Type Design of Submersible Causeway

DESIGN OF VENTED SUBMERSIBLE CAUSEWAY Name of the work:-B.T to the R/f KB Road to P.
Bheemavaram
Design Philosophy:-
The design of submersible Causeway is carried out as per the procedure out lined below:Step1:The design discharge was fixed after arriving discharge based on the following methods:a.Discharge of the stream is arrived using area-velocity method and catchment area method.Further the discharge from the surplus wier of the tank is also taken into account,while finalising the design discharge.The surplus wier is treated as broad-crested wier and height of fall is locally enquired.The discharge is arrived using broad crested wier formula.
Step2:a.Hydraulic particulars like HFL,OFL are fixed as per the local enquiry. b.It is proposed to design the structure as vented submersible causeway.RTL of the causeway is kept below the HFL,so that the obstruction to flow is less than 70%, when the flow is at RTL.Further,when the flow is at HFL,the obstruction to flow is kept below 30%.All the above ventway calculations are done as per IRC SP:82--2008. c.After finalisation of design discharge,RTL and ventway calculations,afflux calculations are carried out. d.Normal scour depth with reference to HFL was calculated using Lacey's equations e.After arriving at the Maximum scour depth,bottom level of the foundation was fixed below the maximum scour depth Step3:After arriving at RTL,bottom of foundation level and required ventway,the dimensions of the bridge are finalised. The structural components are desined in the following manner:a.As per the recommendations of IRC 6:2000,IRC class A live load required for bridges and culverts of medium importance is selected. b.The effect of drag and lift is considered on the causeway as per IRC-SP:82--2008. Additional live load due to silt is considered on the deck slab as per IRC SP:82--2008. c.Load combinations and remaining loads are selected as per IRC 6:2000 d.Stainless steel anchor bars and VRCC thrust blocks are proposed as per IRC SP:82--2007 to safeguard against lift and drag forces respectively.
e.Based on the soil test reports,indivdual foundations are proposed for an SBC of 15t/m 2. f.The structural components like Abutments,piers,face walls,strip foundation are designed as per the guide lines given in relevent IRC codes. g.The deck slab is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.09 of IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual) h.The dirt wall is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
Design of Abutments for causeway

I)Design Parameters:Clear Right Span Deck slab length Width of the carriage way Thickness of deck slab as per IRC SP 20 Thickness of wearing coat Height of guard stones Thickness of dirt wall Sectional area of dirt wall Thickness of strip footing Height of abutments (As per hydralic calculations) Top width of abutments Bottom width of abutments Sectional area of abutment section Bank side batter of abutment Stream side batter of abutment Width of 1st footing Thickness of 1st footing Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment Width of 2nd footing Thickness of 2nd footing Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment Width of 3rd footing Thickness of 3rd footing Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment Width of VRCC strip footing Thickness of VRCC strip footing (d3) Canal side offset of RCC strip footing wrt abutment (s5) Bank side offset of RCC strip footing wrt abutment (s6) Offset of top footing along width Offset of 2nd footing along width Offset of 3rd footing along width Offset of RCC strip footing along width (w 1) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 0.750m 1.05m 1.080sqm 0.000m 0.300m 1.35m 0.30m 0.15m 0.15m 1.50m 0.30m 0.30m 0.15m 1.65m 0.30m 0.45m 0.15m 1.95m 0.45m 0.60m 0.30m 0.00m 0.00m 0.00m 0.15m = = = = = = = = = = 6.00m 6.800m 6.00m 0.480m 0.075m 0.750m 0.30m 0.370sqm 0.45m 1.200m
Type of bearings Unit weight of RCC (yrc) Unit weight of PCC (ypc) Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y) Unit weight of water (yw) Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q) Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In degrees)(in clock wise direction)(a) Slope of back fill (b) Angle of wall friction (q) Height of surcharge considered (h3) Road crest level (RTL) Low bed level (LBL) High flood Level (HFL) Bottom of foundation level (BFL) Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC) Compressive strength of concrete for PCC (fck) Compressive strength of concrete for VRCC (fck) Yield strength of steel (fy) Cover to reinforcement
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
No bearings proposed 25KN/cum 24KN/cum 18KN/Cum 10KN/Cum 30 90 0 15 1.20m 5.645m 3.965m 6.235m 2.315m 15.00t/sqm 20.00N/sqmm 25.00N/sqmm 415.00N/sqmm 50.00mm
II)General loading pattern:As per IRC:6---2000,the following loadings are to be considered on the submersible bridge or slab culvert:1.Dead load 2.Live load 3.Impact load 4.Wind load 5.Water current 6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings 7.Buoyancy 8.Earth pressure 9.Seismic force 10.Water pressure force Apart from the above forces,the following pressures are to be considered as per clause 7.11.2.2 of IRC SP:82---2007:(a) Pressure due to static head due to afflux on upstream side and trough of standing wave on down stream side: (b) Pressure due to velocity head (c) Pressure due to eddies (d) Pressure due to friction of water against piers and bottom of slab (e) Force due to uplift under superstructure
As per the clause 7.11.3.4 of IRC:SP82--2007,Additional load of 150 mm thick silt with density 3 equal to 15 kN/m spread over the entire soffit(in case of box girders) and deck slabs of all types of super structure should also be considered: As per clause 202.3 of IRC 6:2000,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the above loading combination.
III)Loading on the submersible bridge for design of abutments:1.Dead Load:i)Self wieght of the deck slab = 244.80KN
ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment =
55.50KN
iii)Self weight of wearing coat =
38.25KN
338.55KN There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions Self wieght of the abutments upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary section assumed:iv)Self wieght of the abutment section = 155.52KN
v)Self wieght of top footing =
58.32KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =
64.80KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =
71.28KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =
0.00KN
349.92KN
b1
W2 W1 W3
b2 b1 b3
W2 W1 W3
b2 b1 b3
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment w.r.t base of abutment S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of abutment
Moment
Back batter(W1) Centre portion(W2)
1.05
129.6
0.675
87.48
Front batter(W3)
25.92
0.2
5.18
155.52 Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.60m
92.66
Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment =
0.075m
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st footing
Moment
Back batter
1.2
Centre portion
129.6
0.825
106.92
Front batter
25.92
0.35
9.07
1st footing
58.32 213.84
0.675
39.37 155.36 0.73m
Location of resultant from toe of abutment =
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=
0.055m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No
Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd footing
Moment
Back batter
1.35
Centre portion
129.6
0.975
126.36
Front batter
25.92
0.5
12.96
1st footing
58.32
0.83
48.11
2nd footing
64.8
0.75
48.6
278.64 Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.85m
236.03
Eccentricity =
0.100m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd footing
Moment
1 2 3 4 5 6
Back batter Centre portion Front batter 1st footing 2nd footing 3rd footing
0 129.6 25.92 58.32 64.8 71.28 349.92
1.35 0.975 0.5 0.83 0.75 0.83
0 126.36 12.96 48.11 48.6 58.81 294.84 0.84m
Location of resultant from toe of abutment =
Eccentricity =
0.015m
2.Live Load:As per clause 201.1 of IRC:6--2000,the bridges and culverts of medium importance are to be designed for IRC Class A loading. GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
1.10
3.20
1.20
4.30
3.00
3.00
3.00
11.4t
2.7t
1.80
11.4t
2.7t
6.8t
6.8t
6.8t
6.8t
2.7t
2.7t
11.4t
11.4t
1.80 1.10 3.20 1.20 4.30

6.8t
3.00
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
The IRC Class A loading as per the drawing is severe and the same is to be considered as per clauses 207.1.3&207.4
Y
450
11.4t
1200
11.4t
1800
Area to be loaded with 5KN/m live load + 2.25KN/m silt load

