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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH TP. HCM

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

TNH TON THIT K TRM X L NC NGM


CHO KHU DN C - TI NH C TR LONG - BA
NGI - TP. CAM RANH - KHNH HA CNG SUT
800m3/ NGY M

Ngnh:

K THUT MI TRNG

Chuyn ngnh: K THUT X L NC CP

Sinh vin thc hin


MSSV: 0811080039

: V nh Trung Thnh
Lp: 08CMT

TP. H Ch Minh, 07/2011

B GIO DC V O TO

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

I HC KTCN TP HCM

Khoa: K thut mi trng

C LP- T DO- HNH PHC

NHIM V N TT NGHIP

B mn: K thut x l nc cp
H V TN: V NH TRUNG THNH

MSSV: 0811080039

NGNH: K THUT MI TRNG

LP: 08CMT

1. u n tt nghip:
TNH TON THIT K TRM X L NC NGM CHO KHU DN C TI NH C TR LONG - BA NGI - TP. CAM RANH - KHNH HA
CNG SUT 800m3/ NGY M.
2. Nhim v (yu cu v ni dung v s liu ban u)
-

Xc nh c tnh nc cp: Lu lng, thnh phn, tnh cht ngun nc cung


cp cho khu vc nghin cu.

La chn v xut dy truyn cng ngh x l nc ph hp vi yu cu.

Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh n v trong h thng x l nc ngm.

D ton chi ph xy dng v chi ph vn hnh tm x l nc.

3. Ngy giao n tt nghip: 28/05/2011


4. Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 04/07/2011
5. H v tn ngi hng dn: ThS. V Hng Thi.
Phn hng dn:..
Ni dung v yu cu ATN c thng qua B mn.
Ngy ..thng.nm 2011.
CH NHIM B MN
(K v ghi r h tn)

NGI HNG DN CHNH


(K v ghi r h tn)

Kha lun tt nghip

LI CM N
Trong qu trnh thc hin v hon thnh n tt nghip, bn cnh s n lc ca bn
than, ti nhn c s gip , hng dn tn tnh ca Qu thy, c khoa Mi trng &
Cng ngh sinh hc Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh Tp. H Ch Minh, Phng Ti
Nguyn v Mi trng Th x Cam Ranh - Khnh Ha.
Ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti Qu Thy, C Trng i Hc K Thut Cng
Ngh Tp. H Ch Minh tn tnh truyn t nhng kin thc qu bu trong qu trnh hc
tp.
Cm n cc cn b phng Ti Nguyn v Mi trng th x Cam Ranh tn tnh
gip ti trong qu trnh thu thp s liu, ti liu cht lng nc ngun.
Cui cng, xin chn thnh cm n gia nh, bn b ng vin v gip ti trong
chng ng hc tp.
Tp. H Ch Minh , ngy 30 thng 06 nm 2011
Sinh vin
V nh Trung Thnh

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MC LC
CHNG 1: M U ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 t vn .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Mc tiu ca ti .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 i tng phm vi nguyn cu ................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 i tng nguyn cu ............................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Phm vi nguyn cu ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Ni dung ti .......................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Phng php thc hin .............................................................................................. 2
1.6 ngha khoa hc v thc tin ................................................................................... 3
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V KHU DN C- TI NH C
TR LONG BA NGI ................................................................................................ 4
2.1 iu kin a l ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1

V tr a l ............................................................................................................. 4

2.1.2

a hnh .................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.3

iu kin kh hu ................................................................................................... 5

2.1.4

Thy hi vn ........................................................................................................... 6

2.1.5

a chn cng trnh ................................................................................................ 7

2.2 Hin trng s dng t v xy dng.......................................................................... 7


2.3 Hin trng h tng x hi v dn c .......................................................................... 8
2.4 Hin trng h tng k thut ....................................................................................... 8
2.5 nh hng khu dn c ............................................................................................. 9
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V NC NGM V CC PHNG PHP X
L NC NGM......................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Tng quan v nc ngm ........................................................................................ 10
3.2 Tng quan v cc thng s cht lng nc ........................................................... 11
3.2.1 Cc thng s nh gi cht lng nc ............................................................... 11
3.2.2 Tiu chun cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot v n ung ................................. 17
3.3 Tng quan v cc phng php x l nc ngm .................................................. 18
3.3.1 t trng ca nc ngm ..................................................................................... 18
3.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca nc ngm ........................................................................... 20
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3.3.3

Mt s phng php x l nc ngm nhim st ............................................... 25

3.3.4

Mt s cng ngh x l nc ngm nhim Fe in hnh


ti Vit Nam hin nay ........................................................................................ 27

CHNG 4: LA CHN, XUT DY CHUYN CNG NGH PH


HP CHO KHU DN C TI NH C TR LONG PHNG
BA NGI TP CAM RANH ....................................................................................... 29
4.1 Thnh phn, tnh cht nc ngm ti phng Ba Ngi .......................................... 29
4.2 xut cng ngh ................................................................................................... 30
CHNG 5: TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V TRONG H THNG
X L ............................................................................................................................ 32
5.1 Tnh ton cng sut thit k cho h thng cp nc ............................................... 32
5.2 Thit k cc b phn ca gin ma ......................................................................... 33
5.3 Tnh ton b lc nhanh ............................................................................................ 38
5.4

Tnh ton b cha ................................................................................................... 53

CHNG 6: KHI QUT U T, VN HNH H THNG ........................... 58


6.1

Chi ph xy dng, thit b ....................................................................................... 58

6.2

Chi ph vn hnh .................................................................................................... 59

CHNG 7: KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................... 60

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DANH MC T VIT TT
TCVN

: Tiu Chun Vit Nam

QCVN

: Quy chun Vit Nam

TCXD

: Tiu chun xy dng

XLNC

: S l nc cp

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DANH SCH BNG


Bng 3.1 Mt s c im khc nhau gia nc ngm v nc mt.
Bng 3.2 Mt s qu trnh thng c s dng trong x l nc ngm.
Bng 4.1 Mt s ch tiu cht lng nc ngm ca mt ging khoan ti
phng Ba Ngi.
Bng 4.2 So snh u nhc im ca hai cng ngh x l.
Bng 5.1 Lng nc phc v cho khu dn c.
Bng 5.2 Chn lp vt liu lc.
Bng 5.3 Chiu cao lp .
Bng 5.4 Bng tng hp nhu cu dng nc.
Bng 5.5 Bng th tch b cha.

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CHNG 1: M U
1.1.

t vn :

Thnh ph Cam ranh l th loi 3 thuc tnh Khnh Ha, l trung tm kinh t
pha Nam ca tnh Khnh Ha. Sau nhiu nm hnh thnh v pht trin theo n quy
hoch c ph duyt nm 1999, b mt th thay i r nt, nhiu cng trnh
kin trc v h thng k thut c xy dng.
Qu trnh th ha ca thnh ph Cam Ranh v ang din ra kh mnh m,
dn s ni th tng nhanh, i sng ngi dn ngy cng nng cao vic hnh thnh cc
khu dn c vi y tin nghi, cc dch v cng cng v h tng k thut hon
chnh l cn thit.
Vic a sn bay Cam Ranh c tm c quc gia v quc t i vo hot ng, pht
trin khu du lch pha Bc bn o Cam Ranh v pht trin Ba Ngi thnh mt cng
tng hp cng to tin cho th Cam Ranh mt nh hng pht trin mi.
V vy vic xy dng khu dn c - ti nh c Tr Long - Ba Ngi l cn thit, gp
phn pht trin khng gian th, gii quyt nhu cu b tr ti nh c ca ngi dn
gp phn p ng nhu cu cp bch ca cc h dn b gii ta ti cc d n xy dng
trong thnh ph, gim p lc v vic b tr ti nh c v to iu kin t sch
trin khai thc hin u t xy dng, c s h tng cho cc d n c thun li,
ng tin ra nhm thc y pht trin kinh t x hi ca phng Ba Ngi ni
ring v ton thnh ph Cam Ranh ni chung.
Cng vi vic xy dng khu dn c ti nh c Tr Long th nhu cu v mt
ngun nc sch v t tiu chun cng c t ra.
Do , vic u t xy dng mt trm x l nc cp cho khu dn c ti nh c
Tr Long l mt yu cu cp thit cn tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh xy dng khu
dn c hng ti mc tiu pht trin v bo v sc khe cng ng.

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1.2.

Mc tiu ti
Tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc cp cho khu dn c - ti nh c Tr

Long - Ba Ngi vi cng sut 800 m3/ngy m.


1.3.

i tng v phm vi nguyn cu

1.3.1. i tng nghin cu.


Cng ngh x l nc cp cho loi hnh khu dn c.
1.3.2. Phm vi nghin cu
ti gii hn trong vic tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc cp cho khu dn
c - ti nh c Tr Long- Ba Ngi.
1.4.

Ni dung ti

Xc nh c tnh nc cp: Lu lng, thnh phn, tnh cht ngun nc cung


cp cho khu vc nghin cu.
La chn v xut dy truyn cng ngh x l nc ph hp vi yu cu.
Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh n v trong h thng x l nc ngm.
D ton chi ph xy dng v chi ph vn hnh trm x l nc.
1.5.
-

Phng php thc hin

Phng php thu thp s liu: Thu thp s liu v khu dn c, ti nh c, tm


hiu thnh phn, tnh cht nc ngm v cc s liu cn thit khc.

Phng php nghin cu l thuyt: Tm hiu nhng cng ngh x l nc ngm


cho cc khu dn c trong cc ti liu chuyn ngnh.

Phng php tng hp v phn tch s liu: Thng k, tng hp s liu thu thp
v phn tch a ra cng ngh x l ph hp.

Phng php so snh: So snh u, nhc im ca cng ngh x l hin c v


xut cng ngh x l nc ngm ph hp.

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Phng php ton: S dng cng thc ton hc tnh ton cc cng trnh n v
trong h thng x l nc ngm, d ton chi ph xy dng, vn hnh trm x l.

Phng php ha: Dng phn mm AutoCad m t kin trc cng ngh x
l nc ngm.
1.6.

ngha khoa hc v thc tin

Xy dng trm x l nc ngm t quy chun Vit Nam gii quyt c vn


nc sch cho khu dn c.
Gp phn nng cao thc v v sinh mi trng v nc sch cho ngi dn cng
nh Ban qun l khu dn c.
Khi trm x l hon thnh v i vo hot ng s l ni cc doanh nghip, sinh
vin tham quan, hc tp.

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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V KHU DN C- TI NH C


TR LONG - BA NGI.
2.1. iu kin a l
2.1.1. V tr a l

V tr khu t: Ta lc ti khm Tr Long, phng Ba Ngi, thnh ph Cam Ranh.


L khu dn c mi v ti nh c cng mt s cng trnh cng cng b tr mi. Khu t
c quy m 359100 ha, vi v tr nh sau:
-

Pha Bc gip

: Khu dn c t 3, khm Tr Long, phng Ba

Ngi.

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Pha ng gip

: Tuyn ng st Thng Nht v Lch Cu

3.
-

Pha Nam gip

: Tuyn ng st Thng Nht v Quc l 1.

Pha Ty gip

: Ni Sn.

