I HC THI NGUYN

TRNG I HC NNG LM
PGS.TS. TRN NGC NGON

GIO TRNH

CY SN

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP

H NI - 2007

LI NI U
Qu trnh chuyn dch nn kinh t theo hng sn xut
hng ha to nn s cnh tranh gia cc loi cy trng.
c bit t sau nm 2000, vi nh hng ngnh nng
nghip s c thm mt s nng sn tham gia vo xut khu
(ma ng, vng, sn, mng tre, bt giy, tht ln) tc
ng mnh n chuyn dch c cu kinh t nng nghip
nng thn nhiu vng trong c nc. Sn xut sn ca
nc ta ang ng trc nhng c hi v thch thc mi.
Cy sn hin ang chuyn i nhanh chng t cy lng
thc truyn thng thnh cy cng nghip nh du bc
pht trin mi ca cy trng ny nc ta. Vit Nam
tr thnh nc in hnh ca chu v th gii v vic
tng nhanh nng sut v sn lng sn,ton quc hin c
53 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn vi tng cng sut c
t 2,2 - 3,8 triu tn c ti/ nm to thun li cho sn
xut sn.
Gio trnh Cy sn c bin son nhm p ng nhu
cu cp thit phc v cng tc ging dy v hc tp ca
gio vin v sinh vin ngnh nng hc, ng thi l ti liu
tham kho cho cc cn b nghin cu v khuyn nng.
Khi bin son gio trnh ny, chng ti c gng
tham kho cc t liu v cp nht cc thng tin v thnh
tu nghin cu v pht trin cy sn trn th gii v
nc ta. Song do thi gian v trnh c hn nn chc
chn khng trnh khi nhng thin st. Chng ti rt mong
nhn c cc kin gp ca cc bn ng nghip v
cc c gi
Xin trn trng cm n
Tc gi

Chng 1
LCH S PHT TRIN V TRIN VNG
CA CY SN
1.1. Ngun gc, phn loi
1.1.1 Ngun gc
Lch s tin ho ca cy sn cng nh cc cy c c
khc l rt kh xc nh c chnh xc ngun gc pht
sinh. Bi v nhng di ch kho c cn li i vi cc b phn
ca cy c bt rt him hoi, c bit vng t thp nhit
i. Cc nghin cu t cc ch tc ca Clmbia v
Vnzula a ra bng chng rng ngh trng sn c
cch y t 3000 n 7000 nm (Reichel- Dolmantoff, 1957
v 1965; Rouse v Cruxent, 1963).
n cui th k th 1 8, cc tc gi, c bit l Crantz (
1766) cho l tt c nhng loi ca chi Manihot u c ngun
gc t chu M nhit i. Tuy nhin, nm 1772 Raynal a
ra kin v ngun gc chu Phi, sau Humboldt, Brown,
Moreaudejonnes, Saint-Hilaire v De Candolle khng nh
ngun gc chu M ca cy trng ny. Nm 1886, u tin
De Candolle coi Braxin l trung tm pht sinh ca loi.
Vavilov bnh vc quan im - gi thuyt gc ca ng l
trung tm pht sinh ca mt cy trng l ni loi cy c
s lng cc chng loi phong ph nht. Vng ng Bc
Braxin c s a dng, phong ph v sn trng v nhiu loi
ca chi Manihot. Tuy nhin ngun gc Braxin cng ch da
trn nhng bng chng gin tip v s c mt ca sn vo
nhng thi k khng lu lm: Di vt trn o Mario ca
sng Amazon vo khong nm 110 n 1300 sau cng
nguyn (Rogers,1965), di tch cn li ca cc ci ry bt th
k th 16 v du hiu gp ni hp lu hai con sng
Ore'noque v Rio Ventuari vo nm 450 sau cng nguyn.
Nhng nhn t lch s v kho c hc cho php ngh ti hai
trung tm pht sinh khc (Roger, 1963, 1965). Mt trung

tm c th Mhic v Trung M (Goatemala v

Hondurat). Bng chng l nhng di vt tm thy trong dy
ni Tamoulipas, pha ng Bc Mehic c t nm 200 trc
cng nguyn v s pht hin ra nhng ht tinh bt trong
nhng phn ho thch c tui t nm 200 n 900 trc
cng nguyn v c tm thy trong nhng hang ng ca
thung lng Thucan, bang Pueblo, Mhic. Ngoi ra lch s
b lc Maya ch r sn i vi h quan trng hn l ngi ta
vn tng.
Mt trung tm khc c th vng duyn hi kh Nam
M, c bit l cc trng c Vnzula. Ngi ta tm thy
nhng bng chng c sn vng ven bin Peru 2000 nm
trc cng nguyn v s tn ti ca nhng l nng bnh
sn trong phc h Malambo, pha Bc Clmbia nin i
1200 trc cng nguyn cng vi nhng di tch kho c hc
khc v tr a hnh Rancho peludo (h Maracaibo
Venzula) nin i 2700 trc cng nguyn.
J.C- Leon cho rng vic bun bn bt sn nhn nhp
pha bc Nam M 1000 hay 2000 nm trc cng nguyn.
Nhng nghin cu gn y cho rng cy sn l cy a ngun
gc pht sinh (Renvoize, 1973). Spath (1973) cy sn c 4
trung tm khi nguyn l Guatemala, Mhic, vng
duyn hi Savana Ty Bc ca Nam M, min ng ca
Bolivia v min
Ty Bc ca Achentina v min ng ca Braxin. Mt
s tc gi ngh rng v sn ngt khng yu cu phi ch bin
mt cch c bit trc khi n nn c thun ha trc
tin. S phn b ca sn ng v sn ngt hin nay cho thy
rng sn ng nhiu pha ng Nam M, c bit vng
Amazon v sn ngt nhiu pha Ty v trung tm Nam
M, Trung M v Mhic. Phn b ny khng phn bc
li gi thuyt nu trn nhng cng khng chng minh c
l sn c thun ha nhng ni tp qun trng sn ngt
hin nay. Thc ra, ngi ta trng sn ngt khi sn c coi
nh mt loi rau b sung v trng sn ng khi sn l cy

lng thc chnh. Da trn nhng nghin cu trn nhng

phm vi rng t Nam M n Achentina, Rogers v Appan
(1973) xc nh c trong chi Manihot c 98 loi sn
hoang di phn b rng khp vng thp nhit i ca Chu
M. Nassar (1978) xc nh c 4 trung tm pht sinh loi sn
hoang di: Vng trung tm ca Braxin (Min nam Goias v
min ty Minas Gerais) c 38 loi; min Ty Mhic c 19
loi v 2 trung tm ph l vng ng Bc Braxin v min
ty Mm Grosso v min ng Bolivia (Hnh l). Roger
(1963) xy dng mt bn phn b cc loi ca chi
Manihot Trung M v Nam M, pha Ty v Ty Nam
Mhic cng nh b bin Thi Bnh Dng ca cc nc
Trung M.
Tm li, cn c nhng iu khng chc chn v vn
trung tm pht sinh cy sn. Cc cng trnh nghin cu gn
y ca nhiu tc gi kt lun rng: Cy sn c ngun gc
phc tp v c 4 trung tm pht sinh chnh l Braxin c
2 trung tm cn li l Mhic v Bolivia. Sn c
trng cch y khong 3000-7000 nm (Reichel Dolmantoff
1957 v 1965; Rouse v Cruxent, 1963).
1.1.2. Phn loi
Chi Manihot bao gm nhng cy c hoa, ht kn, c hai
l mm, h thu du. Hnh nh Bauhin l ngi u tin
(nm 1651) dng danh t Manihot ch chi ny, khi
ng m t mt mu cy c mt thy tu Php A. Thevet
mang t Braxin v. ng t tn loi l Manihot Theveti. C
th cho rng loi cy hin nay ngi ta gi tn l
Manihot esculenta Crantz.
Nm 1776 Crantz cng b mt s m t loi vi tn
Manihot esculenta, cn c vo mt mu cy Merian mang
v t Surinam nm 1726. Sau nhiu tc gi nghin
cu v chi Manihot vi cc cch phn nhm khc nhau. n
nm 1938, Cifferi tr li cch gi tn ca Crantz. ng dng
li tn loi M esculenta v khng cn phn bit gia sn
ng v sn ngt. ng cung cp mt quan nim v cc ging

trng ph bin (cultivar).Bng phn loi cui cng ca

Rogers v Appan (1973) l kt qu ca mt cng trnh
nghin cu rt y v chi Manihot, tin hnh trong 20
nm vi phng php phn loi s lng. Chi Manihot
thuc h thu du, c ti hn 300 chi v 8000 loi hu ht l
cy nhit i. c im ca h thu du l thng hay c
mch.nha m. Chi Manihot thuc nhm Manihotae. Tt c
cc loi trong chi u c s lng nhim sc th 2n= 36.
Rogers v Appan (1973) xy dng mt bng phn
loi cho 98 loi, phn thnh 17 nhm. S nhn dng cc loi
v cc nhm da vo s phn tch nhiu mt ca nhiu c
im hnh thi cc b phn trn mt t. Nh vo bng
phn loi trn ngi ta lp c mt bng nhn dng cc
loi trong chi.
1.2. S pht trin ca cy sn trn th gii
Khi khm ph ra chu M, cy sn vn cha h c th
gii bit n. Nhng ngi B o Nha n lp nghip u
tin Braxin thy ngi da Braxin trng sn. Cy
sn c ngi B o Nha du nhp vo chu Phi vo
khong gia th k 16. Ti liu u tin ni v cy sn l
ca Barre v Thevet vit vo nm 1558. Vo thi k sn
ch trng cc khu di dn ngi B o Nha vnh BeninSao Tome, Principe v ca sng Cngo. Th k 17 ngh
trng sn ch tng mt cch rt chm chp, lc u vng
lng cho Cngo (Zaire, b lc Bushongo Kassai 1650),
Angla (1614 n 1648) v b bin Ghin (1650). ng
ch l chu Phi v chu M ngi ta trng sn ng
cc vng rng coi sn l mt ngun thc phm chnh v
trng cc ging sn ngt cc vng mi, coi sn l ngun
thc phm b sung.
n Dng sn c du nhp vo o Bourbon v
Ilede France (bao gm Reunion v Maurice) vo cc nm
1738 v 1739. T sn c a sang Madagascar trng
Imerina nm 1875, sang Srilanca nm 1786 ri t sang
Calcutta nm 1794. Hnh nh cng t cc o n

Dng sn c em vo trng cc nc pha ng

chu Phi.
chu , ngoi con ng du nhp vo Srilanca v
Calcutta vo cui th k 18, hnh nh sn c a vo
trng trc (th k 16) bi ngi B o Nha Goa (n
) v ngi Ty Ban Nha Philippin, t sn mi em
trng Innesia cui th k 18. Cui cng sn c em
vo trng c u th k 20. Cng nh chu Phi, ngh trng
sn mi bt u tr nn quan trng vo th k 1 9.
1.3. Tnh hnh sn xut sn
1.3.1. Sn xut sn trn th gii
Ngy nay, cy sn c trng t 30 v Nam n 30
v Bc 89 nc nhit i thuc chu M, chu Phi v
chu - Thi Bnh Dng. T nm 1961 n nay din tch
v nng sut sn trn th gii c xu hng gia tng. Theo
thng k ca FAO, nm 2005 din tch sn xut sn trn ton
th gii t 18,63 triu ha, nng sut bnh qun 10,94 tn/ha,
sn lng t 203,86 triu tn. Din tch, nng sut v sn
lng sn th gii c chiu hng gia tng trong 45 nm qua
1961 -2005 (Bng 1.1 ). Trong 45 nm (1961 - 2005 ) din
tch trng sn trn th gii sn tng 9,49 triu ha (l03,8%),
tng bnh qun hng nm tng 2,3%, tng mnh nht l trong
giai on 1961 - 1991 tng 71,4%.

Bng l.l: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng sn trn th gii

(1961-2005)
Nm
1961
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Din tch
(triu ha)
9,14
15,67
16,78
16,43
16,25
16,05
16,56
16,56
16,86
17,17
17,31
17,59
18,51
18,63

Nng sut
(tn/ha)
8,00
9,80
9,80
9,84
9,75
10,06
9,90
10,31
10,70
10,73
10,61
10,79
10,94
10,94

Sn lng
(triu tn)
71,02
153,69
164,59
161,79
158,51
161,60
164,10
170,92
177,89
184,36
183,82
189,99
202,64
203,86

Ngun: 1961: Underground Crops, 1985; 1991-2005: FAOSTAT, 2006

Khng ch tng ln v din tch m nng sut v sn

lng sn trn th gii cng tng. Nng sut tng 36,75%,

sn lng tng 178,73%. C c kt qu l do: Chin
lc pht trin lng thc ton cu thc s tn vinh gi
tr ca cy sn l mt trong nhng cy lng thc d
trng, thch hp vi t ngho dinh dng v l cy cng
nghip c kh nng cnh tranh cao i vi nhiu cy trng
khc.
Hin nay c 89 nc trn th gii trng sn, trong
22 nc t sn lng sn hng nm hn 1 triu tn. Chu
Phi chim 53,42% sn lng sn ca th gii, sau l
chu chim 29,12% v Chu M Latinh v vng Caribe
chim 17,52%. (Bng l.2).
Bng l.2: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng sn ca cc
nc t trn 1 triu tn trn th gii nm 2004
Vng trng
Ton th gii
Chu Phi
+ Nigiria
+ Cngg
+ Ga na
+ Tandania
+ Mdmbch
+ nggola
+ U gan a
+ B nanh
+ Mali
+ Ma a gaxca
+ Cam rum
+ Cti Voa
+ Ghin
Chu

Din tch
(1.000 ha)
18.511
12.252
4.118
1.850
783
660
1.050
640
407
300
150
352
145
300
270
3.515

Nng sut
(tan/ ha)
10,94
8,82
9,27
8,08
12,42
10,43
5,85
8,75
13,51
13,33
17,06
6,21
13,44
5,00
5,00
16,76

Sn lng
(triu tn)
202,64
108,10
38,17
14,95
9,73
6,89
6,15
5,60
5,50
4,00
2,55
2,19
1,95
1,50
1,35
58,92

+ Thi Lan
+ Indonesia
+ n
+ Vit Nam
+ Trung Quc
+ Philippines

1.050
1.267
240
370,5
250
205

19,42
15,19
27,91
14,50
16,79
7,99

20,40
19,26
6,70
5,37
4,20
1,64

Chu M
+ Braxin
+ Paraguay
+ Colombia

2.728
1.773
306
191

12,99
13,55
17,97
11,56

35,44
24,03
5,50
2,21

Ngun: FAOSTAT, 2005

Bng 1.3. Din tch, nng sut, sn lng ca mt s cy
trng chnh Vit Nam t nm 2001 n 2004
Cy
trng
La

Ng

Sn

Khoai
lang

Din tch
(1.000 ha)
Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Sn lng
(1.000 tn)
Din tch
(1.000 ha)
Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Sn lng
(1.000 tn)
Din tch
(1.000 ha)
Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Sn lng
(1.000 tn)
Din tch
(1.000 ha)
Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Sn lng
(1.000 tn)

2001

2002

2003

2004

7.492

7.504

7.449

7.400

4,28

4,59

4,63

4,79

32.065

34.443

34.488

35.446

729

776,8

909,8

900,4

2,96

2,78

3,20

3,487

2.158

2160

2.911

3140

292,3

329,9

300,0

370,0

12,00

13,50

15,20

14,49

3.508

4.454

4.560

5.361

244

237

219

220

6,76

7,17

7,24

7,50

1.649

1.699

1.586

1.650

Ngun: FAOSTAT, 2005

1.3.2. Sn xut sn Vit nam
n nay cha c ti liu minh chng v s du nhp

10

ca cy sn vo Vit Nam. Song t lu cy sn tr

thnh cy c c ng hng u v din tch trng trt v
sn lng trong s cc cy c c nc ta.
Vit Nam l nc nng nghip vi dn s trn 80 triu
ngi. Trong , hin c khong 5% h i v 20% h
ngho. Cy sn l ngun thu nhp quan trng ca cc h
nng dn ngho. min Bc, sn c trng trn vng
i v trung du vi din tch kh ln nhng khng tp
trung, sn phm ca sn ch yu l sn lt phi kh hoc
tiu th ti, chn nui v mt phn lm lng thc. Cy
sn l mt trong bn cy lng thc chnh, c vai tr quan
trng trong chin lc an ton lng thc quc gia sau la
v ng (Bng 1.3).
Trc y, nhn dn ta trng sn ch yu s dng
lm lng thc. c nhng thi k din tch sn ca Vit
Nam ng vo hng th 7 trn th gii. V sn c trng
tt c cc vng trong c nc. Qu trnh pht trin cy trng
ny c nhiu bin ng v din tch, Sau ngy gii phng
min Nam, cy sn coi l cy lng thc cu i. Do
din tch trng sn tng ln ng k t ti 500 000 ha
(1985). Sau , gim dn xung ch cn 256 800 ha (1990)
v thp nht l 226 800 ha (1999). V nng sut sn ca
nc ta xp vo nhm cc nc c nng sut thp nht th
gii, trong c thi k di nng sut sn c ti ch t 7-8
tn c ti/ha (Bng l.4).
Bng l.4: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng sn Vit Nam
1961 - 2005

Nm

1961*
1965*

Din
tch (ha)

122.000
143.000

Nng
sut
(tn/ha)
8,00
7,00

Sn
lng
(1000
tn)
976
1.001

11

1970*
1975*
1980*
1985*
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

131.000
160.000
439.000
500.000
256.800
273.200
283.800
278.000
279.400
277.400
275.600
238.700
235.500
226.800
234.900
292.300
329.900
300.000
370.000
390.000

7,00
7,00
7,00
6,0
8,86
8,98
9,04
8,81
8,44
8,00
7,50
8,31
7,55
7,96
8,66
12,00
13,50
15,20
14,49
14,60

917
1.120
3.073
3.000
2.275
2.453
2.566
2.449
2.358
2.219
2.067
1.983
1.778
1.805
2.036
3.507
4.454
4.560
5.361
5.694

Ghi ch: *: Underground Crops. 1985, FAO STAT, 2006).

Din tch sn Vit Nam trong giai on 1961 -2005
tng 219,6% (268.000 ha) c mc tng hng nm 4,88%.
Nng sut sn nm 2005 t 14,60 tnlha tng 82,5% so
vi nm 1961, mc tng hng nm l 1,83%. Sn lng
sn nm 2005 t 5.694.000 tn tng 483,4% so vi nm
1961. c bit giai on t nm 2000 n 2005, din tch
tng 66%, nng sut tng 68,6% v sn lng tng
179,6%. Cc vng sn chnh cc tnh min Nam tng
nhanh c v din tch v nng sut, in hnh l tnh Ty
Ninh, din tch sn tng t 800 ha (2000) ln n 43.300ha
(2005) v cng l tnh c nng sut tng hai ln trong giai
on 2000-2005 (Bng 1.5).
Bng l.5: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng sn mt s tnh
i in cho cc vng trng sn ca nc ta (2000-

12

2005)
Din tch nghn ha)
Tnh
H Ty
Yn Bi
Sn La
Thanh
Ha
Qung
Ngi
Gia lai
Ty Ninh
Kin
Giang

2000
3,1
8,6
17,0,
12,1

2001
3,1
8,5
16,2
11,9

2002
2,9
9,6
17,2
13,6

2003
2,7
10,2
17,9
15,2

2004
2,9
11,9
18,1
14,5

2005*
2,7
12,7
17,8
15,0

7,7

11,7

14,0

15,7

16,3

17,1

17,7
0,8
0,7

16,5
25,4
0,4

19,6
31,7
1,2

24,3
35,6
0,7

27,4
38,6
1,8

31,7
43,3
1,5

*: S liu c tnh, Nin gim thng k, 2005.

Tnh
H Ty
Yn Bi
Sn La
Thanh
Ha
Qung
Ngi
Gia lai
Ty Ninh
Kin
Giang

2000
7,74
7,96
7,55
6,48

Nng sut (Tn /ha)

2001 2002 2003 2004
9,87 11,51 11,80 12,24
8,96 12,35 15,48 17,38
8,81
9,25 10.22 11,00
7,97
8,19
8,52
8,57

2005*
12,59
17,90
10,80
8,30

7,88

10,23

11,30

12,77

15,07

15,85

8,87
12,00
7,57

9,88
21,29
9,50

10,18
21,52
12,16

10,70
22,47
13,00

11,42
23,28
4,77

12,10
24,58
5,60

*: S liu c tnh, Nin gim thng k, 2005.

Tnh
H

2000
24,0

Sn lng (Nghn tn)

2001
2002
2003
2004
30,6
33,4
31,9
35,5

2005*
34,0

13

Ty
Yn
Bi
Sn
La
Thanh
Ha
Qung
Ngi
Gia
lai
Ty
Ninh
Kin
Giang

68,5

76,2

118,6

157,9

206,8

227,3

128,3

142,7

159,1

183,0

199,1

192,4

78,4

94,8

111,4

129,5

124,3

124,5

60,7

119,7

158,2

200,5

245,6

271,0

157,0

163,0

199,5

260,0

312,9

383,6

9,6

538,2

682,2

800,0

898,6

1064,3

5,3

3,8

14,6

9,1

8,6

8,4

*: S liu c tnh, Nin gim thng k. 2005.