6800
4300
6.8t
2750
3250
The ground contact area of wheels for the above placement,each axle wise is given below:Axle load (Tonnes) 11.4 6.8 2.7 Ground Contact Area
B(mm) W(mm)
250 200 150
500 380 200
Assuming 0.3m allowance for guide posts and the clear distance of vehicle from the edge of guide post being 0.15m as per clause 207.1,the value of 'f' shown in the figure will be 0.45m
Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 7.25KN/m2 on left side is (f) = Similarly,the area to be loaded on right side (k) =
0.45m 3.25m 3.70m
The total live load on the deck slab composes the following components:-
1.Wheel loads----Point loads
296.00KN
2.Live load in remaing portion(Left side)----UDL 2.Live load in remaing portion(Right side)----UDL
22.185KN 160.225KN 478.41KN
Resultant live load:Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles) Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t y-axis S.No Wheel Load/UDL in KN 57 57 57 57 34 34 22.185 160.225 Distance from Y-axis Moment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.70m 0.70m 2.50m 2.50m 0.64m 2.44m 0.225m 4.375m
39.90KNm 39.90KNm 142.50KNm 142.50KNm 21.76KNm 82.96KNm 4.99KNm 700.98KNm
478.410 Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis
1175.50KNm
= 2.457m Eccentricity = 0.543m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles) Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t x-axis S.No 1 Load in KN 34 Distance from X-axis 0.925m Moment 31.45KNm
34
0.925m
31.45KNm
5 6 7 8 9 10
57 57 57 57 22.19KN 160.23KN 478.41
5.225m 5.225m 6.425m 6.425m 3.400m 3.400m
297.83KNm 297.83KNm 366.23KNm 366.23KNm 75.43KNm 544.77KNm 2011.19KN
Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis
Location of resultant is as shown below:-
Y
6000
542 804
6800
X
Calculation of reactions on abutments:Reaction due to loads Ra = 182.64KN
Reaction due to point loads = Rb =
295.77KN
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra = The corrected reaction =
295.77KN 295.77KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the abutment,
300
535
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load = 3.Impact of vehicles:-
516
0.01m
As per Clause 211 of IRC:6--2000,impact allowance shall be made by an increment of live load by a factor 4.5/(6+L) Hence,the factor is 0.352
Further as per clause 211.7 of IRC:6--2000,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth. As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of abutments will be 0.176
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.
4.Wind load:The deck system is located at height of (RTL-LBL) 1.68m
The Wind pressure acting on deck system located at that height is considered for design. As per clause 212.3 and from Table .4 of IRC:6---2000,the wind pressure at that hieght is= 59.48 Kg/m2. Height of the deck system = Breadth of the deck system = The effective area exposed to wind force =HeightxBreadth = Hence,the wind force acting at centroid of the deck system = (Taking 50% perforations) Further as per clause 212.4 of IRC:6---2000 ,300 Kg/m wind force is considered to be acting at a hieght of 1.5m from road surface on live load vehicle. Hence,the wind force acting at 1.5m above the road surface = 18.00KN 3.86KN 1.755 7.4
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC strip footing =
4.16m
5.Water current force:a)Water current force on deck slab:Velocity of stream at top,when the flow approaches the top of deck slab = 2 x Vmean = P = 52KV2 = (where the value of 'K' is 1.5 ) 201.24 Kg/m2. 3.65m/sec
Force acting on centroid of deck slab =
3.80KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC strip footing = b)Water current force on abutment:-
3.09m
Water pressure is considered on square ended abutments as per clause 213.2 of IRC:6---2000 is For the purpose of calculation of exposed area to water current force,only 1.0m width of abutment is considered for full hieght upto HFL Hence,the water current force = 3.38KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC strip footing =
2.88m
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 214.2 of IRC:6--2000.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 214.5.1.3 of IRC:6---2000
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of bearings transferred to abutments is 47.84KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC strip footing =
3.86m
7.Buoyancy :As per clause 216.4 of IRC:6---2000,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the dead weight of the abutment shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL. The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill behind the abutment is scoured. For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of abutment section is i)Volume of abutment section = 6.48Cum
ii)Volume of top footing =
2.43Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing =
2.70Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing =
2.97Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing =
0.00Cum
14.58Cum Reduction in self wieght = 145.80KN
8.Earth pressure :As per clause 217.1 of IRC:6---2000,the abutments are to be designed for a surcharge equivalent to a back fill of hieght 1.20m behind the abutment. The coefficient of active earth pressure exerted by the cohesion less back fill on the abutment as per the Coulomb's theory is given by '2 Ka = sina sin(a-q) Sin(a+Q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b) sin(a+b)
Sin(a+Q) = Sin(a-q) = Sina = Sin(Q+q) = Sin(Q-b) = Sin(a+b) = From the above expression,
SIN[3.14*(76.06+30)/180] = SIN[3.14*(76.06-15)/180] = SIN[3.14*(76.06)/180] = SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] = SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] = SIN[3.14*(76.06+0)/180] =
0.961 0.875 0.97 0.707 0.5 0.97
Ka =
0.3 1.200m Pa = 6.48KN/sqm
The hieght of abutment above GL,as per the preliminary section assumed = Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:Surcharge load = 6.48 KN/sqm
6.48
1.200
6.48
6.48
Area of the rectangular portion = Area of the triangular portion =
7.78 3.89 11.67
Taking moments of the areas about the toe of the wall S.No Description Area Lever arm Moment
1 2
Rectangular Triangular
7.78 3.89 11.67
0.6 0.4
4.668 1.556 6.224
Height from the bottom of the wall =
0.53m
The active Earth pressure acts on the abutment as shown below:-
0.70
15 1.200m 0.53m
90
1.05 0 Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P =
69.98KN
Horizontal component of the earth pressure Ph =
67.60KN
Vertical component of the earth pressure Pv =
18.10KN
Eccentricity of vertical component of earth pressure = 9.Siesmic force :As per clause 222.1 of IRC:6---2000,the bridges in siesmic zones I and II need not be designed for siesmic forces.The location of the slab culvert is in Zone-I.Hence,there is no need to design the bridge for siesmic forces.
0.53m
10.Water pressure force:As per clause 7.11.2.2(b) of IRC SP82:2007,the pressure due to static head will be zero at the surface of water and will increase linearly to P = wh at depth 'h' from the surface, below which it will be constant as indicated in the sketch below :Where, w = unit weight of water h = afflux or depth of superstructure (including wearing coat) whichever is more.
555 1125
5.55KN/m
555 1125
5.55KN/m
Total horizontal water pressure force = The above pressure acts at height of 0.42H = 11.Pressure due to eddies :Pressure due to eddies = w (Vv-V) 2g Where, Vv = velocity of flow through the vents, V = velocity of approach (w = unit weight of water; g= Acceleration due to gravity) Pressure force due to eddies = which is negligible.Hence it need not be considered
2
11.48KN 0.71m
0.007KN
12. Pressure due to friction of water against piers and bottom of slab :Pressure due to friction =f x x (Cx Vv)2 Where, f = friction coefficient = 1 = mass density of water (w/g) Vv = velocity of flow through the vents (m/sec) C = value of constant generally taken as10% i)Force due to friction on Deck slab:Frictional force on bottom and top of deck slab = 4.96KN 3.09m
The location of the frictional force from the top of RCC strip footing = ii)Force due to friction on abutment:Frictional force on the canal side face of abutment = 0.50KN
The location of the frictional force from the top of RCC strip footing =
1.50m
13. Force due to uplift under superstructure :This force acts vertically upwards and is given by Uplift force = wh x Asp Where, Asp area of the superstructure in plan
h = the uplift head under the deckslab which may be taken as higher of the following two values: (i) Afllux (ii) Thickness of superstructure including wearing coat-head loss due to increase in velocity through vents (Vv) Head loss due to increase in velocity through the vents is calculated by following expression 2 2 h1 = Vv -V 2g Where, Vv =velocity of flow through the vents V = velocity of approach Afflux = Head loss due to increase in velocity = Hence,up lift head = Hence uplift force on the deck slab = 0.131m 0.012m 0.543m 195.48KN
IV)Check for stresses for abutments&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,back fill scoured with live load on span) i)On top of RCC Strip footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical forces acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN 349.92KN 347.83KN 52.06 1088.35 Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 4.16 3.86 2.88 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m) 0.00 0.015 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.000 0.543 0.543
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel loads+UDL) Impact load
1 2 3
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force Check for stresses:-
18.00KN 47.84KN 3.38KN
x-Direction y-Direction x-Direction
About x-axis:Breadth of 3rd footing b = Depth of 3rd footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd =
2
6.00m 1.65m 9.9 m2 2.72 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at heel P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings (Stress = -31.36*4.93/6.38)
338.55KN 349.92KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 3.86
34.2 35.88 34.78 0 -67.83 37.03
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
Stress at toe P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings
338.55KN 349.92KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 -0.02 0.01 -0.01 3.86
34.2 34.82 35.49 0 67.83 172.34
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = Hence safe.
37.03 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Stress at toe =
172.34 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
About y-axis:Breadth of 3rd footing b = Depth of 3rd footing d = Area of the footing = A = 1.65m 6.00m 9.9 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing about = (1/6)bd2 = y-axis--Zy =
9.90 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm
2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at upstream edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force
338.55KN 349.92KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.54 4.16 2.88
34.2 35.35 -34.24 15.64 -7.56 -0.98 42.41
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity/Lever arm
Stress at D/S edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 349.92KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.54 4.16 2.88
34.2 35.35 104.51 15.64 7.56 0.98 198.24
Stress at up stream side edge =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. Stress at down stream side edge = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = Hence safe. 198.24 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
ii)On top of 3rd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN 338.55KN 278.64KN 347.83KN 52.06
Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m) 0.00 0.100 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.000 0.543 0.543
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.86 3.56 2.58
1 2 3
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force
18.00KN 47.84KN 3.38KN
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 2nd footing b = Depth of 2nd footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of Ist footing about x-axis--Zx = (1/6)bd2 = 6.00m 1.50m 9 m2 2.25 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm
2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at heel P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5
338.55KN 278.64KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.10 -0.01 -0.01 3.56
37.62 34.06 38.26 0 -75.7 34.24
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure
338.55KN
0.00
37.62
2 3 4 5
Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings
278.64KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
-0.10 0.01 -0.01 3.56
27.86 39.03 0 75.7 180.21
Stress at heel =
Stress at toe =
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of Ist footing about y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd =
2
1.50m 6.00m 9 m2 9.00 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at upstream edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 278.64KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.54 3.86 2.58
37.62 30.96 -45.29 18.35 -7.72 -0.97 32.95
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 278.64KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.54 3.86 2.58
37.62 30.96 122.59 18.35 7.72 0.97 218.21
Stress at up stream side edge =
Stress at down stream side edge =
i)On top of 2nd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN 213.84KN 347.83KN 52.06 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m) 0.00 0.055 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.000 0.543 0.543
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&cut waters Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load
1 2 3
18.00KN 47.84KN 3.38KN
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of abutment about x-axis--Zx = (1/6)bd2 = 6.00m 1.35m 8.1 m2 1.82 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm
1 2 3 4 5
338.55KN 213.84KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.06 -0.01 -0.01 3.26
41.8 27.48 42.51 0 -85.58 26.21
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
338.55KN 213.84KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 -0.06 0.01 -0.01 3.26
41.8 24.95 43.37 0 85.58 195.7
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 195.7 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe. About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of abutment about y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.35m 6.00m 8.1 m2 8.10 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Stress at upstream edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 213.84KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.54 3.56 2.28
