Nh nc php quyn

Vietsciences- Cao Huy Thun

Nhng bi cng tc gi

01/04/2008

"Nh nc php quyn" c chnh thc du nhp vo Vit Nam t cui nm 1991. Chnh Tng b th Mi nu ln khi nim ny trc tin trong mt bi ni ti hi ngh ln th hai Ban chp hnh trung ng kha 7 ngy 29-11-1991. Mi su nm tri qua, d lun vn cn t hi: "Nh nc php quyn" l g? Hi nh vy, khc g xc nhn vn hy cn l thi s? M li l thi s nng hi! Trong nc, vi phm lut l tin tc hng ngy trn bo ch. Ngoi nc, cc t chc quc t m Vit Nam tham gia khng ngt i hi "Nh nc php quyn" nh mt iu kin phi thc hin. Thc hin th no trc mt dn v trc mt quc t, nu trc ht khng nh ngha cho r khi nim ny? nh Vit Nam khng bt buc phi theo quan nim ca ai, nhng m h v chnh khi nim m mnh tha nhn l chuyn khng n. Bi vit ny bt u t ch bt u, ngha l t lch s pht sinh ra khi nim. Gn lc ht nhng phc tp khng cn thit, tc gi tm lc ba quan im i din cho ba h thng php l ln nht ti chu u: c, Php v Anh. Mi quan im dnh lin vi hon cnh chnh tr ca mi nc: nc c ang tm cch thng nht di uy quyn ca mt Nh nc mnh; nc Php vn cn gi cun rn ca Cch Mng 1789; nc Anh chung thy vi tp tc bt thnh vn m ta n l ngi bo v. Khng ai ging ai, nhng quan tm khng xa nhau my.

1. Rechtsstaat ca c.
Ting c, Recht l lut php, Staat l Nh nc, Rechtsstaat l Nh nc lut php, nhng ti ngh gi nguyn khng dch, phn bit vi cch gi ca Php (Etat de droit) v cch gi ca Anh (Rule of law). Hc thuyt v Rechtsstaat xut hin t gia th k 19, trc khi Bismarck thng nht nc c nm 1871, thnh lp ch. Nh nc vng mnh c xem nh gii php cho nhu cu thng nht m gii t sn, giai cp tin b lc , mun thc hin, nhng ng thi h cng mun Nh nc tn trng t do ca cc tng lp ang ln: hai nhu cu a n quan nim Nh nc lut php. Nh nc c ng ha vi mt ngi, vua, v vua ch c th thi hnh nhim v ca mnh bng phng tin lut php v bng cch tn trng lut php. Hiu nh vy, mc ch ca Rechtsstaat l hn ch quyn lc ca Nh nc bng lut php. Trong quan h gia Nh nc v ngi dn, cng nh i vi tt c nhng g lin quan n i sng ring t ca mi c nhn, Nh nc phi hnh ng theo nhng quy tc tng qut, nhng nguyn tc vch ra t trc. y l im khc bit cn bn gia Nh nc lut php (Rechtsstaat) v Nh nc cnh st (Polizeistaat).

