Chuyen de Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi

144583539.
doc
CHUYN BI DNG HC SINH GII
PHN I: BI
1. Chng minh
7
l s v t.
2. a) Chng minh : (ac + bd)
2
+ (ad bc)
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
)
b) Chng minh bt dng thc Bunhiacpxki : (ac + bd)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
)
3. Cho x + y = 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : S = x
2
+ y
2
.
4. a) Cho a 0, b 0. Chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy :
a b
ab
2
+
.
b) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng :
bc ca ab
a b c
a b c
+ + + +
c) Cho a, b > 0 v 3a + 5b = 12. Tm gi tr ln nht ca tch P = ab.
5. Cho a + b = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : M = a
3
+ b
3
.
6. Cho a
3
+ b
3
= 2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : N = a + b.
7. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh : a
3
+ b
3
+ abc ab(a + b + c)
8. Tm lin h gia cc s a v b bit rng :
a b a b + >
9. a) Chng minh bt ng thc (a + 1)
2
4a
b) Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh : (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8
10. Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
) b) (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
11. Tm cc gi tr ca x sao cho :
a) | 2x 3 | = | 1 x | b) x
2
4x 5 c) 2x(2x 1) 2x 1.
12. Tm cc s a, b, c, d bit rng : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
= a(b + c + d)
13. Cho biu thc M = a
2
+ ab + b
2
3a 3b + 2001. Vi gi tr no ca a v b th M t gi tr
nh nht ? Tm gi tr nh nht .
14. Cho biu thc P = x
2
+ xy + y
2
3(x + y) + 3. CMR gi tr nh nht ca P bng 0.
15. Chng minh rng khng c gi tr no ca x, y, z tha mn ng thc sau :
x
2
+ 4y
2
+ z
2
2a + 8y 6z + 15 = 0
16. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :
2
1
A
x 4x 9
+
17. So snh cc s thc sau (khng dng my tnh) :
a) 7 15 v 7 + b) 17 5 1 v 45 + +
c)
23 2 19
v 27
3
d)
3 2 v 2 3
18. Hy vit mt s hu t v mt s v t ln hn
2
nhng nh hn
3
19. Gii phng trnh :
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 21 5 2x x + + + + +
.
20. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A = x
2
y vi cc iu kin x, y > 0 v 2x + xy = 4.
21. Cho
1 1 1 1
S .... ...
1.1998 2.1997 k(1998 k 1) 1998 1
+ + + + +
+
.
Hy so snh S v
1998
2.
1999
.
22. Chng minh rng : Nu s t nhin a khng phi l s chnh phng th
a
l s v t.
23. Cho cc s x v y cng du. Chng minh rng :
http://kinhhoa.violet.vn 1
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a)
x y
2
y x
+
b)
2 2
2 2
x y x y
0
y x y x
_ _
+ +

, ,
c)
4 4 2 2
4 4 2 2
x y x y x y
2
y x y x y x
_ _ _
+ + + +

, , ,
.
24. Chng minh rng cc s sau l s v t :
a)
1 2 +
b)
3
m
n
+ vi m, n l cc s hu t, n 0.
25. C hai s v t dng no m tng l s hu t khng ?
26. Cho cc s x v y khc 0. Chng minh rng :
2 2
2 2
x y x y
4 3
y x y x
_
+ + +

,
.
27. Cho cc s x, y, z dng. Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x y z
y z x y z x
+ + + + .
28. Chng minh rng tng ca mt s hu t vi mt s v t l mt s v t.
29. Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
)
b) (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
c) (a
1
+ a
2
+ .. + a
n
)
2
n(a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ .. + a
n
2
).
30. Cho a
3
+ b
3
= 2. Chng minh rng a + b 2.
31. Chng minh rng : [ ] [ ] [ ]
x y x y + + .
2
1
A
x 6x 17
+
.
33. Tm gi tr nh nht ca :
x y z
A
y z x
+ +
vi x, y, z > 0.
34. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = x
2
+ y
2
bit x + y = 4.
35. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : A = xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) vi x, y, z 0 ; x + y + z = 1.
36. Xt xem cc s a v b c th l s v t khng nu :
a) ab v
a
b
l s v t.
b) a + b v
a
b
l s hu t (a + b 0)
c) a + b, a
2
v b
2
l s hu t (a + b 0)
37. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh : a
3
+ b
3
+ abc ab(a + b + c)
38. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh :
a b c d
2
b c c d d a a b
+ + +
+ + + +
39. Chng minh rng [ ]
2x bng [ ]
2 x hoc [ ]
2 x 1 +
40. Cho s nguyn dng a. Xt cc s c dng : a + 15 ; a + 30 ; a + 45 ; ; a + 15n.
Chng minh rng trong cc s , tn ti hai s m hai ch s u tin l 96.
41. Tm cc gi tr ca x cc biu thc sau c ngha :
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2
2 2
1 1 1 2
A= x 3 B C D E x 2x
x
x 4x 5 1 x 3
x 2x 1
+ +
+

2
G 3x 1 5x 3 x x 1 + + +
42. a) Chng minh rng : | A + B | | A | + | B | . Du = xy ra khi no ?
b) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau :
2 2
M x 4x 4 x 6x 9 + + + +
.
c) Gii phng trnh :
2 2 2
4x 20x 25 x 8x 16 x 18x 81 + + + + + +
43. Gii phng trnh :
2 2
2x 8x 3 x 4x 5 12
.
44. Tm cc gi tr ca x cc biu thc sau c ngha :
2 2
2
1 1
A x x 2 B C 2 1 9x D
1 3x
x 5x 6
+ +
+
2 2
2
1 x
E G x 2 H x 2x 3 3 1 x
x 4
2x 1 x
+ +
+ +
45. Gii phng trnh :
2
x 3x
0
x 3
46. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :

A x x +
.
B 3 x x +
48. So snh : a)
3 1
a 2 3 v b=
2
+
+ b)
5 13 4 3 v 3 1 +
c) n 2 n 1 v n+1 n + + (n l s nguyn dng)
49. Vi gi tr no ca x, biu thc sau t gi tr nh nht :
2 2
A 1 1 6x 9x (3x 1) + +
.
50. Tnh :
a) 4 2 3 b) 11 6 2 c) 27 10 2 +
2 2
d) A m 8m 16 m 8m 16 e) B n 2 n 1 n 2 n 1 + + + + + +
(n
1)
51. Rt gn biu thc :
8 41
M
45 4 41 45 4 41
+ +
.
52. Tm cc s x, y, z tha mn ng thc :
2 2 2
(2x y) (y 2) (x y z) 0 + + + +
2 2
P 25x 20x 4 25x 30x 9 + + +
.
54. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
2 2 2 2 2
a) x x 2 x 2 0 b) x 1 1 x c) x x x x 2 0 + + +
4 2 2
d) x x 2x 1 1 e) x 4x 4 x 4 0 g) x 2 x 3 5 + + + + +
2 2 2
h) x 2x 1 x 6x 9 1 i) x 5 2 x x 25 + + + + +
k) x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 1 l) 8x 1 3x 5 7x 4 2x 2 + + + + + + +
55. Cho hai s thc x v y tha mn cc iu kin : xy = 1 v x > y. CMR:
2 2
x y
2 2
x y
+
.
56. Rt gn cc biu thc :
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a) 13 30 2 9 4 2 b) m 2 m 1 m 2 m 1
c) 2 3. 2 2 3 . 2 2 2 3 . 2 2 2 3 d) 227 30 2 123 22 2
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
57. Chng minh rng
6 2
2 3
2 2
+ + .
58. Rt gn cc biu thc :
( ) ( )
6 2 6 3 2 6 2 6 3 2
9 6 2 6
a) C b) D
2 3
+ + + +

.
59. So snh :
a) 6 20 v 1+ 6 b) 17 12 2 v 2 1 c) 28 16 3 v 3 2 + + +
60. Cho biu thc :
2
A x x 4x 4 +
a) Tm tp xc nh ca biu thc A.
b) Rt gn biu thc A.
61. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :
a) 11 2 10 b) 9 2 14
3 11 6 2 5 2 6
c)
2 6 2 5 7 2 10
+ + +
+ + +
62. Cho a + b + c = 0 ; a, b, c 0. Chng minh ng thc :
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + + +
63. Gii bt phng trnh :
2
x 16x 60 x 6 + <
.
64. Tm x sao cho :
2 2
x 3 3 x +
.
65. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = x
2
+ y
2
, bit rng :
x
2
(x
2
+ 2y
2
3) + (y
2
2)
2
= 1 (1)
66. Tm x biu thc c ngha:
2
2
1 16 x
a) A b) B x 8x 8
2x 1
x 2x 1

+ +
+

.
67. Cho biu thc :
2 2
2 2
x x 2x x x 2x
A
x x 2x x x 2x
+

+
.
a) Tm gi tr ca x biu thc A c ngha.
b) Rt gn biu thc A. c) Tm gi tr ca x A < 2.
68. Tm 20 ch s thp phn u tin ca s : 0, 9999....9 (20 ch s 9)
69. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca : A = | x -
2
| + | y 1 | vi | x | + | y | = 5
70. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
bit rng xy + yz + zx = 1
71. Trong hai s : n n 2 v 2 n+1 + + (n l s nguyn dng), s no ln hn ?
72. Cho biu thc
A 7 4 3 7 4 3 + +
. Tnh gi tr ca A theo hai cch.
73. Tnh : ( 2 3 5)( 2 3 5)( 2 3 5)( 2 3 5) + + + + + +
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74. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : 3 5 ; 3 2 ; 2 2 3 + +
75. Hy so snh hai s : a 3 3 3 v b=2 2 1 ;
5 1
2 5 v
2
+
+
76. So snh
4 7 4 7 2 +
v s 0.
77. Rt gn biu thc :
2 3 6 8 4
Q
2 3 4
+ + + +
+ +
.
78. Cho
P 14 40 56 140 + + +
. Hy biu din P di dng tng ca 3 cn thc
bc hai
79. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc x
2
+ y
2
bit rng :
2 2
x 1 y y 1 x 1 +
.
80. Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca :
A 1 x 1 x + +
.
81. Tm gi tr ln nht ca :
( )
2
M a b + vi a, b > 0 v a + b 1.
82. CMR trong cc s 2b c 2 ad ; 2c d 2 ab ; 2d a 2 bc ; 2a b 2 cd + + + +
c t nht hai s dng (a, b, c, d > 0).
83. Rt gn biu thc :
N 4 6 8 3 4 2 18 + + +
.
84. Cho x y z xy yz zx + + + + , trong x, y, z > 0. Chng minh x = y = z.
85. Cho a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
> 0 v a
1
a
2
a
n
= 1. Chng minh: (1 + a
1
)(1 + a
2
)(1 + a
n
) 2
n
.
86. Chng minh :
( )
2
a b 2 2(a b) ab + + (a, b 0).
87. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt tam gic th
cc on thng c di a , b , c cng lp c thnh mt tam gic.
88. Rt gn : a)
2
ab b a
A
b b

b)
2
(x 2) 8x
B
2
x
x
+
.
89. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, ta u c :
2
2
a 2
2
a 1
+
+
. Khi no c ng thc ?
90. Tnh :
A 3 5 3 5 + +
bng hai cch.
91. So snh : a)
3 7 5 2
v 6,9 b) 13 12 v 7 6
5
+

92. Tnh :
2 3 2 3
P
2 2 3 2 2 3
+
+
+ +
.
93. Gii phng trnh :
x 2 3 2x 5 x 2 2x 5 2 2 + + +
.
94. Chng minh rng ta lun c :
n
1.3.5...(2n 1) 1
P
2.4.6...2n 2n 1
<
+
; n Z
+
95. Chng minh rng nu a, b > 0 th
2 2
a b
a b
b a
+ +
.
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96. Rt gn biu thc : A =
2
x 4(x 1) x 4(x 1)
1
. 1
x 1
x 4(x 1)
+ +
_
,
.
97. Chng minh cc ng thc sau :
a b b a 1
a) : a b
ab a b
+

(a, b > 0 ; a b)
14 7 15 5 1 a a a a
b) : 2 c) 1 1 1 a
1 2 1 3 7 5 a 1 a 1
_ _ _
+
+ +

+
, , ,
(a >
0).
98. Tnh :
a) 5 3 29 6 20 ; b) 2 3 5 13 48 + +
.
c) 7 48 28 16 3 . 7 48
_
+ +

,
.
99. So snh : a) 3 5 v 15 b) 2 15 v 12 7 + + +
16
c) 18 19 v 9 d) v 5. 25
2
+
100. Cho hng ng thc :

2 2
a a b a a b
a b
2 2
+
t t
(a, b > 0 v a
2
b > 0).
p dng kt qu rt gn :
2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
a) ; b)
2 2 3 2 2 3 17 12 2 17 12 2
+ +
+
+ + +
2 10 30 2 2 6 2
c) :
2 10 2 2 3 1
+

101. Xc nh gi tr cc biu thc sau :
2 2
2 2
xy x 1. y 1
a) A
xy x 1. y 1

+
vi
1 1 1 1
x a , y b
2 a 2 b
_ _
+ +

, ,
(a > 1 ; b > 1)
a bx a bx
b) B
a bx a bx
+ +
+
vi
( )
2
2am
x , m 1
b 1 m
<
+
.
102. Cho biu thc
2
2
2x x 1
P(x)
3x 4x 1

