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MC LC

MC LC ................................................................................................................... i
DANH MC CC BNG, BIU ...................................................................... iii
DANH MC CC HNH NH ................................................................................ iv
LI M U ............................................................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TRUNG TM K THUT O LNG CHT
LNG 3 .................................................................................................................. 2
1. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA TRUNG TM: .................... 2
2. C IM HOT NG SN XUT, KINH DOANH V S T CHC
CA CNG TY ........................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Cc mu th nghim ca trung tm 3 ............................................................. 2
2.2. C cu t chc, chc nng nhim v v quyn hn ca phng th nghim ha 4
2.3. Chuyn mn yu cu ca ngi ph trch, vn hnh, lao ng ti mi cng
on ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 cc thit b chnh ca phng th nghim ha ................................................ 9
3. CC QUY NH CHUNG TRONG LAO NG CA CNG TY, CA B
PHN, CNG ON NI SINH VIN THAM GIA LM VIC ................ 10
3.1. Qui nh v an ton lao ng ....................................................................... 10
3.2. Qui nh v v sinh lao ng........................................................................ 10
3.1. Qui nh v phng chy cha chy .............................................................. 10
CHNG 2: NI DUNG LAO NG THC T ........................................... 12
1. QUY TRNH LAO NG THC T V CNG VIC THC T LAO
NG ..........................................................................................................................
1.1. Tm hiu chung v xi mng PoocLng (XMP) ............................................ 12
1.1.1 nh ngha............................................................................................... 12
1.1.2 Phn loi ................................................................................................. 12
1.1.3 Nguyn liu sn xut xi mng ................................................................ 13

1.2. Phng php xc nh ch tiu ha hc ca xi mng theo
TCVN 141:2008 ................................................................................................. 18
1.2.1. S phn tch cc ch tiu SiO
2
, Ca0, Mg0, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
theo TCVN
141:1998 ............................................................................................................... 18
1.2.2. Xc nh lng mt khi nung ................................................................ 19
1.2.3. Xc nh hm lng cn khng tan ....................................................... 20
1.2.4. Xc nh hm lng SiO
2
tng. ............................................................. 21
1.2.5. Xc nh hm lng SO
3
...................................................................... 24
1.2.6. Xc nh hm lng CaO ...................................................................... 25
1.2.7. Xc nh hm lng MgO ..................................................................... 26
1.2.8. Xc nh hm lng Fe
2
O
3
.................................................................... 28
1.2.6. Xc nh hm lng Al
2
O
3
.................................................................... 29
1.3. Phng php xc nh ch tiu ha hc ca xi mng theo ASTM C114: 2003.32
1.3.1. S chung phn tch cc ch tiu trong xi mng ............................... 32
1.3.2. Xc nh lng mt khi nung ............................................................... 33
1.3.3. Xc nh hm lng SiO
2

.................................................................... 33
1.3.4. Cn khng tan: ..................................................................................... 33
1.3.5. Xc nh hm lng SO
3
...................................................................... 33
1.3.6. S phn tch cc ch tiu CaO, MgO, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
theo ASTM C114-
2003 ................................................................................................................. 34
1.3.7. Xc nh hm lng CaO ..................................................................... 35
1.3.8. Xc nh hm lng MgO .................................................................... 36
1.3.9. Xc nh hm lng Fe
2
O
3
................................................................... 37
1.3.10. Xc nh hm lng Al
2
O
3
................................................................. 33
1.3.11. Xc nh R
2
O
3
..................................................................................... 39
1.3.1.2. Xc nh TiO
2
.................................................................................... 40
1.3.1.3. Xc nh P
2
O
5
.................................................................................... 41


1.4. SO SNH 2 PHNG PHP TRONG 2 TIU CHUN TCVN 141: 2008 V
ASTM C114-2003 ....................................................................................... 42
2. NGHIP V CHUYN MN TI N V V CHUYN NGNH HC44
3. MI LIN H GIA L THUYT V THC TIN ...................................... 45
3.1 Cng on tham gian .................................................................................... 45
3.2. Kin thc c trang b, ph hp ............................................................ 45
3.3. Kin thc cha c trang b hoc cha y .......................................... 45
3.4. Nhng kin thc cn b sung hon chnh ............................................... 46
CHNG 3: T NH GI NI DUNG LAO NG THC T ................ 47
1. Cng oan tham gia trong thi gian i lao ng thc t ...................................... 47
1.1 Yu cu cn c lm c cng vic .......................................................... 47
1.2. Cc kin thc cn c t hiu qu cao trong cng vic ........................... 47
1.3. Nhng iu hay, khoa hc trong cng on, b phn c tham gia........... 47
2. V NGH NGHIP BN THN ....................................................................... 48
2.1. Nhng nhn nh v ngnh ngh chuyn mn ca bn thn sau thi gian lao
ng thc t .......................................................................................................... 48
2.2. Nhng chuyn mn hay k nng lm vic hc hi c sau thi gian lao
ng thc t .......................................................................................................... 48
3. V MI QUAN H GIA CC C NHN, NG NGHIP, T, B PHN
TRONG CNG TY .................................................................................................. 49
4. V QUY NH CHUNG CA CNG TY ......................................................... 49
5. NHN XT V KT QU THU NHN C SAU KHI KT THC I LAO
NG THC T ............................................................................................... 49
5.1. Nhng cng vic lm c v nhng thu hoch sau thi gian lao ng thc
t ........................................................................................................................... 49
5.2. Nhng cng vic cha lm c v s h tr ca GVHD ........................... 49
5.3. Nhng k nng c nng cao qua qu trnh lao ng thc t .................... 50
KT LUN
TI LIU THAM KHO

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 2.1: Tiu chun thnh phn ha ca clinke xi mng Pooclng .................... 14
Bng 2.2: Tiu chun thnh phn khong ca clinke xi mng Pooclng .............. 16
Bng 2.3: Ch tiu k thut ca thch cao .............................................................. 16
Bng 2.4: Tiu chun thch cao ............................................................................. 17
Bng 2.5: Tiu chun Puzzolan ......................................................................... 17
Bng 2.6 Dng ng chun xc nh TiO
2
.......................................................... 40
Bng 2.7. Lp dy chun xc nh P
2
O
5
................................................................ 41
Bng 2.8: So snh 2 phng php trong 2 tiu chun TCVN 141: 2008 v ASTM
C114-2003 .............................................................................................................. 42
- 1 -
LI M U
Trong h thng cc mn hc trong chng trnh ging dy ngnh ho, mn ho
phn tch thc cht l ngnh phn tch ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong khoa hc,
k thut, trong nghin cu khoa hc, nh gi cht lng sn phmem li nhiu li
ch cho khoa hc, i sng v s pht trin ca con ngi.
Mt trong nhng ng dng khng km phn quan trng phc v cho nhu cu ca
con ngi l vic phn tch cc ch tiu trong cc sn phm thng dng gn gi vi
chng ta nh: t, ct, khong sn, nc, khng kh, cht ty ra, m phm, phn bn,
thuc tr su
Trong nhng nm gn y nhu cu v xy dng Vit Nam tng mnh. Hng lot
cc cng trnh ln nh nh cao tng, khu cng ngh, cc cng trnh giao thng c
trin khai nhanh chng. p ng v cht lng cng trnh, mt yu t quan trng
l vt liu xy dng (nh t, ct, xi mng, x, thp) phi t ch tiu v cht
lng. V vy vic phn tch cc ch tiu trong ny l rt cn thit. Em rt may mn
c nh trng v Trung Tm k thut III to iu kin cho em c lao ng thc
t ti trung tm, c b sung thm kin thc v vic xc nh cc ch tiu trong xi
mng, t, ct, ,
Khi ln u bc vo mi trng lm vic chuyn nghip ca trung tm em
khng khi b ng trc quy m ca trung tm cng tc phong lm vic ca cc kim
nghim vin. Nhng cc anh ch lun hng dn v ch bo em mt cch tn tnh, gip
em vt qua s b ng ban u v gip em dn thch nghi vi mi trng lm vic ni
y. Sau 4 thng c lm vic cng cc anh ch, em hc c rt nhiu kinh
nghim b ch m cc anh ch truyn dy v c kt cho bn thn mnh nhiu kin
thc t thc tin.
Trong qu trnh thc hin quyn bo co ny, do em cn hn ch v mt kin thc
nn khng th trnh khi sai st d l nh nht, nn em rt mong nhn c nhng
kin ng gp qu bu ca cc thy c cng cc cc anh ch phng th nghim ha.


