THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu Chuyn LTH

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

TI LIU HUN LUYN

CC PHNG PHP GII H PHNG TRNH THNG S DNG GII TUYN SINH I HC Yu cu: Hc sinh thnh tho vic gii cc h c bn: bc nht hai n, i xng loi 1, i xng loi 2, ng cp. Cc phng trnh mt n: bc nht, bc hai, bc ba, cc bc bn c bit,...Thnh tho cc php bin i tng ng mt phng trnh: chuyn v, nhn chia hai v, thay th biu thc, bnh phng hai v,... Ch : Cc bi ton gii h 2 n a phn u quy v vic tm mt pt mt n gii c.

BN PHNG PHP THNG DNG

1. Phng php TH
K thut 1: Rt mt bin th C th: Rt mt n t phng trnh ny, thay vo phng trnh kia c phng trnh mt n gii c. V d 1:

Hng dn:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

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V d 2:

Hng dn:

K thut 2: Rt mt biu thc th C th: Rt mt biu thc t phng trnh ny, thay vo phng trnh kia c phng trnh mt n gii c. V d 3:

Hng dn:

V d 4: 2

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

Hng dn:

K thut 3: Th hng s bi biu thc V d 1:

Hng dn:

V d 2:

Hng dn:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

V d 3:

Bi gii:

2. Phng php CNG

C th: Cng v vi v, tr v vi v hoc nhn cho mt hng s thch hp ri cng hoc tr v vi v mc ch to ra mt phng trnh mi c th h tr cho vic gii h cho nh: pt mt n, pt bc nht hai n, phng trnh tch s,... K thut 1: To ta pt mt n V d 1:

Hng dn:

K thut 2: To ra pt bc nht hai n V d 2:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

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Hng dn:

K thut 3: Nhn h s thch hp v cng hoc tr v vi v to ra pt bc nht hai n Ch : Cc hng ng thc c bn sau 2 ( a b ) = a 2 2ab + b 2

( a + b ) = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3 3 ( a b ) = a3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b3

V d 3:

Hng dn:

V d 4:

Hng dn:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

3. Phng php t N PH
K thut: Bin i mi h sao cho c hai biu thc ging nhau Ch : Cc php bin i tng ng mt phng trnh: chuyn v, nhn chia hai v, thay th biu thc,... V d 1:

Hng dn:

V d 2:

Hng dn:
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THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

4. Phng php bin i v pt TCH S

Ch : Cc php bin i: to cc biu thc c nhn t ging nhau, phn tch tam thc bc hai thnh tha s, bnh phng,... K thut 1: Bin i mt pt ca h thnh tch s V d 1:

Hng dn:

V d 2:

Hng dn:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu V d 3:

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Hng dn:

V d 4:

Hng dn:

V d 5:

Hng dn:

K thut 2: Cng hoc tr v vi v bin i v pt tch s V d 6:

Hng dn:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

V d 7:

Hng dn:

THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

PHNG PHP HM S
CAC KIEN THC C BAN ---------I. nh ngha : Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong khoang (a,b). x1, x2 (a,b) : x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2) a) f tang ( hay ong bien ) tren khoang (a,b) b) f giam ( hay nghch bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x1, x2 (a,b) : x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2) II. Cac tnh chat : 1) Tnh chat 1: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang (hoac giam) tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) = f(v) u = v (vi u, v (a,b) )

2) Tnh chat 2: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) < f(v) u < v (vi u, v (a,b) )

3) Tnh chat 3: Gia s ham so y = f(x) giam tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) < f(v) u > v (vi u, v (a,b) )

4) Tnh chat 4: Neu y = f(x) tang tren (a,b) va y = g(x) la ham hang hoac la mot ham so giam tren (a,b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem thuoc khoang (a,b) *Da vao tnh chat tren ta suy ra : Neu co x0 (a,b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nghiem duy nhat tren (a,b)

C th:

Tnh chat 4a: Neu ham so f tang ( hoac giam ) trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = C co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b). ( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = C) Tnh chat 4b : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la mot ham giam trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) . ( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = g(x))

V d 1: Bi gii: iu kin 0 x 1 0 y 1

x y + 1 y 1 x = 0 Gii h phng trnh: x + 1 y = 2

x 1 x = y 1 y ( 2) Khi : (1) ( 3) x + 1 y = 2 Xt hm c trng: f ( t ) = t 1 t vi t [ 0;1]

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THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu 1 1 Ta c: f ' ( t ) = + > 0 t ( 0;1) v f lin tc trn on [ 0;1] 2 t 2 1 t Suy ra: f ( t ) ng bin trn on [ 0;1] Do :

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( 2) f ( x ) = f ( y ) x = y

Thay x = y vo phng trnh (3) ta c phng trnh:

x + 1 x = 2 x + 1 x + 2 x (1 x ) = 2 2 x (1 x ) = 1 1 4x (1 x ) = 1 4x 2 4x + 1 = 0 x = 2 1 x = 2 Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l 1 y = 2 1 8 y2 + 2 +1 x 2 = 3( 2 y x ) 4 V d 2: Gii h phng trnh: 2 2 3 7 2 ( x+ y ) + x+ y = 2 2 Bi gii iu kin: x ; y 0
2 ( 4 y ) 2 +1 + 3 4y 2 x +1 + 3 x = 2 (*) 2 2 ( x + y ) +1 + 3 x + y = 7

(*)

(1)

2 Xt hm c trng: f (t ) = 2t +1 + 3 t vi t [ 0 ; + )

Ta c: f '(t ) = 2t +1.ln 2. ( 2t ) + Suy ra: f(t) tng trn [0; + )

3 2 t

>0

t ( 0; + ) v f lin tc trn [ 0 ; + )

4 x= f ( x ) = f ( 4 y ) x = 4 y 5 . Vy h phng trnh c nghim l: Do : (1) 1 f ( x + y ) = f ( 1 ) x + y = 1 y = 5 V d 3:

4 x= 5 y = 1 5

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THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

V d 4:

Bi gii:

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THPT Chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu Bi 1:

Bin son: Hunh Ch Ho

TUYN SINH CC NM QUA

Bi 2:

Bi 3:

Bi 4:

Bi 5:

Bi 6:

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Bi 9:

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