+
a) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x P(x) xc nh. Rt gn P(x).
b) Chng minh rng nu x > 1 th P(x).P(- x) < 0.
103. Cho biu thc
2
x 2 4 x 2 x 2 4 x 2
A
4 4
1
x x
+ + + +
+
.
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc A l mt s nguyn.
104. Tm gi tr ln nht (nu c) hoc gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca cc biu thc sau:
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2
a) 9 x b) x x (x 0) c) 1 2 x d) x 5 4 > +
2 2
1
e) 1 2 1 3x g) 2x 2x 5 h) 1 x 2x 5 i)
2x x 3
+ + +
+
105. Rt gn biu thc :
A x 2x 1 x 2x 1 +
, bng ba cch ?
a) 5 3 5 48 10 7 4 3 + +
b) 4 10 2 5 4 10 2 5 c) 94 42 5 94 42 5 + + + + +
.
107. Chng minh cc hng ng thc vi b 0 ; a
b
a)
( )
2
a b a b 2 a a b + t t b)
2 2
a a b a a b
a b
2 2
+
t t
A x 2 2x 4 x 2 2x 4 + +
109. Tm x v y sao cho : x y 2 x y 2 + +
110. Chng minh bt ng thc :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b c d a c b d + + + + + +
.
111. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
2 2 2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
.
112. Cho a, b, c > 0 ; a + b + c = 1. Chng minh :
a) a 1 b 1 c 1 3, 5 b) a b b c c a 6 + + + + + < + + + + + .
113. CM :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a c b c a d b d (a b)(c d) + + + + + + + vi a, b, c, d > 0.
A x x +
.
(x a)(x b)
A
x
+ +
.
116. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = 2x + 3y bit 2x
2
+ 3y
2
5.
117. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x +
2 x
.
118. Gii phng trnh :
x 1 5x 1 3x 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 + +
2 2
3x 21x 18 2 x 7x 7 2 + + + + +
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 4 2x x + + + + +
122. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : 3 2 ; 2 2 3 +
123. Chng minh
x 2 4 x 2 +
.
124. Chng minh bt ng thc sau bng phng php hnh hc :
2 2 2 2
a b . b c b(a c) + + +
vi a, b, c > 0.
125. Chng minh (a b)(c d) ac bd + + + vi a, b, c, d > 0.
126. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt tam gic th cc
on thng c di a , b , c cng lp c thnh mt tam gic.
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127. Chng minh
2
(a b) a b
a b b a
2 4
+ +
+ + vi a, b 0.
128. Chng minh
a b c
2
b c a c a b
+ + >
+ + +
vi a, b, c > 0.
129. Cho
2 2
x 1 y y 1 x 1 +
. Chng minh rng x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
130. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 + +
131. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca
A 1 x 1 x + +
.
2 2
A x 1 x 2x 5 + + +
2 2
A x 4x 12 x 2x 3 + + + +
.
134. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca :
( )
2 2
a) A 2x 5 x b) A x 99 101 x + +
135. Tm GTNN ca A = x + y bit x, y > 0 tha mn
a b
1
x y
+
(a v b l hng s dng).
136. Tm GTNN ca A = (x + y)(x + z) vi x, y, z > 0 , xyz(x + y + z) = 1.
137. Tm GTNN ca
xy yz zx
A
z x y
+ +
vi x, y, z > 0 , x + y + z = 1.
138. Tm GTNN ca
2 2 2
x y z
A
x y y z z x
+ +
+ + +
bit x, y, z > 0 , xy yz zx 1 + + .
139. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : a)
( )
2
A a b + vi a, b > 0 , a + b 1
b)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
B a b a c a d b c b d c d + + + + + + + + + + +
vi a, b, c, d > 0 v a + b + c + d = 1.
140. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = 3
x
+ 3
y
vi x + y = 4.
141. Tm GTNN ca
b c
A
c d a b
+
+ +
vi b + c a + d ; b, c > 0 ; a, d 0.
2 2
a) x 5x 2 3x 12 0 b) x 4x 8 x 1 c) 4x 1 3x 4 1 + + +
d) x 1 x 1 2 e) x 2 x 1 x 1 1 g) x 2x 1 x 2x 1 2 + + +
h) x 2 4 x 2 x 7 6 x 2 1 i) x x 1 x 1 + + + + +
2 2 2
k) 1 x x x 1 l) 2x 8x 6 x 1 2x 2 + + + +
2 2
m) x 6 x 2 x 1 n) x 1 x 10 x 2 x 5 + + + + + + +
( ) ( )
2
o) x 1 x 3 2 x 1 x 3x 5 4 2x + + + +
p) 2x 3 x 2 2x 2 x 2 1 2 x 2 + + + + + + + +
.
2 2
q) 2x 9x 4 3 2x 1 2x 21x 11 + + +
( ) ( )
A 2 2 5 3 2 18 20 2 2 + +
.
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144. Chng minh rng, n Z
+
, ta lun c : ( )
1 1 1
1 .... 2 n 1 1
2 3 n
+ + + + > +
.
145. Trc cn thc mu :
1 1
a) b)
1 2 5 x x 1 + + + +
.
146. Tnh :
a) 5 3 29 6 20 b) 6 2 5 13 48 c) 5 3 29 12 5 + +
147. Cho
( ) ( )
a 3 5. 3 5 10 2 + . Chng minh rng a l s t nhin.
148. Cho
3 2 2 3 2 2
b
17 12 2 17 12 2
+

+
. b c phi l s t nhin khng ?
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a) 3 1 x x 4 3 0 b) 3 1 x 2 3 1 x 3 3
5 x 5 x x 3 x 3
c) 2 d) x x 5 5
5 x x 3
+ +
+
+
+
150. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : M 12 5 29 25 4 21 12 5 29 25 4 21 + + +
151. Rt gn :
1 1 1 1
A ...
1 2 2 3 3 4 n 1 n
+ + + +
+ + + +
.
152. Cho biu thc :
1 1 1 1
P ...
2 3 3 4 4 5 2n 2n 1
+ +
+
a) Rt gn P. b) P c phi l s hu t khng ?
153. Tnh :
1 1 1 1
A ...
2 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 100 99 99 100
+ + + +
+ + + +
.
154. Chng minh :
1 1 1
1 ... n
2 3 n
+ + + + >
.
155. Cho
a 17 1
. Hy tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A = (a
5
+ 2a
4
17a
3
a
2
+ 18a 17)
2000
.
156. Chng minh :
a a 1 a 2 a 3 <
(a 3)
157. Chng minh :
2
1
x x 0
2
+ > (x 0)
158. Tm gi tr ln nht ca S x 1 y 2 + , bit x + y = 4.
159. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau vi
3 1 2a 1 2a
a : A
4 1 1 2a 1 1 2a
+
+
+ +
.
160. Chng minh cc ng thc sau :
( ) ( ) ( )
a) 4 15 10 6 4 15 2 b) 4 2 2 6 2 3 1 + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
c) 3 5 3 5 10 2 8 d) 7 48 3 1 e) 17 4 9 4 5 5 2
2
+ + + +
161. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau :
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5 5 5 5
a) 27 6 48 b) 10 0
5 5 5 5
+
+ > + <
+
5 1 5 1 1
c) 3 4 2 0, 2 1, 01 0
3 1 5 3 1 3 5
_ _
+
+ + >

+ + +
, ,
2 3 1 2 3 3 3 1
d) 3 2 0
2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2
_
+
+ + + >

+ +
,
e) 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1, 9 g) 17 12 2 2 3 1 + + > + >
( )
( )
2 2 3 2 2
h) 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 i) 0,8
4
+ +
+ + + + < <
162. Chng minh rng :
1
2 n 1 2 n 2 n 2 n 1
n
+ < <
. T suy ra:
1 1 1
2004 1 ... 2005
2 3 1006009
< + + + + <
163. Trc cn thc mu :
3 3
2 3 4 3
a) b)
2 3 6 8 4 2 2 4
+ +
+ + + + + +
.
164. Cho
3 2 3 2
x v y=
3 2 3 2
+
+
. Tnh A = 5x
2
+ 6xy + 5y
2
.
165. Chng minh bt ng thc sau :
2002 2003
2002 2003
2003 2002
+ > +
.
166. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc :
2 2
x 3xy y
A
x y 2
+
+ +
vi x 3 5 v y 3 5 + .
2
6x 3
3 2 x x
x 1 x
+

.
168. Gii bt cc pt : a)
1
3 3 5x 72 b) 10x 14 1 c) 2 2 2 2x 4
4
+ + + .
a 1
a) A 5 3 29 12 5 b) B 1 a a(a 1) a
a
+ +
2 2 2
2 2 2
x 3 2 x 9 x 5x 6 x 9 x
c) C d) D
2x 6 x 9 3x x (x 2) 9 x
+ + + + +

+ + +
1 1 1 1
E ...
1 2 2 3 3 4 24 25
+

170. Tm GTNN v GTLN ca biu thc
2
1
A
2 3 x

.
2 1
A
1 x x
+
vi 0 < x < 1.
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172. Tm GTLN ca : a) A x 1 y 2 + bit x + y = 4 ; b)
y 2 x 1
B
x y

+
173. Cho a 1997 1996 ; b 1998 1997 . So snh a vi b, s no ln hn ?
174. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca :
2
2
1
a) A b) B x 2x 4
5 2 6 x
+ +
+
.
175. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
2
A x 1 x
.
176. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = | x y | bit x
2
+ 4y
2
= 1.
177. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca A = x
3
+ y
3
bit x, y 0 ; x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
178. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca A x x y y + bit x y 1 + .
2
x 1
1 x x 3x 2 (x 2) 3
x 2
+ + +
.
2 2
x 2x 9 6 4x 2x + + +
.
181. CMR, n Z
+
, ta c :
1 1 1 1
... 2
2 3 2 4 3 (n 1) n
+ + + + <
+
.
182. Cho
1 1 1 1
A ...
1.1999 2.1998 3.1997 1999.1
+ + + +
. Hy so snh A v 1,999.
183. Cho 3 s x, y v x y + l s hu t. Chng minh rng mi s x ; y u l s hu t
184. Cho
3 2
a 2 6 ; b 3 2 2 6 4 2
3 2
+
+ +
. CMR : a, b l cc s hu t.
2 a a 2 a a a a 1
P .
a 1 a 2 a 1 a
_
+ +

+ +
,
. (a > 0 ; a 1)
186. Chng minh :
a 1 a 1 1
4 a a 4a
a 1 a 1 a
_
+ _
+

+
,
,
. (a > 0 ; a 1)
187. Rt gn :
( )
2
x 2 8x
2
x
x
+
(0 < x < 2)
188. Rt gn :
b ab a b a b
a :
a b ab b ab a ab
_
+ _
+ +

+ +
,
,
189. Gii bt phng trnh :
( )
2
2 2
2 2
5a
2 x x a
x a
+ +
+
(a 0)
190. Cho ( )
2
1 a a 1 a a
A 1 a : a a 1
1 a 1 a
1 _ _
+
+ +
1
+
1
, ,
]
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tnh gi tr ca A vi a = 9.
c) Vi gi tr no ca a th | A | = A.
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191. Cho biu thc :
a b 1 a b b b
B
a ab 2 ab a ab a ab
_
+
+ +

+ +
,
.
a) Rt gn biu thc B. b) Tnh gi tr ca B nu
a 6 2 5 +
.
c) So snh B vi -1.
192. Cho
1 1 a b
A : 1
a a b a a b a b
_
+ _
+ +

+ +
,
,
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm b bit | A | = -A.
c) Tnh gi tr ca A khi a 5 4 2 ; b 2 6 2 + + .
193. Cho biu thc
a 1 a 1 1
A 4 a a
a 1 a 1 a
_
+ _
+

+
,
,
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tm gi tr ca A nu
6
a
2 6
+
. c) Tm gi tr ca a
A A >
.
194. Cho biu thc
a 1 a a a a
A
2 2 a a 1 a 1
_ _
+

+
, ,
.
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm gi tr ca A A = - 4
195. Thc hin php tnh :
1 a 1 a 1 a 1 a
A :
1 a 1 a 1 a 1 a
_ _
+ +
+

+ +
, ,
196. Thc hin php tnh :
2 3 2 3
B
2 2 3 2 2 3
+
+
+ +
( )
3
x y 1 1 1 2 1 1
a) A : . .
x y xy xy x y 2 xy x y
x y
1
_
_
1
+ + +

1
+ +
,
+ ,
1
]

vi x 2 3 ; y 2 3 + .
b)
2 2 2 2
x x y x x y
B
2(x y)
+
vi x > y > 0
c)
2
2
2a 1 x
C
1 x x
+
+
vi
1 1 a a
x
2 a 1 a
_
,
; 0 < a < 1
d)
( ) ( )
2 2
2
a 1 b 1
D (a b)
c 1
+ +
+
+
vi a, b, c > 0 v ab + bc + ca = 1
e)
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
E . 2x 1
x 2x 1 x 2x 1
+ +

+ +
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198. Chng minh :
2 2
x 4 x 4 2x 4
x x
x x x
+
+ +
vi x 2.
199. Cho
1 2 1 2
a , b
2 2
+
. Tnh a
7
+ b
7
.
200. Cho
a 2 1
a) Vit a
2
; a
3
di dng
m m 1
, trong m l s t nhin.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, s a
n
vit c di dng trn.
201. Cho bit x =
2
l mt nghim ca phng trnh x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 vi cc h s hu t.
Tm cc nghim cn li.
202. Chng minh
1 1 1
2 n 3 ... 2 n 2
2 3 n
< + + + <
vi n N ; n 2.
203. Tm phn nguyn ca s
6 6 ... 6 6 + + + +
(c 100 du cn).
204. Cho
2 3
a 2 3. Tnh a) a b) a 1 1 +
] ]
.
205. Cho 3 s x, y, x y + l s hu t. Chng minh rng mi s x , y u l s hu t
206. CMR, n 1 , n N :
1 1 1 1
... 2
2 3 2 4 3 (n 1) n
+ + + + <
+
207. Cho 25 s t nhin a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
25
tha k :
1 2 3 25
1 1 1 1
... 9
a a a a
+ + + +
. Chng
minh rng trong 25 s t nhin tn ti 2 s bng nhau.
208. Gii phng trnh
2 x 2 x
2
2 2 x 2 2 x
+
+
+ +
.
209. Gii v bin lun vi tham s a
1 x 1 x
a
1 x 1 x
+ +
+
.
210. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
x 1 y 2y
y 1 z 2z
z 1 x 2x
+
'
211. Chng minh rng :

a) S
( )
7
8 3 7 + c 7 ch s 9 lin sau du phy.
b) S
( )
10
7 4 3 + c mi ch s 9 lin sau du phy.
212. K hiu a
n
l s nguyn gn
n
nht (n N
*
), v d :
1 2 3 4
1 1 a 1 ; 2 1, 4 a 1 ; 3 1, 7 a 2 ; 4 2 a 2
Tnh :
1 2 3 1980
1 1 1 1
...
a a a a
+ + + +
.
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213. Tm phn nguyn ca cc s (c n du cn) : a)
n
a 2 2 ... 2 2 + + + +

b)
n
a 4 4 ... 4 4 + + + +
c)
n
a 1996 1996 ... 1996 1996 + + + +
214. Tm phn nguyn ca A vi n N :
2 2
A 4n 16n 8n 3 + + +
215. Chng minh rng khi vit s x =
( )
200
3 2 + di dng thp phn, ta c ch s lin
trc du phy l 1, ch s lin sau du phy l 9.
216. Tm ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn ca
( )
250
3 2 + .
217. Tnh tng
A 1 2 3 ... 24
1 1 1 1
+ + + +
] ] ] ]
218. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x
2
(3 x) vi x 0.
219. Gii phng trnh : a)
3 3
x 1 7 x 2 + +
b)
3
x 2 x 1 3 + +
.
220. C tn ti cc s hu t dng a, b khng nu : a)
a b 2 +
b)
4
a b 2 +
.
221. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : a)
3 3 3
5 b) 2 4 +
222. Chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s khng m :
3
a b c
abc
3
+ +
.
223. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Bit
a b c d
1
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d
+ + +
+ + + +
. Chng minh rng :
1
abcd
81
.
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x y z
y z x y z x
+ + + + vi x, y, z > 0
225. Cho
3 3 3 3 3
a 3 3 3 3 ; b 2 3 + +
. Chng minh rng : a < b.
226. a) Chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n, ta c :
n
1
1 3
n
_
+ <

,
.
b) Chng minh rng trong cc s c dng
n
n
(n l s t nhin), s
3
3
c gi tr ln nht
2 2
A x x 1 x x 1 + + + +
.
228. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x
2
(2 x) bit x 4.
229. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
2 2
A x 9 x
.
230. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = x(x
2
6) bit 0 x 3.
231. Mt ming ba hnh vung c cnh 3 dm. mi gc ca hnh vung ln, ngi ta ct i mt
hnh vung nh ri gp ba c mt ci hp hnh hp ch nht khng np. Tnh cnh hnh
vung nh th tch ca hp l ln nht.
3 3 3
a) 1 x 16 x 3 b) 2 x x 1 1 + + +
3 3 3 3 3
c) x 1 x 1 5x d) 2 2x 1 x 1 + + +
( )
3 2 2
3 3
3
3 3
x 3x x 1 x 4
7 x x 5
e) 2 3 g) 6 x
2 7 x x 5