- 2 -
CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V TRUNG TM K THUT
TIU CHUN O LNG CHT LNG 3
QUATEST 3
1. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN [1]
Trung tm k thut tiu chun o lng cht lng 3 quatest 3
- Khu th nghim Bin Ho: 7, ng s 1, Khu cng nghip Bin Ho 1,
Bin Ho, ng Nai. Tel: (84-61) 3836212. Fax: (84-61) 3836298.
Email: qt-kythuattn@quatest3.com.vn
Trung Tm 3 c thnh lp t thi chnh quyn c. T nm 1967 Trung Tm 3
c tn l Trung Tm Tiu Chun o Lng Cht Lng Khu Vc 3 gi tt l Trung
Tm 3, hay cn gi l Vin nh Chun c thnh lp Min Nam Vit Nam.
1972 i tn l Vin nh Chun Quc Gia.
Sau gii phng Min Nam cc hot ng ca Vin nh chun c t chc v
sp xp theo cp bc nh nc. nm 1979 c quan Tiu Chun Cht Lng v o
Lng Min Bc v Vin nh Chun Min Nam c kt hp li thnh b
phn nh Chun o Lng Quc Gia. Chnh s sp xp ny m to thnh Cc
nh Chun Cht Lng vo nm 1984 v tn mi ca cc ny l Cc Tiu Chun
v o Lng Cht Lng.
- a im xy dng:
Vn phng chnh t ti 49 Passtuer. Q1. TP. HCM.
Khi th nghim Bin Ha nm trong khu cng nghip Bin Ha trn ng quc
l 1 cch TP. HCM 25 Km.
Mt xng thit b o lng s 8 L Hng Phong. Q5. TP. HCM.
- 3 -
2. C IM HOT NG SN XUT, KINH DOANH V S T
CHC CA CNG TY
2.1. Cc mu th nghim ca trung tm 3
Th nghim, nh gi cht lng v sinh, an ton ca cc sn phm, hng ho
theo cc lnh vc:
- C kh khng ph hu (NTD): vt liu kim loi, sn phm c kh, ni hi, th
nghim khng ph hu (NTD) (tia X, tia gamma, siu m, bt t).
- Hng tiu dng: vi si, may mc, giy, cc loi bao b, cao su, cht do, sn,
vecni, mc in, dng c th thao, chi,
- g gia dng: cc loi bn, gh,
- Xy dng: vt liu xy dng (t, ct, , ct liu, ximng, b tng, bitum,
gch, ngi cc loi, gm s, cu kin,), cng trnh xy dng v giao thng, th
nghim khng ph hu.
- in: dy v cp in, dy in t, pin v cqui, dng c in dn dng, c cu
ng ngt, my bin th, th cch in, cao p n 600V,
- Tng thch in t (EMC): thit b in gia dng.
- Ho: ho cht v c v hu c, phn bn, thuc tr su, cht ty ra, nha, cao
su, resin, thu tinh, gm s,
- Mi trng: nc ung, nc sinh hot, cht thi c hi, nc thi, kh thi,
cht thi rn, hot phng x o, |,
- Du kh: sn phm lc du (xng, du F.O,), nha ng, du bi trn, du
th, kh thin nhin
- Thc phm: nng sn, thc phm, thu sn, sc sn, thc n gia sc,
- Vi sinh sinh vt chuyn di gen (GMO): nc, thc phm, thu sn, nng
sn, sc sn, phn tch sinh vt chuyn i gen
Cc dch v o lng bao gm:
Kim nh v hiu chun theo cc phng php LVN, OIML, TCVN, ISO,
ASTM hoc API cho cc lnh vc:
- 4 -
- o lng c: lc, cng, ngu lc, p sut,
- o lng in: ng h o in, cng t in, mgm met, in tr, tn s,
- o lng nhit: nhit k, cp nhit in, l nung,
- o lng di: thc kim loi, thc cun, thc cp, thc vn o ngoi,
ng h so, b cn mu,
- o lng dung tch: bnh chun dung tch, ng h o nc lnh, b ong,
- o lng khi lng: cn k thut, xitc t, bnh chun, ng h o lu
lng,
- o lng ho l: my o m, t trng k, nht k, my o n,
Gim nh: cc lnh vc hng ho, cng ngh, mi trng, cng trnh, an ton
cng nghip.
2.2. C CU T CHC, CHC NNG NHIM V V QUYN HN CA
PHNG TH NGHIM HA: [1]
2.2.1 Mc ch:
m bo tt c cc thnh vin ca phng th nghim ha u hiu r c
chc nng, nhim v quyn hn ca mnh trong phm vi hot ng ca phng.
- 5 -
2.2.2 S t chc:











2.3 CHUYN MN YU CU CA NGI PH TRCH, VN HNH, LAO
NG TI MI CNG ON:
2.3.1 PH TRCH PHNG:
a) Trch nhim chnh:
- Qun l v chu trch nhim v ton b cc hot ng th nghim ca
PTN Ha.
- Lp k hoch, d n pht trin ca phng.
- Phn cng, n c th nghim mu, xem xt cc bo co th nghim
trc khi tr phiu kt qu th nghim cho khch hng.
- H tr ph trch cht lng xem xt gii quyt khiu ni ca khch hng.
Quyt nh cc bin php khc phc s khng ph hp trong cng vic
ca phng.
b) Quyn hn:
- K phiu kt qu th nghim ca phng Ha.
TRNG PHNG
NG QUC VIT
PH TRCH CHT LNG
NGUYN TH KIM XUN
PH TRCH K THUT
NGUYN THNH BO
PH TRCH AN TON
NGUYN THNH BO
KIM NGHIM VIN TH K NHN VIN (HT)
- 6 -
- Ph duyt v ban hnh cc hng dn cng vic.
- Trao i vi khch hng v cc vn c lin quan n vic th nghim.
- xut h s hiu qu lm vic ca nhn vin, k bng chm cng, lnh ha
cht vt t
2.3.2 PH TRCH CHT LNG:
a) Trch nhim:
- Chu trch nhim v cht lng cc hot ng th nghim ca phng.
- Qun l, xy dng v kim sot vic thc hin cc hng dn cng vic.
- Lp k hoch v t chc vic hiu chun v bo tr cc thit b ca phng,
theo di iu kin mi trng v ngun ph tr thch hp cho cng vic
th nghim.
- Phn tch nguyn nhn v xut hnh ng khc phc cho nhng khiu
ni ca khch hng v cc sn phm khng ph hp.
- Bo co ph trch phng cc vn lin quan n cht lng th
nghim.
- Qun l v cp nht h s cht lng ca phng.
- Th nghim mu theo s phn cng ca trng phng.
b) Quyn hn:
- K kim tra kt qu trong bo co th nghim.
- Dn nhn cho php/ khng cho php s dng thit b, cht chun ca phng
Ha.
- C quyn nh ch tm thi vic s dng thit b, cht chun, hng dn cng
vic, phng php khi thy c du hiu khng ph hp v bo co cho trng
phng.
Thay th ph trch k thut gii quyt cc cng vic lin quan khi ph trch k thut
vng mt.
2.3.3 PH TRCH K THUT:
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a) Trch nhim:
- Chu trch nhim v k thut th nghim.
- T chc thc hin cc phng php th nghim mi.
- Phi hp v h tr ph trch cht lng trong cc hot ng lin quan
n cht lng th nghim ca phng nh nh tr phng php th, kim
tra tay ngh nhn vin, kim tra thit b
- Qun l cht chun, xut mua sm ph tng thay th, cht chun.
- Th nghim mu theo s phn cng ca trng phng.
b) Quyn hn:
Thay th trng phng/ ph trch cht lng gii quyt cc cng vic lin quan khi
trng phng/ ph trch cht lng vng mt.
2.3.4 PH TRCH AN TON:
a) Trch nhim:
- Chu trch nhim v an ton trong cc hot ng th nghim ca phng.
- Qun l, xy dng v kim sot vic thc hin m bo an ton trong
PTN.
- Lp k hoch v t chc vic m bo an ton, theo di vic p dng cc
bin php an ton v cc dng c, ha cht bo h lao ng.
- Phn tch nguyn nhn v xut hnh ng khc phc, phng nga ri
ro m bo an ton trong vic th nghim.
- Bo co ph trch phng cc vn lin quan n an ton th nghim.
- Quan l v cp nht h s an ton ca phng.
b) Quyn hn:
- C quyn nh ch tm thi vic s dng thit b v cng tc th nghim kho
thy c du hiu khng m bo an ton v bo cho trng phng.
- xut cc bin php cng nh cc tranh thit b cn thit nhm m bo an
ton PTN.
- 8 -
2.3.5 CC KIM NGHIM VIN:
a) Trch nhim:
- Th nghim mu theo s phn cng ca ph trch phng (hoc ngi
c y quyn) theo phiu giao vic bng cc phng php th thng
c p dng v c o to. Khi c yu cu c th v phng php
th s c ghi ch trong phiu giao vic.
- Tr kt qu th nghim theo ng tin yu cu. khi khng p ng
c tin th nghim hoc c trc trc trong qu trnh th nghim phi
nhanh chng bo co cho ph trch n v hoc ph trch k thut c
bin php gii quyt v phn hi cho khch hng.
- Bo co th nghim c thc hin theo ng biu mu qui nh ca
hng dn cng vic. Ghi chp y , r rng, sch s cc s liu c
c trong qu trnh th nghim.
- Tun th theo cc th tc, hng dn m bo tin cy kt qu th
nghim.
- Bo qun cc thit b, dng c ha cht thuc phm vi th nghim ca
mnh.
- Gi gn v sinh cc thit b th nghim v v tr lm vic ca mnh.
- X l cc cht thi trong lnh vc th nghim c phn cng,.
- Tham gia hot ng m bo cht lng: bin son hng dn cng vic,
th nghim thnh tho
- Gi gn cc ti sn chung ca phng.
b) Quyn hn:
- Yu cu c o to v cc phng php th nghim hoc s dng thit b
mi.
- Tham d cc kha o to lin quan n hot ng Tiu chun- o lng-
Cht lng.
- xut cc bin php ci tin cht lng hot ng ca phng.
- 9 -
2.3.6 TH K:
- Cp nht cc thng tin v mu, ph th nghim mu. Thng bo kp thi cho
b phn giao dch khch hng cc mu khng th p ng ng tin hn
vi khch hng.
- Hng ngy thng k cc mu n hn tr cho khch hng nhc cc kim
nghim vin p ng ng tin th nghim.
- Tip nhn bo co th nghim t cc kim nghim vin, nh my kt qu v
chun b h s th nghim ph trch phng xem xt, ph duyt trc khi
chuyn cho phng h tr k thut.
- Giao dch vi khch hng nhng vn c lin quan n th nghim mu
theo yu cu ca ph trch phng.
- Chu trch nhim v vic lu mu.
- Theo di khi lng, tin cng vic hng thng ca phng.
- Theo di s dng vt t, ha cht ca phng v chm cng hng thng.
2.3.7 NHN VIN H TR:
- Chun b mu phn bn, than, t v khong sn theo hng dn.
- Ra dng c th nghim.
- H tr th k trong vic lu mu.
- Sp xp cc k mu gn gng, sch s.
- m bo v sinh sch s cc ben lm vic, cc k ha cht, cc trang thit b
thng thng.
- M t mu khi nhn vo phng
2.4 CC THIT B CHNH CA PHNG TH NGHIM HA
- My quang ph t ngoi kh kin (UV VIS)
- My quang ph pht x Plasma (ICP.OES)
- My sc k kh ghp khi ph k thut thi gian bay (GC TOF MS), u d
FID
- 10 -
- My sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC) vi u do UV VIS, DAD
- My xc nh nguyn t (C, H, O, N)
- Thit b phn tch ph hunh quang tia X XRF Spectrometer
- My sc k kh (GC) vi u d FID.
- Thit b x l mu bng vi ba
- My o sc cng b mt
- My chun in th
- My chun Karl Fiso vi l sy.
3. CC QUY NH CHUNG TRONG LAO NG CA CNG TY, CA B
PHN, CNG ON NI SINH VIN THAM GIA LM VIC:
3.1 QUI NH V AN TON LAO NG: [1]
Ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin mt nhc, c hi phi nghin cu k
cc qui nh v an ton lao ng trong tng ni dung cng vic c th v k xc
nhn vo s theo di ca n v v vic nghin cu cc ni dung qui nh
trong .
Mi ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy phm v cc tiu chun an ton lao
ng- v sinh lao ng.
Nhng lao ng phi tham gia y cc bui t chc hun luyn, hng dn
v nhng qui trnh, qui phm an ton v bin php lm vic an ton lin quan
n nhim v c giao (do khi phng thc hin).
Chp hnh lch khm sc khe nh k hoc dt sut cho ngi lao ng do cn
b y t trung tm xut thc hin.
Trc khi ra v cn kim tra v thc hin bin php an ton in, la, nc ni
lm vic.
Chp hnh nghim tc ni qui PCCC ca trng tm.
3.2 QUI NH V V SINH LAO NG:
Ngi lao ng c trch nhim gi gn sch s, ngn np ni lm vic.
Khng nu, n ung ti ni lm vic.
- 11 -
C thc gi gn v sinh thc ti ni lm vic v trong c quan.
Cc thit b, my mc, dng c vn phng c lin quan n cng vic ca
ngi lao ng phi lun c gi gn sch s, bo tr, bo dng v thc hin
ng cc qui trnh v vn hnh, bo dng thit b.
3.3 QUI NH V NI QUI PHNG CHY CHA CHY:
bo v ti sn, bo v trt t an ton c quan, ngi lao ng phi tun th ni
qui sau y v PCCC:
1. Tt c cc hng lm vic phi sp xp gn gng trt t, khng nhng vt d
chy gn ngun nhit, in, la.
2. Khng dng in nu cm, nu nc (tr y t v phng hnh chnh), khng t
mc in, sa in. Nu cn phi bo cho qun tr cho th sa cha.
3. Qun tr phi thng xuyn kim tra bo v h thng in, tu sa ch h hng,
chp mch. Dng cu ch ng tiu chun, cc thit b in ng k.
4. Xng du phi cch ly ring bit v bo v chu o, tuyt i khng chung
vi vi vt d chy, khng ht thuc gn ngun xng. Vn phng phm v
nhng ch ct gi nguyn vt liu, g phi sp xp trt t gn gng,
khng xp chung vi vt d chy.
5. Khng c t tin hay di chuyn nhng dng c PCCC. i PCCC c quan
c trch nhim qun l, bo v v kim tra thng xuyn nhng dng c PCCC
sn sng khi cn n.
6. Khi pht hin c du hiu chy hay m chy ch no th ngi lao ng lp
tc ku to CHY v bo cho mi ngi ti ch bit tm cch dp tt ngay.
Nu cn phi bo cho phng canh st PCCC thuc S Cng An Thnh Ph
(114). i PCCC ca c quan l b phn ch lc, mi ngi u bnh tnh tham
gia tch cc khi c m chy xy ra.
7. Ni qui ny phi c chp hnh trit . Ai c cng s c ngh khen
thng, ai vi phm gy ra ha hon s b x l theo php lut (theo vn bn
408/KT III).