Yu t chnh gy nn bin ng v din tch, nng sut
ca cy trng ny l do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
+ Trc nm 1980, do nhng kh khn v lng thc,
c bit i vi cc tnh trung du, min ni vi qu t ai
cha s dng cn ln, do vy cc a phng khuyn
khch ngi dn trng sn lm lng thc v hu qu l
ti nguyn rng b tn ph, t trng i ni trc.
+ Sau nm 1980 n nm 2000: Qu trnh chuyn dch
nn kinh t theo hng sn xut hng ha to nn s
cnh tranh gia cc loi cy trng. Do chin lc ph xanh
t trng i ni trc khin cho din tch cy trng ny
b gim xung.
+ T sau nm 2000 vi nh hng ngnh nng nghip
s c thm mt s nng sn tham gia vo xut khu (ma
ng, vng, sn mng tre, bt giy, tht ln) tc ng
mnh n chuyn dch c cu kinh t nng nghip nng
thn nhiu vng trong c nc. i vi cy sn l s
chuyn i vi tr t cy lng thc truyn thng sang cy

14

hng ha, nh du bc pht trin mi ca cy trng ny

nc ta. Vit Nam tr thnh nc in hnh ca chu v
th gii v tc tng nng sut v sn lng sn.
Bng l.6: Nng sut sn ca mt s nc chu 19992004
Nc

Nng sut sn (tn/ha)

1999
25,00

2000
25,19

2001
25,56

2002
25,92

2003
26,29

2004
27,91

Thi Lan

15,49

16,86

17,96

17,07

17,55

19,42

Trung Quc 15,96

15,97

16,04

16,20

16,24

16,79

Vit Nam

8,66

12,00

13,50

15,20

14,49

7,96

Ngun: FAOSTAT, 2005.

1.4. Gi tr s dng ca c sn
Cy sn c gi tr kinh t ln v nhiu mt. Sn l
ngun lng thc ng k cho con ngi, l ngun thc n
di do cho chn nui, ngun nguyn liu cho cng nghip.
Tt c cc b phn ca cy sn u c th s dng vo cc
mc ch kinh t.
1.4.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca c son
Thnh phn ho hc (Bngl.7) chnh ca c sn l
gluxit, sn c ti c t l cc cht khong v vitamin
kh cao c bit l canxi. Tuy nhin, sn c t l protein v
lipit thp, v vy khi s dng sn lm lng thc cn ch
b sung thm thc n giu m v lipit mi cung cp
nng lng cho c th.
1.4.2. S dng sn lm lng thc
Thc t nhiu vng nhit i trn th gii coi sn v
cc sn phm ch bin t sn l ngun lng thc chnh,
c bit l cc nc ca chu Phi. Sn l cy trng ng v
tr th t trn th gii v mt cung cp nng lng cho con
ngi (Bng 1.8 ; 1.9).

15

Bng l.7: Thnh phn ho hc ca sn v sn phm s ch t sn so vi cc loi lng thc khc

Loi
Ing
thc
Go t
Ng ht
kh
Ng mnh
K.lang
ti
K.lang kh
K.ty ti
K.ty kh
M loai I
Sn c
ti
Sn kh

Thnh phn hc hc
(%)
Gluxit
protein lipit
76,2
7,6
1,0
69,4
8,6
4,7

Mui khong (mg%)

Vitamin (mg%)

353
364

Ca
30,0
30,0

P
104,0
190,0

Fe
1,3
2,3

Caroten
0,4

B1
0,12
0,28

B2
0,04
0,11

PP
1,9
2,0

71,8
28,5

8,5
0,8

3,2
0,2

359
122

34,0

49,4

1,0

0,3

0,05

0,05

0,6

80,0
21,0
75,1
72,9
36,4

2,2
2,0
6,6
1V0
1,1

0,5
Vt
0,3
1,1
0,2

342
94
338
354
156

10,0
37,0
29,0
25,0

50,0
180,0
132,0
30,0

1,2
4,3
2,0
1,2

Vt
-

0,09
0,10
0,18
0,03

0,05
0,13
0,03

0,9
1,0
0,6

80,3

3,0

0,7

348

* Calo/100 gr
Ngun: Cock, 1982

16

Calo*

Bng 1.8: Nng lng cung cp trc tip cho con ngi
vng nhit i
Ngun nng Itfdng
La go
ng
Ng
Sn
Cao lng
K
La m
Khoai ty
Chui

Cc ntfc
nhit di
924*
311
307
172
147
128
<100
54
32

Th gii
2043
926
600
178
208
204
1877
434
44

* T cam trn ngy.

Ngun: Cock.1982
Trong thp k 20, c khong 450-500 triu ngi 26
nc nhit i s dng ngun nng lng t sn ti 300
kcal/ngy. c bit l chu Phi, sn cung cp nng lng
t 402 cal/ngy n 1 281 callngy cho khong 50 triu dn.
Trong , Zaire v Cngo sn p ng 55-56% nng lng
trong khu phn. Giai on 1975-1977, khong 65% sn
lng sn ca th gii c s dng lm lng thc, trong
mt na trc tip lm lng thc dng c ti, phn
cn li s dng di dng bt hoc tinh bt. Do vy, cc
nc ch bin sn thnh nhiu loi nh Gaplek
Indonesia; Farinha v Fufu chu Phi.
Nc ta, trc 1980 sn l ngun lng thc ca ngi
ngho v l cy trng d tr lng thc phng khi mt ma.
Sau nm 1990, sn ch yu c bn di dng c ti
(48,6%), s dng lm thc n gia sc (22,4%), ch bin
(16,8%), lm lng thc ch chim 12,2% (Bng 1.10).

17

Bng 1.9: C cu dinh dng ca 100 gr cc sn phm lng thc khc nhau. (*)

Ghi ch:
- Sn phm cy c c bc v ; Lng thc c nu chn;
- Cc du chm biu th thiu s liu tin cy
- Ngun: Composition of Food (Washington D.C: US Department of Agricul nhe, 1975).

18

Bng l.l0: Tnh hnh s dng sn cc vng khc nhau

ca Vit Nam ( % )
Vng

Lng
thc

Thc n Ch bin
Bn
(c ti)
chn nui

Min Bc

19,1

34.9

7,0

39,0

Min ni pha Bc

15,4

39.4

6,5

38,7

ng bng sng
Trung B
Bc

22,0

23,8

3,4

50,8

27,5

28,8

11,2

32,5

Min Nam

6,7

13,7

24,4

55,2

Nam Trung B

10,9

19,4

40,0

29,7

Ty Nguyn

2,1

12,2

32,7

53,0

ng Nam B

5,2

11,8

8,8

74,2

c nc

12,2

22,4

16,8

48,6

Ngun: iu tra sn Vit Nam, 1991.

T sau nm 1991, c bit t nm 1996 n nay nh
s tin b trong cng tc nghin cu tuyn chn ging sn
mi v khuyn nng sn, vi vic gii thiu ging sn mi
KM60, KM94 vo sn xut to ra bc t ph trong
ngh trng sn Vit Nam cng vi vic a 42 nh my
ch bin tinh bt sn vo hot ng, nh du s
chuyn dch v tr cy sn t cy lng thc thnh cy
trng hng ha.
1.4.3. S dng sn lm thc n gia sc
Bn cnh s dng lm lng thc v ch bin tinh bt
phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip, sn cn l ngun thc
n gia sc cho c vng nhit i v n i. Trn th gii
c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu s dng sn thay th mt
phn ng cc trong chn nui. Cc tc gi rt ra kt lun
v t l phi hp sn vi ng cc cho tng i tng chn
nui. Chn nui ln, nn phi
hp t 15 n 30% trong khu phn thc n (tu theo
tui). cc nc ty u ngi ta quy nh ch phi hp sn

19

trong khu phn thc n ti a t 30 n 35%. Trong chn

nui g, Mehico s dng ti 50% sn trong thc n hn
hp nui g con m tc tng trng vn khng km so
vi khi cho g n ton ng. Vnzula, dng t 30 n
54% sn trong khu phn nui g tht m khng nh n
tng trng (Montilla, 1970; Armaschicco, 1973). Nhiu tc
gi cho rng s dng t 10 n 15% sn trong chn nui g
l thch hp. Ngay trong vic v bo cho b bng c ti v
chn nui b sa nn cho n thm hn hp thc n tinh cha
85% bt sn, 6% r mt, 8% Ur v 1% premic khong th c
th hon ton p ng yu cu thc n cho b (Muller,
1973). V vy, nhiu tc gi a ra kin rng: vng
nhit i sn l mt ngun thc n chin lc trong vic
nui b tht, b sa b p li cht lng c km. Mt
iu ng lu l h s an ton khi s dng sn cho b n
rt cao, khng gp nhiu trc tr nh khi s dng cho ln v
gia cm.
nc ta, sn l ngun thc n quan trng trong chn
nui ca cc h gia nh. Do vy, trong nhng nm gn y,
bn cnh phi hp sn vo khu phn thc n hn hp trong
cng nghip ch bin thc n gia sc, vic nghin cu
chua sn c ti phc v chn nui ln quy m gia nh
c ch v xy dng thnh quy trnh k thut ang
c nhiu h gia nh p dng vo chn nui ln khu vc
min Trung.
1 4.4.Ch bin tinh bt son
C sn l nguyn liu ch bin tinh bt v tinh bt
bin tnh. Chu l lc a ch bin v xut khu sn ng
u th gii.

20

Bng l.11: Thnh phn ho hc ca l sn ti, kh so vi mt s loi rau, thc phm

Loi thc
phm
Khoai lang
Rau
mung
Rau ngt
Ci bp
Ci xen
u xanh
Lc
Vng
L sn ti
L sn kh

Thnh phn ha
hc (%)
Gluxit Protein lipit
2,8
2,6
2,5
3,2
3,4
5,4
2,1
24,6
15,5
17,6
12,6
27,1

5,3
1,8
1,7
34,0
27,5
20,1
7,0
31,2

18,4
44,5
46,5
0,5

Calo/100gr

22,0
23,0

Mui khong
(mg%)
Ca
P
Fe
48,0
54,0
Vt
100,0 37,0
1,4

36,0
30,0
16,0
411,0
590,0
586,0
80,0
244,0

169,0
48,0
89,0
165,0
68,0
1200
200,0
-

64,5
31,0
13,5
690,0
420,9
367,0
27,0
-

1,9
1,4
11,0
2,2
10,0
1,9
-

Vitamin (mg%)
Caroten
2,9

B1
0,01

B2
0,09

PP
0,7

C
11
23

Vt
0,3
0,06
0,02
0,03
4,0
-

0,06
0,07
0,54
0,44
0,30
0,25
-

0,05
0,10
0,29
0,12
0,15
0,66
-

0,4
0,8
2,3
16,0
4,5
2,4
-

185
30
51
4
295
-

21

1.4.5. S dng l sn
L sn c cha nhiu cht dinh dng c gi tr, kh y
cc axitamin cn thit. Nu so snh thnh phn cc cht
dinh dng c trong l sn vi mt s loi rau v thc phm
nh u, lc vng, chng ta thy l sn ti cao hn mt s
loi rau cao cp nh rau ngt, trong l sn kh hm lng
gluxit v protein tng ng vi u xanh (Bng 1.11).
Song trong l c cha mt lng ng k c t, sau khi
phn gii gii phng ra HCN gy c cho ngi v gia sc
dn n hn ch gi tr s dng ca l sn. L sn ngt l
mt loi rau i vi chu Phi, l sn c b thnh tng b
nh bn ch nh l mt loi rau. Vit nam, nhn dn ta
dng l sn non luc n hoc mui chua.
Gi tr ch yu ca l sn l ngun thc n qu i vi
chn nui gia sc v nui tm. Cc cng trnh nghin cu
gn y v s dng l sn chua cho chn nui ln l hng
i c nhiu trin vng tt ang c nng dn tnh Tha
Thin- Hu v mt s a phng p dng.
1.5. Th trng sn
1.5.1. Th trng sn trn th gii
Tiu th sn trn th gii nm 200312004 (Bng 1.12;
1.13) t 4,6 - 4,9 triu tn sn phm, tng ng 14,015,2 triu tn sn c ti Khi lng xut khu sn "thc. n
gia sc" ca Thi Lan sang cc nc cng ng chu u hin
t khong 1,7 triu tn gim nhiu so vi giai on 19921993 khong 6,5 triu tn. Trong khi nhp khu tinh bt
sn, sn lt, sn vin tng nhanh Trung Quc, i Loan,
Nht Bn, Hn Quc. Nhiu nc chu v chu Phi ngy
cng dng nhiu tinh bt sn. Trung Quc tiu th khong 2
triu tn sn lt + sn thi cho cng nghip ch bin thc
phm, thc n gia sc v lm cn, trong khong 60% sn
lt c nhp t Thi Lan v khong 1 1- 30% sn lt c
nhp t Vit Nam. Trung Quc cng nhp khu 40-50% tinh
bt sn Thi Lan v 20-30% tinh bt sn Vit Nam (IITA,

22

2004). S liu thng k v xut khu tinh bt sn v sn lt

ca Vit Nam cha k n xut khu tiu ngch, xut trong
ni b cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi v xut khu qua
nc trung gian.
Bng l.12: Bun bn sn (st lt, sn vin, tinh ht) trn
th gii 1983-2002
n v tnh: Triu tn
Th trng

Xut khu
Thi Lan
Indonesia
Trung Quc
+ i Loan
Cc nc
khc
Vit Nam
Nhp khu
EU
Trung Quc
+ i Loan
Nht Bn
Hn Quc
Cc nc
khc
+ Malaysia
+ Indonesia
+ M

Trung
bnh
83-85
7,0
6,4
0,4
0,1

Trung
bnh
92-93
9,8
8,3
1,1
0,3

Trung
bnh
95-96
5,9
4,6
0,6
0,4

199
9

200
0

200
1

2002

7,0
6,4
0,3
-

6,9
6,5
0,2
-

7,4
7,1
0,1
-

5,9
5,7
0,1
-

0,1

0,1

0,3

0,2

0,2

0,1

0,1

6,6
5,5
0,3

9,7
6,5
0,9

(0,1)
5,9
3,5
0,7

(0,2)
7,0
4,3
1,1

(0,2)
6,9
3,7
0,9

(0,2)
7,4
2,7
2,6

(0,3)
5,9
1,5
2,5

0,3
0,2
0,3

0,5
0,7
1,1

0,4
0,3
1,0

0,5
0,1
0,9

0,6
0,1
1,6

0,7
0,2
1,2

0,7
0,1
1,3

0,2
0,5
0,1

0,2
0,2
0,1

0,2
0,l
0,1

23

Bng l.13: Bun bn sn (st lt, sn vin, tinh bt) trn

th gii nm 2003/04
n v tnh: nghn tn
Sn
c
ti

14.093
11.621
821
325
603

Sn
lt,
sn
thi
3.617
2.904
328
70
229

74

10

14

17
7
3
2
15.290
7.672

0
0
0
0
3.722
1.760

3
0
0
0
1.145
647

0
11
-

1
0
0
40
7

3
1
4.918
2.414

4.424

1.728

17

1.750

622
438
240
221
130

14
157
49
0

115
9
16
43
26

0
0
0
0
0

1
0
7
1
0

130
166
72
44
26

Th trng

Xut khu
Thi Lan
Vit Nam
Indonesia
Cng ng chu
u
Trung Quc
+ i Loan
M
n
Philippines
Nht Bn
Nhp khu
Trung Quc
+ i Loan
Cng ng chu
u
Nht Bn
Hn Quc
M
Philippin
Indonesia

Sn phm sn kh
Tinh
bt
sn

Bt
sn
nghin

Sn
vin

Tng
cng

867
767
?
20
5

87
82
1

55
23
10
0

4.626
3.776
328
100
234

Ngun: Hong Kim. Phm Vn Bin, Rcinhardt

Howeler. Joet J. Wang, Trn Ngc Ngon,
Kazuo Kawano and Ceballos.

24

1 5.2. Th trng sn Vit nam

Vit Nam hin sn xut mi nm 600.000 - 800.000 tn
tinh bt sn, trong khong 70% dnh cho xut khu v
30% cho tiu th trong nc. Cc a im nh my ch bin
tinh bt sn c xy dng tri rng trn ton quc, 24/64
tnh thnh c nh my ch bin tinh bt sn (vng ng
Nam b 26 nh my, vng Ty Nguyn 05 nh my, vng
Nam Trung b 07 nh my, vng Bc Trung b 07 nh my,
vng ng Bc 04 nh my, vng Ty Bc 03 nh my).
Ngoi ra trn c nc cng c trn 2000 c s ch bin
tinh bt sn th cng, bn c gii, quy m va v nh, nm
ri rc hu ht cc tnh trng sn nhng tp trung ch yu
cc tnh pha Nam.
Ty Ninh l a phng c din tch, nng sut, sn
lng sn cao nht ton quc, ng thi cng l tnh c 14
nh my ch bin tinh bt quy m ln (trn 200 tn c ti/
ngy) v 94 c s ch bin th cng
Mc d ngnh ch bin sn ca Vit Nam cn non tr
nhng cc nh my ch bin tinh bt sn ca Vit Nam u
kh hin i, gi thnh sn xut ch bin r nn sn Vit
Nam c li th cnh tranh cao v c nhu cu th trng.
Ngoi sn phm tinh bt sn th sn lt kh cng l mt mt
hng quan trng v c nhu cu cao. Th trng xut khu sn
lt kh ca Vit Nam ch yu l Trung Quc. Theo thng k
cha y , nm 2003-2004 Vit Nam xut khu sang
Trung Quc khong trn 328.000 tn sn lt. Gi sn ca
Vit Nam kh cnh tranh so vi gi sn ca cc nc sn
xut trong khu vc v th gii.
Bng l.14: Cc nh my ch bin tinh bt sn ca Vit
nam, nm 2004

25

Vng

Tnh

ng Nam b Ty Ninh
Bnh Phc

S nh
my
14
06

cng sut
Sn lng
ch bin
( 1000 tn
(tn bt/ngy) c/nm)
897
700,2
590
370,6

ng Nai
B Ria- Vng
Tu
An Giang
c Lc
Gia Lai
Kim Tum

05
01

415
175

284,5
121,2

01
02
01
02

60
110
50
150

24,0
36,1
144,0
155,8

Qung Nam
Qung Ngi
Bnh nh
Ph Yn
Ninh Thun

01
01
01
01
01

100
50
60
50
60

108,9
63,9
39,0
33,7
41,5

Bnh Thun
Ninh Bnh
Thanh Ha
Bc Trung B
Ngh An

02
01
02
01

110
60
110
60

96,4
46,9
93,1
63,1

Qung Bnh
Qung Tr
Tha Thin Hu
Min ni pha Bc Bc Kim
Yn Bi
Ph Th
Sn la

01
01
01
02
01
01
03

60
60
100
180
50
60
150

48,2
27,4
28,3
123,3
76,2
92,5
142,8

53

3.707

2.961,5

B sng cu
Ty Nguyn

Nam Trung B

Tng cng

26

24/64

1.5.3. Trin vng th trng sn

Vin Nghin cu chin lc Lng thc Quc t v
Trung tm khoai ty Quc t nghin cu th trng, gi
c ca tinh bt sn (Bng 1. 1 5).
Bng l.15: Chiu hng gi ca tinh bt sn ( la M/
tn) so vi tinh bt khoai ty, tinh bt ng v bt
la m ti th trng M giai on 1996-2003
Nm Tinh bt sn Tinh bt khoai
1996
449
595
1997
403
500
1998
412
440
1999
357
424
2000
347
406
2001
370
402
2002
325
398
2003
291
396

Tinh bt
468
449
499
437
460
427
392
410

Tinh bt la
416
441
457
305
363
349
483
596

1 :(http://www.usitc.gov)
Vin Nghin cu chin lc Lng thc Quc t v
Trung tm Khoai ty Quc t, trn c s tnh ton nhiu
mt, d bo tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th sn ton cu
vi tm nhn n nm 2020 (Bng 1.16).
Theo tnh ton ca cc chuyn gia th n nm 2020
sn lng sn ton cu c t 275,1 triu tn, trong
sn xut sn cc nc ang pht trin l 274,7 triu tn,
cc nc pht trin t khong 0,4 triu tn. Mc tiu
th sn cc nc ang pht trin d bo t 254,6 triu
tn so vi cc nc pht trin l 20,5 triu tn. Khi
lng sn phm sn ton cu s dng lm lng thc, thc
phm nm 2020 d bo t tng ng l 1 76,3 triu tn v
53,3 triu tn. Tc tng hng nm v nhu cu s dng
sn phm sn lm lng thc, thc phm l 1,98% v thc
n gia sc t 0,95%.