2.1.2. a hnh khu vc


Khu vc nghin cu nm di chn ni Sn c a hnh tng i phc tp,
hng dc a hnh ch yu t Ty sang ng vi nhiu ao trng, vn cy v t
trng
im cao nht:

+25.16m

im thp nht:

-1.21m

2.1.3. iu kin kh hu khu vc


a. Nhit
Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm 26,90 C.
Nhit trung bnh cao nht 28,80 C.
Nhit khng kh trung bnh thp nht l 24,30C.
b. Nng
Ti Cam Ranh c tng s gi nng trung bnh nm l 2.658 gi ( thng 3 cao nht
c 290 gi, thng 11 thp nht 166 gi). Tng s ngy khng c nng trung bnh nm
15,3 ngy. S ngy khng c nng Cam Ranh rt t, trong thng ma ma v thng 4
t 3,0-3,2 ngy v nhng thng cn li hu ht di 1 ngy.
c. Ma
Thi gian ma ngn, ch trong 3 thng bt u t thng 9 v kt thc vo thng 12,
lng ma chim 70% lng ma c nm. Tng lng ma trung bnh nm 1.187mm.

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S ngy ma trung bnh nm l 97 ngy.


Lng ma ngy ln nht trung bnh nm l 163,7mm.
d. Lng bc hi
Lng bc hi trung bnh nm l 1.586mm bng 1,34 ln lng ma c nm.
Trong ln nht l thng 7 v thng 8.
e. m
m tuyt i trung bnh nm 219g/m3.
m tng i trung bnh nm 76%.
m thp nht 28%.
2.1.4. Thy vn
Pha Ty Nam thnh ph sng T Dc, sng c dng chy quanh nm, lu lng
ma kit 1501/s. Sng c c im ngn, dc, ca sng chu nh hng ca thy triu,
nc sng b nhim mn, mt ct sng b ln chim lm a tm nn vo ma ma gp
nhiu triu cng sng thng gy ngp lt cho khu vc Ba Ngi t ng st tr ra.
Mc ngp 0,4+1,2m nh hng ln ti giao thng v sinh hot.
Gn y cu Tr Long c ci to nng cao ( 3,74,0m) nn mc ngp ng
c ci thin mt phn.
Din tch lu vc sng: 77km2.
Lu lng ma kit: 1501/s.
Ch triu ca vng bin Khnh Ha l nht triu khng u ( s ngy nht triu
l 22 ngy v bn nht triu l 18 ngy), thi gian triu dng ko di hn triu rt.
Vnh Cam Ranh l mt vnh nh, kn gi nhng su trung bnh tng i ln
15m. S trao i nc trong vnh ch yu thng qua mt ca rt hp v su. Tc dng

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chy trung bnh khong 30cm/s. Vnh Cam Ranh m Thy Triu c mn t cc
i 34,30% vo ma h, cn nhit th c gi tr tng t gia ma h v ma ng do
trong ma h chu nh hng kh ln ca vng nc tri mnh Nam Trung B vi s
xm nhp ca khi nc lnh v nc mn t cc tng su ln mt t.
Mc nc cc i ca thy triu l 2,0m.
Mc nc trung bnh ca thy triu l 1,28m.
Mc nc thy triu nh nht 0,5m.
2.1.5. a cht cng trnh
Qua tham kho ti liu a cht ca mt s mi khoan ti khu vc, s b nhn xt
a cht ca khu vc thit k: loi t vng trn nn Granit c thnh phn c gii
ch yu l t tht nh v trung bnh, kh nng gi nc km.
Nhn chung iu kin a cht ca khu vc thit k l tng i thun li. Tuy
nhin khi xy dng cn kho st c th ti v tr cng trnh c gii php thch hp i
vi mng v cn lu hn cc v tr khe t thy.
2.2. Hin trng s dng t v xy dng
t ai trong khu vc nghin cu ch yu phc v cho sn xut nng nghip, gm
t trng cy n qu, trng la- cy ngn ngy, v t trng
Trong :
-

t nh :

0.41 ha chim 1.14%.

t trng cy n qu:

5.48 ha chim 15.26%.

t trng hoa mu:

0.14 ha chim 0.39%.

t trng bch n:

0.04 ha chim 0.11%.

t bi rm:

3.03 ha chim 1.20%.

t ngha trang:

0.43 ha chim 1.20%.

t trng:

23.81 ha chim 66.32%.

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ng giao thng:

0.91 ha chim 2.53%.

Mt nc:

1.65 ha chim 4.60%.

2.3. Hin trng h tng x hi v dn c


Nh : hin c 99 cn nh, trong :
-

Nh tole: 57 cn.

Nh gch: 42 cn.
M: hin c 98 ngi m nm ri rc trong khu vc quy hoch.
2.4. Hin trng h tng k thut
- ng b: Hin trng khu t quy hoch c ng t hng t pha Nam

( ni vi Quc l 1) ln pha Bc rng khong 5m.


- ng st: Hin trng c tuyn ng st Thng Nht tip gip pha ng v
ng Nam khu t quy hoch.
- Thot nc: H thng thot nc ma v nc thi sinh hot trong khu vc
dn c hin trng cha c u t xy dng, nc ma v nc thi chy trc tip ra
knh rch.
- Cp nc: Khu vc dn c hin trng cha c nc my sinh hot, ch s
dng kt hp hai ngun nc l nc mt ti knh rch v nc ngm t ging khoan
sinh hot v sn xut.
- Cp in: Hin trng c ng dy cao th chy ct ngang khu t quy hoch
v hin nay ngi dn trong khu vc s dng ngun in li quc gia t h thng
ng dy trung h th chy cp theo Quc l 1.
- V sinh mi trng: Do cha c im thu gom rc nn rc thi sinh hot
thng c ngi dn t hoc chon lp ti h gia nh gy nn nhim mi trng v
ngun nc mt.

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2.5. nh hng khu dn c


Vic quy hoch Khu dn c- Ti nh c Tr Long- Ba Ngi nhm mang n mt
mi trng sng tin nghi an lnh cho c dn ti khu vc nghin cu quy hoch l
tng i phc tp v kh khn. Tuy nhin, vic quy hoch Khu dn c ny c thc
hin s khai thc hiu qu qu t hin c, gii quyt nhu cu t ca nhn dn v b tr
ti nh c cho cc h b gii ta bi cc d n trong a phng; ng thi u t c
s h tng mt cch ng b vi cc d n lin k, p ng nhu cu pht trin trong
tng lai ca th th x Cam Ranh.

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CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V NC NGM V CC PHNG PHP X L


NC NGM
3.1. Tng quan v nc ngm
Vit Nam l quc gia c ngun nc ngm kh phong ph v tr lng v tt v
cht lng. Nc ngm tn ti trong cc l hng v cc khe nt ca t , c to
thnh trong giai on trm tch t hoc s thm thu, thm ca ngun nc mt, nc
ma nc ngm c th tn ti cch mt t vi mt, vi chc mt hay vi trm mt.
i vi cc h thng cp nc tp trung quy m nh v va th ngun nc ngm
thng c la chn nu thnh phn khng qu xu. Bi v cc ngun nc mt thng
hay b nhim v lu lng khai thc phi ph thuc vo s bin ng theo ma. Trong
khi , ngun nc ngm t chu nh hng bi cc tc ng ca con ngi. Cht lng
nc ngm thng tt hn cht lng nc mt xt trn cc kha cnh c v v sinh
ca nc.
Ngoi ra, cc ngun nc ngm hu nh khng cha rong to, mt trong nhng
thnh phn gy nhim ngun nc. Thnh phn ng quan tm trong nc ngm l cc
tp cht ha tan do nh hng ca iu kin a tng, thi tit, nng ma, cc qu trnh
phong ha v sinh ha trong khu vc. nhng vng c sinh ha tt, c nhiu cht bn v
lng ma ln th nc ngm d b nhim bi cc cht khong ha tan, cc cht hu
c, mn lu ngy theo nc ma thm vo t. Ngoi ra, nc ngm cng c th b
nhim, nhim bn do tc ng ca con ngi. Cc cht thi ca con ngi v ng vt,
cc cht thi sinh hot, cht thi ha hc v vic s dng phn bn ha hc tt c
nhng loi cht thi theo thi gian s ngm vo ngun nc, tch t dn v lm
nhim ngun nc ngm. khng t ngun nc ngm do tc ng ca con ngi b
nhim bi cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy, cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l cc ha
cht c hi nh kim loi nng, d lng thuc tr su v khng loi tr cc cht phng
x.

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3.2. Tng quan v cc thng s cht lng nc


3.2.1. Cc thng s nh gi cht lng nc
3.2.1.1. Cc ch tiu vt l
a. c
Nc nguyn cht l mt mi trng trong sut v c kh nng truyn nh sng
tt, nhng khi trong nc c tp cht huyn ph, cn rn l lng, cc vi sinh vt v c cc
ha cht ha tan th kh nng truyn nh sng ca nc gim i. Da trn nguyn tc
m ngi ta xc nh c ca nc.
-

C nhiu n v o c, thng dng : mg SiO2/1, NTU,FTU.

Nc cp cho n ung c khng vt qu 5 NTU. Nc mt thng c


c 20 100 NTU, ma l c khi cao n 500-600 NTU.

Theo tiu chun Vit Nam, c c xc nh bng chiu su lp nc thy c


gi l trong, su ngi ta c th c c hng ch tiu chun. i vi
nc sinh hot su phi ln hn 30 cm.
b. Mi, v ca nc
Cc cht kh v cc cht ha tan trong nc lm cho nc c mi v. Nc thin
nhin c th c mi t, mi tanh, mi thi hoc mi c trng ca cc ha cht ha
tan trong n nh mi clo, ammoniac, sunfua hydro Nc c th c v mn, ngt,
cht ty theo thnh phn v hm lng mui ha tan trong nc.
c. Hm lng cht rn trong nc
Gm c cht rn v c ( cc mui ha tan, cht rn khng tan nh huyn ph t,
ct), cht rn hu c ( gm cc vi sinh vt, vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh, to
v cc cht rn hu c v sinh nh phn rc, cht thi cng nghip). Trong x
l nc khi ni n hm lng cht rn, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim:

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-Tng hm lng l lng TSS( Total Suspended Solid) l trng lng kh


tnh bng miligam ca phn cn li sau khi bay hi 1 lt mu nc trn ni cch
thy ri sy kh 1030C ti khi c trng lng khng i, n v l mg/l.
-Cn l lng SS( Suspended Solid), phn trng lng kh tnh bng
miligam ca phn cn li trn giy lc khi 1 lt mu nc qua phu, sy kh
1030C-1050C ti khi c trng lng khng i, n v l mg/l.
-Cht rn ha tan DS( Disolved Solid) bng hiu gia tng lng cn l
lng TSS v cn lng SS.
DS = TSS SS
-Cht rn bay hi VS( Volatile Solid) l phn mt i khi nung 5500C
trong mt thi gian nht nh. Phn mt i l cht rn bay hi, phn cn li l cht
rn khng bay hi.
3.2.1.2. Cc ch tiu ha hc
a. pH
pH l ch s c trng cho nng ion H+ c trong dung dch, thng c
dng biu th tnh axit v tnh kim ca nc.
pH ca nc c lin quan dng tn ti ca kim loi v kh ha tan trong
nc, pH c nh hng n hiu qu tt c cc qu trnh x l nc. Do vy rt c
ngha v kha cnh sinh thi mi trng.
b. kim
kim ton phn l tng hm lng ca cc ion dicacbonat, cacbonat,
hydroxyl v cc anion ca cc mui axit yu. Do hm lng cc mui ny rt nh
nn c th b qua.
nhit nht nh, kim ph thuc vo pH v hm lng kh CO2
t do c trong nc. kim ch tiu quan trng trong cng ngh x l nc.
xc nh kim dng phng php chun mu nc th bng axit clohydric.
c. cng ca nc
L i lng biu th hm lng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc. Trong
x l nc thng phn bit ba loi cng:

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- cng ton phn biu th tng hm lng cc ion canxi,magie c trong


nc.
- cng tm thi: biu th tng hm lng cc ion canxi, magie c trong
cc mui cacbonat ( hydrocacbonat canxi, hydrocacbonat magie) c trong nc.
- cng vnh cu: biu th tng hm lng cc ion canxi, magie trong cc
mui axit mnh ca canxi v magie.
Dng nc c cng cao trong sinh hot s gy lng ph x phng do
canxi v magie phn ng vi cc axit bo to thnh cc hp cht kh tan. Trong
sn xut, nc cng c th to lp cu cn trong cc l hi hoc gy kt ta nh
hng n cht lng sn phm.
d. Cc hp cht nit
L kt qu ca qu trinh phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong t nhin, cc
cht thi v cc ngun phn bn m con ngi trc tip hoc gin tip a vo
ngun nc. Cc hp cht ny thng tn ti di dng ammoniac, nitric, nitrar
v c dng nguyn t nit ( N2). Ty theo mc c mt ca cc hp cht nit m
ta c th bit c mc nhim ca ngun nc. Khi nc mi b nhim bn
bi phn bn hoc nc thi, trong ngun nc c NH3, NO2, NO3. Sau mt thi
gian NH3, NO2 b oxy ha thnh NO3. Nu nc cha NH3 v nit hu c th coi
nh nc mi b nhim bn v nguy him. Nu nc ch yu c NO3 th qu trnh
oxy ha kt thc.
iu kin ym kh NO3 s b kh thnh N2 bay ln. Amoniac l cht gy
nhim c trm trng cho nc, gy c cho loi c.
Vic x dng rng ri cc ngun phn bn ha hc cng lm cho hm
lng amoniac trong nc t nhin tng ln. Trong nc ngm v nc m ly
hay gp NO3 v amoniac hm lng cao. Nu trong nc ung cha hm lng
cao NO3 thng gy bnh xanh xao tr nh c th dn n t vong.
e. Clorua
Tn ti dng Cl-, nng cho php khng gy c hi, nng
cao(>250mg/l) nc c v mn. Ngun nc ngm c th c hm lng clo ln ti

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5001000mg/l. S dng nc c hm lng clo cao c th gy bnh thn. Nc


cha nhiu ion Cl- c tnh xm thc i vi btng. Ion Cl- c trong nc do s
ha tan mui khong, do qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c.
f. Cc hp cht ca axit silic
Trong thin nhin thng c cc hp cht ca axit silic, mc tn ti ca
chng ph thuc vo pH ca nc. pH< 8-11 silic chuyn ha dng HSiO3,
cc hp cht ny c th tn ti dng keo hay dng ion ha tan.
S tn ti ca cc hp cht ny gy lng ng cn silicat trn thnh ng,
ni hi, lm gim kh nng vn chuyn v kh nng truyn nhit.
g. Sunfat SO42Ion sunfat thng c ngun gc khong cht hay ngun gc hu c.Nc
c hm lng sunfat hn 250mg/l c tnh c hi cho sc khe ngi s dng.
h. St v mangan
Trong nc ngm st tn ti dng Fe2+, kt hp vi gc SO42-, Cl-. i
khi tn ti di dng keo ca axit humic hoc silic. Khi tip xc vi oxy khng
kh to ra Fe3+ d kt ta mu nu . Nc mt thng cha st dng Fe3+, tn
ti keo s hu c hoc cn huyn ph. Vi hm lng st>0,5mg/l: nc c mi
tanh kh chu, vng qun o, hng sn phm dt.
Mangan c trong nc ngm dng Mn2+. Nc c hm lng mangan
khong 1mg/l s gy tr ngi ging nh khi s dng nc c hm lng st cao.
Cng ngh kh mangan thng kt hp vi kh st trong nc. Mangan thng
gp trong nc ngm nhng t hn st nhiu, t khi ln hn 5 mg/l.
k. Cc hp cht photpho
Trong nc t nhin cc hp cht t gp nht l photphat, khi ngun nc
b nhim bn bi rc thi v cc cht hu c trong qu trnh phn hy, gii phng
ion PO43-, c th tn ti di dng H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO42-, NA3(PO4)3.
Photpho khng thuc loi c hi vi con ngi nhng s tn ti ca cht
ny vi hm lng cao trong nc s gy cn tr cho qu trnh x l, c bit l
hot ng ca b lng.

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l. Cc hp cht florua
Nc ngm ging su hoc cc vng t c cha cn apatit thng c
hm lng cc hp cht florua cao (22,5mg/l), tn ti dng c bn l canxi florua
v magie florua.
Cc hp cht florua kh bn vng, kh b phn hy qu trnh t lm sch.
Hm lng florua trong nc cp nh hng n vic bo v rng. Nu thng
xuyn dng nc c hm lng florua ln hn 1,3mg/l hoc nh hn 0,7mg/l u
d mc bnh loi men rng.
m. Cc cht kh ha tan
Cc cht kh ha tan thng gp trong thin nhin l kh cacbonic, oxy v
sunfurhydro.
Trong nc ngm khi pH<5,5 th nc cha nhiu CO2. Hm lng CO2
trong nc cao thng lm cho nc c tnh n mn btng ngn cn s tng pH
ca nc.
Trong nc ngm kh H2S l sn phm ca qu trnh kh din ra trong
nc. N cng xut hin trong nc ngm mch nng khi nc ngm nhim bn
cc loi nc thi. Hm lng kh H2S ha tan trong nc nh hn 0,5mg/l to
cho nc c mi kh chu v lm cho nc c tnh n mn kim loi.
3.2.1.3. Cc ch tiu vi sinh
Trong nc thin nhin c rt nhiu loi vi trng v siu vi trng, trong
c cc loi vi trng gy bnh rt nguy him l: kit l, thng hn, dch t, bi
lit, vic xc nh s c mt ca cc vi trng gy bnh ny thng rt kh khn
v mt nhiu thi gian. Trong thc t vic xc nh E.coli vi c tnh ca n c
kh nng tn ti cao hn cc vi trng gy bnh khc. Do , sau khi x l, nu
trong nc khng cn pht hin thy E.coli chng t cc loi vi trng khc cng
b tiu dit, mt khc cng b tiu dit, mt khc vic xc nh loi vi khun
ny n gin v nhanh chng.

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a. Vi trng gy bnh
Vi sinh vt gy bnh c mt trong nc gy tc hi cho mc ch s dng nc
trong sinh hot. Cc sinh vt ny vn khng bt ngun t nc, chng cn vt ch
sng k sinh pht trin v sinh sn. Mt s vi khun gy bnh sng mt thi gian kh di
trong nc v l nguy c truyn bnh tim tang.
-

Vi khun: Cc loi vi khun trong nc thng gy cc bnh v ng rut nh:


+ Vi khun Shigella spp: ch yu gy nn cc triu chng l. Biu hin bnh t
tiu chy nh n nghim trng nh i tiu ra mu, mt nc, st cao v b co rt
thnh bng. Cc triu chng ny c th ko di 12-14 ngy thm ch hn.
+ Vi khun Salmonella typhii: gy st thng hn.
+ Vi khun Vibrio cholera: tc nhn gy nn cc v dch t trn ton th gii.
Dch t gy bi Vibrio cholera thng c lan truyn rt nhanh qua ng nc.

Virus: Cc bnh do virus gy ra thng mang tnh triu chng v cp tnh vi giai
on mc bnh tng i ngn, virus sinh sn vi mc cao, liu ly nhim thp
v gii hn ng vt ch. Gm:
+ Virus Adenovirus bnh khun xm nhp t kh qun: virus u ma, thy u,
virus zona,
+ Virus Poliovirus: virus bi lit.
+ Hepatitis- A Virus ( HAV ): virus vim gan siu vi A.
+ Reovirus, rotavirus, Norwalk virus: vim d dy rut.

ng vt n bo ( protozoa): Cc loi ng vt n bo d dng thch nghi vi


iu kin bn ngoi nn chng tn ti rt ph bin trong nc t nhin. Trong iu
kin mi trng khng thun li, cc loi ng vt n bo thng thng to lp
v kn bao bc (cyst), rt kh tiu dit trong qu trnh kh trng. V vy thng
thng trong qu trnh x l nc sinh hot cn c cng on lc loi b cc
ng vt n bo c dng v kn ny.
+ Giardia spp: nhim trng ng rut.
+ Cryptosridium spp: gy bnh thng hn, a chy.

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Ngun gc ca vi trng gy bnh trong nc l do nhim rc bn, phn ngi v


ng vt. Trong ngi v ng vt thng c vi khun E. coli sinh sng v pht
trin. y l loi vi khun v hi thng c bi tit qua phn ra mi trng. S
c mt ca E.coli chng t ngun nc b nhim bn bi phn rc v kh nng ln
tn ti cc loi vi khun gy bnh khc, s lng nhiu hay t ph thuc vo mc
nhim bn. Kh nng tn ti ca vi khun E.coli cao hn cc vi khun gy bnh
khc. Do nu sau x l trong nc khng cn pht hin thy vi khun E.coli
chng t cc vi trng gy bnh khc b tiu dit ht. Mt khc, vic xc nh
mc nhim bn vi trng gy bnh ca nc qua vic xc nh s lng E.coli
n gin v nhanh chng. Do vi khun ny c chn lm vi khun c trng
trong vic xc nh mc nhim bn vi trng gy bnh ca ngun nc.
b. Cc loi rong to
Rong to pht trin trong nc lm nc b nhim bn hu c v lm cho nc c
mu xanh. Nc mt c nhiu loi rong to sinh sng trong c loi gy hi ch yu v
kh loi tr l nhm to dip lc v to n bo. Hai loi to ny khi pht trin trong
ng ng c th gy tc nghn ng ng ng thi lm cho nc c tnh n mn do
qu trnh h hp thi ra kh cacbonic.
3.2.2. Tiu chun cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot v n ung
Ngi ta thng s dng nc mt v nc ngm cp nc ung v sinh hot .
Cht lng nc ngm thng tt hn cht lng nc b mt do t thay i hn theo
thi gian v thi tit, dy chuyn cng ngh cng n gin hn, cn t ha cht hn v
cht lng sau x l cng tt hn. Tuy nhin ngun nc ngm khng phi l v thi
hn nn nu ch s dng nc ngm th n lc no s gy nh hng xu n a
tng ca khu vc.
Nc sau x l cn bo m an ton cho s dng. Cc tiu chun, quy chun cn
phi bo m an ton v sc khe, mi v, thm m, v ph hp cng nhiu cng tt cc
tiu chun quc t. Nc cp sinh hot phi m bo khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh, nng

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cc cht c, cc cht gy bnh mn tnh phi t tiu chun. trong, mn, mi


v v tnh n nh phi cao.
Mt s quy chun v nc n ung sinh hot c ban hnh km theo Thong t s
04:2009/BYT ngy 17 thng 06 nm 2009 ca B Trng B Y T nh QCVN
01:2009/BYT, QCVN 02:2009/BYT
3.3. Tng quan v nc ngm v cc phng php x l nc ngm
3.3.1 c trng ca nc ngm
Vit Nam l quc gia c ngun nc ngm kh phong ph v tr lng v kh
tt v cht lng. Nc ngm tn ti trong cc l v cc khe nt ca t , c
to thnh trong giai on trm tch t hoc do s thm thu, thm ca ngun
nc mt, nc ma Nc ngm l nc xut hin tng su di t, thng t
30 40 m, 60 70 m c khi 120 150 m v cng c khi ti 180m.
i vi cc h thng cp nc tp trung th ngun nc ngm lun l loi ngun
nc c a tin la chn nu c th. Bi v cc ngun nc mt thng b
nhim v lu lng khai thc ph thuc vo s bin ng theo ma. Trong khi ,
ngun nc ngm t chu nh hng bi cc tc ng ca con ngi. Cht lng
nc ngm thng tt hn cht lng nc mt nhiu. Trong nc ngm hu nh
khng c cc ht keo hay cc ht l lng, v vi sinh, vi trng gy bnh thp.

