Connect Bond

1
MC LC
Trang ph ba Li cm n Trang Mc lc: ..................................................................................................................... 1 Danh mc cc cm t vit tt: .................................................................................... 4 PHN I: M U 1. L do chn ti:.................................................................................................... 5 2. Mc tiu nghin cu: .............................................................................................. 5 3. Nhim v nghin cu: ............................................................................................ 6 4. Cc phng php nghin cu: ................................................................................ 6 5. i tng v phm vi nghin cu:.......................................................................... 6 PHN II: NI DUNG Chng 1: TNG QUAN V LIN KT HO HC CU TRC HNH HC PHN T 1.1. Cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ho hc: .......................................................... 7 1.1.1. Khi nim lin kt:...................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Nng lng lin kt:.................................................................................... 8 1.1.3. di lin kt:............................................................................................ 9 1.1.4. Gc lin kt:................................................................................................ 9 1.2. Lin kt cng ho tr:......................................................................................... 10 1.3. Thuyt VB v s gii thch cc vn v lin kt:............................................. 10 1.3.1. C s l thuyt:........................................................................................ 11 1.3.2. S to thnh phn t H2 t hai nguyn t H: ............................................. 11 1.3.3. Ni dung c bn ca thuyt VB: ............................................................... 12 1.3.3.1. Nguyn l xen ph cc i:............................................................ 13 1.3.3.2. Tnh bo ho ca lin kt cng ho tr: .......................................... 13 1.3.3.3. Tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr: .................................... 14
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1.3.3.4. Thuyt lai ho cc orbitan nguyn t: ............................................ 15 1.4. M hnh s y cp electron v ho tr (thuyt VSEPR): ................................... 19 1.4.1. Cc lun im c s:................................................................................. 19 1.4.2. M hnh VSEPR (qui tc kinh nghim Gilexpi): ....................................... 20 1.4.2.1. Phn t c dng AXn: .................................................................... 21 1.4.2.2. Phn t c dng AXnEm:................................................................ 22 Chng 2: GING DY NI DUNG LIN KT TRNG THPT 2.1. Mt s ni dung v lin kt ho hc chng 3 SGK ho hc 10 nng cao: ..... 26 2.2. Mt s ni dung v lin kt ho hc trong cc bi ca SGK ho hc 10, 11:...... 28 2.2.1. Chng trnh SGK ho hc 10 nng cao: ................................................ 28 2.2.2. Chng trnh SGK ho hc 11 nng cao: ................................................ 28 2.3. Mt s khi nim: .............................................................................................. 28 2.3.1. Quy tc octet (quy tc bt t): ................................................................. 28 2.3.2. Lin kt cng ha tr: .............................................................................. 28 2.3.3. Cng thc cu to Lewis (s Lewis):.................................................. 29 2.3.3.1. Ni dung v phm vi p dng ca cng thc: ............................ 30 2.3.3.2. u, khuyt im ca cng thc phn t theo Lewis:.................. 30 2.3.3.3. Thnh lp cng thc cu to Lewis ca cc cht:....................... 32 2.3.3.4. Cc bc vit cng thc cu to Lewis:..................................... 33 2.4. Kho st hnh hc phn t mt s hp cht cng ho tr: ................................... 37 2.5. Lai ho AO nguyn t: ...................................................................................... 40 2.5.1. Lai ho sp3: .............................................................................................. 40 2.5.2. Lai ho sp2: .............................................................................................. 42 2.5.3. Lai ho sp: ............................................................................................... 43 2.6. Mi lin h gia cng thc Lewis VSEPR Lai ho AO:............................... 44
Chng 3: MT S KT QU BAN U 3.1. Kt qu kho st: ............................................................................................... 46 3.1.1. Mc tiu v nhim v ca vic kho st: ................................................ 46 3.1.2. K hoch kho st: ................................................................................. 46 3.1.3. Thng k s liu:................................................................................... 46 3.1.4. th:.................................................................................................... 48 3.1.5. Nhn xt: ............................................................................................... 49 3.2. Mt s gio n ging dy ni dung lin kt ha hc: ...................................... 50 PHN III: KT LUN 1. Kt lun chung: .................................................................................................... 64 2. kin xut: ..................................................................................................... 64 2.1. i vi sinh vin trng s phm:..................................................................... 64 2.2. i vi gio vin trng THPT: ........................................................................ 64 TI LIU THAM KHO: ....................................................................................... 65 PH LC Ph lc 1: Mu phiu phng vn gio vin v thc trng dy v hc ni dung lin kt ho hc trng THPT. Ph lc 2: kim tra 10 pht dng bi tp trc nghim khch quan v lin kt ho hc cho hc sinh lp 10 nng cao. Ph lc 3: Mu phiu hc tp bi 17 Lin kt cng ha tr Ph lc 4: H thng mt s bi tp trc nghim hon thin kin thc lin kt ho hc cu to phn t
DANH MC CC CM T VIT TT 1. CHLT: C hc lng t 2. GV: Gio vin 3. HS: Hc sinh 4. THPT: Trung hc ph thng 5. SGK: Sch gio khoa
PHN I: M U
1. L do chn ti Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca cc ngnh khoa hc, ho hc ni ring bc sang mt trang mi, c rt nhiu cc thnh tu ton hc, vt l, trit hc c vn dng vo trong ho hc gip hiu su sc hn v bn cht ca ho hc cng nh a ra cc nh lut mi v ho hc. Do vic nhn thc mt cch ng n v y cc thnh tu khoa hc ho hc l mt iu rt quan trng. i tng ca ho hc l cht, lin kt gia cc nguyn t, phn t, do vn v bn cht lin kt ca cc cht, cu to phn t c nghin cu t rt lu. Tuy nhin, kt qu t c vn cn rt hn ch. Bc ngoc ln nht lm thay i din mo ca khoa hc ni chung v ho hc ni ring l khi vn dng CHLT vo ho hc, di nh sng ca khoa hc hin i xut hin nn nhng l thuyt mi gii thch mt cch tng i tha ng cc vn ho hc. T nhng lun im trn ta thy rng vic ging dy ni dung lin kt ha hc l v cng quan trng. Tuy nhin, thc trng hin nay GV ph thng cng nh sinh vin s phm ni ring vn cn m h v cc l thuyt lin kt, v ngha thc tin v vai tr ca n trong vic ging dy, do mt b phn khng nh GV ng lp dy cc bi lin quan n vn lin kt ho hc vn gii thch cho HS mt cch chung chung, khng hiu r ngun gc, bn cht ca vn t lm cho HS cm thy bi hc ri rc khng lin tc thng nht, khng bit hc phn ny ng dng lm g Xut pht t nhng l do trn, ti quyt nh chn ti Ging dy mt s ni dung lin kt ha hc trng THPT lm ti kha lun tt nghip. 2. Mc tiu nghin cu H thng mt s c s l thuyt v lin kt ho hc, cu to phn t ca cc hp cht trong chng trnh ho hc 10, 11 ( SGK nng cao). Rn luyn cho hc sinh k nng gii thch ng bn cht lin kt ho hc, hnh hc phn t mt s cht.
Cung cp t liu cho gio vin dng tham kho, h tr vic ging dy cc bi, cc mc c lin quan n vic gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt v dng hnh hc phn t ca mt s cht. Kho st thc t HS v kh nng vn dng kin thc gii thch lin kt ho hc, hnh hc phn t. Tham kho kin ca GV v vic ging dy ni dung ny trng THPT hin nay. 3. Nhim v nghin cu - Nghin cu, h thng c s cc l thuyt v lin kt ha hc - Nghin cu chng trnh SGK ho hc 10,11, ti liu gio khoa chuyn ho hc. - Kho st thc t GV v HS trng THPT TP Cao Lnh v thc trng dy v hc ni dung lin kt ho hc ca cc hp cht cng ho tr. - Vn dng h thng cc l thuyt lin kt vo vic ging dy cc bi, mc trong chng trnh ho hc trng THPT. - Tin hnh kho st s phm, nh gi mt s kt qu ban u. 4. Cc phng php nghin cu Phng php nghin cu cc ti liu l lun nh: Nghin cu SGK ho hc 10, 11 v cc ti liu tham kho. Phng php nghin cu thc tin: Tham kho kin GV v kho st HS cc lp khi 10. Mt s phng php khc: Test, thng k ton hc, nhn xt nh gi. 5. i tng v phm vi nghin cu H thng c s l thuyt v mt s dng bi tp v ni dung lin kt ho hc v hnh hc phn t cc hp cht cng ho tr. Trng tm ca ti l gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt v dng hnh hc phn t ca cc hp cht cng ho tr. Tin hnh tham kho kin gio vin v kho st hc sinh trng THPT TP Cao Lnh, cha thc hin c trn din rng hn.
PHN II: NI DUNG

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V LIN KT HO HC CU TRC HNH HC PHN T 1.1. Cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ho hc 1.1.1. Khi nim lin kt Khi nim lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh t l thuyt cu to kinh in. i vi phn t, khi nim ny lun lun gn lin vi s tng tc ch gia 2 nguyn t xc nh trong phn t. Theo l thuyt hin i th s hnh thnh phn t xut hin do tc dng tng h ca tt c cc ht nhn v cc electron ca cc nguyn t tham gia to thnh phn t, tc dng tng h ny dn n s hnh thnh mt cu trc mi vng bn vi mt nng lng cc tiu. V phn t l mt h thng nht nn v nguyn tc ngi ta khng th c lp hon ton mt tng tc no trong phn t ra khi cc tng tc khc. Tuy nhin, v phn t l mt h phc tp nn trong vic m t nh tnh v phn t, i vi nhng trng hp c php (ch yu l cc lin kt xch ma ( ) v cc lin kt ( ) c lp) ngi ta cng ni n m hnh lin kt nh c hai tm ng vi quan nim kinh in v lin kt (i vi nhng trng hp c bit ni trn, l thuyt kinh in gp kh khn khng gii quyt ni th ngi ta s dng m hnh lin kt khng nh c nhiu tm gn vi nguyn tc ca CHLT) i vi mt s tnh cht ca phn t ngi ta c th coi tnh cht ca phn t bng tng tnh cht ca cc nguyn t (hay) ca cc lin kt c trong phn t. Ngi ta gi l nguyn l cng tnh. Nguyn l cng tnh nh vy chp nhn tnh c lp ca cc lin kt ring r trong phn t. Nguyn l cng tnh do ch c tnh gn ng v tnh hn ch ca nguyn l ny th hin rt r khi c p dng xc nh cc tnh cht ca h c lin kt khng nh c (c th ho trong bi ton tnh nng lng lin kt ca phn t benzene, cp trong mc tip theo).
1.1.2. Nng lng lin kt (E) Lin kt c c trng bi bn hay nng lng lin kt. Qu trnh hnh thnh phn t t cc nguyn t lun lun gn lin vi s gii phng nng lng (thng tnh vi du tr). Nng lng ny c gi l nng lng hnh thnh phn t. Ngc li, s ph v phn t thnh nhng nguyn t ring r lun lun gn lin vi s thu nhn nng lng (thng tnh vi du +). Nng lng ny c gi l nng lng nguyn t ho phn t V d: C + 4H
Nguyn t ho phn t Hnh thnh phn t
CH4
V tr s tuyt i, nng lng nguyn t ho bng nng lng hnh thnh phn t. Nng lng cn thit ph v lin kt A B c gi l nng lng phn li lin kt A B. V tr s tuyt i, nng lng ny chnh l nng lng hnh thnh lin kt A B. T s tng hp cc d liu thc nghim ngi ta xc nh mt gi tr trung bnh v nng lng phn li lin kt cho mi loi lin kt A B xc nh v thng gi l nng lng lin kt A - B (i vi cc phn t nhiu nguyn t) Bng 1.1. Nng lng lin kt (kJ/mol) Lin kt A B CH CC C=C
CC
Nng lng lin kt 418,4 343,4 597,7 811,7 351,1 761,5
Lin kt A B CF C Cl C Br NH NN
NN
Nng lng lin kt 439,3 328,5 276,1 389,1 159,0 418,4
CO C=O
T bng trn ta thy nng lng lin kt gia hai nguyn t xc nh tng cng bc lin kt (n, i, ba) Th d: Khi ta tnh nng lng nguyn t ho ca benzen da vo cng thc kinh in:
E A = 3EC C + 3EC =C + 6 EC H = 3.343,4 + 3.597,7 + 6.418,4 = 5333,7kJ / mol
Ta thy gi tr trn sai lch nhiu so vi gi tr thc t (EA = 5497 kJ/mol)

