TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA S PHM

THNG K HA HC
V TIN HC TRONG HA HC

ThS. Hunh Kim Lin

2006
1

THNG TIN V TC GI
PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
CA GIO TRNH

1. THNG TIN V TC GI

H v tn: Hunh Kim Lin

Sinh nm: 1955
C quan cng tc:
B Mn: Ha Hc
Khoa: S Phm
Trng: i hc Cn Th
a ch Email lin h: huynhkimlien@ctu.edu.vn

2. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG

Gio trnh c th dng tham kho cho cc ngnh : C nhn Ha hc, S Phm
Ha hc, Cng ngh Ha Hc
C th dng cho cc trng: i hc S Phm, i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, Cao
ng S Phm
Cc t kha: Phng sai, lch chun, Sai s ngu nhin, Sai s h thng,
Chun thng k, MS Excel, Chem win, Chem office, MS flash.
Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn hc ny: Xc sut thng k v tin hc cn
bn (trnh A)

MC LC
BA.......................................................................................................................................1
THNG TIN V TC GI ................................................................................................2
MC LC ...........................................................................................................................3
PHN I: THNG K HA HC.......................................................................................8
Chng 1: I CNG V THNG K .........................................................................8
I. SAI S NGU NHIN V SAI S H THNG. .....................................................8
1. Cc khi nim thng dng: ....................................................................................8
2. Sai s ngu nhin:.....................................................................................................9
3. Sai s h thng: ......................................................................................................10
4. Lan truyn sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin: ...................................................12
II. HM PHN B (DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION) ..................................................12
1. Cc khi nim c bn: ............................................................................................12
2. Hm phn b chun (Normal distribution function): .............................................13
3. Hm phn b mu:..................................................................................................18
III. CC CHUN (TEST) THNG K........................................................................24
1. Khi qut v phng php kim nh thng k: ....................................................24
2. Chun Dixon (Zlt = Q P,n ) .......................................................................................26
3. Chun (t) (Zlt = p,n ).........................................................................................28
4. Cc chun

: .......................................................................................................30

5. Chun Fisher. (Zlt = FP ,f ,f ).....................................................................................33

I

II

6. Chun Cochran . (Zlt= GP,f,n) ..................................................................................34

7. Chun Student (t-Test): ..........................................................................................35
8. Chun Gauss (Zlt = Up)...........................................................................................38
9. Chun Duncan. (Zlt = q P , R ,f th )...............................................................................39
CU HI N TP ........................................................................................................45
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................45
Chng 2: PHN TCH PHNG SAI...........................................................................46
I. KHI QUT V PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE) .....46
1. Mc ch v ngha: ..............................................................................................46
2. Nguyn tc v thut ton: .......................................................................................46
II. PHN TCH PHNG SAI MT YU T (SINGLE FACTOR) ........................47
III. BI TP NG DNG............................................................................................50
1. Bi tp 1:.................................................................................................................50
2. Bi tp 2:.................................................................................................................52
3

BI TP ........................................................................................................................56
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................56
Chng 3: PHN TCH HI QUY ..................................................................................57
I. KHI QUT V PHN TCH HI QUY................................................................57
1. Mc ch v ngha : .............................................................................................57
2. iu kin thc hin: ...............................................................................................57
II. PHNG TRNH HI QUY TUYN TNH N GIN (Y=ax + b). .................57
1. Nguyn tc tm cc h s ca phng trnh hi quy: .............................................57
2. Tnh cc h s a , b v cc thng s cn thit: .......................................................58
3. Xt ngha ca h s hi quy (chun Student):.....................................................59
4. Kim nh s tuyn tnh gia x v y ca phng trnh hi quy ( chun Fisher): .60
5. Trnh by phng trnh hi quy km vi cc c trng cn thit:.........................60
6. ng dng phng trnh hi quy:............................................................................61
III. PHNG TRNH HI QUY TUYN TNH NHIU BIN.................................62
IV. BI TP NG DNG............................................................................................62
1. Bi tp 1:.................................................................................................................62
2. Bi tp 2:.................................................................................................................65
BI TP ........................................................................................................................66
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................67
PHN II: TIN HC NG DNG TRONG HA HC ..................................................68
Chng 1: PHN TCH D LIU BNG MICROSOFT EXCEL.................................68
I. CNG C PHN TCH D LIU TRONG EXCEL. .............................................68
II. NG DNG PHN TCH D LIU. .....................................................................70
1. Loi gi tr bt thng (aberrant observation): ......................................................70
2. Thng k m t:......................................................................................................71
3. So snh phng sai:................................................................................................74
4. So snh gi tr trung bnh vi hai phng sai ng nht:.......................................76
5. Phn tch phng sai mt yu t: ...........................................................................79
6. Hi quy tuyn tnh n gin:..................................................................................82
7. Hi quy tuyn tnh a tham s: ..............................................................................85
BI TP ........................................................................................................................88
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................88
Chng 2: CHNG TRNH MS EQUATION ..............................................................89
I. CA S NG DNG. ..............................................................................................89
1. Cch m ca s: .....................................................................................................89
2. c im ca ca s:..............................................................................................90
3. Cch ng ca s: ..................................................................................................90
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II. THANH MENU. .......................................................................................................90