- 12 -
CHNG 2:
NI DUNG LAO NG THC T
1. QUY TRNH LAO NG THC T V CNG VIC THC T LAO
NG:
c lm vic phng th nghim ha, quy trnh l nhng ch tiu c s dng
qu trnh kim nh, sn phm ca cng vic l kt qu kim nh cc mu do khch
hng gi n.
1.1 Tm hiu chung v xi mng PoocLng (XMP)
1.1.1 nh ngha
XMP l cht kt dnh thy lc, sn phm nghin mn ca clinker XMP vi nhng
ph gia thch hp
1.1.2 Phn loi
- Theo TCVN 5439-1991, XM c phn loi da theo cc c tnh sau:
- Loi clinker v thnh phn ca XM.
- Mc.
- Tc ng rn.
- Thi gian ng kt.
- Cc tnh cht c bit.
- Theo tiu chun ca M ASTM C150-94, XMP c phn thnh 8 loi:
- Loi I: XM thng khng c yu cu g c bit.
- Loi IA: Nh loi I, nhng c thm yu cu cun kh.
- Loi II: XM dng trong trng hp chung, nhng c kh nng bn sunfat va v
nhit thy ho va.
- Loi IIA: Nh loi II, nhng c thm yu cu cun kh.
- Loi III: Dng trong trng hp yu cu cng ban u cao.
- 13 -
- Loi IIIA: Nh loi III, nhng c thm yu cu cun kh.
- Loi IV: Dng trong trng hp yu cu nhit thy ha thp.
- Loi V: Dng trong trng hp yu cu bn sunfat cao.
Ngoi ra M cng c nhng loi XM c bit khc nh XM hn hp (theo
ASTM C595-92A). Xi mng y bao gm xi mng pooc lng x l cao v xi mng
Poclng Puzlan, thm ch trong xi mng hn hp c c x v puzlan.
S phn chia ca tiu chun M v c bn cng ging tiu chunVit Nam. Tuy
nhin do trnh khoa hc cng ngh ca M cao hn, nn h c nhiu loi xi mng
hn.
1.1.3 . Nguyn liu sn xut xi mng:
1.1.3.1. Xi mng PoocLng
Thnh phn chnh trong xi mng PoocLng gm:
- Clinker XMP
- Thch cao
1.1.3.2. Xi mng PoocLng hn hp:
Thnh phn chnh trong xi mng PoocLng hn hp gm:
- Clinker XMP
- Thch cao
- puzzolan
a) Clinker XMP:
Clinker XMP l bn sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut, c sn xut bng cch
nung kt khi hn hp nguyn liu vi, t st v qung st vi thnh phn tnh
trc
- Thnh phn ha ca clinker XMP
Clinker ra khi l nung c dng cc si nh (10-80 mm) vi thnh phn ha bin i
trong khong tng i rng nh sau:
CaO: 62 67%, SiO
2
: 20 24%,
- 14 -
Al
2
O
3
: 4 7%, Fe
2
O
3
: 2 5%.
to clinker XMP, ngi ta dng hai nguyn liu t nhin chnh l vi v
t st. Ngoi ra l cc nguyn liu ph nh qung st, x pirt, ct, ...Nhng nguyn
liu ny c trn vi nhau theo nhng t l nht nh, nung ti 1400 1450
o
C to
thnh clinker. Clinker li c nghin tip tc vi nhng ph gia nh thch cao to
XMP, sn phm dng bt mn c tnh thy lc.
Do nguyn liu dng trong cng ngh XMP l nhng nguyn liu t nhin nn
trong thnh phn clinker lun c nhng tp cht. Mt s oxit tp cht nh hng xu
n tnh cht xi mng. m bo tnh cht cn thit ca XM, cc xt tp cht loi
ny phi nm trong gii hn cho php, v d:
MgO s 5%; TiO
2
s 0,3 %; Mn
2
O
3
s 1,5 %; R
2
O

s 1,5 % (tnh theo Na
2
O); SO
3
: 0,1
1,5%; P
2
O
5
: 0 1,5%
Bng 2.1: Tiu chun thnh phn ha ca clinke xi mng Pooclng [5]
TT Ch tiu n v
Mc yu cu
Min Max
1
Thnh phn ho
SiO
2
% 20,0 22,0
Al
2
O
3
% 5,0 6,3
Fe
2
O
3
% 2,0 4,0
CaO % 64,0 67,0
MgO % - 3,0
SO
3
% - 1,5
CaO
td
% - 1,4
- Thnh phn khong chnh ca clinker XMP
Tnh cht ca clinker v XMP do thnh phn pha (cc loi khong v pha thy
tinh) ca chng quyt nh. Thnh phn pha chnh ca clinker XMP l:
- Alt (40 60%): trong clinker XMP l dung dch rn khong gc C
3
S vi cc
oxit khc nh: MgO, Cr
2
O
3
, P
2
O
5
...Trn thc t alt c hiu l C
3
S, alt dng th
hnh o l khong chnh to cng ca XMP. C
3
S ng rn nhanh, ta nhiu nhit.
- 15 -
- Blt (15 35%): l dung dch rn gc C
2
S vi cc oxit tng t nh trn. Dng
th hnh cn thit trong clinker XMP l |-C
2
S c tnh kt dnh, t ta nhit khi ng
rn, pht trin cng chm giai on u, nhng sau cho cng kh cao.
Trong k thut sn xut clinker XMP, cn lm ngui clinker rt nhanh khong
675
o
C, nhm trnh s bin i |-C
2
S thnh -C
2
S, l khong khng c tnh kt dnh.
- Tri-canxi alumint C
3
A (4 14%), ng rn nhanh, ta nhiu nhit, khng bn
trong mi trng xm thc. Ngi ta phi dng ph gia thch cao CaSO
4
.2H
2
O hn
ch tc ng rn ca C
3
A.
- Alumo-fert canxi C
4
AF (10 18%): d ha tan trong nc, t ta nhit. ng
rn nhanh to cng ban u nhanh, nhng sau cng khng, cao chu n
mn tt. Nu hm lng Al
2
O
3
t (t l Al
2
O
3
:Fe
2
O
3
< 2:1), th s to 2CaO.Fe
2
O
3
,
trong Al
3+
thay th ng hnh Fe
3+
to dung dch rn lin tc. Khi hm lng Al
2
O
3

ln, to C
4
AF.
Pha thy tinh trong clinker (15 25%): pha lng cn thit nung luyn clinker
(clinker kt khi tt, to iu kin hnh thnh khong C
3
S). Khi lm ngui nhanh, pha
lng s chuyn thnh pha thy tinh v to thnh nhng vt nt t vi trong clinker
XMP. Nh vt nt t vi trong pha thy tinh, clinker d nghin hn. Hot tnh pha thy
tinh rt cao, d hydrt ha.
Ngoi ra, trong clinker XMP cn nhng khong khc nh cc cc sunft kim
(K,Na)
2
SO
4
, CaSO
4
, alumint kim (K,Na)
2
.8CaO.3Al
2
O
3
, alumo-mangant canxi
4CaO.Al
2
O
3
.Mn
2
O
3
...v mt lng xt t do, cha phn ng ht trong qu trnh nung
luyn. Trong s , khng mong mun nht l CaO (cn khng ch 1 2%) v MgO
t do, cng t cng tt (b hn 4 6%, ty tiu chun mi quc gia). Cc oxit kim c
nh hng xu ti kh nng hidrat ha XMP v lm gim mnh bn ha, c th gy
ra phn ng kim silic ca ct liu nh hng n tui thca xi mng trong qu
trnh s dng (do phn ng kim vi oxit silic trong ct liu).