+
3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
h) (x 1) (x 1) x 1 1 i) x 1 x 2 x 3 0 + + + + + + + +
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2 4 4 4 4 4 4
k) 1 x 1 x 1 x 3 l) a x b x a b 2x + + + + +
(a, b l tham s)
233. Rt gn
4 2 2 4 3 3 3
2 2 3 3 3
a a b b
A
a ab b
+ +
+ +
.
2 2
A x x 1 x x 1 + + + +
235. Xc nh cc s nguyn a, b sao cho mt trong cc nghim ca phng trnh : 3x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx
+ 12 = 0 l
1 3 +
.
236. Chng minh
3
3
l s v t.
237. Lm php tnh :
3 6 6 3
a) 1 2. 3 2 2 b) 9 4 5. 2 5 + +
.
238. Tnh :
3 3
a 20 14 2 20 14 2 + +
.
239. Chng minh :
3 3
7 5 2 7 2 5 2 + +
.
240. Tnh :
( )
4 4 4
A 7 48 28 16 3 . 7 48 + +
.
241. Hy lp phng trnh f(x) = 0 vi h s nguyn c mt nghim l :
3 3
x 3 9 +
.
242. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : M = x
3
+ 3x 14 vi
3
3
1
x 7 5 2
7 5 2
+
+
.
243. Gii cc phng trnh : a)
3 3
x 2 25 x 3 + +
.
2 2 2 4 3
b) x 9 (x 3) 6 c) x 32 2 x 32 3 + + +
244. Tm GTNN ca biu thc :
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
A x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 + + + + + + .
245. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, d. Chng minh : a + b + c + d
4
4 abcd
.
246. Rt gn :
3 3 2 2 3
3
3 3 3 3 2
8 x x 2 x x 4
P : 2 x
2 x 2 x x 2
x 2 x
_ _
_

+ + +

+
+
,
, ,
; x > 0 , x 8
247. CMR :
3 3
x 5 17 5 17 + +
l nghim ca phng trnh x
3
6x 10 = 0.
248. Cho
3
3
1
x 4 15
4 15
+
. Tnh gi tr biu thc y = x

3
3x + 1987.
249. Chng minh ng thc :
3
3 2 3 3 3
a 2 5. 9 4 5
a 1
2 5. 9 4 5 a a
+ +

+ +
.
3 3 3
9 4 5 2 5 . 5 2 2,1 0
_
+ + + <

,
.
a)
( )
3
4 2 2 4 3 3 3
3
2 2 3 3 3
3
3
1
1 2
a a b b b 4b 24
b
A b) .
1
b 8 b 8
a ab b
b 2
1 2.
b
_
_
+

+ +

+ +

+ +
+

,
,
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c)
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 2 3 3 3
a a 2a b a b a b ab 1
C .
a b
a ab a
_
+
+

,
.
252. Cho
2 2
M x 4a 9 x 4x 8 + + +
. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M bit rng:
2 2
x 4x 9 x 4x 8 2 + +
.
2 2 2 2
P x 2ax a x 2bx b + + +
(a < b)
254. Chng minh rng, nu a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic th :
abc (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b)
255. Tm gi tr ca biu thc | x y | bit x + y = 2 v xy = -1
256. Bit a b =
2
+ 1 , b c =
2
- 1, tm gi tr ca biu thc :
A = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca.
257. Tm x, y, z bit rng : x y z 4 2 x 2 4 y 3 6 z 5 + + + + + .
258. Cho
y x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 + +
. CMR, nu 1 x 2 th gi tr ca y l mt hng s.
259. Phn tch thnh nhn t :
3 2
M 7 x 1 x x x 1 +
(x 1).
260. Trong tt c cc hnh ch nht c ng cho bng 8
2
, hy tm hnh ch nht c din tch
ln nht.
261. Cho tam gic vung ABC c cc cnh gc vung l a, b v cnh huyn l c. Chng minh rng
ta lun c :
a b
c
2
+
.
262. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, a, b, c. Chng minh rng :
Nu
a b c
aa' bb' cc' (a b c)(a ' b' c') th
a' b' c'
+ + + + + + .
263. Gii phng trnh : | x
2
1 | + | x
2
4 | = 3.
264. Chng minh rng gi tr ca biu thc C khng ph thuc vo x, y :
( )
4
x y
1 x y
C
4xy 2 x y x y x y
x y x y
+
+

_
+ +

+ +
,
vi x > 0 ; y > 0.
265. Chng minh gi tr biu thc D khng ph thuc vo a:
2 a a 2 a a a a 1
D
a 1 a 2 a 1 a
_
+ +

+ +
,
vi a > 0 ; a 1
266. Cho biu thc
c ac 1
B a
a c a c
a c
ac c ac a ac
_
+

+
+
,
+
+
.
a) Rt gn biu thc B.
b) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc B khi c = 54 ; a = 24
c) Vi gi tr no ca a v c B > 0 ; B < 0.
267. Cho biu thc :
2 2 2
2mn 2mn 1
A= m+ m 1
1+n 1 n n
_
+ +

+
,
vi m 0 ; n 1
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a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm gi tr ca A vi
m 56 24 5 +
.
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca A.
268. Rt gn
2
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 1 x x
D 1
x x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
_ _
+

+
+ +
, ,

269. Cho
1 2 x 2 x
P : 1
x 1 x 1 x x x x 1
_ _

+ +
, ,
vi x 0 ; x 1.
a) Rt gn biu thc P. b) Tm x sao cho P < 0.
270. Xt biu thc
2
x x 2x x
y 1
x x 1 x
+ +
+
+
.
a) Rt gn y. Tm x y = 2. b) Gi s x > 1. Chng minh rng : y - | y | = 0
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca y ?
PHN II: HNG DN GII
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1. Gi s
7
l s hu t
m
7
n
(ti gin). Suy ra
2
2 2
2
m
7 hay 7n m
n
(1). ng thc
ny chng t
2
m 7 M m 7 l s nguyn t nn m M7. t m = 7k (k Z), ta c m
2
= 49k
2
(2). T
(1) v (2) suy ra 7n
2
= 49k
2
nn n
2
= 7k
2
(3). T (3) ta li c n
2
M7 v v 7 l s nguyn t nn n M
7. m v n cng chia ht cho 7 nn phn s
m
n
khng ti gin, tri gi thit. Vy
7
khng phi l
s hu t; do
7
l s v t.
2. Khai trin v tri v t nhn t chung, ta c v phi. T a) b) v (ad bc)
2
0.
3. Cch 1 : T x + y = 2 ta c y = 2 x. Do : S = x
2
+ (2 x)
2
= 2(x 1)
2
+ 2 2.
Vy min S = 2 x = y = 1.
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi a = x, c = 1, b = y, d = 1, ta c :
(x + y)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)(1 + 1) 4 2(x
2
+ y
2
) = 2S S 2. mim S = 2 khi x = y = 1
4. b) p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cc cp s dng
bc ca bc ab ca ab
v ; v ; v
a b a c b c
, ta
ln lt c:
bc ca bc ca bc ab bc ab
2 . 2c; 2 . 2b
a b a b a c a c
+ + ;
ca ab ca ab
2 . 2a
b c b c
+
cng tng v ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c.
c) Vi cc s dng 3a v 5b , theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c :
3a 5b
3a.5b
2
+
.
(3a + 5b)
2
4.15P (v P = a.b) 12
2
60P P
12
5
max P =
12
5
.
Du bng xy ra khi 3a = 5b = 12 : 2 a = 2 ; b = 6/5.
5. Ta c b = 1 a, do M = a
3
+ (1 a)
3
= 3(a )
2
+ . Du = xy ra khi a = .
Vy min M = a = b = .
6. t a = 1 + x b
3
= 2 a
3
= 2 (1 + x)
3
= 1 3x 3x
2
x
3
1 3x + 3x
2
x
3
= (1 x)
3
.
Suy ra : b 1 x. Ta li c a = 1 + x, nn : a + b 1 + x + 1 x = 2.
Vi a = 1, b = 1 th a
3
+ b
3
= 2 v a + b = 2. Vy max N = 2 khi a = b = 1.
7. Hiu ca v tri v v phi bng (a b)
2
(a + b).
8. V | a + b | 0 , | a b | 0 , nn : | a + b | > | a b | a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
a
2
2ab + b
2

4ab > 0 ab > 0. Vy a v b l hai s cng du.
9. a) Xt hiu : (a + 1)
2
4a = a
2
+ 2a + 1 4a = a
2
2a + 1 = (a 1)
2
0.
b) Ta c : (a + 1)
2
4a ; (b + 1)
2
4b ; (c + 1)
2
4c v cc bt ng thc ny c hai v u
dng, nn : [(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)]
2
64abc = 64.1 = 8
2
. Vy (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8.
10. a) Ta c : (a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
). Do (a b)
2
0, nn (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)
2
+ (a b)
2
+ (a c)
2
+ (b c)
2
. Khai trin v rt gn, ta c :
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
). Vy : (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
).
11. a)
4
2x 3 1 x 3x 4 x
2x 3 1 x
3
2x 3 x 1 x 2
x 2
b) x
2
4x 5 (x 2)
2
3
3
| x 2 | 3 -3 x 2 3 -1 x 5.
c) 2x(2x 1) 2x 1 (2x 1)
2
0. Nhng (2x 1)
2
0, nn ch c th : 2x 1 = 0
Vy : x = .
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12. Vit ng thc cho di dng : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
ab ac ad = 0 (1). Nhn hai v ca (1)
vi 4 ri a v dng : a
2
+ (a 2b)
2
+ (a 2c)
2
+ (a 2d)
2
= 0 (2). Do ta c :
a = a 2b = a 2c = a 2d = 0 . Suy ra : a = b = c = d = 0.
13. 2M = (a + b 2)
2
+ (a 1)
2
+ (b 1)
2
+ 2.1998 2.1998 M 1998.
Du = xy ra khi c ng thi :
a b 2 0
a 1 0
b 1 0
+

'
Vy min M = 1998 a = b = 1.
14. Gii tng t bi 13.
15. a ng thc cho v dng : (x 1)
2
+ 4(y 1)
2
+ (x 3)
2
+ 1 = 0.
16.
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
A . max A= x 2
x 4x 9 5 5
x 2 5

+
+
.
17. a)
7 15 9 16 3 4 7 + < + +
. Vy
7 15 +
< 7
b)
17 5 1 16 4 1 4 2 1 7 49 45 + + > + + + + >
.
c)
23 2 19 23 2 16 23 2.4
5 25 27
3 3 3

< < .
d) Gi s
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 18 12 18 12 > > > > > .
Bt ng thc cui cng ng, nn :
3 2 2 3 >
.
18. Cc s c th l 1,42 v
2 3
2
+
19. Vit li phng trnh di dng :
2 2 2
3(x 1) 4 5(x 1) 16 6 (x 1) + + + + + +
.
V tri ca phng trnh khng nh hn 6, cn v phi khng ln hn 6. Vy ng thc ch xy ra
khi c hai v u bng 6, suy ra x = -1.
20. Bt ng thc Cauchy
a b
ab
2
+
vit li di dng
2
a b
ab
2
+ _

,
(*) (a, b 0).
p dng bt dng thc Cauchy di dng (*) vi hai s dng 2x v xy ta c :
2
2x xy
2x.xy 4
2
+ _

,
Du = xy ra khi : 2x = xy = 4 : 2 tc l khi x = 1, y = 2. max A = 2 x = 2, y = 2.
21. Bt ng thc Cauchy vit li di dng :
1 2
a b ab
>
+
. p dng ta c S >
1998
2.
1999
.
22. Chng minh nh bi 1.
23. a)
2 2 2
x y x y 2xy (x y)
2 0
y x xy xy
+
+ . Vy
x y
2
y x
+
b) Ta c :
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x y x y x y x y x y
A 2
y x y x y x y x y x
_ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + +

, , , , ,
. Theo cu a :
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2
2
2 2
2 2
x y x y x y
A 2 2 1 1 0
y x y x y x
_ _ _
_
+ + + +

,
, , ,
c) T cu b suy ra :
4 4 2 2
4 4 2 2
x y x y
0
y x y x
_ _
+ +

, ,
. V
x y
2
y x
+
(cu a). Do :
4 4 2 2
4 4 2 2
x y x y x y
2
y x y x y x
_ _ _
+ + + +

, , ,
.
24. a) Gi s
1 2 +
= m (m : s hu t)
2
= m
2
1
2
l s hu t (v l)
b) Gi s m +
3
n
= a (a : s hu t)
3
n
= a m
3
= n(a m)
3
l s hu t,
v l.
25. C, chng hn 2 (5 2) 5 +
26. t
2 2
2
2 2
x y x y
a 2 a
y x y x
+ + + . D dng chng minh
2 2
2 2
x y
2
y x
+ nn a
2
4, do
| a | 2 (1). Bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi : a
2
2 + 4 3a
a
2
3a + 2 0 (a 1)(a 2) 0 (2)
T (1) suy ra a 2 hoc a -2. Nu a 2 th (2) ng. Nu a -2 th (2) cng ng. Bi
ton c chng minh.
27. Bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi :
( )
4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x z y x z x x z y x z y xyz
0
x y z
+ + + +
.
Cn chng minh t khng m, tc l : x
3
z
2
(x y) + y
3
x
2
(y z) + z
3
y
2
(z x) 0. (1)
Biu thc khng i khi hon v vng x y z x nn c th gi s x l s ln nht. Xt hai
trng hp :
a) x y z > 0. Tch z x (1) thnh (x y + y z), (1) tng ng vi :
x
3
z
2
(x y) + y
3
x
2
(y z) z
3
y
2
(x y) z
3
y
2
(y z) 0
z
2
(x y)(x
3
y
2
z) + y
2
(y z)(yx
2
z
3
) 0
D thy x y 0 , x
3
y
2
z 0 , y z 0 , yx
2
z
3
0 nn bt ng thc trn ng.
b) x z y > 0. Tch x y (1) thnh x z + z y , (1) tng ng vi :
x
3
z
2
(x z) + x
3
z
2
(z y) y
3
x
2
(z y) z
3
y
2
(x z) 0
z
2
(x z)(x
3
zy
2
) + x
2
(xz
2
y
3
)(z y) 0
D thy bt ng thc trn dng.
Cch khc : Bin i bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi :
2
2 2
x y z x y z
1 1 1 3
y z x y z x
_ _
_ _
+ + + + +