41.8 26.4 -60.69 21.94 -7.91 -0.95 20.59
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 213.84KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.54 3.56 2.28
41.8 26.4 146.57 21.94 7.91 0.95 245.57
Stress at up stream side edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. Stress at down stream side edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 245.57 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe. i)On top of 1st footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN 155.52KN 347.83KN 52.06 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m) 0.00 0.075 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.000 0.543 0.543
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN
Direction x or y
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.56 2.96 2.28
1 2 3
18.00KN 47.84KN 3.38KN
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b = Depth of abutment d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of abutment about x-axis--Zx = (1/6)bd =
2
6.00m 1.05m 6.3 m2 1.10 m3
2
1 2 3 4 5
338.55KN 155.52KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.08 -0.01 -0.01 2.96
53.74 26.45 54.66 0 -128.44 6.41
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
338.55KN 155.52KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 47.84KN
0.00 -0.08 0.01 -0.01 2.96
53.74 22.83 55.76 0 128.44 260.77
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. About y-axis:Breadth of abutment b = Depth of abutment d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of abutment about y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.05m 6.00m 6.3 m2 6.30 m3
2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 155.52KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.54 3.56 2.28
53.74 24.69 25.23 33.9 -10.17 -1.22 126.17
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
338.55KN 155.52KN 347.83KN 52.06KN 18.00KN 3.38KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.54 3.56 2.28
53.74 24.69 226.52 33.9 10.17 1.22 350.24
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
126.17 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span) i)On top of RCC Strip footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN -195.48KN 143.07KN 349.92KN -145.80KN 204.12KN 18.10KN 0.015 0.525 0.000 0.000 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&cut waters Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
0.00
2 3
Net self weight Vertical component of earth pressure
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 4.16 0.00 3.09 2.88 3.09 1.50 1.43 1.61
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on abutment Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b = Depth of bottom footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 =
18.00KN 0.00KN 3.80KN 3.38KN 4.96KN 0.50KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
x-Direction y-Direction x-Direction x-Direction x-Direction x-Direction y-Direction y-Direction
6.00m 1.65m 9.9 m2 2.72 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of abutment&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force
143.07KN 204.12KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 0.015 0.53 1.43 1.61
14.45 20.93 2.79 -35.59 6.8 9.35
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
143.07KN 204.12KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 -0.02 -0.53 1.43 1.61
14.45 20.31 0.87 35.59 -6.8 64.45
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b = Depth of bottom footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd =
2
1.65m 6.00m 9.9 m2 9.90 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at U/S Edge P/A(1+6e/b)
143.07KN
0.00
14.45
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Net self wieght of abutment&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force on abutment Water current force on deck slab Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment
204.12KN 18.10KN 18.00KN 3.38KN 3.80KN 4.96KN 0.50KN
0.00 0.00 4.16 2.88 3.09 3.09 1.50
20.62 1.83 -7.56 -1.0 -1.2 -1.6 -0.1 25.54
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of abutment&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force on abutment Water current force on deck slab Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment
0.00 0.00 0.00 4.16 2.88 3.09 3.09 1.50
14.45 20.62 1.83 7.56 1.0 1.2 1.6 0.1 48.26
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 3rd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN -195.48KN 143.07KN 278.64KN -116.10KN 162.54KN 18.10KN 0.100 0.525 0.000 0.000 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
0.00
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on abutment Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 2nd footing b = Depth of 2nd footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd =
2
6.00m 1.50m 9 m2 2.25 m3
1 2 3 4 5
143.07KN 162.54KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 0.10 0.53 1.13 1.31
15.9 19.87 3.07 -34.05 6.7 11.45
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
143.07KN 162.54KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 -0.10 -0.53 1.13 1.31
15.9 16.25 0.96 34.05 -6.7
60.5 Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 11.45 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd =
2
1.50m 6.00m 9 m2 9.00 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
Stress at U/S Edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of abutment&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force on deck slab Water current force on abutment Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 2.79 2.58 2.79 1.20
15.9 18.06 2.01 -7.72 -1.2 -1.0 -1.5 -0.1 24.49
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 2.79 2.58 2.79 1.20
15.9 18.06 2.01 7.72 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.1 47.45
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 2nd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN -195.48KN 143.07KN 213.84KN -89.10KN 124.74KN 18.10KN 0.055 0.525 0.000 0.000 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&cut waters Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
0.00
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on abutment Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d =
6.00m 1.35m
Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd =
2
8.1 m2 1.82 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm
2
1 2 3 4 5
143.07KN 124.74KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 0.06 0.53 0.83 1.01
17.66 16.25 3.41 -30.91 6.3 12.74
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
143.07KN 124.74KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 -0.06 -0.53 0.83 1.01
17.66 14.55 1.06 30.91 -6.3 57.85
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.35m 6.00m 8.1 m2 8.10 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at U/S Edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 2.49 2.28 2.49 0.90
17.66 15.4 2.23 -7.91 -1.2 -1.0 -1.5 -0.1 23.68
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 2.49 2.28 2.49 0.90
17.66 15.4 2.23 7.91 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.1 46.9
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. iii)On top of 1st footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN -195.48KN Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure
2 3
Net reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&cut waters Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy Net self weight Vertical component of earth pressure
143.07KN 213.84KN -89.10KN 124.74KN 18.10KN
0.00
0.00
0.055 0.525
0.000 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on abutment Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on abutment Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b = Depth of abutment d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd =
2
6.00m 1.05m 6.3 m2 1.10 m3
1 2 3 4 5
143.07KN 124.74KN 18.10KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
0.00 0.06 0.53 0.53 0.71
22.71 20.89 4.38 -32.7 7.4 22.63
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of abutment&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Horizontal load due to earth pressure
143.07KN 124.74KN 18.10KN 67.60KN
0.00 -0.06 -0.53 0.53
22.71 18.71 1.36 32.7
Water pressure force
11.48KN
0.71
-7.4 68.13
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of abutment b = Depth of abutment d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.05m 6.00m 6.3 m2 6.30 m3
2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm Stress at U/S Edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.19 1.98 2.19 0.60
22.71 19.8 2.87 -9.31 -1.3 -1.1 -1.7 -0.1 31.92
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.19 1.98 2.19 0.60
22.71 19.8 2.87 9.31 1.3 1.1 1.7 0.1 58.84
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of abutments:a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span) The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN 155.52KN 399.88KN 18.10KN 912.05KN Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m) 0.00 0.075 -0.01 0.525 0.00 0.000 0.543 0.00
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutments Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
1 2 3
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal Active Earth pressure force
18.00KN 47.84KN 67.60KN 133.44KN
x-Direction y-Direction y-Direction
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis, Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = 141.61Kn-m
Moment due to active earth pressure force =
36.05Kn-m
Total overturning moment =
177.66Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,, Moment due to dead load reaction from super structure = 177.74Kn-m
Moment due to self weight of abutment =
93.31Kn-m
Moment due to live load reaction on abutment =
205.94Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure =
19.01Kn-m
Total Restoring moment =
496.00Kn-m
Factor of safety =
2.79181252
> 2.0 Hence safe (As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment Vb = Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment Hb = Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = Factor of safety against sliding F s = 5.46799594 > 1.5 Hence safe (As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000) 912.05KN 133.44KN 0.80
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span) The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN -195.48KN 143.07KN 155.52KN -64.80KN 90.72KN 18.10 0.075 0.525 0.000 0.00 Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutments Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
0.00
2 3
Net self wieght Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN
Direction x or y
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.26 0.00 0.53 0.71
1 2 3 4
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Active Earth pressure force Force due to water pressure Check for stability against over turning:-
18.00KN 0.00KN 67.60KN 11.48KN
x-Direction y-Direction y-Direction y-Direction
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis, Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = Moment due to active earth pressure force = 0.00Kn-m 36.05Kn-m
Total overturning moment = Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis, Moment due to dead load reaction from super structure =
36.05Kn-m
75.11
Moment due to self weight of abutment =
54.43Kn-m
Moment due to water pressure force on the abutment =
8.10Kn-m
19.01Kn-m
156.65Kn-m
Factor of safety =
4.34515347
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment Vb = 251.89KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment Hb = Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = Factor of safety against sliding F s = 2.98107738 > 1.5 Hence safe (As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
67.60KN 0.80
VI)Design of Strip footing:a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span) i)At the bottom of RCC strip footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 338.55KN 349.92KN 138.21KN 295.77KN 18.10KN Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m) axis(m) 0.00 0.015 0.00 0.00 0.525 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.543 0.000
1 2 3 4 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self weight of abutment&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of earth pressure
1 2 3
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure Safe bearing capacity SBC of the soil =
18.00KN 47.84KN 67.60KN 15.00t/sqm
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of footing b = Depth of footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 = 6.30m 1.95m 12.285 m2 3.99 m3
For RCC Strip footing permissible bearing pressure is 1.5xSBC = No tension is allowed on soil as per clause 706.3.3.1 of IRC 78:2000 S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P)
225KN/sqm
Stress at heel P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor
338.55KN 349.92KN 138.21KN 295.77KN
0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00
27.56 28.89 11.25 24.08
5 1 2 3
Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure
18.10KN 18.00KN 47.84KN 67.60KN
0.53 0.00 4.16 1.73
2.21 0 -49.9 -29.4 14.79
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of abutment&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure
0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.53 0.00 4.16 1.73
27.56 28.08 11.25 24.08 0.74 0 49.85 29.35 170.91
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
14.79 KN/Sqm>0
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of footing b = Depth of footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd =
2
1.95m 6.30m 12.285 m2 12.90 m3
225KN/sqm
Stress at U/S edge P/A(1+6e/b)
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.00 4.46 0.00 0.00
27.56 28.48 11.25 -16.15 1.47 -6.22 0.0 0.0 46.39
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.543 0.00 4.46 0.00 0.00
27.56 28.48 11.25 64.3 1.47 6.22 0 0 139.28
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
46.39 KN/Sqm>0
Hence safe. The footing has to be designed as strip footing supporting the masonry structure The net bearing pressure on the toe of footing = (Excluding self weight of footing) The footing needs to be designed for 1.5 times the above net bearing pressure 159.66 KN/Sqm
239.49 KN/Sqm
Y d3 Y
b2 b1 b3 s1+b2+b1+b3+s2 s3+b2+b1+b3+s4 d3
X
The UDL on the footing for unit width = 239.49 KN/m
The critical section for bending is at a distance of 1/4xwidth of bottom footing from the centre,ie,at section X--X Hence,the length of cantilever portion to be considered for design =
0.83m Hence,the critical bending moment = (1/2)Wl =