' E = E A E A = 5497 5333,7 = 163,3kJ / mol
iu chng t cng thc kinh in khng phn nh ng cu to thc ca benzen v vic p dng nguyn l cng tnh da trn m hnh v lin kt nh c kinh in cho mt kt qu sai lch qu ln. 1.1.3. di lin kt: Khong cch gia hai tm (hai ht nhn) ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt trc tip vi nhau (theo cng thc cu to kinh in) c gi l di lin kt (d). Th d: Trong phn t H2O th dO-H = 0,94A0. Gia hai nguyn t xc nh, di lin kt gim khi bc lin kt cng nh nng lng lin kt tng. Lin kt E (kJ/mol) d (A0) CC 343,4 1,54 C=C 597,7 1,34
CC
811,7 1,2
1.1.4. Gc lin kt: Gc lin kt hay gc ho tr l gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t ht nhn ca mt nguyn t v i qua hai ht nhn ca hai nguyn t khc lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t trn. C 2 loi gc lin kt: - Gc phng hay gc gia 3 nguyn t (2 trc ca lin kt ct nhau ti mt ht nhn nguyn t) y l trng hp thng gp nht. - Gc nh din hay gc xon gia 4 nguyn t (ta khng cp trong ti ny) Th d: Trong phn t H2O, Oxi to hai lin kt vi hai nguyn t H, gc lin kt (gc ho tr) HOH = 10450
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1.2. Lin kt cng ho tr: - iu kin to thnh: + Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc: Nu < 2 th cp electron lin kt lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t c ln hn, nh: HCl, SO2 + Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc: Khi = 0 th cp electron lin kt khng b lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t no, nh: H2, Cl2... Lu mt iu l do cc electron lun trng thi dao ng, nn i khi i electron dng chung ny cng b lch sang mt nguyn t. chng hn, trong phn t H2, s lch i electron ny chim khong 30%, tc l lin kt phn cc cng xut hin. - c im lin kt: + Lc lin kt cng ha tr c tnh nh hng (im khc bit so vi lc lin kt ion). V hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt u c tc dng lc ht ln i electron dng chung nn lc ny c phng trng vi phng ca ng ni tm hai ht nhn nguyn t. + Chnh v l do trn m cc phn t c to thnh nh lin kt cng ha tr c th tn ti c lp (ring l) c. Thc nghim c th xc nh c v tr i electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t. 1.3. Thuyt VB v s gii thch cc vn v lin kt: Nh chng ta bit c nhiu kiu lin kt ho hc khc nhau: Cng ho tr, ion, kim loi,Nhng quan trng nht l kiu lin kt cng ho tr. V vy chng ta tip tc xt kiu lin kt ny theo quan im CHLT hiu c ch to thnh v cc c im ca n. V vic gii chnh xc phng trnh sng Schrodinger i vi cc h phn t khng thc hin c nn kho st lin kt cng ho tr ngi ta a ra nhiu phng php gii gn ng, trong c 2 phng php c ph bin rng ri l: Phng php lin kt ho tr ca Heitler, London v phng php orbitan phn t ca
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Muliken, Hund. Trong phn ny chng ta ch tin hnh xem xt lin kt cng ho tr theo phng php ca Heitler, London. 1.3.1. C s l thuyt Mt cch gn ng coi cu to electron ca nguyn t vn c bo ton khi hnh thnh phn t t nguyn t, ngha l trong phn t vn c s chuyn ng ca cc e trong AO, tuy nhin khi 2 OA ha tr ca nguyn t xen ph nhau to lin kt ha hc th vng xen ph l vng chung ca hai nguyn t. Mi lin kt ho hc gia hai nguyn t c bo m bi 2 e spin i song m trong trng hp chung, trc khi tham gia lin kt mi nguyn t c mt e c thn trong mt AO ha tr ca nguyn t, mi lin kt ha hc c to thnh l mt lin kt hai tm ( 2 nguyn t). Tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp lin kt cng ha tr c m bo bi cp electron ca mt nguyn t (lin kt cho nhn) th d nh trng hp ion NH4+ v nhiu phn t , ion khc na. Lin kt khng th hnh thnh t mt e (thiu e) hoc t 3e tr ln (tnh bo ha ca lin kt cng ha tr). Theo thuyt VB khng th c h H2+ (1e) hoc ( 3e). S xen ph gia 2 AO c 2e ca hai nguyn t cng mnh th lin kt to ra cng bn (nguyn l xen ph cc i) Lin kt ha hc c phn b theo phng c kh nng ln v xen ph cc AO ( thuyt ha tr nh hng ) 1.3.2. S to thnh phn t H2 t hai nguyn t H: Nm 1927 hai nh bc hc Heitler v London p dng CHLT gii bi ton tnh nng lng lin kt trong phn t H2, kt qu cho thy: - Lin kt gia hai nguyn t H c hnh thnh khi 2 electron ca 2 nguyn t H c spin ngc du (cp electron ghp i c spin i song) - Khi hnh thnh lin kt, mt my electron khu vc khng gian gia hai ht nhn tng ln. Do in tch m ca my electron s c tc dng ht hai ht nhn v lin kt chng li vi nhau.
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S hnh thnh phn t H2 t 2 nguyn t H 2 obitan 1s - Nu hai electron c spin cng du th mt my electron khu vc gia hai ht nhn gim xung, mt electron khu vc ngoi hai ht nhn tng ln v cc my ny c tc dng y nhau lm hai ht nhn tch xa nhau. Nh vy, phn t H2 c hnh thnh l do s ghp i ca 2 electron c spin ngc chiu nhau. Sau ngi ta khi qut ho cc kt qu trn v m rng thnh phng php cp electron lin kt p dng cho mi phn t. 1.3.3. Ni dung c bn ca thuyt VB: - Mi lin kt cng ho tr c hnh thnh l do s ghp i ca 2 electron c thn c spin ngc du ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt. Khi xy ra s xen ph gia 2 my electron lin kt (xen ph ln nhau gia cc orbitan nguyn t ho tr)
- V phng din ton hc s xen ph gia cc orbitan nguyn t chnh l s t
hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sng nguyn t. Mc v kt qu che ph ph thuc vo du ca cc hm sng nguyn t tham gia t hp v c c trng bng tch phn che ph.
+ Nu trong vng che ph cc hm sng c du ging nhau th s che ph c
gi l che ph dng v n dn n s to thnh lin kt.

Hay
Xen ph dng
+ Ngoi ra nu hai hm sng c du i nhau khi che ph s b trit tiu v lin
kt s khng hnh thnh.

Hay
Lin kt trit tiu
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- Khi hai my electron xen ph nhau cng mnh th lin kt cng bn ( xen ph cng mnh khi cc my electron tham gia xen ph c nng lng cng xp x nhau). 1.3.3.1. Nguyn l xen ph cc i: Lin kt gia hai nguyn t cng bn nu mc xem ph ca cc orbitan cng ln. V vy s xen ph cc orbitan tun theo mt nguyn l c gi l nguyn l xen ph cc i. Theo nguyn l xen ph cc i th: Lin kt s c phn b theo phng hng no m mc xen ph cc orbitan c gi tr ln nht. Nh vy, theo nguyn l xen ph cc i th: - i vi lin kt H Cl, tm ca nguyn t H phi nm trn trc ca orbitan p - i vi lin kt Cl Cl, trc ca hai orbitan pz phi trng nhau. S hnh thnh cc lin kt theo nguyn l xen ph cc i c m t nh sau:
pz AO s AO p x
z
AO p AO p
1.3.3.2. Tnh bo ho ca lin kt cng ho tr: Lin kt cng ho tr trn c s cp electron ghp i c th c hnh thnh theo 2 c ch: Gp chung v cho nhn - Theo c ch gp chung: Lin kt cng ho tr c hnh thnh do s gp chung 2 electron ho tr c thn c spin ngc nhau ca 2 nguyn t tng tc, trong mi nguyn t a ra mt e. T y chng ta thy kh nng to lin kt cng ho tr ca mi nguyn t c quyt nh bi s orbitan nguyn t ho tr 1 (hay n gin l bi s electron c thn). Tuy nhin s orbitan ho tr 1 electron ca cc nguyn t trong nhiu trng hp c th tng ln do s kch thch nguyn t, nh trng hp ca Be, C
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- Theo c ch cho nhn: S hnh thnh cp electron ghp i ca lin kt cng ho tr ch do mt trong hai nguyn t tng tc a ra, cn nguyn t kia nhn ly. Cp electron ny l cp electron ho tr ghp i sn c ca nguyn t a ra v c gi l cp electron ho tr t do. T nhng iu trn ta rt ra: Trong trng hp tng qut kh nng to thnh s lin kt cng ho tr cc i ca mt nguyn t c xc nh bi s orbitan nguyn t ho tr ca nguyn t. Chnh kh nng to thnh s lin kt cng ho tr hn ch nh vy ca cc nguyn t c gi l tnh bo ho ca lin kt cng ho tr. Chnh tnh cht ny lm cho cc phn t c thnh phn v c cu trc nht nh. 1.3.3.3. Tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr: - trn ta va xt s xen ph cc orbitan lin kt trong phn t hai nguyn t (nh H2). Nh chng ta u bit, i vi cc phn t nhiu nguyn t cc gc lin kt trong phn t c nhng gi tr xc nh v chng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. c tnh ny gi l tnh nh hng ha tr. Tnh nh hng ha tr c gii thch trn c s nguyn l xen ph cc i. - Mun c lin kt cng ha tr to thnh bn vng th mc che ph ca cc orbitan nguyn t tng tc phi cc i. S che ph cc i ny ch xy ra theo nhng hng nht nh i vi cc nguyn t tng tc (y chnh l l do v sao trn ta ni tnh nh hng ha tr c gii thch trn c s nguyn l xen ph cc i). T cc lin kt cng ha tr s c to thnh theo nhng hng nht nh trong khng gian, v vy phn t phi c cu hnh khng gian xc nh, chnh l tnh nh hng. hiu r hn vn ny, ta xt trng hp phn t H2S:
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Cu hnh electron lp v ha tr ca nguyn t S c dng

H S + 2H
3s Cc obitan S
S
3p
Cc obitan H
Hnh dng xen ph cc obitan c m t nh sau:

S
- Tuy nhin trong thc t, nu ch da vo vic phn tch s xen ph gia cc orbitan nguyn t tng tc nh vy xc nh cu hnh khng gian ca phn t (gc ha tr, tnh i xng) nhiu khi s i n kt lun khng ng. Chng hn nh i vi cc phn t H2O, NH3 theo cch l lun trn th gc ha tr HOH v HNH phi bng 900. Trong thc th, cc tnh ton da trn CHLT cho kt qu khc xa vi l thuyt. (HOH = 104,50, HNH = 107,30) 1.3.3.4. Thuyt lai ho cc orbitan nguyn t: * iu kin ra i ca thuyt lai ho: mc trn chng ta thy s mu thun gia l thuyt v thc nghim ca phng php lin kt cng ho tr (VB) (phng php cp electron lin kt). Thuyt lai ho ra i nhm gii quyt c hai kh khn: Cho php gii thch c hnh hc phn t v bn ca lin kt. Thuyt lai ho nm trong khun kh ca phng php lin kt ho tr (VB). Theo thuyt ny cc nguyn t khi tng tc vi nhau c th khng dng nhng
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orbitan ho tr thun tu s, p, dm dng nhng orbitan nguyn t trn ln mi c to thnh trong ni b nguyn t ca mnh che ph vi cc orbitan ca cc nguyn t khc. * Ni dung ca thuyt lai ho: Lai ho AO l s t hp tuyn tnh cc AO ho tr ca mt nguyn t to thnh mt s tng ng cc AO mi c cng mc nng lng (cc AO suy bin) nh hng xc nh trong khng gian. Cc AO lai ho m t mt trng thi c bit ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt l: Cc lin kt to bi cc AO lai ho s bn vng hn l to bi cc AO khng tham gia lai ho. Cc AO tham gia t hp c th c 1e, 2e, hoc l mt lng t trng. Ch khi s dng thuyt lai ho: L thuyt lai ho ch l mt khi nim gi nh c dng gii thch cc kt qu thc nghim c thc, do thuyt lai ho hon ton khng c kh nng tin on hnh hc phn t ca mt cht bt k. * Cc kiu lai ho thng gp: 1. Lai ho sp: Lai ho thng Lai ho sp l lai ho c thc hin do s t hp tuyn tnh gia 1 orbitan s vi 1 orbitan p (ca cng mt nguyn t) cho 2 orbitan lai ho sp phn b i xng vi hai trc nm trn cng mt ng thng.
z z z z
y x
orbitan s
y x
orbitan p
y x x
2 orbitan lai hoa sp
Th d: Dng lai ho ny thng gp trong nguyn t Be ca phn t BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2nn cc phn t ny c dng thng.
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2. Lai ho sp2: Lai ho tam gic Lai ho sp2 l s t hp tuyn tnh gia 1 orbitan s v 2 orbitan p to thnh 3 orbitan lai ho, cn c gi l lai ho tam gic v 3 orbitan lai ho ny nm trn mt mt phng, trc ca chng to vi nhau mt gc bng 1200 v hng v ba nh ca mt tam gic u, gc to thnh gia cc AO lai ho l 1200.
z
y x
orbitan p
y x
orbitan s
y x
orbitan p
3 orbitan lai hoa
Th d: Dng lai ho ny thng gp trong nguyn t B ca phn t BF3, BCl3 3. Lai ho sp3: Lai ho t din Lai ho sp3 l s t hp tuyn tnh gia 1 orbitan s v 3 orbitan p to thnh 4 orbitan lai ho, 4 orbitan lai ho ny hng v 4 nh ca mt hnh t din u, gc to thnh gia cc AO lai ho l 109029
z
y x
orbitan p
y x
orbitan s
z x
orbitan p
y x
orbitan p
4 orbitan lai hoa
Th d: Dng lai ho ny gp trong nguyn t O ca H2O, N trong NH3 v ion NH4+
18
4. Cc kiu lai ha khc: Ta ch tin hnh xem xt khi nim lai ha vi cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 2, tuy nhin i vi cc nguyn t chu k khc (ln hn 2), c bit l cc nguyn t chuyn tip, xut hin cc orbitan ha tr d nn cc orbitan ny cng c kh nng tham gia lai ha. Do , ta s c mt s dng lai ha phc tp hn: sp2d, sp3d2, sp3d... * c im ca AO lai ho v iu kin lai ho bn: - c im ca cc AO lai ho: + S lng cc AO lai ha thu c phi ng bng s AO tham gia lai ha lc u + Cc AO lai ha s ging nhau v hnh dng, v c cng mc nng lng (s suy bin nng lng) + Mi mt AO lai ha gm 2 phn: phn m rng v phn thu hp. hai phn ny cch nhau mt nt ti ht nhn nguyn t (phn m rng c du +, phn thu hp c du -) + Mi AO lai ha c phn b trn mt trc xc nh i qua ht nhn nguyn t (c th trng hoc khng trng vi trc ta ecac). Do ngi ta ni AO lai ha c i xng trc. - iu kin cc AO tham gia lai ha: + Cc orbitan tham gia lai ha phi c nng lng thp v xp x nhau. Do khng th no xy ra hin tng lai ha AO ca 2 lp khc nhau, bi v nng lng ca chng qu xa nhau hay cc AO lp th 2 (2s, 2p) lai ho c hiu qu hn cn cc AO lp th 3 (3s, 3p) hiu qu lai ho km hn, lp th 4 (4s, 4p) lai ho khng ng k. + Khi ni n phn ny, ta phi lm quen vi khi nim trng thi kch thch y cng l mt trng thi gi nh, khi xt cc qu trnh lai ha ta s gp phi. Trng thi kch thch l trng thi m electron cc phn lp gn nhau, c mc nng lng
19
xp x nhau c th chuyn ln cc phn lp trn (ch cc AO ny cng phi thuc cng mt lp). V nng lng tiu tn cho qu trnh kch thch s c b p gn nh hon ton khi lin kt c hnh thnh. + Cc orbitan lai ha phi ph hp vi nhau v v tr khng gian hay ni ng hn l ph hp nhau v tnh i xng. 1.4. M hnh s y cp electron v ho tr (thuyt VSEPR) 1.4.1. Cc lun im c s: - gii thch v tin on hnh dng, di lin kt, gc lin kt ca cc phn t bt k l mt trong nhng vn quan tm ca ha hc. Cng c nhiu thuyt gii quyt vn trn nhng thng dng nht l m hnh s y gia cc cp electron v ha tr (thuyt VSEPR) - Phm vi ng dng ca thuyt: Ta khng xt vn hnh dng tng phn t c to ra t lin kt ion (loi lin kt ny s c xt chng v mng tinh th). Do , t y ch ch n hnh hc phn t ca cc hp cht cng ha tr. Nhn xt cng thc Lewis ca mt s cht trnh by trn ta thy rng: + v ha tr ca cc nguyn t (trong hp cht cng ha tr) c i electron lin kt v i electron khng lin kt. Khi ngi ta dng hnh nh my electron m t chuyn ng ca cc i electron ny (hay ni cch khc mi cp electron s c mt i my tng ng) + Nh vy ta s a 2 dng cng thc phn t: AXn v AXnEm. Mi my electron ny c mt trc xut pht t tm ht nhn v ko di n mt ngoi khi cu. + Cc kho st CHLT cho thy c s khng tng ng gia my i electron ring v my i electron lin kt. My i electron ring ch chu lc ht duy nht ca ht nhn, cn my i electron lin kt chu ng thi lc ht ca hai ht nhn (ca 2 nguyn t). Do my i electron ring chim vng khng gian rng hn my i electron lin kt.
20
4 i electron lin kt tng ng nhau 1 i electron khng lin kt (i electron ring) chim khng gian rng hn 3 i electron lin kt (hiu ng khng gian) Nh vy, mt mc nht nh, hnh dng ca phn t s ph thuc vo khong khng gian chim bi my electron v ha tr ca nguyn t trung tm A. iu ng ngha vi s khng nh: hnh dng phn t ph thuc ch yu vo s phn b cc cp electron hay cc my electron v ha tr ca nguyn t. 1.4.2. M hnh VSEPR (qui tc kinh nghim Gilexpi) - Ni dung: Trong mt phn t, cc cp electron v ha tr (cc my electron v ha tr) phn b xa nhau nhiu nht c th c lc y gia chng l nh nht, phn t khi s bn nht. - p dng c th nh sau: Trong phn di y ta s gii thch (hay tin on) dng hnh hc phn t ca cc cng thc bt k. Trong ta s tin hnh xt hai loi phn t nh ni trn: Dng 1: AXn A: l nguyn t trung tm X: l phi t n: l s lng phi t Dng 2: AXnEm A: l nguyn t trung tm X: l phi t n: l s lng phi t E: nguyn t trung tm A c m i electron ring, mi i electron c k hiu l E
21
1.4.2.1. Phn t c dng AXn Gi tr n thng gp nht l nhng gi tr t 2 khng c i electron ring. - Theo nh ni dung thuyt VSEPR, s phn b cc i electron lin kt dn n hnh dng phn t tng ng trong mi trng hp t n = 2 n n = 6 (s phn b cc i electron lin kt cch xa nhau nht c th c tng tc gia chng l cc tiu khi phn t mi bn vng). - Cc trng hp ng vi cc hnh dng nh sau: TH 1: n = 2 phn t c dng AX2, hai i electron phn b trn ng thng. Hnh dng phn t tng ng s thng v gc ha tr XAX = 1800. Th d nh phn t BeH2, BeCl2, CO2, CS2 n=2 TH 2: n = 3 phn t c dng AX3, ba i electron c phn b trn ba nh ca 6 v nguyn t trung tm A
mt tam gic u, khi nguyn t trung tm A s nm trng tm ca tam gic u. phn t c cu to phng, gc lin kt AXA = 1200. Th d nh phn t BF3, AlCl3
n =3 TH 3: n = 4 phn t c dng AX4, bn i electron c phn b bn nh ca
hnh t din u, tm ca hnh t din l nguyn t trung tm A, phn t tn ti dng khng gian ba chiu. Gc lin kt XAX bng 109029. Th d nh phn t CH4, NH4+,SiX4+
n=4
22
TH 4: n = 5
phn t c dng AX5, ta tng tng nm i electron phn b trn mt
cu v ha tr nh sau: Th d PCl5 - Ba i electron cng vi ht nhn nguyn t trung tm A nm trong mt mt phng, ba i electron ny hng v ba nh ca mt tam gic u v ht nhn A l trng tm ca tam gic u . Ba i electron ny to nn lin kt xch o. - Hai i electron cn li c phn b trn hai u ca on thng vung gc vi mt phng tam gic u trn ti tm A. Hai i electron ny to nn lin kt trc. Nh vy ta c: Lin kt trc s c di ln hn lin kt xch o ( di lin kt xch o l 202 pm, di lin kt trc l 214 pm. Kt qu ca s sp xp a n mt lng thp tam gic. Xut hin 2 loi gc ha tr: Gc = 1200 , = 900 .
Cl Cl P
1200 900
Cl
n=5
Cl Cl
TH 5: n = 6
phn t c dng AX6, su i electron ny c phn b trn v ha tr
ca nguyn t A su nh ca mt hnh bt din u. Trong trng hp ny ta khng c s phn bit gia lin kt ngang vi lin kt trc v di. Gc gia hai trc lin kt cnh nhau bng 900. Th d SF6
F F
900
S F F F
n=6
1.4.2.2. Phn t c dng AXnEm Nguyn t trung tm A va c n i electron lin kt va c m i electron ring (k hiu E). y cn lu s khng tng ng gia my electron ca i electron lin kt vi i electron ring: c th l i electron ring c my electron
23
chim khong khng gian ln. Do trong hai trng hp AXn vi AXnEm c cng s i electron ha tr nhng hnh dng hai phn t khng hon ton ging nhau. - AX2E phn t gm nguyn t trung tm A, 2 phi t X (c tng ng 2 cp electron lin kt), 1 cp electron ring (v m = 1). Ch trng hp ca phn t AX2 va xt trn, ta thy hnh dng phn t thng, nhng trong trng hp ny phn t c mt i electron t do khng tham gia lin kt. p dng l thuyt khng tng ng gia cc cp electron lin kt v khng lin kt ta d on hnh hc ca phn t s khng cn nm trn mt ng thng. Th d SO2, SnCl2-, NO2 i electron ring
A 1200
Hnh dng tng tc y l tam gic u, ta thy my i electron ring gy hiu ng y hai my i electron lin kt lm cho gc ha tr XAX 1200 (hi nh hn 1200) - AX3E nguyn t trung tm A c tng cng 4 i electron (ging nh trng hp ca phn t AX4) nhng phn t ny khng c hnh dng t din ging nh phn t AX4 (CH4) m li c hnh thp tam gic (hnh thp chp). Th d NH3, AsF3, SO32-Hnh dng tng tc y l hnh t din, nh vy v nguyn tc th cc gc ha tr XAX = 109028 nhng trn thc t cc gc XAX < 109028 mt cht. Ta xem xt trng hp c th i vi phn t NH3
1 i electron ring
H
1070
- AX2E2
nguyn t trung tm A cng c 4 i electron, nhng do c hai i electron
ring nn hnh dng phn t khc vi phn t AX4 hay AX3E (cng c 4 i electron).
24
Phn t ny c gc nh hn gc t din 109028, v nht l gc ha tr XAX cng nh hn c gc XAX ca phn t AX3E. 2 i electron ring
1070
Ta nhn thy gc lin kt HOH trong phn t H2O nh hn gc lin kt HNH trong phn t NH3, nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn l do trong phn t H2O th nguyn t Oxi cn 2 cp electron ring nn gy ra hiu ng y mnh hn, nn s thu hp gc ha tr ca lin kt li. - AX4E s phn b 1 i electron ring v 4 i electron lin kt to ra hnh dng phn t l hnh thp chp (hnh ci bp bnh mt s sch ca PGS.TS Trn Thnh Hu). Th d SF4 - AX3E2 3 i electron lin kt to 3 lin kt A X, s y tng h gia 3 i electron ny vi nhau v vi 2 i electron khng lin kt, kt qu hnh hc phn t c dng hnh ch T. Th d ClF3, HClO2 - AX2E3 c 2 cp electron lin kt v 3 cp electron khng lin kt, tng s l 5. Vy hnh dng tng tc y l song thp tam gic, tuy nhin 3 cp electron khng lin kt chim khng gian rng hn nn phn b theo v tr xch o, cn 2 cp electron lin kt chim v tr trc. Do m cu trc hnh hc ca phn t l thng. - AX5E 4 trong nm i electron lin kt c phn b trn mt mt phng, mt i electron lin kt cn li c phn b trn trc gn nh vung gc vi mt phng trn. Do 5 i electron lin kt to thnh hnh thp vung. i electron ring cn li trong trng hp ny cng phn b trn trc gn nh vung gc vi mt phng trn, s tng tc y khng ng k lm. Do kt lun hnh hc phn t i vi AX5E l hnh thp vung. Th d BrF5
25
- AX4E2
2 i electron ring c phn b trans (phn b v 2 pha ca mt
phng) so vi 4 i electron lin kt, mt khc 4 i electron lin kt ny c phn b trong mt phng nn to ra hnh vung phng. Th d XeF4
26
Chng 2: GING DY NI DUNG LIN KT TRNG THPT 2.1. Mt s ni dung v lin kt ho hc chng 3 SGK ho hc 10 nng cao: Bi 16 1. Khi nim v lin kt 2. Quy tc bt t (8 electron) Bi 17 1. S hnh thnh phn t n cht - S hnh thnh phn t H2 - S hnh thnh phn t N2 2. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht - S hnh thnh phn t HCl - S hnh thnh phn t CO2 (c cu to thng) - Lin kt cho nhn 3. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr II. Lin kt cng ho tr v s xen ph cc orbitan nguyn t 1. S xen ph ca cc orbitan nguyn t khi hnh thnh cc phn t n cht - S hnh thnh phn t H2 - S hnh thnh phn t Cl2 2. S xen ph ca cc orbitan nguyn t khi hnh thnh cc phn t hp cht - S hnh thnh phn t HCl - S hnh thnh phn t H2S Lin kt cng ho tr Khi nim v lin kt ho hc lin kt ion
I. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc
I. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr bng cp electron chung
27
Bi 18
S lai ho cc orbitan nguyn t. S hnh thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba
I. Khi nim v s lai ho II. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp 1. Lai ho sp 2. Lai ho sp2 3. Lai ho sp3 III. Nhn xt chung v thuyt lai ho IV. S xen ph trc v xen ph bn 1. S xen ph trc 2. S xen ph bn V. S to thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba 1. Lin kt n 2. Lin kt i 3. Lin kt ba Bi 21 Hiu m in v lin kt ho hc
1. Hiu m in v lin kt cng ho tr khng cc 2. Hiu m in v lin kt cng ho tri c cc 3. Hiu m in v lin kt ion Bi 22 I. Ho tr 1. Ho tr trong hp cht ion 2. Ho tr trong hp cht cng ho tr II. S oxi ho (4 quy tc xc nh s oxi ho) Ho tr v s oxi ho
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2.2. Mt s ni dung v lin kt ho hc trong cc bi ca SGK ho hc 10, 11 2.2.1. Chng trnh SGK ho hc 10 nng cao Bi 41. Cu to phn t O2 Bi 42. Cu to phn t Ozon (O3) v hidro peoxit (H2O2) Bi 44. Cu to phn t hidro sunfua (H2S) Bi 45. Cu to phn t SO2, SO3, H2SO4 2.2.2. Chng trnh SGK ho hc 11 nng cao Bi 30. Cu trc phn t hp cht hu c (Chng 4) - Thuyt cu to ho hc - Lin kt trong phn t hp cht hu c Bi 34. Cu trc phn t Ankan Bi 39. Cu trc phn t Anken Bi 41. Cu trc phn t ankaien Bi 43. Cu trc phn t Ankin Bi 46. Cu trc phn t benzene 2.3. Mt s khi nim 2.3.1. Quy tc octet (quy tc bt t) T s phn tch kt qu thc nghim v cu to ha hc ca cc phn t, nm 1916 nh ha hc Kossel v Lewis a ra nhn xt m ngy nay ta gi l quy tc octet: Khi to lin kt ha hc, cc nguyn t c xu hng t ti cu hnh lp ngoi cng bn vng ca cc nguyn t kh tr vi 8 electron hoc 2 electron i vi He Cn lu l quy tc trn ch p dng ng cho mt s nguyn t gii hn thuc chu k 2, cc chu k khc quy tc octet c s sai lch. 2.3.2. Lin kt cng ha tr Lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh nh i electron dng chung (hay gp chung) gia hai nguyn t
29
Th d: Phn t H2 c cu to H H. Vy trong nguyn t ny c mt i electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t H Phn t N2 c cu to N N . Vy trong phn t ny c ba i electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t N - Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc (hay khng c cc): Trong lin kt ny i electron dng chung chnh gia khong cch hai ht nhn. Th d: Phn t Cl2 Ta c: Cl : Cl hay Cl Cl. l phn t n cht (ca cc phi kim l ch yu). Lu mt iu l do cc electron lun trng thi dao ng, nn i khi i electron dng chung ny cng b lch sang mt nguyn t. chng hn, trong phn t H2, s lch i electron ny chim khong 30%, tc l lin kt phn cc cng xut hin. - Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc (hay c cc) Trong lin kt ny, i electron dng chung lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn (hay nguyn t c tnh phi kim mnh hn) Th d: Xt phn t HX (X l cc nguyn t Halogen), cc nguyn t Halogen l nhng phi kim c m in ln hn rt nhiu so vi nguyn t H. Nn trong trng hp ny, i electron dng chung b lch v pha cc nguyn t Halogen X Ch hc sinh: S phn loi lin kt nh trn l c tnh quy c, khng c ranh gii r rt gia cc loi lin kt trn. - Tiu chun v hiu s m in c p dng trong trng hp trn c th phn loi lin kt mt cch i cng. 2.3.3. Cng thc cu to Lewis (s Lewis) Mc d hin nay c cc thuyt hin i gii thch v lin kt ha hc, nhng vic biu din mt cch trc quan gn ng cng thc cu to phn t gip cho ngi c d dng hnh dung nht (i vi cc phn t phc tp) l mt iu rt cn thit.
30
2.3.3.1. Ni dung v phm vi p dng ca cng thc Ni dung: quy c dng mt du chm ( ) biu th mt electron; hai du chm (:) hoc mt vch () ch mt i electron trong nguyn t hay phn t. Cng thc ha hc c dng k hiu trn c gi l cng thc cu to Lewis. Th d: Cc cch vit cng thc cu to Lewis cho NH3, CO2
H NH 3
O C O
H H
Hay
H
O
N
C
_H
O
NH 3
(NH3) (CO2)
p dng: Phn t lin kt cng ha tr hay lin kt ion u c th c biu din bng cng thc Lewis. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cng thc Lewis cho cc phn t c lin kt cng ha tr. Trong ta khng cn ch r s lch ca i electron lin kt, mt cng thc ha hc thc c th c biu din di dng mt hay nhiu cng thc Lewis khc nhau. 2.3.3.2. u, khuyt im ca cng thc phn t theo Lewis - u im: n gin, d hiu, gii thch c s hin din ca mt s ng hp cht. - Khuyt im: + V ch c tnh cch hnh thc nn thuyt in t v ha tr ca Kossel v Lewis a ra khng gii thch c c cu khng gian (hnh hc phn t) ca ha cht (gc lin kt, di lin kt). Th d: Lin kt O H b phn cc nhng ta khng th bit c trong phn t H2O c phn cc hay khng?
31
HOH Khng phn cc H
O
H Phn cc
+ Ch p dng ng cho nguyn t chu k 2, cn cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k khc th khng cn tuyt i ng cho lp electron ngoi cng. Th d: BeCl2 quanh Be ch c 4 in t lp ngoi cng AlCl3 quanh Al ch c 6 in t lp ngoi cng PCl5 quanh P c 10 in t lp ngoi cng SF6 quanh S c 12 in t lp ngoi cng
F Cl Cl Cl Cl P Cl F F F F S F
+ Khng th gii thch c s hin din ca nhng phn t nh Benzen (C6H6): Nu biu din Benzen nh sau th Benzen gm 3 lin kt n v 3 lin kt i, trong khi thc nghim cc php o vt l cho thy C6H6 c 6 lin kt C C hon ton ging nhau v c di lin kt l trung gian gia b di ca mt lin kt n v ca mt lin kt i. Thc t cng thc cu to ca Benzen phi c dng nh sau + Khng gii thch c s hin din ca nhng phn t c cha mt s in t l nh NO, NO2c bit vi cng thc Lewis, ngi ta khng th hnh dung ng c tnh ca oxigen (trn thc t th O2 c tnh cht thun t v c electron c thn trn phn t)
32
+ V cui cng cn nh rng, trc khi vit cng thc Lewis cho mt cht bt k nh ni cc mc trc ta cn phi bit r th th t lin kt ca cc nguyn t trong phn t cht , ngha l bit r cu to ha hc ca n. Th d: ng vi cng thc phn t CHNO c n 2 cng thc Lewis ng vi 2 cht khc nhau:
H O C H N N O Hay H H O N C C N O (Axit xianic) (Axit isoxianic)
Hay
2.3.3.3. Thnh lp cng thc cu to Lewis ca cc cht Hin nay, chng trnh ha hc ph thng (c bit l chng trnh ha hc 10) vn cn s dng cng thc Lewis, c th l yu cu hc sinh vit cng thc electron ca mt phn t t say ra cng thc cu to ca chng. c th vit c cu to Lewis cho mt cng thc bt k, ta hy lm quen vi mt s khi nim sau: - Nguyn t trung tm v phi t Trong mt cng thc ha hc, nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t cn nhiu nht s electron to c octet cho lp ngoi cng ca n (hay nguyn t c s oxi ha cao nht). cc nguyn t khc v c i electron ring ca nguyn t trung tm gi l phi t. - in tch li nguyn t: l mt s nguyn dng, c tr s bng s electron ha tr (electron lp ngoi cng) vn c ca nguyn t . V d ta xt in tch li ca cc nguyn t C, S, Cl, O C: +4, S: +6; Cl: +7; O: +6 - in tch hnh thc ca nguyn t c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
in tch hnh thc ca nguyn t = in tch li ca nguyn t
Tng s e ring ca nguyn t
S lin kt nguyn t tham gia
- in tch gii ta (trn mt nguyn t) in tch gii ta trn mt nguyn