1. Menu File: ..............................................................................................................90
2. Menu Edit: ..............................................................................................................90
3. Menu View: ............................................................................................................91
4. Menu Format: .........................................................................................................91
5. Menu Style: ............................................................................................................91
6. Menu Size:..............................................................................................................92
7. Menu Help: .............................................................................................................92
III. TNH NNG K THUT. .....................................................................................93
1. Thanh k hiu:........................................................................................................93
2. Thanh khung mu:..................................................................................................94
IV. BI TP NG DNG............................................................................................95
1. Bi tp 1:.................................................................................................................95
2. Bi tp 2:.................................................................................................................96
3. Bii tp 3: ...............................................................................................................96
4. Bi tp 4:.................................................................................................................96
5. Bi tp 5:.................................................................................................................96
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................97
Chng 3: CHNG TRNH CHEMWIN ......................................................................98
A. CHNG TRNH CHEMWIN 3.............................................................................98
I. CA S NG DNG............................................................................................98
II. THANH MENU.....................................................................................................99
III. TNH NNG K THUT................................................................................104
B. CHNG TRNH CHEMWIN 6 ...........................................................................107
I. CA S NG DNG..........................................................................................107
II. THANH MENU...................................................................................................108
III. CC THANH CNG C. .................................................................................109
IV. CCH M TH VIN V NP TRANG MU. ...........................................111
V. BI TP NG DNG. ......................................................................................112
BI TP...................................................................................................................115
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................116
Chng 4: CHNG TRNH CHEMOFFICE ..............................................................117
A. CHNG TRNH CHEMDRAW..........................................................................117
I. CA S NG DNG..........................................................................................117
II. THANH MENU...................................................................................................118
III. BI TP NG DNG. .....................................................................................121
B. CHNG TRNH CHEM3D.....................................................................................130
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I. CA S NG DNG: ............................................................................................130
II. THANH MENU: .....................................................................................................131
III. THANH CNG C...............................................................................................134
III. TNH NNG K THUT: ...................................................................................136
IV. BI TP P DNG .............................................................................................137
BI TP...................................................................................................................141
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................141
Chng 5: CHNG TRNH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2003 .............................142
I. CA S NG DNG. ............................................................................................143
II. THANH MENU. .....................................................................................................143
1. Menu File: ............................................................................................................143
2. Menu Edit: ............................................................................................................144
3. Menu View: ..........................................................................................................144
4. Menu Insert:..........................................................................................................145
5. Menu Format: .......................................................................................................145
6. Menu Tools:..........................................................................................................145
7. Menu Slide Show: ................................................................................................146
III. XY DNG CC SLIDE.....................................................................................148
1. Qun l cc slide: .................................................................................................148
2. a thng tin ln slide: ........................................................................................149
3. nh dng tng th cc slide: ...............................................................................151
IV. S DNG CC HIU NG NG. ..................................................................155
1. p dng cho cc thnh phn ca mt trang slide (dng Custom Animation): ....155
V. K THUT TRNH DIN.....................................................................................159
1. Cch bt u v kt thc trnh din: .....................................................................159
2. Bt u cc hiu ng v chuyn slide, quay li hiu ng trc:..........................159
3. Cc hot ng khc khi trnh din:.......................................................................160
VI. BI TP NG DNG..........................................................................................160
1. Bi tp 1:...............................................................................................................160
2. Bi tp 2:...............................................................................................................163
BI TP ......................................................................................................................164
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................164
Chng 6: CHNG TRNH MACROMEDIA FLASH (FLASH)..............................165
I. CA S NG DNG V MT S KHI NIM C BN. ...............................165
1. Ca s chng trnh: ............................................................................................165
2. Cc khi nim c bn: ..........................................................................................166
II. THANH MENU. .....................................................................................................166
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1. Menu File : ...........................................................................................................166