2
82.49KN-m
Effective depth required d =
Mu/0.133fckb =
157.51mm
The over all depth required(Assuming 16mm dia bars) =
215.51mm
However provide overall depth of = Hence,effective depth =
450.00mm 392.00mm
Bottom steel:Mu/bd =
2
0.537 0.156
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required =
Area of steel required =
611.52sqmm
Hence provide 12mm dia bars at 125mm c/c along width,the area of reinforcement comes to 904.32sqmm Distribution steel:Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.15% of cross sectional area of footing Hence,the distribution reinforcement required = Adopting 12mm dia bars,the spacing required = 675.00sqmm 167.00mm
However provide 12mm dia bars at 150mm c/c spacing,as distribution reinforcement
Check for one way shear:The critical section for beam shear is at distance of 'd' from the face of the column,ie,at Y-Y Hence,the factored design shear force VFd = 35.92KN
Nominal shear stress Tv =
0.1N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm (As per Table 20 of 1S 456)
Hence,the section is safe from shear point of view
Assumed percentage area of the steel reinforcement =
0.23%
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.35 Hence Vuc = 0.35>0.1
137.20KN
Hence,the depth provided is safe from beam shear point of view The check for two way shear is not necessary in the present context.
Design of pier for bridge

I)Design Parameters:Clear Right Span Deck slab length Width of the carriage way Thickness of deck slab as per IRC SP 20 Thickness of wearing coat Height of guard stones Thickness of pier bed block Sectional area of pier bed block Thickness of strip footing Height of pier (As per hydralic calculations) Top width of pier Bottom width of pier Sectional area of pier section One side batter of pier Other side batter of pier Width of 1st footing Thickness of 1st footing One side offset of 1st footing wrt pier Other side offset of 1st footing wrt pier Width of 2nd footing Thickness of 2nd footing One side offset of 2nd footing wrt pier Other side offset of 2nd footing wrt pier Width of 3rd footing Thickness of 3rd footing One side offset of 3rd footing wrt pier Other side offset of 3rd footing wrt pier Width of VRCC strip footing Thickness of VRCC strip footing (d3) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 0.900m 0.90m 1.080sqm 0.000m 0.000m 1.20m 0.30m 0.15m 0.15m 1.50m 0.30m 0.30m 0.30m 1.80m 0.30m 0.45m 0.45m 2.40m 0.45m = = = = = = = = = = 6.00m 6.800m 6.00m 0.480m 0.075m 0.750m 0.30m 0.410sqm 0.45m 1.200m
Canal side offset of RCC strip footing wrt pier (s5) Bank side offset of RCC strip footing wrt pier (s6) Offset of top footing along width Offset of 2nd footing along width Offset of 3rd footing along width Offset of RCC strip footing along width (w1) Type of bearings Unit weight of RCC (yrc) Unit weight of PCC (ypc) Road crest level (RTL) Low bed level (LBL) High flood Level (HFL) Bottom of foundation level (BFL) Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC) Compressive strength of concrete for PCC (fck) Compressive strength of concrete for VRCC Strip footing (fck) Yield strength of steel (fy) Cover to reinforcement Unit weight of water (w)
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
0.75m 0.75m 0.00m 0.00m 0.00m 0.15m No bearings proposed 25KN/cum 24KN/cum 5.645m 3.965m 6.235m 2.315m 15.00t/sqm 20.00N/sqmm 25.00N/sqmm 415.00N/sqmm 50.00mm 10KN/cum
II)General loading pattern:As per IRC:6---2000,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab culvert:1.Dead load 2.Live load 3.Impact load 4.Wind load 5.Water current 6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings 7.Buoyancy 8.Seismic force 9.Water pressure force Apart from the above forces,the following pressures are to be considered as per clause 7.11.2.2 of IRC SP:82---2007:(a) Pressure due to static head due to afflux on upstream side and trough of standing wave on down stream side: (b) Pressure due to velocity head
(c) Pressure due to eddies (d) Pressure due to friction of water against piers and bottom of slab (e) Force due to uplift under superstructure As per the clause 7.11.3.4 of IRC:SP82--2007,Additional load of 150 mm thick silt with density equal to 15 kN/m3 spread over the entire soffit(in case of box girders) and deck slabs of all types of super structure should also be considered: As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the above loading combination.
III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of pier:1.Dead Load:i)Self wieght of the deck slab = 489.60KN
ii)Self wieght of bed block over pier =
61.50KN
iii)Self weight of wearing coat =
76.50KN
627.60KN There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions Self wieght of the pier upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary section assumed:iv)Self wieght of the pier section = 155.52KN
v)Self wieght of top footing =
51.84KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =
64.80KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =
77.76KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =
0.00KN
349.92KN
b1
W2 W1 W3
b2 b1 b3
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier w.r.t base of pier S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of pier
Back batter(W1) Centre portion(W2)
0.9
155.52
0.45
Front batter(W3)
155.52 Location of resultant from toe of pier = 0.45m
Eccentricity wrt centre of base of pier =
0.000m
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st footing
Back batter
1.05
Centre portion
155.52
0.6
Front batter
0.15
1st footing
51.84 207.36
0.6
Location of resultant from toe of pier =
0.60m
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=
0.000m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd footing
Back batter
1.2
Centre portion
155.52
0.75
Front batter
0.3
1st footing
51.84
0.75
2nd footing
64.8
0.75
272.16 Location of resultant from toe of pier = 0.75m
Eccentricity =
0.000m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing S.No Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd footing
1 2 3 4 5 6
Back batter Centre portion Front batter 1st footing 2nd footing 3rd footing
0 155.52 0 51.84 64.8 77.76 349.92
1.35 0.9 0.45 0.90 0.90 0.90
Location of resultant from toe of pier =
0.90m
Eccentricity =
0.000m
2.Live Load:As per clause 201.1 of IRC:6--2000,the bridges and culverts of medium importance are to be designed for IRC Class A loading. GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
1.10
3.20
1.20
4.30
3.00
3.00
3.00
11.4t
2.7t
1.80
The IRC Class A loading as per the drawing is severe and the same is to be considered as per clauses 207.1.3&207.4
Y
450
11.4t
2.7t
6.8t
6.8t
6.8t
6.8t
Y
450
11.4t
1200
11.4t
1800
Area to be loaded with 5KN/m live load + 2.25KN/m silt load
6800
4300
6.8t
2750
3250
The ground contact area of wheels for the above placement,each axle wise is given below:Axle load (Tonnes) 11.4 6.8 2.7 Ground Contact Area
B(mm) W(mm)
250 200 150
500 380 200
Assuming 0.3m allowance for guide posts and the clear distance of vehicle from the edge of guide post being 0.15m as per clause 207.1,the value of 'f' shown in the figure will be 0.45m
Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 7.25KN/m2 on left side is (f) =
0.45m
Similarly,the area to be loaded on right side (k) =
3.25m 3.70m
The total live load on the deck slab composes the following components:1.Wheel loads----Point loads
2.Live load in remaing portion(Left side)----UDL 2.Live load in remaing portion(Right side)----UDL
Resultant live load:Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles) Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t y-axis S.No Wheel Load/UDL in KN 57 57 57 57 34 34 22.185 160.225 Distance from Y-axis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.70m 0.70m 2.50m 2.50m 0.64m 2.44m 0.225m 4.375m
478.410 Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis
= 2.457m
Eccentricity =
0.543m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles) Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t x-axis S.No 1 Load in KN 34 Distance from X-axis 0.925m
2 5 6 7 8 9 10
34 57 57 57 57 22.19KN 160.23KN 478.41
0.925m 5.225m 5.225m 6.425m 6.425m 3.400m 3.400m
Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis
543
804
6800
543
804
6800
2750
3250
Calculation of reactions on pier:Reaction due to point loads Ra = 421.85KN
Reaction due to point loads = Rb =
56.56KN
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra = The corrected reaction =
421.8KN 421.85KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the pier,
460 220
900
220
220
900
220
1200
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load =
0.00m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:As per Clause 211 of IRC:6--2000,impact allowance shall be made by an increment of live load by a factor 4.5/(6+L) Hence,the factor is 0.352
Further as per clause 211.7 of IRC:6--2000,the above impact factor shall be only 50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth. As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of pier will be
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.
4.Wind load:The deck system is located at height of (RTL-LBL) 1.68m
The Wind pressure acting on deck system located at that height is considered for design. As per clause 212.3 and from Table .4 of IRC:6---2000,the wind pressure at that hieght is= 59.48 Kg/m2. Height of the deck system = Breadth of the deck system = The effective area exposed to wind force =HeightxBreadth = Hence,the wind force acting at centroid of the deck system = (Taking 50% perforations) Further as per clause 212.4 of IRC:6---2000 ,300 Kg/m wind force is considered to be acting at a hieght of 1.5m from road surface on live load vehicle. Hence,the wind force acting at 1.5m above the road surface = 1.755 7.4
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC strip footing =
5.Water current force:a)Water current force on deck slab:Velocity of stream at top,when the flow approaches the top of deck slab = 2 x Vmean = P = 52KV2 = (where the value of 'K' is 1.5 ) 284.7 Kg/m2.
Force acting on centroid of deck slab =
10.74KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC strip footing =
b)Water current force on pier:-
Water pressure is considered on square ended piers as per clause 213.2 of
IRC:6---2000 is
Hence,the water current force =
4.30KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC strip footing = 6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 214.2 of IRC:6--2000.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 214.5.1.3 of IRC:6---2000
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of bearings transferred to pier is 47.84KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC strip footing =
7.Buoyancy :As per clause 216.4 of IRC:6---2000,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the dead weight of the pier shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL. The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill behind the pier is scoured. For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of pier section is i)Volume of pier section = 6.48Cum
ii)Volume of top footing =
2.16Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing =
2.70Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing =
3.24Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing =
0.00Cum 14.58Cum
Reduction in self wieght =
145.80KN
9.Siesmic force :As per clause 222.1 of IRC:6---2000,the bridges in siesmic zones I and II need not be designed for siesmic forces.The location of the slab culvert is in Zone-I.Hence,there is no need to design the bridge for siesmic forces.
10.Water pressure force:As per clause 7.11.2.2(b) of IRC SP82:2007,the pressure due to static head will be zero at the surface of water and will increase linearly to P = wh at depth 'h' from the surface, below which it will be constant as indicated in the sketch below :Where, w = unit weight of water h = afflux or depth of superstructure (including wearing coat) whichever is more.
555 1125
5.55KN/m
Total horizontal water pressure force = The above pressure acts at height of 0.42H = 11.Pressure due to eddies :Pressure due to eddies = w (Vv-V)2 2g Where, Vv = velocity of flow through the vents, V = velocity of approach (w = unit weight of water; g= Acceleration due to gravity) Pressure force due to eddies = which is negligible.Hence it need not be considered
16.09KN 0.71m
0.014KN
12. Pressure due to friction of water against piers and bottom of slab :Pressure due to friction =f x x (Cx Vv)2 Where, f = friction coefficient = 1 = mass density of water (w/g) Vv = velocity of flow through the vents (m/sec) C = value of constant generally taken as10% i)Force due to friction on Deck slab:Frictional force on bottom and top of deck slab = 4.96KN
The location of the frictional force from the top of RCC strip footing = ii)Force due to friction on pier:Frictional force on both faces of pier = 0.50KN
The location of the frictional force from the top of RCC strip footing =
13. Force due to uplift under superstructure :This force acts vertically upwards and is given by Uplift force = wh x Asp Where, Asp area of the superstructure in plan h = the uplift head under the deckslab which may be taken as higher of the following two values: (i) Afllux
(ii) Thickness of superstructure including wearing coat-head loss due to increase in velocity through vents (Vv) Head loss due to increase in velocity through the vents is calculated by following expression h1 = Vv2-V2 2g Where, Vv =velocity of flow through the vents V = velocity of approach Afflux = Head loss due to increase in velocity = Hence,up lift head = Hence uplift force on the deck slab = 0.131m 0.012m 0.543m 221.54KN
IV)Check for stresses for pier&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,with live load on span) i)On top of RCC Strip footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical forces acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN 349.92KN 421.85KN 0.00 1399.37 Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the pier (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y Eccentricty about xaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel loads+UDL) Impact load
1 2 3
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b = Depth of bottom footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 =
18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN
6.00m 1.80m 10.8 m2 3.24 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings (Stress = -31.36*4.93/6.38)
627.60KN 349.92KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings (Stress = 31.36*4.93/6.38)
627.60KN 349.92KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86
Stress at heel =
Stress at toe =
About y-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b = Depth of bottom footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about = y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.80m 6.00m 10.8 m2 10.80 m3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force
627.60KN 349.92KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.00 4.16 0.00
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
627.60KN
0.00
2 3 4 5 6
Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force
349.92KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.543 0.00 4.16 0.00
Stress at up stream side edge of pier =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
101.43 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe. Stress at down stream side edge of pier = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = Hence safe. 157.71 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
ii)On top of 3rd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN 272.16KN 421.85KN 0.00 Eccentricty about xaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the pier (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y
1 2 3
18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of Ist footing about x-axis--Zx = (1/6)bd2 = 6.00m 1.50m 9 m2 2.25 m3
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings
627.60KN 272.16KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
627.60KN 272.16KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56
Stress at heel =
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of Ist footing about y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.50m 6.00m 9 m2 9.00 m3
1 2 3 4 5 6
627.60KN 272.16KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.00 3.86 -0.30
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
627.60KN 272.16KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.00 3.86 -0.30
113.67 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Stress at down stream side edge of pier =
i)On top of 2nd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN 207.36KN 496.09KN 0.00 Eccentricty about xaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y
1 2 3
18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = Area of the footing = A = 6.00m 1.20m 7.2 m2
Section modulus of base of pier about x-axis--Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
1.44 m3
1 2 3 4 5
627.60KN 207.36KN 496.09KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
627.60KN 207.36KN 496.09KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. About y-axis:-
Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of pier about y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd2 =