in tch gii ta trn mt nguyn t
S cu to cng
33
- Cu to gii hn, cu to cng hng + Cu to gii hn: chnh l cng thc cu to c vit theo quy c Lewis + Cu to cng hng: nu mt cng thc ha hc m c nhiu cng thc Lewis (cng thc gii hn) th cc cng thc gii hn l cc cng thc cu to cng hng ca cng thc (nh chng ta ni trn, mt cng thc ha hc c th c mt hoc nhiu cng thc Lewis) Ni dung thuyt cu to cng hng: C 3 ni dung chnh - Bt k mt phn t hoc ion no cng c th c biu din bi hai hoc nhiu cng thc Lewis (ch khc nhau l v tr cc electron), gi l cng thc cng hng hay cng thc gii hn. - Khng mt cng thc no trong chng biu din ng c hnh hc phn t. Khng mt cng thc cng hng no ph hp hon ton vi tnh cht vt l hoc tnh cht ha hc ca cht. - Phn t hoc ion s c biu din tt hn bng s lai ha gia cc cng thc cng hng. Th d: ta c th ly dn chng nh trng hp cc ion CO32-, NO3- nhng trng hp ny ta s xem xt trong phn bi tp p dng bn di. 2.3.3.4. Cc bc vit cng thc cu to Lewis Th d: Thit lp cng thc Lewis cho ion CO32Bc 1: a ra cng thc cu to Lewis gi nh (da vo kinh nghin bn thn, gi s rng cc lin kt to thnh l lin kt n)
O C O O
(a)
Bc 2: Tnh tng s electron ha tr ca cng thc gi nh (k hiu n1) n1 = 4.1 + 6.3 + 2 = 24 (v y CO32- l mt anion in tch (--) nn ta cng thm 2 vo trong tng trn)
34
Bc 3: Tnh s electron cn li (k hiu n2) n2 = n1 n (n l tng s electron to lin kt trong cng thc gi nh a) n2 = 24 2.3 = 18 Dng n2 to octet cho nguyn t m in nht (nguyn t cn nhiu hn s electron to c octet) trong cng thc gi nh (a)
O C O O Octet Cho Oxi
khi ta c cng thc s b (b)