, ,
, ,
.
28. Chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s tng ca s hu t a vi s v t b l s hu t c. Ta c :
b = c a. Ta thy, hiu ca hai s hu t c v a l s hu t, nn b l s hu t, tri vi gi thit.
Vy c phi l s v t.
29. a) Ta c : (a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
) (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)
2
+ (a b)
2
+ (a c)
2
+ (b c)
2
. Khai trin v rt gn ta c :
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
). Vy : (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
c) Tng t nh cu b
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30. Gi s a + b > 2 (a + b)
3
> 8 a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab(a + b) > 8 2 + 3ab(a + b) > 8
ab(a + b) > 2 ab(a + b) > a
3
+ b
3
. Chia hai v cho s dng a + b : ab > a
2
ab + b
2
(a b)
2
< 0, v l. Vy a + b 2.
31. Cch 1: Ta c : [ ]
x x ; [ ]
y y nn [ ]
x + [ ]
y x + y. Suy ra [ ]
x + [ ]
y l s nguyn
khng vt qu x + y (1). Theo nh ngha phn nguyn, [ ]
x y + l s nguyn ln nht khng
vt qu x + y (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra : [ ]
x + [ ]
y [ ]
x y + .
Cch 2 : Theo nh ngha phn nguyn : 0 x - [ ]
x < 1 ; 0 y - [ ]
y < 1.
Suy ra : 0 (x + y) ([ ]
x + [ ]
y ) < 2. Xt hai trng hp :
- Nu 0 (x + y) ([ ]
x + [ ]
y ) < 1 th [ ]
x y + = [ ]
x + [ ]
y (1)
- Nu 1 (x + y) ([ ]
x + [ ]
y ) < 2 th 0 (x + y) ([ ]
x + [ ]
y + 1) < 1 nn
[ ]
x y + = [ ]
x + [ ]
y + 1 (2). Trong c hai trng hp ta u c : [ ]
x + [ ]
y [ ]
x y +
32. Ta c x
2
6x + 17 = (x 3)
2
+ 8 8 nn t v mu ca A l cc s dng , suy ra A > 0 do
: A ln nht
1
A
nh nht x
2
6x + 17 nh nht.
Vy max A =
1
8
x = 3.
33. Khng c dng php hon v vng quanh x y z x v gi s x y z.
Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng x, y, z :
3
x y z x y z
A 3 . . 3
y z x y z x
+ +
Do
x y z x y z
min 3 x y z
y z x y z x
_
+ +

,
Cch 2 : Ta c :
x y z x y y z y
y z x y x z x x
_
_
+ + + + +

,
,
. Ta c
x y
2
y x
+
(do x, y > 0) nn
chng minh
x y z
3
y z x
+ +
ta ch cn chng minh :
y z y
1
z x x
+ (1)
(1) xy + z
2
yz xz (nhn hai v vi s dng xz)
xy + z
2
yz xz 0 y(x z) z(x z) 0 (x z)(y z) 0 (2)
(2) ng vi gi thit rng z l s nh nht trong 3 s x, y, z, do (1) ng. T tm c gi
tr nh nht ca
x y z
y z x
+ +
.
34. Ta c x + y = 4 x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
= 16. Ta li c (x y)
2
0 x
2
2xy + y
2
0. T suy ra
2(x
2
+ y
2
) 16 x
2
+ y
2
8. min A = 8 khi v ch khi x = y = 2.
35. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho ba s khng m :
1 = x + y + z 3.
3
xyz (1)
2 = (x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) 3.
3
(x y)(y z)(z x) + + + (2)
Nhn tng v ca (1) vi (2) (do hai v u khng m) : 2 9.
3
A
A
3
2
9
_

,
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max A =
3
2
9
_

,
khi v ch khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
36. a) C th. b, c) Khng th.
37. Hiu ca v tri v v phi bng (a b)
2
(a + b).
38. p dng bt ng thc
2
1 4
xy (x y)
+
vi x, y > 0 :
2 2 2 2
2
a c a ad bc c 4(a ad bc c )
b c d a (b c)(a d) (a b c d)
+ + + + + +
+
+ + + + + + +
(1)
Tng t
2 2
2
b d 4(b ab cd d )
c d a b (a b c d)
+ + +
+
+ + + + +
(2)
Cng (1) vi (2)
2 2 2 2
2
a b c d 4(a b c d ad bc ab cd)
b c c d d a a b (a b c d)
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
= 4B
Cn chng minh B
1
2
, bt ng thc ny tng ng vi :
2B 1 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ ad + bc + ab + cd) (a + b + c + d)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
2ac 2bd 0 (a c)
2
+ (b d)
2
0 : ng.
39. - Nu 0 x - [ ]
x < th 0 2x - 2[ ]
x < 1 nn [ ]
2x = 2[ ]
x .
- Nu x - [ ]
x < 1 th 1 2x - 2[ ]
x < 2 0 2x (2[ ]
x + 1) < 1 [ ]
2x = 2[ ]
x + 1
40. Ta s chng minh tn ti cc s t nhin m, p sao cho :
142 43
mchso0
96000...00
a + 15p <
142 43
mchso0
97000...00
Tc l 96 +
m m
a 15p
10 10
< 97 (1). Gi a + 15 l s c k ch s : 10
k 1
a + 15 < 10
k
+ <
k k
1 a 15
1
10 10 10
(2). t +
n k k
a 15p
x
10 10
. Theo (2) ta c x
1
< 1 v
k
15
10
< 1.
Cho n nhn ln lt cc gi tr 2, 3, 4, , cc gi tr ca x
n
tng dn, mi ln tng khng qu 1 n
v, khi [ ]
n
x s tri qua cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, n mt lc no ta c
1
]
p
x
= 96. Khi 96
x
p
< 97 tc l 96 +
k k
a 15p
10 10
< 97. Bt ng thc (1) c chng minh.
42. a) Do hai v ca bt ng thc khng m nn ta c :
| A + B | | A | + | B | | A + B |
2
( | A | + | B | )
2
A
2
+ B
2
+ 2AB A
2
+ B
2
+ 2| AB | AB | AB | (bt ng thc ng)
Du = xy ra khi AB 0.
b) Ta c : M = | x + 2 | + | x 3 | = | x + 2 | + | 3 x | | x + 2 + 3 x | = 5.
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi (x + 2)(3 x) 0 -2 x 3 (lp bng xt du)
Vy min M = 5 -2 x 3.
c) Phng trnh cho | 2x + 5 | + | x 4 | = | x + 9 | = | 2x + 5 + 4 x |
(2x + 5)(4 x) 0 -5/2 x 4
43. iu kin tn ti ca phng trnh : x
2
4x 5 0
x 1
x 5

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t n ph
2
x 4x 5 y 0
, ta c : 2y
2
3y 2 = 0 (y 2)(2y + 1) = 0.
45. V nghim
46. iu kin tn ti ca
x
l x 0. Do : A =
x
+ x 0 min A = 0 x = 0.
47. iu kin : x 3. t
3 x
= y 0, ta c : y
2
= 3 x x = 3 y
2
.
B = 3 y
2
+ y = - (y )
2
+
13
4

13
4
. max B =
13
4
y = x =
11
4
.
48. a) Xt a
2
v b
2
. T suy ra a = b.
b)
5 13 4 3 5 (2 3 1) 4 2 3 3 1 + +
. Vy hai s ny bng nhau.
c) Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n 2 n 1 n 2 n 1 1 v n+1 n n 1 n 1 + + + + + + +
.
M n 2 n 1 n 1 n nn n+2 n 1 n 1 n + + + > + + + < + .
49. A = 1 - | 1 3x | + | 3x 1 |
2
= ( | 3x 1| - )
2
+ .
T suy ra : min A = x = hoc x = 1/6
51. M = 4
52. x = 1 ; y = 2 ; z = -3.
53. P = | 5x 2 | + | 3 5x | | 5x 2 + 3 5x | = 1. min P = 1
2 3
x
5 5
.
54. Cn nh cch gii mt s phng trnh dng sau :
2
B 0 A 0 (B 0) A 0
a) A B b) A B c) A B 0
A B B 0 A B

+
' ' '

B 0
A 0
d) A B e) A B 0 A B
B 0
A B

+ ' '

.
a) a phng trnh v dng :
A B
.
b) a phng trnh v dng :
A B
.
c) Phng trnh c dng :
A B 0 +
.
d) a phng trnh v dng :
A B
.
e) a phng trnh v dng : | A | + | B | = 0
g, h, i) Phng trnh v nghim.
k) t
x 1
= y 0, a phng trnh v dng : | y 2 | + | y 3 | = 1 . Xt du v tri.
l) t : 8x 1 u 0 ; 3x 5 v 0 ; 7x 4 z 0 ; 2x 2 t 0 + + .
Ta c h :
2 2 2 2
u v z t
u v z t
+ +
'

. T suy ra : u = z tc l : 8x 1 7x 4 x 3 + + .
55. Cch 1 : Xt
2 2 2 2 2
x y 2 2(x y) x y 2 2(x y) 2 2xy (x y 2) 0 + + + .
Cch 2 : Bin i tng ng
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
x y
x y
2 2 8
x y
x y
+
+

(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
8(x y)
2
0
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
8(x
2
+ y
2
2) 0 (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
8(x
2
+ y
2
) + 16 0 (x
2
+ y
2
4)
2
0.
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Cch 3 : S dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
2 2 2 2 2
x y x y 2xy 2xy (x y) 2.1 2 1
(x y) 2 (x y).
x y x y x y x y x y
+ + + +
+

(x > y).
Du ng thc xy ra khi
6 2 6 2
x ; y
2 2
+
hoc
6 2 6 2
x ; y
2 2
+

62.
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2(c b a
2
a b c a b c ab bc ca a b c abc
+ + _ _
+ + + + + + + + + +

, ,
=
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
a b c
+ + . Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
63. iu kin :
2
x 6
(x 6)(x 10) 0 x 16x 60 0
x 10 x 10
x 6 x 6 0
x 6

+

' ' '
.
Bnh phng hai v : x
2
16x + 60 < x
2
12x + 36 x > 6.
Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho : x 10.
64. iu kin x
2
3. Chuyn v :
2
x 3
x
2
3 (1)
t tha chung :
2
x 3
.(1 -
2
x 3
) 0
2
2
x 3
x 3 0
x 2
1 x 3 0
x 2
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh : x =

3 t
; x 2 ; x -2.
65. Ta c x
2
(x
2
+ 2y
2
3) + (y
2
2)
2
= 1 (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
4(x
2
+ y
2
) + 3 = - x
2
0.
Do : A
2
4A + 3 0 (A 1)(A 3) 0 1 A 3.
min A = 1 x = 0, khi y = 1. max A = 3 x = 0, khi y =
3
.
66. a) x 1.
b) B c ngha
2
2
2
4 x 4
4 x 4
16 x 0
x 4 2 2
1
2x 1 0 (x 4) 8 x 4 2 2
2
x 4 2 2
1
x 8x 8 0
x
1
2
x
2

+ > <
' ' '

+

>

>
.
67. a) A c ngha
2
2 2
2
x 2x 0 x(x 2) 0 x 2
x 0 x x 2x
x x 2x

' '

<
t
b) A =
2
2 x 2x
vi iu kin trn.
c) A < 2
2
x 2x
< 1 x
2
2x < 1 (x 1)
2
< 2 -
2
< x 1 <
2
kq
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68. t
20chso9
0,999...99
142 43
= a. Ta s chng minh 20 ch s thp phn u tin ca
a
l cc ch s 9.
Mun vy ch cn chng minh a <
a
< 1. Tht vy ta c : 0 < a < 1 a(a 1) < 0 a
2
a <
0 a
2
< a. T a
2
< a < 1 suy ra a <
a
< 1.
Vy
20chso9 20chso9
0,999...99 0,999...99
142 43 142 43
.
69. a) Tm gi tr ln nht. p dng | a + b | | a | + | b |.
A | x | +
2
+ | y | + 1 = 6 +
2
max A = 6 +
2
(khi chng hn x = - 2, y = - 3)
b) Tm gi tr nh nht. p dng | a b | | a | - | b .
A | x | -
2
| y | - 1 = 4 -
2
min A = 4 -
2
(khi chng hn x = 2, y = 3)
70. Ta c : x
4
+ y
4
2x
2
y
2
; y
4
+ z
4
2y
2
z
2
; z
4
+ x
4
2z
2
x
2
. Suy ra :
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
(1)
Mt khc, d dng chng minh c : Nu a + b + c = 1 th a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

1
3
.
Do t gi thit suy ra : x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2

1
3
(2).
T (1) , (2) : min A =
1
3
x = y = z =
3
3
t
71. Lm nh bi 8c ( 2). Thay v so snh n n 2 v 2 n+1 + + ta so snh
n 2 n 1 + +

v
n 1 n +
. Ta c : n 2 n 1 n 1 n n n 2 2 n 1 + + < + + + < + .
72. Cch 1 : Vit cc biu thc di du cn thnh bnh phng ca mt tng hoc mt hiu.
Cch 2 : Tnh A
2
ri suy ra A.
73. p dng : (a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
.
74. Ta chng minh bng phn chng.
a) Gi s tn ti s hu t r m
3 5 +
= r 3 + 2
15
+ 5 = r
2

2
r 8
15
2
. V tri l
s v t, v phi l s hu t, v l. Vy
3 5 +
l s v t.
b), c) Gii tng t.
75. a) Gi s a > b ri bin i tng ng :
3 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 > > +

( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 2 2 2 27 8 4 8 2 15 8 2 225 128 > + > + + > > . Vy a > b l ng.
b) Bnh phng hai v ln ri so snh.
76. Cch 1 : t A =
4 7 4 7 +
, r rng A > 0 v A
2
= 2 A =
2
Cch 2 : t B =
4 7 4 7 2 2.B 8 2 7 8 2 7 2 0 + +
B =
0.
77.
( ) ( )
2 3 4 2 2 3 4
2 3 2.3 2.4 2 4
Q 1 2
2 3 4 2 3 4
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + + +
.
78. Vit 40 2 2.5 ; 56 2 2.7 ; 140 2 5.7 . Vy P =
2 5 7 + +
.
144583539.doc
79. T gi thit ta c :
2 2
x 1 y 1 y 1 x
. Bnh phng hai v ca ng thc ny ta c :
2
y 1 x
. T : x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
80. Xt A
2
suy ra : 2 A
2
4. Vy : min A =
2
x = 1 ; max A = 2 x = 0.
81. Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
M a b a b a b 2a 2b 2 + + + + .
1 a b
max M 2 a b
2
a b 1

'
+
.
82. Xt tng ca hai s :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2a b 2 cd 2c d 2 ab a b 2 ab c d 2 cd a c + + + + + + + +
=
=
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
a c a b c d a c 0 + + + + > .
83.
N 4 6 8 3 4 2 18 12 8 3 4 4 6 4 2 2 + + + + + + + +
=
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 + + + + + + + +
.
84. T x y z xy yz zx + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
x y y z z x 0 + + .
Vy x = y = z.
85. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 1 v a
i
( i = 1, 2, 3, n ).
86. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi hai s a + b 0 v 2
ab
0, ta c :
( )
2
a b 2 ab 2 2(a b) ab hay a b 2 2(a b) ab + + + + + .
Du = xy ra khi a = b.
87. Gi s a b c > 0. Ta c b + c > a nn b + c + 2
bc
> a hay
( ) ( )
2 2
b c a + >
Do :
b c a + >
. Vy ba on thng a , b , c lp c thnh mt tam gic.
88. a) iu kin : ab 0 ; b 0. Xt hai trng hp :
* Trng hp 1 : a 0 ; b > 0 :
b.( a b) a a b a
A 1
b b b. b b

.
* Trng hp 2 : a 0 ; b < 0 :
2
2
ab b a a a a
A 1 1 2
b b b b
b
.
b) iu kin :
2
(x 2) 8x 0
x 0
x 0
x 2
2
x 0
x
+
>
>
' '
. Vi cc iu kin th :
2 2
x 2 . x (x 2) 8x (x 2) . x
B
2
x 2 x 2
x
x
+