- 16 -
Bng 2.2: Tiu chun thnh phn khong ca clinke xi mng Pooclng [5]
TT Ch tiu n v
Mc yu cu
Min Max
2
Thnh phn khong
C
3
S % 57,0 66,0
C
2
S % 14,0 25,0
C
3
A % - 12,0
C
4
AF % - 14,0
3 LSF % 94,0 -
4
Hot tnh cng
3 ngy 45 pht
28 ngy 8 gi
MPa




25
50

-
-
5 m % - 0,5
6 Mt khi nung % - 1,0
7 Mu sc Xm en, quan st bng mt thng
b) Thch cao:
- Yu cu k thut
Thch cao thin nhin v thch cao nhn to dng lm ph gia iu chnh thi
gian ng kt ca ximng phi ph hp vi tiu chun xy dng 168: 1989.
Thch cao thin nhin v thch cao nhn to c khai thc v ch to theo
phng php cng ngh quy nh.
Thch cao thin nhin tnh theo hm lng thch cao CaSO
4
.2H
2
O c chia lm
4 loi ghi trong bng sau.
Bng 2.3: Ch tiu k thut ca thch cao [5]
Ch tiu k thut
Phn loi
I II III IV
Hm lng CaSO
4
.2H
2
O khng nh hn (%) 95 90 80 70
- 17 -
Hm lng nc lin kt khng nh hn (%) 19,88 18,83 16,74 14,64

Hm lng thch cao CaSO
4
.2H
2
O trong thch cao thin nhin c xc nh
theo hm lng nc lin kt.
Hm lng thch cao trong thch cao nhn to c xc nh theo hm lng
anhydric sunfuric SO
3
.
Thch cao thin nhin, thch cao nhn to c s dng c kch thc t 0-300
mm. Hm lng thch cao c kch thc t 0-5 mm khng c ln hn 5%.
Bng 2.4: Tiu chun thch cao [5]
TT Ch tiu n v
Mc yu cu
Min Max
1 CaSO4.2H2O % 95,0 -
2 m t nhin % - 3,0
3 C ht ln hn 50mm % - 0,0
c) Puzzolan ( bazalt)
- Yu cu k thut
Ph gia khong l cc vt liu v c thin nhin hoc nhn to khi s dng trong
ximng Portland hn hp khng gy nh hng xu n tnh cht ca ximng, btng
v btng ct thp.
Bng 2.5: Tiu chun Puzzolan [5]
TT Ch tiu n v
Mc yu cu
Min Max
1 SiO
2
+ Al
2
O
3
+ Fe
2
O
3
% 70,0 -
- 18 -
2 Na
2
O + K
2
O % - 12,0
3 m % - 6,0
4 C ht: ln hn 40 mm % - 5,0
5 Hot tnh cng % 80,0 -


1.2. Phng php xc nh ch tiu ha hc ca xi mng theo TCVN 141:1998
1.2.1 S phn tch cc ch tiu S
i
O
2
, Ca, Mg, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3,
TiO
2
theo TCVN
141:1998









S phn tch cc ch tiu S
i
O
2
, Ca, Mg, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3,
TiO
2
theo TCVN 141:1998
Ha tan mu
bng HCl + H
2
O
Lc ra
Nung vi
K
2
CO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3

Phn kt ta Dung dch A
Xc nh
SiO
2

SiO
2

ha tan
Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
TiO
2

MgO
CaO
Ha tan mu
bng HCl + H
2
O
Ha tan mu
bng HCl + H
2
O
C cn
Cn 1g mu
xi mng
- 19 -
1.2.2. Xc nh lng mt khi nung:
1.2.2.1. Dng c:
- chn s c dung tch 30ml
- Bnh ht m
- T sy
- L nung
1.2.2.2. Tin hnh:
Cn 1 gam mu xi mng, cho vo chn s nung trong l nung 950
0
C - 1000
0
C khong
1 gi. Ly ra bnh ht m, lm ngui nhit phng v em cn. Nung li nhit
trn 15 pht v cn li nh vy n khi lng khng i.
1.2.2.3. Cng thc:
Hm lng % mt khi nung (MKN) tnh theo cng thc:

( )
% .100
m c N
m m m
MKN
m
+
=

Trong :
m
N
:khi lng cn mu v chn sau khi nung (g)
m
c
: khi lng chn trc khi nung (g)
m
m
: khi lng mu (g).
1.2.2.4 kt qu thc nghim:
M(g) m
c
(g) m
N
(g)
( )
% .100
m c N
m m m
MKN
m
+
=

MKN(%) TB(%)
1.0179 23.3219 24.3185 2.09
2.28
1.0506 21.6769 22.7027 2.48


- 20 -
1.2.3. Xc nh hm lng cn khng tan:
1.2.3.1 Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Ha tan xi mng trong axit HCl long, lc ly phn cn khng tan, x l bng natri
cacbonat, lc, ra, nung v cn.
1.2.3.2. Tin hnh:
Cn 1 gam xi mng cho vo cc c dung tch 100ml. Tm t bng nc ct v
dm tan ht cc. y cc bng mt knh ng h, cho t t 5ml HCl (d = 1,19) qua
ming cc, dng a thy tinh dm tan ht nhng ht en. trn bp cch ct
khong 30 pht (bp ct gi nhit khng qu 100
0
C). Trong thi gian khuy
nhiu ln, ch dm tan nhng cc vn. lng, lc qua giy lc khng tro. Ra
bng nc si n ht ion Cl
-
(th bng AgNO
3
).
Nc lc c gi li xc inh SO
3
. Chuyn giy lc v phn cn trn vo cc
100ml. Cho 50ml dung dch natri cacbonat 5%, lc bng giy lc khng tro chy
chm, ra nc si v dung dch HCl 5%, sau ra li bng nc ct n ht ion Cl
-

(th bng AgNO
3
0.5%). Giy lc v b cho vo chn s, em tro ha 500
0
C n khi
chy ht giy lc, nung nhit 950
0
C - 1000
0
C trong 45 pht. Ly ra ngui
nhit phng ri cn, nung li nit 15 pht v cn n khi lng khng i.
1.2.3.3. Cng thc:
m
1
m
2
%CKT = x 100
m
Trong :
m
1:
l khi lng chn v cn khng tan tnh bng gam.
m
2:
l khi lng chn khng tnh bng gam.
m: l khi lng mu ly phn tch tnh bng gam.



- 21 -

1.2.3.4. kt qu thc nghim:
M(g) m
c
(g) m
N
(g) m
1
m
2
%CKT = . 100
m

CKT(%) TB(%)
2.5707 21.0607 21.0565 0.16
0.12
2.1299 21.2745 21.6270 0.09
1.2.4. Xc nh hm lng SiO
2
tng:
1.2.4.1. Xc nh hm lng SiO2 bng phng php nung mu vi hn hp
nung chy.
- Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Phn hy mu xi mng bng cch nung mu vi hn hp nung chy, sau ha
tan trong dung dch acid HCl long, c cn dung dch tch nc ca axit silisic
1000
0
C. Dng dung dch axit HF tch silic dng silic tetraflorua, lng mt i
tng ng vi hm lng silic dioxit
- Tin hnh:
Cn 1 gam xi mng cho vo chn bch kim c sn t 4 n 5 gam hn hp nung
chy (Na
2
CO
3:
K
2
CO
3
), ph tip ln trn mu 1 lp hn hp nung chy. Sau tin
hnh nung mu nhit t 900
0
C n 950
0
C trong 30 pht. Ly chn ra ngui,
chuyn ton b khi nung chy vo cc 500ml. Ha tan cc bng 30ml axit HCl m
c v 100ml nc ct. Sau khi mu tan ht dng nc ct ra thnh cc v chn bch
kim. Tin hnh c cn dung dch trn bp ct (nhit t 100
0
C n 110
0
C) n kh.
Dng a thy tinh dm nh cc cc mui. ngui mu, thm vo cc 15ml axit
HCl m c v 100ml nc ct, khuy u cho tan ht mui. Lc dung dch cn nng
qua giy lc khng tro, lc gn 3 ln bng axit HCl 5% un si, dng giy lc
khng tro lau sch a thy tinh v thnh cc. Tip tc ra bng nc ct un si n
ht ion Cl
-
(th bng dung dch AgNO
3
0.5%). Chuyn giy lc c kt ta axit silic
vo chn bch kim, tro ha giy lc nhit 500
0
C trong 1 gi 30 pht, ly chn ra
ngui v ghi li khi lng cn ca chn v ta. Tm t kt ta trong chn bng
vi git axit H
2
S0
4
(1:1) V 10ml HF 40%. Lm bay hi cht cha trong chn trn
bp in n kh. Thm tip t t 3ml n 4ml HF 40%, lm bay hi trn bp in
- 22 -
n ngng bc khi trng. Nung chn bch kim v cn nhit 1000
0
C trong 1 gi
30 pht. Ly chn ra ngui v ghi li khi lng chn.
- Cng thc tnh:
m
1
m
2
%SiO
2
= x 100
m
Trong :
m
1:
l khi lng chn bch kim v khi lng kt ta trc khi x l bng axit
HF, tnh bng gam.
m
2:
l khi lng chn bch kim v khi lng kt ta sau khi x l bng axit
HF, tnh bng gam.
m: l khi lng mu ly phn tch, tnh bng gam.
- Kt qu thc nghim:
M(g) m
c
(g) m
N
(g) m
1
m
2
%SiO
2
= . 100