O C O O
(b)
Bc 4: Lp cng thc Lewis ng Tnh s electron cn li (k hiu n3) sau khi to octet bc 3: n3 = n2 noctet = 18 18 = 0. Nu trng hp n3 0 th ta cn a s electron ny vo nguyn t trung tm ri mi lm tip bc sau y - Tnh in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t trong cng thc (b) dng cng thc gii thiu trn C: 4 (3 + 0) = 1+ O: 6 (1 + 6) = 1Ta biu din kt qu thu c trn cng thc sau
-1 +1
O C O
-1
O
(c)
-1
Chuyn i electron ring ca oxi thnh i electron lin kt : - To octet cho nguyn t O (nguyn t trung tm A ni chung) - Trung ha in tch hnh thc trn mt s nguyn t lin quan (chuyn mt i electron trn 1 trong 3 nguyn t O bt k thnh i e lin kt)
(0)
O C O
(0) -1 O C O
O -1
(d)
35
Tnh li in tch hnh thc, kt lun O bn tri c in tch hnh thc l: 6 (2 + 4) = 0 C c in tch hnh thc l: 4 (4 + 0) = 0 Hai O cn li u c in tch hnh thc l: 6 (6 + 1) = 1Vy in tch hnh thc ca c cng thc (d) l: 1- + 1- = 2Nh ta ni, c 3 nguyn t O v c 3 nguyn t O ny u c kh nng chuyn i electron ring ca mnh to octet cho nguyn t C do thay vo vic c mt cu to (d) th ta s c 3 cu to tng ng (d1), (d2), (d3)
O C O O O C O
O C O
(d1 )
(d2 )
(d 3)
Vy ion CO32- c 3 cu to gii hn (hay 3 cu to cng hng), in tch c gii ta trn mi nguyn t O ca ion CO32- l 2 3 Th d: Hy vit cng thc cu to Lewis cho PCl3 p dng cc bc trn ta s c ln lt cc kt qu sau:
Cl P Cl Cl
(a)
T (a) ta c s elctron tham gia lin kt n2 = 6e S electron cn li n3 = 26 6 = 20e Ly s electron cn li trn to octet cho nguyn t m in hn (Cl), s electron cn to octet l n4 = 6.3 = 18e
Cl P Cl Cl
(b)
S electron cn li sau khi to octet trn l n5 = 20 18 = 2e
36
Ta thy, n5 > 0 nn ta dng n5 in vo nguyn t P (ch ch c in vo cc nguyn t chu k 3 tr ln, v quy tc octet khng cn ph hp)
Cl P Cl Cl
(c)
T cng thc (c) ta tnh in tch hnh thc ca mi nguyn t trong phn t P: 5 2 3 = 0 Cl: 7 6 1 = 0 Kt lun: Cng thc (c) trn l cng thc Lewis ng ca PCl3 2.4. Kho st hnh hc phn t mt s hp cht cng ho tr d on hnh hc phn t, c th dng m hnh tng tc y VSEPR (quy tc kinh nghim gilexpi). Chng ta c th h thng quy tc kinh nghim gilexpi trn theo bng sau y, kt hp c hai loi phn t (AXn v AXnEm). Ch c bit n 2 khi nim hnh dng tng tc y v khi nim cu trc hnh hc phn t. Bng 2.1. Cu hnh khng gian ca mt s phn t
Phn t Tng s cp e Hnh dng tng tc y S cp e lin kt Cu trc hnh hc phn t Phn t in hnh
AX2 AX3 AX2E AX4 AX3E AX2E2
2 3 3 4 4 4
Thng
Tam gic u
2 3 2 4
Thng
Tam gic u Ch V T din
Hnh thp chp
BeCl2, BeH2. BF3 SO2 CH4 NH3 H2O PCl5 SF4 ClF3
T din
3 2
Ch V
AX5 AX4E AX3E2
5 Song thp 5 5 tam gic
5 4 3
Song thp
Hnh thp chp
Ch T
37
AX2E3 AX6 AX5E AX4E2
5 6 6 6 Bt din
2 6 5 4
Thng
Bt din Hnh chp Vung phng
XeF2 SF6 BrF5 XeF4
Nhn xt: Ta thy i vi cc trng hp trong phn t khng c cp electron ring nn hnh dng tng tc y i vi cc cp electron cng chnh l hnh hc phn t ca chng. Trong trng hp ngc li, cc phn t c i electron ring th do tng h gia chng vi cc cp electron lin kt nn hnh hc phn t ca chng s bin i theo cc quy lut nh trnh by phn trn. Nh vy, khi bn xc nh tng s cp electron ca cng thc Lewis, t suy ra m hnh tng tc y ca chng, tip theo l da vo mc tng quan gia cc cp e lin kt v cc cp e ring (ca nguyn t trung tm) ta suy ra hnh hc phn t ca cc cng thc . Th d: Da vo cng thc Lewis mt s cht va xc nh trn, chng ta s suy ra hnh hc phn t ca chng. Phn t PCl3: c cng thc Lewis ng l
Cl P Cl Cl
Tng s cp e ha tr l 4 (trong c 3 cp e lin kt v 1 cp e khng lin kt) Kt lun: - Hnh dng tng tc y l t din, nhng do trn nguyn t P cn mt i e ring nn hnh hc phn t c hnh thp chp (hay hnh thp tam gic) ging trng hp ca phn t NH3
38
- Theo nguyn tc hnh dng tng tc y l hnh t din, tc l cc i my e ca nguyn t trung tm phn b c dng l hnh t din u, cc gc t din bng nhau v bng 109029. Tuy nhin c mt i e ring trong s chim khong khng gian ln, dn n s thu hp cc my e lin kt nn t hnh t din (dng tng tc y) chuyn sang dng thp tam gic (hnh thp chp)
109028'
(M hnh tng tc y t din u)

P
Cl Cl
109028'
Cl
Ta suy lun chc chn rng: Gc ha tr ClPCl s nh hn gc t din 109029, cn c th l bao nhiu th cn phi c thc nghim chng minh. Tuy nhin ta c mt cch khc tnh ton s lng cc cp e lin kt v cc cp e ring (khng cn phi vit cng thc Lewis) - Vic xc nh s lin kt kt
hay s cp e lin kt khng c g l kh khn c.