1.20m 6.00m 7.2 m2 7.20 m3
1 2 3 4 5 6
627.60KN 207.36KN 496.09KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.00 3.56 -0.60
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
627.60KN 207.36KN 496.09KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.00 3.56 -0.60
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
138.56 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe. Stress at down stream side edge of pier = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 231.18 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe. i)On top of 1st footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN 155.52KN 421.85KN 0.00 Eccentricty about xaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&cut waters Reaction due to live load with impact factor Impact load
1 2 3
18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of pier about x-axis--Zx = (1/6)bd2 = 6.00m 0.90m 5.4 m2 0.81 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5
627.60KN 155.52KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
627.60KN 155.52KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 47.84KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.96
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. About y-axis:Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of base of pier about y-axis--Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 0.90m 6.00m 5.4 m2 5.40 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
1 2 3 4 5 6
627.60KN 155.52KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.00 3.56 0.00
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
1 2 3 4 5 6
627.60KN 155.52KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 0.543 0.00 3.56 0.00
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
168.85 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe. b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,with no live load on span) i)On top of RCC Strip footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN -221.54KN 406.06KN 349.92KN -145.80KN 204.12KN 0.000 Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&cut waters Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
Net self weight
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b = Depth of bottom footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 =
18.00KN 0.00KN 10.74KN 4.30KN 4.96KN 0.50KN 16.09KN
x-Direction y-Direction x-Direction x-Direction x-Direction x-Direction y-Direction
6.00m 1.80m 10.8 m2 3.24 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of pier&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force
406.06KN 204.12KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 204.12KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b = Depth of bottom footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.80m 6.00m 10.8 m2 10.80 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2 i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of pier&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier
0.00 0.00 0.00 4.16 3.09 2.10 3.09 1.50
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 4.16 3.09 2.10 3.09 1.50
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 3rd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN -221.54KN 406.06KN 272.16KN -113.40KN 158.76KN 0.00KN 0.000 0.000 Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&cut waters Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 =
6.00m 1.50m 9 m2 2.25 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 158.76KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 158.76KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b = Depth of 1st footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 1.50m 6.00m 9 m2 9.00 m3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 2.79 1.80 2.79 1.20
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 2.79 1.80 2.79 1.20
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 2nd footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN -221.54KN 406.06KN 207.36KN -86.40KN 120.96KN 0.00KN 0.000 0.000 Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b = Depth of abutment d = Area of the footing = A =
6.00m 1.20m 7.2 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
1.44 m3
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 120.96KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.01
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 120.96KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.01
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = 1.20m 6.00m
Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 =
7.2 m2 7.20 m3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 2.49 1.50 2.49 0.90
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 2.49 1.50 2.49 0.90
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. Stress at down stream side
edge of pier =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe. iii)On top of 1st footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN -221.54KN 406.06KN 155.52KN -64.80KN 90.72KN 0.00KN Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
2 3
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy Net self weight Vertical component of earth pressure
0.00
0.000 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water pressure force Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 =
6.00m 0.90m 5.4 m2 0.81 m3
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compression is 5N/mm 2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm 2 i.e, -2800KN/sqm S.No Type of load Intensity in KN (P) Eccentricity/Lever arm
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 90.72KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
406.06KN 90.72KN 0.00KN 0.00KN 16.09KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
106.02 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of pier b = Depth of pier d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 0.90m 6.00m 5.4 m2 5.40 m3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.19 1.20 2.19 0.60
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Net self wieght of pier&footings Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Horizontal load due to earth pressure Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.19 1.20 2.19 0.60
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of pier:a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,with live load on span) The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN 155.52KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 1204.97KN Eccentricty about xaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000
1 2 3 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN Direction x or y
1 2 3
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal Active Earth pressure force
18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN 65.84KN
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the pier wrt x-axis, Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings =
Moment due to active earth pressure force =
Total overturning moment = Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the pier wrt x-axis,,
Moment due to dead load reaction from super structure =
Moment due to self weight of pier =
Moment due to live load reaction on pier =
Factor of safety =
3.82908498
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the pier Vb = Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the pier Hb = Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = Factor of safety against sliding Fs = 14.6409083 > 1.5 Hence safe (As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,with no live load on span) The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN -221.54KN 406.06KN 155.52KN -64.80KN Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Deduct uplift pressure Net Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
0.00
2 3
Net self wieght Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
90.72KN 0.00
0.000 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Water current force on deck slab Water current force on pier Frictional force due to water on deck slab Frictional force due to water on pier Active Earth pressure force Force due to water pressure Check for stability against over turning:-
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis, Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = Moment due to active earth pressure force =
Total overturning moment = Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis, Moment due to self weight of pier =
Moment due to water pressure force on the pier =
Factor of safety =
> 2.0
Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000) Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the pier Vb =
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the pier Hb = Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = Factor of safety against sliding Fs =
> 1.5
Hence safe (As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
VI)Design of Strip footing:a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,with live load on span) i)At the bottom of RCC strip footing The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components S.No Type of load Intensity in KN 627.60KN 349.92KN 170.10KN 421.85KN 0.00KN Eccentricty about xaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
1 2 3 4 4
Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self weight of pier&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of earth pressure
Wind load
18.00KN
x-Direction
2 3
Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure Safe bearing capacity SBC of the soil =
47.84KN 0.00KN 15.00t/sqm
y-Direction y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of footing b = Depth of footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about x-axis --Zx = (1/6)bd2 = 6.30m 2.40m 15.12 m2 6.05 m3
225KN/sqm
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.16 0.00
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2 3 4 5
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Earth pressure
627.60KN 349.92KN 170.10KN 421.85KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 2 3
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure
18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN
0.00 4.16 0.00
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
70.89 KN/Sqm>0
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of footing b = Depth of footing d = Area of the footing = A = Section modulus of bottom footing about y-axis --Zy = (1/6)bd2 = 2.40m 6.30m 15.12 m2 15.88 m3
225KN/sqm
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure
0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.543 0.00 4.46 0.00 0.00
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN (P)
Eccentricity
1 2
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b) Reaction due to dead load from super structure Self wieght of pier&footings
627.60KN 349.92KN
0.00 0.00
3 4 5 1 2 3
Self weight of RCC strip footing Reaction due to live load with impact factor Vertical component of Earth pressure Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z) Wind load Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings Horizontal load due to earth pressure
170.10KN 421.85KN 0.00KN 18.00KN 47.84KN 0.00KN
0.00 0.543 0.00 4.46 0.00 0.00
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
60.87 KN/Sqm>0
Hence safe. The footing has to be designed as strip footing supporting the masonry structure The net bearing pressure on the toe of footing = (Excluding self weight of footing) The footing needs to be designed for 1.5 times the above net bearing pressure 125.46 KN/Sqm
188.19 KN/Sqm
Y d3 Y
b2 b1 b3 s1+b2+b1+b3+s2 s3+b2+b1+b3+s4 d3
X
The UDL on the footing for unit width = 188.19 KN/m
The critical section for bending is at a distance of 1/4xwidth of bottom footing from the centre,ie,at section X--X
Hence,the length of cantilever portion to be considered for design = 0.83m Hence,the critical bending moment = (1/2)Wl2 = 64.82KN-m
Effective depth required d =
Mu/0.133fckb =
139.62mm
The over all depth required(Assuming 16mm dia bars) =
197.62mm
However provide overall depth of = Hence,effective depth =
450.00mm 392.00mm
Bottom steel:Mu/bd2 = 0.422 0.127 0.15 588.00sqmm
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = Minimum percentage required = Area of steel required =
However provide 12mm dia bars at 125mm c/c along width,the area of reinforcement comes to 904.32sqmm Distribution steel:Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.15% of cross sectional area of footing Hence,the distribution reinforcement required = Adopting 12mm dia bars,the spacing required = 675.00sqmm 167.00mm
However provide 12mm dia bars at 150mm c/c spacing,as distribution reinforcement
Check for one way shear:The critical section for beam shear is at distance of 'd' from the face of the column,ie,at Y-Y Hence,the factored design shear force VFd = 56.46KN
Nominal shear stress Tv =
0.1N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm (As per Table 20 of 1S 456)
Hence,the section is safe from shear point of view
Assumed percentage area of the steel reinforcement =
0.23%
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from Table 19 of IS 456 is 0.35 Hence Vuc = 137.20KN 0.35>0.1 Hence,the depth provided is safe from beam shear point of view The check for two way shear is not necessary in the present context.
rings proposed
with density
Moment
69.98
69.98
Moment
93.31
31.1 124.41
Moment
116.64
38.88
48.6
204.12
Moment
0 139.97 0 46.66 58.32 69.98 314.93
3.00
sidered as per
6.8t
6.8t
296.00KN
22.19KN 160.23KN 478.41KN
Moment
39.90KNm 39.90KNm 142.50KNm 142.50KNm 21.76KNm 82.96KNm 4.99KNm 700.98KNm
1175.50KNm
Moment 31.45KNm
31.45KNm 297.83KNm 297.83KNm 366.23KNm 366.23KNm 75.43KNm 544.77KNm 2011.19KN
6800
6800
60 220
220
1200
modulus in transverse
0.176
3.86KN
18.00KN
4.16m
3.65m/sec
3.09m
2.10m
3.86m
e zero at the surface of
e constant as indicated
3.09m
1.50m
ng two values: (i) Afllux
is calculated by
Eccentricty about yaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.543 0.00
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m)
4.16 3.86 0.00
58.11 32.4 39.06 0 -57 72.57
58.11 32.4 39.06 0 57
186.57
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
58.11 32.4 17.85 0 -6.93 0 101.43
58.11
32.4 60.27 0 6.93 0 157.71
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.86 3.56 -0.30
69.73 30.24 46.87 0 -75.7 71.14
69.73 30.24 46.87 0 75.7 222.54
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
69.73 30.24 21.42 0 -7.72 0 113.67
69.73 30.24 72.32 0 7.72 0 180.01
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
g components Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.56 3.26 -0.60
87.17 28.8 68.9 0 -108.31 76.56
87.17 28.8 68.9 0 108.31 293.18
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
87.17 28.8 31.49 0 -8.9 0 138.56
87.17 28.8 106.31 0 8.9 0 231.18
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.56 2.96 0.00
116.22 28.8 78.12 0 -174.83 48.31
116.22 28.8 78.12 0 174.83 397.97
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
116.22 28.8 35.7 0 -11.87 0 168.85
116.22 28.8 120.54 0 11.87 0 277.43
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
Eccentricty about yaxis(m)
0.00
0.000
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 4.16 0.00 3.09 2.10 3.09 1.50 1.61
37.6 18.9 0 0 8.0 64.47
37.6 18.9 0 0 -8.0 48.53
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
37.6 18.9 0 -6.93 -3.1 -0.8 -1.4 -0.1 44.17
37.6 18.9 0 6.93 3.1 0.8 1.4 0.1 68.83
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
0.00
0.000 0.000
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.86 0.00 2.79 1.80 2.79 1.20 0.00 1.31
45.12 17.64 0 0 9.3 72.1
45.12 17.64 0 0 -9.3 53.42
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
45.12 17.64 0 -7.72 -3.3 -0.9 -1.5 -0.1 49.24
45.12 17.64 0 7.72 3.3 0.9 1.5 0.1 76.28
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
0.00
0.000 0.000
56.4 16.8 0 0 11.2 84.44
56.4 16.8 0 0 -11.2 61.96
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
56.4 16.8 0 -8.9 -3.7 -0.9 -1.7 -0.1 57.91
56.4 16.8 0 8.9 3.7 0.9 1.7 0.1 88.49
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
0.00
0.000 0.000
75.2 16.8 0 0 14.0 106.02
75.2 16.8 0 0 -14.0 77.98
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
75.2 16.8 0 -10.87 -4.4 -1.0 -2.0 -0.1 73.74
75.2 16.8 0 10.87 4.4 1.0 2.0 0.1 110.26
m>-2800KN/sqm.
m<5000KN/sqm
g components Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 3.26 2.96 0.00
141.61Kn-m
0.00Kn-m
141.61Kn-m
282.42Kn-m
69.98Kn-m
189.83Kn-m
0.00Kn-m
542.23Kn-m
of IRC:78-2000)
1204.97KN 65.84KN 0.80
of IRC:78-2000)
0.00
0.000 0.00
0.00Kn-m 0.00Kn-m
0.00Kn-m
40.82Kn-m
11.35Kn-m
0.00Kn-m
52.18Kn-m
of IRC:78-2000)
106.81KN
0.00KN 0.80
of IRC:78-2000)
Eccentricty about yaxis(m) 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.543 0.000
Location(Ht.from the section considered).(m) 4.46
4.16 0.00
41.51 23.14 11.25 27.9 0 0 -32.9 0.0 70.89
41.51 23.14 11.25 27.9 0
0 32.91 0 136.71
m<225KN/sqm
Stress at U/S edge P/A(1+6e/b)
41.51 23.14 11.25 -9.97 0 -5.06 0.0 0.0 60.87
41.51 23.14
11.25 65.77 0 5.06 0 0 146.73
m<225KN/sqm
the centre,ie,at section X--X
rcement comes to
e of the column,ie,at Y-Y
ear point of view
DESIGN OF FACE WALL (BIT-I)