Nh nc cnh st l mt bc tin so vi Nh nc chuyn ch hoc ty tin, bi v bit cng nhn v dnh cho lut php mt a v kh rng. Th nhng lut php y ch l mt th lut c tnh thun ty phng tin, lut m chnh quyn hon ton lm ch, lut c dng buc dn thi hnh nhim v ch khng rng buc chnh quyn: lut php kiu ny biu hin quyn uy ca ngi cm quyn, kh c t nhng mc ch m chnh quyn vch ra. Nh nc lut php Rechtsstaat vt ln trn Nh nc cnh st: lut php khng phi ch l phng tin hnh ng ca Nh nc, m cn l ci khung gii hn quyn lc ca Nh nc. Do , lut php c hai b mt i vi cc c quan hnh chnh: va to kh nng cho b my hnh chnh hnh ng, va to rng buc trn c quan hnh chnh. Chnh quyn khng th buc ai lm iu g m lut khng minh bch cho php, v ngi dn c th vin dn trc mt c quan ti phn lut lm ra i hy b, tu chnh, hoc khng p dng nhng quyt nh hnh chnh vi phm lut. Trong thc t, hc thuyt Rechtsstaat nhm xc nhn u th ca lut trn b my hnh chnh. Hnh chnh khng nhng khng c hnh ng tri lut m lm g cng phi c lut cho php. Ch lut mi c th to ra nhng nguyn tc tng qut, hnh chnh ch c th p dng nhng nguyn tc tng qut cho tng trng hp c bit. Nh vy, phi ni thm: Rechtsstaat khng nhng ch c ngha l Nh nc phi hnh ng theo lut php, m Nh nc cn phi c t di lut php. V vy, vn l thuyt l phi ct ngha ti sao Nh nc t di php lut? Chng phi l trc , Nh nc vn c hiu nh l quyn uy thng tr, dc ngang no bit trn u c ai hay sao? Trn u khng c ai ngoi tc, th lm g c nhng nguyn tc c trc, ngoi, v trn Nh nc? M v th nhng nguyn tc y c chng na, nu khng c Nh nc th ly ai p dng, ly ai ch ti, c cng nh khng? Chng phi Nh nc l iu kin sinh tn ca n, cho n ra i, lm ng to ha ca n hay sao? Cho nn, trong quan nim trc , ch nhng nguyn tc no c Nh nc ban ra v ch ti mi c tnh php l. Lm sao dm ni Nh nc nm di lut php c? bnh vc Rechtsstaat, hc thuyt c sng to ra thuyt "Nh nc t gii hn". Mt mt, thuyt ny tha nhn truyn thng t tng trc y: Nh nc l ngun gc ca lut php, lut php khng p t trn Nh nc mt rng buc t bn ngoi, mt gii hn khch quan. Mt mt, thuyt ny ni thm: iu khng c ngha rng quyn uy ca Nh nc l v hn, m ch c ngha rng Nh nc c mt c quyn - c quyn t mnh t ra cho mnh nhng nguyn tc to khung cho vic thc hin quyn lc ca mnh. V th c bit ca Nh nc trong mi tng quan vi lut php ct ngha ti sao Nh nc khng b chi phi bi cng nhng nguyn tc nh nhng c nhn thng thng: Nh nc c t di mt lut php c bit, lut hnh chnh, bo v Nh nc hn. Mc du c chm chc nh vy, cc l thuyt gia ca thuyt t gii hn vn xem lut php nh thc s rng buc Nh nc: Nh nc khng nhng

khng th t mnh hy b trt t php l m khng lm rn nt nn mng ca chnh mnh, m Nh nc cn phi tn trng lut php mt cch t nhin. Ti sao? V hai l. Mt, l v Nh nc c li lm nh th: chnh mnh tn trng lut th lut do mnh lm ra cng tng thm gi tr, cng c mi ngi tn trng. Hai, l v p lc ca x hi thc y Nh nc phi tn trng. D gii thch nh vy c vng hay khng, trong l thuyt t hn ch, chnh l lut php khng phi nm ngoi Nh nc, khng phi hn ch t bn ngoi, khng phi rng buc t bn ngoi, m nm bn trong Nh nc, do chnh mun ca Nh nc. Quan nim ny phn nh trit l truyn thng ca c v Nh nc, c bit l t Kant, Fichte, Hegel, v phn nh ch chnh tr ca c hi , cn mt Nh nc thng nht. Do , hc thuyt Rechtsstaat khng c tip nhn trng i Php. Mt mt, cc tc gi Php xem nh l cch bin minh cho ch chnh tr ca c; mt mt, l thuyt t hn ch b ch l lng khng, c trnh n khi hn ch thc s Nh nc bng lut php. Thm na, l thuyt ca c cng tri hn vi quan nim ca Php v Nh nc: mt bn xem Nh nc nh mt thc th tru tng, c lp; mt bn xem Nh nc nh mt phng tin php l Dn Tc t t chc. y l quan nim c th ca Php, tha k t Cch Mng 1789, xem Nh nc l Nh nc-Dn Tc (Etat-Nation) hoc Quc Dn. Bi vy, tuy ra i trc Php, hc thuyt ca c phi i n khong 1920 mi thc s c du nhp vo Php, ri c nho nn, sa i tr thnh hc thuyt ca Php, mang tn l Etat de droit, dch st nguyn vn Rechtsstaat.