.
144583539.doc
Nu 0 < x < 2 th | x 2 | = -(x 2) v B = -
x
.
Nu x > 2 th | x 2 | = x 2 v B =
x
89. Ta c :
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
a 1 1
a 2 1
a 1
a 1 a 1 a 1
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy:
2 2
2 2
1 1
a 1 2 a 1. 2
a 1 a 1
+ + +
+ +
. Vy
2
2
a 2
2
a 1
+
+
. ng thc xy ra khi :
2
2
1
a 1 a 0
a 1
+
+
.
93. Nhn 2 v ca pt vi
2
, ta c :
2x 5 3 2x 5 1 4 + +
5/2 x 3.
94. Ta chng minh bng qui np ton hc :
a) Vi n = 1 ta c :
1
1 1
P
2 3
<
(*) ng.
b) Gi s :
k
1 1.3.5...(2k 1) 1
P
2.4.6...2k 2k 1 2k 1
< <
+ +
(1)
c) Ta chng minh rng (*) ng khi n = k + 1 , tc l :
k 1
1 1.3.5...(2k 1) 1
P
2.4.6...(2k 2) 2k 3 2k 3
+
+
< <
+ + +
(2)
Vi mi s nguyn dng k ta c :
2k 1 2k 1
2k 2 2k 3
+ +
<
+ +
(3)
Nhn theo tng v cc bt ng thc (1) v (3) ta c bt ng thc (2). Vy n Z
+
ta c
n
1.3.5...(2n 1) 1
P
2.4.6...2n 2n 1
<
+
95. Bin i tng ng :
2 2 3 3
a b a b
a b a b
b a ab
+
+ + +
( )
2
( a b)(a ab b)
a b ab a ab b a b 0
ab
+ +
+ + (ng).
96. iu kin :
2
x 4(x 1) 0
1 x 2
x 4(x 1) 0
x 2
x 4(x 1) 0
x 1 0
< < +
'

>
>

Xt trn hai khong 1 < x < 2 v x > 2. Kt qu :
2 2
A v A=
1 x x-1
105. Cch 1 : Tnh A

2
. Cch 2 : Tnh A
2
Cch 3 : t
2x 1
= y 0, ta c : 2x 1 = y
2
.
144583539.doc
2 2
y 1 y 1 2y y 1 2y 2x 2 2x 1 2x 2 2x 1 y 1
A
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + +

Vi y 1 (tc l x 1),
1
A (y 1 y 1) 2
2
+ +
.
Vi 0 y < 1 (tc l
1
2
x < 1),
1 2y
A (y 1 y 1) y 2 4x 2
2 2
+ +
.
108. Nu 2 x 4 th A = 2
2
. Nu x 4 th A = 2
x 2
.
109. Bin i : x y 2 2 x y + + + . Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn, ta c :
2(x y 2) xy + . Li bnh phng hai v ri rt gn : (2 y)(x 2) = 0.
p : x = 2 , y 0 , x 0 , y = 2.
110. Bin i tng ng :
(1) a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ 2
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
a b c d + + a
2
+ c
2
+ 2ac + b
2
+ d
2
+ 2bd

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
a b c d + + ac + bd (2)
* Nu ac + bd < 0, (2) c chng minh.
* Nu ac + bd 0, (2) tng ng vi :
(a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
) a
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
+ 2abcd a
2
c
2
+ a
2
d
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
a
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
+ 2abcd
(ad bc)
2
0 (3). Bt ng thc (3) ng, vy bt ng thc (1) c chng minh.
111. Cch 1 : Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
2 2 2
a b c a b c a a b c
2 . 2. a a
b c 4 b c 4 2 b c 4
+ + +
+
+ + +
.
Tng t :
2 2
b a c c a b
b ; c
a c 4 a b 4
+ +

+ +
.
Cng tng v 3 bt ng thc :
( )
2 2 2
a b c a b c a b c
a b c
b c c a a b 2 2
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
Cch 2 : Theo BT Bunhiacpxki : (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (ax + by + cz)
2
. Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
X b c c a a b
b c c a a b
1
_ _ _
1
+ + + + + + +
1

1
] + + +
, , ,
1
]

2
a b c
. b c . c a . a b
b c c a a b
_
+ + + + +

+ + +
,
[ ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
a b c a b c a b c
. 2(a b c) (a b c)
b c c a a b b c c a a b 2
_ + +
+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + +
,
.
112. a) Ta nhn tng a + 1 di dng mt tch 1.(a + 1) v p dng bt Cauchy :
x y
xy
2
+
(a 1) 1 a
a 1 1.(a 1) 1
2 2
+ +
+ + +
Tng t :
b c
b 1 1 ; c 1 1
2 2
+ + + +
144583539.doc
Cng tng v 3 bt ng thc :
a b c
a 1 b 1 c 1 3 3,5
2
+ +
+ + + + + + .
Du = xy ra a + 1 = b + 1 = c + 1 a = b = c = 0, tri vi gi thit a + b + c = 1.
Vy :
a 1 b 1 c 1 3,5 + + + + + <
.
b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki vi hai b ba s :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1. a b 1. b c 1. c a (1 1 1)X a b b c c a
1
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
1
]

( )
2
a b b c c a + + + + + 3(a + b + b + c + c + a) = 6
a b b c c a 6 + + + + +
113. Xt t gic ABCD c AC BD, O l giao im hai ng cho.
OA = a ; OC = b ; OB = c ; OD = d vi a, b, c, d > 0. Ta c :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AB a c ; BC b c ; AD a d ; CD b d + + + +
AC = a + b ; BD = c + d. Cn chng minh : AB.BC + AD.CD AC.BD.
Tht vy ta c : AB.BC 2S
ABC
; AD.CD 2S
ADC
. Suy ra :
Suy ra : AB.BC + AD.CD 2S
ABCD
= AC.BD.
Vy :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a c b c a d b d (a b)(c d) + + + + + + + .
Ch : Gii bng cch p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
(m
2
+ n
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (mx + ny)
2
vi m = a , n = c , x = c , y = b ta c :
(a
2
+ c
2
)(c
2
+ b
2
) (ac + cb)
2

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
a c c b + + ac + cb (1)
Tng t :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
a d d b + + ad + bd (2) . Cng (1) v (2) suy ra pcm.
114. Li gii sai :
2
1 1 1 1
A x x x . Vay minA
2 4 4 4
_
+ +

,
.
Phn tch sai lm : Sau khi chng minh f(x) -
1
4
, cha ch ra trng hp xy ra f(x) = -
1
4
Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi
1
x
2
. V l.
Li gii ng : tn ti
x
phi c x 0. Do A = x +
x
0. min A = 0 x = 0.
115. Ta c
2
(x a)(x b) x ax+bx+ab ab
A x (a b)
x x x
+ + + _
+ + +

,
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
ab
x 2 ab
x
+ nn A 2
ab
+ a + b =
( )
2
a b + .
min A =
( )
2
a b + khi v chi khi
ab
x
x ab
x
x 0

'
>
.
116. Ta xt biu thc ph : A
2
= (2x + 3y)
2
. Nh li bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
(am + bn)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(m
2
+ n
2
) (1)
Nu p dng (1) vi a = 2, b = 3, m = x, n = y ta c :
A
2
= (2x + 3y)
2
(2
2
+ 3
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) = 13(x
2
+ y
2
).
a
d
b
c
O
D
C
B
A
144583539.doc
Vi cch trn ta khng ch ra c hng s m A
2
. By gi, ta vit A
2
di dng :
A
2
=
( )
2
2. 2x 3. 3y + ri p dng (1) ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
A 2 3 x 2 y 3 (2 3)(2x 3y ) 5.5 25
1 1
+ + + +
1 1
] ]
Do A
2
25 nn -5 A 5. min A = -5
x y
x y 1
2x 3y 5

'
+
max A = 5
x y
x y 1
2x 3y 5

'
+
117. iu kin x 2. t
2 x
= y 0, ta c : y
2
= 2 x.
2
2
1 9 9 9 1 7
a 2 y y y maxA= y x
2 4 4 4 2 4
_
+ +

,
118. iu kin x 1 ; x 1/5 ; x 2/3 x 1.
Chuyn v, ri bnh phng hai v : x 1 = 5x 1 + 3x 2 +
2
2 15x 13x 2 +
(3)
Rt gn : 2 7x =
2
2 15x 13x 2 +
. Cn c thm iu kin x 2/7.
Bnh phng hai v : 4 28x + 49x
2
= 4(15x
2
13x + 2) 11x
2
24x + 4 = 0
(11x 2)(x 2) = 0 x
1
= 2/11 ; x
2
= 2.
C hai nghim u khng tha mn iu kin. Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
119. iu kin x 1. Phng trnh bin i thnh :
x 1 1 x 1 1 2 x 1 x 1 1 1 + + +
* Nu x > 2 th : x 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 1x 2 + , khng thuc khong ang xt.
* Nu 1 x 2 th :
x 1 1 x 1 1 2 + +
. V s nghim 1 x 2
Kt lun : 1 x 2.
120. iu kin : x
2
+ 7x + 7 0. t
2
x 7x 7 + +
= y 0 x
2
+ 7x + 7 = y
2
.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh : 3y
2
3 + 2y = 2 3y
2
+ 2y 5 = 0 (y 1)(3y + 5) = 0
y = - 5/3 (loi) ; y = 1. Vi y = 1 ta c
2
x 7x 7 + +
= 1 x
2
+ 7x + 6 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 6) = 0. Cc gi tr x = - 1, x = - 6 tha mn x
2
+ 7x + 7 0 l nghim ca (1).
121. V tri :
2 2
3(x 1) 4 5(x 1) 9 4 9 5 + + + + + +
.
V phi : 4 2x x
2
= 5 (x + 1)
2
5. Vy hai v u bng 5, khi x = - 1. Vi gi tr ny c
hai bt ng thc ny u tr thnh ng thc. Kt lun : x = - 1
122. a) Gi s
3 2
= a (a : hu t) 5 - 2
6
= a
2

2
5 a
6
2
. V phi l s hu
t, v tri l s v t. V l. Vy
3 2
l s v t.
b) Gii tng t cu a.
123. t
x 2
= a,
4 x
= b, ta c a
2
+ b = 2. S chng minh a + b 2. Cng tng v bt
ng thc :
2 2
a 1 b 1
a ; b
2 2
+ +
.
124. t cc on thng BH = a, HC = c trn mt ng thng.
K HA BC vi AH = b. D thy AB.AC 2S
ABC
= BC.AH.
c a
b
C B
A
144583539.doc
125. Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn, ta c bt ng thc tng
ng : (ad bc)
2
0. Ch : Cng c th chng minh bng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki.
126. Gi s a b c > 0. Theo bi : b + c > a. Suy ra : b + c + 2
bc
> a

( ) ( )
2 2
b c a b c a + > + >
Vy ba on thng c di b , c , a lp c thnh mt tam gic.
127. Ta c a, b 0. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
2
(a b) a b a b 1 1
a b ab a b
2 4 2 2 2
+ + + _ _
+ + + + +

, ,
Cn chng minh :
1
ab a b
2
_
+ +

,

a b b a +
. Xt hiu hai v :
1
ab a b
2
_
+ +

,
-
( )
ab a b +
=
1
ab a b a b
2
_
+ +

,
= =
2 2
1 1
ab a b
2 2
1
_ _
+
1

, ,
1
]
0
Xy ra du ng thc : a = b =
1
4
hoc a = b = 0.
128. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
b c b c b c a
.1 1 : 2
a a 2a
+ + + + _
+

,
.
Do :
a 2a
b c a b c
+ + +
. Tng t :
b 2b c 2c
;
a c a b c a b a b c

+ + + + + +
Cng tng v :
a b c 2(a b c)
2
b c c a a b a b c
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
.
Xy ra du ng thc :
a b c
b c a a b c 0
c a b
+
+ + +
'
, tri vi gi thit a, b, c > 0.

Vy du ng thc khng xy ra.
129. Cch 1 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki. Ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 1 y y 1 x x y 1 y 1 x + + .
t x
2
+ y
2
= m, ta c : 1
2
m(2 - m) (m 1)
2
0 m = 1 (pcm).
Cch 2 : T gi thit :
2 2
x 1 y 1 y 1 x
. Bnh phng hai v :
x
2
(1 y
2
) = 1 2y
2
1 x
+ y
2
(1 x
2
) x
2
= 1 2y
2
1 x
+ y
2
0 = (y -
2
1 x
)
2
y =
2
1 x
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 .
130. p dng | A | + | B | | A + B | . min A = 2 1 x 2 .
131. Xt A
2
= 2 + 2
2
1 x
. Do 0
2
1 x
1 2 2 + 2
2
1 x
4
2 A
2
4. min A =
2
vi x = 1 , max A = 2 vi x = 0.
132. p dng bt ng thc :
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c d (a c) (b d) + + + + + +
(bi 23)
144583539.doc
2 2 2 2 2 2
A x 1 (1 x) 2 (x 1 x) (1 2) 10 + + + + + +
1 x 1
minA 10 2 x
x 3
.
133. Tp xc nh :
2
2
x 4x 12 0 (x 2)(6 x) 0
1 x 3
(x 1)(3 x) 0
x 2x 3 0
+ + +

' '
+
+ +

(1)
Xt hiu : (- x
2
+ 4x + 12)(- x
2
+ 2x + 3) = 2x + 9. Do (1) nn 2x + 9 > 0 nn A > 0.
Xt :
( )
2
2
A (x 2)(6 x) (x 1)(3 x) + + . Hin nhin A
2
0 nhng du = khng xy ra
(v A > 0). Ta bin i A
2
di dng khc :
A
2
= (x + 2)(6 x) + (x + 1)(3 x) - 2 (x 2)(6 x)(x 1)(3 x) + + =
= (x + 1)(6 x) + (6 x) + (x + 2)(3 x) (3 x) - 2 (x 2)(6 x)(x 1)(3 x) + +
= (x + 1)(6 x) + (x + 2)(3 x) - 2 (x 2)(6 x)(x 1)(3 x) + + + 3
=
( )
2
(x 1)(6 x) (x 2)(3 x) 3 + + + .
A
2
3. Do A > 0 nn min A =
3
vi x = 0.
134. a) iu kin : x
2
5.
* Tm gi tr ln nht : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
A
2
= (2x + 1.
2
5 x
)
2
(2
2
+ 1
1
)(x
2
+ 5 x
2
) = 25 A
2
25.
2
2 2 2
2
2
x 0
x
5 x
A 25 x 4(5 x ) x 2 2
x 5
x 5

' '

.
Vi x = 2 th A = 5. Vy max A = 5 vi x = 2.
* Tm gi tr nh nht : Ch rng tuy t A
2
25, ta c 5 x 5, nhng khng xy ra
A
2
= - 5. Do tp xc nh ca A, ta c x
2
5 -
5
x
5
. Do : 2x - 2
5
v
2
5 x
0. Suy ra :A = 2x +
2
5 x
- 2
5
. Min A = - 2
5
vi x = -
5
b) Xt biu thc ph | A | v p dng cc bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki v Cauchy :
( )
2 2 2
2 2
A x 99. 99 1. 101 x x (99 1)(99 101 x ) x.10. 200 x
x 200 x
10. 1000
2
+ + + <
+
<
2
2
2 2
x 101
99 99
A 1000 x 10
1
101 x
x 200 x

t
'
. Do : - 1000 < A < 1000.