Data:Height of Retaining wall = Height of wall above G.L= Height of wall below G.L= Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion = Unit weight of concrete = Top width = Bottom width assumed = Ground water Table level = Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) = Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees) (in clock wise direction) Slope of back fill(b) = Angle of wall friction (q) = Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill = Safe bearing capacity = Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory Ka = sina sin(a-q) Sin(a+Q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b) sin(a+b) From the above expression, Ka = 0.57 Pa =
Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:Surcharge load = 615.6
615.6
2.40m
2462.40 Total earth pressure = 4432.32
The active earth pressure acts on the wall as shown below:-
0.30
46.53 2.40m
63.47 0.3 0.15 1.50 C
Horizontal component of the earth pressure Ph = Vertical component of the earth pressure Pv =
Stability calculations:Load(Kg) Weight of the wall = Weight of the earth = Vertical component of Active earth pressure= Weight of soil on the heel of footing-I = 1728.00Kg 3456.00Kg 2592.00Kg 3215.43Kg 1296.00Kg 12287.43Kg
Note:-Weight of soil on the toe is neglected on the assumption that,it is scoured. Horizontal earth pressure force = 3050.65
Lever arm x =
M= V
0.65m
Eccentricuty e = b/2-x = Maximum stress = Minimum stress = P/A(1+6e/b) = P/A(1-6e/b) =
0.10m
<b/6 Hence O.K Hence O.K 0.5 1.81 >1.25 3.27 >1.5
11468.27 < SBC 4914.97
Coefficient of friction between soil and footing u = Factor of safety against sliding =(uFx0.9W)/Ph = Factor of safety against overturning =
DESIGN OF FACE WALL (BIT-II)