2. Etat de droit ca Php.

Ming t chnh tr ca Php c Cch Mng 1789 cy ba trc khi nhn ht ging Rechtsstaat. Thay i ton b h thng php l c trc, Cch Mng lp ra mt th bc php l rt cht ch, phn minh. Trn tt cao l "nhng quyn t nhin, khng th chuyn nhng, v thing ling ca con ngi". Di l hin php m mc tiu l bo m nhng quyn va ni v thc hin s phn quyn gia lp php, hnh php, t php. Di na l lut do Quc hi biu quyt. Di cng l nhng vn kin ca chnh ph m nhim v l ban hnh v p dng lut. B my hnh chnh, khng c t cch i din ai c, khng c xen ln vo vic s dng quyn lp php v cng khng c ngng hon vic p dng lut. Th bc php l , r rng trn l thuyt, li s h c trn l thuyt ln thc t. Nguyn nhn l Rousseau.- l l thuyt qu nng nh hng ca Rousseau v lut v v Quc Dn. Quc Dn, trong t tng ca Rousseau, l mt thc th tru tng, c lp, khng ng ha vi tng c nhn c th. V tru tng, Quc Dn khng c ming ni ln trc tip mun ca mnh, phi ni qua ming ca nhng ngi i din c bu ln: ting ni ca h, mun ca h pht biu mun ca chnh Quc Dn. mun din dch ra thnh lut. Lut, "biu hin mun ca ton th", chi li ho

quang. Ho quang lm m nht th bc php l va sp t, c th l hin php. Tnh trng chnh tr thiu n nh sau 1789, ch ny , ch khc ln, Cng ha ri li qun ch, qun ch ri li Cng ha, ri qun ch, ri ch, hin php thay i nm ln by lt, mt uy th trc lut. L ti thng trong thc t, lut mang o bo ti thng khoc ln vai c quan lm ra lut, tc l Quc hi. Khc hn c, Quc hi lm ma lm gi trong lch s chnh tr Php, lt ht chnh ph ny n chnh ph khc trong sut giai on Tam, T Cng Ha, t 1875 n tn 1958. V cng v lut chi sng ho quang nh th, cho n 1958, Php khng gii quyt ni mu thun cn bn trong ng cp php l: khng thnh lp c mt c quan no hy b lut trong trng hp lut vi phm hin php. Ngc li, Php rt tinh vi trong vic kim sot tnh cch hp lut ca cc quyt nh hnh chnh. Ngn cm khng cho cc c quan hnh chnh vi phm lut l quan tm chnh ca h thng php l Php. Bi vy, trong sut giai on Tam Cng Ha (1875-1940), ngi dn khng c bo v nu quyn ca mnh b chnh lut ca Quc hi lm ra vi phm. u c phi lut no cng tt? u c phi lm nhiu lut l tt? Thiu g lut vi phm quyn v t do ca dn chng? Thiu g lut gy nhiu cho dn? "Hp php" vi th lut li ha ra ni do cho gic. Lm sao chng li th lut nh vy? L thuyt Nh nc php lut (Etat de droit) c du nhp t c v c trin khai chnh l kh gii t tng chng li Nh nc hp php (Etat lgal). Vn l phi quan nim li a v ho quang ca lut v xc nhn li v th cao nht ca hin php so vi lut ca Quc hi. C th, tranh lun din ra trn tnh php l ca Tuyn Ngn v quyn ca con ngi v cng dn 1789. Mt s tc gi ln xem Tuyn Ngn nh mt vn kin lut php thc s, cao hn lut v cao hn c hin php. Mt s khc ch trng phi tu chnh hin php 1875, a nhng quyn m Tuyn Ngn cng nhn vo trong hin php, c quan lm lut khng c vi phm. D khc nhau, c hai kin u nht tr trn cng mt nhn nh: phi quy nh bng hin php nhng bo m cho quyn ca ngi dn chng li mt c quan lm lut xt ra cn nguy him cho t do ca ngi dn hn c quyn lc hnh chnh. C hai cch thc hin bo m: hoc trao cho cc ta n quyn kim sot hin tnh cc o lut nh M, hoc thnh lp mt Ta n c bit nh Php hin nay. Du nhp Rechtsstaat, cc l thuyt gia ca Php cng phi gii quyt vn l thuyt hc ba v tng quan gia Nh nc v lut php. Nh nc trn hay lut php trn? Gii php hng hai t hn ch ca c l ti tranh lun si ni. Hai phe chng i nhau trn gi tr php l ca Tuyn Ngn 1789. Khuynh hng ch trng a v ti u ca Tuyn Ngn bnh vc kin theo Nh nc, c quan ni ln mun ca nh cm quyn, phi c t di mt trt t khch quan m chnh mnh khng lp ra. Khuynh hng i lp, ch trng Tuyn Ngn khng c gi tr php l, bnh vc quan im theo Nh nc ch t ch c th b hn ch bng nhng nguyn tc do chnh mnh to lp.