min A = - 1000 vi x = - 10 ; max A = 1000 vi x = 10.
135. Cch 1 : A = x + y = 1.(x + y) = ( )
a b ay bx
x y a b
x y x y
_
+ + + + +

,
.
144583539.doc
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi 2 s dng :
ay bx ay bx
2 . 2 ab
x y x y
+ .
Do
( )
2
A a b 2 ab a b + + + .
( )
2
min A a b + vi
ay bx
x y
x a ab
a b
1
x y
y b ab
x, y 0
+

+
' '
+

>
Cch 2 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :

( )
2
2
a b a b
A (x y).1 (x y) x. y. a b
x y x y
_
_
+ + + + +

,
,
.
T tm c gi tr nh nht ca A.
136. A = (x + y)(x + z) = x
2
+ xz + xy + yz = x(x + y + z) + yz 2 xyz(x y z) 2 + +
min A = 2 khi chng hn y = z = 1 , x =
2
- 1.
137. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
xy yz xy yz
2 . 2y
z x z x
+ .
Tng t :
yz zx zx xy
2z ; 2x
x y y z
+ +
. Suy ra 2A 2(x + y + z) = 2.
min A = 1 vi x = y = z =
1
3
.
138. Theo bi tp 24 :
2 2 2
x y z x y z
x y y z z x 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
xy yz zx x y y z z x x+y+z 1
xy ; yz ; zx nn
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + +

.
min A =
1
2

1
x y z
3
.
139. a)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
A a b a b a b 2a 2b 2 + + + + .
1 a b
max A 2 a b
2
a b 1

'
+
b) Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
2 2
a b a b a b 2(a b 6ab) + + + + +
144583539.doc
Tng t :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
2 2 2 2
4 4
2 2 2 2
4
2 2
a c 2(a c 6ac) ; a d 2(a d 6ad)
b c 2(b c 6bc) ; b d 2(b d 6bd)
c d 2(c d 6cd)
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
Suy ra : B 6(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ 2ab + 2ac + 2ad + 2bc + 2bd + 2cd) = 6(a + b + c + d)
2
6
1 a b c d
max B 6 a b c d
4
a b c d 1

'
+ + +
140.
x y x y x y 4
A 3 3 2. 3 .3 2 3 2. 3 18
+
+
. min A = 18 vi x = y = 2.
141. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a + b c + d. T gi thit suy ra :
a b c d
b c
2
+ + +
+ .
b c b c c c a b c d c d c d
A
c d a b c d c d a b 2(c d) c d a b
+ + + + + + _ _
+

+ + + + + + + +
, ,
t a + b = x ; c + d = y vi x y > 0, ta c :
x y y y x 1 y x y 1 x y 1 1
A 1 2. . 2
2y y x 2y 2 x 2y x 2 2y x 2 2
_ +
+ + + +

,
1
min A 2 d 0 , x y 2 , b c a d
2
+ + ; chng hn khi
a 2 1, b 2 1, c 2, d 0 +
142. a)
2 2
(x 3) ( x 3) 0 + . p s : x = 3.
b) Bnh phng hai v, a v : (x
2
+ 8)(x
2
8x + 8) = 0. p s : x = 4 + 2
2
.
c) p s : x = 20.
d)
x 1 2 x 1 + +
. V phi ln hn v tri. V nghim.
e) Chuyn v :
x 2 x 1 1 x 1 +
. Bnh phng hai v. p s : x = 1.
g) Bnh phng hai v. p s :
1
2
x 1
h) t
x 2
= y. a v dng
y 2 y 3 +
= 1. Ch n bt ng thc :
y 2 3 y y 2 3 y 1 + +
. Tm c 2 y 3. p s : 6 x 11.
i) Chuyn v :
x 1 x 1 x +
, ri bnh phng hai v. p : x = 0 (ch loi x =
16
25
)
k) p s :
16
25
.
l) iu kin : x 1 hoc x = - 1. Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn :
2 2
2 2(x 1) (x 3)(x 1) x 1 + +
.
Bnh phng hai v : 8(x + 1)
2
(x + 3)(x 1) = (x + 1)
2
(x 1)
2
(x + 1)
2
(x 1)(7x + 25) = 0
25
x
7
loi. Nghim l : x = 1.
144583539.doc
m) V tri ln hn x, v phi khng ln hn x. Phng trnh v nghim.
n) iu kin : x - 1. Bnh phng hai v, xut hin iu kin x - 1. Nghim l : x = - 1.
o) Do x 1 nn v tri ln hn hoc bng 2, v phi nh hn hoc bng 2. Suy ra hai v bng 2,
khi x = 1, tha mn phng trnh.
p) t
2x 3 x 2 y ; 2x 2 x 2 z + + + + +
(1). Ta c :
2 2
y z 1 2 x 2 ; y z 1 2 x 2 + + + + + . Suy ra y z = 1.
T
z x 2 +
(2). T (1) v (2) tnh c x. p s : x = 2 (ch loi x = - 1).
q) t 2x
2
9x + 4 = a 0 ; 2x 1 b 0. Phng trnh l :
a 3 b a 15b + +
. Bnh
phng hai v ri rt gn ta c : b = 0 hoc b = a. p s :
1
; 5
2
144. Ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 k 1 k
1 2 2
2 k 1 k
k 2 k k k 1
k 1 k k 1 k
+
> +
+ +
+ + +
.
Vy :
1 1 1
1 ... 2( 2 1) 2( 3 2) 2( 4 3) ... 2( n 1 n)
2 3 n
+ + + + > + + + + +
=
= 2( n 1 1) + (pcm).
150. a cc biu thc di du cn v dng cc bnh phng ng. M = -2
151. Trc cn thc mu tng hng t. Kt qu : A =
n
- 1.
152. Ta c :
1
( a a 1) P ( 2 2n 1)
a a 1
+ + + +
+
.
P khng phi l s hu t (chng minh bng phn chng).
153. Ta hy chng minh :
1 1 1 9
A
10 (n 1) n n n 1 n n 1

+ + + +
154.
1 1 1 1 1
1 ... .n n
2 3 4 n n
+ + + + + >
.
155. Ta c a + 1 =
17
. Bin i a thc trong ngoc thnh tng cc ly tha c s a + 1
A = [(a + 1)
5
3(a + 1)
4
15(a + 1)
3
+ 52(a + 1)
2
14(a + 1)]
2000
= (259
17
- 225
17
- 34
17
- 1)
2000
= 1.
156. Bin i :
1 1
a a 1 ; a 2 a 3
a a 1 a 2 a 3

+ +
.
157.
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x x x 0
2 4 4 2 2
_ _
+ + + + +

, ,
.
Du = khng xy ra v khng th c ng thi :
1 1
x v x
2 2
.
168. Trc ht ta chng minh :
2 2
a b 2(a b ) + +
(*) (a + b 0)
p dng (*) ta c : S x 1 y 2 2(x 1 y 2) 2 + +
144583539.doc
3
x
x 1 y 2
2
maxS 2
x y 4 5
y
2

'
* C th tnh S
2
ri p dng bt ng thc Cauchy.
180. Ta phi c A
3
. D thy A > 0. Ta xt biu thc :
2
1
B 2 3 x
A
. Ta c :
2 2 2
0 3 x 3 3 3 x 0 2 3 2 3 x 2
.
2
min B 2 3 3 3 x x 0
. Khi
1
max A 2 3
2 3
+

2
max B 2 3 x 0 x 3 t
. Khi min A =
1
2
181. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta xt biu thc :
2x 1 x
B
1 x x
. Khi :
2x 1 x
(1) 2x 1 x
B 2 . 2 2. B 2 2
1 x x
1 x x
0 x 1 (2)

'
< <
Gii (1) : 2x
2
= (1 x)
2
x
2
= 1 x . Do 0 < x < 1 nn x
2
= 1 x
x =
1
2 1
2 1

+
.
Nh vy min B = 2
2
x =
2
- 1.
By gi ta xt hiu :
2 1 2x 1 x 2 2x 1 1 x
A B 2 1 3
1 x x 1 x x 1 x x
+ _ _
+ + + +

, ,
Do min A = 2
2
+ 3 khi v ch khi x =
2
- 1.
182. a) iu kin : x 1 , y 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho php lm gim mt tng :
a b
ab
2
+
. y ta mun lm tng mt tng. Ta dng bt ng thc :
2 2
a b 2(a b ) + +
A x 1 y 2 2(x 1 y 3) 2 + +
x 1 y 2 x 1, 5
max A 2
x y 4 y 2, 5

' '
+

Cch khc : Xt A
2
ri dng bt ng thc Cauchy.
b) iu kin : x 1 , y 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho php lm tri mt tch :
a b
ab
2
+
Ta xem cc biu thc x 1 , y 2 l cc tch :

2(y 2)
x 1 1.(x 1) , y 2
2

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
x 1 1.(x 1) 1 x 1 1
x x 2x 2
+

144583539.doc
y 2 2.(y 2) 2 y 2 1 2
y 4 y 2 2y 2 2 2
+

x 1 1 x 2
1 2 2 2
max B
y 2 2 y 4 2 4 4
+
+
' '

183.
1 1
a , b
1997 1996 1998 1997

+ +
. Ta thy
1997 1996 1998 1997 + < +
Nn a < b.
184. a) min A = 5 - 2
6
vi x = 0. max A =
1
5
vi x =
6
.
b) min B = 0 vi x = 1
5
. max B =
5
vi x = 1
185. Xt 1 x 0 th A 0. Xt 0 x 1 th
2 2
2 2
x (1 x ) 1
A x (1 x )
2 2
+
.
2 2
x 1 x 1 2
max A x
2 2 x 0

'
>
186. A = x y 0, do A ln nht khi v chi khi A

2
ln nht. Theo bt Bunhiacpxki :
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 5
A (x y) 1.x .2y 1 (x 4y )
2 4 4
_ _
+ +

, ,
2 2
2 5
2y 1
x
5
5
maxA = x 2
2
5
x 4y 1
y
10

' '

+

hoc
2 5
x
5
5
y
10
'
187. a) Tm gi tr ln nht : T gi thit :

3 2
3 3 2 2
3 2
0 x 1 x x
x y x y 1
0 y 1
y y

+ +
' '

3 2
3 2
x x
max A 1 x 0, y 1 V x 1, y 0
y y

'
b) Tm gi tr nh nht : (x + y)
2
2(x
2
+ y
2
) = 2 x + y
x y
2 1
2
+

. Do :
( ) ( )
3 3
3 3
x y x y
x y
2
+ +
+
. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
(x y )(x y) x y x y x . x y . y
1
1
+ + + + +
1
1
]
]
= (x
2
+ y
2
) = 1
1 2
min A x y
2 2

188. t x a ; y b , ta c a, b 0, a + b = 1.
144583539.doc
A = a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
) = a
2
ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2
3ab = 1 3ab.
Do ab 0 nn A 1. max A = 1 a = 0 hoc b = 0 x = 0 hoc x = 1, y = 0.
Ta c
2
(a b) 1 1 1 1 1
ab ab 1 3ab . minA x y
4 4 4 4 4 4
+

189. iu kin : 1 x 0 , 2 x 0 nn x 1. Ta c :
x 1
1 x (x 1)(x 2) x 2 3
x 2
1 x (x 1)(x 2) (x 1)(x 2) 3 1 x 3 x 8 + .
190. Ta c : 6 + 4x + 2x
2
= 2(x
2
+ 2x + 1) + 4 = 2(x + 1)
2
+ 4 > 0 vi mi x. Vy phng trnh
xc nh vi mi gi tr ca x. t
2
x 2x 3 + +
= y 0, phng trnh c dng :
y
2
- y
2
- 12 = 0 (y - 3
2
)(y + 2
2
) = 0
y 3 2
y 2 2 (loai v y 0
Do
2
x 2x 3 + +
= 3
2
x
2
+ 2x + 3 = 18 (x 3)(x + 5) = 0 x = 3 ; x = -5 .
191. Ta c :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
k. k k
(k 1)k k k 1 (k 1) k k k 1 k k 1
_ _ _
+

+ + + + + , , ,
=
k 1 1
1
k 1 k k 1
_
_
+

+ +
,
,
. Do :
1 1 1
2
(k 1) k k k 1
_
<

+ + ,
.
Vy :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 2 1 2 ... 2
2 3 2 4 3 (n 1) n 2 2 3 n n 1
_ _ _
+ + + + < + + +

+ + , , ,
=
1
2 1 2
n 1
_
<

+ ,
(pcm).
192. Dng bt ng thc Cauchy
1 2
a b ab
>
+
(a, b > 0 ; a 0).
193. t x y = a ,
x
+ y = b (1) th a, b Q .
a) Nu b = 0 th x = y = 0, do
x
, y Q .
b) Nu b 0 th
x y a a
x y
b b x y

+
Q (2).
T (1) v (2) :
1 a 1 a
x b Q ; y b Q
2 b 2 b
_ _
+

, ,
.
199. Nhn xt :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
x a x x a x a + + + . Do :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
5 x a x x a x
5a
2 x x a (1) 2 x x a
x a x a
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
Do a 0 nn :
2 2 2
x a x x x x x 0 + + > + + . Suy ra :
2 2
x a x 0 + + >
, x.
144583539.doc
V vy : (1)
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x 0
x 0 2 x a 5 x a x 5x 3 x a
25x 9x 9a

> + + +
'
+

x 0
3
x a
3
4 0 x a
4

<
.
207. c) Trc ht tnh x theo a c
1 2a
x
2 a(1 a)
. Sau tnh
2
1 x +
c
1
2 a(1 a)
.
p s : B = 1.
d) Ta c a
2
+ 1 = a
2
+ ab + bc + ca = (a + b)(a + c). Tng t :
b
2
+ 1 = (b + a)(b + c) ; c
2
+ 1 = (c + a)(c + b). p s : M = 0.
208. Gi v tri l A > 0. Ta c
2
2x 4
A
x
+
. Suy ra iu phi chng minh.