27

Chu Phi vn l khu vc dn u sn lng sn ton cu

vi d bo sn lng nm 2020 s t 168,6 triu tn. Trong
, khi lng sn phm s dng lm lng thc thc phm
l 130,2 triu tn (77,2%), lm thc n gia sc l 7,5 triu
tn (4,4%). Tc tng hng nm v tiu th sn phm giai
on 1993-2020 Chu M Latinh c t 1,3%, chu Phi
l 2,44% v chu l 0,84 - 0,96%. Yu t thc y pht
trin sn xut sn trn th gii trong nhng nm qua l do:
+ Chin lc pht trin lng thc ton cu ang tn
vinh gi tr ca cy sn l mt trong nhng cy lng thc
d trng, thch hp vi nhng vng t ngho v l cy cng
nghip c trin vng c kh nng cnh tranh cao i vi
nhiu cy trng khc
+ S hi nhp m rng th trng sn, to nn nhng c
hi ch bin tinh bt, tinh bt bin tnh, sn lt, sn vin
s dng trong cng ngh thc phm, thc n gia sc, ru
cn, nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip v dc liu.

28

Bng l.16: D bo tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th sn ton cu n nm 2020 v tc tng tiu th
sn phm sn hng nm, giai on 1993-2020
Vng

Ton th gii
Cc nc pht trin
Cc nc ang pht
trin
Chu Phi
Chu M Latinh
Chu
+ ng Nam
+ Trung Quc
+ n

Sn xut
sn
2020
(triu
tn)
275,1
0,4
274,7

Tiu th sn
2020 (triu tn)
Lng
Thc n
thc,
gia sc
Thc
phm
176,3
53,3
0,4
19,4
175,9
33,9

168,6
41,7

130,2
13,9

48,2
6,5
7,0

19,5
2,8
6,9

Tng
cng

Tc tng tiu th sn phm

sn hng nm (%) 1993-2020
Lng
Thc
Tng
thc, Thc
n gia
cng
phm
sc

275,1
20,5
254,6

1,98
-0,50
1,99

0,95
0,01
1,62

1,74
-0,05
1,93

7,5
21,9

168,1
42,9

2,49
0,70

1,53
1,75

2,44
1,30

0,9
3,0
NA .

24,4
6,4
7,3

0,97
0,17
0,93

0,89
1,61
NA

0,96
0,84
0,93

Hong Kim, Phm Vn Bin, Reinhardt Howeler, Joet J. Wang, Trn Ngc Ngon, Kazuo Kawano v
Ceballos.

29

1.5.4. C hi v thch thc i vi sn xut sn ca

Vit Nam
Nhng yu t c bn to nn s t ph v nng sut sn
ca Vit Nam trong nhng nm va qua l do:
1- Ton quc hin c 53 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn
vi tng cng sut c t 2,2 -3,8 triu tn c ti/ nm to
thun li cho sn xut sn.
2 - Cc ging sn mi (KM94, KM98-5, KM98-l,
KMI40, KM98-7) c nng sut bt cao gn gp i so vi
cc ging sn a phng mang lai nng sut v li nhun
cao cho ngi trng sn.
3- Sn Vit Nam c nhu cu th trng xut khu v
tiu th ni a ln.Vit Nam hin tr thnh nc xut
khu tinh bt sn ng th ba trn th gii sau Thi Lan v
Indonesia. 4- Sn d trng, t kn t, t vn u t, ph hp
iu kin sinh thi v kinh t nng h. Nng dn Vit Nam
tch cc p dng ging mi v tin b k thut mi vo sn
xut sn.
Bc v u th k 21, sn xut sn ca nc ta ang
ng trc nhng c hi v thch thc mi (Bng 1.17 ;
1.18 ). Cy sn hin ang chuyn i nhanh chng t cy'
lng thc truyn thng thnh cy cng nghip hng ha
xut khu v lm thc n gia sc c gi tr kinh t cao, trong
xu th hi nhp khu vc v th gii.

30

Bng 1.17: Sn Vit Nam trong vng sn chnh ca chu

Sn Ing *
Din tch *
Nng sut*
Hiu trang s
dng sn
(du> ch mc
s dng)

Thi Lan
15,23
1050,0
14,5
Thc n gia
sc XK&N
(55%)> tinh bt
NK&N (45%)

200-300

Indonesia
19,25
1.267,45
15,19
Lng thc
thc phm >
tinh bt
ND&NK >
thc n gia
sc
Tinh bt
bin tnh>
thc n gia
sc> Bt
ngt
100-150

Tim nng
ch bin v
s dng cc
sn phm sn

Tinh bt bin
tnh> thc n
gia sc> Bt
ngt> Lysine

Chi ph SX
(USD/ha)
Gi lao ng
(USD/ngy)

3-4

1-2

n
6,70
240,00
27,91
Lng thc
thc phm >
tinh bt s dng
ni a (N)

Trung Quc
4,20
250,12
16,79
Tinh bt
NB,>thc n
gia sc> nhp
khu v ti xut
khu (XK)

Vit Nam
5,56
383,60
14,5
Thc n gia sc >
Tinh bt XK&N>
Lng thc thc
phm

Tinh bt> Tinh

bt bin
tnh>Thc
ung> bnh ko

Tinh bt> Bt
ngot> Tinh bt
bin tnh> Thc
n gia sc

Tinh bt> Bt
ngt> Thc n
gia sc> Tinh bt

160-180

240-300

120-220

2-3

1-2

1-2

31

Ging sn ch
lc v nhng
ging b sung

KU 50 Rayong
72 Rayong 5
Rayong 60
Rayong 90
Rayong 1

Chun b t
trng
K thut trng
phn chung
(tn/ha)
NPK

My cy
My ba
ng
it (2-5)
Trung.bnh

Adira 4
KU50
Malang 1
Malang 2
SM1650-2
SM1812-6
Th cng +
Tru b
ng
t (3-5)
T. bnh

H226 H165
Sree Pralash
Sree Sahya M-4

Th cng + Tru
b
ng
Nhiu (1020)
Kh

*Ssn lng: Triu tn, * Din tch: 1000 ha,* Nng sut: Tn!ha.
Ngun: Reinhardt Howeler,2004

32

SC 124
SC8002
SC8013 SC205
SC201
SM1113-6
SM1600-1
Th cng +
Tru b
Nm
t (3-5)

KM94 KM98-1
KM95-3 SM93726 KM60 KM95-3
Vinh phu

Th cng + Tru
b
Nm
t (0-7)

Bng l.18: Tn ti chnh v sn xut, ch bin v tiu th

sn mt s vng trng sn chnh ca chu v
tim nng ca cc sn phm ch bin t sn
Nc

Nhng tn ti chnh v sn
Tim nng ca cc sn phm
xut v ch bin sn chu ch bin t sn

Thi Lan

Gi bin ng
Thiu cng lao ng
t ngho dinh dng
t b xi mn

Tinh bt bin tnh

Ethanol
Thc n gia sc
MSG; Lysine

Innsia

Quy m canh tc nh
Gi bin ng
t b xi mn
t ngho dinh dng

Tinh bt
Tinh bt bin tnh
Thc n gia sc
Bt; MSG

Cnh tranh cy trng

Bnh virus
Quy m canh tc nh
Th trng

Tinh bt
Tinh bt bin tnh
Bnh ko
Sang, m si

Vit Nam

Quy m canh tc nh
Thiu vn u t
t ngho dinh dng
t b xi mn

Tinh bt
MSG
Thc n gia sc

Trung Quc

Cnh tranh cy trng

Quy m canh tc nh
t b xi mn
t ngho dinh dng

Tinh bt
MSG
Tinh bt bin tnh
Thc n gia sc

Ngun: R. Howeler, 2004.

33

Chng 2
C IM SINH VT HC
2.1. c im thc vt hc
2.1.1. R sn
Cy sn c th mc t ht v t hom. i vi r sn mc
t ht gm c mt r cc cm thng ng xung t v cc
r ph lc u pht trin theo chiu ngang sau cng pht
trin theo phng thng ng. C hai loi r cc v r ph
u c th pht trin thnh c.
i vi r sn ra t hom, lc u r cng mc ngang sau
cm su xung t. Theo thi gian r c th n su theo
cc tng t m gip cho cy sn c kh nng vt qua kh
d dng nhng ma kh ko di.
R sn c th chia thnh 2 loi: R lm nhim v ng
ha v r lm chc nng d tr. (Bng 2.l).
i vi r lm nhim v ng ha ch yu tp trung
tng t nng (O-30cm). Nhim v chnh ca loi r ny l
ht nc, dinh dng v gi cho cy vng chc.
R c l do r con c tp trung dinh dng m thnh.
Khi cy sn bt u ra r, s lng r con rt nhiu. Khi cy
trng thnh ch mt s r c tch ly y tinh bt mi
tip tc pht trin thnh c thu hoch. C sn ln c dng
hnh tr hoc hnh thoi c kch tht. t 2 n 15 cm. C c
th c hoc khng c cung c. Tit din ngang ca c sn
gm c 4 phn chnh. (Hnh 2.l).

34

Bng 2.l: T l phn b 2 loi r theo chiu su tng t

Tng
t
0-30 cm
30-90
cm
90-160
cm
T l

% R lm chc nng
ng ha
7 thng
12 thng
98,4
99,8
1,6
0,2

% R lm chc
nng d tr
7 thng
12 thng
67,2
39,4
32,7
43,2

17,4

100,0

100,0

100,0

100,0

Ngun: V Cng Hu, Trnh Thng Mi, 1990.

- Phn v g c mu nu, nu sm, hi trng... dy
khong 0,2 cm n 0,6 cm, chim 0,5 n 3% khi lng
ca c v c cu to bi Xenllul. Mc d n rt mng
nhng rt cng. Lp v c nhim v bo v trnh tc ng
ca cc yu t gy tn thng lm h hi c. V th, khi thu
hoch sn cn hn ch gy sy st lm bong v do khi lp
v g b sy st, c sn rt d dng b chy nha.
- Phn v tht (Tng nhu m v): lp ny nm bn trong
lp v g. V tht c mu hng, trng c, trng vng ty
theo ging. V tht dy khong 0,5 n o,6 cm v chim 520% khi lng c v rt d tch khi lp tht c. Phn v
tht c cha Xenllul, tinh bt, cc sc t v men. c bit
lp ny l ni tp trung nhiu glucozit khi thu phn gii
phng ra HCN gy ng c cho ngi v gia sc.
- Phn tht c (M d tr): y l phn quan trng nht
ca c sn Phn ny chim khong 90% khi lng bt ca
c sn, ngoi ra cn c mt t si (t bo ha g) v mt
lng nh Protin, lipit, vitamin, cht khong.
- Li sn (mch g v g): Thng nm gia c sn
v chy sut t u c n cui c. Li sn chim khong
0,5% khi lng c sn. Thnh phn ch yu l Xenllul.

35

2.1.2. Thn sn
Cy sn thuc loi thn g. Cy cao trung bnh t 1,0
n 3,tim. Chiu cao cy ph thuc vo ging v iu kin
chiu sng, mc thm canh, mt v thi v trng.
Thn sn c kh nng phn cnh. Mt s ging khng phn
cnh hoc phn cnh 1 - 3 ln, nhng cng c ging phn
cnh lin tip ti 10 ln. S phn cnh c lin quan n kh
nng ra hoa. Thn v cnh gi ha g c mu trng bc,
xm, nu hoc hi vng. S lng thn mc ra trn mt hom
ty thuc vo cch t hom v s lng t trn hom. Hom
t nm ngang c nhiu thn hn c. V mt cu to (mt ct
ngang) thn cng gm c 4 lp (trong cng l li rt xp, t
bo rt to, tip theo l tng g; m mm ca v; tng bn rt
mng). iu cn lu l sn c nhn ging v tnh t cc

36

on hom ly t thn, cnh. V vy, khi thu hoch bn cnh

vic la chn cc cy khng b bnh, to khe, cc t thn
u, chng ta cn phi hn ch gy sy st thn lm bong lp
biu b (bn). Bi v lp ny c chc nng gi cho hom
khng b mt nc.
2.1.3. L sn
L sn l loi l n c chia thy mc xen k trn thn
v xp theo vng (c 5 l mt vng). L sn gm 2 phn:
cung l v phin l.
- Cung l: cung l di t 3 n 30cm v c cc mu
sc khc nhau ty theo ging (mu hng, vng, xanh vng,
ti )
- Phin l: phin l thng c 5-7 thy, nhng cng c
khi khng chia thy. Phin l mnh, dng mng, mu xanh
lc, pha di c phn. nhng cy mc t ht, phin l
thng nguyn vn hoc chia khng u. Cc cy mc t
hom t ch phn cnh tr ln s thy phin l c th gim
i. Phin l gm mt lp biu b pha trn c tng cutin dy,
tng m du, tng m hng v biu b. Pha di phin l c
nhng t bo nh ra lm cho mt di ca l mt nh
nhung. Mt di c nhng kh khng ng knh khong
30 v c khong 700 kh khng trn mt mm2. Cc l gi
pha di rng dn v c thay th bng cc l mi sinh ra
t bp non.
2.1.4. Hoa sn
Hoa sn thuc loi hoa chm c cung di mc ra t ch
phn cnh, ngn thn. Hoa sn l hoa n tnh cng gc.
Mt s ging sn khng c hoa do khng c qu trnh phn
ha hoa hoc do nhng mm hoa rng i. Nhng cm hoa
sinh ra t nhng cnh thp nht thng rng sm. Cm hoa
gm mt trc gia di 2-locm v nhiu trc bn hp thnh
mt kiu cm hoa gi l chy.,
Hoa ci c 5 l i di v c mu sc sc s, ngoi ra c

37

lng. C mt bu thng c 6 cnh. Bu thng c 3 l

non nhn trn mt a khng chia thy. Trn bu c vi
nhy ngn vi 3 u nhy un cong.
Hoa c c 5 l i dnh vi nhau trn mt na chiu
di, nhn pha trong v c lng pha ngoi. C khong 810 nh c xp thnh 2 vng v mc ln t cc thy ca mt
a pha di. Bao phn mm, ht phn 3 ngn, dy dnh,
mng ngoi ht phn c gai nh.
S lng hoa trn cy thay i theo tng ging, thng
hoa c nhiu hn hoa ci. Trn cng mt cm hoa, hoa ci
thng n trc hoa c 5-7 ngy. Do nhng hoa ci n
cui cng s n cng ngy vi hoa c n u tin trn cy.
Hoa ci thng n trc hoa c t 112 gi n 5-6 gi.
Hoa c thng n vo gia tra. Vo na cui bui chiu
tt c cc hoa ci u khp li
Bao phn bt u m khong 2 gi trc khi n v m
hon ton trc khi hoa n 1 gi. Sau khi m ht phn c
pht tn nh gi v cn trng. Khong cch th phn
khong 30cm
Tui th ht phn khong 1 tun. th phn bng tay,
ngi ta ng phn vo trong mt ci ti v gi vi ngy
trong khng kh kh nh CaCl2. u nhy c kh nng tip
nhn ht phn trong 24 gi. Sau 24 gi u nhy bt u
ho, chuyn sang mu nu, kh i v rng chm nht l sau
mt ngy. Thi gian t khi th phn n khi th tinh ko di
khong 8 gi n 19 gi. Khong thi gian u nhy tip
nhn ht phn tng i ngn, do khi th phn bng tay
phi th phn hng ngy v em ht phn rc ln u nhy
cng sm cng tt sau khi hoa n. i vi sn hin tng
bt dc ht phn xy ra kh thng xuyn v c th do c
tnh a hi phc tp ca loi, t phn bo gim nhim c
nhng dng bt thng, do mt s c tnh i truyn hoc
do nhng nguyn nhn t bo cht.

38

2.1.5. Qu v ht
Qu sn thuc loi qu nang m khi chn ng knh
qu 1 - 1,5cm, qu c 3 , mi thng c mt ht. Qu
thng c 6 cnh hnh thnh t nhng cnh ca bu hoa.
Mu sc t lc nht, hi vng n lc hay ta kh m.
Cung qu phnh ln ch tip xc vi qu. Ch phnh c
khi cng c mu sc khc vi mu sc qu. Sau khi chn,
qu t m v ch cn li trc gia ca qu.
Ht sn hnh trng tit din hi ging hnh tam gic. Ht
c vn hoc nhng vt mu nu trn nn mu kem hoc
xm nht.
2.2. Cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin
Mt trong nhng c im ca cy trng ny l qu
trnh sinh trng v pht trin c din ra ng thi, do
vic phn chia cc giai on sinh trng pht trin da vo
quy lut sinh trng thn l v ln ln ca c ch l tng
i.
2.2.1. Giai on mc mm, ra r
Giai on ny bt u t khi trng n sau trng khong
2 thng. c im ch yu ca giai on ny l s chuyn
ha cc cht dinh dng tch ly trong hom hnh thnh
mm v r. V vy giai on ny ph thuc vo 2 yu t khi
hu v cht lng ca hom ging.
Thng thng vo v trng, sau khi t hom t 5-17
ngy sn bt u mc mm. Nu thi v trng khng hp l
(iu kin kh hu khng thun li nh nhit thp, thiu
m), thi gian mc mm ra r b nh hng r rt, t l mc
mm khng m bo, cht lng mm km. Nghin cu
nh hng ca yu t kh hu, thi tit n t l mc mm
ca 2 ging sn trng ph bin min Bc cho thy (Bng
2.2).
Mc mm ca sn rt nhy cm vi nhit . Khi nhit
tng t 17,9 c ln 21,80c t l mc mm tng ng k

39

t 63% ln 80% v thi gian mc mm rt ngn r rt.

Bng 2.2: nh hng ca iu kin kh hu n t l mc
mm v nng sut ca ging sn a Phng
Sn Chui
Sn Xanh Vnh
h
Thi Nhit m Lng Thi T Nng Thi T Nng
v

ma
gian
l
sut
gian mc sut
trng (c) (%) (mui) mc mc (tn/ha) mc (%) (tn/ha)
(Ngy) (%)
(Ngy)
18/2 17,9 85
18,5
30
63
29,4
30
60
29,0
08/3

21,8

87

61,4

20

76

21,3

20

64

23,5

28/3

21,8

87

61,4

15

80

16,8

16

64

12,2

18/4

25,6

87

277,1

15

84

6,2

15

95

5,3

Ngun: Trn Th Hanh, 1985.