m

SiO
2
(%) TB(%)
1.0240 24.7438 24.5043 23.39
23.3
1.1291 24.2251 23.9615 23.35
1.2.4.2. Xc nh hm lng SiO
2
bng phng php phn hy mu bng axit
clohydric v amoni clorua:
- Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Ha tan mu bng dung dch HCl, c cn tch SiO
2
.nH
2
O. Lc kt ta em
nung ri cn, lng mt i tng ng vi hm lng SiO
2
.
- Tin hnh:
Cn 1 gam mu vo cc thy tinh, tm c mu bng nc ct, thm vo cc
15ml HCl m c v 1 gam NH
4
Cl, khuy u. t cc ln bp ct, c n kh, tn
vn kt ta, c thm 30-60 pht nhit <115
0
C kt ta hon ton SiO
2
.
- 23 -
ngui cc, ha tan mu bng 100ml nc ct v 15ml axit HCl m c,
khuy u un nh (khng un si) ha tan cc mui. Lc dung dch, ra sch cc
bng nc ct nng, tip tc ra kt ta n ht ion Cl
-
(th bng AgNO
3
1%).
Chuyn kt ta v giy lc vo chn bch kim, em t chy giy lc ri nung
nhit 950
0
C khong 1 gi n 1 gi 30 pht, ngui trong bnh ht m ri cn
sau s l bng axit H
2
SO
4
v axit HF xc nh SiO
2
tinh khit. Dung dch lc
ra nh mc 250ml xc nh thnh phn cc oxit khc.
- Cng thc tnh:
m
1
m
2
%SiO
2
= x 100
m
Trong :
m
1:
l khi lng chn bch kim v khi lng kt ta trc khi x l bng axit
HF, tnh bng gam.
m
2:
l khi lng chn bch kim v khi lng kt ta sau khi x l bng axit
HF, tnh bng gam.
m: l khi lng mu ly phn tch, tnh bng gam.
1.2.4.3 Xc nh hm lng SiO
2
cn li trong dung dch bng phng php so
mu:
- Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Trong mi trng axit, amoni molipdat tc dng vi silic to thnh mt phc
mu. o hp thu quang bng my so mu bc sng 815 nm, tnh c hm
lng silic ha tan.
- Tin hnh:
Ht 2ml dung dch A thu c cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml, thm 20ml H
2
O,
lc u, thm 5ml dung dch amoni molipdat 10%, lc thm 1 pht na, thm 5ml
dung dch kh v cho thm nc n vch nh mc.
Pha dung dch kh: cho 1 gam axit arcobic v 5 gam axit citric vo bnh nh
mc 100ml v cho nc ti vch nh mc.
- 24 -
- Cng thc:
C. V
m.
. f . 2,139
%SiO
2 ha tan
=
m . 10000
Trong :
m
1:
l SiO
2

tm c trn ng chun, tnh bng gam.
m
2:
l khi lng mu tng ng vi th tch mu ly phn tch, tnh bng
chnh lch gia hai kt qu xc nh song song khng ln hn 0.04%.
1.2.5. Xc nh hm lng SO
3
:
1.2.5.1 Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Dung dch c ha tan trc tip bng HCl + H
2
O hoc kim chy vi Na
2
CO
3

+ K
2
CO
3
sau ha tan bng HCl+H
2
O, lc b keo silic v cc cht khng tan, thm
Ba
2+
to kt ta BaSO
4
, lc ra kt ta, nung kt ta 800-850
0
C trong 2 gi. T
khi lng kt ta tnh ra hm lng SO
3
trong mu xi mng.
1.2.5.2. Tin hnh:
Cn 1 gam mu vo cc 250ml, thm khong 80ml H
2
O + 20 HCl m c, un
trn bp cho mu tan ra, lc qua giy lc khng tro, thu ly dung dch xc nh SO
3
.
em dch lc ln bp, un cho dung dch nng ln, thm 30ml BaCl
2
10%, khuy nh
ta lng khong 6-8h, sau tin hnh lc gn thu kt ta BaSO
4
(lu trong
qu trnh ra ta phi ch ra ht ion Cl
-
). Chuyn giy lc vo chn nung, Sy kh
v than ha giy lc l nung c nhit 500
0
C, sau mi chuyn qua l nung
900
0
C, nung n khi lng khng i (thng l 2h). Tin hnh ngui trong bnh
ht m, sau em cn => t khi lng chn trc v sau khi nung xc nh hm
lng BaSO
4
, sau quy i ra hm lng SO
3
.
1.2.5.3. Cng thc:
3
( )
% .34, 3
N c
m m
SO
m

=

Trong :
m
N
:khi lng cn mu v chn sau khi nung
- 25 -
m
c
: khi lng chn trc khi nung
m: khi lng mu.
1.2.5.4. Kt qu thc nghim:
M(g) m
c
(g) m
N
(g)
3
( )
% .34, 3
N c
m m
SO
m

=

SO
3
(%) TB(%)
1.0960 20.6922 20.7867 2.96
3
1.0207 24.4341 24.5247 3.04
1.2.6. Xc nh hm lng CaO:
1.2.6.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Trong dung dch sau khi loi Fe3+ v Ti4+, canxi tn ti di dng ion Ca2+.
mi trng pH=12 ion Ca2+ to vi ch th hydroxyl naphtol blue mt phc cht mu
hng tm km bn hn phc ca n vi EDTA. Chun trc tip ion Ca2+ bng
EDTA vi ch th hydroxyl naphtol blue gii phng ch th dng t do c mu xanh
hunh quang. Php chun kt thc hm lng CaO tnh theo th tch EDTA 0.01M
tiu tn.
1.2.6.2. Tin hnh:
Ht 50ml dung dch A vo cc 150ml, thm 2 git MR. Dng NH
4
OH m c
iu chnh pH n khi dung dch mt mu , thm d 1ml na. un nh trn bp in
5 pht, lc phn dch lc vo bnh nh mc 250ml, ra ta bng NH
4
NO
3
2%, nh
mc n vch (dung dch B).
Ht ra 25 ml dung dch B, thm 100ml H
2
O + 10ml NaOH 10% + 5ml KCN.
Thm 2,5mg hydroxyl naphtol blue, chun bng EDTA 0,01M n khi mu dung
dch chuyn t hng tm sang xanh.
1.2.6.3. Cng thc:
5, 608. . . .
%
.
CaO dm
hut
V C f V
CaO
mV
=

Trong :
- 26 -
C: nng thc ca EDTA
VCaO: th tch EDTA 0,01M khi chun CaO
f: h s pha long (= 250/50)
Vdm: th tch nh mc ban u
Vhut: th tch ht ra chun .
1.2.6.4. Kt qu thc nghim:
V
C
(ml)
5, 608. . . .
%
.
CaO dm
hut
V C f V
CaO
mV
=

CaO(%) TB(%)
1.4577 22.6
23.2
1.5550 23.9
1.2.6.5. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh chun :
Trc khi chun :
Ca
2+
+ H
2
Ind
3-
=
pH = 12
CaH
2
Ind
-

nho
Trong qu trnh chun :
Ca
2+
+ H
2
Y
2-
= CaY
2-
+ 2H
+

Ti im tng ng:
H
2
Y
2-
(Lng d)
+ CaH
2
Ind
-
( nho)
= CaY
2-
+ H
2
Ind
3-
(mu xanh)

1.2.7. Xc nh hm lng MgO:
1.2.7.1. Nguyn tc:
mi trng pH=10.6 th Mg
2+
v Ca
2+
cng to phc vi Erioo crom en T
(k hiu ETOO) mt phc cht mu hng, phc cht ny km bn hn phc ca chng
vi EDTA. Trn c s ngng ta chun ng thi Mg
2+
v Ca
2+
t do ngoi
dung dch, sau n to phc bn vi ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong phc khng bn ca chng
vi ch th gii phng dng t do. Dung dch chuyn t mu ti sang mu xanh.
1.2.7.2. Tin hnh:
- 27 -
Ht 50ml dung dch A vo cc 150ml, thm 2 git MR. Dng NH
4
OH m c
iu chnh pH n khi dung dch mt mu , thm d 1ml na. un nh trn bp in
5 pht, lc phn dch lc vo bnh nh mc 250ml, ra ta bng NH
4
NO
3
2%, nh
mc n vch. (dung dch B). Ht ra 25 ml dung dch B, thm 100ml H
2
O + 10ml m
ph=10.5 + 5ml KCN, thm 1mg Erioo crom en T. Chun bng EDTA 0,01M n
khi mu dung dch chuyn t hng tm sang xanh.
1.2.7.3. Cng thc:

1
4, 03.( ). . .
%
.
CaO dm
hut
V V C f V
MgO
mV

=

Trong :
C: nng thc ca EDTA.
V1: th tch EDTA 0,01M khi chun tng MgO v CaO.
VCaO: th tch EDTA 0,01M khi chun CaO.
f: h s pha long (= 250/50).
Vdm: th tch nh mc ban u.
Vhut: th tch ht ra chun .
1.2.7.4. Kt qu thc nghim:
V
CaO
(ml)
V
C1
(ml)
5, 608. . . .
%
.
CaO dm
hut
V C f V
CaO
mV
=

1
4, 03.( ). . .
%
.
CaO dm
hut
V V C f V
MgO
mV

=

m
1
= 1.1402 (g)
m
2
= 1.1226 (g)
CaO
(%)
TB
(%)
MgO
(%)
TB
(%)
40.3 41.4 54.45
54.5
1.06
0.9
39.8 40.6 54.62 0.78
1.2.7.6. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh chun :



- 28 -
Trc khi chun :
Mg
2+
+ H
2
Ind
2-

ETOO (mu xanh lc)
=
pH=10.6
MgInd
-
+ H
+
nho
K
MgInd
-
= 10
-17
Trong qu trnh chun :
Ca
2+
+ H
2
Y
2-
= CaY
2-
+ 2H
+


Mg
2+
+ H
2
Y
2-
= MgY
2-
+ 2H
+

Ti im tng ng:
H
2
Y
2-
(Lng d)
+ MgH
2
Ind
-
( nho)
= MgY
2-
+ H
2
Ind
2-
(xanh luc)
+ H
+

Phng trnh tng qut l:
(Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
) + H
2
Y
2-

( nho)
=
pH = 10.6
MgY
2-
+ CaY
2-
+ H
+

(xanh lc)
1.2.8. Xc nh hm lng Fe
2
O
3
:
1.2.8.1. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch sau khi ph mu v loi b keo H
2
SiO
3
c cha Fe
3+
. Trn c
s ca phng phapschuaanr phc cht dng EDTA chun trc tip Fe
3+
trong
dung dch mu. Phn ng thc hin hon ton iu kin ph=1.5 - 1.8, vi ch th
SSA 10%.
1.2.8.2. Tin hnh:
Ht ra 25ml dung dch A, thm 2ml H
2
O
2
, un si 30 pht, thm 1ml SSA 10%.
Chnh pH ca dung dch nm trong khong 1,5-1,8 bng dung dch NaOH 10% v
dung dch HCl (1:1), sau un cch thy dung dch nhit 60-70
0
C. Chun
bng EDTA 0,01M n khi dd chuyn t tm sang vng rm l c.

