B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

KHOA C KH
KHI NIM V PHN LOI CM BIN
CM BIN O VN TC
CM BIN O RUNG V GIA TC
Khi nim
Cm bin l b phn dng cm nhn v bin i
cc i lng vt l cn o (c tnh cht in hoc
khng) thnh cc i lng o (thng mang tnh
cht in) cha ng thng tin cho php xc nh gi
tr ca i lng cn o.




.
i lng
cn o
CM
BIN
Tin hiu
ra
Phn loi cam bin
Cm bin
Nguyn ly
chuyn i
- Hin
tng
vt ly;
- Hin
tng
hoa hoc.
Dng kich
thich
- m
thanh;
- in;
- T;
Quang;
- Nhit ....

c
tinh
- CX;
- nhy;
- PG;
- TT;
- Cng sut;
- Tui tho...

Phm vi
s dung
- Cng
nghip;
- NCKH;
- Dn dung;
- Giao
thng;
- Qun s...
Thng
s
- Tich cc;
- Thu ng
1.1. Nguyn l o vn tc
Vai tro o vn tc quay:
Trong cng nghip, phn ln trng hp o
vn tc l o tc quay ca my.
Trong trng hp chuyn ng thng, vic o
vn tc di cng thng c chuyn v o
tc quay.
Chu yu nghin cu cam bin o tc
quay.
1.1. Nguyn l o vn tc
Nguyn l o vn tc quay:
Phng php 1 (s dung tc k in t): Da trn
hin tng cm ng in t. Cm bin gm co hai
phn: phn cm (ngun t thng) v phn ng (phn
co t thng i qua). Khi co chuyn ng tng i
gia phn cm v phn ng t thng (u) i qua
phn ng bin thin trong phn ng xut hin sut
in ng cm ng (e) e tc bin thin (u) e
tc dch chuyn. o (e) (v).
Cc loi: Tc k mt chiu, tc k xoay
chiu


1.1. Nguyn l o vn tc
Sc in ng cm ng:

T thng qua phn ng:
F(x) l hm phu thuc v tri ca phn ng.


( ) ( ) x F x
0
u = u
dt
d
) t ( e
u
=
dt
dx
.
dx
) x ( dF
.
dt
) x ( dF
. ) t ( e
0 0
u = u =
1.1. Nguyn l o vn tc
Phng php 2 (S dung tc k vng loi xung):
lm vic theo nguyn tc o tn s chuyn ng ca
phn t chuyn ng quay. Cm bin c mt a c
m ho gn vi truc quay, ng vi mt chuyn dch
c bn xung. Tn s xung ti l vi tc cn o.
Cc loi: Tc k t tr bin thin, tc k
quang


1.2. Tc k in t
a) Tc k in t mt chiu:
Cu to v nguyn ly lm vic:
1
N
S
2
3
4
1) Stato 2) Rto 3) C gop 4) Chi qut
1.2. Tc k in t
Rto: loi thp ky thut in ghp t nhiu tm,
mt ngoi xe ranh v t cc dy dn
chinh.Cc dy dn chinh ca ni vi nhau
thnh cp bng dy phu v mc ni tip hai
cum, hai cum mc ngc pha nhau.
Stato: nam chn vnh cu hoc nam chm
in.

1.2. Tc k in t
Khi r to quay, trong dy dn s cm ng:


Trong na s dy bn phi ng trung tinh:

Trong na s dy bn tri ng trung tinh:
iN
i
i
B . l . r .
dt
d
e e =
u
=
0 0 p
. N . n . N .
2
E u = u
t
e
=
0 0 t
. N . n . N .
2
E u = u
t
e
=
1.2. Tc k in t
b) Tc k dong xoay chiu
Loi ng b:
1) Stato 2) Rto
1
2
N
S
N
N
S
S
1.2. Tc k in t
Khi rto (phn cm) quay, trong cc cun dy ca
stato (phn ng) xut hin s... cm ng:


K
1
v K
2
l cc thng s phu thuc cu to ca my
pht.
o E hoc O e.
t sin . E e O =
e = . K E
1
e = O . K
2
1.2. Tc k in t
o E e: co sai s do nh hng ca tng tr cun
ng v suy gim tin hiu khi truyn i xa. in p V
hai u cun ng:


Khi in tr ti (tng tr ca
cun ng) .
o O e: co th truyn tin hiu i xa khng nh
hng n chinh xc.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

e + +
e
=
O + +
=
2
i 2
2
i
1
2
i
2
i
. L K R R
K . R
. L R R
E . R
V
O + = >> . L . j R Z R
i i i
E V~
Phi tuyn
1.2. Tc k in t
Loi khng ng b:
e
1
3
2
e
m
1. Cun kch
2. Rto
3. Cun o
Rto lm bng kim loi d t quay cung truc quay.
Stato: co hai cun dy: cun kich v cun o
in p kich thich V
c
= V
e
.cose
e
t.
V
c
1.2. Tc k in t
Khi r to quay, trong cun o xut hin s.. cm
ng:

Bin s.. cm ng E
m
= K.e (K: h s ti l). o
E
m
e.
( ) ( ) + e e = + e = t cos . . K t cos . E e
e e m m
1.3. Tc k xung
1.3.1. Tc k t tr bin thin
a) Cu to v nguyn ly lm vic:
1. a quay (bnh rng)
2. Cun dy
3. Nam chm vnh cu
3
2
1
Khe t
(o)
e
1.3.1. Tc k t tr bin thin
Khi a quay khe h o bin thin t tr
mch t bin thin u qua cun dy bin
thin trong cun dy xut hin s.. cm
ng (e) co tn s (f) ti l vi tc quay (n):
pn f =
(p s rng ca a)
1.3.1. Tc k t tr bin thin
b) c im:
Bin (E) ca s.. cm ng phu thuc: khong
cch gia cun dy - a quay v tc quay (o
min
+,
n| E|). Vi nsn
min
nht nh E qu b khng th
o c vung cht.
Di o ca cm bin phu thuc vo s rng (p) ca
a: p ln n
min
nho, p nho n
max
ln. Vi du: p =
60 rng di o n = 50 500 vg/ph, p = 15 rng
di o n = 500 10.000 vg/ph.


1.3.2. Tc k quang
a) Cu to va nguyn l lam vic:
1. Ngun sng 2. Thu knh hi t
3. a quay 4. u thu quang
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1.3.2. Tc k quang
b) c im:
Phm vi o phu thuc:
+ S lng l trn a.
+ Di thng ca u thu quang v mch in t.
o tc nho (~ 0,1 v/ph) phi dung a co s
lng l ln (500 1.000 l). vi tc ln (~ 10
5
-
10
6
v/ph) phi s dung a quay chi mt l, khi o tn
s ngt ca mch in xc nh tc cc i co th
o c.

2. Cam bin o rung va gia tc
2.1. Nguyn l va phng php o:
a) Gia tc:
Gia tc l i lng vt l th hin mi quan h gia
lc v khi lng. Php o gia tc c th thc hin
qua vic o lc (cm bin p in, cm bin cn
bng ngu lc) hoc o gin tip thng qua s bin
dng hay di chuyn ca vt trung gian.
Phng php o gia tc phu thuc di gia tc.
2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
Dai gia tc va phng php o:
Gia tc nho ca chuyn ng co dao ng trong tm
tn s thp (f = 0 ~20 Hz) CB gia tc o dch
chuyn v CB gia tc o bin dng.
Gia tc rung co f ~ hng trm Hz (ca cc cu trc
cng,c M ln) CB t tr bin thin, CB o
bin dng (kim loi hoc p in tr).





2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
Gia tc rung co (f) trung bnh v tng i cao
(f~10kHz) (vt co khi lng nho) CB gia
tc p tr hoc p in.
Gia tc khi va p, gia tc tc co dng xung
CB gia tc co di thng rng v c hai phia f
thp v cao.