Tc gi Cch v Rosas, 1975 cng cho bit: nhit
160c Ch c 20% hom sn mc mm trn c hai ging sn
nghin cu v nhit thp thi gian k t khi trng n khi
mc mm rt di.
Nhit thch hp cho sn mc mm t 25-270c. sn
mc mm nhanh nhit t 28,5 n 300c. Nhng nhit
Cao t 37-390c hoc nhit thp t 12-170c th sn
khng mc mm. Yu t th hai nh hng n t l mc
mm ca sn l cht lng ca hom, bin php s dng
hom. V tui ca hom, tc gi Gia lang cho bit hom gia c
cht lng tt nht v t nng sut cao hn hom gc v
hom ngn.
V tr hom

Nng sut hom (tn/ha)

Hom gc

36,5

Hom gia

44,4

Hom ngn

19,7

V ln ca hom, tc gi inh Vn L cho bit:

40

ng knh hom ln hn 2,1cm, c cht lng tt.

ng knh hom

Nng sut sn (%)

< 2 cm

100%

2,1 - 4,0

147

>4 cm

150

S hnh thnh v pht trin ca r sn cn ty thuc vo

cch t hom v s hnh thnh m so. t hom ng ch
mt di c kh nng ra r, cn t hom nm ngang tt c
cc mt v hai u hom u c kh nng ra r. tng kh
nng ra r, khi t hom em trng cn ch khng gy dp
nt u hom v hn ch chy nha u hom bng cch
chm hai u hom vo tro bp hoc vo t bt kh.
2.2.2. Giai on sinh trng thn l
Cy sn thuc lp 2 l mm, do s tng trng chiu
cao ca cy v s to ngang ca dng knh thn c quyt
nh bi s hot ng ca m phn sinh tng tng v m
phn sinh nh. Giai on ny c c im l cc b phn
trn mt t (thn, l) pht trin nhanh chng. C cng bt
u c hnh thnh nhng pht trin chm. Giai on ny
ko di khong 2 thng v kt thc giai on khi* din tch
l t gi tr cc i, v sau khng bao gi t c na.
Bng 2.3: Sinh trng thn, l ca hai ging sn nghin
cu ti trng i hc Nng Lm - Thi Nguyn
Nghin cu

819

1. Ging Xanh Vnh ph (a phng)

Tc tng trng
(cmtngy)

0143 1.60 2,25

0,99

0 55

0,36

0,03

Tc ra l (l/ngy)

0 29 0 84 0 92

0169

0 47

0,25

0103

Tui th l (Ngy)

46,1 55,7 66,9

76,3

80,9

ch s din tch l (m2

l/ m2t)

0130 0161 1,20

1,79

1,30

0,95

0,68

41

2. Ging KM94
Tc tng trng
(cm/ngy)

0143 1,47 2,22

1,26

0,72

0,33

0,02

Tc ra l (l/ngy)

0124 0 89 0,98

0 69

0152

0,29

0,04

Tui th l (Ngy)

51.3 58.2 62.5

77,3

87,9

0 15 0,72 1,40

2,00

1,75

1,20

0,69

Ch s din tch l (m
l/ m2 t)

Ch s din tch l t > 3. Ch s din tch l ti a t

c vo t 4-6 thng sau trng. Ch s din tch l ph
thuc vo nhp xut hin l mi, tui th trung bnh ca
l, iu kin mi trng v ging sn (Bng 2.3).
S pht trin thn, l quyt nh hot ng quang hp
ca cy Mc quang hp ca l sn c th t c 40mg
CO2/dm2/h (Tan, 1980; Elsharkawy v Cock). Mc
quang hp tng l t thay i theo tui l
Yu cu khong nhit ti thch kh rng t 20-400C
(Elsharkawy v Cock). Quang hp c bit nhy cm vi s
gim p sut hi nc gia l vi khng kh. Quang hp
gim khi p sut hi nc gim nhiu. S gim p sut hi
nc trn b mt l l do cc t bo kh khng ng kn
hon ton. Cung l ng vai tr quan trng trong iu
chnh hng l ngn chn lng nh sng qu nhiu
chiu xung b mt l. Trong iu kin nhit cao (240c
tr ln) thi gian hnh thnh mt l y khong 2 tun.
Ngc li, iu kin nhit thp thi gian hnh thnh l
y b ko di ra. Kch thc l tng dn theo tui ca
cy n khong 4 thng tui v sau gim dn. Tui th
ca l c th ko di n 200 ngy iu kin nhit thp
Thng thng tui th l khong 60-120 ngy (Irikura v
cng tc, 1979).
Cc ging sn khc nhau c kch thc l, din tch tng
l v tui th l khc nhau. Mt trong nhng c im ca
cy sn l chng c kh nng phn cnh. Thng thng sau
trng khong 3 thng, cy sn bt u phn cnh. Ging

42

phn cnh nhiu c ti 4 cp cnh (ging sn canh nng).

i vi cc ging sn phn nhiu cp cnh dn n tng s
l/cy cao, qun th rm rp, cc l bn di cy b che
khut. V vy, mt phn ln dinh dng do cy ng ha
phi s dng duy tr s sng t lm gim
hm lng vt cht chuyn v tch ly c di dng
tinh bt l nhng ging tim nng nng sut khng cao.
2.2.3. Giai on hnh thnh, pht trin c
Sn phm thu hoch ca sn l c. Ngay sau trng 28
ngy, mt lng ln ht tinh bt c hnh thnh mch
g ca tng nhu m r c. Tt nhin vic phn tch trong
thi gian ny khng c kh nng phn bit c gia r m
sau ny c tch ly tinh bt tr thnh c v r m sau
ny vn ch l r thng (Keating, 1981). Vo khong 6
tun sau khi trng, mt s r c bt u ln ln mt cch
nhanh chng. S c c quyt nh t 2-3 thng sau trng
v t c s thay i trong qu trnh sinh trng hu ht
cc ging sn. Cc tc gi cho rng c bt u tch ly khi
s cung cp hydratcacbon vt qu yu cu sinh trng ca
thn l (Cock v cng tc, 1979; Cock, 1990). Kt qu
nghin cu trn 2 ging sn a phng Xanh Vnh Ph v
sn Chui (Bng 2.4) cho thy.
Bng 2.4: S hnh thnh v pht trin c sn (198119831
Thng
sau
trng

S
c/c
y

6.65

8.00

8.35

Xanh Vnh Ph
chiu ng
Khi
di
knh
lng
c
c
c
(cm)
(cm)
(kg/cy
)
18,1
1,36
0,19
8
21,1
1,86
0,51
2
25,7
2,54
1,03

s c/
cy

7,46
7,97
8,18

Sn Chui
chiu n
di
g
c
knh
(cm)
c
(cm)
18,2 1,28
5
22,8 1,65
5
24,0 2,27

43

Khi
ln
g c
(kg/
cy)
0,20
0,34
0,73

8.55

8.55

8.55

8.55

5
27,0
7
28,2
0
28,4
0
27,4
0

3,16

1,55

8,52

3,56

2,95

8,55

4,23

2,95

8,56

4,23

2,95

8,56

1
25,6
0
26,9
8
26,9
8
26,9
8

2,76

1,19

3,31

1,77

3,74

2,92

3,74

2,92

Ngun: Trn Th Hanh, 1985.

- S lng c v chiu di c c hnh thnh v n
nh ngay trong giai on 3, 4 thng sau trng.
- Tinh bt c tch ly v c tng dn theo thi gian
sinh trng, tng nhanh nht t thng th 6 n thng th 9
sau trng, sau tng chm v n nh. Bi c im kh
hu min Bc c ma ng kh lnh nn hu nh sn b
rng l vo cui thng 02 hng nm khi nhit trung bnh
ch t 15 - 170C V C nhiu ngy nhit xung 11-150C,
dn trn cy sn ngng sinh trng v nng sut sn cng
xem nh t nng sut cao nht trong v trng. Nu tip tc
theo di cc ch tiu trn n nh cho n thng 12. Nm
sau, khi nhit , m tng ln cy sn bc sang mt chu
k sinh trng mi. Do , khi quan st c nhng gc sn
lu nin chng ta thy c c cc vng g.
Mt trong nhng c im khc bit ca cy sn so vi
cy cc khc l cy sn c s pht trin ng thi gia pht
trin thn l v tch ly tinh bt vo c. C ngha sn phm
quang hp c phn phi cho duy tr v pht trin thn l
mi v phnh to cua cu.

44

Nh vy, nng sut sn c ph thuc vo kh nng

quang hp ca l v s phn phi vt cht khi hnh thnh
cho cc b phn khc nhau ca cy. C th ni l c s cnh
tranh gia b phn trn mt t v di mt t v s dng
sn phm ca quang hp. V vy, vic sn xut v phn phi
vt cht kh ty thuc vo din tch l. Ch s din tch l
cao nht c th t n 1 0 (Keating, 1 9 8 1 ). Tc tng
trng tch ly vt cht kh ca cy tng dn khi ch s din
tch l t n 4 (t 120 gr/m2/tun). T l cht kh c
tch ly vo c thay i t 40- 70% ty theo ging v iu
kin mi trng.

45

Chng 3

Yu cu sinh thi ca cy sn
3.1. Yu cu iu kin kh hu
Bng 3.1: c im cc vng trng sn chnh trn th
gii
vng Tn vng, c im ch yu
trng
1

46

Nhit
di
(TB ma kh
(thng)
25
3-4

Vng t thp nhit i. ma kh

ko di, lng ma t t n TB
nhit cao quanh.nm (mt s
vng ca Colombia.
Nam n , ng Bc Braxin, Thi
Vng t thp nhit i lng ma 25
t t n trung bnh. thm thc vt Sa
van, t ngho, pa thp, ma kh rt
di, m thp trong ma kh. (Mt
s vng ca Colombia, Venezuela,
Braxin)
Vng t thp nhit i ma kh rt 25
ngn. lng ma hng nm cao
(Vng Florencia. Leticio ca Braxin,
Ecuador Peru. vng rng nhit i
ca Chu Phi.
Chu .
Vng t c cao trung bnh ca
vng nhit , ma kh trung bnh,
nhit trung binh (Vng
Palmira.ca Colombia.
Costanca.Boli'na. Braxin. n
Philippin.
Chu Phi. lndonesia. Vit Nam)

3-6

Lng ma
hng thng
(mm)
700 - 2000
phn b
khng ng
u trong
nm.
> 1200 phn
b khng
u

Rt ngn >2000
hoc
khng c

21 - 24 3 -4

1 000 -2000
phn b
khng u.

Vng cao nguyn kh hu mt. ma

t trung bnh n nhiu (Vng ni
Andean.
ng Phi)
Vng nhit i, ma ng mt
di ngy thay i (Mehico, Nam
Braxin, Bc Achentina. i Loan,
Nam Trung Quc)

17 - 20 Bin
ng

> 2000

Ti thp Bin
l 00C ng

> 1000 ma
ma h

Ngun: James H. Cch,1985.

Sn l mt trong nhng cy trng nhit i in hnh.
Song thc t, hin nay cy sn ang c trng trong phm
vi tng i rng t 200N n 200S v trng nhit cao
ti 2000m s vi mt nc bin. , nhit trung bnh
hng nm t 15- 350C v lng ma hng nm dao ng t
500-5000mm. Tuy l cy trng c kh nng thch ng rng,
song iu kin kh hu thch hp nht i vi cy trng ny
l kh hu m v m quanh nm. Nng sut sn, c th t
cao nht trong iu kin nhit t 25-270c, cao trung
bnh so vi mt nc bin di 150m v cht lng tt nht
ni ma nhiu, lng ma phn b ng u trong nm.
Thc t tha mn iu kin l tng l rt kh khn
Mi vng trng u c nhng hn ch nht nh v iu kin
nhit , m, thi gian, cng chiu sng v nhng
bin ng ca cc yu t ny trong nm. V vy, cng tc
phn vng sn da vo iu kin kh hu xc nh cc
yu t hn ch nng sut sn v xy dng chng trnh chn
to ging sn mi c kh nng thch ng vi s bin ng
ca iu kin kh hu. th nhng c Trung tm
nghin cu nng nghip nhit i quc t(intemational
Center For Tropical Agriculture - CIAT) quan tm nghin
cu, CIAT phn chia cc vng trng sn trn th gii
thnh 6 vng chnh. (Bng 3.l).
Nhn chung, yu cu iu kin kh hu ca cy sn, qua

47

cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin c th tm tt nh sau:

3.1.1. Giai on mc mm - ra r
Nhit thch hp song giai on ny t 20-270C. Nu
nhit < 160C hu nh san khng mc mm, tt nht n
nhit 300c V gim dn khi nhit tng n 390C, m
thch hp trong giai on ny t 65 -75%.
3.1.2. Giai on sinh trng thn l
Nhit thch hp t 24-270C.Yu t nhit nh
hng n tui th l v ch s din tch l. Khi nhit
tng t 20 - 240C, tui th ca l gim nhng tng s l mi
hnh thnh (Irikura v cng tc, 1979; Keating, 1979, 1981).
Do c s tng tc gia ging vi iu kin nhit nn
dn n kt qu l s thay i v tui th l, s l mi hnh
thnh v ch s din tch l T tc ng n quan h gia
quang hp v h hp ca cy, nng sut ca c. V nh
sng, iu kin ngy di c tc dng lm tng kh nng sinh
trng ca thn. (Bolhius, 1966; Otoo 1983; Lowe v cng
tc, 1976). Nghin cu nh hng ca thi gian chiu sng
16h so vi 12h, tc gi J.Veltkamp che thy: Cc ging sn
c nhy cm vi di ngy v nh hng r rt n nng
sut c.
Bng 3.2: c trng ca 3 dng sn thu hoch sau trng
272 ngy c trng trong iu kin bnh thng.
v 16h/ngy
Dng sn Cng Tng lng
thc vt cht kh
(tn/ha)
Mcol 1684

Nng sut S nhnh H s thu

c (tn/ha) /cy
hoch

12 h
16 h

15,8
16,4

8,7
4,6

15
81

0,55
0,28

MPTR 26 12 h
16 h

13,9
14,2

8,1
4,9

8
21

0,58
0,35

Ngun: CIAT,1981

48

iu kin ngy ngn tng cng tch ly tinh bt v c.

di ngy thch hp tch ly tinh bt v c l 12h/ngy
(Bothius, 1966; Otoo, 1983). Ngy di thch hp vi sinh
trng thn l nhng hn ch tch ly tinh bt v c dn n
gim nng sut c (Bodlaender, 1960). Khi b che bng 60%
nh sng so vi khng che bng, nng sut c b gim ti
36% (Otoo, 1983) (Bng 3.2).
Mc d sn l cy trng chu hn, thm ch hn ko di
ti 5-6 thng. Song hn hn ko di lm nng sut c b
gim ng k. Do ch s din tch l gim nhanh trong iu
kin kh hn (CIAT 1987-1989), tnh trung bnh nng sut
c kh gim 14%, nng sut thn l gim 38%, nng sut
sinh vt hc gim 22%, h s thu hoch.tng 9%. Nhng
cng c nhng dng sn biu th kh nng chu hn tuyt vi
nh dng CM4013-l, nng sut c kh trong iu kin thiu
nc t ti 11,5 tn/ha, tng 0,6 tn/ha so vi trong iu
kin khng thiu nc (CIAT, 1992). Cc dng c kh nng
thch ng vi iu kin thiu nc v nc thng c ch
s din tch l cao hn ch s din tch l ti u.
3.1.3. Giai on tch ly dinh dng v c
Nhit c nh hng khc nhau n cc pha sinh
trng khc nhau ca c sn. Khi nhit c th l thch
hp cho bt u tch ly tinh bt vo c th n li c th lm
gim s pht trin ca c. Nhit thp vo ban m thch
hp cho tch ly vo c, trong khi nhit cao ban
ngy (290C) quang hp tng ln mt cht cung vi s tng
cng h hp (CIAT, 1976), do phn ln sn phm
quang hp b s dng vo h hp, ch cn li mt t l nh
c tch ly vo c (Gupta, 1978).
Trong iu kin nhit ban u thp c tc dng lm tng
s lng c/gc. vng nhit i ch c s khc nhau rt t
v di ngy, v th quang chu k khng tr thnh yu t
quan trng i vi sn xut sn.

49

3.2. Yu cu iu kin t ai v dinh dng

3.2.1. t trng sn
Trc y c nhiu kin cho rng sn l cy trng ph
hoi t, v by gi vn cn c nhiu ngi bn khon v
iu . Thc t nhiu nc trn th gii cng nh Vit
Nam cy sn c xem l cy trng ca ngi ngho. Hu
ht cc vng trng sn u l vng t c vn v con
ngi khai thc rt c hiu qu c tnh qu ca cy trng
ny. l kh nng chu ng tuyt vi ca cy sn trong
iu kin t ngho dinh dng, t chua, t c hm lng
nhm v mangan cao. B r sn c th pht trin su ti
2,5m ht nc v dinh dng. Cy sn c h thng c
nh cacbon cho php cy tip tc quang hp c hiu qu
trong iu kin thiu nc ko di. V vy cy sn c kh
nng hp thu dinh dng hnh thnh nn nng sut
nhng vng t ngho dinh dng m cc cy trng
khc kh c th sng st. Chnh v iu ny m cy sn
tr thnh i tng la chn duy nht cui cng ca ngi
dn trc khi b ha.
V nhu cu dinh dng, to ra c mt tn cht kh,
cy sn cn lng dinh dng N v P t hn so vi mt s
cy trng. Nhng yu cu v K li cao hn (Bng 3.3).
Bng 3.3: Trung bnh lng dinh dng do cy sn hp
thu so vi mt s cy trng khc
Cy
trng
(B
phn
cy)
Sn
(C
ti)
Khoai
lang
(C

50

Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Tuai Kh

Kg/ha

Kg/ tn cht kh

35,7

13,53

55

13,2

112

4,5

0,83

6,6

25,2

5,05

61

13,3

97

12,0

2,63

19,2

ti)
Ng
(ht
kh)
La
(ht
kh)
La
m
(ht
kh)
K
(ht
kh)
u
(ht
kh)
u
tng
(ht
kh)
Lc
(qu
kh)
Ma
(cy)
Thuc
l (l
kh)

S,5

5,56

96

17,4

26

17,3

3,13

4,7

4,6

3,97

60

7,5

13

17,1

2,40

4,1

2,7

2,32

56

12,0

13

24,1

5,17

5,6

3,6

3,10

134

29,0

29

43,3

9,40

9,4

1,1

0,94

37

3,6

22

39,6

3,83

23,4

1,0

0,86

60

15,3

67

69,8

17,79

77,9

1,5

1,29

105

6,5

35

81,4

5,04

27,1

75,2

19,55

43

20,2

96

2,3

0,91

4,4

2,5

2,10

52

6,1

105

24,8

2,90

50,0

Ngun: Howeler (1991b).

t nng sut 15 tn sn c ti v 15 n 18 tn thn
l, cy sn ly i lng dinh dng trung bnh l 74kg N,
16kg P, 87kg K, 27kg Ca v 12kg Mg.
Nh vy r rng vi tp qun sn xut qung canh, c
canh sn lm cho t mt sc sn xut. S suy thoi t

51

lm cho t gim hm lng mn, tng chua v tng

cng qu trnh xi mn, ra tri lm cho tnh trng mt cn
i dinh dng ngy cng trm trng v t trng sn nhanh
chng b cn kit dinh dng. 'T thc t t ra vn
cn nghin cu p dng cc bin php k thut canh tc tng
hp nhm duy tr, phc hi ph v sn xut sn bn vng.
Do kh nng thch ng v chu ng tt ca cy sn nn
hu ht cc vng trng sn trn th gii u c nhng yu t
bt thun (Bng 3.4).
Bng 3.4: iu kin bt thun cc vng trng sn trn
th gii
Vng trng Lng ma Nhit
1. Vng
3-5 thng
t thp
kh
nhit i
2. Vng
3-5 thng
t thp
kh, bo ha Cao tht
nhit i
nc trong thng
c ma
ma ma.
kh
3. t
thp, m

Ma nhiu

4. t cao
trung bnh

3-4 thng
kh

5. Cao
nguyn
nhit i

Thay i

52

ph
ca t

cc iu
kin
khc

Bnh

Su

Than

Rp su
n l,
rui trng

Thiu
m

Than
nm
loang

Rp su
n l, c
thn

Hn

Nm
Ngho
su n l
loang
chua. c
rp
m nu
nhm
Thi r
Ngho
nm
su n l ph thay
loang
i
m nu
Than
Mt 17nm
Rp
200C
loang
m nu

6. Nhit
i ma
ng mt

Thay i

3-4
thng
100C

Than

Hn,
ma thu
hoch
ngn

Su n l

Ngun: James H. Cch,1985

3.2.2. Yu cu dinh dng
Nghin cu v s thay i hp thu v phn b dinh
dng ' cy sn cc tc gi Nijholt (1935), Asher v cng
tc (1980) CIAT (1980, 1985a, 1985b), Paula v cng tc
(1983), Howele v Cadavid (1983) v Putthacharoen v
cng tc (1998) u ch bit: Cy sn hp thu nhiu N nht,
sau l K, Ca, Mg, P v S (Bng 3.5).
Bng 3.5: Nng sut cht ti, kh v hm lng cc
cht dinh dng trong c v ton b cy sn khi
thu hoch
B
Phn
C
C
cy
C
C
cy
C
C
cy
C
C
cy
C

Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Ti
Kh
64,7 26,59
110,6 39,99

Lng dinh dng

Ngun,
ging sn

N
45
124

P
28,2
45,3

K
317
487

Ca
51
155

Mg
18
43

59,0

21,67

152

22,0

163

20

11

30,08

315

37,0

238

77

32

52,7
111,1

25,21
44,65

38
132

27,9
48,5

268
476

34
161

19
52

37,5

13,97

67

17,0

102

16

22,74

198

31,0

184

102

28

33,9

12,60

161

10,0

53

16

12

Nijholt, 1935
Sao Pedro
Preto
Howeler v
Cadavid
1983. Mcol 22.
Bn Phn
Nijholt, 1935
Mangi
Howeler,
1985b
Mcol22 Khng
bn Phn
Paula v cng
tc, 1983

53

C
cy
C
C
cy
B
Phn

20,92

330

20,5

100

88

30

32,3
-

15,39
25,04

127
243

19,1
34,4

71
147

6
56

5
25

Nng sut
(tn/ha)
Ti Kh
27,6 10,28

C
C
cy
C
C
cy

Lng dinh dng

Ngun, ging
sn

N
100

P
8,7

K
107

Ca
15

Mg
13

19,56

353

24,8

174

133

37

26,6
-

12,81
19,10

91
167

11.3
19,1

47
76

5
32

6
19

26,0

10,75

30

8,0

55

C
cy
C
C
cy
C
C
cy

17,41

123

16,0

92

67

27

18,3
-

5,52
9,01

32
95

3,6
9,9

35
65

5
37

4
15

8,7
-

2,68
4,23

13
39

0,9
3,2

4
10

3
21

2
8

16,1

3,64

30

4,7

45

C
cy
C

10,55

193

27,0

137

122

27

6,0

1,52

18

2,2

15

4,37

91

12,2

55

46

15

8,7

3,24

37

1,5

23

C
cy
C

54

BrancoSC Bn
Phn
Cadavid, 1988
CM523-7 Bn
Phn

Paula v cng
tc, 1983
Riqueza Bn
Phn
Cadavid, 1988
CM5237Khng Bn
Phn
Howeler,
1985a
Mven 77Khng
Bn Phn
Sittibusaya
Rayong-1 Bn
Phn
Sittibusaya
Rayong-1
Khng Bn
Phn
Putthacharoen
ctv, 1998
Rayong 1,
1990/91
Putthacharoen
et, 1998
Rayong 1,
1989/90
Paula, ct, 1983

C
cy

6,54

93

4,0

40

30

Branca SC
Khng bn
Phn

Tnh trung bnh cho 1 tn c: 5,87kgN; 0,98kgp;

7,71kgk; 1,18kgCa; 0,69 kgMg
Tnh trung bnh cho 1 tn c cy: 15,70kgN; l,99kgp,
13,66kgk; 7,16 kgca; 2,26kg Mg
S hp thu v phn b dinh dng ca cy sn, tc gi
Nijholt (1935) cho bit: S tch ly cht kh chm 02
thng u sau tng ln v gi mc trung bnh trong sut
qu trnh sinh trng ri gim xung thng th 12 n
thng th 14. Khi thu hoch khong 213 lng vt cht kh
c tch ly tp trung c cn li thn l. Tch ly cht
kh thn l tng trong 3-4 thng u, sau c duy tr
hoc gim khi hnh thnh l mi v l gi rng. Phn ln
lng N c tr li cho t hoc tch ly b phn non. P
v K c cy hp thu hu nh khng i trong sut chu k
sinh trng. Chng c tch ly c l ch yu ch mt t
l nh tch ly thn l non. V vy, n s c tr li cho
t khi l rng. Ca v Mg tch ly thn l l ch yu.
Canxi cng c tch ly l gi. Do , c ti 55% tng
lng Canxi hp thu trong qu trnh sinh trng c tr li
cho t khi l gi rng xung t.