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Thng s

Nc ngm

Nc mt

Nhit

Tng i n nh

Thay i theo ma

Rt thp, hu nh khng

Thng cao v thay i

theo ma

t thay i, cao hn so

Thay i ty thuc cht

vi nc mt

lng t, lng ma

Thng xuyn c trong

Rt thp, ch c khi

nc

nc st di y h

Kh SO2 ha tan

C nng cao

Rt thp hoc bng 0

Kh O2 ha tan

Thng khng tn ti

Gn nh bo ha

Kh NH3

Thng c

C khi ngun nc b

Cht rn l lng

Cht khong ha tan

Hm lng Fe+, Mn+

nhim bn
Kh H2S

Thng c

Khng c

SiO2

Thng c nng

C nng trung bnh

cao
NO3-

C nng cao, do b

Thng rt thp

nhim bn bi phn bn
ha hc
Vi sinh vt

Ch yu l cc vi trng

Nhiu loi vi trng gy

st gy ra

bnh v to

Bng 3.1. Mt s c im khc nhau gia nc ngm v nc mt


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Cc ngun nc ngm hu nh khng cha rong to, mt trong nhng nguyn


nhn gy nhim ngun nc. Thnh phn ng quan tm trong nc ngm l cc
tp cht ho tan do nh hng ca iu kin a tng, thi tit, nng ma, cc qu
trnh phong ho v sinh ho trong khu vc. nhng vng c iu kin phong ho
tt, c nhiu cht bn v lng ma ln th cht lng nc ngm d b nhim bi
cc cht khong ho tan, cc cht hu c, mn lu ngy theo nc ma ngm vo
t.
Ngoi ra, nc ngm cng c th b nhim bn do tc ng ca con ngi. Cc
cht thi ca con ngi v ng vt, cc cht thi sinh hot, cht thi ho hc, v
vic s dng phn bn ho hcTt c nhng loi cht thi theo thi gian n s
ngm vo ngun nc, tch t dn v lm nhim ngun nc ngm. c khng
t ngun nc ngm do tc ng ca con ngi b nhim bi cc hp cht hu
c kh phn hu, cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l cc ho cht c hi nh cc kim
loi nng, d lng thuc tr su v khng loi tr c cc cht phng x.
3.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca nc ngm
Thnh phn cht lng ca nc ngm ph thuc vo ngun gc ca nc ngm,
cu trc a hnh ca khu vc v chiu su a tng ni khai thc nc. cc khu
vc c bo v tt, t c ngun thi gy nhim bn, nc ngm ni chung c
m bo v mt v sinh v cht lng kh n nh. Ngi ta chia lm 2 loi khc
nhau:
Nc ngm hiu kh
Thng thng nc c oxy c cht lng tt, c trng hp khng cn x l m
c th cp trc tip cho ngi tiu th. Trong nc c oxy s khng c cc cht kh
nh H 2S, CH4, NH4+
Nc ngm ym kh

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Trong qu trnh nc thm qua cc tng , oxy b tiu th. Khi lng oxy ha
tan trong nc b tiu th ht, cc cht ha tan nh Fe2+, Mn2+ s c to thnh.
Mt khc cc qu trnh kh NO3- NH4+; SO42- H2S; CO2 CH4 cng xy ra.
3.3.2.1

Cc ion trong nc ngm


Ion canci Ca2+
Nc ngm c th cha Ca2+ vi nng cao. Trong t thng cha nhiu CO2

do qu trnh trao i cht ca r cy v qu trnh thy phn cc tp cht hu c di


tc ng ca vi sinh vt. Kh CO2 ha tan trong nc ma theo phn ng sau:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Axit yu s thm su xung t v ha tan canxi cacbonat to ra ion Ca2+
2H2CO3 + 2CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca2+ + 2HCO3Ion magie Mg2+
Ngun gc ca cc ion Mg2+ trong nc ngm ch yu t cc mui magie silicat
v CaMg(CO3)2, chng ha tan chm trong nc cha kh CO2. S c mt Ca2+ v
Mg2+ to nn cng ca nc.
Ion natri Na+
S hnh thnh ca Na+ trong nc ch yu theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
2NaAlSi3O3 + 10H2O Al2Si2(OH)4 + 2Na+ + 4H4SiO3
Na+ cng c th c ngun gc t NaCl, Na2SO4 l nhng mui c ha tan ln
trong nc bin.
Ion NH4+
Cc ion NH4+ c trong nc ngm c ngun gc t cc cht thi rn v nc
sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip, cht thi chn nui, phn bn ha hc v qu
trnh vn ng ca nit.
Ion bicacbonat HCO3-

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c to ra trong nc nh qu trnh ha tan vi khi c mt kh CO2


CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3Ion sunfat SO42C ngun gc t mui CaSO4.7H2O hoc do qu trnh oxy ha FeS2 trong iu
kin m vi s c mt ca O2
2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2 2Fe2+ + 4SO42- + 4H+
Ion clorua ClC ngun gc t qu trnh phn ly mui NaCl hoc nc thi sinh hot.
Ion st
St trong nc ngm thng tn ti di dng ion Fe2+, kt hp vi gc
bicacbonat, sunfat, clorua, i khi tn ti di keo ca axit humic hoc keo silic.
Cc ion Fe2+ t cc lp t c ha tan trong nc trong iu kin ym kh sau:
4Fe(OH)3 + 8H+ 4Fe2+ + O2 + 10H2O
Khi tip xc vi oxy hoc cc tc nhn oxy ha, ion Fe2+ b oxy ha thnh ion
Fe3+ v kt ta thnh cc bng cn Fe(OH)3 c mu nu .V vy, khi va bm ra
khi ging, nc thng trong v khng mu, nhng sau mt thi gian lng
trong chu v cho tip xc vi khng kh, nc tr nn c dn v y chu xut
hin cn lng mu hung.
Trong cc ngun nc mt st thng tn ti thnh phn ca cc hp cht hu
c. Nc ngm trong cc ging su c th cha st dng ha tr II ca cc hp
cht sunfat v clorua. Nu trong nc tn ti ng thi ihyrosunfua (H2S) v st
th s to ra cn ha tan sunfua st FeS. Khi lm thong kh kh CO2,
hyrocacbonat st ha tr II s d dng b thy phn v b oxy ha to thnh
hyroxyt st ha tr III.
4Fe2+ + 8HCO3- + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 + 8CO 2

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Vi hm lng st cao hn 0,5 mg/l, nc c mi tanh kh chu, lm vng qun


o khi git, lm hng sn phm ca cc ngnh dt may, giy, phim nh, hp.
Trn gin lm ngui, trong cc b cha, st ha tr II b oxy ha thnh st ha tr III,
to thnh bng cn, cc cn st kt ta c th lm tc hoc gim kh nng vn
chuyn ca cc ng dn nc. c bit l c th gy n nu nc dng lm nc
cp cho cc ni hi. Mt s ngnh cng nghip c yu cu nghim ngt i vi hm
lng st nh dt, giy, sn xut phim nh.
Nc c cha ion st, khi tr s pH < 7,5 l iu kin thun li vi khun st
pht trin trong cc ng ng dn, to ra cn lng g gh bm vo thnh ng lm
gim kh nng vn chuyn v tng sc cn thy lc ca ng.
Ion mangan
Mangan thng tn ti song song vi st dng ion ha tr II trong nc ngm
v dng keo hu c trong nc mt. Do vy vic kh mangan thng c tin
hnh ng thi vi kh st. Cc ion mangan cng c ha tan trong nc t cc
tng t iu kin ym kh nh sau:
6MnO2 + 12H+ 6Mn2+ + 3O2 + 6H2O
Mangan II ha tan khi b oxy ha s chuyn dn thnh mangan IV dng
hyroxyt kt ta, qu trnh oxy ha din ra nh sau:
2Mn(HCO3)2 + O2 + 6H2O 2Mn(OH)4 + 4H+ + 4HCO3Khi nc ngm tip xc vi khng kh trong nc xut hin cn hyroxyt st
sm hn v st d b oxy ha hn mangan v phn ng oxy ha st bng oxy ha tan
trong nc xy ra tr s pH thp hn so vi mangan. Cn mangan ha tr cao l
cht xc tc rt tt trong qu trnh oxy ha kh mangan cng nh kh st. Cn
hyroxyt mangan ha tr IV Mn(OH)4 c mu hung en.
Trong thc t cn v cht lng ng trong ng ng, trn cc cng trnh l do
hp cht st v mangan to nn. V vy, ty thuc vo t s ca chng, cn c th
c m t hung n mu nu en.
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Vi hm lng tng i thp, t khi vt qu 5 mg/l. Tuy nhin, vi hm lng


mangan trong nc ln hn 0,1 mg/l s gy nhiu nguy hi trong vic s dng
ging nh trng hp nc cha st vi hm lng cao.
3.3.2.2

Cc cht kh ha tan trong nc ngm


v O2 ha tan
Tn ti rt t trong nc ngm. Ty thuc vo nng ca kh oxy trong nc

ngm, c th chia nc ngm thnh 2 nhm chnh sau:


+ Nc ym kh: trong qu trnh lc qua cc tng t , oxy trong nc b tiu
th, khi lng oxy b tiu th ht, cc cht ha tan nh Fe2+, Mn2+ s to thnh
nhanh hn.
+ Nc d lng oxy ha tan: trong nc c oxy s khng c cc cht kh nh
NH4+, H2S, CH4. chnh l nc ngm mch nng. Thng khi nc c d lng
oxy s c cht lng tt. Tuy nhin, nc ngm mch nng ph thuc nhiu vo
ngun nc mt, nu nc mt b nhim th n cng s b nh hng.
v H2S
Hyrosunfua c to thnh trong iu kin ym kh t cc hp cht humic vi
s tham gia ca vi khun
2SO42- + 14H+ + 8e- 2H2S + 2H2O + 6OHv Metan CH4 v kh CO 2
c to thnh trong iu kin ym kh t cc hp cht humic vi s tham gia
ca vi khun:
4C10H18O10 + 2H2O 21CO2 + 19CH4
Nng cc tp cht cha trong nc ngm ph thuc v cc v tr a l ca
ngun nc, thnh phn cc tng t trong khu vc, ha tan ca cc hp cht
trong nc, s c mt ca cc cht d b phn hy bng sinh ha trong cht .
Nc ngm cng c th b nhim bn do cc tc ng ca con ngi nh phn bn,
cht thi ha hc, nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, ha cht bo v thc vt. Do
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vy cc khu vc khai thc nc ngm cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip cn phi
c bo v cn thn, trnh b nhim bn ngun nc. bo v ngun nc ngm
cn khoanh vng khu vc bo v v qun l, b tr cc ngun thi khu vc xung
quanh.
Tm li, trong nc ngm c cha cc cation ch yu l Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+,
Mn2+, NH4+ v cc anion HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-. Trong cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ch tn ti
trong nc ngm khi nc ny chy qua tng vi. Cc ion Na+, Cl-, SO 42- c
trong nc ngm trong cc khu vc gn b bin, nc b nhim mn. Ngoi ra,
trong nc ngm c th c nhiu nitrat do phn bn ha hc ca ngi dn s dng
qu liu lng cho php. Thng thng th nc ngm ch c cc ion Fe2+, Mn2+,
kh CO 2, cn cc ion khc u nm trong gii hn cho php ca TCVN i vi nc
cp cho sinh hot.
3.3.3 Mt s phng php x l nc ngm nhim st
Ty thuc vo hm lng Fe2+ c trong nc ngm m ngi ta la chn cc
phng php kh st khc nhau:
3.3.3.1

