Vt Liu Xy Dng

Chng 3 Vt Liu Gm Xy Dng

Bi ging

I. Khi nim chung v phn loi 1. Khi nim chung 1.1 Khi nim Vt liu gm xy dng l loi vt liu nhn to nung, c sn xut t nguyn liu chnh l t st, qua qu trnh gia cng c hc, gia cng nhit lm bin i cu trc v thnh phn khong, lm xut hin nhng c tnh ph hp vi yu cu s dng trong xy dng. 1.2.u, nhc im ca vt liu gm a/ u im: - C bn v tui th cao. - T ngun nguyn liu a phng sn c, r tin. - Cng ngh sn xut n gin, d thi cng,gi thnh h. b/ Nhc im: - Gin, d v, tng i nng. - Kh c gii ho xy dng. - Thu hp din tch t nng nghip, nh hng ko tt n mi trng (khai thc t, t nhin liu,...). 2. Phn loi 2.1. Theo cng dng - Vt liu xy: Gch c; Gch rng (2 l, 4 l...) - Vt liu lp: Cc loi ngi. - Vt liu p: p tng nh, cu thang, p trang tr. - Vt liu lt: Tm lt nn, lt ng , lt va h, lt sn... - Vt liu c bit: + Sn phm s v sinh: Chu ra, bn tm, b x... + Sn phm cch nhit, cch m: gm xp + Sn phm chu la: gch samt, gch inat. + Sn phm gm tinh: gm lc nc, gm cch in... 2.2. Theo cu to vt liu gm - Gm c: c H p < 5% : c loi khng trng men (gch clanhke, tm lt nn), loi trng men (s v sinh, ng thot nc). - Gm rng: c H p > 5%: c loi khng trng men (gch xy cc loi), c loi trng men (cc loi tm p). 2.3. Theo phng php sn xut - Gm tinh: c cu trc xng ht mn, sn xut phc tp: gch trang tr, s v sinh... - Gm th: c cu trc xng ht ln, sn xut n gin: tm lt, gch, ngi... II. Nguyn liu sn xut vt liu Gm xy dng 1. Nguyn liu chnh (t st d chy) 1.1. Khi nim t st l lp t khong hay nham thch khi trn vi nc cho hn hp c do (va do), khi kh gi nguyn hnh dng v di tc dng gia cng nhit sy nung c sn phm cng c cng , bn vi mi trng v mt s tnh cht yu cu khc. GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun - 26 -

Vt Liu Xy Dng

Bi ging

1.2. Phn loi - Da vo kh nng chu nhit + t st chu nhit, t 0 > 1580 0 C + t st kh chy, t 0 = 1350 1580 0 C + t st d chy, t 0 < 1350 0 C - Da theo iu kin hnh thnh + t st n nh (t st ti ch) + t st khng n nh (t ph sa) 1.3. Thnh phn khong ho ca t st - Khong ch yu l: Caolinit (Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O), Mntmrilit (4SiO 2 .Al 2 O 3 .nH 2 O), Mica quyt nh tnh cht quan trng ca t st l do v co. - Ngoi ra trong t st cn cha cc tp cht hu c nh ct (SiO 2 ), hp cht ccbonat (MgCO 3 , CaCO 3 ), hp cht st (Fe 2 O 3 , FeS 2 ), than bn... u nh hng n tnh cht ca t st. Bng 1: Thnh phn ho hc ca t st Oxt % SiO 2 lk 40 60 Al 2 O 3 8 22 Fe 2 O 3 17 SiO 2 t do 15 30 CaO 0,5 4,5 MgO 0,5 3,5 Tp khc 0,5 3