55

Bng 3.6: Lng cht dinh dng cy sn hp thu trong qu trnh sinh trng
Thng

0
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14

Cht
kh
(%)
0,9
2,9
11,3
20,9
42,5
61,2
79,0
99,9
100,0

P
%

Kg/ha

Kg/ha

2,96
9,60
27,70
66,20
87,10
128,0
134,0
136,0
124,0
124,0

3,6
18,6
47,6
70,6
94,0
98,6
100,0
90,0
91,0

1,3
1,89
9,22
22,10
33,8
51,0
62,9
79,9
94,6
104,0

0,2
8,7
20,3
31,6
48,4
60,0
76,5
90,9
100,0

8,27
10,50
38,40
102,0
165,0
309,0
408,0
480,0
575,0
584,0

0,4
5,3
16,3
27,3
52,3
69,4
82,0
98,5
100,0

Ngun: Nijholt, 1935 (in Howeler,1991)

56

Kg/ha

Ca
Kg/ha
4,85
6,50
21,30
50,0
79,4
114,0
140,0
179,0
201,0
217,0

0,8
7,7
28,3
35,1
51,5
63,7
82,1
92,4
100,0

Mg
Kg/ha
1,59
1,89
7,46
14,9
23,1
35,5
41,4
59,0
62,3
71,2

%
0,5
8,5
19,2
31,0
48,8
57,3
82,6
87,2
100

3.2.3. Vai tr ca m
m cn cho cu to vt cht hu c, pht trin thn
cnh v c bit l l non. Cy sn phn ng mnh vi phn
m ti mt lng ti thch nht nh, mc cn ph
thuc vo mc cc cht dinh dng khc, c bit l
Kali. D tha m thc y pht trin thn l v gim pht
trin c, tng t l HCN v gim t l tinh bt trong c. Cy
sn a hp th m di dng NH3. Khi trng sn cng bn
phn, kh nng cung cp m ph thuc vo s phn hy vt
cht hu c v khu h vi sinh vt t. Nhu cu m nhiu
nht hnh thnh v pht trin thn l. n thng th 6 sau
trng, cy sn hp thu 94% nhu cu m ca chu k sinh
trng. Phn ng vi m th hin r rt cc vng t
trng sn ca chu hn chu M Latinh v chu Phi. Triu
chng thiu m, biu hin r rt trn t ct v t c t l
cht hu c thp. Thiu m lm cho sinh trng ca cy
gim r rt, thn, cnh, l nh v l c mu vng. V vy,
nng sut c b gim r rt. Ngc li, bn qu nhiu m
lm cho sinh trng thn l tng 1 1 % nhng li lm gim
nng sut c ti 4 1 % (hin tng sn b lp). Lng m
bn ti u ty thuc vo t v ging sn.
3.2.4. Vai tr ca Ln
Ln c vai tr quan trng i vi hot ng sng, l
thnh phn quan trng trong cc t bo sng. N gip cho
qu trnh photphoril ha Cacbonhydrat hnh thnh nn
tinh bt. Nhu cu v ln trong dung dch t ca cy sn
thp hn cc cy cc, cy b u v khoai ty. Bi v kh
nng hp th ln t t c hm lng ln d tiu thp ca
cy sn tt l nh s cng sinh ca nm - r Mycorrhyze.
Phn ng ca sn vi bn ln ty
thuc vo hm lng ln d tiu trong t, qun th nm
Myconhyze v ging sn. iu kin t chua v kim nh
hng n kh nng cung cp ln cho cy. Bn tha ln
khng lm gim nng sut. Gia NP v PK c tc ng
mang tnh cht b sung. Trong t rt ngho ln vi lng

57

va phi c tc dng nng cao r rt nng sut c v hm

lng tinh bt.
chu , biu hin thiu ln khng r, bi v hu ht t
trng sn thng c hm lng ln d tiu ti 4mglg t.
Ngc li biu hin thiu ln r rt t trng sn vng
chu M - Latinh, c bit trn cc loi t Oxisols, Ultisols
v inceptisols Braxin v Clmbia.
3.2.5. Vai tr ca kali
Km c vai tr vn chuyn hydratcacbon t thn, l v
c, l vai tr quan trng nht trong vic bn phn cho
sn. Sau mi v trng, cy sn ly i t t lng kali rt ln
nhng n cng tr li ng k thng qua cc l rng. Tc
ng qua li gia N v K bao gi cng quan trng. Khi dinh
dng kali khng , m lm gim nng sut. Trong mt
gii hn, khi dinh dng kali y , tng dinh dng m
th nng sut tng. Bn kali qu nhiu dn n lng ph, tuy
khng nh hng n nng sut nhng c th dn n i
magi v kt qu l gim hm lng magi trong l v gim
nng sut. Bn kali
khng nhng tng nng sut c m cn lm tng hm
lng tinh bt ca c. Triu chng thiu kali thng thy
cc vng t thp nhit i c hm lng kali d tiu thp
nh t Oxisols, Ultisols Inceptisols, Alfisols pht trin trn
t ct. Cc nghin cu trng sn lin tc khng bn kali
lm nng sut sn gim t 22,4 tn!ha xung cn 6,3 tn/ha.
mt s nc chu , cc nghin cu bn NPK lu
nm cho thy phn ng ca cy sn r rt vi m, kali v
t c. ngha i vi bn ln (Bng 3.7).
Bng 3.7: Phn ng ca cy sn i vi bn NPK trong
cc th nghim lu nm ti mt s nc chu
Nc/a
phng
Trung Quc

58

S nm
trng

Phn mg i vi
N

Qung ng

**

**

**

Nam Ninh

**

**

NS

Qung Chu

**

NS

UmasJaya

10

NS

NS

NS

Malang

**

NS

**

Lampung

**

**

Yogyakarta

NS

NS

NS

Leyte

NS

NS

NS

Bohol

**

NS

**

Thi Nguyn

**

**

**

Hng Lc

**

NS

**

Indonesia

Philippin

Vit Nam

Ngun: R. Howeler,2003.
Ghi ch:
- NS: khng c ngha;
- *: C ngha P < 0.05
- **: C ngha P < 0,01
3.2.6. Vai tr ca Canxi v Magi
Canxi c vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp v iu
chnh nc trong cy. Triu chng biu hin thiu Canxi
him khi thy trn ng rung, tr mt s loi t rt
chua, hm lng Canxi trao i < 0,25 ml/100gr. Cy sn
c th c phn ng i vi bn Ca. Magi l thnh phn c
bn ca dip lc v ng vai tr quan trng i vi quang
hp ca cy. Trn t cc k chua nn bn phi hp c Ca
v Mg.

59

3.2.7. Vai tr ca dinh dng vi lng

- Km (Zn): Cy sn rt mn cm vi thiu ht Zn, c
bit r rt giai on sinh trng ban u. Nu thiu Zn
trm trng cy b cht hoc nng sut rt thp. Trn t
kim, bn phn Zn (ZnSO4.7H2O) khng c hiu qu, bi v
Zn kt ta rt nhanh chng.
- ng (Cu): Biu hin thiu ng ch thy trn t than
bn Malaysia (Chew, 1971; Chew v cng tc, 1978).
* Tm tt cc triu chng thiu ht v ng c dinh
dng cy sn th hin bng 3. 8.
Bng 3.8: Triu chng thiu ht v ng c dinh dng
cy sn
STT Thiu ht
dinh dng
1

Ln

Kim

Canxi

Magi

Lu hunh

Bo

ng

60

Triu chng
- Gim sinh trng s
- Mt s ging mt mu dip lc, bt u t l gi sau
n tt c cc l ca cy
Gim sinh trng, thn nh, cung l ngn. l r xung.
Nu thiu trm trng l chuyn sang mu vng cam, mu
nu
- Gim sinh trng. cnh tm v cy r xung - L mt
dip lc pha trn. cc t l xt li gn nhau, thn cong
queo, vin l gn sng v gin
- Gim sinh trng ca chi non, gim s c Cc l non
phn cui ca tng phin l b kh v bin dng.
- Mt mu dip lc (lm m) cc l bn di chuyn
sang mu vng m xanh. Gim chiu cao cy.
- Mt mu dip lc cc l bn trn gn vi triu trng
thiu m
- gim chiu cao cy, t ngn, cung l ngn v l non
b cong queo.
- L non khng pht trin y , mt mu dip lc l
non, l r xung. c pht trin km.

St

10

Mangan

11

Km

- Mt mu dip lc l non. mp l cong v mt mu

dip lc. Gim sinh trng. l non nh hn bnh thng.
- Mt mu dip lc xung quanh gn l. l pha trn v
gia chuyn sang mu vng.
- Gim sinh trng, l mi ra nh.
- Mt mu dip lc xung quanh gn l, im trng trn l
non, l nh, hp. Cc phin l cong v mt di ca
phin l nga ln trn, gim sinh trng, trng hp
thiu trm trng cy b cht.

Ng Triu chng
c
1

Nhm

Bo

Mangan

- Gim sinh trng v c

- L di chuyn sang mu vng
- Vt chm trng gn vi vin xung quanh cc phin l
ca nhng l gi
- L bn di chuyn sang mu vng. chm mu nu dc
theo vin l

Ngun: C.J. Asher et al, 1980.

- St (Fe) v Mangan (Mn): Triu chng thiu Fe
thng thy l trn t vi. Trong khi biu hin thiu
Mn thy trn t ct (dc b bin min Bc Braxin, min
Bc Vit Nam).
- Bo: Triu chng thiu Bo thy c trn t chua v t
kim CIAT, Clmbia, min Bc Vit Nam, min Nam
Trung Quc.
3.3. Chn on dinh dng
3.3.1 Chn on dinh dng qua phn tch t
Chn on dinh dng qua phn tch t l mt phng
php xc nh nhng thng s v hm lng cc cht dinh
dng sn c trong t t xc nh lng phn bn
thch hp trc khi tin hnh trng sn. Kt qu phn tch
em so snh vi thang tiu chun bit c mc tha
thiu tng nguyn t dinh dng.
Bng 3.9: Phn nhm cc tnh cht ca ha hc ca t

61

lin quan n yu cu dinh dng ca cy sn

Cc ch tiu
pH
OM (%)
Nhm di
ng (%)
Mn
Na (%)

Rt
thp
<3,5
<1,0

Thp
3,5-4,5
1,0-2,0

Trung
bnh
4,5-7
2,0 - 4,0
<75
<0,5
<2,0

Cao
7-8
>4,0
75-85

4-15
0,15-0,25
1,0-5,0

>5,0

<0,2

2-4
0,1 0,15
0,251,0
0,2 -0,4

0,5-1,0
2,010,0
>15
>0,25

0,-1,0

>1,0

<20
<0,2
<0,1
<5

20-40
0,2-0,5
0,1 -0,3
5-10

40-70
0,5-1,0
0,3-1,0
10-100

<1
<0,5

1-10
0,5-1,0

10-100
1,0-5,0

>70
1-2
1-5
100250
>100
5-50

P (mg/g)
K (ml/100g)

<2
<0,1

Ca
(ml/100g)
Mg
(meg/100g)
S (mg/g)
B (mg/g)
Cu (mg/g)
Mn (mg/g)

<0,25

Fe (mg/g)
Zn (mg/g)

Rt
cao
>8
>85
>1,0
>10

>2
>5
>250

>50

Ngun: Howeler (1996 a, b).

3.3.2. Chn on dinh dng qua phn tch l
Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong l non ca cy sn
c quan h cht ch vi tnh trng dinh dng ca cy. (L
th 4 v th 5 t trn ngn xung thng th 3, th 4 sau
trng). Qua kt qu phn tch, i chiu vi bng tiu chun
c bin php iu chnh vic bn phn cho sn l mt tin
b trong vic nng cao hiu qu kinh t sn xut sn.

62

Bng 3.II: Chn on tnh trng dinh dng qua hm

lng cc cht dinh dng tp trung l non sau
trng 3-4 thng
Cht
dinh
dng
N (%)
P (%)

Tnh trng dinh dng

Rt
thiu
<4,0
<0,25

K (%)

<0,85

Ca (%)

<0,25

Mg (%)

<0,15

s (%)

<0,20

B (%)
Cu (%)
Fe(%)

Thiu

Thp

Tha

4,1-4,8
0,25 0,36
0,85-1,26

<7
< 1,5
<100

5,1 -5,8
0,38 0,50
1,421,88
0,50 0,72
0,24 0,29
0,30 0,36
18-28
6-10
120-140

>5,8
>0,50

0,20 0,27
7-15
1,5-4,8
100-110

4,5-5,1
0,36 0,38
1,261,42
0,41 0,50
0,22 0,24
0,27 0,30
15-18
4,8 - 6,0
110-120

Mn (%)

<30

30 - 40

40-50

50-150

Zn (%)

<25

25 - 32

32-35

35-57

0,25 0,41
0,15-0,22

Ng
c
-

1,882,40
0,72 0,88
>0,29

>240
>0,88

>0,36

28-64
10-15
140 200
150250
57-120

>64
>15
>200

>250
>120

Ngun: R. Howeler, 1996 a. b.

63

Bng 3.10: Tnh cht vt l, ha hc t trng sn mt s vng ca nc ta

a
phng

Tinh cht ha hoc

pH OM O
Al
Ca
Mg K
Al B
%(ppm)
ml/100g
%
1.TN
4,6 2,6 29,3 2,39 0,49 0,13 0,06 78 0,62
2.TQ
5,6 2,2 1,8
0
2,18 0,61 0,12 0 0,63
3. YB
4,0 3,7 11,3 3,97 0,60 0,20 0,14 81 0,44
4. PT
5,4 1.7 5,2 2,29 0,30 0,08 0,04 85 0,53
5. Ha
5,1 4,4 0,8 1,14 1,74 1,55 0,13 25 0,96
6. Hu
5,1 1,5 9,7 0,21 0,79 0,12 0,06 18 0,50
7. BR-VT 5,2 3,8 1,7 0,10 7,50 2,74 0,39 1 0,81
8. DN
4,3 2,2 37,3 2,44 0,80 0,17 0,19 68 0,74
9. BP
5,1 4,6 3,8 0,73 8,0 5,49 0,24 5 0,71
Ngun: R.Howeler va cng tac nam 2001.

Zn
Mn Cu
(ppm)
0,93 2,4 0,25
1,26 79,6 0,46
1,08 15,5 0,97
0,79 2,1 0,57
2,55 190, 11,39
0,59 2,5 0,30
11,82 170, 0,98
1,11 26,7 0,61
7,72 152,3 1,05

Tinh cht vt
Fe Ct Tht St
87,8
39,
40,1
13,9
49,
81,1
11,8
10,4
11,0

58,7
44,
46,
36,3
21,
54,0
9,4
11,2
15,6

18,9
23,2
1,2
6,7
42,
27,
25,
14,8
32,
9

Ghi ch: a phng

1.
2.
3.
4.

64

Trng i hc Nng Lm - Thi Nguyn

Thng m -Sn Dng, Tuyn Quang
Mu ng-Vn Yn , Yn Bi
Bo Thanh -Ph Ninh, Ph Th

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

ng Rng - Lng Sn, Ho Bnh

Hng Vn - Hng Tr, Tha Thin Hu
Sui Rao, B Ra Vng Tu
Trung tm NCNN Hng Lc - Thng Nht, ng Nai
Minh Lp - ng Xoi, Bnh Phc

22,4
32,8
52,2
57,0
36,2
18,5
65,6
74,0
51,5

3.4. c im ca t trng sn Vit Nam

Sn c trng hu ht cc tnh trong c nc, t cc
vng t cao nguyn mu m nh vng Ty Nguyn n cc
vng t ct dc b bin min trung v cc vng t dc
khu vc cc tnh min trung, min ni pha Bc. Hu ht cc
vng trng sn ca nc ta u l vng t b thoi ha,
t ngho dinh dng v c c t nh chua, mn, phn.
3.4.1. Tnh cht vt l ca t trng sn
S liu nghin cu mt s vng sn i din cho thy
rng t trng sn cc tnh thuc ng Nam B ch yu l
t st, hm lng st t 51,5% n 74,0%. t trng sn
tnh Yn Bi v Ph Th c hm lng st kh cao t 55,2%
n 57%. Ngc li Tha Thin Hu v Thi Nguyn ch
yu l t ct, t l ct chim t 54,0% n 58,7%. Cc vng
ca tnh Tuyn Quang, Yn Bi cng c t l ct kh cao t
44,0 n 46,6% (bng 3.lo).
3.4.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca t trng sn
i chiu vi bng phn nhm v tnh trng dinh
dng t:
+ pH: Trung bnh
+ OM: T trung bnh n cao (Ha Bnh v Bnh
Phc) + Ai (%): T thp n cao (Thi Nguyn, Yn
Bi v Ph Th) + Ca: hu ht cc vng trng sn u
tha Ca
+ Mg: cc vng d tha Mg l Bnh Phc, B Ria Vng Tu, Ha Bnh,
+ K: c cc vng trng sn nghin cu u rt
thiu kaly
+ Cc nguyn t v lng: t trung bnh n cao T
kt qu phn tch cho thy rng: V hm lng dinh
dng trong t cc vng rt khc nhau, v vy cn
nghin cu xc nh ch bn phn hp l va c tc

65

dng nng cao nng sut, va nng cao hiu qu kinh t

ca trng sn.

66

Chng 4
K THUT CANH TC SN
Vo nhng nm cui th k 20, chng ta chng kin
nhng bin i su sc trong ngh trng sn nc ta. l
s hon v t ch sn l cy trng ca ngi ngho b lng
qun trong nghin cu tr thnh cy trng hng ha vi
mt hng xut khu chnh l tinh bt sn. Bc sang th k 2
1, cy sn ca nc ta ang ng trc nhng c hi v
thch thc mi. c bit l nhng thch thc v sn xut sn
bn vng. V vy, vic nng cao nng sut v hiu qu kinh
t trn mt n v din tch t trng sn trn c s p dng
tng hp cc bin php k thut tin b nh s dng ging
sn mi c nng sut bt cao kt hp vi bn phn hp l,
trng xen, h thng canh tc thch hp trn t dc, ri v
thu hoch s l nhng yu t m bo pht trin bn vng
cy sn.
4.1. Tuyn chn ging sn thch hp vi iu kin sn
xut tng vng
4.1.1. Tiu chun ging sn nng sut cao
Tiu chun nh gi v nhn bit ging sn c tim
nng cho nng sut cao c cc nh chn ging tng kt
trn c s phn tch mi quan h tng quan gia mt s
tnh trng s lng vi nng sut v h s di truyn ca mt
s tnh trng nng hc (Bng 4.1 v bng 4.2).
Bng 4.l: H s di truyn ca mt s tnh trng nng hc
quan trng cy sn

67

Tnh trng

Nng sut c

Gi tr
HSDT (%)
76
79-94
87
40

Loi
HSDT
(b/n)*
b
b
b
n

Ngun ti liu

Birader v Ct, 1978

Kawano v Ct, 1978
Tan, 1984
Kawano, 1977

79
75
89
68

b
b
b
n

Birader v Ct, 1978

Tan, 1981 Tan, 1984
Kawano, 1978

80
93
92
62

b
b
b
n

IITAb, 1981
Tan, 1981
Tan, 1984
Kawano, 1978

Tng s c

69
81
92

b
b
b

Birader v Ct, 1978

Tan, 1981
Tan, 1984

Chiu cao cy

37
86
91

b
b
b

Birader v Ct, 1978

Tan, 1981
Tan, 1984

40
54

b
b

Haln v Ct, 1977

Birader v Ct, 1978

H s thu hoch

Hn lng cht
kh
(Tinh bt)

Khi lng c

Ghi ch: HSDT: H s di truyn

(*): b: HSDT theo ngha rng,
n: HSDT theo ngha hp.
Bng 4.2: Phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh v h s
tng quan gia nng sut c vi mt s tnh
trng s lng

68

Quan h tng quan

NSCT - NSSVH (X1)
NSCT - S c/gc (X3)
NSCT - HSTH (X2)
NSCT - T l cht kh
(X4)
NSCT - Tng s l
NSCT - Tui th l
NSCT-X1,X2, X3, X4
NSCT-X1, X2, X3
NSCT-X1, X2

Phng trnh hi quy

Y = 0,396 X, + 5,367
Y = 0,085 X+12,117
Y = 25,411 X +3,393
Y =-15,929 X +23,019
Y = 0,0192 X+13,32
Y = 0,2425 X+1,63
Y = 0.452X, + 0,043X2- 0,116
X4 -8,54
Y = 0.443X, + 27,88X2+ 0,097
X4 - 12,596
Y = 0,445 X1+ 28,3 X2- 12,26

H s
tng quan
r = 0,62***
r = 0,30
r = 0,65**
r = 0,12
r = 0,30
r = 0,37
r = 0,95***
r = 0,95***
r = 0,95***

Ngun: Trn Ngc Ngon, 1995.