c 3 cp e lin kt v c 3 nguyn t H lin kt
H c bao nhiu nguyn t bin lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm th c by nhiu lin
. Th d PH3 (s lin kt = 3
vi nguyn t trung tm P) - Vic xc nh s electron ha tr t do c th dng phng php n gin sau: + Tnh tng s electron ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (ion ban u) (k hiu X) + Tnh s electron ha tr bo ha dnh cho cc nguyn t bin lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm (k hiu Y), (bt t i vi mi nguyn t bin ni chung v 2 electron i vi mi nguyn t bin l nguyn t H).
39
+ Tnh hiu s gia tng s electron ha tr ca phn t v s electron ha tr dnh cho cc phn t bin (X Y). Hiu s ny chnh l s electron ha tr t do ca nguyn t trung tm cn tm. Bng 2.2. Kt qu tnh ton s cp electron ha tr t do ca cc nguyn t trung tm i vi mt s phn t v ion.
X-Y Phn t, ion Nguyn t Trung tm X Y S cp e t do
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6
CO2 NO2+ BF3 CO32CCl4 NH4+ PCl5 SO2 NO2SO32SF4 TeCl4 BrF5 H2 O ClF3 XeF4 XeF2
C N B C C N P S N S S Te Br O Cl Xe Xe
4 + 2.6 5 + 2.6 1 3 + 3.7 4 + 3.6 + 2 4 + 4.7 5 + 4.1 1 5 + 5.7 3.6 5 + 2.6 + 1 4.6 + 2 6 + 4.7 6 + 4.7 6.7 2+6 4.7 8 + 4.7 8 + 2.7
2.8 2.8 3.8 3.8 4.8 4.2 5.8 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 4.8 5.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 2.8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
40
Nh vy, vic gii thch hnh hc phn t c gii quyt mt cch n gin vi m hnh VSEPR ( hay cn c thm tn gi l m hnh tnh in hoc m hnh Gilexpia) 2.5. Lai ho AO nguyn t 2.5.1. Lai ho sp3 Ta xt 2 hai trng hp in hnh nht l CH4, H2O TH 1: phn t CH4 (ch phn t c dng AX4)
2s 2p trang thai kch thch 2s 2p
C*
4 orbitan lai hoa
Nu nh 4 AO 1s ca 4 nguyn t H tin vo xen ph vi 4 AO ha tr 1 electron ca nguyn t C th s to thnh 4 lin kt cng ha tr (s gp chung i electron hnh thnh lin kt). c im ca 4 lin kt ny s khc nhau (khc nhau v tnh nh hng, v nng lng cc lin kt), nhng trn thc t cc s liu thc nghim chng minh rng 4 lin kt ny hon ton ging nhau v gc ha tr lun lun bng 109029. Nh vy, gii thch s mu thun trn, ta s p dng khi nim lai ha trong trng hp ny. M c th l dng lai ha sp3, 4 AO lai hoa to thnh hon ton ging nhau, khi xen ph vi 4 AO 1s ca 4 nguyn t H s cho cc lin kt ging nhau chng nh hng trong khng gian hnh t din u. v
41
H H
109029'
CH4
TH 2: phn t H2O (phn t c dng AX2E2)

2s 2p kch thch O* 2s 2p
Nu nh 2 AO 1s ca 2 nguyn t H xen ph vi 4 AO ha tr 1 electron ca nguyn t O, s hnh thnh hai lin kt cng ha tr. Tuy nhin, nh ni trn, cc AO lai ha to thnh nhng lin kt bn vng hn cc AO nguyn cht. V vy trong nhng trng hp m nguyn t trung tm c nhng cp in t khng phn chia v khi hiu nng lng ca cc AO khng qu ln, cc lin kt trong phn t cng c gii thch bng cc AO lai ha.
O
104,50 H2O H
V gc lin kt trong nc 104,50 (gn xp x bng gc t din 109029), nn ngi ta gii thch trong phn t nc cc AO nguyn cht ca nguyn t O tham gia lai ha, c th l lai ha t din sp3. Nhng s d, c s chnh lch i cht gia gc lin kt v gc t din l do 2 cp in t t do ca O chim c 2 trong s 4 AO lai ha ca nguyn t O, v lc y ca 2 my electron t do ny mnh hn so vi cc my electron lin kt lm gim ln ca gc.
42
Nh ni phn trc y, trong phn t H2O xut hin momen lng cc. Mmen lng cc xut hin y khng phi ch do s phn cc ca H2O, m cn do mmen lng cc ca cc cp in t t do, trng tm m my in t khng trng vi ht nhn nguyn t trung tm. (ta tham kho thm mt s gio trnh khc) Chnh v nhng l do trn m phn t nc khng c dng t din u m c hnh dng gc. 2.5.2. Lai ho sp2 Ta xt trng hp phn t BCl3 (phn t c dng AX3)
2s 2p
kch thch
B*
Thc nghim cho bit rng gc lin kt trong phn t BCl3 bng 1200 c dng gc ca tam gic u. Do , nguyn t B trong phn t BCl3 phi tham gia lai ha sp2 Qu trnh lai ha gii thch nh sau: Nguyn t B b kch thch c cu hnh electron v ha tr l 2s1 2p2 v khi tham gia to lin kt vi cc nguyn t Cl n trng thi lai ha sp2, ta s c hnh dng tng ng l hnh tam gic u (chng phn b trn cng mt mt phng, 3 nh ca tam gic u l 3 nguyn t Cl) M hnh ha nh sau:
Cl B B Cl
120 0
Cl
Cl
(a)
Cl
Cl
(b)
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ca phn t BCl3, cc lin kt B Cl khng phi l cc lin kt n. Lin kt ny c bc ln hn 1 do c s che ph b sung gia obitan ha tr t do ca B v AO cha cp electron ha tr t do ca Cl. To thnh cc lin kt
khng nh c (chuyn ng trn ton b khung nguyn t - hnh (b)).
43
2.5.3. Lai ho sp Mt s trng hp nguyn t trung tm cho lai ha sp nh BeX2, ZnX2, CdX2 (X l cc nguyn t halogen)c bit l C2H2 (phn t ny ta s dy phn ankin). Khi gc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t thng l 1800.
Bng 2.3. Mi quan h gia cu hnh khng gian ABn (c cha cp electron ha tr t
do) v s cp electron lin kt

Scp electron Phn t S lin k t e ha tr t do Tng s Kiu lai ha nguyn t trung tm Cu hnh phn t V d
BF3,SO3, CO32 SO2, O3, NO2H2O, ClO2, OF2 NH3, SO32CH4, CCl4..
AB3 AB2 AB2 AB3 AB4
3 2 2 3 4
0 1 2 1 0
3 3 4 4 4
sp2
Tam gic u Gc Gc
sp
Thp tam gic T din u
AB2 AB3 AB4 AB5
2 3 4
3 2 1
5 5 5 sp3d
ng Thng Ch T T din lch Lng thp tam gic
XeF2 ClF3... SF4, TeCl4
AsF5, PCl5
AB4 AB5 AB6
4 5 6
2 1 0
6 6 6 sp d
3 2
Vung phng Thp vung Bt din u
XeF4 CrF5 SF6
44
2.6. Mi lin h gia cng thc Lewis VSEPR Lai ho AO Cng thc Lewis
AXn
AXnEm.
C n i e lin kt Khng c i e ring
C n i electron lin kt C m i e ring
Hnh dng tng tc y (ca cc cp electron) Gm 5 dng ph bin
Thng
Tam gic u
T din
Bt din
Song thp tam gic Hnh hc phn t Dng lai ho Hnh hc phn t
Nhn xt: Ta ch n mt s cng thc xt dng lai ha ca chng (CH4, BCl3, H2O). so snh chng vi phn m hnh tng tc y (VSEPR), ta thy s c s tng ng ging nhau. - Phn t CH4 : Nguyn t trung tm C c dng lai ha sp3 t din u + Theo VSEPR hnh dng tng tc y l t din + Nguyn t trung tm C khng c cp electron ring - Phn t H2O: Nguyn t trung tm lai ha sp3 gc hnh hc phn t c dng gc hnh hc phn t cng c dng + Theo VSEPR hnh dng tng tc y l t din hnh hc phn t l t din u hnh hc phn t l hnh
45
+ Nguyn t trung tm O c 2 cp electron ring. T nhng dn chng trn, ta thy rng c mi quan h gia 2 thuyt VSEPR thuyt lai ha. Ch khc nhau ch l vic gii thch s khc nhau ty tng loi phn t nht nh. M hnh trn c th xem l khi qut ha mi quan h gia: cng thc Lewis VSEPR Lai ho AO trong vic xt on hnh hc phn t ca cc cht. Khi bn xc nh tng s cp electron ca cng thc, t suy ra m hnh tng tc y ca chng, tip theo l da vo mc tng quan gia cc cp e lin kt v cc cp e ring ta suy ra hnh hc phn t ca cc cng thc . Nh vy, chn kiu lai ho cho nguyn t trung tm ta da vo n (tng s lin kt xch ma ( ) ca nguyn t trung tm vi s cp electron ho tr khng phn chia. - Nu tng bng 2 th nguyn t trung tm c lai ho dng sp - Nu tng bng 3 th nguyn t trung tm c lai ho dng sp2 - Nu tng bng 4 th nguyn t trung tm c lai ho dng sp3
46
Chng 3: MT S KT QU BAN U 3.1. Kt qu kho st 3.1.1. Mc tiu v nhim v ca vic kho st nh gi kh nng nm vng kin thc lin kt ho hc ca HS cc lp 10, 11 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh. So snh kt qu kho st gia cc lp, t nh gi s b vic dy v hc ni dung lin kt ho hc ca GV v HS. X l v phn tch kt qu, a ra nhn xt. 3.1.2. K hoch kho st Xy dng mu phiu iu tra tham kho kin ca GV v vic ging dy cc bi, mc c ni dung lin quan n khi nim lin kt ha hc Xy dng mu trc nghim 10 pht kim tra mc nm vng kin thc ca HS cc lp 3.1.3. Thng k s liu Thng qua bi kim tra 10 pht cho HS cc lp 10 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh (lp 10H, lp 10T, lp 10A1) ta c kt qu ban u nh sau: Bng 3.1. im v s lng HS ca lp 10H (tng s hc sinh n = 37) im S lng 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 4 3 5 10 6 7 7 8 8 7 9 0 10 1
Bng 3.2. im v s lng HS ca lp 10T (tng s hc sinh n = 37) im S lng 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 2 5 12 6 9 7 5 8 6 9 2 10 1
47
Bng 3.3. im v s lng HS ca lp 10L (tng s hc sinh n = 24) im S lng 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 4 3 5 7 6 8 7 2 8 2 9 1 10 0
Bng 3.4. im v s lng HS ca lp 10A1 (tng s hc sinh n = 48) im S lng 0 0 1 0 2 5 3 6 4 9 5 8 6 13 7 6 8 1 9 0 10 0
Bng 3.5. Phn phi tn sut (fi (%) = s lng/n) Tn sut fi (%) im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tng 10H 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.70% 8.11% 27.03% 18.92% 21.62% 18.92% 0.00% 2.70% 100% 10T 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.41% 32.43% 24.32% 13.51% 16.22% 5.41% 2.70% 100% 10L 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.17% 12.50% 29.17% 33.33% 8.33% 8.33% 4.17% 0.00% 100% 10A1 0.00% 0.00% 10.42% 12.50% 18.75% 16.67% 27.08% 12.50% 2.08% 0.00% 0.00% 100%
48
3.1.4. th Da vo s liu trnh by trn ta c cc th v biu biu din nh sau:

35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 10H 10T 10L 10A1
Hnh 3.1. Biu ct biu th tn sut fi(%) Da vo bng 3.5. ta tnh c tn sut lu tch nh sau: Bng 3.6. Biu din tn sut lu tch im 10H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.70% 10.81% 37.84% 56.76% 78.38% 97.3% Tn sut lu tch 10T 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.41% 37.84% 62.16% 75.67% 91.89% 10L 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.17% 16.67% 45.84% 79.17% 87.5% 95.83% 10A1 0.00% 0.00% 10.42% 22.92% 41.67% 58.34% 85.34% 97.92% 100%
49
9 10 Tng
97.3% 100% 100%
97.3% 100% 100%
100% 100% 100%
100% 100% 100%
120.00% 100.00% 80.00% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10H 10T 10L 10A1
Hnh 3.2. Biu ct biu th tn sut lu tch 3.1.5. Nhn xt Thng qua cc s liu v th trn ta nhn thy: Nhn chung mc nm vng kin thc v lin kt ho hc ca HS khi 10 mc trung bnh. C th i vi lp 10H (chuyn ho), 10T (chuyn ton) s HS c im t trung bnh tr xung (im
5 ) chim khong 37,84%, lp 10L t l l 45,84% cn i vi lp 10A1 th t l
cn thp hn na l 58,34%. Thng qua s liu thng k nh trn ta thy: T l HS t trung bnh tr xung gn nh 50% tng s HS c kho st trong t thc tp s phm. Con s thc nghim a ra nh trn phn nh mt phn mc nm vng kin thc ca cc em vn cn hn ch. Do cn phi c phng php dy v hc ni dung ny hp l hn cc em c th tip thu bi ch ng hn. Thng qua vic ly kin ca cc GV trng THPT TP Cao Lnh ti nhn thy hu ht cc GV lu nm u cho rng cc kin thc chng 3 (SGK ho hc 10 nng
50
cao) tru tng (nht l khi nim v lai ho). Nhng khi nim ny GV cm thy kh truyn t cho HS, lm cho cc tit dy tr nn th ng. 3.2. Mt s gio n ging dy ni dung lin kt ha hc
Bi 17
(Tit 1) I. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: - Hc sinh bit: + S to thnh cp electron chung l xu hng t cu hnh electron bn gia cc nguyn t phi kim lin kt nhau. S phn cc ca lin kt cng ho tr. + Th no l lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt cho nhn. + Tnh cht ca hp cht cng ho tr. - Hc sinh hiu: + Nguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr. + nh ngha lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt cho nhn. + c im ca lin kt cng ho tr. 2. K nng: + Cng c k nng vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion. + Vit s minh ho s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr. 3. Thi : Nhn thc s a dng ca lin kt ho hc. II. dng dy hc: - Gio vin: + Gio n, k hoch ln lp. + My chiu, phiu hc tp, phim m t phn t Cl2 v HI. - Hc sinh: Chun b bi trc nh. III. Phng php dy hc: Hot ng nhm, trao i m thoi.
51
IV. Cc hot ng dy hc: Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh
I. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr bng cp electron chung Phn t n cht HOT NG 1 - Yu cu HS xc nh: + Xu hng t cu hnh electron bn ca cc nguyn t phi kim l g? + Hnh thc lin kt gia cc nguyn t phi kim l nh th no? phiu hc tp cho cc nhm. Phn t n cht HOT NG 1 - HS tr li: + Nhn thm electron vo lp ngoi cng. + Gp chung electron to thnh cp electron chung.
- Phn nhm (khong 8 HS) v pht - T chc nhm theo hng dn ca GV. - Tho lun cu hi trong phiu (10 - Tho lun. pht). HOT NG 2 HOT NG 2 - Gi 3 HS nhm 1 trnh by s to 2.1. S hnh thnh phn t H2 thnh cp electron chung ca H2, O2, - Nguyn t H c 1 electron, c xu N2 . electron to thnh H2, O2, N2. - Nhn xt, chnh l. kt cng ho tr, lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba. - Nhn xt, chnh l. cc. hng nhn vo 1 electron c cu - Mi nguyn t H gp 1 electron, to thnh 1 cp electron chung. Trong phn H. + .H H:H - Cng thc H : H l c.thc electron. Cng thc H H l c.thc cu to. chung gia 1 nguyn t l lin kt n. - Gi 3 HS nhm 2 ln bng vit s hnh electron bn ca 2He.
- Gi 1 HS nhm 2 nu nh ngha lin t H2, mi nguyn t H c 2 electron.
- Gi 1 HS nhm 1 trnh by tnh phn - Lin kt c to bi 1 cp electron
52
- Nhn xt, chnh l.
2.2. S hnh thnh phn t O2: - Nguyn t O c 6 electron lp ngoi cng nn c xu hng nhn vo 2 electron c cu hnh electron bn ca
10Ne.
- Mi nguyn t O gp 2 electron, to thnh 2 cp electron chung. Trong phn t O2, mi nguyn t O c 8 electron. O : + : O : O :: O : - Cng thc electron l :O :: O: Cng thc cu to l O=O - Lin kt c to bi 2 cp electron chung gia 2 nguyn t l lin kt i. 2.3. S hnh thnh phn t N2: - Nguyn t N c 5 electron lp ngoi cng nn c xu hng nhn vo 3 electron c cu hnh electron bn ca
10Ne.
- Mi nguyn t N gp 3 electron, to thnh 3 cp electron chung. Trong phn . t N2, mi nguyn t N c 8 electron.
N N N N
Cng thc trn l c.thc electron. Cng thc N N l c.thc cu to. - Lin kt c to bi 3 cp electron chung gia 2 nguyn t l lin kt ba.
53
2.4. nh ngha lin kt cng ho tr. Lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba. Phn t hp cht HOT NG 3 thnh cp electron chung ca HCl, H2O v CO2. - Gi 3 HS nhm 4 ln bng vit s electron to thnh HCl, H2O, CO2. - Nhn xt, chnh l. - Gi 1 HS nhm 4 ch r s phn cc trong cc phn t trn. Phn t hp cht HOT NG 3 3.1.1. S hnh thnh phn t HCl: Hnh thnh cng thc electron Suy ra CTCT 3.1.2. S hnh thnh phn t H2O: Hnh thnh cng thc electron Suy ra CTCT 3.1.3. S hnh thnh phn t CO2: Hnh thnh cng thc electron Suy ra CTCT HOT NG 4 - Gi 1 HS nhm 5 tr li cu hi 1, 2 phiu 3. - Nhn xt, chnh l. 3.1.4. Lin kt cho nhn: pt SO2. Hnh thnh cng thc electron Suy ra CTCT - Lin kt cho nhn l lin kt cng
- Gi 3 HS nhm 3 trnh by s to 3.1. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht:
- Gi 1 HS nhm 6 trnh by tnh cht ho tr c bit, trong cp electron chung ca cc cht to thnh bi lin chung do 1 nguyn t a ra. kt cng ho tr. - Nhn xt, chnh l. + Nguyn t cho: c cu hnh electron bn ca kh him. + Nguyn t nhn: phi c orbitan trng. 3.2. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr: (SGK./73)
54
Bi 17
(Tit 2) HOT NG 1: GV n tp li ni dung kin thc ca tit trc: - Lin kt cng ho tr l g? - Lin kt cng ho tr c to thnh t nhng nguyn t ca nguyn t no? - Lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba l g? - Th no l lin kt cng ho tr khng cc? Lin kt cng ho tr c cc? - Th no l lin kt cho nhn? - Hp cht to bi lin kt cng ho tr c nhng tnh cht chung no? Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh
II. Lin kt cng ho tr v s xen ph cc orbitan nguyn t Cc phn t n cht: HOT NG 2 phn t H2, Cl2, to cp electron chung ca cc phn t trn c s xen ph ca nhng orbitan nguyn t no? + Phn t Cl2 c xen ph ca 2 obitan p.
Cl Cl Cl-Cl
Cc phn t n cht: HOT NG 2 - Tr li:
- Trnh chiu m phng s to thnh - Xem trnh chiu. - Yu cu HS nhn xt trong qu trnh + Phn t H2 c xen ph ca 2 obitan s.
H H H H
Cc phn t hp cht: - Trnh chiu m phng s to thnh phn t HI, HCl, H2O, H2S
Cc phn t hp cht: + Phn t HI ( hay HCl) c xen ph ca 1 obitan s v 1 obitan p.

H I H-I
55
+ Phn t H2O (hay H2S) c xen ph ca 2 obitan s v 2 obitan p.
HOT NG 3 3.1. Cng c:
HOT NG 3 3.1. HS tr li
- Khi to thnh cp electron chung gia - C s xen ph ca orbitan cha cc nguyn t phi kim th orbitan cha electron c thn. electron c thn ca nhng nguyn t ny c hot ng g? - Khong cch cn bng gia ht nhn - Lc ht gia ht nhn ca cc nguyn ca 2 nguyn t c duy tr bi yu t t to thnh lin kt v vng xen ph no? orbitan gia 2 ht nhn. - Cho bit hng ca trc lin kt - i qua tm cc nguyn t to thnh trong cc phn t to bi lin kt cng lin kt. ho tr? 3.2. Yu cu HS: Xem trc ni dung bi 18: S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t. S hnh thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba
Cng c bi: 1. Chn cu ng nht v lin kt cng ha tr . Lin kt cn ha tr l lin kt : A. Gia cc phi kim vi nhau.
56
B. Trong cp electron chung b lch v mt nguyn t. C. c hnh thnh do s dng chung electron ca 2 nguyn t khc nhau. D. c to thnh gia 2 nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron chung. 2. Cho cc phn t : N2 ; SO2 ; H2 ; HBr. Phn t no trong cc phn t trn c lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc ? A. N2 ; SO2 C. SO2 ; HBr B. H2 ; HBr D. H2 ; N2
3. S so snh no sau y l ng? A. Lin kt ion v lin kt CHT khng c im no ging nhau. B. Lin kt CHT khng cc v lin kt CHT phn cc khng c im no khc nhau C. Lin kt CHT khng cc v lin kt CHT phn cc khng c im no ging nhau D. Lin kt CHT phn cc l dng trung gian gia lin kt CHT khng cc v lin kt ion 4. Lin kt ho hc trong phn t no sau y c hnh thnh bi s xen ph p p : A. H2 B. Cl2 C. N2 D. B v C 5. Lin kt ion khc vi lin kt cng ha tr : A. Tnh nh hng v tnh bo ha . B. Vic tun theo quy tc bt t. C. Vic tun theo nguyn tc xen ph m my electron nhiu nht. D. Tnh nh hng. Hy chn p n ng
57
Bi 18
(Tit 1) I. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: - Hc sinh bit: + Khi nim v lai ho. Mt s kiu lai ho ph bin. + S xen ph trc, xen ph bn v cc lin kt ho hc to ra bi cc s xen ph . - Hc sinh hiu: + Nguyn nhn c s lai ho orbitan nguyn t. + Nguyn nhn s xen ph trc to lin kt bn hn xen ph bn. 2. K nng:Vn dng thuyt lai ho gii thch dng hnh hc ca 1 s phn t. 3. Thi : Nhn thc s a dng ca lin kt cng ho tr. II. dng dy hc: 1. Gio vin: Gio n in t, k hoch ln lp, my chiu. 2. Hc sinh: Sch gio khoa, tp ghi bi. III. Phng php dy hc ch yu: Trnh by minh ho, din ging, trao i m thoi. IV. Cc hot ng dy hc: Hot ng ca gio vin I. Khi nim v s lai ho HOT NG 1 HOT NG 1 - Trnh chiu, din gii trng thi nguyn t C - Nghe ging, nhn xt. trong phn t CH4 HS thy rng theo l lun - Xem trnh chiu, nhn xt. Hot ng ca hc sinh
58
bnh thng, lin kt trong phn t CH4 c 2 loi - Tm hiu khi nim v nguyn vi dng khc nhau. nh trong thc nghim HS thy rng phn t CH4 c 4 lin kt nh nhau v hnh dng v nng lng. - T , phi c 1 l thuyt gii thch iu ny l thuyt lai ho. (ging nh hot ng dn vo bi hc) - Gii thiu khi nim v nguyn nhn lai ho ca cc orbitan. II. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp Lai ho sp HOT NG 2 Lai ho sp HOT NG 2 nhn lai ho cc orbitan ngt theo - Trnh chiu m hnh phn t CH4 c xc hng dn ca GV. (SGK/77)
- Trnh chiu m phng lai ho sp2 cho HS nhn - Xem v nhn xt: lai ho sp l s xt: AO tham gia lai ho, s orbitan lai ho to t hp (trn ln) gia 1 AO-s v 1 thnh, phn b ca cc orbitan sau khi lai ho. AO-px, to 2 orbitan lai ho thng - Trnh chiu cc dng khng gian ca BeH2, hng v i xng nhau. BeCl2 cho HS nhn xt v phn tch trng thi - Nhn xt: lai ho ca nguyn t Be.
z z z z y x
orbitan s
+ Nguyn t Be* t hp t 1 AO-2s v 1 AO-2px, c lai ho sp