209. Ta c : a + b = - 1 , ab = -
1
4
nn : a
2
+ b
2
= (a + b)
2
2ab = 1 +
1 3
2 2
.
a
4
+ b
4
= (a
2
+ b
2
)
2
2a
2
b
2
=
9 1 17
4 9 8
; a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)
3
3ab(a + b) = - 1 -
3 7
4 4

Do : a
7
+ b
7
= (a
3
+ b
3
)(a
4
+ b
4
) a
3
b
3
(a + b) = ( )
7 17 1 239
. 1
4 8 64 64
_

,
.
210. a)
2 2
a ( 2 1) 3 2 2 9 8 .
3 3
a ( 2 1) 2 2 6 3 2 1 5 2 7 50 49 + .
b) Theo khai trin Newton : (1 -
2
)
n
= A - B
2
; (1 +
2
)
n
= A + B
2
vi A, B N
Suy ra : A
2
2B
2
= (A + B
2
)(A - B
2
) = [(1 +
2
)(1 -
2
)]
n
= (- 1)
n
.
Nu n chn th A
2
2b
2
= 1 (1). Nu n l th A
2
2B
2
= - 1 (2).
By gi ta xt a
n
. C hai trng hp :
* Nu n chn th : a
n
= (
2
- 1)
n
= (1 -
2
)
n
= A - B
2
=
2 2
A 2B
. iu kin
A
2
2B
2
= 1 c tha mn do (1).
* Nu n l th : a
n
= (
2
- 1)
n
= - (1 -
2
)
n
= B
2
- A =
2 2
2B A
. iu kin
2B
2
A
2
= 1 c tha mn do (2).
211. Thay a =
2
vo phng trnh cho : 2
2
+ 2a + b
2
+ c = 0

2
(b + 2) = -(2a + c).
Do a, b, c hu t nn phi c b + 2 = 0 do 2a + c = 0. Thay b = - 2 , c = - 2a vo phng trnh
cho :
x
3
+ ax
2
2x 2a = 0 x(x
2
2) + a(x
2
2) = 0 (x
2
2)(x + a) = 0.
Cc nghim phng trnh cho l:
2
v - a.
212. t
1 1 1
A ...
2 3 n
+ + +
.
a) Chng minh
A 2 n 3 >
: Lm gim mi s hng ca A :
144583539.doc
( )
1 2 2
2 k 1 k
k k k k 1 k
> +
+ + +
.
Do ( ) ( ) ( )
A 2 2 3 3 4 ... n n 1
1
> + + + + + + +
]
( )
2 n 1 2 2 n 1 2 2 2 n 1 3 2 n 3 + + > + >
.
b) Chng minh
A 2 n 2 <
: Lm tri mi s hng ca A :
( )
1 2 2
2 k k 1
k k k k k 1
<
+ +
Do : ( ) ( ) ( )
A 2 n n 1 ... 3 2 2 1 2 n 2
1
< + + +
]
.
213. K hiu
n
a 6 6 ... 6 6 + + + +
c n du cn. Ta c :
1 2 1 3 2 100 99
a 6 3 ; a 6 a 6 3 3 ; a 6 a 6 3 3 ... a 6 a 6 3 3 < + < + + < + + < +
Hin nhin a
100
>
6
> 2. Nh vy 2 < a
100
< 3, do [ a
100
] = 2.
214. a) Cch 1 (tnh trc tip) : a
2
= (2 +
3
)
2
= 7 + 4
3
.
Ta c
4 3 48
nn 6 < 4
3
< 7 13 < a
2
< 14. Vy [ a
2
] = 13.
Cch 2 (tnh gin tip) : t x = (2 +
3
)
2
th x = 7 + 4
3
.
Xt biu thc y = (2 -
3
)
2
th y = 7 - 4
3
. Suy ra x + y = 14.
D thy 0 < 2 -
3
< 1 nn 0 < (2-
3
)
2
< 1, tc l 0 < y < 1. Do 13 < x < 14.
Vy [ x ] = 13 tc l [ a
2
] = 13.
b) p s : [ a
3
] = 51.
215. t x y = a ; x y b + (1) th a v b l s hu t. Xt hai trng hp :
a) Nu b 0 th
x y a a
x y
b b x y

+
l s hu t (2). T (1) v (2) ta c :
1 a
x b
2 b
_
+

,
l s hu t ;
1 a
y b
2 b
_

,
l s hu t.
b) Nu b = 0 th x = y = 0, hin nhin x , y l s hu t.
216. Ta c
1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1
n n
n(n 1) n n 1 (n 1) n n n 1 n n 1
_ _ _
+

+ + + + + , , ,
n 1 1 1 1
1 2
n 1 n n 1 n n 1
_
_ _
+ <

+ + +
, ,
,
. T ta gii c bi ton.
217. Chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s trong 25 s t nhin cho, khng c hai s no bng
nhau. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a
1
< a
2
< . < a
25
. Suy ra : a
1
1 , a
2
2 ,
a
25
25. Th th :
1 2 25
1 1 1 1 1 1
.... ....
a a a 1 2 25
+ + + + + +
(1). Ta li c :
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
.... .... 1
25 24 2 1 25 25 24 24 2 2
+ + + + + + + + <
+ + +
144583539.doc
( )
2 2 2
.... 1 2 25 24 24 23 .... 2 1 1
24 24 23 23 2 2
< + + + + + + + +
+ + +
( )
2 25 1 1 9 +
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra :
1 2 25
1 1 1
.... 9
a a a
+ + + <
, tri vi gi thit. Vy tn ti hai s bng nhau
trong 25 s a
1
, a
2
, , a
25
.
218. iu kin : 0 x 4. t
2 x a 0 ; 2 x b 0 +
.
Ta c : ab =
4 x
, a
2
+ b
2
= 4. Phng trnh l :
2 2
a b
2
2 a 2 b
+
+
a
2
2
- a
2
b + b
2
2
+ ab
2
=
2
(2 - b
2
+ a
2
- ab)

2
(a
2
+ b
2
2 + ab) ab(a b) = 2(a b)

2
(2 + ab) = (a b)(2 + ab) (ch : a
2
+ b
2
= 4)
a b =
2
(do ab + 2 0)
Bnh phng : a
2
+ b
2
2ab = 2 2ab = 2 ab = 1
4 x
= 1. Tm c x = 3 .
219. iu kin : 0 < x 1 , a 0. Bnh phng hai v ri thu gn :
2
a 1
1 x
a 1

+
.
Vi a 1, bnh phng hai v, cui cng c : x =
2 a
a 1 +
.
iu kin x 1 tha mn (theo bt ng thc Cauchy).
Kt lun : Nghim l x =
2 a
a 1 +
. Vi a 1.
220. Nu x = 0 th y = 0, z = 0. Tng t i vi y v z. Nu xyz 0, hin nhin x, y, z > 0
T h phng trnh cho ta c :
2y 2y
x y
1 y 2 y

+
.
Tng t y z ; z x . Suy ra x = y = z. Xy ra du = cc bt ng thc trn vi
x = y = z = 1. Kt lun : Hai nghim (0 ; 0 ; 0) , (1 ; 1 ; 1).
221. a) t A = (8 + 3
7
)
7
. chng minh bi ton, ch cn tm s B sao cho 0 < B <
7
1
10
v
A + B l s t nhin.
Chn B = (8 - 3
7
)
7
. D thy B > 0 v 8 > 3
7
. Ta c 8 + 3
7
> 10 suy ra :
( )
( )
7
7 7 7
1 1 1
8 3 7
10 10
8 3 7
< <
+
Theo khai trin Newton ta li c : A = (8 + 3
7
)
7
= a + b
7
vi a, b N.
B = (8 - 3
7
)
7
= a - b
7
. Suy ra A + B = 2a l s t nhin.
Do
7
1
0 B
10
< < v A + B l s t nhin nn A c by ch s 9 lin sau du phy.
Ch : 10
- 7
= 0,0000001.
b) Gii tng t nh cu a.
144583539.doc
222. Ta thy vi n l s chnh phng th
n
l s t nhin, nu n khc s chnh phng th
n

l s v t, nn
n
khng c dng ....,5 . Do ng vi mi s n N
*
c duy nht mt s
nguyn a
n
gn
n
nht.
Ta thy rng, vi n bng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, th a
n
bng 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, Ta s chng minh
rng a
n
ln lt nhn cc gi tr : hai s 1, bn s 2, su s 3 Ni cch khc ta s chng minh
bt phng trnh :
1 1
1 x 1
2 2
< < + c hai nghim t nhin.
1 1
2 x 2
2 2
< < + c bn nghim t nhin.
1 1
3 x 3
2 2
< < + c su nghim t nhin.
Tng qut :
1 1
k x k
2 2
< < + c 2k nghim t nhin. Tht vy, bt ng thc tng ng
vi : k
2
k +
1
4
< x < k
2
+ k +
1
4
. R rng bt phng trnh ny c 2k nghim t nhin l : k
2

k + 1 ; k
2
k + 2 ; ; k
2
+ k. Do :
{
_ _
_

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

,
, ,
1 442 4 43 1 4 442 4 4 43 1 2 1980
2 so
4so 88so
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... ... ... 2.44 88
a a a 1 1 2 2 2 2 44 44 44
.
a) 1 < a
n
< 2. Vy [ a
n
] = 1. b) 2 a
n
3. Vy [ a
n
] = 2.
c) Ta thy : 44
2
= 1936 < 1996 < 2025 = 45
2
, cn 46
2
= 2116.
a
1
=
1996
= 44 < a
1
< 45.
Hy chng t vi n 2 th 45 < a
n
< 46.
Nh vy vi n = 1 th [ a
n
] = 44, vi n 2 th [ a
n
] = 45.
224. Cn tm s t nhin B sao cho B A < B + 1. Lm gim v lm tri A c hai s t
nhin lin tip.
Ta c : (4n + 1)
2
< 16n
2
+ 8n + 3 < (4n + 2)
2
4n + 1 <
2
16n 8n 3 + +
< 4n + 2
4n
2
+ 4n + 1 < 4n
2
+
2
16n 8n 3 + +
< 4n
2
+ 4n + 2 < 4n
2
+ 8n + 4
(2n + 1)
2
< 4n
2
+
2
16n 8n 3 + +
< (2n + 2)
2
.
Ly cn bc hai : 2n + 1 < A < 2n + 2. Vy [ A ] = 2n + 1.
225. chng minh bi ton, ta ch ra s y tha mn hai iu kin : 0 < y < 0,1 (1).
x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2 (2).
Ta chn y =
( )
200
3 2 . Ta c 0 <
3 2
< 0,3 nn 0 < y < 0,1. iu kin (1) c
chng minh.
By gi ta chng minh x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2. Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
200 200 100 100
x y 3 2 3 2 5 2 6 5 2 6 + + + + + .
Xt biu thc tng qut S
n
= a
n
+ b
n
vi a = 5 + 2
6
, b = 5 - 2
6
.
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S
n
= (5 + 2
6
)
n
= (5 - 2
6
)
n
A v b c tng bng 10, tch bng 1 nn chng l nghim ca phng trnh X
2
-10X + 1 = 0, tc
l : a
2
= 10a 1 (3) ; b
2
= 10b 1 (4).
Nhn (3) vi a
n
, nhn (4) vi b
n
: a
n+2
= 10a
n+1
a
n
; b
n+2
= 10b
n+1
b
n
.
Suy ra (a
n+2
+ b
n+2
) = 10(a
n+1
+ b
n+1
) (a
n
+ b
n
),
tc l S
n+2
= 10S
n+1
S
n
, hay S
n+2

- S
n+1
(mod 10)
Do S
n+4

- S
n+2

S
n
(mod 10) (5)
Ta c S
0
= (5 + 2
6
)
0
+ (5 - 2
6
)
0
= 1 + 1 = 2 ; S
1
= (5 + 2
6
) + (5 - 2
6
) = 10.
T cng thc (5) ta c S
2
, S
3
, , S
n
l s t nhin, v S
0
, S
4
, S
8
, , S
100
c tn cng bng 2,
tc l tng x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2. iu kin (2) c chng minh. T (1)
v (2) suy ra iu phi chng minh.
226. Bin i
( ) ( )
250 125
3 2 5 2 6 + + . Phn nguyn ca n c ch s tn cng bng 9.
(Gii tng t bi 36)
227. Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A 1 ... 3 4 ... 8 9 ... 15 16 ... 24
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + + + + +
] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
Theo cch chia nhm nh trn, nhm 1 c 3 s, nhm 2 c 5 s, nhm 3 c 7 s, nhm 4 c 9 s.
Cc s thuc nhm 1 bng 1, cc s thuc nhm 2 bng 2, cc s thuc nhm 3 bng 3, cc s
thuc nhm 4 bng 4.
Vy A = 1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + 4.9 = 70
228. a) Xt 0 x 3. Vit A di dng : A = 4.
x
2
.
x
2
.(3 x). p dng bt ng thc Cauchy
cho 3 s khng m
x
2
,
x
2
, (3 x) ta c :
x
2
.
x
2
.(3 x)
3
x x
3 x
2 2
1
3
_
+ +

,
.
Do A 4 (1)
b) Xt x > 3, khi A 0 (2). So snh (1) v (2) ta i n kt lun
x
3 x
maxA 4 x 2
2
x 0

'
.
229. a) Lp phng hai v, p dng hng ng thc (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab(a + b), ta c :
3
x 1 7 x 3. (x 1)(7 x).2 8 (x 1)(7 x) 0 + + + + + x = - 1 ; x = 7 (tha)
b) iu kin : x - 1 (1). t
3
x 2 y; x 1 z + . Khi x 2 = y
2
; x + 1 = z
2

nn z
2
y
3
= 3. Phng trnh cho c a v h :
2 3
y z 3 (2)
z y 3 (3)
z 0 (4)
+

'
Rt z t (2) : z = 3 y. Thay vo (3) : y

3
y
2
+ 6y 6 = 0 (y 1)(y
2
+ 6) = 0 y = 1
Suy ra z = 2, tha mn (4). T x = 3, tha mn (1). Kt lun : x = 3.
230. a) C, chng hn :
1 1
2
2 2
+ .
b) Khng. Gi s tn ti cc s hu t dng a, b m
4
a b 2 +
. Bnh phng hai v :
144583539.doc
a b 2 ab 2 2 ab 2 (a b) + + + .
Bnh phng 2 v : 4ab = 2 + (a + b)
2
2(a + b)
2
2(a + b)
2
= 2 + (a + b)
2
4ab
V phi l s hu t, v tri l s v t (v a + b 0), mu thun.
231. a) Gi s
3
5
l s hu t
m
n
(phn s ti gin). Suy ra 5 =
3
3
m
n
. Hy chng minh rng c
m ln n u chia ht cho 5, tri gi thit
m
n
l phn s ti gin.
b) Gi s
3 3
2 4 +
l s hu t
m
n
(phn s ti gin). Suy ra :
( )
3
3
3 3 2 3 3 3 3
3
m m 6m
2 4 6 3. 8. 6 m 6n 6mn (1) m 2 m 2
n n n
+ + + + M M
Thay m = 2k (k Z) vo (1) : 8k
3
= 6n
3
+ 12kn
2
4k
3
= 3n
3
+ 6kn
2
. Suy ra 3n
3
chia ht cho 2
n
3
chia ht cho 2 n chia ht cho 2. Nh vy m v n cng chia ht cho 2, tri vi gi thit
m
n
l phn s ti gin.
232. Cch 1 : t a = x
3
, b = y
3
, c = z
3
. Bt ng thc cn chng minh
3
a b c
abc
3
+ +
tng
ng vi
3 3 3
x y z
xyz hay
3
+ +
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz 0. Ta c hng ng thc :
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz =
1
2
(x + y + z)[(x y)
2
+ (y z)
2
+ (z x)
2
]. (bi tp sbt)
Do a, b, c 0 nn x, y, z 0, do x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz 0. Nh vy :
3
a b c
abc
3
+ +
Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi a = b = c.