T cc nghin cu, cc tc gi Cock v Tan S.L v cng
s ngh v m hnh cu trc kiu hnh ca ging sn
c nng sut cao (Bng 4.3).
Bng 4.3: c trng ch yu kiu hnh ging sn l
tng trng iu kin thun li vi mt trng
10.000 hc/ha
Ch tiu
Cnh
Kch thc l

c im
- Phn cnh mun sau trng 6-9 thng. khng c
nhnh bn v khng phn cnh tip.
Din tch l to nht sau trng 4 thng t khong
500 cm2/1

Tui th l

ch s din tch
l
S c

- T 2,5 - 3.5 trong c chu k sinh trng

100 ngy

- > 9 c/gc

69

S lng thn

- 2 thn/gc

Ngun: James. H Cock v Tan S.L.1985.

4.1.2. Cc ging sn mi c nng sut bt cao
a. Ging KM60 (Mcol 1684 x R1): nhp ni t
CIAT/Thi Lan nm 1989 trong b ging kho nghim lin
. Ging c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
cng nhn ging quc gia nm 1994 min Bc v 1995
trn ton quc.
* c im ca ging:
- Thn mu xanh vng, phn cnh mun, gc phn cnh
hp, cao trung bnh l,7 m, chu hn tt, thch ng rng.
- Tim nng nng sut cao: 25 - 45 tn/ha.
- T l cht kh: 38%
- Thi gian sinh trng: 7 - 9 thng
b. Ging KM 94 (Kasetsart-50): nhp ni t CIAT/Thi
lan trong b kho nghim ging lin nm 1990. Ging
c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn
ging quc gia nm 1995 (xem hnh).

70

* c im ca ging:
- Thn xanh, hi cong, ngn tm, c 1-3 nhnh bn,
khng phn cnh hoc phn mt cp cnh, a thm canh v
t tt, thch ng rng.
- Thi gian sinh trng > 8 thng.
- Tim nng nng sut cao: 25 - 50 tn/ha. Thm canh
c th t trn 70 tnlha.
- T l tinh bt cao: 25 - 30%.
c Ging KM 98-7: l ging c chn t ht lai ti
trng HNL - Thi Nguyn. c B Nng nghip v
Pht trin nng thn cho php khu vc ha nm 2004.
* c im ca ging:
- Thn mu nu t, khng phn cnh, c nhnh bn.
- Thi gian sinh trng > 8 thng.
- a t ct pha, tht nh.
- Tim nng nng sut cao: 25 - 50 tn!ha.

71

- T l cht kh: 38 - 39%

- T l tinh bt: 28 - 29%.

Hin nay ging KM 98-7 ang c trng ph bin ti

Thi Nguyn, Tuyn Quang v mt s a phng min
Bc.
d. Ging KM 98-/: ging nhp ni nm 1995. c B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cho php khu vc ha
cc tnh pha Nam nm 1999.
* c im ca ging:
- Thn xanh, tn gn, t phn cnh, chiu cao cy 1,2 2,0 m.
- Thi gian sinh trng 7 - 10 thng
- T l cht kh: 38 - 39%
- T l tinh bt: 27 - 28%
- Tim nng nng sut cao: 32 - 40 tn!ha
- Ging sn a dng.
Ging KM 98- 1 ang c cc a phng pht trin b
sung vo c cu ging sn cc tnh pha Nam.
e. Ging KM 98-5 (KM 98-/ x Rayong 9): c chn to
ti Trung tm Nghin cu nng nghip Hng Lc - Vin

72

KHKTNN min Nam.

* c im ca ging:
- Thn xanh, nht mt, sinh trng khe, ph t sm,
HSTH cao (O,63), c ng u, thch nghi nhiu vng sinh
thi. Thi gian sinh trng 8 - 10 thng, b sung tt trong c
cu ging ri v thu hoch.
- Tim nng nng sut cao: 30 - 50 tn/ha
- T l cht kh cao: 40%
- T l tinh bt: 27 - 28%
Ngoi ra, hin nay mng li ang tip tc nh gi cc
dng trin vng trong ton quc nh KM 140, KM 104-2,,
KM 21-10 v KM 21-12.
4.1.3. K thut nhn nhanh ging sn tt
H s nhn ging ca sn rt thp ( 1 : 10), do khi c
c ging sn c nng sut cao, ph hp vi iu kin sn
xut ca vng cn phi nhn nhanh ging sn . Bin php
n gin d lm l nhn bng cc on hom c hai mm
ng. Sau khi ct cc on hom c hai mm ng cho ny
mm trong iu kin m vi nhit thch hp. Khi chi
mc c 10 cm th ct chi trng vo dung dch, khi chi ra
r em ra trng trn ng rung. Hoc nhn nhanh bng
nhn cc mm c l. Phng php ny c th nhn c
theo h s t 100.000 - 300.000 ln.
4.2. Chng xi mn bo v t trng sn
Xi mn khi trng sn trn t dc l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn gy nn tnh trng suy thoi t nhanh chng.
c bit, cy sn l cy hng rng, thi gian sinh trng ban
u chm, do lng t b xi mn trn nng thng
ln hn cc cy trng khc. Tnh trung bnh, min Bc,
lng t b xi mn hng nm t 40 - 100 tn t khlha
(ty theo dc v thnh phn c gii). V vy, khi trng
sn trn t dc nht thit phi chng c xi mn. Chng

73

xi mn bng vic trng cc hng ro xanh theo ng ng

mc theo cc dng SALT c nhiu tc gi nghin cu
v xut cc loi cy lm hng ro xanh. Khong cch
gia cc bng cy xanh trn nng sn bin ng t 6 - 10
m (ty thuc dc). thit k cc ng ng mc ta
dng thc ch A. Trn mi ng ng mc nn trng 2
hng bng cy xanh theo khong cch hng cch hng 0 5 m.
Cc cy c th chn trng lm hng ro xanh gm: Ct
kh cc loi c lm thc n gia sc (Ghinea, Paspalum) hoc
c vetiver, da, sn trng dy thu hoch l (Vn Nam Trung Quc) lm thc n chua trong chn nui ln.
Thi v trng cc hng ro xanh min Bc tt nht
trong thng hai hng nm, cng thi v trng sn. min
Nam. Trng vo u ma ma thng t hng nm tt hn
trng vo v thu thng 8, 9.
Nu l bng cy c lm thc n gia sc cn bn phn ln
v bn m sau mi ln thu hoch c. Ct thn l non cch
mt t t 02 - 0,5 m. Sau 2 - 3 thng tip tc thu hoch la
tip theo. Nu l bng cy ct kh, cn bn phn ln v ct
thn l non ln u sau trng 5 - 6 thng. Ton b thn l
non ri u trn nng sn va c tc dng hn ch c di
va lm phn bn ti ch cho cy sn. Sau 3 nm cy ct
kh gi ci, ta tin hnh trng li v chuyn v tr bng xanh.
Trng ct kh, c vetiver, c lm thc n gia sc theo ng
ng mc c tc dng gim c lng t tri ngay nm
u tin t 33,5% n 64,2%. Trung bnh 3 nm gim c
48,7% lng t tri. Mt s ni gim ti 90% lng t
tri (Nguyn Vn Tin, Thi Phin, Nguyn Th ng, Trn
Ngc Ngon, Trnh Phng Loan, R. Howeler v cc cng
s).
4.3. Trng xen sn
Trng xen mt s loi cy ngn ngy, c bit l cy h
u trn nng sn l mt tin b trong s dng ti nguyn
t. Bi n va bo v, ci to t va nng cao thu nhp
trn mt din tch t canh tc. Trong cc phng php

74

trng xen c nghin cu, trng xen cy h u (lc, u

cc loi) vi sn tng thu nhp t 1,5 - 2 ln so vi trng
thun. Bn cnh , cy h u cn gip cho qu trnh ng
ha ln v c nh m t do cung cp cho cy sn, do
ng thi nng cao c hiu qu ci to t sn. Hin nay
trng xen lc vi sn l mt tin b k thut ang c nng
dn p dng rng ri. thun tin cho vic gieo trng v
chm sc, tt nht nn trng xen hai hng lc vo gia hai
hng sn v trng c hai cy trng cng lc Cch trng ny,
cy lc c th t nng sut qu kh t 0,7 n 1,5 tn/ha
(Bng 4.4).

75

Bng 4.4: Nng sut sn v cy trng xen mt s a phng (tn/ha) (Chng trnh nng
dn tham gia nghin cu 1995 - 2003)
Cng thc

1995-19981
Sn

Sn thun
Sn xen lc
Sn xen u xanh
Sn xen u en
Sn xen u tng
Sn xen ng

18,60
18,50
19,10
-

Cy
xen
0,54
0,31
-

20002
Sn
7,14
8,77
8,73
8,84
-

1 Ti Huyn Ph Yn, Thi Nguyn

2. Ti Hng Vn, Tha Thin Hu
3. Ti Chng M, H Ty
4. Ti Chu c, B Ria - Vng Tu
5. Ti Sn Dng, Tuyn Quang
6. Ti ng Nai

76

Cy
xen
0,40
0,30
0,60
-

2000-20023
Sn
25,60
27,20
22,80
25,80
25,60
-

Cy
xen
1,8
0,0
0,0
0,4
-

2000-20024
Sn
35,75
37,92
37,60
24,75

Cy
xen
0,87
0,45
3,92

2000-20025
Sn
26,50
25,20
31,90
30,30

Cy
xen
0,35
0,30
0,75

1997-1998e
Sn
30,45
31,62
29,40
-

Cy
xen
1,27
0,57
-

* K thut trng xen nh sau:

- Mt khong cch cy lc: 0,45 - 0,50 m x 0,1 m x 1 ht
- Mt sn : 1,0 m x 1,0 m hoc 1,2 m x 0,8 m
- Tng lng phn bn cho c 2 cy trng: 15 - 20 tn phi
chung + 40 - 60kg N + 40kg P2O5 + 80kg K2O/ha.
+ Bn cho cy lc (u khc): 5 tn phn chung + 30% N
+ 70% P2O5 + 50% K2O/ha. K thut bn phn, chm sc
cy lc (u khc) tin hnh theo quy trnh sn xut chung
bnh thng.
+ Bn cho cy sn: lng phn bn cn li.
- Ch : Khi thu hoch cy trng xen cn vi ton b thn, l
ca cy trng xen kt hp vi vun cao cho sn. Sau khi vi
thn. l cy trng xen c > 1,5 thng, trong iu kin
nhit v m cao chng c phn hy thnh ngun
phn hu c ti ch cung cp dinh dng cho cy sn.
K thut canh tc sn tng hp trn t dc gm cc k
thut: ging sn mi c tim nng t nng sut cao, bn
phn cn i, trng xen lc v c bng cy xanh chng xi
mn, va c tc dng bo v, ci to t va nng cao hiu
qu kinh t trn mt n v din tch t canh tc.
4.4. K thut trng, chm sc v thu hoch
4.4.1. Lm t sn
Cy sn khng yu cu lm t k nh lm t cho cc
cy mu. V vy, lm t k s lm cho t d b phn tn,
mt kt cu v khng gi c dinh dng. Trn t bng
c th lm t bng cy my mt ln, sau ln lung bng
cy lung l c. Trn t dc p dng k thut lm t ti
thiu nh cy thnh lung theo ng ng mc. Sau
cuc hc theo mt d nh. Nhng ni nng dn c iu
kin ch cn phun thuc tr c, sau cuc hc trng sn,
nng sut sn tng ng nh lm t theo truyn thng
nhng hn ch c xi mn (Bng 4.5).

77

Bng 4.5: Lng t xi mn, nng sut sn trung bnh

qua 3 nm (1997 - 1999) v s la chn ca nng
dn ti Ph Yn - Thi Nguyn
Cng
thc th
nghim
1. Sn
trng
theo k
thut
nng
dn
2. Sn
xen lc
3. Sn
xen lc
bng c
vetiver
4. Sn
xen lc
bng
ct khi
5. Sn
xen lc
bng
ct kh
v
vetiver

Nng sut
sn TB
(tn/nm)

% so
vi
i
chng

Nng
sut lc
trng
xen TB
(tn/ha)

La
chn
ca
nng
dn
(%)

100,00

10,15

100,00

0,00

5,32

76,50

13,34

131,40

0,29

1,00

3,64

53,30

15,25

150,30

0,32

30,00

4,03

57,90

15,13

149,10

0,34

82,00

3,66

52,60

14,85

146,30

0,38

35,00

Lng t
xi mn
TB tn t
kh/ha/nm

% so
vi
i
chng

6,96

Ghi ch : Bn hng nm 10 tn phn chung + 80 kg N

+ 40 kg P2O5 + 80 kg K2O/ha cho c hai cy trng.
Ngun: Chng trnh Nng dn tham gia nghin cu pha
l(1995-1999).

78

4.4.2. Thi v trng

Sn l cy hng nm c thi gian sinh trng di, thi v
trng c cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau c nh hng r rt
n qu trnh sinh trng v nng sut c. chu ni
chung c hai thi v chnh trng sn l vo u ma ma
v cui ma ma. V th nht thng bt u trng vo t
gia thng 4 n u thng 5. V th hai trng vo thng 8
v thng 9. nc ta, cc nghin cu v thi v trng sn
cc tnh min Nam (kh hu m quanh nm, c hai ma ma
v ma kh r rt) rt ra kinh nghim qu l cn chun b
t trc khi ma ma bt u. Khi c trn ma u ma
cn nhanh chng trng sn. Nng sut sn gim r rt khi
trng sn mun. (Bng 4.6).
Bng 4.6: nh hng ca thi v trng n nng sut
ca hai ging sn KM60 v KM 94
Thi v
15/4
30/4
15/5
30/5
CV (%)
LSD (0,05)

Nm 1994/95
KM60
KM94
25,38a
25,43a
22,31ab
23,38a
19,06b
18,44b
16,19b
17,81b
17,27
12,40
5,89
4,11

Nm 1995/96
KM60
KM94
35,28a
33,75a
31,53b
29,38bc
29,53bc
27,78bc
27,44c
25,00c
7,70
8,00
3,02
2,52

Bng 4.7: nh hng ca thi v trng n nng sut

ca ging sn KM 94
Thi v Nng sut Nng sut T l
T l
Nng sut Nng sut
sinh vt
c ti
cht kh tinh bt c kh (tn tinh bt
(tn/ha)
(tn/ha)
(%)
(%)
(ha)
(tn/ha)
25/2

48,70 d

25.90 b

40,88

29,74

10.57c

7.69 c

25/3
25/4

57,15 e
41,85 c

32.95 c
25.25 b

41.87
40.05

31.52
29.70

13,79 d
10.11 c

10,36 d
7.50 c

25/5

41.80 b

25.70 b

39.10

27.88

10.03 c

7.15 c

79

256

31.50 0

20,50 b

38.18

26.78

7,82 b

5,48 b

25/7
25/8

33. 1 0 an
26,30 a

21.60 b
14.50 0

38,88
37,60

27.63
26,10

8.39 b
5.45 0

5.98 b
3.79 a

25/9
cv (%)

25,70 a
14.60

13,00 a
12,80

37,23

25,63

4,84 a
8.80

3.34 a
8.50

Nghin cu v thi v trng sn min Bc nc ta cho

thy: Do iu kin thi tit gia cc nm thay i, c bit l
ma xun nn thi v trng tt nht dao ng t thng 2 n
thng 3 (Bng 4.7).
im cn lu , min Bc thng sau khi kt thc ma
xun thi tit kh hn gn mt thng. Do , nu khng
tranh th trng sn ngay khi bt u c ma xun d b chm
thi v. Khi bt u ma xun t khng b qu n' nn
trng sn v trng xen cc cy trng ngn ngy nh lc,
u...
4.4.3. Mt trng
Mt trng sn thch hp c da trn c s iu
kin t ai, mc thm canh v ging sn. Trn t
vng ng Nam B, mt trng thch hp vi ging sn
KM60 v KM94 l 1,0mx 1,0m. Khi tng mt n 17780
cy/ha, nng sut gim dn t 26,28 - 30,10 tn/ha xung
cn 22,28 - 27,28 tn/ha (Nguyn Hu H, 2001). Nghin
cu nh hng ca mt trng v mc phn bn bn n
nng sut ca ging sn KM 94 ti Sn Dng- Tuyn
Quang cho thy sn trng vi mt 15625 cy !ha, khong
cch trng 0,8m x 0,8m v bn 10 tn phn chung + 80 kg
N + 40 kg P2O5 +80 kg K2O/ha t c nng sut c ti
cao nht (bng 4.8).
Bng 4.8: nh hng ca mt trng v phn bn n
nng sut ca ging sn KM 94 v hiu Qu kinh
t (2002-2004)

80

Cng
thc
A-1
A-2
A-3

Nng sut Nng sut Tng chi

Tng thu
sinh vt hc C ti (1000lha) (1000!ha)
(tn/ha)
(tn/ha)
78,74
41,40
2.442,51 22.770,00
86,40
47,34
3.345,02 26.067,00
91,71
45,75
4.444,08 25.179,00

Li
(1000/ha)
20.327,49
22.691,98
20.734,91

B-1

58,40

34,60

2.442,51

19.030,00

16.587,98

B-2
B-3
C-1
C-2
C-3

60,23
64,50
59,99
57,38
62,32

34,70
32,80
39,16
36,05
34,58

3.345,02
4.444,08
2.442,51
3.345,02
4.444,08

19.085,00
18.040,00
21.538,00
19.932,00
19.019,00

15.739,98
13.595,91
19.095,49
16.586,98
14.576,98

CV (%)
LSD 05

5,30
6,24

5,90
3,92

Ngun: Nguyn Vit Hng, 2006.

Ghi ch:
- A: Khong cch trng 0,8m x 0,8m (mt 15.625
cylha)
- B: Khong cch trng 1,6m x 1,0 m (mt 10.000
cy/ha)
- C: Khong cch trng 1,0 x l,2m (mt 8.333
cylha)
- 1 : Mc phn bn 10 tn phn chung +40kgN +20kg
P2O5+ 40 kg K2O/ha
- 2: Mc phn bn 10 tn phn chung + 80 kg N + 40
kg P2O5 +80 kg K2O/ha
3: Mc phn bn 10 tn phn chung + 80 kg N + 80
kg P2O5 +120 kg K2O/1ha
Trong trng hp trng xen lc c th b tr mt nh
sau: sn trng mt l,2m x 0,8m x 1 hc. Lc trng xen 2-

81

3 hng gia hai hng sn. Mt 0,45m x 0,1 m x 1 ht.

Nu trng sn thun, vi cc ging sn c chiu cao cy
trung bnh, thn thng, khng phn cnh c th p dng mt
trng l,0m x 0,8m.
Ngc li nn trng mt 1,0m x 1,0m.