2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
b) Rung ng (Rung):
Rung ng l hin tng thng gp trong ky
thut,nh hng rt ln n tinh nng lm vic,
an ton v tui tho ca my moc, thit b.
rung c c trng bi dch chuyn (z),
tc (v) hoc gia tc (a) cc im trn vt
rung.
o rung: o mt trong nhng c trng trn.
CB o rung: CB o dch chuyn, CB o tc
hoc cm bin o gia tc.

2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
c) S nguyn l cam bin o gia tc va rung:
b
b
h
h
0

M
a
1
2
3
4
z
1. Khi rung
2. V hp
3. Phn t nhy cam
4. Giam chn
2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
Phng trnh cn bng lc:



M t bng ton t laplace:




Cz
dt
dz
F
dt
z d
M
dt
h d
M
2
2
2
0
2
+ + =
0
h h z =
Cz
dt
dz
F
dt
h d
M
2
2
=
Vi
1
p
2
p
p
h
z
0
2
0
2
2
0 2
0
+
e
+
e
e
=
(*)
0
f 2
M
C
t = = e
Tn s ring.
CM 2
F
=
HS tt dn
2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
T cng thc (*) cu to ca cm bin
o i lng s cp m
1
( dch chuyn h
0
,
vn tc dh
0
/dt hoc gia tc d
2
h
0
/dt
2
) phu thuc
vo i lng c chon lm i lng o
th cp m
2
(z, dz/dt hoc d
2
z/dt
2
) v di tn s
lm vic.

2.1. Nguyn l & phng php o
Cm bin th cp thng s dung:
+ Cm bin o v tr tng i ca khi lng
rung M so vi vo hp.
+ Cm bin o lc hoc cm bin o bin
dng.
+ Cm bin o tc tng i.
H s khuch i:

2 1
2 1
2
1
s . s
m
s
.
m
m
m
s
S = = =
2.2. Cam bin o tc rung
a) Cu to & nguyn l lam vic:
b
b
M
2
1
3
4
5
6
1. V hp
2. Khi rung
3. Li nam chm
4. Cun dy
5. L xo
6. Giam chn
i lng o s cp m
1
l tc rung dh
0
/dt.
i lng o th cp m
2
l dch chuyn tng i z
hoc tc dch chuyn tng i dz/dt.
2.2. Cam bin o tc rung
b) c im:
Kt cu n gin.
Sai s do lc cn ca cun dy CB th cp.
Tin hiu ra l in p.
o rung tn s thp.
2.3. Gia tc k p in
a) Cu to va nguy l lam vic:
Kiu nn:
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
2
1
2
4
5
3
1. Khi lng rung
2. Phin p in
5. V hp 3. ai c
4.

2.3. Gia tc k p in
Kiu un cong:
M
1
2
3
1. Khi lng rung
2. Phin p in
3. V hp

2.3. Gia tc k p in
b) c im:
Kiu nen:
Co tn s cng hng cao.
Kt cu chc chn.
Nhy vi ng lc ca .
Kiu un cong:
nhy rt cao
Tn s v gia tc rung o c b hn ch.

2.3. Gia tc k p in
c) nhy:

nhy ca CB s cp:



nhy ca CB th cp:
2 1
S . S
a
Q
S = =
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
1
2 1
1
a
z
S
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
e
= =
2
0
2
1
1
dC
z
Q
S
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
+
= =
a - gia tc
Q - in tich
S
1
- nhy c.
S
2
- nhy in
d - hng s in mi.
c - cng ca p.t nhy cm.
e=1/t - tn s tt di ca h thng
cm bin - mch o.

2.4. Gia tc k p tr
a) Cu to va nguyn l lam vic:
1
2
3
4
b
L
e
G
F
M
1. Khi rung 2. Tm n hi 3. p tr 4.
2.4. Gia tc k p tr
b) nhy:
nhy c:



nhy in ca cu Wheatstone:
2 1
m m
S . S
V
.
a a
V
S =
c
c
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
=
c
=
0
2
2
0
2
2
1
. 2 1
1
.
A
a
S
3
L
be
5 , 1 A =
s
s m
2
e . K
. e . K V
S =
c
c
=
c
=
K h s u o
e
s
in p nui cu
M L 4
Yle
3
3
0
= e
Y - mddun Joung