y x
2 orbitan lai hoa sp
y x
orbitan p
y x
+ Hnh dng 2 AO lai ho to thnh ging nhau (gm 2 thy: thu ln v thu nh) + Gc lai ho (gc ho tr 1800)
Be*
BeH2
59
Lai ho sp2 HOT NG 3
Lai ho sp2 HOT NG 3
- Trnh chiu m phng lai ho sp2 cho HS nhn - Xem v nhn xt: lai ho sp2 t xt: AO tham gia lai ho, s orbitan lai ho to AO-s v AO-px,y, to 3 orbitan lai thnh, phn b ca cc orbitan sau khi lai ho. ho phn b t tm ra 3 nh tam - Trnh chiu cc dng khng gian ca BH3, gic u. BCl3 cho HS nhn xt v phn tch trng thi lai - Nhn xt: ho ca nguyn t B. + Nguyn t B* t hp AO-2s v 2 AO-2px,y, c lai ho sp2
z
+ Gc lai ho (gc ho tr 1200)

y
x
orbitan p
y x
orbitan s
y x
orbitan p
3 orbitan lai hoa
Cl B Cl Cl
(a)
Cl
B
1200
Cl
(b)
Cl
Lai ho sp3 HOT NG 4 - Trnh chiu m phng lai ho sp3 cho HS nhn xt: AO tham gia lai ho, s orbitan lai ho to thnh, phn b ca cc orbitan sau khi lai ho. - Trnh chiu cc dng khng gian ca NH3, H2O
Lai ho sp3 HOT NG 4 - Xem v nhn xt: lai ho sp3 t AO-s v AO-px,y,z, to 4 orbitan lai ho phn b t tm ra 4 nh t din u.
60
cho HS nhn xt v phn tch trng thi lai ho - Nhn xt: Nguyn t N, O t hp ca nguyn t N, O.
z
AO-2s v 3 AO-2px,y,z, c lai ho sp3 - Gc lai ho (gc ho tr 109029)

y x
orbitan p
y x
orbitan p
y x
orbitan s
y x
orbitan p
4 orbitan lai hoa
H H H
109 028'
CH4
O H
104,50
H 2O
Ch : Gii thiu vai tr ca thuyt lai ho: Nhn mnh y l l thuyt gii thch kt qu thc nghim ch khng phi l l thuyt tin on. HOT NG 5 - Cng c: Thuyt lai ho AO c vai tr g? - Yu cu HS xem ni dung cn li chun b cho tit sau. HOT NG 5 - Gii thch s ng nht v nng lng ca AO khi to lin kt bn v dng hnh hc ca phn t.
61
Bi 18
(Tit 2) Hot ng ca gio vin III. S xen ph trc v xen ph bn HOT NG 6 cc AOs v AOp cho HS thy th no l xen ph trc v xen ph bn. - Lu HS v hng ca trc orbitan v ng ni tm. - Yu cu HS pht biu nhn xt v xen - Pht biu: ph trc v xen ph bn. + Khi trc ca orbitan tham gia lin kt trng vi ng ni tm ca 2 nguyn t lin kt th gi l xen ph trc. + Khi trc ca orbitan tham gia lin kt song song nhau v vung gc vi ng ni tm ca 2 nguyn t lin kt th gi l
Xen ph trc Xen ph bn
Hot ng ca hc sinh
HOT NG 6
- Trnh chiu cc hnh thc xen ph ca - Xem trnh chiu, nhn xt.
xen ph bn. - Nghe ging. - Xem trnh chiu, nhn xt.
- Gii thiu loi lin kt v bn ca lin kt to bi 2 loi xen ph trn. + Xen ph trc to lin kt xch ma ( ) bn. + Xen ph bn to lin kt pi ( ) km bn.
62
IV. S to thnh lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba HOT NG 7 - Trnh chiu cho HS xem hnh nh xen - Pht biu: ph to lin kt n, i, ba. - Yu cu HS nhn xt thnh phn lin kt Lin kt n l lin kt . Lin kt i gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin Lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin HOT NG 7
xchma ( ) v lin kt pi ( ) trong mi kt . loi lin kt. - Yu cu HS gii thiu mt s phn t kt . ln lt c cc loi lin kt trn Th d: H2, HCl, Cl2c lin kt ( ) C2H4c lin kt i N2c lin kt ba - Gip HS gii thch s hnh thnh cc loi lin kt trn. HOT NG 8 - Cng c: + Cc AO s v p xen ph nhau nh th no? + Bn cht hnh thnh lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba? - Yu cu HS n cc bi v lin kt v lai ho. Tit 32 luyn tp. Cng c bi: 1. Nhn xt no sau y l ng: A. S lai ho obitan nguyn t c s orbitan khc nhau v c nh hng khng gian khc nhau HOT NG 8 - HS tr li cc cu hi.
63
B. S lai ho sp ca mi nguyn t C l nguyn nhn dn n tnh thng hng trong phn t C2H2 C. S lai ho sp2 ca mi nguyn t C l nguyn nhn dn n tnh thng hng trong phn t C2H4 D. Phn t CH4 c lai ho sp3, cn phn t NH3 c lai ho sp2 2. Phn t no c s lai ha sp2 ? A. BF3 A. sp B. BeF2 B. sp2 C. NH3 C. sp3 D. CH4. D. khng xc nh c. 3. Phn t H2O c gc lin kt bng 104,50 do nguyn t oxi trng thi lai ha : 4. Cc lin kt trong phn t N2 c to thnh l do s xen ph ca : A. cc obitan s vi nhau v cc obitan p vi nhau. B. 3 obitan p vi nhau . C. 1 obitan s v 2 obitan p vi nhau. D. 3 obitan p ging nhau v hnh dng v kch thc nhng khc nhau v nh hng khng gian vi nhau. Hy chn p n ng . 5. Nguyn t P trong phn t PH3 trng thi lai ha : A. sp. B. sp2 C. sp3. D. khng xc nh c Hy chn p n ng
64
PHN III: KT LUN

1. Kt lun chung Thng qua c s l lun v thc t vic tham kho kin mt s GV v kho st HS cc khi lp 10 (3 lp chuyn v 1 lp 10A1) ta c mt s kt lun nh sau: - nu ln c tng quan l lun v lin kt ho hc v hnh hc phn t, a ra mt s dng c th (c v d minh ho). H thng mt s bi tp vn dung ni dung trn (c p n km theo). - kho st thc t HS trng THPT TP Cao Lnh (qua bi kim tra 10 pht) v kh nng nm vng kin thc ca cc em. - Tm li qua ti kho lun ny ti nhn thy vn ging dy ni dung lin kt ho hc l quan trng. Tuy nhin do mt s nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan nn hiu qu ging dy ca GV vn cha cao.lm cho HS tip thu bi km (c th kt qu kho st qua bi kim tra 10 pht trong t thc tp s phm). 2. kin xut 2.1. i vi sinh vin trng s phm Sinh vin nn h thng li cc kin thc hc v vn dng cc ni dung vo chng trnh SGK 10, 11, 12. N s gip ch cho bn thn trong qu trnh thc tp tt nghip, ng thi s l hnh trang s phm cho cc bn trong tng lai. 2.2. i vi trng THPT Khi dy hc cc ni dung ny GV nn s dng cc phng tin trc quan (my chiu, nh) HS d hnh dung vn nht l cc bi trong chng 3 SGK ho hc 10, (cc on Flash m t hnh nh cc AO, s xen ph cc AO, s lai ha cc AO)
65
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Ng Ngc An (2007), Gii ton ha hc 10, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni 2. Nguyn c Chung (2002), Ha hc i cng, Nxb i hc quc gia Tp.HCM. 3. Nguyn c Chuy (1995), Ha hc i cng, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 4. Trn Thnh Hu (2003), Ha hc i cng 1 Cu to cht, Nxb i hc s phm, H Ni 5. Trn Thnh Hu (2008), T liu ho hc 10, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 6. Nguyn nh Hu, Nguyn c Chuy (2003), Thuyt lng t v nguyn t v phn t, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 7. Nguyn Trng Th (2005), Ha i Cng, Nxb Gio Dc, H Ni. 8. o nh Thc (2006), Nguyn t v lin kt ha hc tp 2, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 9. o nh Thc (1999), i xng phn t v ng dng l thuyt nhm trong ha hc, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni. 10. Chu Phm Ngc Sn (1995), C s l thuyt ha i cng cu to cht, Nxb i hc tng hp Tp.HCM.
11. Website
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PHN II: NI DUNG

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Nng lng lin kt 418,4 343,4 597,7 811,7 351,1 761,5

Nng lng lin kt 439,3 328,5 276,1 389,1 159,0 418,4

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Ta thy gi tr trn sai lch nhiu so vi gi tr thc t (EA = 5497 kJ/mol)

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gi l che ph dng v n dn n s to thnh lin kt.

+ Ngoi ra nu hai hm sng c du i nhau khi che ph s b trit tiu v lin

kt s khng hnh thnh.

Lin kt trit tiu

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Cu hnh electron lp v ha tr ca nguyn t S c dng

Hnh dng xen ph cc obitan c m t nh sau:

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3 orbitan lai hoa

4 orbitan lai hoa

Th d: Dng lai ho ny gp trong nguyn t O ca H2O, N trong NH3 v ion NH4+

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n =3 TH 3: n = 4 phn t c dng AX4, bn i electron c phn b bn nh ca

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phn t c dng AX5, ta tng tng nm i electron phn b trn mt

phn t c dng AX6, su i electron ny c phn b trn v ha tr

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nguyn t trung tm A cng c 4 i electron, nhng do c hai i electron

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2 i electron ring c phn b trans (phn b v 2 pha ca mt

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I. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc

I. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr bng cp electron chung

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S lai ho cc orbitan nguyn t. S hnh thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba

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HOH Khng phn cc H

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Tng s e ring ca nguyn t

S lin kt nguyn t tham gia

- in tch gii ta (trn mt nguyn t) in tch gii ta trn mt nguyn

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khi ta c cng thc s b (b)

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S electron cn li sau khi to octet trn l n5 = 20 18 = 2e

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AX2 AX3 AX2E AX4 AX3E AX2E2