4.4.4. K thut trng

Chn hom: Mc d cc b phn thn, cnh ca cy sn
u c kh nng mc mm, nhng cht lng ca hom nh
hng trc tip n sc mc mm, sinh trng v nng sut
c. Tiu chun hom tt l cy khng c vt bnh, cy cn
ti, ng knh > 2,0cm, nht mt. Khng chn hom
phn thn gi (gc) v phn non (ngn). Tt nht l chn
hom bnh t em trng. Cht hom: Dng dao sc cht
hom, khi cht hom nn cht vt so vi thn cy. Cht hom
vt d cht v t gy dp nt 2 u hom. Hom c chiu di
khong 15-20cm. Cht hom qu ngn hoc qu di u
khng c li. Sau khi cht hom c th chm hai u hom vo
phn ln, t bt hoc tro bp hn ch chy nha.
- Cch t hom: hin nay trong sn xut c 3 cch t

82

hom sau:
+ t hom ng: Cc vng trng sn quy m rng, khi
thu hoch t m v sn trng trn t ct pha, t hom
ng c nhiu thun li l gim chi ph cng trng sn. R
ra xung quanh hom nn chng tt. Ch mt hom pha
trn cng c kh nng mc mm v pht trin thnh cy.
Nhng t hom ng c nhc im l hom d b kh v
mt phn hom h trn mt t, hom phi cht di > 20 cm.
Khi thu hoch, nu t kh t l gy c cao.
+ t hom nm ngang mt t: Cch ny n gin
tn cng. R c th ra v pht trin thnh c c hai u
hom. C th c t 1-3 mm pht trin thnh cy. Do sau
trng khong mt thng cn phi ta li cy, ch li cy to
mp v t 1- 2 cy/ hom. Cch t ny cng nh t hom
ng c nhc im l hu ht c sn ra tp trung tng t
0 - 20 ci. V th khi vun cao cho sn lm c sn v tr kh
su di t nh hng n phnh to v khi thu hoch t l
gy c cao.
+ t hom nghing mt gc so vi mt t. y coi l
cch ci tin ca 2 cch t hom trn. Khi t hom cn lu
hng mt hom ln pha trn v cng theo mt hng
nhm to thun li cho thu hoch. Cch t hom ny ch
phn hom gi s ra r l chnh, v vy c ra tp trung v mt
pha. Trn hom c th c 1- 3 mm, sau trng mt thng nn
ta nh cy.
* Ch : Khi t hom khng hom tip xc trc tip
vi phn bn. Nu hom tip xc vi phn bn, hom d b
nhim bnh v b thi hom.
4.4.5. K thut bn phn
Sau mt v trng, cy trng to ra lng sinh khi rt
ln. V th n ly i t t lng dinh dng ng k.
duy tr nng sut sn nht thit phi bn phn y v
cn i cho sn. Nht l hin nay trng cc ging sn mi
c tim nng nng sut cao li cng cn phi tng cng

83

u t phn bn cho sn. Cc nghin cu v phn bn NPK

cho sn lu nm ti trng i hc Nng Lm - Thi
Nguyn v ti Trung tm Nghin cu Nng nghip Hng
Lc cho thy cng thc khng bn Kali v c bn m
nng sut sn thm ch thp hn cng thc khng bn
phn. (Bng 4.9).
Bng 4.9: nh hng ca NPK n nng sut sn c ti
ti HNL - Thi Nguyn
Cng thc

1.0N0P0K
2. 0N20P80K
3. 40N20P80K
4. 80N20P80K
5. 160N20P8K
6. 80N0P40K
7. 80N20P80K
8. 80N80P80K
9. 80N40P0K
10. 80N40P40K
11.80N40P160K
12.
160N80P160K

Nng sut sn c (tn/ha) cc nm

Th nht
Th nht
Th nht Th
nht
5,57
17,00
23,50
23,90
25,00
20,30
21,20
24,50
5,40
24,70
30,40
30,60

0,00
2,38
9,02
10,05
16,05
18,97
9,00
10,05
0,00
8,90
14,42
17,85

1,78
2,25
12,91
15,59
18,65
7,93
14,56
17,58
1,59
13,30
18,81
24,60

2,73
9,10
18,01
18,66
21,11
10,55
16,53
18,92
2,20
15,25
21,02
25,16

Nguyn Th ng v cng tc, 2005.

Thc t trong sn xut sn ca nc ta, cc tnh min
Nam, nng dn ch yu s dng NPK bn hng nm cho
sn. Nhng min Bc do quy m din tch sn ca mi h
dn khng ln, nn thng bn kt hp phn khong vi
phn chung. Kt qu nghin cu bn phn chung kt hp
vi phn khong ti nhiu a phng trong chng trnh
FPR (Farmer Participatory Research) cho thy a s nng
dn la chn cng thc bn 1 0 tn phn chung + 80N +
40P + 80K/ha.
Bng 4.10: Nng sut sn cc cng thc bn phn khc

84

nhau (1996' 1998 ti Ph Yn -Thi Nguyn

Cng thc

Nng
sut sn
(tn/ha)
1.Cng thc 14,36
2.Cng thc 16,09
3.Cng thc 17,70

Tng thu Chi ph

(Tr.thua) phn bn
(Tr.thua)
7,48
1,87
8.23
1,39
9,26
2.01

Li thun La chn
(Tr.thua) ca nng
dn
5,61
0
6,48
28
7.25
64

Ngun: Nguyn Th ng. 2000.

Ghi ch:
+ Cng thc l: 12 tn phn chung + 61kgN + 25kg
P2O5 + 44kg K2O/ha + Cng thc 2: 10 tn phn chung +
40kgN + 40kg K2O/ha
+ Cng thc 3: 10 tn phn chung + 80kgN+ 40kg
P2O5+ 80 kg K2O /ha + Cng thc 4 : 10 tn phn chung +
120kgN +40 kg P2O5 + 120 kg K2O /ha - Lng phn
bn/ha: 15-20 tn phn chung + 40- 60 KgN + 40kg P2O5
+ 80- 120kg K2O.
- Bn lt: Sau khi cuc hc bn lt ton b phn chung
v phn ln.
Bn thc ln 1 : Sau trng khong 30-45 ngy (ty dit
kin kh hu tng vng), bn 112 N + 1/2K2Oha kt hp vi
lm c ln th nht.
Bn thc ln 2: sau trng t 3 thng n 3,5 thng, bn
ton b lng m va kim cn li, kt hp vi vun cao cho
sn.
* Ch Sau khi bn lt cn phi lp t kn phn.
4.4.6. Chm sc
Dm ta cy: sau khi sn va mi mc u, cn kim tra
trng dm nhm m bo mt . khi lm c ln mt ta
nh cy Mi gc sn ch li 2 thn.
Phng tr su, bnh hi: Mt trong nhng li th trng

85

sn nc ta v mt s nc khu vc chu l sn
khng bi e da bi cc loi su, bnh hi nguy him m
cc vng sn ca chu Phi, chu M -La tnh b nng l
khng b bnh thi thn, r do vi khun, nm v do vi rt
gy hi.
nc ta c xut hin bnh chy l do vi khun v su
n, d ph hoi thi k ny mm, nm loang thi nhn c
v nhn ph hoi, nhng mc hi khng ng k.
Trong sn xut cn lu d v nhn .
Tr d hng 2 cch l pht hin hang d o bitoc
dng by b c chua ngt rc xung quanh gc sn V.n
ou ma h, khi thi tit nng nng c th sn b nhn
ph hoi. Nhn ph hoi phn phin l gn cung v gn l
v hi t l bnh t ln phn l non ca cy, trong iu kin
thi tit vkhhn cy c th b cht.
Ngoi ra trong sn xut thnh thong c xut hin bnh
thi kh v thi nhn c do nam gy nn Thit hi do cc
tc nhn cn trng v cc loi v khun, nm, vi rt gy ra
i vi sn xut khng phi l mi e da vi s n nh
nng sut l mt li th ca sn xut sn ca nc ta.
4.4.7. Thu hoch c v bo qun hom ging
Thu hoch c: sau trng t 6 thng tr ra c th thu
hoch c Hu ht cc ging sn mi u c thi gian sinh
trng t 7- 10 thng. Quan st trn ng rung khi c 213
s l trn cy rng tr ln ta c th thu hoch, lc ny t l
tinh bt cng nh khi lng c t n ti u. Ring
min Bc nc ta c ma ng lnh v kh ko di, sau
chuyn sang thi k lnh m (Thng 12 v thng l). V vy,
nu thu hoch lt phi kh, bo qun cn chn thi k
kh hanh thu hoch. Khi thu hoch cn dng cuc ph
lp t mt ri mi nh sn s gim c t l gy, do
m t thp, t b cht cng. Cn cn c vo kh nng ch
bin quyt nh khi lng c thu hoch, v sn c ti
sau thu hoch rt d b chy nha.

86

Bo qun hom ging: ngi dn cn phi thay i thi

quen ty tin trc y. l do sn d trng hom ging
khng cn bo qun, khi n v trng mi ra nng hoc c
ng cy chn hom em trng. Lm nh vy va tn thi
gian, cng sc chun b hom, va khng m bo cht
lng hom ging. i vi sn xut sn hin nay ch yu
trng cc ging sn mi, v th m bo hom ging tt
cho v sau cn phi bo qun hom ng k thut. Khi thu
hoch c xong, cn chn cc cy sch vt su, bnh, cy to
mp, u mt, khng b xy xt lm cy ging cho v sau.
Cc cy c chn ging c b thnh tng b nh
(Khong 20 cy) a v bo qun. Ni bo qun l ni
rm mt, khut gi. Tng b hom c t ng trn nn t
xp, lp t xp dy khong 0,2 m. Sau lp t xung
quanh cao khong 0,2m ri ti m v ph kn bng rm r
hoc l kh hn ch thot hi nc. Bo qun cn thn
nh vy hom ging gn nh cn ti nguyn v cht lng
hom ging m bo.

87

Chng 5
CH BIN, BO QUN V S DNG SN
5.1. Cht c trong sn v bin php kim sot
5.1.1. Cht c trong sn
Ngoi gi tr dinh dng ca c v l sn, trong cc b
phn ca cy sn cn cha c t gy cn tr chnh khi s
dng c v l sn lm lng thc v thc n gia sc di
dng ti l do trong cc b phn ca cy sn c cha hp
cht m khi phn gii s to ra axt cyanhydric (HCN) gy
ng c cho ngi v gia sc Cht c ny tn ti trong cy
sn di dng gluczt c tn gi l Linamarozit
(C10H17O6N) v Lotostrarozit (C11H18O6N). Trong cy sn
lng Linamarozit chim t 93% n 96% cn li
Lotostrarozit chim t 4% n 7%. S tng hp nhng
glucozt sinh ra HCN c thc hin trong cy t axt quan.
Cht Linamarozit t Valin v cht Lotostrarozit t
Izoleuxin. Glucozit ny c tm thy c trong nhiu loi
thc vt. Cht ny khng ha tan trong ln v ete, ha tan
t trong axit long, d ha tan trong nc l v d b thy
phn bi enzim. Vai tr ca glucozit trong cy l tng hp
cc cht hu c, cy no i theo con ng ny th cng t
gii c (Nartey). Lng c t phn b khng u trong
cy sn, ch yu tp trung b phn di mt t (bng 5.1
).
Bng 5.l: S phn b cht c trong cc b phn ca cy
sn
B phn ca cy

B phn trn
mt t
-La
-Thn

88

Khi
lng
(gam)
499,1
179,7
319,4

Hm lng
HCN
(mg/100gam)
4,54

HCN trong
cy (%)

1,96
13,80

2,1
27,2

29,3

- B phn di
mt t
- Gc thn gi
di t
- R v c

682,9

16,87

70,7

110,8

13,06

8,9

572,1

17,50

61,8

Ngun: Hoi V v Trn Thnh,1980.

c sn: Lng HCN cao nht phn v tht, sau l
2 u c v li
l: Lng HCN l non nhiu hn l gi.
thn: Lng HCN thn gi nhiu hn thn.
Trc y, cc nh khoa hc coi HCN nh l yu t hn
ch mt khi s dng sn lm thc n gia sc. Ngy nay,
HCN khng cn l tr ngi na. Bi v 80-90% HCN s b
loi tr bng cc phng php ch bin n gin nh phi
kh, silo, ngm nc, nu chn. sn lt kh gim ti
84% hm lng HCN dng lin kt v tng 213% HCN t
do m HCN t do rt r ng bay hi. L sn bm nh, phi
kh, hoc sy kh gim t 87 n 96,77% HCN.
5.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hm lng c t
- Ging sn: Trong sn xut hin nay c 2 nhm l cc
ging sn ng (ng v rt ng) v cc cc ging sn ngt
(ngt v khng ng).
+ Ging sn ngt: t 30 n 130 ppm HCN trong cht
ti.
+ Ging sn khng ng: t 30 n 180 ppm HCN trong
cht ti
+ Ging sn ng: t 80 n 400 ppm HCN trong cht
ti
+ Ging sn rt ng: t 275 n 500 ppm HCN trong
cht ti
Cc ging sn ngt l cc ging sn c hm lng HCN
thp. Trc y nng dn dn trng sn ch yu lm

89

lng thc do vy h thng rt quan tm n ging sn

ngt. V th khi iu tra thu thp ging t l din tch trng
cc ging sn ngt rt cao trong sn xut. Trong nhm ging
sn ngt a phng c ging sn xanh Vnh Ph l ging
sn c nhiu u im ni tri. Ging c dng cy thng,
chiu cao cy trung bnh, tim nng nng sut cao. Sau l
cc ging sn chui, xanh H Bc. Min Nam v Min
trung c cc ging HL 23, Np Hng H. Cc ging sn ny
hin nay vn ang c trng nhiu cc vng ni ca nc
ta, ni m ngi dn vn cn s dng sn lm lng thc v
chn nui di dng c ti. Trong nhng nm gn y vic
pht trin sn cng nghip cc ging sn mi l nhng ging
sn ng c nng sut bt cao v ang thay th cc ging
sn a phng.
iu kin mi trng: Mc d hm lng glucozt cao
hay thp c quyt nh ch yu bi cc c tnh ca
ging. Song s thay i v hm lng HCN ty thuc vo
phn ng ca ging vi nhng bin i ca iu kin mi
trng. iu kin kh hn ko di, thiu nc, trng sn
trong bng rm lm tng HCN. Ngc li lng ma cao c
tc dng lm gim HCN.
Bng 5.2: nh hng ca lng ma ti hm lng HCN
Lng ma (mm)

HCN (mg/100 gam cht ti)

932.2

63,5

1318,3

29,8

1473,5

23,4

Ch canh tc, phng thc canh tc lm thay i

hm lng HCN. Trng xen cy h u v bn m nhiu
lm cho hm lng HCN tng r rt. Khi bn phn m
cho sn cn ht sc lu bi loi gluczt ny l cht xut
hin u tin trong qu trnh tng hp cht m.
Bng 5.3: nh hng ca trng xen v bn m n
HCN trong c sn

90

(ging sn xanh Vnh Ph)

Cng thc th nghim

HCN (mg/ 100 gam)

Sn trng thun. bn phn (nn)

1,40

Sn xen u . lc

2,33

Khng bn phn m (nn)

1,70

Nn + 30 N

2,10

Nn + 60 N

2,20

Nn + 90 N

2,60

Nn + 120N

5,30

Ngun: Cc kt qu nghin cu v cy sn, Trng

HNN3,1983.
*: Nn= 8,0 tn phn chung+30P2O5 + 60 K2O/ha.
Mt khc, hm lng HCN cn li trong c sn c lin
quan rt cht n phng php s ch v ch bin.
Bng 5.4: Hm lng HCN cn li trong sn phm sn
Sn phm

HCN (mg/100gam)

Sn ti
Sn lt kh

9,72
2,70

Sn si kh

2,16

Bt sn

1,08

Ngun: Hoi V v Trn Thnh,1980

5.1.3. Say sn v bin php khc phc
Liu gy cht ca HCN ng vt vo khong 2-2,5
mg/1 kg th trng. Liu gy c i vi ngi l 20 mt
ngi ln, liu gy cht ngi l 1 mg/kg th trng. Khi
ngi hoc gia sc n phi sn ng d b say. Ngi b
say sn c triu chng nhc u chng mt, bun nn, mt
mi, mt , kh c hng. Nu b nng ngi say b di
lon thn kinh, co git, ngt th. V vy tt nht khng n
c sn ti c bit l sn ng. Nu b ng c phi cp

91

cu kp thi bng gy nn, tim thuc tr tim, ung thm

nc ng v a bnh nhn n bnh vin ngay. i vi
gia sc, gia cm khng s c v l cc ging sn ng di
dng ti lm thc n m phi qua ch bin.
5.1.4. Bin php phng chng ng c sn
phng ng c sn: Cch tt nht l khng n sn
c ti nht l cc ging sn ng. Khng chn th v cho
tru, b n c hoc l sn ti.
- Nu n sn c ti cn phi bc v tht, ngm nc,
luc k. Nu s dng l sn cn phi luc k, v, ngm
nc l v vt b nc.
- S ch sn thnh sn si, sn lt kh, mui da chua
l sn.
5.2. Ch bin sn
- S ch sn lt kh (c v tht v bc v): y l hnh
thc s ch ph bin nht hin nay do s ch n gin, ph
hp vi iu kin ca nhn dn nhiu vng. Chn thi k
nng hanh v kh ca ma ng s ch sn nu phi
di nng mt tri. Ty vo dy ca lt sn ta c th
phi di nng trn vng t si hoc nn sn xi mng t 3
n 5 nng l sn tng i kh kit c th bo qun, ct tr
dng dn lm thc n chn nui. Thi lt xong ngm [t sn
vo nc sch ri mi em phi va c tc dng lm gim
nha v cht c va bo qun sn c lu gim chi
ph lt sn, hin nay nhiu vng ngi ta s dng my thi
sn quay tay. My thi sn quay tay va nng cao c
nng sut lao ng va lt sn u nhau nn khi phi sn
kh u rt tt cho bo qun. Nu c iu kin sy kh bng
l sy ci hoc than th c th thu hoch khi c lao ng.
Khi sy ta ch lc u sn cn nhiu nc khng nn
nhit qu cao sn ch kh bn ngoi bn trong vn cha
kh kit, bo qun khng c lu. Khi sy dng co o
thng xuyn sn kh u.

92

- Ch bin tinh bt sn: Nhiu vng nhn dn ta c tp

qun ch bin tinh bt sn th cng quy m gia nh. Nh
Dng Liu, H Ty. Ch c khu nghin c tin hnh bng
my, sau t khu ngm, lc, phi, bo qun tinh bt sn
u lm th cng. S pht trin ch bin sn hnh thnh
nn nhng lng ngh v h thng cung cp nguyn liu, ch
bin, bo qun tinh bt sn, ch bin tip tc thnh cc sn
phm v tiu th sn phm.Trong nhng nm gn y c
nc ta xy dng ti 55 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn
tt c cc vng. Cc nh my c cng sut ch bin t 200
tn nguyn liu/ngy tr ln, tng ng 40 tn tinh
bt/ngy.
5.3. Bo qun sn
5.3.1. Bo qun sn c ti
Sn c ti, mc d c lp v g v v tht bo v c
trnh nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh, nhng sn c
ti rt kh bo qun. V: Hm lng nc trong sn c
ti cao t 55-70%. Vi hm lng cao cc hot ng
sinh l din ra rt mnh, nh cng h hp cao lm cho
c mt nc nhanh, tinh bt b ng ha ko theo ta
nhit. Do qu trnh h hp, nhit v hi nc tch t trong
ng sn cng thc y qu trnh h hp cng nh cc bin
i sinh l, sinh ha lm cho sn c ti rt nhanh b thi.
Bng 5.5: S thay i nhit khng kh xung quanh
ng sn v cc cht bn trong c sn khi cht
ng t nhin
Thi gian
(ngy)

Nhit
(0C)

Nc
(%)

Gluxit
(%)

Xeluloza
(%)

Ban u

27

64,3

32,6

2,3

2
5

32
34

61.6
58.7

30,1
27,3

2.9
3.4

Cc biu hin thi c xut trong sut 3 ngy u sau khi

thu hoch dn n mt mu ca tng nhu m v. Thot u
chng chuyn sang mu xanh, xanh ti, sau bin thnh

93

mu nu to thnh nhng sc dc theo chiu di c sn. Cc

sc c th bin thnh mu ti do s bin mu ca cc t bo
vch ngn mch g. Sau lan dn ra phn nhu m g, ng
thi chuyn thnh mu xanh ti v biu th du hiu b kh.
S bt u v din bin qu trnh h hng sn c ti c lin
quan cht vi s sy st v c khi thu hoch. Biu hin h
hng xut hin hai u c v nhng ni b sy st u tin.
Mt khc s bin mu ca c cng do c b nhim cc loi vi
sinh vt. Chng gy nn thi c sau khi thu hoch 5-7 ngy.
Quan st chng ta thy xut hin cc sc xanh en, sc
lan ra t nhng vng c b thi m khng lin quan n
vng b sy st. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cho php kt lun
rng: Hai dng thi sn c ti ny hon ton phn bit vi
nhau v khc nhau. l thi c do nguyn nhn sinh l v
do nguyn nhn vi sinh vt. Thi c do nguyn nhn sinh l
c c trng bi s xut hin cc sc xanh en hoc mu
nu to thnh vng xung quanh nhu m v v lin quan cht
ch vi sy st v. Thi c do vi sinh vt xut hin ngay sau
khi c b thi sinh l Chng c c trng bi cc sn
phm thi do vi sinh vt gy ra. Cc tc gi kh thng nht
v 2 giai on hy hoi sn c ti, l:
- Giai on 1 : C sn xut hin nhng sc en hoc nu
tp trung nhiu bn ngoi lp tht c. Giai on ny cha c
tc nhn vi sinh vt tham gia
- Giai on 2: Sy ra tip theo giai on 1. Lc ny c
sn b nn hoc thi ra rt nhanh, do s tham gia ph hoi
ca nhiu loi nm v vi khun. Hin tng c sn b mm
nn l do tc nhn gy hi l nm mc. Loi mc ny xm
nhp vo c sn qua cc vt thng c gii trn c sn khi
thu hoch, vn chuyn. Sau khi xm nhp vo c sn, chng
tit ra men phn hy tinh bt, ph hy cu to t bo c sn
lm cho c sn mm nn ra v c mu trng sa. Hin tng
thi c mi chua l do s h hp ym kh do nm men v vi
khun gy ra.
V bn cht qu trnh h hng sinh l, gn y cc cng

