2741
0.351047
2.30
1.77
3.15
0.34
0.0017
0.0239
0.0169
1.0000
RESIDUAL
121.725
117
1.04038
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
9909.46
233
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 21. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn li

Multiple Range Tests for HL DUONG CON LAI by THOI GIAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
THOI GIAN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
18
0.705556
X
12
18
1.27778
X
11
18
1.96111
X
10
18
3.05556
X
9
18
3.58889
X
8
18
5.46111
X
7
18
6.94444
X
6
18
8.87222
X
5
18
10.6278
X
4
18
12.5889
X
3
18
15.9611
X
2
18
16.9167
X
1
18
19.2889
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 22. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n hm lng ng cn li

Multiple Range Tests for HL DUONG CON LAI by NAM MEN
NAM MEN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.6
78
7.16026
X
0.4
78
8.14615
X
0.2
78
9.44359
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n hm lng ng cn li
Multiple Range Tests for HL DUONG CON LAI by CKHT %
CKHT %
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
78
6.24744
X
22
78
7.96026
X
24
78
10.5423
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xiv
Trng i Hc Cn Th
t l nm men v thi gian ln men n hm lng ru trong sn phm
Analysis of Variance for HL RUOU SINH RA - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:THOI GIAN
2900.09
12
241.674
194.98
0.0000
B:NAM MEN
64.1485
2
32.0743
25.88
0.0000
C:CKHT %
6.81374
2
3.40687
2.75
0.0682
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
16.7807
9.50778
6.46901
8.2973
24
24
4
48
0.699196
0.396158
1.61725
0.172861
0.56
0.32
1.30
0.14
0.9470
0.9990
0.2723
1.0000
RESIDUAL
145.02
117
1.23948
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
3157.13
233
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 25. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ru trong sn
phm
Multiple Range Tests for HL RUOU SINH RA by THOI GIAN
THOI GIAN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
18
1.46667
X
2
18
2.66833
X
3
18
3.06556
X
4
18
4.84056
X
5
18
5.77556
X
6
18
6.95722
X
7
18
7.80889
X
8
18
8.70722
X
9
18
9.71611
X
10
18
10.1789
X
11
18
11.2894
X
12
18
11.8822
XX
13
18
12.4194
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 26. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n hm lng ru trong sn phm

Multiple Range Tests for HL RUOU SINH RA by NAM MEN
NAM MEN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
78
6.78064
X
0.4
78
7.49179
X
0.6
78
8.06051
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n hm lng ru trong sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for HL RUOU SINH RA by CKHT %
CKHT %
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
78
7.28897
X
20
78
7.36205
X
22
78
7.68192
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xv
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 28. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH dch ln menv thi gian ln men n hm
lng ng cn li
Analysis of Variance for HL DUONG CON LAI - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:THOI GIAN
2616.86
12
218.071
575.23
0.0000
B:pH
42.5364
2
21.2682
56.10
0.0000
INTERACTIONS
AB
15.8969
24
0.662372
1.75
0.0591
RESIDUAL
14.785
39
0.379103
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
2690.07
77
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 29. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ng cn li

Multiple Range Tests for HL DUONG CON LAI by THOI GIAN
THOI GIAN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
6
2.31667
X
12
6
3.03333
X
11
6
3.96667
X
10
6
4.98333
X
9
6
6.0
X
8
6
7.28333
X
7
6
8.15
X
6
6
9.78333
X
5
6
11.6
X
4
6
13.2833
X
3
6
17.1667
X
2
6
18.5333
X
1
6
20.1833
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 30. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH dch ln men n hm lng ng cn li