Lm giu oxy cho nc, to iu kin oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+


Lm thong n gin trn b mt lc: dn phun nc cao 0.7m, l phun ng

knh 5-7 mm; lu lng 10m3/m2h. Lng oxy ha tan sau lm thong =40 % lng
oxy ha tan bo ha ( 25oC lng oxy bo ha =8.4 mg/l).
Lm thong bng dn ma t nhin: dn mt bc hay nhiu bc vi sn ri x
hoc tre g. Lng oxy ha tan sau lm thong=55% lng oxy ha tan bo ha.
Hm lng CO2 gim 50%.
Lm thong cng bc: thp lm thong cng bc lu lng 30 40 m3/h,
lng khng kh tip xc 4 6 m3/m3 H2O. Lng oxy ha tan sau lm thong =
70% lng oxy ha tan bo ha. Hm lng CO2 gim 75%.
Trong nc ngm, ngoi Fe2+ cn c HS-, S2- (H2S) c tc dng kh i vi st
nn nh hng n qu trnh oxy ha st.

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2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O
Nu trong nc c oxy ha tan th phn ng oxy ha S2- xy ra trc sau mi
tip tc oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+. V vy, ta tnh ton lng oxy cung cp oxy
ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+ t tiu chun cp nc.
3.3.3.2

Kh st bng phng php dng ha cht

Kh st bng cc cht oxi ha mnh


Cc cht oxi ha mnh thng s dng kh st l: Cl2, KMnO4, O3Khi cho
cc cht oxi ha mnh vo nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
2Fe2+ + Cl2 +6H2O = 2 Fe(OH)3 + 2Cl- + 6H+
3Fe2+ + KMnO4 +7H2O = 3Fe(OH)3+ MnO2 + K+ + 5H+
Trong phn ng, oxy ha 1 mg Fe2+, cn 0,64 mg Cl2 hoc 0,94 mg KMnO4
v ng thi kim ca nc gim i 0,018 mgl/l.
So snh vi phng php kh st bng lm thong ta thy, dng cht oxy ha
mnh phn ng nhanh hn, pH mi trng thp hn (pH < 6). Nu trong nc tn
ti cc hp cht nh: H2S, NH3 th chng s gy nh hng n qu trnh kh st.
Kh st bng vi
Phng php kh st bng vi thng khng ng c lp, m kt hp vi cc qu trnh
lm n nh nc hoc lm mm nc. Khi cho vi vo nc, qu trnh kh st xy ra
theo 2 trng hp:
Trng hp nc c oxy ha tan: vi c coi l cht xc tc , phn ng kh st
din ra nh sau:
4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O +4Ca(OH)2 4Fe(OH)3 + 4 Ca(HCO3)2
St (III) hydroxit c to thnh, d dng lng li trong b lng v gi li hon
ton trong b lc.
Trong trng hp khng c oxy ha tan: khi cho vi vo nc phn ng din ra
nh sau:

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Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 FeCO3 + CaCO3 +H2O.


3.3.4 Mt s cng ngh x l nc ngm nhim Fe in hnh ti Vit Nam hin nay
3.3.4.1

S cng ngh x l nc ti trm Qui c 2 huyn Bnh Chnh


+ S cng ngh
Ging khoan

Cn
Gin ma kh st

B lc

Clorine

B cha + kh trng

Mng li t QCVN
01:2009/BYT

sng

Hnh 3.1 S cng ngh trm x l nc ti trm Quy c 2 huyn Bnh Chnh.

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3.3.4.2

S cng ngh x l nc ti trm cp nc H Lan x Trng Bnh,


huyn cn Guc
+ S cng ngh

Ging khoan

Bn nng pH

Bn lc p lc

B cha nc sch

Mng li t QCVN
01:2009/BYT
Hnh 3.2 S cng ngh x l nc ti trm cp nc H Lan x Trng Bnh, huyn
cn Guc

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CHNG 4: LA CHN, XUT DY CHUYN CNG NGH PH HP


CHO KHU DN C TI NH C TR LONG PHNG BA NGI TP
CAM RANH
4.1. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc ngm ti phng Ba Ngi
Cc ch tiu

Kt qu phn tch

QCVN 01:2009/BYT

pH

6,25

6,5 8,5

xy ha (mg O2/l)

Cl- (mg/l)

44

250

NO2- (mg/l)

KPH

NO3- (mg/l)

0,34

50

SO42- (mg/l)

46,4

250

PO43- (mg/l)

KPH

KQ

St tng (mg/l)

5,59

0,5

kim tng (mg CaCO3/l) 126

KQ

cng tng (mg CaCO3/l) 118

300

Cht hu c (mg/l)

0,96

KQ

KPH

Coliform tng (Khun


lc/100ml)

Bng 4.1. Mt s ch tiu cht lng nc ngm ca mt ging khoan ti phng Ba


Ngi
(Ngun: Phng ti nguyn mi trng TP.Cam Ranh)

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4.2. xut cng ngh


Phng n 1

Nc ngm
Trm
bm cp I

B lc nhanh

Dn ma

Clo
X cn
Mng cp
nc

Trm bm
cp II

B cha
nc sch

Phng n 2

Nc
G ging Bm
ngm

Lc hai lp

Lng tip
xc

Thng qut gi

H thu cn

Cl

B cha

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STT

Cc ch tiu so snh

Phng n 1

Phng n 2

Hm lng st ca ngun

< 25 mg/l

< 25 mg/l

Kh nng lng

Tt

Tt

Chi ph xy dng

Thp

Tng i

Kh nng vn hnh

n gin

n gin

bn ca cng trnh

Cao

Cao

Din tch mt bng trm

Nh

Tng i

M quan

Tt

Tt

Bng 4.2. so snh u nhc im ca hai cng ngh x l


Sau khi phn tch u nhc im ca hai dy chuyn cng ngh kh st nh trn ta
thy phng n 1 l phng n ph hp nht cho trm x l ny v hm lng st trong
nc ngun khng cao. Cc hng mc cng trnh t lm gim chi ph xy dng v din
tch mt bng .

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CHNG 5: TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V TRONG


H THNG X L
5.1.

Tnh ton cng sut thit k cho h thng cp nc


.

. .
1000

Trong :
qn : tiu chun cp nc sinh hot (ly theo bng 3.1/5 TCXD 33:2006)
Nn: s dn tnh ton ng vi tiu chun cp nc qn
fn: t l dn c cp nc (ly theo bng 3.1/5 TCXD 33:2006)
D: lng nc phc v cng cng, dch v, cng nghip, thp thot, nc cho
trm x l nc v lng nc d phng( ly 5-10% tng lng nc phc v
n ung)
Bng 5.1 lng nc phc v cho khu dn c
Tiu chun nc T
sinh hot (a)

120 l/ngi.ngy
-

dn Nc

cng Nc ti Nc tht thot

cp trnh

cng cy,

ra (d)

nc (a)

cng (b)

ng (c)

85%

25%x a

10%x a

25%x (a+b+c)

Nc d tr phng chy, cha chy cho 2 m chy xy ra trong 3h vi lu lng


20l/s = 216 m3

Nc d phng : 10% x a

S dn Nn= 4000 dn

Nc dung n ung sinh hot:

Nc cng trnh cng cng:

Nc ti cy ra ng:

Nc tht thot:
= 0.25 ( +

Nc d phng:

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

= 0.25
= 0.1

= 408

= 0.25 408 = 102

= 0.1 408 = 40,8

+ ) = 0.25 (408 + 102 + 40.8) = 137,7


= 0.1

= 0.1 408 = 40.8

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= 102 + 40,8 + 137,7 + 40,8 = 321,3

= 408 + 321 = 729,3m3/ngy.m

Chn cng sut trm x l l 800 m3/ngy.m


5.2.

Thit k cc b phn ca gin ma


v Din tch mt bng gin ma
Din tch mt bng gin ma c tnh theo cng thc:
F=

Q
(m )
q

Trong :
Q - Lu lng nc x l (m3/h), Q = 33.33 (m3/h)
qm - Cng phun ma theo mc 6.246 TCXD 33-2006 nm trong khong 10 15 (m3/m2.h), chn qm = 10,5 (m3/m2.h)
F=

Q
33.33
=
= 3.17(m )
q
10,5

Chn kch thc gin ma ab = 3.171(m)


v H thng phn phi nc ca gin ma
Dng h thng phn phi bng ng dng xng c gm:
ng phn phi chnh
- Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng theo mc 6.246 TCXD 33-2006 ly t 0,8 1,2 (m/s), chn vc= 1(m/s).
- ng knh ng phn phi chnh:

D=

4Q
=
v

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

4 33.33
= 0,108(m) = 108 (mm)
1 3600

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Vy chn ng knh ng l D= 110mm v ng bng nha PVC. Kim tra li


vn tc nc chy trong ng:
v =

4Q
4 33.33(m h)
=
= 0,974 (ms)
D
0.11 3600 (sh)

Nm trong gii hn cho php (0,8-1,2m/s).


ng nhnh
- Trn cc ng phn phi chnh c cc ng nhnh ni vi ng phn phi chnh
theo hnh xng c.
- Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh ly theo mc 6.111 TCXD 33-2006 (250 -350
mm), chn 250mm.
- S ng nhnh cn thit:
S nhnh =

1
Chiu rng
2=
2 = 8(nhnh)
0,25
0,25

- Lu lng nc chy trong ng nhnh:


q

Q
33.33
=
= 4.16 (m h)
s nhnh
8

- Chn tc chy trong ng nhnh theo mc 6.111 TCXD 33-2006 (t 1,62m/s), chn vc = 1,9 (m/s)
- ng knh ng nhnh:

D=

4q
=
v

4 4.16
= 0,0272 (m) = 27 (mm)
1,9 3600

- Chn D = 27 mm v ng c lm bng nha PVC. Tnh li vn tc nc chy


trong ng:

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v =

4q
4 4.16(m h)
=
= 1,96 (ms)
0,027 3600(sh)
D

Nm trong gii hn cho php (1,6-2m/s)


-Tit din ngang ca ng chnh l:
S=

D
0,11
=
= 0,0095(m )
4
4

- c ly t 30 35% din tch tit din ngang ca ng (sch XLNC trang 141Nguyn Ngc Dung ), chn 35%.
- Nh vy, tng din tch l:
S = 0,35% S = 35% 0,0095 = 3.325 10 (m )
- ng knh l phun ma c ly t 5- 10mm (sch XLNC trang 170
Nguyn Ngc Dung), chn l c ng knh 5 mm.
- Din tch mi l phun l:
S=