Thy th ca nc Php cch mng rt cc khng hp vi khuynh hng th hai, chu nh hng ca c: nhiu tc gi ln ch trch kch lit thuyt t hn ch, xem nh bin minh cho quyn lc ton tr ca Nh nc, t Nh nc trn lut php. Vy, theo h, nu lut php khng do Nh nc m ra th do u? Tr li: do mt nguyn tc c trc v trn Nh nc. Nguyn tc g? Thu trc l Thng : lut php c xem nh xy dng trn trt t do Thng an bi. By gi l Thin Nhin, l Ngi, l X Hi, l trt t thin nhin, trt t nhn bn, trt t x hi m Nh nc ch din dch ra nh mt thng dch vin. Khi Tuyn Ngn c Lp 1776 ca Hp Chng Quc Hoa K tuyn b: "Chng ti cho rng nhng chn l sau y l hin nhin t bn thn: tt c mi ngi u sinh ra bnh ng; c To Ha ban cho mt s quyn khng th chuyn nhng trong c quyn sng, t do v mu cu hnh phc...", bn Tuyn Ngn vin dn ngun gc thing ling. Khi Tuyn Ngn 1789 ca Php tuyn b v nhng quyn thin nhin bt kh xm phm, vn kin tip thu mu m t trit l quyn thin nhin ph bin t th k 17. n u th k 20, trit l quyn thin nhin b lu m trc cao tro ca x hi hc, nhng ch cho trit l thc x hi. Phn bit ci "c sn" v ci "c xy dng", cc tc gi ln khng xem lut php nh nm trn gi trong lnh vc th hai, ngha l do Nh nc to dng ra: ng sau nhng quy tc to dng c sn mt thc ti php l su xa, hin hu di dng cha khai thc trong cng ng x hi. Nh nc, xt cho cng, ch l mt thc th tru tng, np sau nhng ngi cai tr c xng c tht, to c s chnh ng cho vic s dng quyn lc cng bch. Hnh ng gi l ca Nh nc tht ra ch do t mun c nhn ca nh cm quyn: sau lng Nh nc l nhng ngi c tn c tui mun th ny, hnh ng th kia, p t th n. Vn l hn ch vic s dng quyn uy bng lut php. Tc gi Lon Duguit, mt trong nhng ngi sao bc u ca lut hc Php u th k 20, gii thch " thc x hi" th ny: trong m ng c nhn tp hp li thnh mt nhm x hi no , lut php hin hu khi m ng "hiu v cng nhn rng mt phn ng chng li nhng ngi vi phm nguyn tc c th c t chc t x hi": tnh trng thc l "ngun gc sng to ra lut php". Chnh t ci lc chnh xc , mt nguyn tc x hi, xy dng trn tnh lin i v quan h h tng, bin thnh nguyn tc lut php. Do , lut php khng phi t Nh nc m ra, hin thn ca a v ti thng ca Nh nc, m l mt "hin tng x hi", c to thnh "mt cch t nhin trong u c ca con ngi" di nh hng ca hai tnh cm: tnh x hi, thc y vic ch ti mi hnh vi xm phm n lin i x hi, v tnh cng l, buc phi bo v bnh ng cho tt c mi ngi trong tng quan gia h vi nhau v gia h vi tp th. Cng i n mt kt lun, mt ngi sao bc u khc, Maurice Hauriou, gii thch mt cch khc. Nh nc, theo ng, vn l c s ca quyn lc, nhng ngi dn khng tun lnh nh cm quyn