2. Menu Edit : ...........................................................................................................167
3. Menu View : .........................................................................................................167
4. Menu Insert:..........................................................................................................167
5. Menu Modify:.......................................................................................................168
6. Menu Text: ...........................................................................................................171
7. Menu Control: ......................................................................................................171
8. Menu Window:.....................................................................................................171
III. THANH CNG C (TOOLS). .............................................................................173
IV. BI TP NG DNG..........................................................................................175
1. Bi tp 1:...............................................................................................................175
2. Bi tp 2:...............................................................................................................180
3. Bi tp 3:...............................................................................................................183
4. Bi tp 4:...............................................................................................................187
5. Bi tp 5:...............................................................................................................196
6. Bi tp 6:...............................................................................................................197
7. Bi tp 7:...............................................................................................................198
8. Bi tp 8:...............................................................................................................199
9. Bi tp 9:...............................................................................................................200
BI TP ......................................................................................................................201
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................202

PHN I: THNG K HA HC
Chng 1: I CNG V THNG K
I. SAI S NGU NHIN V SAI S H THNG.
1. Cc khi nim thng dng:
Trong thc nghim ha hc khi o i lng X nhiu ln lp li cng cc iu kin
ging nhau, thu c mt dy cc gi tr xi vi i = 1, 2, ..., n.
Mi gi tr xi gi l mt yu t ca tp hp, n l dung lng ca tp hp
(observations).
K hiu tp hp {xi}
a) Tp hp mu (samples)
- Nu n hu hn, dy xi to thnh mt tp hp mu
b) Tp hp tng qut (populations)
- Nu n , tp hp mu tr thnh tp hp tng qut .
Vy mt tp hp tng qut cha ng v s yu t v v s tp hp mu. Mt khc,
khi c 2 tp hp mu no , chng c th thuc v cng mt tp hp tng qut hoc
thuc v hai tp hp tng qut khc nhau.
c) Gi tr trung bnh (mean, average)
Vi tp hp mu:
x=

(trung tm phn b)

Vi tp hp tng qut:
x = (tr s ng, k vng)

d) Phng sai (dispersion, variance)

- Phng sai mu:
S

(x
=

x) 2

n 1

d
=

2
i

di: lch ngu nhin

f: bc t do ca phng sai
- Phng sai tng qut

(x
=

) 2

e) lch chun (standard deviation)

- lch chun mu : S
8

- lch chun tng qut :

- lch chun tng i (standard erro of the mean)
Sx =

S
n

f) Khong bin ng R (range)

R = xmax-xmin
S
x

- H s bin ng CV (Coefficient of variation): CV = 100

2. Sai s ngu nhin:

Sai s ngu nhin pht sinh do hng lot nguyn nhn khng kim sot c v
lun lun c mt trong bt c php o no
a) lch ngu nhin
lch ngu nhin di c cc tnh cht sau :
- Du (-) hay (+) thay i hon ton ngu nhin. Khi n tng th s du (+) cng xp
x s du (-).
- Gi tr tuyt i |di| cng thay i hon ton ngu nhin nhng gi tr cng nh s
c tn s xut hin cng ln, ngc li gi tr cng ln s c tn s xut hin cng nh.
- Tng i s

=0

Nhng tnh cht trn cho thy lch ngu nhin di l du hiu tn ti ca sai s
ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, mt gi tr di ring l khng th coi l i din cho sai s ngu
nhin. i din cho sai s ngu nhin phi l ton b tp hp {di}.
b) phn tn
- Phng sai : l i din cho sai s ngu nhin (khng cng th nguyn vi xi)
- lch chun (mu hoc tng qut) l thc o ca sai s ngu nhin. N biu th
phn tn ca kt qu o cng c ngha l lp li ca php o. N thay i ngu
nhin ty thuc phng php o lng, iu kin o lng, ln ca i lng o v
vo c nhn ngi o lng. Chnh v th m lch chun l mt thng s thng k
quan trng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc.
c) Trung tm phn b:
Trung tm phn b ca mt tp hp l mt yu t no ca tp hp y m tt c
cc yu t khc quy t xung quanh. Mi tp hp u tn ti mt trung tm phn b.. Tp
hp {xi} c trung tm phn b l x
Tm li, mt i lng ngu nhin X c biu din bng hai thng s :
- x : biu th trung tm phn b
- S: biu th phn tn
Ch :

- S c dng biu din sai s ngu nhin ca php o

- Khng th loi b c sai s ngu nhin nhng c th gim thiu ti mc ty
mun bng cch tng ln s ln o n mt cch tng ng.