1.4. Mu sc ca t st Tu theo hm lng tp cht cha trong t st m n c mu sc khc khau: + Nu t tp cht: t st c mu trng t st Caolinit. + Nu cha nhiu tp cht: hung, xm xanh, nu... 1.5. Cc tnh cht ch yu ca t st Tnh cht ch yu ca t st bao gm: Tnh do khi nho trn vi nc, s co th tch di tc dng ca nhit v s bin i ho l khi nung. a/ Thnh phn ht - Ht st, d < 0,005 mm - Ht bi, d = 0,005 0,14 mm - Ht ct, d = 0,14 5 mm b/ do Tnh do l tnh cht khi nho trn vi nc cho mt hn hp c kh nng to ra hnh dng di tc dng ca ngoi lc v gi nguyn hnh dng khi loi b ngoi lc. - Nguyn nhn ch yu to ra tnh do cho t st l bn thn t st c cu to dng lp, c kh nng trao i ion v hp ph nc. - Tnh do ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Thnh phn ht, mc phn tn, loi khong v hm lng ca n, tp cht, lng nc nho trn cng nh thi gian nho trn v.v */ Xc nh do: do c xc nh bng h s do K. t st kh c nho trn vi nc n m t 17 30 %, to hnh t st thnh nhng vin bi c kch thc 4 6 cm. Tin hnh p bi lc p P (kG). Sau o bin dng ca vin bi (a, cm). Xc nh h s K theo cng thc: K = P.a GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun (3-1) - 27 -

Vt Liu Xy Dng

Bi ging

do thch hp l K = 3 3,5 - Ngoi ra, do cn c xc nh da vo lng nc yu cu (N yc) dng nho trn, to ra t st c do tiu chun v co trong khng kh. t st cng do th Nyc cng cao v co cng ln. - Xc nh do ca t st thng qua tr s do D (%) D = Wch - Wlv (3-2) Trong : Wch - m ngn cch gia trng thi do v trng thi chy nho, % Wlv - m gii hn gia trng thi gin v trng thi do, % c/ Nhng bin i ho l khi nung t st t st l mt h a khong, khi gia cng nhit xy ra nhiu qu trnh ho l phc tp, to ra nhng khong mi. + t 0 100 0 C, nc t dobay hi, t st b co + t 0 = 450 650 0 C, nc lin kt bay hi, tp cht hu c chy, t st mt tnh do, caolinit chuyn thnh mtacaolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2 ). Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O Al2O3.2SiO2 + 2H2O 0 0 + t = 700 900 C, mtacaolinit v vi b phn hu thnh Al2O3 v SiO2 Al2O3.2SiO2 Al2O3 + 2SiO2 CaCO3 CaO + CO2 + t 0 = 900 1100 0 C, Cc oxt kt hp li to thnh khong silimanit (Al 2O3.SiO2) v khong mulit (3Al2O3.2SiO2) Al2O3 + SiO2 Al2O3.SiO2 Al2O3.SiO2 3Al2O3.2SiO2 + t 0 = 1100 1350 0 C, mt s thnh phn d chy lp vo l rng lm sn phm c chc, t st trng thi ang dung kt, nhit thi im c gi l nhit dung kt ca t st. + t 0 > 1350 0 C, ton b t st chy ra, sn phm b bin dng, nhit gi l nhit chy ca t st. d/ Nhng bin i th tch khi sy nung - Khi sy nung t st xy ra hin tng co ngt, nu co ngt qu ln d gy ra hin tng nt n, cong vnh, to nhng khuyt tt cho sn phm. - hn ch hin tng ny, yu cu trc tin l chn lng nc nho trn thch hp; trc khi nung, sn phm c phi, sy n m ph hp; khi tng hay gim nhit cn phi tng gim t t; p dng nhng bin php cng ngh ph hp vi sn phm, dy chuyn sn xut v.v 2. Nguyn liu ph (ph gia v men) a/ Nguyn liu gy: nhm gim do, gim co khi sy, co khi nung, thng dng l samt, t st nung non, ct, tro x nhit in... b/ Nguyn liu tng do: lm tng do ca phi liu (cao lanh) c/ Nguyn liu chy: lm tng xp cho sn phm, lm ng u qu trnh GCN: mn ca, than, tro nhit in. d/ Nguyn liu tr dung: h nhit kt khi, nhit sn phm v c: Phensphat, pecmatit, canxit, lmit, trng thch. e/ Men: l lp thu tinh mng 0,1 0,3 mm c ph ln b mt sn phm va bo v xng gm, lm nhn b mt, gim ht nc, va c tc dng trang tr cho sn phm. GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun - 28 -

Vt Liu Xy Dng

Bi ging

Cht lng men ph thuc vo thnh phn, hm lng oxt c trng men; cn mu sc men ph thuc vo oxt to mu.