0,005
D
=
= 1,96 10 (m )
4
4

- Tng s l phun ma l:
S l =

S 3.325 10
=
S
1,96 10

= 169.6 l = 170 (l)

- S l trn mi ng nhnh:
S l trn mi nhnh =

Tng s l
Tng s nhnh

170
= 21,25 l = 22(l)
8

- Trn mi nhnh khoan 2 hng l so le nhau hng ra 2 bn, hp vi phng


ngang 1 gc 45o, mi l c ng knh 5mm. S l trn 1 hng ca mi ng nhnh
22/2 = 11 (l)

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- Chiu di mi ng nhnh:
l=

Chiu di gin ma ng knh ng phn phi chnh 3,17 0,11


=
2
2
= 1.53(m) = 1530(mm)

Cc l c khoan sao cho tm l th nht cch u ng nhnh 1 khong l


11mm, khong cch gia 2 tim l k nhau trn mi hng l:
d=

l (2 11)
S l 1

1530 (2 11)
= 150,8 (mm)
11 1

Nm trong gii hn cho php (t 150-200mm).


v H thng cc sn tung nc
- H thng sn tung nc gm c 3 sn tung t cch nhau 0,9m v cch h
thng phn phi nc 0,9m (theo mc 6.246 TCXD 33-2006)
- Mi sn tung bao gm mt tm inox c kch thc di rng cao = 3,17m
1m 0,02m v lp vt liu tip xc bng than cc dy 0,3m.
- Chn ng knh l trn cc tm inox: nu ng knh l cng nh th s l
cng nhiu, hiu qu lm thong cng cao. Tuy nhin khi s l qu dy dn n tnh
trng khng kh kh khuch tn vo trung tm gin ma nh hng n hiu qu x
l nn ta chn ng knh ca mi l l 20mm. Khong cch gia cc l l 61mm.
Khong cch t mp bin n tm l th nht l 55mm.
- S l theo chiu di 3,17m ca tm inox:
S l theo chiu di =

3,17 (2 0,055)
+ 1 = 51,16 l = 51( l)
0,061

-S l theo chiu rng 1m ca tm inox: Khong cch t mp bin n tm l th


nht l 50mm.
S l theo chiu rng =

1m (2 0,05m)
+ 1 = 16 l
0,06

-Tng s l trn mi sn l 51 16 = 512 (l)


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v H thng ngn nc v thu kh


c th thu oxy ca kh tri, kt hp vi ui kh CO2 ra khi gin ma, m
bo nc khng b bn ra ngoi, ngi ta thit k h thng ca chp thu khng kh.
Theo sch X l nc cp ca TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung trang 171 th h thng
ngn nc thu kh c thit k nh sau:
- Cc ca chp b tng ct thp.
- Gc nghing ca ca chp vi mt phng khong 45o.
- Khong cch gia hai ca chp l 250mm v chiu rng mi ca l 300mm. Cc ca chp c thit k xung quanh ton b xung quanh gin ma.

v H thng thu nc
Sn thu nc
Sn thu nc c t di y gin ma hng nc sau qu trnh lm
thong, c dc 0,05 v pha ng x cn. Sn c lm bng b tng ct thp.
Chiu dy b tng c kch thc 200 mm. B tr mt ng thu nc t di y sn
thu v tm ng thu cao hn mt y sn 0,2 m ngn cn bn theo dng nc vo
cc cng trnh pha sau.
ng thu nc
- B tr ng dn nc a nc t sn tung xung b lc vi tc l 0,8 1,2
m/s(theo mc 6.120 TCXD 33-2006) .Chn v = 1 m/s.
- ng knh ng dn nc xung b lc, chn ng bng nha PVC:

D=

4q
=
v

4 33.33
= 0,108 (m) = 108 (mm)
1 3600

Chn ng knh l 110 mm.


Kim tra li vn tc:
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v =

4q
4 33.33
=
= 0,97 (ms)
D
0,11 3600

(Nm trong gii hn cho php 0,8-1,2 m/s)


v Chiu cao dn ma
Chiu cao gin ma c tnh theo cng thc:
H= 2h +h +3h +h
Trong :
h1 : Khong cch gia 2 sn tung k tip nhau; h1 =0,9 (m).
h2 : Khong cch t h thng phn phi nc n sn tung u tin ;h2 =0,9 (m).
h3 : B dy ca sn tung ; h3 =0,02 (m).
h4 : b dy ca mng thu nc bng b tng ct thp; h4 =0,2 (m).
H = 2 0,9 + 0,9 + 3 0,02 + 0,2 = 2,96 (m)

5.3.

Tnh ton b lc nhanh


B lc c nhim v gi li cc cn st Fe(OH)3c to nn do Fe2+ b oxy ha

bi O2 sau lm thong.
Chn b lc nhanh c 2 lp vt liu lc. Lp vt liu lc pha trn c kch c
ht ln hn nn rng ln hn lm cho sc cha cn bn ca b lc tng ln t 2
2,5 ln so vi b lc nhanh mt lp. V vy khi cn ta c th tng tc lc ca b
v ko di chu k lc ca b.
Chn vt liu lc
Theo X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip ca Trnh Xun Lai trang ta
chn lp vt liu lc nh sau :

Bng 5.2. Chn lp vt liu lc


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Tc
s Chiu cao ton
khng
lp
vt trong

tnh
(m/h)

ng knh ht vt liu H
lc (mm)
B lc
Ti
thiu
B

lc

nhanh
B lc 2
lp ct v
antraxit

Ti a

Tng

ch

ng

liu

lc lm vic

nht K

(m)

Bnh

Tng

thng cng

ng

0,5

1,2

0,7 0,8

2- 2,2

700

7,5

0,7

1,5

0,9- 0,1

1,8 -2

1200-1300 8

10

0,9

1,8

1,1- 1,2

1,5 -1,7

1800-2000 10

12

0,5

1,2

0,8

400-500

0,8

1,8

1,1

400-500

10

12

( Ngun: x l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip, Trnh Xun Lai )


- Lp pha di l ct thch anh, c ng knh d=0,51,2 (mm) c ng knh
tng ng l dtd=0,8(mm). H s khng ng nht K=2. Chiu dy lp ct lc ly
bng L1=500(mm). rng l 50%.
- Lp pha trn l lp than antraxit vi ng knh d = 0,8 1,8 (mm), ng
knh tng ng dtd = 1,1 (mm), H s khng ng nht K = 2 v chiu dy lp
than atranxit l L2 = 500 (mm). rng l 50%.
Vy tng chiu dy lp vt liu lc l:
500 + 500 =1000 (mm)=1(m)
Chnh v vt liu lc gm c 2 lp nn khi ra lc ct v than rt d xo trn ln
nhau. Do d ch dng bin php ra nc thun ty 2 lp vt liu lc.
Lp si
Bng 5.3: Chiu cao lp

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C ht lp (mm)

Chiu dy cc lp ( mm)

40 20

Mt trn lp ny cao bng mt trn


ca ng phn phi nhng phi cao
hn l phn phi t nht l 100(mm)

20 10

100 150

10 5

100 150

52

50 100

(Ngun x l nc cp ca Nguyn Ngc Dung )


Chn tng chiu dy lp si dy 400 (mm). Lp si gm 2 lp:
- Lp trn l lp si nh ng knh 4,5 (mm), kch thc trung bnh l 4,5
(mm), chiu dy l 100 (mm), rng l 45%.
- Lp di y c ng knh 15,5 (mm), kch thc trung bnh l 15,5 (mm),
chiu dy l 300 (mm), rng l 45%.
Nh vy tng chiu dy ca lp si l 400 (mm) =0,4(m).
Khi thi cng lp si di cng c ng knh 16 32 (mm) phi xp bng tay
sao cho cc ht si ln nm st l v khng che lp din tch l.
v Din tch ca b lc
-Tng din tch b lc ca trm x l c tnh theo cng thc
F=

Q
(m )
T V 3,6 a W t a t V

Trong :
Q - Cng sut trm x l (m3/ ngy m), Q = (800 m3/ ngy m).
T - Thi gian lm vic ca trm trong mt ngy m (gi) T=12 (h).

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Vbt - Tc lc tnh ton ch lm vic bnh thng (m/h) ly V

= 7,5

(m/h)
a - S ln ra mi b trong mt ngy m ch lm vic bnh thng. chn a
=1
W - Cng nc ra lc (l/sm2) ly. W =14( l/sm2 )
t1 - Thi gian ra lc (gi) ly t1 = 6(ph) = 0,1gi.
t2 - Thi gian ngng b lc ra (gi) t2 =0,35 (gi).
F=

800
= 9,24(m )
12 7,5 3,6 1 14 0,1 1 0,35 7,5

Chn F = 9.2 (m2)


- S b lc cn thit theo cng thc thc nghim:
N = 0,5 F
N = 0,5 9,2 = 1,58 (b)
Vy chn N = 2 (b).
Chn kch thc mi b l: di rng = 2,3(m) 2(m) = 4,6 (m2).
Chiu cao b lc nhanh c xc nh theo cng thc:
H = H d + Hv + Hn + Hp

(m)

Trong :
Hd: chiu cao lp si ; Hd = 0,4 (m).
Hv: chiu dy lp vt liu lc; Hv = 1 (m).
Hn: Chiu cao lp nc trn lp vt liu lc; Hn= 2 (m).
Hp: Chiu cao k n vic dng nc khi ng b ra Hp= 0,6 (m).
Vy H = 0,4 + 1 + 2 + 0,6 = 4 (m)

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

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v ng knh ng dn nc t gin ma xung b lc:


D=

4Q
Nv

Trong :
Q: lu lng x l.Q = 33.33 m3/h
N: s b lc. N=2
v: vn tc nc chy trong ng. v= 1m/s

D=

4 33.33
= 0,077m = 77mm
2 3600 1

Chn ng knh ng dn nc ra v vo b lc l D = 90mm.


v Chiu cao ca khe phn phi nc vo b lc
Chn vn tc nc chy vo khe phn phi l 1m/s
=

33.33
= 0.0046
2 3600 1
=

0.0046
= 0.0023
2

= 2.3

Khe phn phi nc vo b lc c chiu cao l 2.3 cm v chiu di chnh l


chiu rng ca b lc 2m.
v Lu lng nc cn thit ra lc
- Lu lng nc cn thit ra lc c tnh theo cng thc 4-55, trang 141,
sch X l nc cp ca TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung:
Q =

fW
(m s)
1000

Trong :
f- Din tch 1 b lc (m2), f = 4,6(m2).

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

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___________________________________________________________________________________

W- cng nc ra lc (l/s-m2), ly W =7(l/s-m2).