94

trnh nghin cu ch ra rng: Qu trnh h hng ny lin

quan bi phc hp cc phn ng sinh ha v iu kin mi
trng bo
qun Khi bo qun mi trng c nng xy thp
hoc trong mi trng CO2 th s h hng lin quan n
men nh men peroxydaza. Hot ng ca men peroxydaza
tng ln sau khi bt u c s h hng sinh l (Noon,
Booth,1977). Nhit v m tng i c nh hng n
mc h hng sinh l. giai on ban u th nhng hp
cht Phenlic, leucoanthocyamin v catechine c pht
hin thy mch g. Nhng kt ta mu xanh hoc en hnh
nh l trun c c c v c sinh ra t cc hp cht ny
(Rikard,1982). Hp cht c mu hunh quang ln nht c
xc nh l Scopoletin. Scopoletin xut hin vi nng rt
thp c ti, nhng tng ln ng k trong vng 24h sau
khi thu hoch. Song v c ch sinh ha dn n s hnh
thnh scopoletin v s xut hin nhng h hng vn cha r
(Wheatley,1982).
Nhng yu t nh hng n h hng sinh l:
+ Ging sn: Trong s 65 ging sn nghin cu c 2
ging khng b h hng, 11 ging sn h hng rt t, 45
ging h hng trung bnh v 7 ging rt mn cm v b h
hng nng sau khi thu hoch 7 ngy. Ngay cng mt ging
trong cc vng khc nhau cng c nhng bin ng. Bi
yu t di truyn khng phi l yu t duy nht quyt nh
tnh nhim hay khng vi h hng sinh l (Montaldo, 1973).
Vic cht ta thn cnh trc khi thu hoch c nh hng
n s h hng sinh l. Cc nghin cu ca CIAT cho bit:
Mc h hng sinh l gim khi cht thn cy trc khi thu
hoch 1 -2 tun, v khi tng ln n 3 tun th chng li s
h hng sinh l. Cc nghin cu ca h tng thi gian
cht thn cy trc khi thu hoch n 9 tun, nhng vic
cht cy trc thu hoch c quan h n bin i tinh bt
trong c v s ti sinh c quan sinh trng.
Mt s phng php bo qun sn c ti:

95

+ Bo qun bng cch nhng vo nc vi: Chn nhng

c cn nguyn vn nhng vo nc vi 0,5%. Nu lm tt
c th bo qun c 15-25 ngy m sn vn khng b thi.
+ Bo qun bng lp kn: Ty vo khi lng sn cn
bo qun o hm c kch thc khc nhau. Hm o ni
d thot nc. y hm lp ct kh dy 0,2 m sau xp
sn theo tng lp cch xung quanh vch hm 0,l-0,2m, xp
sn xong, ct kh ph kn ton b khi sn.
+ Trn th gii hin nay tiu th sn c ti cc th
trng xa v c nhu cu thng xuyn (Nam M, Chu u),
ngi ta xp sn c ti cn nguyn vn vo cc thng g
xen k c mt lt sn mt lt mt ca m, sau a vo
kho lnh. Cch khc l nhng c sn vo dung dch Faraphin
to ra mt lp v bc Faraphin bn ngoi chng thot hi
nc, sau xp vo thng g bo qun.
5.3.2. Bo qun sn kh
Sn kh (sn lt, bt sn khng cn lp v bo v rt d
b tc ng ca mi trng nh xm nhp ca cc loi vi
sinh vt gy hi. Chng phn hy cc cht dinh dng to
mi trng sn kh nhanh.chng b h hng. Do sn kh
ch yu l tinh bt rt d ht m. Sn kh l thc n rt thch
hp ca su mt. Cc yu t tc ng ng thi ln sn
kh lm cho sn phm nhanh chng b h hng khng cn
gi tr s dng. V vy trc khi bo qun sn phm phi
kh v sch. Cch tt nht bo qun sn kh l ng
trong cc bao ni lng dy, buc cht ming bao v a vo
kho bo qun ni kh ro,thong mt v trnh chut ph
hi.
5.4. S dng sn trong chn nui
Trc y cc nh khoa hc coi HCN nh l yu t hn
ch khi s dng sn lm thc n gia sc. Ngy nay, HCN
khng cn l tr ngi na, bi v 80-90% HCN s c loi
tr bng cc phng php ch bin n gin nh phi kh,
silo, ngm nc, nu chn. sn lt kh gim ti 84% hm

96

lyng HCN dng lin kt v tng 2 1 3 % HCN t do,

m HCN t do rt d dng bay hi (Guillermo Gmez.
G,1985). L sn bm nh, phi kh hoc sy kh gim t
87,00 n 96,77% HCN (Phm s Tip, 2001).
5.4.1. K thut sn c ti dng chn nui ln
Bn cnh phi hp bt sn vo khu phn thc n hn
hp trong cng nghip ch bin thc n gia sc, vic nghin
cu chua sn c ti s dng trong chn nui ln quy m
gia nh trong nm gn y em li nhiu trin vng.
C sn sau khi ra sch t c nghin mn, trn vi
0,5% mui n v cho vo bao nylon dung tch 40 lt nn
cht, buc cht u bao ln men t nhin. Nhng h c
iu kin c th trn thm 10 kg cm tng hp trn 100kg
sn c em , thc n s c mi thm ngon. Sau 21 ngy c
th em ra s dng. Sau mi ln ly sn ra cn phi buc
bao nylon cht li. Sn c th bo qun s dng c 5
- 6 thng. S dng sn vi mc 30% (theo vt cht kh) c
b sung 0,1%l-lysine v 0,05% DL- Methionine trong khu
phn nui ln 314 mu ngoi ln tng trng bnh thng
nhng tit kim c ci un nu v cng nn gim chi ph
trn mt cn tng trng r rt.
Bng 5.6: Kt qu s dng sn chua trong khu phn
nui ln 3 mu c b sung axit amin*
Chi tiu
P. bt u th nghim (kg)
S ngy th nghim (Ngy)
P. kt thc th nghim (kg)
Tng trng sau th nghim
(kg)
Tng trng bnh qun
(g/ngy)
Tiu tn VCK/kg tng trng
Chi ph thc n/kg tng trng
()
% so vi i chng

L i chng
14,15 0,46
110
80,8 2,95
66,65

L th nghim
13,90 + 0,60
110
79,79 2,77
65,58

605,90

598,60

2,78
7102,80

2,80
6933,9

100

97,6

97

Ngun: Nguyn Th Hoa L, 2001.

5.4.2. K thut s dng l sn trong chn nui
chua l. sn: Cc kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng l sn
c th chua vi cm, r mt hay bt sn vi t l khong
5% (theo cht ti) v ct gia nht c 3 thng. Phng
php n gin v d p dng. L sn ct ngn n 3-4cm,
trn vi mt trong cc ph gia trn, thm 0,5% mui n cho
vo bao nylon. nn cht v buc bao li ln men t nhin.
L sn chua c mi thm d chu, mu vng nht, nhng
sau khi ly ra khi bao nylon th chuyn mu rt nhanh. Do
, cho n ba no phi ht ba .
K thut chua c v l sn chn nui ln ang c
p dng rng ri ti Hng Vn v mt s a phng ca
tnh Tha Thin - Hu. Nm 2000, c khong 967 h nng
dn p dng k thut ny v to ra li nhun khong 122,6
triu ng. l mt trong nhng ng gp ca d n FPR
(Farmer Participatory Research) trong pht trin bn vng
cy sn.

98

Hng dn k thut chua l sn

Chn nui l bng thc n chua l sn

Bng 5.9: nh hng ca thn l sn silo n nng sut
v thnh phn sa
Cng thc
Nng sut sa (kg/con/ngy)
H s chuyn ho thc n/kg
VCK sa
T l m
T l protein '

ECT+S
14,5

ECT+G
14.7

ECT
14.6

0 79
12.3

0181
12.4

0 83
12,1

3,9
3.4

4,0
3,4

4,1
3,3

Ngun: Bi Vn Chnh, L Vit Ly. 2001.* CET: Thn

l chua; S: Rm la; G: C t nhin.
Bng 5.8: Hiu qu s dng sn chua
trong khu phn ln lai F, (B x MC)
ti x Hng Vn - Hng Tr - Tha Thin Hu

99

Ch tiu

L i chng

L th nghim

P. bt u th nghim (kg)

24,18 1.48
90

24,34

Tng trng sau th nghim (kg)

58,58 2,20
34,40

60,75 2,30
36,41

Tng trng bnh qun (g/ngy)

382,22

404.56

% so vi i chng

100,00

105,84

Kg Vck/kg tng trng

4,86

4,58

chi ph thc n/kg tng trng ()

7904

5879

% so i chng

100

74,38

s ngy th nghim (Ngy)

P. kt thc th nghim (kg)

1,92

90

Tiu tn thc n

T l gim so i chng

25,62

Bng 5.10: So snh cht lng bt l sn bnh du da

v c linh lng kh
Ch tiu
Protein (%)
Cht bo (%)
Cht khong (%)
Xd (%)
Lisine(gr/100gr)
Xanthophylles (ppm)
ng + tinh bt
(%)

Bnh du
da
19,5
10,0
6,0
11,0
0,53
0,0
10,5

C linh lng
kh
22,0
2,8
12,8
20,0
0,92
165,0
5,9

Bt l sn
24,0
6,0
6,7
11,0
1,25
350,0
24,2

Ngun: Yvess Froelich. t ai. Froconco, 2001.

Bng 5.11: Hm lng cc amini axit (gng) ca
protein trong l sn kh, bnh u tng, bnh
kh du v bt c
Amino axit

100

Protein l
sn

Bnh
u tng

Bnh kh
du

Bt c

ISO
LEU
LYS
MET
CYS
PHE
TYR
THR
VAL
ARG
HIS
GLS

3,17
5,89
4,26
1,48
0,90
3,92
2,83
3,27
4,10
4,36
1,51
3,64

2,43
3,49
3,06
0,72
0,84
2,52
1,91
2,15
2,64
3,57
1,28
2,24

1,01
1,88
1,34
0,46
0,48
1,65
0JI5
1,06
1,40
3,40
0,79
1,33

3,23
5,42
5,81
2,05
0,92
2,89
2,32
3,18
3,82
4,60
1,93
5,35

Ngun: Liu Jian Ping el al, 2000.

Thn l silo: Nhiu nghin cu silo thn l sn sau
khi thu hoch ly c lm thc n cho b cho thy: thn l sn
c th silo c v khng c r mt u cho kt qu tt. S
dng thn l b sung vo khu phn ca b sa cho kt
qu tt nh khu phn c c ti hoc rm la.
Bt l sn: Nghin cu ch bin v s dng bt l sn
trong chn nui c cp c quy m nng h v
cng nghip. Cch khai thc kinh t nht hin nay l thu
hoch l ng thi vi thu hoch c. cht lng tt l
phi c tri ra v phi kh cng nhanh cng tt. Cn c
nng lin tc trong 8 h. Ma ma c th phi mt 48h c
c sn phm l sn kh cha 20% m. Sau nghin mn
v ng bao bo qun s dng qui m chn nui gia
nh hoc tip tc ch bin quy m cng nghip. nc
ta, tp on Glon - Sanders tin hnh trn bt l sn vi
cht ph gia v p thnh vin c ng knh 6mm. Sn
phm c mu hi trong c th bo qun 4 thng s dng
qui m cng nghip.

101

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit
1. Nguyn Th ng, 2003: t i ni Vit Nam. NXBNN,
2003.
2. V Cng Hu v Trnh Thng Mi dch, 1990. Cy sn
(Ngi bin son: P.Silvestre v Manaudeau).
3. Nguyn Vit Hng, 2006: Lun n tin s nng nghip
4. Nguyn Hu H, 2001: Xy dng m hnh trng sn
(Manihot esculenta Crantz) c nng sut cao n nh
trn t Bazan v t xm ph sa c ca vng ng
nam B. Lun n TS. Nng nghip.
5. Hong Kim,Phm Vn Bin, 1995: Cy sn. NXBNN, TP.
H Ch Minh.
6. Trn Ngc Ngon, 1995: nh gi chn lc cc dng sn
nhp ni ca CIAT trong iu kin min Bc Vit nam.
Lun n TS. Nng nghip.
7. Trn Ngc Ngon v CTV, 1999: Kt qu tuyn chn
ging sn KM 95-3 cho h nng dn sn xut nh
Min Bc Vit nam. Kt qu nghin cu v khuyn
nng sn Vit nam, Thng tin v hi tho sn Vit nam
t chc ti Vin Khoa hc k thut nng nghip min
Nam ngy 2-41311998. 8. Trn Ngc Ngon v CTV,
2000: Kt qu pht trin v tuyn chn ging sn mi
nm 1998. Thng tin v hi tho sn Vit nam t chc
ti Vin Khoa hc k thut nng nghip min Nam ngy
16-1813/1999.
9. Trn Ngc Ngon, 2000: Kt qu tuyn chn hai ging
sn mi c trin vng vi s tham gia ca nng dn. Kt
qu nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng
ngh,nhn dp k nim 30 nm thnh lp trng (19702000).NXBNN, H ni 10 Trn Ngc Ngon, 2003: K
thut canh tc sn bn vng trn t dc. NXBNN, H

102

ni.
1 1 Thi Phin v Nguyn T Sim, 200 1 : S bn vng t
min ni v vng cao, NXBNN, H ni
12. Hoi V v Trn Thnh, 1980: Thu hoch, Ch bin v
Bo qun sn. NXBNN, H Ni Ting Anh
13. C.J.Asher, D.G. Edwards and R.H.Howeler, 1980, 1996:
Nutritional Disorders of Cassava. CIAT
14. Phm Van Bin t ai, 1992: Cassava Cultural Practices
in Viet nam. A Bench Mark Study on Cassava
Production, Processing and Marketing in Viet nam.
Proceedings of a Workshop hm in Hanoi, Vietnam, Oct
29-3 1 , 1992 15. J.H.Cch, 1985: Cassava Physiological
Basis. Cassava: Research, Production an Utilization,
CIAT.
16. CIAT, 1992: Intemational Network for Cassava Genetic
Resources
17. Dang Thanh Ha, t ai, 1992: Analysis of the Cunent and
Future Cassava Starch Market in Vietnam. A Bench
Mark study on Cassava Production, Processing and
Marketing in Viet nam. Proceedings of a Workshop held
in Hanoi, Vietnam, Oct 29-31, 1992. 18. C.H. Hershey,
1985: Cassava Germplasm Resources. Cassava:
Research, Production and Utilization, CIAT.
19. Douglas Horton, 1988: Underground Crops, Long teml
trends in production of root and tubers, Winrock
Intemational.
20. R.H.Howeler, 1985: Minaral Nutritionand Fertilization
of Cassava. Cassava.: Research, Production and
Utilization, CIAT, 1985.
21. R.H. Howeler, 2003: Integrated Cassava - Based
Cropping Systems in Asia: Farming Practices to
Enhance Sustainability. End- of- Project Report, Second

103

phase of the Nippon Foundation Cassava Project in Asia

1999-2003 (Unpublished)
22. Kazuo Kawano, 1985: mherent and Environmental
Factors Related to Cassava Varietal Selection.Cassava
Breeding: A Multidisciplinary Review. Proceedings of a
Workshop held in the Philippines, 4-7 March 1985.
23. Hoang Kim et al, 2000: Cassava Breeding and Vatietal
Dissemination in Vietnam from 1975 to 2000.Cassava's
Potential in Asia in the 21th Century: Present Situation
and
Future
Research
and
Development
Needs.Proceedings of the sixth Regional Workshop held
in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietam, Feb 21-25,2000.
24. Tan See Lian, 1985: Selection for Yield Potential in
Cassava. Cassava Breeding: A Multidisciplinary
Review. Proceedings of a Workshop held in the
Philippines, 4-7 March 1985. 25. J.C.Lozano, A.Bellotti
et al: Field Problem in Cassava ( 1 9 8 1 ) , CIAT.
26. Tran Ngoc Ngoan et al, 1992: Cassava Cultivars and
Breeding Rese,arch in Vietnam.A Bench Mark Study on
Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Viet
nam. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi,
Vietnam, Oct 29-3 1 , 1992. Ting Php
27. Emile F.Tenoine, 1936: Le manioc et son utilation
alimentaire.Pans, Hemlann & Ce, E' diteurs.

104

MC LC

LI NI U.............................................................. 2
Chng 1:LCH S PHT TRIN V TRIN VNG
CA CY SN ........................................................... 3
1.1. Ngun gc, phn loi......................................... 3
1.1.1 Ngun gc ................................................... 3
1.1.2. Phn loi ..................................................... 5
1.2. S pht trin ca cy sn trn th gii............... 6
1.3. Tnh hnh sn xut sn ....................................... 7
1.3.1. Sn xut sn trn th gii ........................... 7
1.3.2. Sn xut sn Vit nam ........................... 10
1.4. Gi tr s dng ca c sn ............................... 15
1.4.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca c son................ 15
1.4.2. S dng sn lm lng thc ..................... 15
1.4.3. S dng sn lm thc n gia sc .............. 19
1 4.4.Ch bin tinh bt son ................................. 20
1.4.5. S dng l sn........................................... 22
1.5. Th trng sn.................................................. 22
1.5.1. Th trng sn trn th gii ...................... 22
1 5.2. Th trng sn Vit nam........................... 25
1.5.3. Trin vng th trng sn ......................... 27
1.5.4. C hi v thch thc i vi sn xut sn
ca Vit Nam ...................................................... 30
Chng 2:C IM SINH VT HC .................. 34
2.1. c im thc vt hc ..................................... 34
2.1.1. R sn ....................................................... 34
2.1.2. Thn sn.................................................... 36
2.1.3. L sn........................................................ 37
2.1.4. Hoa sn ..................................................... 37
2.1.5. Qu v ht................................................. 39
2.2. Cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin............... 39
2.2.1. Giai on mc mm, ra r ........................ 39
U

105

2.2.2. Giai on sinh trng thn l ................... 41

2.2.3. Giai on hnh thnh, pht trin c .......... 43
Chng 3: Yu cu sinh thi ca cy sn................... 46
3.1. Yu cu iu kin kh hu ............................... 46
3.1.1. Giai on mc mm - ra r ....................... 48
3.1.2. Giai on sinh trng thn l ................... 48
3.1.3. Giai on tch ly dinh dng v c ........ 49
3.2. Yu cu iu kin t ai v dinh dng ........ 50
3.2.1. t trng sn............................................. 50
3.2.2. Yu cu dinh dng.................................. 53
3.2.3. Vai tr ca m........................................ 57
3.2.4. Vai tr ca Ln ......................................... 57
3.2.5. Vai tr ca kali ......................................... 58
3.2.6. Vai tr ca Canxi v Magi...................... 59
3.2.7. Vai tr ca dinh dng vi lng .............. 60
3.3. Chn on dinh dng..................................... 61
3.3.1 Chn on dinh dng qua phn tch t .. 61
3.3.2. Chn on dinh dng qua phn tch l ... 62
3.4. c im ca t trng sn Vit Nam............. 65
3.4.1. Tnh cht vt l ca t trng sn............. 65
3.4.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca t trng sn ......... 65
Chng 4: K THUT CANH TC SN ............... 67
4.1. Tuyn chn ging sn thch hp vi iu kin
sn xut tng vng.................................................. 67
4.1.1. Tiu chun ging sn nng sut cao ......... 67
4.1.2. Cc ging sn mi c nng sut bt cao... 70
4.1.3. K thut nhn nhanh ging sn tt ........... 73
4.2. Chng xi mn bo v t trng sn ............... 73
4.3. Trng xen sn .................................................. 74
4.4. K thut trng, chm sc v thu hoch ........... 77
4.4.1. Lm t sn............................................... 77
4.4.2. Thi v trng ............................................ 79
4.4.3. Mt trng ............................................. 80
106

4.4.4. K thut trng........................................... 82

4.4.5. K thut bn phn .................................... 83
4.4.6. Chm sc .................................................. 85
4.4.7. Thu hoch c v bo qun hom ging...... 86
Chng 5: CH BIN, BO QUN V S DNG
SN ............................................................................ 88
5.1. Cht c trong sn v bin php kim sot ..... 88
5.1.1. Cht c trong sn .................................... 88
5.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hm lng c t
............................................................................ 89
5.1.3. Say sn v bin php khc phc ............... 91
5.1.4. Bin php phng chng ng c sn........ 92
5.2. Ch bin sn .................................................... 92
5.3. Bo qun sn.................................................... 93
5.3.1. Bo qun sn c ti ................................ 93
5.3.2. Bo qun sn kh...................................... 96
5.4. S dng sn trong chn nui ........................... 96
5.4.1. K thut sn c ti dng chn nui ln97
5.4.2. K thut s dng l sn trong chn nui . 98
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................ 102

107