- 29 -
1.2.8.3 Cng thc:

2 3
. . .7, 985.
%
.
Fe EDTA dm
hut
V C V f
Fe O
mV
=

Trong :
C: nng thc ca EDTA
V
Fe
: th tch EDTA chun Fe
2
O
3

V
m:
th tch nh mc
V
hut
:th tch ht ra chun
f: h s pha long (f=1)
m:khi lng cn mu.
1.2.8.4 Kt qu thc nghim:
V
Fe
(ml)
2 3
. . .7, 985.
%
.
Fe EDTA dm
hut
V C V f
Fe O
mV
=

m
1
= 0.2045
m
2
= 0.2165
Fe
2
O
3

(%)
TB(%)
22.6 88.5
88.5
23.95 88.6
1.2.9. Xc nh hm lng Al
2
O
3
:
1.2.9.1. Nguyn tc:
Trong dung dch sau khi loi Fe
3+
v Ti
4+
bng dung dch NaOH 30%. Nhm
cn li mui aluminat tan mi trng ph=5.7, nhm phn ng vi 1 lng d
EDTA to thnh mt phc km bn vng hn phc ca n vi Natriflorua (NaF),
lng d EDTA c chun bng dung dch axetat km (Dung dch t mu vng rm
chuyn sang mu hng). Sau cho NaF vo phc bn vi nhm v gii phng
EDTA tc dng vi nhm (dung dch t mu hng chuyn sang mu vng rm).
Chun lng EDTA va c gii phng (tng ng vi hm lng nhm)
bng dung dch axetat km. T th tch km tiu tn ln chun th hai l tnh ra hm
lng Al
2
O
3
.
- 30 -
1.2.9.2. Tin hnh:
Ht 50ml t dung dch A cho vo cc 250ml, thm vo 30ml dung dch NaOH
30%. un si dung dch sau 15-20 pht. nh mc vo bnh 250ml, lc qua h nha
thu c dung dch B.
Ht 50ml t dung dch B, thm vo 10ml dung dch EDTA 0.05M v 3 git
ch th phenolphthalein 0.1%. Trung ha t t bng dung dch HCl (1:1) n khi mt
mu hng. Thm vo 15ml dung dch m ph=5.7. un nng n 50-60
0
C, thm 2 git
ch th xylenol da cam 0.1%. Dung dch c mu vng. Chun lng EDTA d bng
dung dch axetat km 0.05M. n khi dung dch c mu hng thm vo 15ml dung
dch NaF bo ha. un si 5 pht NaF to phc bn vi nhm v gii phng
EDTA. Lng EDTA gii phng ra tng ng vi lng nhm c trong dung dch.
Dung dch c mu vng. Lng EDTA va c gii phng bng acetat km 0.05M.
n khi dung dch c mu hng thm vo 15ml dung dch NaF bo ha, un si 5 pht
NaF to phc vi nhm v gii phng EDTA. Tip tc chun lng EDTA gii
phng ra bng axetat km, chun n khi dung dch t mu vng rm chuyn sang
mu hng. khi lng EDTA thot ra tng ng vi lng Al
2
O
3
.
1.2.9.3. Cng thc:
2 3
5, 098. . . .
%
.
Al dm
hut
V C f V
Al O
mV
=

Trong
C: nng thc ca EDTA
V
Al
: th tch EDTA chun Al
2
O
3

V
m:
th tch nh mc
V
hut
:th tch ht ra chun
f: h s pha long (f=1)
m: khi lng cn mu.
2.9.4 Kt qu thc nghim:
- 31 -
V
Al
(ml)
2 3
5, 098. . . .
%
.
Al dm
hut
V C f V
Al O
mV
=

m
1
= 1.0270
m
2
= 1.0513
Al
2
O
3

(%)
TB(%)
4.5 14.49
14.4
4.55 14.31



























- 32 -
1.3 Phng php xc nh ch tiu ha hc ca xi mng theo ASTM C114: 2003
1.3.1 S chung phn tch cc ch tiu trong xi mng theo ASTM C114-2003



Cn 1g mu
Nung mu vi
Na
2
CO
3
+K
2
CO
3

Ha tan mu
bng HCl+H
2
O
Lc, ra
Kt ta
Xc nh SiO
2

ch yu
NH
4
OH
Dung dch
A
Xc nh
R
2
O
3
Kt ta Dung dch B
(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4

Kt ta
Xc nh
Ca
Dung dch
Xc nh
Mg
TiO
2
P
2
O
5
Fe
2
O
3
SO
3

S chung phn tch cc ch tiu trong xi mng theo ASTM C114-2003
- 33 -
1.3.2. Xc nh lng mt khi nung:
Ging vi xc nh mt khi nung trong xi mng theo TCVN 141: 2008 nh phn
tch trn ( trang 19)
1.3.3. Xc nh hm lng SiO
2
:

Ging vi xc nh SiO
2
trong xi mng theo TCVN 141: 2008 nh phn tch trn
nhng khng xc nh SiO
2 ha tan
(trang 20)
1.3.4. Cn khng tan:
Ging vi xc nh cn khng tan trong xi mng theo TCVN 141: 2008 nh phn
tch trn (trang 21)
1.3.5. Xc nh hm lng SO
3
:
Ging vi xc nh SO
3
trong xi mng theo TCVN 141:2008 nh phn tch trn
(trang 24)
- 34 -
1.3.6 S phn tch cc ch tiu CaO, MgO, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
theo ASTM C114-03
Cn 1g mu
Nung mu vi
Na
2
CO
3
+K
2
CO
3

Ha tan mu
bng HCl+H
2
O
Lc, ra
Dung dch A


(nh mc V =200ml)
NH
4
OH
Kt ta
Xc nh R
2
O
3
Dung dch B


(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4

Dung dch Kt ta
CaC
2
O
4

Xc nh
Ca
Kt ta
MgNH
4
PO
4
.6H
2
O
TiO
2
theo
phng
php trc
quang
P
2
O
5

theo
phng
php
trc
quang
Fe
2
O
3

theo
phng
php
chun
(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
+ NH
4
OH
Nung 15 pht
500-600
0
C, 1 gi
1000
0
C


Mg
2
P
2
O
7

S phn tch cc ch tiu CaO, MgO, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
theo ASTM C114-03

- 35 -
1.3.7. Xc nh hm lng CaO:
1.3.7.1 Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Dung dch sau khi loi b R
2
O
3
tin hnh to ta CaC
2
O
4
, sau lc v nung
1000
0
C trong 1 gi. T chnh lch khi lng cn trc v sau khi nung ca chn
nung tnh ra hm lng CaO c trong mu.
1.3.7.2 Tin hnh:
Dung dch B

(phn dung dch sau khi lc R


2
O
3
) dng HCl 1:1 iu chnh pH
vi ch th MR n khi dung dch c mu . Thm 30ml (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
5%, thm tip
NH
4
OH n khi dung dch mt mu hng. un trn bp 15 pht. => xut hin ta
CaC
2
O
4
, ta lng trong 1 gi, lc ly ta bng k thut lc gn, ra ta bng
(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
0,1%, phn ta dng xc nh Ca, phn dung dch dng xc nh Mg
(dung dch C

). Ly phn ta ha tan li bng HCl

, un trn bp cho ta tan hon


ton v dm nt giy lc. Lp li qu trnh to ta nh trn, nhp chung phn nc ra
vo dung dch C, em nung ta 500-600
0
C trong 15 pht, 1000
0
C trong 1 gi.
T s chnh lch khi lng chn cn trc v sau khi nung xc nh hm
lng CaO.
1.3.7.3 cng thc tnh:
% . .100
c m c
m m
CaO f
m
+

=

Trong :
m
c+m
: khi lng CaO v chn sau khi nung (g)
m
c
: khi lng chn nung khi cha c ta CaC
2
O
4
(g)
m: khi lng mu xi mng ban u (g)
f: h s pha long (f = 2).
3.7.4. Gii thch bng phng trnh:
- 36 -
0
3
4 3 4
3
4 3 4
2
4 2 2 4 2 4 4
1000
2 4 2
3 ( ) 3
3 ( ) 3
( ) 2
C
Al NH OH Al OH NH
Fe NH OH Fe OH NH
Ca NH C O CaC O NH
CaC O CaO CO CO
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +

1.3.7.5. Kt qu thc nghim:
m (g) m
c
(g) m
n
(g)
% . .100
c m c
m m
CaO f
m
+

=

CaO
(%)
TB
(%)
1.0237 23.5909 23.6019 2.14

2.2
1.0314 21.3102 21.3227 2.42
1.3.8. Xc nh hm lng MgO:
1.3.8.1 Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Dung dch C


(dung dch sau khi lc ta CaC
2
O
4
) thm (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
v
NH
4
OH

to thnh MgNH
4
PO
4
.6H
2
O, sau nung 1000
0
C to thnh
Mg
2
P
2
O
7
. T chnh lch khi lng cn trc v sau khi nung ca chn nung tnh
ra hm lng MgO c trong mu
1.3.8.2 Cc bc tin hnh:
Thm 5ml HCl

vo dung dch C

, un n cn khong 250ml, thm 10ml


(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
v 30ml NH
4
OH

, khuy mnh 30 pht to ta MgNH


4
PO
4
.6H
2
O,
ta lng trong 8 gi. Lc ta qua giy lc khng tro, ra ta bng NH
4
OH 5%, chuyn
ton b ta vo chn nung, nung 500-600
0
C trong 15 pht, 1000
0
C trong 1 gi. T
s chnh lch khi lng chn cn trc v sau khi nung xc nh hm lng MgO.
Gii thch bng phng trnh phn ng:
2
4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
4 4 2 2 7 3 2
3 3( ) 3 .6 8
2 2
o
t C
Mg NH OH NH HPO H O MgNH PO H O NH
MgNH PO Mg PO NH H O
+ +
+ + + +
+ +


- 37 -
1.3.8.3 cng thc tnh ton:
% . .36, 22
c m c
m m
MgO f
m
+

=

Trong :
m
c+m
: khi lng Mg
2
P
2
O
7
v chn sau khi nung (g)
m
c
: khi lng chn nung khi cha c ta (g)
m : khi lng mu xi mng ban u (g)
f : h s pha long (f = 2).
1.3.8.4. Kt qu thc nghim:




CaO
m
c
(g) m
n
(g)
% . .100
c m c
m m
CaO f
m
+

=

CaO
(%)
TB
(%)
23.5909 23.6019 2.14

2.2
21.3102 21.3227 2.42



MgO


23.7528


23.7860






% . .36, 22
c m c
m m
MgO f
m
+

=



2.29





2.1
23.8120

23.8120

1.97
1.3.9. Xc nh hm lng Fe
2
O
3
:
1.3.9.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Dng Sn
2+
kh Fe
3+
thnh Fe
2+
, sau chun Fe
2+
sinh ra bng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
vi
ch th barium diphenylaminesunfonate. im tng ng khi dung dch chuyn sang
mu tm.
1.3.9.2 Tin hnh:
- 38 -
Dung dch sau khi lc SiO
2
v CKT un nng trn bp, thm SnCl
2
5% n khi
mt mu vng, thm d 1 git SnCl
2
, ngui khng qu 1 gi nhit phng, thm
10ml HgCl
2
bo ha. Thm 2ml H
3
PO
4
m c v 2 git barium
diphenylaminesunfonate. Chun bng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,05N n khi dung dch c mu
tm.
1.3.9.3 Cng thc tnh ton:
2 2 7
2 3
( ) 7, 985
%
K Cr O
CV
Fe O
m
=

trong
C: nng K2Cr2O7
V: th tch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tiu tn
m: khi lng mu ban u (g).
1.3.9.4 Gii thch bng phng trnh phn ng:
3 2 2 4
2 2 3 3
2 7 2
6 14 6 2 7
Fe Sn Fe Sn
Fe Cr O H Fe Cr H O
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +

1.3.10. Xc nh hm lng Al
2
O
3
:
Trong ASTM C114-03, Al
2
O
3
c xc nh theo cng thc:
%Al
2
O

=%R
2
O
3
- %Fe
2
O
3
-%P
2
O
5
-%TiO
2
. v vy, xc nh Al
2
O
3
phi xc nh
thm R
2
O
3
, P
2
O
5
v TiO
2
.
1.3.10.1. Xc nh R
2
O
3
:
- Nguyn tc:
Dung dch A dng NH
4
OH iu chnh mi trng (ch th MR) n khi dung dch
chuyn t mu hng sang vng nht s xut hin ta R
2
O
3
. lc ly ta, nung 1000
0
C.
T s chnh lch khi lng trc v sau khi nung tnh ra hm lng R
2
O
3
c trong
mu.
- Cc bc tin hnh:
- Ht 100 ml dung dch A
- 39 -
- Thm 2 git MR, sau dng NH
4
OH iu chnh mi trng n khi dung dch
chuyn t hng sang vng nht.
- Lc ta qua giy lc khng tro, sau ra ta bng NH
4
NO
3
2%
- Ha tan ta li bng HCl m c n khi ta tan hon ton v dm nt giy lc
- Lp li qu trnh to ta
- Cho ta vo chn nung, nung 500
0
C trong 15 pht, sau chuyn qua l nung
1000
0
C trong 1 gi
- Cn chn nung v tnh ra hm lng R
2
O
3

- Cng thc tnh ton:
2 3
% . .100
m c c dm
hut
m m V
R O
m V
+

=

Trong :
m
m+c
: khi lng mu v chn sau khi nung (g).
m
c
: khi lng chn trc khi nung (g).
m : khi lng mu cn ban u(g).
Gii thch bng phng trnh:
0
0
3
4 3 4
3
4 3 4
1000
3 2 3 2
1000
3 2 3 2
3 ( ) 3
3 ( ) 3
2 ( ) 3
2 ( ) 3
C
C
Fe NH OH Fe OH NH
Al NH OH Al OH NH
Fe OH Fe O H O
Al OH Al O H O
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+
+

- Kt qu thc nghim:
m (g) m
c
(g) m
n
(g)
2 3
% . .100
m c c dm
hut
m m V
R O
m V
+

=

R
2
O
3

(%)
TB
(%)
1.0237 20.7600 20.8509 17.76

- 40 -
1.0314 20.6980 20.7895 17.74 17.7
1.3.10.2. Xc nh TiO
2
:
- Nguyn tc ca phng php:
TiO
2
c trong dung dch to phc mu vng vi H
2
O
2
. Tin hnh o quang bc
sng 410nm. t mt quang o c xc nh hm lng TiO
2
c trong mu theo
phng php ng chun
- Tin hnh:
Bng 2.6: Dng ng chun xc nh TiO
2
S th t bnh nh mc 100ml 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Th tch dung dch Ti chun (100mg/l) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Th tch H
3
PO
4
m c (ml) 5
Th tch H
2
O
2
m c (ml) 2
Nng dung dch TiO
2
chun (mg/l) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
- yn 5 pht sau o bc sng 410nm
- Tin hnh vi mu:
o Ht 25ml dung dch A

(sau khi nh mc V = 200ml) vo bnh nh mc


100ml
o Thm 5ml H
3
PO
4
m c
o Thm 2ml H
2
O
2
m c
o yn 5 pht.
o o quang 410nm =
- Cng thc tnh:

2
2, 29. . .
%
.10000
dm
C f V
TiO
m
=
- 41 -
trong :
C nng Ti o c
f: h s pha long (f =4)
V
m
: th tch nh mc(200ml)
3.10.3. Xc nh P
2
O
5
:
3.10.3.1 Nguyn tc:
Phosphate c trong mu to phc vi amonium molypdate thnh
amoniphoshomolybdenum mu vng, sau b axit ascorbic kh thnh phc xanh
molypden.
Tin hnh o quang bc sng 815nm, cng mu ca phc xanh
molypden t l vi hm lng phosphate c trong mu.
3.10.3.2. Tin hnh:
Bng 2.7: Lp dy chun xc nh P
2
O
5
S th t bnh nh mc 100ml 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Th tch chun P (10mg/l) 0 1 2 3 4 5 10
Th tch HCl 1:1 10ml
Th tch ammonium molypdate 2,5% 10ml
Khi lng axit ascorbic 0,2g
Nng dy chun (mg/l) 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 1
- un trn bp cch thy 80
0
C trong 15 pht, ngui ri nh mc, sau
tin hnh o
- Tin hnh vi mu: ht 10ml dung dch A

vo bnh nh mc 100ml, tin hnh


thm cc ha cht ging ht dy chun
3.10.3.3. Cng thc tnh ton:
- 42 -

2
1, 67. . .
%
.10000
dm
C f V
TiO
m
=
Trong :
C nng P o c
f: h s pha long (f =10)
V
m
: th tch nh mc(200ml)
1.4. So snh 2 phng php trong 2 tiu chun TCVN 141: 2008 v ASTM C114-
2003:
Nhn chung khi s dng cc phng php phn tch cc ch tiu theo 2 tiu chun
TCVN 141: 2008 v ASTM C114-2003 u c nhng mt u th ring.
i vi cc phng php trong tiu chun TCVN 141: 2008

ch yu l phn tch th
tch, cn trong ASTM C114 2003 ch yu l phn tch khi lng.
thy c s khc bit gia hai 2 phng php trong tiu chun TCVN 141: 2008
v ASTM C114-2003 ta i vo so snh s khc nhau ca tng phng php ca hai
tiu chun.
Bng 2.8: So snh 2 phng php trong 2 tiu chun TCVN 141: 2008 v ASTM
C114-2003
ch tiu c th TCVN 141: 2008 ASTM C141 2003
CaO
Chun bng EDTA
pH=12 vi ch th
hydroxyl naphtol blue.
im tng ng khi
dung dch chuyn t mu
hng tm sang xanh
To ta CaC
2
O
4
, sau xc
nh bng phng php khi
lng
MgO
Chun bng EDTA
mi trng m pH=10
vi ch th Eriochrome
Black T. im tng
To ta MgNH
4
PO
4
.6H
2
O,
sau xc nh bng
phng php khi lng
- 43 -
ng khi dung dch
chuyn t mu hng tm
sang xanh

Fe
2
O
3

Chun bng EDTA
pH=1,5 -1,8 vi ch th
SSA. im tng ng
khi dung dch chuyn t
mu tm sang vng nht.
Dng Sn
2+
kh Fe
3+
v Fe
2+
,
sau chun bng
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
vi ch th barium
diphenylaminesunfonate.
im tng ng khi dung
dch chuyn sang mu tm.
Al
2
O
3

chun bng EDTA vi
ch th xylenlo da cam.
im tng ng khi
dung dch mt mu vng
rm.
xc nh gin tip thng qua
cng thc:
%Al
2
O

=%R
2
O
3
- %Fe
2
O
3
-
%P
2
O
5
-%TiO
2
.
Cn xc nh thm 2 ch tiu
TiO
2
v P
2
O
5
bng phng
php so mu.
SiO
2

Xc nh hm lng SiO
2

tng: gm hm lng SiO
2

theo phng php khi
lng v lng SiO
2
ha tan theo phng php
so mu.