Multiple Range Tests for HL DUONG CON LAI by pH
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5
26
9.15769
X
5
26
9.22692
X
4
26
10.7577
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 31. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH dch ln men v thi gian ln men n hm
lng ru trong sn phm
Analysis of Variance for HL RUOU SINH RA - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:THOI GIAN
786.334
12
65.5278
949.63
0.0000
B:pH
11.0295
2
5.51477
79.92
0.0000
INTERACTIONS
AB
2.72112
24
0.11338
1.64
0.0820
RESIDUAL
2.69115
39
0.0690038
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
802.776
77
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xvi
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 32. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian ln men n hm lng ru trong sn
phm
Multiple Range Tests for HL RUOU SINH RA by THOI GIAN
THOI GIAN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
6
0.931667
X
2
6
2.00333
X
3
6
2.97833
X
4
6
5.14667
X
5
6
6.01333
X
6
6
6.95333
X
7
6
7.835
X
8
6
8.36167
X
9
6
8.89333
X
10
6
9.42833
X
11
6
9.91667
X
12
6
10.6
X
13
6
10.9067
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 33. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH dch ln men n hm lng ru ca sn

phm
Multiple Range Tests for HL RUOU SINH RA by pH
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
26
6.38885
X
5
26
7.185
X
4.5
26
7.18808
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 34. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar v thi gian ln men n truyn
qua T (%)
Analysis of Variance for DO TRUYEN QUA T% - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:THOI GIAN
10382.6
7
1483.23
97862.82
0.0000
B:TI LE AGAR
3420.88
3
1140.29
75235.91
0.0000
INTERACTIONS
AB
1007.05
21
47.9547
3164.02
0.0000
RESIDUAL
0.485
32
0.0151562
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
14811.0
63
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 35. Kim nh LSD nh hng thi gian lm trong n truyn qua T (%)
Multiple Range Tests for DO TRUYEN QUA T% by THOI GIAN
THOI GIAN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
8
42.35
X
3
8
58.3
X
6
8
67.8625
X
9
8
71.975
X
12
8
75.0625
X
15
8
79.625
X
18
8
81.5875
X
21
8
81.65
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xvii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 36. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n truyn qua T (%)

Multiple Range Tests for DO TRUYEN QUA T% by TI LE AGAR
TI LE AGAR
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
16
65.2125
X
1
16
65.3937
X
1.5
16
66.15
X
0.5
16
82.45
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v trong ca sn phm
Analysis of Variance for DO TRONG - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:NAM MEN
12.6
2
6.3
6.90
0.0017
B:CKHT %
12.8667
2
6.43333
7.04
0.0015
INTERACTIONS
AB
10.9333
2.73333
2.99
0.0234
RESIDUAL
74.0
81
0.91358
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
110.4
89
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 38. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v trong ca

sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for DO TRONG by NAM MEN
NAM MEN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.6
30
6.06667
X
0.2
30
6.36667
X
0.4
30
6.96667
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n gi tr cm quan v trong ca sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for DO TRONG by CKHT %
CKHT %
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
30
6.16667
X
24
30
6.23333
X
22
30
7.0
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn phm
Analysis of Variance for MUI - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:NAM MEN
0.2
2
0.1
0.08
0.9218
B:CKHT %
35.4667
2
17.7333
14.45
0.0000
RESIDUAL
104.333
85
1.22745
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
140.0
89
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xviii
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 41. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn

phm
Multiple Range Tests for MUI by NAM MEN
NAM MEN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.4
30
6.63333
X
0.2
30
6.63333
X
0.6
30
6.73333
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for MUI by CKHT %
CKHT %
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
30
5.86667
X
24
30
6.73333
X
22
30
7.4
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn phm
Analysis of Variance for VI - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:NAM MEN
4.46667
2
2.23333
1.45
0.2394
B:CKHT %
13.0667
2
6.53333
4.25
0.0174
RESIDUAL
130.567
85
1.53608
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
148.1
89
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 44. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn

phm
Multiple Range Tests for VI by NAM MEN
NAM MEN
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
30
6.33333
X
0.4
30
6.5
X
0.6
30
6.86667
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for VI by CKHT %
CKHT %
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
30
6.23333
X
24
30
6.36667
X
22
30
7.1
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xix
Trng i Hc Cn Th

trong ca sn phm
ANOVA Table for DO TRONG by pH
Analysis of Variance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
17.2667
2
8.63333
12.02
0.0002
Within groups
19.4
27
0.718519
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
36.6667
29

trong ca sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for DO TRONG by pH
pH
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
10
6.3
X
5
10
7.6
X
4.5
10
8.1
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mi ca sn phm ru da
ANOVA Table for MUI by pH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
12.8667
2
6.43333
13.90
0.0001
Within groups
12.5
27
0.462963
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
25.3667
29
Bng 49. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan v mi