Data:Height of Retaining wall = Height of wall above G.L= Height of wall below G.L= Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion = Grade of concrete = Grade of steel = Unit weight of concrete = Top width = Bottom width assumed = Ground water Table level = Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) = Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees) (in clock wise direction) Slope of back fill(b) = Angle of wall friction (q) = Permissible compressive stress in bending for M20 Concrete (c)= Permissible tensile stress in bending for Fe 415 steel (t)= Modular ratio m = 280/3c = k = mc/(mc+t) j = 1-k/3 = R = 1/2(cjk) = Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill = Safe bearing capacity = Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory Ka = sina sin(a-q) Sin(a+Q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b) sin(a+b) From the above expression, Ka = 0.57 Pa =
615.6
1.80m
0.30
46.53 1.80m
63.47 0.3 0.15 1.20 C
Lever arm x =
M=
0.53m
V Eccentricuty e = b/2-x = Maximum stress = Minimum stress = P/A(1+6e/b) = P/A(1-6e/b) = 0.07m <b/6 Hence O.K Hence O.K 0.5 1.81 >1.25 3.36 >1.5
8639.6 < SBC 4159.81
DESIGN OF FACE WALL (BIT-III)

Data:Height of Retaining wall = Height of wall above G.L= Height of wall below G.L= Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion = Grade of concrete = Grade of steel = Unit weight of concrete = Top width = Bottom width assumed = Ground water Table level = Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) = Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees) (in clock wise direction) Slope of back fill(b) = Angle of wall friction (q) = Permissible compressive stress in bending for M20 Concrete (c)= Permissible tensile stress in bending for Fe 415 steel (t)= Modular ratio m = 280/3c = k = mc/(mc+t) j = 1-k/3 = R = 1/2(cjk) = Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill = Safe bearing capacity = Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory Ka = sina sin(a-q) Sin(a+Q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b) sin(a+b)
From the above expression, Ka = 0.51 Pa =
550.8
1.20m
0.30
42.59 1.20m
67.41 0.3 0.15 0.80 C
Stability calculations:Load(Kg) Weight of the wall = 864.00Kg
Weight of the earth = Vertical component of Active earth pressure= Weight of soil on the heel of footing-I =
720.00Kg 540.00Kg 894.24Kg 648.00Kg 3666.24Kg
Lever arm x =
M= V
0.36m
0.04m
5957.64 < SBC 3207.96
DESIGN OF FACE WALL (BIT-IV)

Data:Height of Retaining wall = Height of wall above G.L= Height of wall below G.L= Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion = Grade of concrete = Grade of steel = Unit weight of concrete = Top width = Bottom width assumed = Ground water Table level = Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) = Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees) (in clock wise direction) Slope of back fill(b) = Angle of wall friction (q) = Permissible compressive stress in bending for M20 Concrete (c)= Permissible tensile stress in bending for Fe 415 steel (t)= Modular ratio m = 280/3c = k = mc/(mc+t)
j = 1-k/3 = R = 1/2(cjk) = Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill = Safe bearing capacity = Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory Ka = sina sin(a-q) Sin(a+Q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b) sin(a+b)
From the above expression, Ka = 0.42 Pa =
453.6
0.80m
0.30
34 0.80m
76 0.3 0.15 0.50 C
Lever arm x =
M= V
0.23m
0.02m
4171.48 < SBC 2556.71
BIT-I)
2.40m 2.40m 0.00m 1800Kg/Cum 2400Kg/Cum 0.30m 1.50m 30 63.47 0 20 0.60m 15000.0Kg/Sqm
Q+q)sin(Q-b)
2462.40Kg/sqm
3050.65Kg/sqm 3215.43Kg/sqm
Lever arm about C 0.15 0.70 1.10 1.21 1.65
Moment(Kg-m) 259.20 2419.20 2851.20 3875.93 2138.40 11543.93
t,it is scoured. 1.16m -3532.65 8011.28
Hence O.K Hence O.K
IT-II)
1.80m 1.80m 0.00m 1800Kg/Cum M15 Fe415 2400Kg/Cum 0.30m 1.20m 30 63.47 0 20 70Kg/Sqcm 2300Kg/Sqcm 13 0.283 0.906 8.974 0.60m 15000.0Kg/Sqm
Q+q)sin(Q-b)
1846.80Kg/sqm
1906.65Kg/sqm 2009.65Kg/sqm
Lever arm about C 0.15 0.60 0.90 0.90 1.35
Moment(Kg-m) 194.40 1166.40 1312.20 1816.84 1312.20 5802.04
t,it is scoured. 0.91m -1727.43 4074.61
Hence O.K Hence O.K
IT-III)
1.20m 1.20m 0.00m 1800Kg/Cum M15 Fe415 2400Kg/Cum 0.30m 0.80m 30 67.41 0 20 70Kg/Sqcm 2300Kg/Sqcm 13 0.283 0.906 8.974 0.60m 15000.0Kg/Sqm
Q+q)sin(Q-b)
1101.60Kg/sqm
973.55Kg/sqm 894.24Kg/sqm
Lever arm about C 0.15
Moment(Kg-m) 129.60
0.47 0.63 0.58 0.95
336.00 342.00 520.39 615.60 1943.59
t,it is scoured. 0.65m -636.70 1306.89
Hence O.K Hence O.K
IT-IV)
0.80m 0.80m 0.00m 1800Kg/Cum M15 Fe415 2400Kg/Cum 0.30m 0.50m 30 76 0 20 70Kg/Sqcm 2300Kg/Sqcm 13 0.283
0.906 8.974 0.60m 15000.0Kg/Sqm
Q+q)sin(Q-b)
604.80Kg/sqm
501.50Kg/sqm 338.05Kg/sqm
Lever arm about C 0.15 0.37 0.43 0.36 0.65
Moment(Kg-m) 86.40 70.40 62.40 122.85 280.80 622.85
t,it is scoured. 0.49m -243.73 379.12
Hence O.K Hence O.K
Hydraulic design
Hydraulic Particulars:1.Maximum Flood Level 2.Ordinary Flood level 3.Lowest Bed level 4.Average bed slope (1 in 1000) 5.Rugosity Coefficient(n) (As per table 5 of IRC:SP 13) 6.Bottom of deck proposed (MFL+Vertical clearence) 7.Road Crest level (Bottom of deck level+thickness of deck slab) 8.Width of carriage way 6.235 5.015 3.965 0.015200
0.050
5.165
5.645
6.000
Discharge Calculations:I)Discharge calculations of stream:A) Area-Velocity Method:a)At the proposed bridge site(20m upstream):Maximum Flood level Slope Rugosity Coefficient S.No Chainage R.L 6.235m 0.01520 0.050 Depth of flow (m) Average depth of flow (m) 0.00 0.45 1.29 1.97 1.86 1.20 0.54 0.07 Distance (m) Area (Sqm) Wetted perimeter (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 4 6 7 9 10
6.500 5.340 4.560 3.965 4.780 5.300 6.100 6.420
0.00 0.90 1.68 2.27 1.46 0.94 0.14 0.00
0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 1.00
0.00 0.45 1.29 3.95 3.73 1.20 1.07 0.07 11.74
0.00 1.08 1.05 2.05 2.34 1.12 2.30 1.05 10.99
Hydraulic Radius Velocity V = Discharge =
R=
Total area/Wetted perimeter =
1.07 2.58m/sec 30.28Cumecs
1/nX(R2/3XS1/2) AXV
b)At 300m upstream of the the proposed bridge site:Maximum Flood level Slope Rugosity Coefficient S.No Chainage R.L 9.235m 0.01520 0.050 Depth of flow (m) Average depth of flow (m) 0.00 0.47 1.23 1.63 1.66 1.29 0.58 0.09 Distance (m) Area (Sqm) Wetted perimeter (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 4 6 8 10 13
9.450 8.290 7.720 7.500 7.650 8.250 9.050 9.370
0.00 0.95 1.52 1.74 1.59 0.98 0.18 0.00
0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00
0.00 0.47 1.23 3.25 3.32 2.57 1.17 0.28 12.29
0.00 1.08 1.05 2.05 2.34 2.20 2.30 3.20 14.22
R=
2/3