Q =

4,6 7
= 0,032 (m s)
1000

v H thng phn phi nc ra lc


Dng nc ra lc cho b lc, h thng phn phi nc ra lc bng h thng
ng dng xng c, cc ng c lm bng nha PVC gm:
v ng dn nc ra lc
Chn vn tc trong ng dn nc ra lc l 1,5 2 (m/s) theo mc 6.111 TCXD
33- 2006. Chn vc = 1,8(m/s).
D=

4Q
=
v

4 0,032(m s)
= 0,150 (m) = 150 (mm)
1,8 (ms)

Chn D = 150 (mm), tnh li vn tc nc ra lc:


v =

4Q
4 0,032(m s)
=
= 1,81 (ms)
D
0,22

Nm trong gii hn cho php (1,5 2 m/s)


v ng phn phi nc ra lc chnh
- Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng ly t 1 - 2 (m/s) theo mc 6.111 TCXD 332006, chn vc= 1,8(m/s).
- ng knh ng phn phi chnh:

D=

4Q
=
v

4 0,032 (m s)
= 0,150(m) = 150 (mm)
1,8 (ms)

Chn D = 150 (mm), tnh li vn tc nc chy trong ng:


v =

4Q
4 0,032(m s)
=
= 1,81 (ms)
0,22
D

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

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___________________________________________________________________________________

Nm trong gii hn cho php (1 -2m/s)


v ng nhnh
- Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh (250-350 mm) theo mc 6.111 TCXD 332006, chn 260 (mm).
- S ng nhnh cn thit:
Chiu di (2 0,06 ) 0.02
+1
0,26

S nhnh =

2,3 (2 0,06 ) 0,02


+ 1 2 = 18(nhnh)
0,26
Trong :
- Khong cch t mp trong ca thnh b tng n tim l u tin ca ng nhnh

l 60 (mm).
- Khong cch bo v ca ng nhnh khi lp t l 20 (mm).
- Lu lng nc chy trong ng nhnh:
q

Q
0,032
=
= 1,3 10
s nhnh
24

(m s)

- Chn tc chy trong ng nhnh (t 1,6 - 2m/s) theo mc 6.111 TCXD 332006, chn vc = 1,8 (m/s).
- ng knh ng nhnh:

D=

4q
=
v

4 1,3 10
1,8

= 0,030 (m) = 30(mm)

- Chn D = 34 mm, tnh li vn tc nc chy trong ng


v =

4q
4 1,3 10
=
D
(0,034 )

= 1,62(ms)

Nm trong gii hn cho php (1,6-2m/s)

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-Tit din ngang ca ng chnh l:


S=

D
0,15
=
= 0,018(m )
4
4

- Tng din tch cc l ly theo sch X l nc cp ca TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung


trang 141, c ly t 30 35% din tch tit din ngang ca ng, chn 30%.
- Nh vy, tng din tch l:
S = 30% S = 30% 0,018(m ) = 0,0054(m )
- Theo X l nc cp ca TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung, ng knh l phun ma
c ly t 5- 10mm, chn l c ng knh 7 mm.
- Din tch mi l l:
S=

0,007
D
=
= 3,8 10 (m )
4
4

- Tng s l l:
Tng s l =

S
S

0,0054(m )
= 142 l
3,8 10 (m )

- S l trn mi ng nhnh:
S l trn mi nhnh =

Tng s l
Tng s nhnh

142
= 8 l = 8(l)
18

- Trn mi nhnh khoan 2 hng l so le nhau hng xung pha di v nghin 1


gc 45o so vi mt phng ngang. S l trn 1 hng ca mi ng nhnh 8/2 = 4 (l)
- Chiu di mi ng nhnh:
l=

Chiu rng b lc ng knh ng phn phi chnh 2 0,22


=
= 0,89(m)
2
2
= 890(mm)

- Ta s khoan l sao cho khong l th nht cch u ng nhnh 1 khong l


32,5mm, khong cch gia 2 tim l k nhau trn mi hng l:
SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

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___________________________________________________________________________________

d=

l(mm) 2 32,5
S l 1

890 2 32,5
= 118 (mm) = 0.118 (m)
81

v Mng phn phi nc lc v thu nc ra lc


-B c chiu di 2,3 m, chn b lc b tr 1 mng thu nc ra lc c y hnh
tam gic.
-Lng nc ra thu vo mng thu nc bng lng nc ra lc:
Qm = Qr= 0,032 (m3/s)
- Chiu rng mng B c tnh theo cng thc

B=K

Q
(m)
(1,57 + a)

Trong :
Qm: Lu lng nc ra tho theo mng (m3/s).
a: T s gia chiu cao ca phn hnh ch nht vi na chiu rng ca mng, ly
bng 1-1,5. Chn a = 1,5.
K: H s ly bng 2 i vi mng c thit din na trn, bng 2,1 i vi mng
c tit din cnh. K = 2,1.
Vy chiu rng ca mng:

B = 2,1

0.032
= 0,27(m) = 270 (mm)
(1,57 + 1,5)

Chn B = 270 (mm)


V

chiu cao mng

0,5 B = 1,5 chiu cao mng = 1,5 0,5 0,27 =

0,203(m)

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Chn hmng = 0,203 (m)


Vy chiu cao phn mng hnh ch nht l hCN = 0,203 (m). Ly chiu cao phn
y tam gic l: h = 0,2(m). dc y mng v phi tp trung nc l i = 0,01.
Chiu dy thnh mng ly l: m = 0,08 (m).
- Chiu cao ton phn ca mng thu nc ra l:
Hm = hCN + h + m = 0,203 + 0,2 +0,08 = 0,48 (m).
- Khong cch t b mt lp vt liu lc n mp mng thu nc xc nh theo
cng thc

h=

He
+ 0,3
100

Trong :
H: Chiu cao lp vt liu lc (m), H = 1 (m).
e: n tng i ca lp vt liu lc ly e = 50%
Vy:
h=

1 50
+ 0,3 = 0,8 (m)
100

- Khong cch gia y di cng ca mng dn nc ra phi nm cao hn lp


vt liu lc ti thiu l 0,07m.
- Chiu cao ton phn ca mng thu nc ra l H m = 0,48 (m), v mng dc v
pha mng tp trung i = 0,01, mng di 2,3m nn chiu cao ca mng pha mng
tp trung l: 0,48 + 0,012,3 = 0,503 (m).
Khong cch t b mt vt liu lc n y mng thu nc:0,8 0,503 = 0,297
(m)
- Theo X l nc cp ca Nguyn Ngc Dung , khong cch t y mng thu
n y mng tp trung c tnh theo cng thc:

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___________________________________________________________________________________

h = 1,75

Q
+ 0,2 (m)
gA

Trong :
Qm: Lu lng nc chy vo mng tp trung nc (m3/s),
Qm=0,032 (m3/s).
A: Chiu rng ca mng tp trung. Chn A = 0,75 (m).
g: gia tc trng trng bng 9,81(m/s2)
Vy

h = 1,75

0,032
+ 0,2 = 0,30(m) = 300 (mm)
9,81 0,75

v Tn tht p lc khi ra b lc nhanh


- Tn tht p lc hp (m) trong h thng phn phi bng ng khoan l ca b lc
c tnh theo cng thc:
h =

V
V
+
(m)
2g
2g

Trong :
Vc: Tc nc chy u ng chnh; Vc = 1,5 m/s.
Vn: Tc nc chy u ng nhnh; Vn = 1,8 m/s.
g: Gia tc trng trng; g = 9,81 m/s2

: H s sc cn: =

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

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KW: T s gia tng din tch cc l trn ng hoc mng v din tch tit din
ngang ca ng hoc mng chnh.
Bit : Tng din tch cc l trn ng l 0,0054 (m2)
Din tch tit din ngang ca ng chnh l 0,018 (m2)
K =

Nn =

0,0054 (m )
= 0,3
0,018(m )

+ 1 = 23,1

Vy tn tht p lc:
h = 23,1

1,5 (m/s)
1,8(m/s)
+
= 1,86(m)
2 9,81(m/s ) 2 9,81(m/s )

-Theo X l nc cp ca Nguyn Ngc Dung, tn tht p lc qua si h c


tnh bng cng thc:
h = 0,22 L W (m)
Trong :
LS: Chiu dy lp si ; LS = 0,4 (m).
W: Cng d ra lc; W = 14 (l/m2s).
Tn tht p lc: h = 0,22 0,4(m) 14 (l/m2s )= 1,232 (m).
- Tn tht p lc trong lp vt liu lc c tnh theo cng thc :
hvl = (a + bW) Le (m)
Trong :
a, b: H s ph thuc vo kch thc ht
-Tn tht p lc trong lp ct thch anh:
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hvlC = (a + bW) Le (m)


V kch thc ht ct thch anh l dtd = 0,8 mm nm trong gii hn 0,5 1mm
nn chn a = 0,76; b = 0,017 (X l nc cp ca Nguyn Ngc Dung)
hvlC = (0,76 + 0,017 14 l/m2s ) 0,5(m) 0,5 =0,249 (m)
-Tn tht p lc trong lp than antraxit:
hvlT = (a + bW) Le (m)
V kch thc ht than antraxit l dtd = 1,1 mm nm trong gii hn 1 2 mm
nn chn a = 0,85; b = 0,004 (X l nc cp ca Nguyn Ngc Dung)
hvlC = (0,85 + 0,004 14 l/m2s) 0,5 (m) 0,5 =0,226 (m)
Vy tng tn tht trong lp vt liu lc l:
hvl = hvlC + hvlT =0,249 (m) + 0,226 (m) = 0,475 (m)

-p lc ph v kt cu ban u ca lp ct lc ly bng hbm = 2 (m).


Vy tn tht p lc trong ni b b lc s l:
ht = hp + h + hvl + hbm = 1,86 + 1,232 + 0,475 + 2 = 5,567 (m).
v Chn my bm ra lc:
p lc cng tc cn thit ca my bm:
Hr = Hhh + H + Ht + Hcb (m)
Trong :
Hhh : cao hnh hc t ct mc nc thp nht trong b cha n mp mng
thu nc ra (m).
H :Tn tht p lc trn ng ng dn nc t trm bm nc ra n b lc
(m)
Ht : Tn tht p lc trong ni b b lc (m) Ht =6,357 (m)
Hcb : Tn tht p lc cc b cc b phn ni ng v van kha (m)
Tnh Hhh :
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___________________________________________________________________________________

Hhh = H1 + H2 - H3 + H4
H1: Chiu su mc nc trong b cha, H1 = 3 (m).
H2 : chnh mc nc gia b lc v b cha: H2 = 2,5 (m).
H3 : Chiu cao lp nc trong b lc: H3 = 2 (m).
H4 : Khong cch t lp vt liu lc n mp mng : H 4 = 0,8 (m).
Hhh = 3(m) + 2,5 (m) 2 (m) + 0,8 (m) = 4,3 (m)
Tnh H:
Theo sch Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh trong h thng cp nc sch ca TS.
Trnh Xun Lai trang 81 c cng thc sau:
H =

L
V

(m)
D 2g

: H s ma st trn ng ng
L: chiu di on ng. Chn L = 10 (m).
D: ng knh ng dn nc ra lc. D = 0,22 (m).
g = 9,81 m/s2.
V: vn tc nc ra lc. V = 1,71 (m/s).
Tm :
Ch chy nc ra trong ng c c trng bi chun s Reynold:
Re =
Re =

V(m/s) D(m)

1,71(m/s) 0,22 (m) 998(kg/m ).


0,8 10

Re = 5,33 10

100 ,
+
)
D
Re
0,2
100
= 0,1 (1,46
+
)
250 5,33 10
= 0,1 (1,46

= 0,019
Vy H

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___________________________________________________________________________________

H =

H = 0,019

L
V

(m)
D 2g

10(m)
1,71(m/s)

= 0,1132 (m)
0,22(m) 2 9,81(m/s )

Tnh tn tht p lc cc b cc b phn ni ng v van kha Hcb


H

V
(m)
2g

Gi s trn ng ng dn ra lc c cc thit b ph tng nh sau:


1 van kha = 4,7
2 ct 900 = 0,98 2 = 1,96
2 ng ngn my bm = 1 2 = 2
H

= 8,66

1,71
= 1,29(m)
2 9,81

Nh vy p lc cng tc cn thit ca my bm ra lc:


Hr = Hhh + H + Ht + Hcb (m)
Hr =4,3 + 0,1132 + 6,357 + 1,29 = 12,06 (m)
v Cng sut my bm:
N=

Q H g
(KW)
1000

Trong :
Q: Lu lng bm ra lc. Q= 0,065 m3/s
H: Ct p ca bm. H=12,06 m.
: Khi lng ring ca nc = 998 Kg/m3.
g: Gia tc trng trng g = 9,81 m/s2
: hiu sut chung ca bm =0,7
N=

0,065(m /s) 12,06(m) 998(kg/m ) 9,81(m/s )


1000 0,7
N = 10,9(KW)

Chn bm ra lc c cng sut 12 KW, vi lu lng 234 m3/h v ct p l 12m.