ca sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for MUI by pH
pH
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
10
6.4
X
5
10
7.3
X
4.5
10
8.0
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 50. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan v v

ca sn phm
ANOVA Table for VI by pH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
16.2667
2
8.13333
8.32
0.0015
Within groups
26.4
27
0.977778
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
42.6667
29
xx
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 51. Kim nh LSD nh hng pH ca dch ln men n gi tr cm quan v v ca

sn phm
Multiple Range Tests for VI by pH
pH
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
10
6.4
X
5
10
7.4
X
4.5
10
8.2
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 52. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v trong ca

sn phm
ANOVA Table for DO TRONG by AGAR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
19.475
3
6.49167
7.47
0.0005
Within groups
31.3
36
0.869444
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
50.775
39
Bng 53. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v trong ca sn

phm
Multiple Range Tests for DO TRONG by AGAR
AGAR
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
10
5.5
X
1
10
6.0
XX
1.5
10
6.4
X
0.5
10
7.4
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 54. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v mu sc ca

sn phm
ANOVA Table for MAU SAC by AGAR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
25.475
3
8.49167
13.96
0.0000
Within groups
21.9
36
0.608333
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
47.375
39
Bng 55. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v mu sc ca sn

phm
Multiple Range Tests for MAU SAC by AGAR
AGAR
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
10
5.3
X
1
10
6.1
X
1.5
10
6.6
X
0.5
10
7.5
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xxi
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Bng 56. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn

phm
ANOVA Table for MUI by AGAR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
16.1
3
5.36667
6.23
0.0016
Within groups
31.0
36
0.861111
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
47.1
39
Bng 57. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v mi ca sn

phm
Multiple Range Tests for MUI by AGAR
AGAR
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
10
5.8
X
1
10
7.0
X
1.5
10
7.1
X
0.5
10
7.5
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 58. Phn tch ANOVA nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn

phm
ANOVA Table for VI by AGAR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
3.5
3
1.16667
1.87
0.1513
Within groups
22.4
36
0.622222
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
25.9
39
Bng 59. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l agar n gi tr cm quan v v ca sn phm

Multiple Range Tests for VI by AGAR
AGAR
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
10
6.5
X
1
10
6.9
XX
1.5
10
7.1
XX
0.5
10
7.3
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xxii
Trng i Hc Cn Th

Che Bien Ruou Vang Dua

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

NGHIN CU CH BIN RU VANG DA

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn nh km theo y, vi ta ti NGHIN CU CH BIN RU

Gio vin phn bin

T.S L Nguyn Bnh

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

2.4.1 Kho st nh hng hm lng cht kh ha tan trong dch ln men, t l

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

DANH SCH BNG

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Bng 26. Kim nh LSD nh hng t l nm men n hm lng ru ca sn phm .... xv

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

DANH SCH HNH

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

CHNG II LC KHO TI LIU

Cht dinh dng

(USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19 (2006))

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Bng 2. Thnh phn cht khong ca nc da

(USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19 (2006))

Bng 3. Thnh phn vitamin ca nc da

(USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19 (2006))

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Bng 4. Thnh phn acid amin ca nc da

(USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19 (2006))

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Hnh 1. Nm men Saccharomyces

Thnh phn (%)

(Nguyn c Lng , 1996)

2.2 Dinh dng ca nm men

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Nm men sinh sn trong mi trng nc ng, lc tch men, ra, p b nc

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

b sung loi ng ny vo dung dch qu v hm lng ru c bnh thng.

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

nh ru trng khi ung vo vn c v ngt. cn ph bin ca ru vang l 10

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

3.5 Cht gy mi thm

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

4.4 Cc vi khun c hi cho nm men

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Thi k ln men chnh l thi k bin i su sc cc thnh phn trong dch ln

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

(Bi Th Qunh Hoa)

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

Khng c hoc ch c rt t cc mui kim loi nng nh: Hg2+, Ba2+

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

CHNG III PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP TH NGHIM

Hnh 5. Thy trng k

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

1.4 Nguyn vt liu, ho cht

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007

2.3 Quy trnh th nghim

Lun vn Tt nghip kho 28 - 2007