nh l nhng ngi c xng c tht, m l v t cch i din ca Nh nc. Quyn hnh ca h ch chnh ng v c hnh x nhn danh Nh nc, hin thn ca mun sng chung. Lut php, v vy, khng phi nm ngoi Nh nc nh Duguit ch trng, m ng l do Nh nc to ra nhn danh mnh. Tuy vy iu khng c ngha l Nh nc ton tr, mun lm g th lm. Ging nh mi nh ch khc, Nh nc c xy dng trn s tha thun ca tp tc: chnh Dn Tc tha thun v thc p vic xy dng mt quyn hnh c tnh cng bch, nhng quyn hnh khng th tn ti nu khng thng xuyn da trn s gn b ca thnh vin. tng ny cha ng sn mm mng ca nguyn tc gii hn Nh nc: ngi dn khng t b ton th t do ca mnh vo tay Nh nc, v nu s tha thun ca ngi dn tiu tan th Nh nc s khng cn chnh ng. T im , Nh nc khng th c xem nh l ngun gc duy nht ca lut php. Tranh lun trn ng sai ca nhng l thuyt ny th v cng, ch cn ghi rng chnh ca mi l thuyt v Nh nc lut php l hn ch quyn lc ca Nh nc bo v quyn ca ngi dn. Nh nc khng phi mun lm g th lm m nht nht phi hnh ng ng lut php, ngha l: tn trng nhng vn bn lut php quy nh thm quyn ca mnh, tn trng nhng nguyn tc lut php do c quan cp trn ca mnh lm ra, v tn trng nhng nguyn tc do chnh mnh lm ra. y l iu cc k quan trng, bi v chnh s tn trng lut php ca chnh quyn to ra mt quyn thc s ca ngi dn: quyn buc chnh quyn, buc c quan hnh chnh phi tn trng lut. Nhim v ca t php l ch ti mi vi phm nguyn tc , k c vi phm ca chnh quyn. Trn im ny, Rule of law ca Anh t ho gii quyt vn gn nht, hu hiu nht, t l thuyt nht, c th nht.

3. Rule of law ca Anh.

Trong quan nim ca Anh, Rule of law khng phi ch c ngha lut l cao nht v mi cng dn u bnh ng trc lut, m cn c ngha lut php hm cha nhng tnh cht cn bn trong ni dung: ch nhm n tng lai m quy nh, khng tr lui qu kh; phi c cng b; phi r rng, phn minh, vng bn; phi c tnh tin liu; phi tn trng quyn v t do ca cng dn... Quan nim lut ti thng ca Php ch yu nhm ti thng qua ng cp, ngha l trng hnh thc; quan nim lut ti thng ca Anh cn bao hm mt nh ngha v lut xt trn ni dung. Cng mt quan nim tng t, due process of law ca M, do tu chnh Hin php th 14 (1868) thit lp, dn dn c hiu theo ngha rng, khng phi ch buc chnh quyn tn trng ng th thc khi p dng lut (procedural due process), v d phi bo m t chc v kin cho ng n, m cn buc xt lut v mt ni dung (substantive due process). C hai tnh cht "ni dung" v "th thc" u khng c mt trong quan nim ca Php. Dicey, trong quyn sch "Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution" (1885) ct ngha r th no l Rule of Law. Th nht, Rule of Law c ngha: lut l cao nht, cao tuyt i, chng li nh hng ca quyn lc ty tin, ca c quyn, ca quyn uy phn bit i x

v pha chnh quyn. "Ngi dn Anh c cai tr bi lut, v ch duy nht bi lut m thi; mt ngi c th b trng pht v vi phm lut nhng khng th b trng pht v bt c l do g khc". Th hai, Rule of Law c ngha l: mi ngi dn u bnh ng trc lut php, trc lut thng thng c p dng trc cc ta n thng thng. iu ny loi tr ngh cc vin chc Nh nc hay ai c th thot ra khi bn phn tun theo lut p dng cho cc cng dn khc trc cc ta n thng thng. Cu ni ny vch ra im khc bit cn bn gia h thng php l Anh v Php: Php, ngi dn kin chnh quyn trc cc ta n hnh chnh; Anh, trc cc ta n thng, khng phn bit. Nh nc, trong chuyn o tng nh, v ngi dn khng ai hn ai. Th ba, Rule of Law c ngha: lut ca hin php, nhng nguyn tc m cc nc khc quy nh trong hin php, khng phi l ngun gc m l hu qu ca nhng quyn ca c nhn nh cc ta n nh ngha v thc hin. Ai hc lut u bit: nc Anh khng c hin php thnh vn; nhng nguyn tc c tnh hin php Anh c to ra do tp tc v lut thng thng m thnh. Trc mt Dicey, ngha l ca ngi Anh, khi mt nc u chu khc "bo m quyn ca ngi dn", quyn ny c xem nh mt c n, do mt quyn lc trn cao bo v. Anh, vic bo v quyn v t do ca ngi dn c thc hin mt cch bnh thng, do vic p dng lut l bnh thng, trc cc ta n bnh thng. im qua ba hc thuyt chnh chu u v Nh nc lut php, c th tm gn thm mt ln na chnh. Khi nim Nh nc lut php bao gm ba chiu hng, ba cp bc xen k vi nhau. * Cp bc th nht, ti thiu, Nh nc lut php c ngha l nh cm quyn phi t mnh di lut php. C th, trt t php l phi c tn trng, lut php phi c bo m p dng cho tt c mi ngi, dn cng nh quan chc, do mt c quan t php c lp. cp bc ny, s tn trng lut ca chnh quyn c xem nh pht xut t mun t ch, t tun theo k lut ca chnh quyn - mt qu trnh l tr ha trong tin b ca mt x hi v cch hnh ng ca gung my Nh nc nhm loi tr ty tin. * Cp bc "ti thiu" ny, mt Nh nc c quyn, nu hnh ng theo ng lut, cng c th gi l Nh nc lut php. Tt nhin, xt v mt ni dung, lut c th cho php chnh quyn lm bt c bin php g, tt cng nh xu cho ngi dn, nhng "Nh nc lut php cp ti thiu" cng khc vi Nh nc ton tr ri: Nh nc ton tr th bt chp lut php. * Cp bc cao hn, Nh nc phi t mnh di lut php v khng c lm ra nhng lut, nhng nguyn tc php l tri vi nhng nguyn tc tng qut cao hn m hin php c th cng nhn tinh ty. cp bc ny, lut php c xem nh c trc v cao hn Nh nc, to gii hn cho hnh ng ca chnh Nh nc. Tt c vn l tm cch ct ngha trn l thuyt gii hn .