III. S lc qu trnh cng ngh sn xut gch ngi Khai thc nguyn liu Nung KCS

Gia cng nguyn liu v chun b phi liu To hnh Phi sy

1. Sn xut gch a/ Khai thc nguyn liu - Bc loi b lp t mu (0,3 0,5) m. - Dng my i, my o, my cp khai tc vn chuyn t st. - t st sau khi khai thc cho vo kho ngm , nhm lm tng tnh do v ng u nguyn liu t st. b/ Gia cng nguyn liu v chun b phi liu - S lm tng thm tnh do v ng u cho t st, gip cho vic to hnh d dng. - Dng cc my cn th, cn mn, my nho trn (1 trc, 2 trc). c/ To hnh - Dng my n rut g (my p lent). tng c, cng ca gch ngi ta cn dng thit b ht chn khng. d/ Phi sy - gim m, gip sn phm mc c cng cn thit phi sy. - Phi gch: nh gin hoc sn phi vi thi gian t 8 n 15 ngy. - Sy gch trong cc l sy t (18 24)h, W spm 8%. - u, nhc im ca sy nhn to so vi sy t nhin: + u im: Qu trnh sn xut c lin tc Tng nng sut. iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn c ci thin. Cht lng sn phm c m bo. + Nhc im: Vn u t ln. Tn nhin liu. e/ Nung gch Quyt nh n cht lng sn phm. - Gm c 3 giai on: t nng, nung v lm ngui. - Thit b: l nung gin on v lin tc. 2. Sn xut ngi K thut sn xut ngi gn ging nh sn xut gch nhng do ngi c hnh dng phc tp, mng, i hi cht lng cao nn k thut sn xut ngi c thm 1 s yu cu khc nh: + Nguyn liu: t st phi c do cao, d chy, khng ln cc tp cht cacbonat, dng (20 25) % ph gia ct, (15 25) % ph gia samt. + Gia cng nguyn liu v chun b phi liu ch yu theo phng php do v cn c gia cng k hn nhm lm cho m ng u hn v ph v ti a cu trc nguyn liu bng cch ngm di ngy hn. GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun - 29 -

Vt Liu Xy Dng

Bi ging

+ Phi to ra cc vin galet trn my p lent trc ri m ng u ri mi to hnh ngi t cc vin gch galet . + Khi nung ngi: Nhit c nng t t, nung lu hn, lm ngui chm hn. Tuy nhin hin nay, ngi ta kt hp nung c gch v ngi.

IV. Cc sn phm gm xy dng 1. Gch t st nung 1.1. Gch xy (gch ch, gch c tiu chun) a/ Kch thc: 220 105 60 (mm) Theo TCVN: gch c phi t nhng yu cu sau c gi l Gch xy t loi A + Ngoi hnh phi vung vn, ng kch thc quy nh, nu c sai s phi trong phm vi cho php chiu di 7mm, chiu rng 5mm, chiu dy 3mm; khng st m, cong vnh; cong mt y khng qu 4mm, mt trn khng qu 5mm. Trn mt gch khng qu 5 ng nt, mi ng di khng qu 15mm v su khng qu 1mm; bn cnh khng c qu 3 ng nt v di khng qu 10mm, su khng qu 1mm. Khi g phi trong thanh, khng e (dng ba kim loi m = 250g, g nh). + Cc ch tiu vt l: v = 1700 1900kg/m 3 ; = 2,5 2,7g/cm 3 ; = 0,5 0,8 kCal/m. 0 C.h; Hp = (8 16)%; R n = (50 150) kG/cm 2 ; (200 kG/cm 2 ) b/ Mc gch Gch c c cc mc l M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M200. */ Xc nh mc gch - Mc gch: l cng nn trung bnh ca 5 mu gch th nghim iu kin tiu chun t 0 = (25 2) 0 C, W 90%. - Cch xc nh mc: + Trong 1 l 10.000 vin gch, ly bt k ra 20 vin, trong 20 vin ly 10 vin, trong 10 vin ly 5 vin. + Ly gch i sy kh t 0 = (105 110) 0 C, em ca i v ngm vo nc 5pht th vt ra. + Gn 2 na vin ca cng 1vin gch ct ra (gn tro u ui) bng va xi mng M300 hoc va xi mng ct t l
X 1 N = ; = 0,5. B dy mch va gn l 3mm i vi va C 3 X