Cch 2 : Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy cho bn s khng m. Ta c :
( )
4
a b c d 1 a b c d 1
ab cd ab. cd abcd
4 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + _
+ +

,
Trong bt ng thc
4
a b c d
abcd
4
+ + + _

,
, t
a b c
d
3
+ +
ta c :
4
4
a b c
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
3
abc. abc.
4 3 3 3
+ + _
+ + +

+ + + + + + _

,

,
.
Chia hai v cho s dng
a b c
3
+ +
(trng hp mt trong cc s a, b, c bng 0, bi ton c
chng minh) :
3
3
a b c a b c
abc abc
3 3
+ + + + _

,
.
Xy ra ng thc : a = b = c =
a b c
3
+ +
a = b = c = 1
144583539.doc
233. T gi thit suy ra :
b c d a 1
1
b 1 c 1 d 1 a 1 a 1
+ +
+ + + + +
. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy
cho 3 s dng :
3
1 b c d bcd
3.
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 (b 1)(c 1)(d 1)
+ +
+ + + + + + +
. Tng t :
3
3
3
1 acd
3.
b 1 (a 1)(c 1)(d 1)
1 abd
3.
c 1 (a 1)(b 1)(d 1)
1 abc
3.
d 1 (a 1)(b 1)(c 1)
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Nhn t bn bt ng thc :
1
1 81abcd abcd
81
.
234. Gi
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
A
y z x
+ + . p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x y z
3A (1 1 1)
y z x y z x
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
(1)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi ba s khng m :
3
x y z x y z
3. . . 3
y z x y z x
+ + (2)
Nhn tng v (1) vi (2) :
2
x y z x y z x y z
3A 3 A
y z x y z x y z x
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
235. t
3 3 3 3
x 3 3 ; y 3 3 +
th x
3
+ y
3
= 6 (1). Xt hiu b
3
a
3
, ta c :
b
3
a
3
= 24 (x + y)
3
= 24 (x
3
+ y
3
) 3xy(x + y)
Do (1), ta thay 24 bi 4(x
3
+ b
3
), ta c :
b
3
a
3
= 4(x
3
+ y
3
) (x
3
+ y
3
) 3xy(x + y) = 3(x
3
+ y
3
) 3xy(x + y) =
= 3(x + y)(x
2
xy + y
2
xy) = 3(x + y)(x y)
2
> 0 (v x > y > 0).
Vy b
3
> a
3
, do b > a.
236. a) Bt ng thc ng vi n = 1. Vi n 2, theo khai trin Newton, ta c :
n
2 3 n
1 1 n(n 1) 1 n(n 1)(n 2) 1 n(n 1)...2.1 1
1 1 n. . . ... .
n n 2! n 3! n n! n
_
+ + + + + +

,
<
1 1 1
1 1 ...
2! 3! n!
_
+ + + + +

,
D dng chng minh :
1 1 1 1 1 1
... ...
2! 3! n! 1.2 2.3 (n 1)n
+ + + + + +
=
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1 1
2 2 3 n 1 n n
+ + + <
Do
n
1
(1 ) 3
n
+ <
b) Vi n = 2, ta chng minh
3
3 2 > (1). Tht vy, (1)
( ) ( )
6 6
3
3 2 > 3
2
> 2
2
.
Vi n 3, ta chng minh
n n 1
n n 1
+
> +
(2). Tht vy :
144583539.doc
( ) ( )
n
n
n(n 1) n(n 1)
n n 1 n 1 n
n
(n 1) 1
(2) n 1 n (n 1) n n 1 n
n n
+ +
+ +
+ _
+ < + < < + <

,
(3)
Theo cu a ta c
n
1
1 3
n
_
+ <

,
, m 3 n nn (3) c chng minh.
Do (2) c chng minh.
237. Cch 1 :
( )
2 2 4 2
A 2 x 1 x x 1 4 + + + + . min A = 2 vi x = 0.
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
2 2 4 2 4
4
A 2 (x x 1)(x x 1) 2 x x 1 2 + + + + +
min A = 2 vi x = 0.
238. Vi x < 2 th A 0 (1). Vi 2 x 4, xt - A = x
2
(x 2). p dng bt ng thc
Cauchy cho ba s khng m :
3
3
x x
x 2
A x x 2x 2
2 2
. .(x 2) 8
4 2 2 3 3
_
+ +

_

,

,
- A 32 A - 32. min A = - 32 vi x = 4.
239. iu kin : x
2
9.
3
2 2
2
2 2
2 4 2 2
x x
9 x
x x
2 2
A x (9 x ) 4. . (9 x ) 4 4.27
2 2 3
_
+ +

,
max A =
6 3
vi x =
6
.
240. a) Tm gi tr ln nht :
Cch 1 : Vi 0 x <
6
th A = x(x
2
6) 0.
Vi x
6
. Ta c
6
x 3 6 x
2
9 0 x
2
6 3.
Suy ra x(x
2
6) 9. max A = 9 vi x = 3.
Cch 2 : A = x(x
2
9) + 3x. Ta c x 0, x
2
9 0, 3x 9, nn A 9.
max A = 9 vi x = 3
b) Tm gi tr nh nht :
Cch 1 : A = x
3
6x = x
3
+ (2
2
)
3
6x (2
2
)
3
== (x + 2
2
)(x
2
- 2
2
x + 8) 6x - 16
2
= (x + 2
2
)(x
2
- 2
2
x + 2) + (x + 2
2
).6 6x - 16
2
= (x + 2
2
)(x -
2
)
2
- 4
2
- 4
2
.
min A = - 4
2
vi x =
2
.
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s khng m :
x
3
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
3.
3 3
x .2 2.2 2
= 6x.
Suy ra x
3
6x - 4
2
. min A = - 4
2
vi x =
2
.
241. Gi x l cnh ca hnh vung nh, V l th tch ca hnh hp.
Cn tm gi tr ln nht ca V = x(3 2x)
2
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi ba s dng :
3-2x
3-2x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
144583539.doc
4V = 4x(3 2x)(3 2x)
3
4x 3 2x 3 2x
3
+ + _

,
= 8 max V = 2 4x = 3 2x
x =
1
2
Th tch ln nht ca hnh hp l 2 dm
3
khi cnh hnh vung nh bng
1
2
dm.
242. a) p s : 24 ; - 11. b) t
3
2 x a; x 1 b . p s : 1 ; 2 ; 10.
c) Lp phng hai v. p s : 0 ;
5
2
d) t
3
2x 1
= y. Gii h : x
3
+ 1 = 2y , y
3
+ 1 = 2x, c (x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
+ 2) = 0
x = y. p s : 1 ;
1 5
2
t
.
e) Rt gn v tri c :
( )
2
1
x x 4
2
. p s : x = 4.
g) t
3 3
7 x a; x 5 b . Ta c : a
3
+ b
3
= 2, a
3
b
3
= 12 2x, do v phi ca phng
trnh cho l
3 3
a b
2
. Phng trnh cho tr thnh :

a b
a b
+
=
3 3
a b
2
.
Do a
3
+ b
3
= 2 nn
3 3
3 3
a b a b
a b a b

+ +
(a b)(a
3
+ b
3
) = (a + b)(a
3
b
3
)
Do a + b 0 nn : (a b)(a
2
ab + b
2
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
).
T a = b ta c x = 6. T ab = 0 ta c x = 7 ; x = 5.
h) t
3 3
x 1 a; x 1 b + . Ta c : a
2
+ b
2
+ ab = 1 (1) ; a
3
b
3
= 2 (2).
T (1) v (2) : a b = 2. Thay b = a 2 vo (1) ta c a = 1. p s : x = 0.
i) Cch 1 : x = - 2 nghim ng phng trnh. Vi x + 2 0, chia hai v cho
3
x 2 +
.
t
3
x 1 x 3
a; b
x 2 x 2
+ +

+ +
. Gii h a
3
+ b
3
= 2, a + b = - 1. H ny v nghim.
Cch 2 : t
3
x 2 +
= y. Chuyn v :
3 3
3 3
y 1 y 1 y + +
. Lp phng hai v ta c :
y
3
1 + y
3
+ 1 + 3.
6
3
y 1
.(- y) = - y
3
y
3
= y.
6
3
y 1
.
Vi y = 0, c nghim x = - 2. Vi y 0, c y
2
=
6
3
y 1
. Lp phng : y
6
= y
6
1. V n
0
.
Cch 3 : Ta thy x = - 2 nghim ng phng trnh. Vi x < - 2, x > - 2, phng trnh v
nghim, xem bng di y :
x
3
x 1 +
3
x 2 +
3
x 3 +
V tri
x < - 2
x > - x
< - 1
> - 1
< 0
> 0
< 1
> 1
< 0
> 0
k) t 1 + x = a , 1 x = b. Ta c : a + b = 2 (1),
4 4 4
ab a b + +
= 3 (2)
144583539.doc
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy
m n
mn
2
+
, ta c
a b 1 a 1 b
3 a. b 1. a 1. b
2 2 2
+ + +
+ + + +
1 a 1 b a b
a b 1 1 2 3
2 2 2
+ + +
+ + + + + .
Phi xy ra du ng thc, tc l : a = b = 1. Do x = 0.
l) t
4 4
a x m 0; b x n 0 th m
4
+ n
4
= a + b 2x.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh : m + n =
4 4 4
m n +
. Nng ln ly tha bc bn hai v ri thu gn :
2mn(2m
2
+ 3mn + 2n
2
) = 0.
Suy ra m = 0 hoc n = 0, cn nu m, n > 0 th 2m
2
+ 3mn + 2n
2
> 0.
Do x = a , x = b. Ta phi c x a , x b cc cn thc c ngha.
Gi s a b th nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = a.
243. iu kin biu thc c ngha : a
2
+ b
2
0 (a v b khng ng thi bng 0).
t
3 3
a x ; b y , ta c :
4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 2
2 2 2 2
x x y y x 2x y y 2x y
A
x xy y x xy y
+ + + +

+ + + +
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
x y (xy) x y xy x y xy
x y xy
x xy y x y xy
+ + + +
+
+ + + +
.
Vy :
2 2 3 3 3
A a b ab +
(vi a
2
+ b
2
0).
244. Do A l tng ca hai biu thc dng nn ta c th p dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
A x x 1 x x 1 2 x x 1. x x 1 2 (x x 1)(x x 1) + + + + + + + + + +
=
=
4 2 4
2 x x 2 2 + +
. ng thc xy ra khi :
2 2
4 2
x x 1 x x 1
x 0
x x 1 1
+ + +

'
+ +
.Ta c A 2, ng thc xy ra khi x = 0. Vy : min A = 2

x = 0.
245. V 1 +
3
l nghim ca phng trnh 3x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + 12 = 0, nn ta c :
3(1 +
3
)
3
+ a(1 +
3
)
2
+ b(1 +
3
) + 12 = 0.
Sau khi thc hin cc php bin i, ta c biu thc thu gn :(4a + b + 42) + (2a + b + 18)
3

= 0.
V a, b Z nn p = 4a + b + 42 Z v q = 2a + b + 18 Z.Ta phi tm cc s nguyn a, b sao cho
p + q
3
= 0.
Nu q 0 th
3
= -
p
q
, v l. Do q = 0 v t p + q
3
= 0 ta suy ra p = 0.
Vy 1 +
3
l mt nghim ca phng trnh 3x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + 12 = 0 khi v ch khi :
4a b 42 0
2a b 18 0
+ +
'
+ +
. Suy ra a = - 12 ; b = 6.
144583539.doc
246. Gi s
3
3
l s hu t
p
q
(
p
q
l phn s ti gin ). Suy ra : 3 =
3
3
p
q
. Hy chng minh c p
v q cng chia ht cho 3, tri vi gi thit
p
q
l phn s ti gin.
247. a) Ta c :
( )
2
3 6 6
6
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 + + + + +
.
Do :
( )
2
2 3 6 6 6
6
1 2. 3 2 2 3 2 2. 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 + +
.
b)
6 3
9 4 5. 2 5 1 +
.
248. p dng hng ng thc (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab(a + b), ta c :
3 3 2 2
3 3
a 20 14 2 20 14 2 3 (20 14 2)(20 14 2).a a 40 3 20 (14 2) .a + + + + +
a
3
6a 40 = 0 (a 4)(a
2
+ 4a + 10) = 0. V a
2
+ 4a + 10 > 0 nn a = 4.
250. A = 2 +
3 2
.
251. p dng : (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab(a + b).
T x =
3 3
3 9 +
. Suy ra x
3
= 12 + 3.3x x
3
9x 12 = 0.
252. S dng hng ng thc (A B)
3
= A
3
B
3
3AB(A B). Tnh x
3
. Kt qu M = 0
253. a) x
1
= - 2 ; x
2
= 25.
b) t
3
u x 9 , v x 3 = - = - , ta c :
3
3
u v 6
v u 6
+
'
+
u = v = - 2 x = 1.
c) t :
2 4
x 32 y 0 + >
. Kt qu x = 7.
254. a biu thc v dng :
3 3
A x 1 1 x 1 1 + + + + . p dng | A | + | B | | A + B |
min A = 2 -1 x 0.
255. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy hai ln.
256. t
3 2 2 3 3
x y th x y P 2 x 2 +
258. Ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
P x a x b +
= | x a | + | x b | | x a + b x | = b a (a < b).
Du ng thc xy ra khi (x a)(x b) 0 a x b. Vy min P = b a a x b.
259. V a + b > c ; b + c > a ; c + a > b. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho tng cp s dng
(a b c) (b c a) (b c a) (c a b)
(a b c)(b c a) b (b c a)(c a b) c
2 2
(c a b) (a b c)
(c a b)(a b c) a
2
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
Cc v ca 3 bt dng thc trn u dng. Nhn 3 bt ng thc ny theo tng v ta c bt
ng thc cn chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :
a + b c = b + c a = c + a b a = b = c (tam gic u).
260.
2 2
x y (x y) (x y) 4xy 4 4 2 2 + + .
261. 2A = (a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
.
Ta c : c a = - (a c) = - [(a b) + (b c)] = - (
2
+ 1 +
2
- 1) = - 2
2
.
144583539.doc
Do : 2A = (
2
+ 1)
2
+ (
2
- 1)
2
+ (-2
2
)
2
= 14. Suy ra A = 7.
262. a pt v dng :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
x 2 1 y 3 2 z 5 3 0 + + .
263. Nu 1 x 2 th y = 2.
264. t :
( ) ( )
x 1 y 0. M x 1 x 1 2 3 x 1 +
.
265. Gi cc kch thc ca hnh ch nht l x, y. Vi mi x, y ta c : x
2
+ y
2
2xy. Nhng x
2
+
y
2
= (8
2
)
2
= 128, nn xy 64. Do : max xy = 64 x = y = 8.
266. Vi mi a, b ta lun c : a
2
+ b
2
2ab. Nhng a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
(nh l Pytago) nn :
c
2
2ab 2c
2
a
2
+b
2
+ 2ab 2c
2
(a + b)
2
c
2
a + b c
a b
2
+
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.
267. Bin i ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
a ' b ab' a ' c ac' b' c bc' 0 + +
268. 2 x - 1 ; 1 x 2.
---------------Ht---------------

Chuyen de Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi

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Chuyen de Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi

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144583539.

46. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :

211. Chng minh rng :

. Tnh gi tr biu thc y = x

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh : x =

' ' '

105. Cch 1 : Tnh A

, tri vi gi thit a, b, c > 0.

. Do : - 1000 < A < 1000.

Cch 2 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :

Ta xem cc biu thc x 1 , y 2 l cc tch :

186. A = x y 0, do A ln nht khi v chi khi A

187. a) Tm gi tr ln nht : T gi thit :

. Suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Rt z t (2) : z = 3 y. Thay vo (3) : y

Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi a = b = c.

. Phng trnh cho tr thnh :

.Ta c A 2, ng thc xy ra khi x = 0. Vy : min A = 2

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