* Cp bc th ba, Nh nc lut php l Nh nc trong ngi dn c bo m nhng quyn v t do mt cch hu hiu. Quyn ca con ngi v dn ch trong chnh tr l hu qu ca bo m ny. Quyn ca con ngi bo m cho ngi dn khng b chnh quyn vi phm; dn ch bo m cho a s c nm quyn v cho thiu s mi t do tr thnh a s trong ln bu c k tip. y, Nh nc cng b gii hn: gii hn bi quyn ca cng dn, trong c quyn thay i kin v vic la chn ngi cm quyn. Rng hn, Nh nc b gii hn v mt nguyn tc chung: nhng g khng lin quan n lnh vc cng th thuc lnh vc t; nhng g khng cn Nh nc phi nht thit nm, hy cho x hi t qun. Phn bit gia cng / t v Nh nc / x hi dn s l c im ca mt x hi tin b, vn minh. *** Trong ngn ng ca th gii, sau Rechtsstaat, Etat de droit, Rule of Law, Vit Nam c "Nh nc php quyn". Tn gi tht hay. Va "php", ngha l lut php; va "quyn", ngha l... quyn. Cha bit quyn ca ai, nhng chc chn khng phi l quyn ca Nh nc, v Nh nc cn g phi i quyn i mt ci c. Thin ch tn trng php lut ca Chnh ph Vit Nam c t 1991 v tip tc c pht huy cho n nay, khng ai chi ci c. Nh nc Vit Nam tha bit: mt nc ang pht trin m lut php khng c tn trng thc s khng th no trnh khi hn lon, dn n ci ha dit vong. Trong lch s ca bt c nc pht trin no, d phng Ty hay phng Nam, pht trin kinh t, pht trin vn ha, pht trin x hi, pht trin chnh tr, pht trin g g i na, cng phi da trn pht trin thc tn trng lut php, bt u t chnh quyn thm vo ngi dn. Lm g c n nh x hi nu khng c n nh lut php? Lm g c n nh lut php nu lut khng c p dng nghim minh? Lm g c p dng nghim minh lut nu ta n khng c lp? Nu ngi x n khng c trnh ? Nu ngi dn khng tin tng cng l? Nu chnh quyn khng t mnh nu gng tn trng lut php trc tin? Nh nc php quyn th c g l u vi chng ta! u th k 20, Tn Dt Tin ging cao tiu ch "Dn Tc - Dn Quyn - Dn Sinh". Dn quyn l g nu khng phi l h qu ca tn trng lut php? Quyn ca dn c xem nh mc tiu ca Nh nc t 1911! Gia th k 20, c mt nc thuc a anh hng vng ln vit trn lch s dnh c lp ca th gii qut khi ba ch tin phong: c Lp - T Do - Hnh Phc. T do l g nu khng phi l quyn ca ngi dn buc chnh quyn phi tn trng lut php? Hnh phc l g nu trc ht khng phi l quyn ca ngi dn khng b nhng nhiu quy ry? Nh nc php quyn c l lng g u i vi Ch tch H Ch Minh- ngi khai sinh nc Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha? ng trn Tia Sng