ximng, 5mm i vi va xi mng ct. + Hai mt mu (trn v di) cng c trt va ximng hoc va ximng + ct, vi chiu dy nh trn. + bo dng mu t nhin trong khng kh 72h th em nn v ly kt qu trung bnh ca 5 mu: Rn =F
P

(3-3)

R TB =

R1 + R2 + ..... + R 5 5

, (kG/cm 2 )

(3-4)

GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun

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Vt Liu Xy Dng

Bi ging

Ca i vin gch Xc nh R n mu gch Hnh 3.1: M hnh xc nh mc gch c/ Cng dng: Dng xy cc cng trnh dn dng. 1.2. Gch xy rng (gch l) - Kch thc: 220 105 60 (mm); v < 1600 kg/m 3 - L rng trn: 25; vung 18 x 18; 20 x 20 - C 2,4,6 l rng; Hp > 25%; < 0,5 kCal/m 0 .C.h - Mc gch rng: 35, 50, 75, 100, 125 - Dng xy tng, ct, mng v.v... 1.3. Gch l nem - Kch thc: 200 x 200 x 20 (mm); 150 x 150 x 50 (mm) - Tnh cht: c chc, chng thm tt, chu co mn tt. - Cng dng: lt hnh lang, lt sn thng. 1.4. Gch l da - Kch thc: 200 x 100 x 43 (mm); 160 x 160 x 40 (mm) - Tnh cht: b mt c vt kha, c chc hn gch ch =1900 2100 kg/m 3 . - Cng dng: lt va h, lt nn nh tm. 1.5. Gch nh - Ch to bng cch thm vo 1 s ph gia d chy: mn ca, than bn, than cm. - v = 1200kg/m 3 ; =0,4 kCal/m. 0 C.h - Cng dng: Xy tng cch nhit, chng nng. 1.6. Gch chu la - Theo thnh phn ho hc: + Gch chu la tnh axit (gch inat) + Gch chu la tnh kim (gch crm manhgi) - Theo chu la: + Gch chu la TB: t 0 = 1580 1770 0 C + Gch chu la cao: t 0 = 1770 2000 0 C + Gch chu la cao: t 0 > 2000 0 C Gch Samt cc loi. 2. Ngi t st 2.1. Phn loi ngi a/ Ngi vy c: c kch thc nh, khi lp vin n chng ln vin kia. b/ Ngi g v ngi p: 3 loi: 13 vin/m 2 (420 x 260 mm); 16 vin/m 2 (420 x 205 mm); 22 vin/m 2 (340 x 205 mm). 2.2. Yu cu k thut: Theo TCVN GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun - 31 -

Vt Liu Xy Dng

Bi ging

- Ngi phi c mu sc ng u, khi dng ba kim loi g nh c ting ku trong v chc, b mt ngi nhn, khng c vt rn nt. - Sai lch v chiu di v chiu rng khng qu 2mm - C v = 1800 2000 kg/m 3 ; = 2,5 2,7 g/cm 3 , Hp < 10% - Phi t yu cu v chng thm: y nc vo ng thu tinh 25mm, h = 150 mm gn trn v tr mng nht ca vin ngi trong 3h nc khng c thm qua. - Lc un chnh gia nin ngi khng nh hn 70 kG vi khong cch 2 gi ta l 330 mm.

Hnh 3.2: Sn phm ngi 22 vin/m 2 3. Cc sn phm khc t t st nung 1.Sn phm snh dng : gch clanke, gch chu axit. 2.Kezamzit, Alporit 3.Sn phm s v sinh.

GVC.Ths Trng Th Kim Xun

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