1/2
0.86 2.23m/sec 27.41Cumecs
1/nX(R XS ) AXV
c)At 300m downstream of the the proposed bridge site:Maximum Flood level Slope Rugosity Coefficient S.No Chainage R.L 4.035m 0.01520 0.050 Depth of flow (m) Average depth of flow (m) 0.00 0.40 1.19 1.98 2.32 1.55 0.56 0.14 Distance (m) Area (Sqm) Wetted perimeter (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 4 6 8 10 13
4.400 3.240 2.460 1.660 1.770 3.200 3.750 4.320
0.00 0.80 1.58 2.38 2.27 0.84 0.29 0.00
0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00
0.00 0.40 1.19 3.95 4.64 3.10 1.12 0.43 14.82
0.00 1.08 1.05 2.05 2.34 2.20 2.30 3.20 14.22
R=
1.04 2.53m/sec 37.49Cumecs
1/nX(R2/3XS1/2) AXV
B) CATCHMENT AREA METHOD:-
Catchment area from stream alignment and local enquiry(Indicated in the drawing) = Using Dicken's formula Discharge Q = CA Design discharge of the stream =
3/4
1.38sqkm
21.65Cumecs 30.28Cumecs
II)Discharge from surplus wier of tank:Assume head of flow = Length of check dam = 0.45m (As enquired from local people) 22.75m
The discharge per metre length of check dam is calculated as given below:q = Cd L h . =
3/2
24.13Cusecs
0.68Cumecs
(Where Cd =4.10 as being adopted by Irrigation authorities ) Hence the total discharge over the check dam = Design Discharge = Design Velocity = Q2 = 15.47Cumecs 45.75Cumecs 2.58m/sec
Ventway Calculations & fixation of RTL:As per caluse 5.1.3(ii)a of IRC SP:82-2008,low level submersible structures like causeways, provide a vent area of about 40 percent but not less than 30 percent of the unobstructed area of the stream measured between the proposed road top level and the stream bed.However, the available area of flow under design HFL condition should always be at least 70 percent of the unobstructed area of flow between the design HFL and the stream bed i.e. the obstruction under design HFL condition should not be more than 30per cent. Trial 1:Assume RTL of +5.645m,the unobstructed area of the stream measured between the RTL and stream bed (from graphical calculation in AUTOCAD) = 66.53sqm To avoid debris and other tree logs etc.getting clogged in the vents,it is proposed to provide 6m spans,for which open expansion joints are sufficient.Hence,3 spans of each 6m are proposed. Further 4Nos of 900mm dia are proposed on each side of the spans to avoid concentration of flow in the middle portion,thereby avoiding the formation of eddies and scouring of face walls. Vented area available for middle span = ---do---- for left side span ---do---- for right side span = = 6.88sqm 5.75sqm 5.95sqm 7.63sqm
Cumulative area of vents available from = 900mm dia pipes Total vented area provided = Percentage of vented area provided = Hence O.K
26.21sqm 39.40% >30%
From local enquiry,the HFL is fixed as +6.235m Total area between HFL and stream bed for defined cross section (from graphical calculation in AUTOCAD) Area available for flow in between HFL and RTL/PBL Total vented area provided Hence.total area available, when the flow is at HFL Percentage of obstruction = Hence O.K = 79.33sqm
= = =
30.06sqm 26.21sqm 56.27sqm 29.07% <30%
Afflux Calculations(H.F.L Condition):Un obstructed area of cross section Total vented area provided = a = Design discharge Q = Linear water way L = Depth of down stream water Dd = Width of the channel at HFL = Case(a) Assume that afflux is less than 1.4Dd:Using Orifice formula for calculation of discharge Q = Co X (2g)1/2 X L X Dd X [h+(1+e)u2/2g]1/2 In the present case, a/A = Corresponding to this value the coefficient Co from IRC SP:13--2004 = Corresponding to this value the coefficient e from IRC SP:13--2004 = Hence 0.26735 = h+
2 0.097349643 u ------------- (1)
A =
79.33Sqm 56.27Sqm 45.75Cumecs 28.80m 0.80m 45.38m
0.71 0.867 0.91
At just upstream of the bridge Q = W X (Dd + h) X u 1.008153 = u= (0.80+h) X u 1.008153372 ----------------(2) (0.80+h)
Substituting,the above value in eq (1) '2 0.26735 = h+ 0.097350 X 1.008153 (0.80+h)
Solving by trial and error method,assume h =
0.30m 0.267350 = 0.333764906 Not satisfied
assume h =
0.131m 0.267350 = 0.267765234
Hence afflux h = Velocity u =
0.131m 1.083m/sec
Case(b) Assume that afflux is more than 1.4Dd:Applying Broad crested wier formula, Q = 1.706 CW LH3/2 As per clause 15.2 of IRC SP:13-2004,the value of CW for narrow bridge opening with or without floor = Hence H = H = Du + u /2g Du Du = 0.99m
2
0.94
0.99m
Again applying Q = Du x W x u u= Du = H - u2/2g Hence, Du = Hence afflux h = Du - Dd = 0.937 0.137 1.018m/sec
From the above calculations,it is inferred that afflux is less than 1/4 th Dd and hence afflux to be adopted is from the Orifice formula,which is equal to
0.131m
Scour Depth Calculations:As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate margin of safety for foundations and protection works Hence,the discharge for design of foundations = 1.30XDesign Discharge = 60.85Cumecs
Lacey's Silt factor ' f ' = 1.76Xm1/2(Due to pebbles&boulders in the bed) = Discharge per metre width of foundations = q =
2.00 2.113
Normal scour depth D = 1.34(q2/f)1/3 =
1.75m
Maximum scour depth Dm = 1.5XD = (For design of abutment foundations,as per clause 110.1.4.2 of IRC:5--1985)
2.63m
Depth of foundation = Dm + Max.of 1.2m or 1/3 Dm =
3.83m
Bottom level of foundation = Depth of foundation below low bed level = The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 15 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.50m below LBL Hence open foundation in the form of individual footings is proposed at a depth of 1.80m below LBL ,ie,at a level of As the foundations are proposed below the Max.scour level,bed protection is not needed from scour depth considerations.
2.41m 1.56m
+2.315m
Design of Protection works:Afflux = Depth of flow = di = (Vmax2/2g)X[di/(di+x)]2 hi = 0.131m 2.27m 0.303m 0.434m
Head due to velocity of approach = Combined head due to Velocity of approach and afflux Velocity through vents Vv =
0.90X(2ghi)1/2 = LWW = Qd/(VvXdi) =
2.63m/sec 7.67m <28.80m 56.27sqm
Linear water way required Area available for flow at H.F.L =
As per the clause 6.4.2(i),of IRC SP:82-2008,the post construction velocity under the structure should not exceed 2 m/s and the intensity of discharge is limited to 3m3/m except in the case of properly designed raft foundation with adequate protective works. Hence Vlim. = Discharge,that can be passed over the causeway safely = Hence O.K As per the clause 5.1.3(iv),of IRC SP:82-2008 for the beds consisting of boulders upto 200mm size,the permissible velocity through vents is 2.5m/s and for beds containing larger sized boulders or rocky strata permissible velocity is 6m/s. As the bed of the proposed stream is rocky strata,increased velocity of 2.68m/sec is allowed through vents without rigid floor protection.Hence rigid floor protection is not proposed. However,suitably designed flexible aprons with cut-off walls are proposed on both upstream and down stream sides to protect against the probable eddies formed due to uneven spacing of vents along the causeway. Design of cut-off walls/Toe walls:Though,it is sufficient to take the D/S side cut-off upto 1.27 times the normal scour depth as per caluse 703.2.3.2 of IRC 78-1983 considering that the reach is straight. 1.27XNormal scour depth from HFL = Depth of bottom of Cut-off wall from HFL = 2.22m 2.22m 2.00m/sec 112.54Cumecs >60.85
Bottom level of cut-off wall = Depth of bottom of D/S side Cut-off wall from LBL
4.01 -0.05m
As per the clause 6.4.2(v),of IRC SP:82-2008,the minimum depth of cut-off wall on U/S side is 2.0m below bed level and 2.5m below bed level on D/S side. Depth of bottom of D/S side Cut-off wall from LBL Depth of bottom of U/S side Cut-off wall from LBL 2.50m 2.00m
As rigid floooring is not being proposed,there is no need to provide cut-off walls.But toe walls are proposed to a depth of 0.90m to protect the flexible apron. Design of LAUNCHING/FLEXIBLE APRONS:Size of stones as per clause 5.3.7.2 of IRC 89-1985 Diametre (d) = (Vmax/4.893) = Say
2
0.28m 0.30m
Weight of each stone considering the specific gravity of stone as 2.65 Weight of stone =4/3x x(d/2)3 x 2.65 x 1000 = Say Weight of each stone shall not be less than 40 Kg. 37.48Kg 40Kg
Dimensions of apron as per clause 5.3.5.2 of IRC 89-1985 ( T ) = 0.06 x (Qdf)1/3 = Thickness of apron at inner edge(near raft) = 1.5 x T = Say Thickness of apron at outer edge = 2.25 x T = Say 0.236 0.354m 0.60m 0.531m 0.90m
Hence provide a thickness of 0.60m at near end and 0.9m at the outer end Width of Launching Apron on U/S Side:The launching aprons are designed to reach a level of 1.50 times the normal scour depth 1.5 x D = Bottom level of apron after launching = HFL-1.5 X D = Depth below top of the raft = 2.625m 3.61m -1.65m
The apron should launch in a slope of 1V : 2H as per clause 5.3.7.6 of IRC 89 Hence the width of launching apron at U/S = As per the clause 6.4.2(vi),of IRC SP:82-2008,minimum width = -3.30m 4.0m
Width of Launching Apron on D/S Side:The launching aprons are designed to reach a level of 2.00 times the normal scour depth 2.0 x D = Bottom level of apron after launching = HFL-2 X D = Depth below top of the raft = 3.500m 2.74m 0.23m
The apron should launch in a slope of 1V : 2H as per clause 5.3.7.6 of IRC 89 Hence the width of launching apron at D/S = As per the clause 6.4.2(vi),of IRC SP:82-2008,minimum width = 0.46m 6.0m

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DESIGN OF VENTED SUBMERSIBLE CAUSEWAY Name of the work:-B.T to the R/f KB Road to P.

Design of Abutments for causeway

ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment =

iii)Self weight of wearing coat =

v)Self wieght of top footing =

vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =

vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =

viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =

Back batter(W1) Centre portion(W2)

155.52 Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.60m

Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment =

39.37 155.36 0.73m

Location of resultant from toe of abutment =

Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=

Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd footing

278.64 Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.85m

0 129.6 25.92 58.32 64.8 71.28 349.92

1.35 0.975 0.5 0.83 0.75 0.83

0 126.36 12.96 48.11 48.6 58.81 294.84 0.84m

Location of resultant from toe of abutment =

1.80 1.10 3.20 1.20 4.30

Area to be loaded with 5KN/m live load + 2.25KN/m silt load

250 200 150

500 380 200

0.45m 3.25m 3.70m

1.Wheel loads----Point loads

22.185KN 160.225KN 478.41KN

0.70m 0.70m 2.50m 2.50m 0.64m 2.44m 0.225m 4.375m

39.90KNm 39.90KNm 142.50KNm 142.50KNm 21.76KNm 82.96KNm 4.99KNm 700.98KNm

478.410 Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis

= 2.457m Eccentricity = 0.543m

57 57 57 57 22.19KN 160.23KN 478.41

5.225m 5.225m 6.425m 6.425m 3.400m 3.400m

297.83KNm 297.83KNm 366.23KNm 366.23KNm 75.43KNm 544.77KNm 2011.19KN

Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis

= 4.204m Eccentricity = 0.804m

Location of resultant is as shown below:-

Reaction due to point loads = Rb =

Hence,the critical reaction is Ra = The corrected reaction =

For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.

4.Wind load:The deck system is located at height of (RTL-LBL) 1.68m

Force acting on centroid of deck slab =

ii)Volume of top footing =

iii)Volume of 2nd footing =

iv)Volume of 3rd footing =

v)Volume of 4th footing =

14.58Cum Reduction in self wieght = 145.80KN

SIN[3.14*(76.06+30)/180] = SIN[3.14*(76.06-15)/180] = SIN[3.14*(76.06)/180] = SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] = SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] = SIN[3.14*(76.06+0)/180] =

0.961 0.875 0.97 0.707 0.5 0.97

0.3 1.200m Pa = 6.48KN/sqm

Area of the rectangular portion = Area of the triangular portion =

7.78 3.89 11.67

7.78 3.89 11.67

4.668 1.556 6.224

Height from the bottom of the wall =

The active Earth pressure acts on the abutment as shown below:-

1.05 0 Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P =

Horizontal component of the earth pressure Ph =

Vertical component of the earth pressure Pv =

IV)Check for stresses for abutments&footings:-

18.00KN 47.84KN 3.38KN

x-Direction y-Direction x-Direction

6.00m 1.65m 9.9 m2 2.72 m3

SIN[3.14(76.06+30)/180] = SIN[3.14(76.06-15)/180] = SIN[3.14(76.06)/180] = SIN[3.14(30+15)/180] = SIN[3.14(30-0)/180] = SIN[3.14(76.06+0)/180] =