Ch xc nh hm lng
SiO
2
theo phng php khi
lng.
Rt ra kt lun:
u, nhc im ca phng php trong tiu chun TCVN 141:2008
- 44 -
u im:
- Phn tch ch yu theo phng php th tch nn
dng c tin hnh n gin, tit kim c kinh ph.
- Tit kim c thi gian, khi pht hin sai st c th lm li c nhiu ln.
Nhc im:
- chnh xc khng cao v mt s nguyn nhn:
+ Sai s do chun (sai s do cch nhn mu ca mi ngi khi chun , sai s ch
th).
+ Thao tc cha chnh xc trong vic ht mu, nh mc, iu chnh mi trng, mt
ta khi lc...
u, nhc im ca phng php trong tiu chun ASTM C114:2003:
u im:
- t sai st trong qu trnh lm.
- Qui trnh n gin nn kim sot c sai s tng cng on.
Nhc im:
- i hi phi c mt s thit b mc tin nh l nung 500
0
C, l nung 1000
0
C, my
trc quang... nn u t kinh ph cao hn.
- C th to ta khng hon ton do yu t pH, do ha cht.
- C th b sai s do s nhim bn cht l vo kt ta trong qu trnh lc, nung. Hoc
ta b tht thot khi lc.
- i vi cc ch tiu phn tch theo phng php khi lng mt thi gian nhiu hn
2. NGHIP V CHUYN MN TI N V V CHUYN NGNH HC
2.1 Cc phng php phn tch th tch
- Chun xc nh cc ch tiu kim loi bng EDTA mi trng pH khc
nhau
- Xc nh im tng ng khi dung dch chuyn mu
- iu chnh mi trng ca dung dch bng axit hoc bazo
- 45 -
- V c ha mu bng axit
- Cc thao tc c hc qua nh: cch lc dung dch bng giy lc, cch nh
mc chnh chnh xc dung dnh khi chuyn vo bnh nh mc.
3. MI LIN H GIA L THUYT V THC TIN
3.1 Cng on tham gia:
Trong qu trnh lao ng thc t ti trung tm k thut 3, c trc tip tin hnh
phn tch kim tra cc ch tiu th nghim cng da trn c s l thuyt chung m
chng em c hc ti mn ho phn tch v cc mn hc trong trng. Nhng
khi c lm vic ti trung tm th vic xc nh cc ch tiu th nghim c tin
hnh trn cc trang thit b my mc hin i cng vi cc tiu chun phng php
kim nghim tn tin s cho kt qu mt cch nhanh v chnh xc cao.
V phn l thuyt nn tng c trang b tn gh nh trng nhng khi i vo
thc t kim tra mi nhn thy bn thn cn thiu st nhiu im nh k nng cha
thnh tho, mt s my mc tin tin cha c tip cn trong qu trnh hc nn cha
bit s dng. Nhng qua thc t lm vic c s ch bo ca cc anh ch trong phng
em bit s dng thm nhiu my mc phn tch, k nng th nghim c hon
thin v nng cao. Qua em nhn thy mnh cn cng c v tm hiu nng cao
thm kin thc v phn tch cc ch tiu.
3.2. Kin thc c trang b, ph hp
- Mn hc ha phn tch v th nghim ha phn tch trang b cho em cc
kin thc v phng php phn tch th tch nh xc nh mt s ch tiu
ha hc bng phng php chun
3.3. Kin thc cha c trang b hoc cha y
Nhng kin thc cha c trang b y l k nng s dng v vn hnh
mt s loi my mc dng trong kim nghim nh:
- My quang ph t ngoi kh kin (UV VIS)
- My quang ph pht x Plasma (ICP.OES)
- My sc k kh ghp khi ph k thut thi gian bay (GC TOF MS), u d
FID
- 46 -
- My sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC) vi u do UV VIS, DAD
- My xc nh nguyn t (C, H, O, N)
- Thit b phn tch ph hunh quang tia X XRF Spectrometer
- My sc k kh (GC) vi u d FID.
- Thit b x l mu bng vi ba
- My o sc cng b mt
- My chun in th
- My chun Karl Fiso vi l sy.
3.4. Nhng kin thc cn b sung hon chnh
Nhng kin thc v k nng lm th nghim, nht l vi cc thit b hin i. Nu
khng c my mc thit b s dng thc t khi hc th nghim th cn gii thiu v
hng dn cho sinh vin bit cch thc s dng.
B sung thm kin thc v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng, phng chy cha
chy trong qu trnh hc tp
- 47 -
CHNG 3. T NH GI
NI DUNG LAO NG THC T
1. CNG ON THAM GIA TRONG THI GIAN I LAO NG THC T
1.1 Yu cu cn c lm c cng vic:
- Chun b cc ti liu cn thit h tr cho cng vic
- Kh nng c hiu ti liu tt
- Kh nng t duy nm bt cng vic nhanh
- Thao tc khi tin hnh phi kho lo to s tin tng cho ngi trc tip
hng dn
1.2. Cc kin thc cn c t hiu qu cao trong cng vic
- Nhng kin thc c hc qua trng lp nh: ha i cng, th
nhim ha i cng, ha phn tch, th nghim ha phn tch
- Cc tiu chun xc nh cc ch tiu ha hc trong xi mng theo TCVN
141:2008, ASTM C114:2003
- Mt s quyn sch lin quan nh:
Bi Vn Chn k thut sn xut xi mng portlang HBK H Ni
1992
Nguyn Th Mi gio trnh ha hc phn tch nh tnh v nh
lng HSP Nng
B mn silicat HBK H Ni gio trnh cng ngh sn xut thy
tinh
- Hc hi v ghi nhn nhng kin thc t ngi hng dn, bn b, thy
c
1.3. Nhng iu hay, khoa hc trong cng on, b phn c tham gia
- Qua 4 thng lao ng thc t ti trung tm o lng k thut 3, em c kt
c nhiu kin thc b ch cho bn thn, to iu kin cho em c c hi tip cn
- 48 -
vi nhng cng c v trang thit b hin i trung tm cho em c m mang
t duy v v kh nng sng to cho bn thn.
- Vic t chc trong cng vic rt khoa hc, cch thc s dng ngun nhn lc
cho hiu qu lm vic cao.
- Cch tip cn v gii quyt vn khoa hc.
2. V NGH NGHIP BN THN
2.1. Nhng nhn nh v ngnh ngh chuyn mn ca bn thn sau thi gian
lao ng thc t
- Sau thi gian lm vic ti trung tm c bit l c lm vi ng chuyn
nghnh hc em c c hi p dng tt c nhng kin thc c hc trn ging
ng vo cng vic thc t. ng thi c lm quen v hc hi nhng kin thc
thc t trong mi trng lm vic thc tin em cm thy rt yu thch cng vic ngh
nghip mnh chn v dy cng hc tp.
- em li ngun cm hng v nim say m trong cng vic.
- thc c tm quan trng ca cng vic i vi li ch chung ca trung tm
nn bn thn cng c gng hc hi thm nhiu kin thc mi v ngnh ngh.
- Sut 4 nm hc tp em lun c gng hc tp v nghin cu bi v ht mnh,
hon thnh tt chng trnh hc nn c mt nn tng kin thc v ngnh ngh tng
i vng chc. Chnh v vy bn thn em lun t tin trong cng vic lin quan ti
ngnh hc d lm vic trong bt k mi trng cng ty no.
2.2. Nhng chuyn mn hay k nng lm vic hc hi c sau thi gian
lao ng thc t
- Thao tc nhanh nhn, cn thn ca cc kim nghim vin
- K nng s dng cc my mc hin i c nng cao, kh nng lm cc th
nghim phn tch cc ch tiu chuyn nghip v chnh xc hn.
- Hc hi thm c kin thc qun l, kinh nghim sng v lm vic t cc anh
ch trong cng ty.

- 49 -
3. V MI QUAN H GIA CC C NHN, NG NGHIP, T, B PHN
TRONG CNG TY
Trong phng th nghim ha gm c cc mng th nghim, cc ban, b phn khc
nhau. Cc mng th nghim c cc kim nghim vin chnh, nhng b phn nh m t
mu, nhn mu, chun b mu, C nhng ngi ng u, chuyn lo v nhng vn
ny. Nhng kim nghim vin c nhng chuyn mn su v phn mnh kim
nghim, nhng ngi ng u trong cc b phn th c nhng chuyn mn ca ring
h. Tuy nhin, gia cc mng th nghim v cc b phn lun c mi quan h cht
ch vi nhau nhm nng cao hiu qu hoat ng. V nu thiu s phi hp gia cc b
phn lm cho tin cng vic b chm v khng thun li v c th gy ra chm thi
gian hp ng hn vi khch hng.
Nhng iu trn c th nhn thy r v d nh: Nu thiu kim nghim vin
trong mng th nghim gy ra cc ch tiu khch hng gi khng kp thi gian tr
phiu th nghim.
4. V QUY NH CHUNG CA CNG TY
Cc qui nh v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng, cc qui nh v phng chy
cha chy... rt cn thit i vi ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin mt nhc,
c hi. i vi bn thn cc c nhn trong c quan phi nghin cu k cc qui nh
v an ton lao ng trong tng ni dung cng vic c th.
5. NHN XT V KT QU THU NHN C SAU KHI KT THC I
LAO NG THC T
5.1. Nhng cng vic lm c v nhng thu hoch sau thi gian lao ng
thc t
Tri qua 4 thng lao ng thc t trung tm, di s nhit tnh gip ca
cc anh ch, em nm bt hu nh ton b nhng phng php phn tch cc ch
tiu lin quan n mng th nghim m em lao ng thc t.
5.2. Nhng cng vic cha lm c v s h tr ca GVHD
- Mt s thit b hin i cha s dng thnh tho v trong qu trnh hc v thc
hnh ti trng sinh vin cha c thc hnh vi nhng my mc thit b hin i do
iu kin c s vt cht cn thiu thn, thi lng thc hnh cha nhiu.
- 50 -
- Bc u trong thi gian lao ng thc t, do c nhiu b ng v mt kin thc
v mi lm vic nn khng th trnh khi thiu xt d l nh nht. Nhng nh c s
h tr nhit tnh ca gio vin hng dn l c T Phan Nam Phng cp nhp
thng tin cung cp cho em ti liu v c s l thuyt, nhng vn chuyn mn cn
vng mt trong qu trnh lao ng thc t.
5.3. Nhng k nng c nng cao qua qu trnh lao ng thc t
- K nng c ti liu
- K nng t duy
- K nng thc hnh thao tc thnh tho
- K nng lm vic theo nhm
- 51 -
KT LUN
Bc khi u trong qu trnh lao ng thc t ca em cn nhiu b ng
nhng nh s ch bo tn tnh ca cc anh ch PTN Ha gip em cng c kin thc,
rn luyn, hc hi v rt ra c kinh nghim cho bn thn t nhng sai st trong qu
trnh lao ng thc t v thc hnh l s vn dng tt cc iu hc v cn phi hc
hi thm.
Trong qu trnh lao ng thc t v vit bo co em cn vp phi nhiu thiu st knh
mong cc thy c gp hon chnh hn.
Sau cng, em xin chn thnh gi li cm n chn thnh n PTN Ha, c bit
l C Thun l c hng dn trc tip ca em PTN Ha, C Khi Nguyn gio vin
hng dn ca em. Knh chc C v cc anh ch sc khe v lm vic tt.
















- 52 -
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Th tc m bo sc khe v an ton trong th nghim - TTTN04
[2]. Th tc kim sot mi trng th nghim - TTTN05
[3]. Phng php xc nh ch tiu ha hc ca xi mng theo TCVN 141:2008
[4]. Phng php xc nh ch tiu ha hc ca xi mng theo ASTM C114:2003
[5]. Bi Vn Chn k thut sn xut xi mng portlang HBK H Ni 1992
[6]. Gio trnh ha hc phn tch nh tnh v nh lng Nguyn Th Mi HSP
Nng
[7] Gio trnh cng ngh sn xut thy tinh - B mn silicat - HBK H Ni

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