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v Kch thc ng ng x cn ca b lc
Chn vn tc x cn l 2,5 m/s. vic x cn c nhanh chng.
Lu lng x cn chnh bng lu lng ra lc Qr=0,032(m3/s)
D=

4q
=
v

4 0,032
= 0,127 (m) = 128(mm)
2,5

Chn ng knh ng x cn nha PVC l 150mm.


5.4.

B cha

tnh ton tng i chnh xc dung tch ca b cha nc sch,phi c nhu cu


dng nc theo gi ca i tng s dng. V h thng x l nc trong kha lun
ny cung cp cho khu dn c, do vy lu lng gi trung bnh tnh dung tch b
cha nc sch c tham kho t mt s ti liu v mng li cp thot nc, c
trnh by trong bng 5.4 nh sau:
Bng 5.4 bng tng hp nhu cu dung nc

Gi trong
ngy

Lu lng
nc sinh hot

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

Lu lng

ti

r r

cng

nc tng

trnh

phng

cng

cy
m3

cc

1,224

5,5

4.25

0,3

1,224

5,5

23

0,3

1,224

34

0,3

45

m3

01

0,3

12

m3

1,7

12,7

1,7

4.25

1,7

12,7

1,7

5,5

4.25

1,7

12,7

1,7

1,224

5,5

4.25

1,7

12,7

1,7

2,3

9,384

5,5

4.25

1,7

20,8

2.9

56

6,3

27,704

5,8

4.25

1,7

39,5

5,4

67

6,6

26,928

5,8

4.25

1,7

48.9

6,7

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

m3

10,2

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78

4,9

19,992

89

4,6

9 10

10,2

5,8

4.25

1,7

41,9

5,7

18,768

5,8

4.25

1,7

30,5

4,2

5,5

22,44

5,8

4.25

1,7

34,2

4,7

10 11

6,4

26,112

5,8

4.25

1,7

37,9

5,2

11 12

6,8

27,744

5,8

4.25

1,7

39,5

5,4

12 13

5,8

23,664

5,8

4.25

1,7

35,4

4,9

13 14

4,5

18,36

5,8

4.25

1,7

30.1

4,1

14 15

4,3

17,544

5,8

4.25

1,7

29,3

15 16

4,9

19,992

5,8

4.25

1,7

31,7

4,3

16 17

6,2

25,296

10,2

5,8

4.25

1,7

47,2

6,5

17 18

6,7

27,336

10,2

5,8

4.25

1,7

49,3

6,8

18 19

7,1

28,968

5,8

4.25

1,7

40,7

5,6

19 20

5,5

22,4

5,8

4.25

1,7

34,2

4,7

20 21

4,3

17,544

5,8

4.25

1,7

29,3

21 22

3,8

15,504

5,8

4.25

1,7

27,3

3,7

22 23

2,0

8,16

5,8

4.25

1,7

19,9

2,7

23 24

0,3

1.224

5,8

4.25

1,7

13

1,8

100

408

137,7

102

40.8

729,3

100

40,8

Do trm bm cp I lm vic 24/24h, trm bm cp II lm vic khng iu ha theo nhu


cu dung nc ca mng li theo cc gi trong ngy. V vy b cha nc lm nhim
v iu ha lu lng gia trm bm I v trm bm II, d tr nc phc v cho cha
chy v cng trnh cng cng cng nh trong lc b lc tm ngng ra lc.

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tm dung tch b ta xc nh bng phng php lp bng.


Bng 5.5 Bng tnh ton dung tch b cha nc sch.

Gi trong
ngy

Lu lng Lu lng Lu lng

Ch bm ca

Ch

trm cp I

bm ca

nc vo

trm cp

trong b

nc ra b

cn li

II
01

4, 16

1,7

2.46

6,01

12

4, 16

1,7

2.46

8,47

23

4, 16

1,7

2.46

10,93

34

4, 16

1,7

2.46

13,39

2.9

1.26

14.65

45

4, 16

56

4,17

5,4

1.23

13,42

67

4,17

6,7

2,53

10,89

78

4,17

5,7

1,53

10,36

89

4,17

4,2

0,03

10,33

9 10

4,17

4,7

0,53

9,8

10 11

4,17

5,2

1,03

8,77

11 12

4,17

5,4

1,23

7,54

12 13

4,17

4,9

0,73

6,81

13 14

4,17

4,1

0,07

6,88

14 15

4,17

0,17

7,05

15 16

4,17

4,3

0,13

6,92

16 17

4,17

6,5

2,33

4,59

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17 18

4,17

6,8

2,63

1,96

18 19

4,17

5,6

1,43

0,53

19 20

4,17

4,7

0,53

20 21

4,17

0,17

0,17

21 22

4,16

3,7

0,46

0,63

22 23

4,16

2,7

1,46

2,09

23 24

4,16

1,8

2,36

4,45

100

15.79

100

15.79

T bng 5.5 kt qu l:
-

Lu lng cn li trong b ln nht l 14,65%Qng

Lu lng cn li trong b t nht l 0%Qng

T bang 5.5 xc nh dung tch iu ha ca b cha


=

= 14,65%

14,65 800
= 117,2 (
100

Dung tch thit k ca b:


=
Trong

= 117.2+108= 225.2 (m3)


l lu lng cn dp tt 1 m chy trong 3 gi.

Chn kch thc b nh sau 10x6x4m


Trong b xy 2 vch ngn theo kiu ziczac trn u clo trong b cha, tng dy
200mm, chiu cao bng 80% chiu cao b cha, chiu rng bng 3/4 b cha.
B cha c ng x kit c np y v ng thng hi, thit k 1 cu thang t np xung
y d dng v sinh v sa cha.
v ng knh ng dn nc vo b cha nc sch:

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

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MSSV:0811080039

Kha lun tt nghip


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D=

4q
v

Trong :
Q: lu lng nc vo b cha nc sch. Q= 33.33m3/h
v: vn tc chy trong ng (quy phm v=0,8 1,2m/s). v= 0,8 m/s

D=

4 33,33
= 0,13m
0,8 3600

Chn ng vo b cha nc sch l ng PVC c D = 150mm.


Tng t ta chn c ng dn nc v trm bm II l ng PVC c D = 150mm.

5.5.

Tnh ton ha cht kh trng


Dung dch clo c bm vo ng ng dn nc t b lc sang b cha nc
sch.
Liu lng clo hot tnh cn thit s dng :

Trong Q: lu lng nc x l (m3/h)


a: liu lng clo hot tnh ( TCVN33-2006) chn a= 3g/m3
=

33.33 3
=
= 0.1
1000
1000

Lng clo cn dung cho mt ngy : 0.1x12=1.2 kg

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MSSV:0811080039

Kha lun tt nghip


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CHNG 6: KHI TON CHI PH U T, VN HNH H THNG


6.1. Chi ph xy dng, thit b
STT

Hng mc

Phn xy dng nh- trm bm

Tng ro bao quanh:

S.L

n Gi

Thnh tin

(VN)

(VN)

ci

10,000,000

10,000,000

Nh iu hnh v phng cha clo,dng ci

25,000,000

25,000,000

3,000,000

9,000,000

ng chnh nha cng

10

160,000

1,600,000

ng nhnh nha cng phun ma

16

100,000

1,600,000

ng x cn 100

120,000

120,000

Than cc dy 0,3 m

m3

15

500,000

7,500,000

B lc

ci

15,000,000

15,000,000

B cha nc sch

ci

40,000,000

40,000,000

Cc thit b h tr

15,000,000

15,000,000

-ct b tng v hng ro li B40


2

c
-Nh cp 4, mi tn,nn gch,tng
sn, ng trn, ca i v ca s st, h
thng in v tolet
B
1

Xy dng cm b x l
Sn tung nc :3 sn
Mi sn tung gm 1 tm
inox:LB=210,02 (m)

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MSSV:0811080039

Kha lun tt nghip


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129,840,000
Bng ch: Mt trm hai mi chin triu tm trm bn mi ngn ng.
6.2. Chi ph vn hnh:
6.2.1 Chi ph khu hao hng nm:
Nin hn thit k ca h thng l 10 nm. Vy mc khu hao hng nm khong
129,840,000/10= 12,984,000 /nm
6.2.2 Chi ph ha cht:
Gi clo hin nay l 15,000 /kg s lng dng trong 1 ngy l 2,4 kg
Chi ph ha cht cho 1 ngy l 36,000 ng.
6.2.3 Chi ph nhn cng:
- cn b vn hnh : 1 ngi, lng trung bnh 130,000 /ngy
- cng nhn : 2 ngi, lng trung bnh 70,000 /ngy
Tng: 200,000 /ngy

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MSSV:0811080039

Kha lun tt nghip


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CHNG 7: KT LUN V KIN NGH


7.1. KT LUN
Qua thi gian 7 tun, nhng ni dung m kha lun thc hin c bao gm:
-

kho st, thu thp c cc s liu v thnh phn v tnh cht c trng ca
ngun nc ngm ti khm Tr Long, phng Ba Ngi, tp Cam Ranh.

T cc s liu , a ra c cc s cng ngh la chn phng php


x l ph hp cho khu nh c ti nh c Tr Long. Sau phn tch u nhc
im ca tng phng n xut cng ngh x l nc ph hp.

Sau khi la chon c s cng ngh tin hnh tnh ton thit k chi tit cc
cng trnh n v v pht trin bn v chi tit cho ton b h thng x l.

Lp c khi qut chi ph xy dng v chi phvn hnh

7.2 XUT
h thng lun m bo hot ng tt, nc sau x l lun t cht lng yu cu, mt
s xut trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng bao gm:
-

Ch u t cn tun th nghim ngt cc quy nh vn hnh ca h thng x l

Trng them cy xanh to cnh quan mi trng

Cn kim tra cht lng nc nh k v thng xuyn kim tra qu trnh lm


vic ca h thng c s c kp thi khc phc.

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MSSV:0811080039

Kha lun tt nghip

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] B xy dng cng ty nc v mi trng Vit Nam (2006), TCXD 33-2006


cp nc mng li ng ng cng trnh tiu chun thit k.
[2] TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung (2005) X l nc cp. Nh xut bn xy dng.
[3] TS.Trnh Xun Lai (2002), Cp nc. Tp 2: X l nc cp cho sinh hot v
cng nghip. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[4] TS.Trnh Xun Lai (2003), Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh trong h thng
cp nc sch. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[5] Nguyn Th Thu Thy (2005), X l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip. Nh
xut bn khoa hc k thut.
[6] y ban nhn dn phng Ba Ngi Tp Cam Ranh, Bn thuyt minh tm tt
quy hoch chi tit khu nh c ti nh c khm Tr Long P.Ba Ngi.

SVTH: V nh Trung Thnh

MSSV: 0811080039

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