3. Sai s h thng:
a) Phn bit sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
Gi s x l gi tr ng ca i lng X, gi tr ny cn c theo mu chun hoc
cht chun.
Th d : Cc qu cn chun, dung dch m pH chun dng cho my o pH.
Sai s h thng ca php o l hiu s gia gi tr o c so vi gi tr ng ca
i lng o.
= x x

Sai s h thng c cc tnh cht sau :

- C du hng nh :
- Khi < 0 : gi l sai s tha.
- Khi > 0 : gi l sai s thiu.
- C ln || cng hng nh cho mi i lng o.
Sai s h thng c xem xt khi | | > S
Php o coi nh khng mc sai s h thng khi | | < S.
- l tng i s ca nhng sai s h thng ring l :
= i

Mi i pht sinh t ngun sai s ring, mi ngun c du v ln hng nh, v

vy tng i s cng c du v ln hng nh.
- Sai s h thng tng i

biu th ng (accuracy).
x

- Sai s ngu nhin tng i

S
biu th chnh xc (prescision).
x

b) Phn bit ng v chnh xc :

- Mt php o c ng cao khi x cng gn x
- Mt php o c chnh xc cao khi s ln o lp li in ht nhau cho nhng gi
tr xi phn b st gn gi tr x . Tuy nhin khng phi c ng cao th nht thit c
chnh xc cao.
Phn bit 4 trng hp :
+ Php o c chnh xc cao, nhng ng km : S nh v || > S.
+ Php o c chnh xc km, nhng ng cao : S ln v || < S.
10

+ Php o c chnh xc v ng u km : S ln v || > S.

+ Php o c chnh xc v ng cao : S nh v || < S.

c) Phn loi sai s h thng :

- Sai s dng c :
L sai s gy ra do s khng hon ho ca nh ch to dng c o lng hoc dng
c o xung cp trong qu trnh s dng.
Th d : Cc vch chia ca buret khng u nhau, qu cn b mi mn...
- Sai s ha cht :
L sai s gy ra do c mt cc tp cht trong ha cht em s dng phn tch ha
hc.
Th d : Lng nh SiO2 trong NaOH, lng nh Fe3+ trong HCl...
- Sai s c th :
L sai s thuc v nguyn l ca phng php phn tch.
Th d : Phng php phn tch th tch c hai sai s phng php quan trng :
- Sai s ch th.
- Sai s t l : gy ra do xc nh khng ng nng dung dch chun.
V vy nu cht phn tch c nng cng cao th phi tiu tn nhiu th tch dung
dch chun, do s mc sai s h thng cng ln. Sai s ny t l vi hm lng ca
cht phn tch nn gi l sai s t l.
Trong phng php phn tch trng lng, c hai loi sai s tri chiu nhau :
- Sai s thiu : gy ra do kt ta tan mt phn trong dung dch lm thp kt qu
phn tch.
- Sai s tha : gy ra do s cng kt ca kt qu lm cho tng kt qu phn tch.
d) Cc bin php loi b sai s h thng :
- Nguyn l ly s o theo hiu s.
Theo nguyn l ny, c c mt s o ng th php o phi gm hai giai on
:
- Giai on 1 : Tin hnh o trn mu nghin cu.
- Giai on 2 : Tin hnh o trn mu so snh.
11

Kt qu o ly theo hiu s ca cc s o thu c mi giai on.

Mu so snh c la chn thch hp cn c theo ngun gc pht sinh sai s h
thng.
* Th nghim trng :
loi tr sai s ha cht trong php phn tch, tin hnh phn tch vi mu nghin
cu, thu c kt qu x1. Sau tin hnh vi mu trng l mu khng c mt cht
nghin cu nhng c thc hn trong cng iu kin vi mu nghin cu, thu c kt
qu x2. Hm lng cht em phn tch c tnh : x = x1 - x2
* Phng php thm chun :
Cn gi l phng php thm. Khc vi th nghim trng, y mu so snh
c ch to bng cch ly mu nghin cu v cho thm mt lng chnh xc cht
chun. Vy :
- ng vi hm lng x1 ca mu, o c tn hiu phn tch l y1.
- ng vi hm lng x2 = x1 + a (thm vo), o c tn hiu phn tch l y2.
Nu gia tn hiu phn tch y v hm lng x c quan h tuyn tnh th :
x1 =

y1
y 2 - y1

Phng php thm c s dng rng ri khi phn tch cc hm lng vt nhm
loi b sai s h thng gy ra bi thnh phn th 3 m nhiu khi khng bit r.
iu kin p dng thnh cng phng php thm l quan h gia x v y phi
tuyn tnh v ngoi ra cn phi lm th nghim trng loi b sai s ha cht ln y1.

4. Lan truyn sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin:

Sai s ca s o trc tip c lan truyn sang sai s ca cc s o gin tip. Bn
cht khc nhau ca sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin dn n cc thut ton lan truyn
sai s cng khc nhau.

II. HM PHN B (DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION)

1. Cc khi nim c bn:
a) i lng ngu nhin lin tc :
Mt LNN (i lng ngu nhin )X c gi l LNN lin tc nu:
- Tp hp cc gi tr c th ca X lp y mt hay mt khong ca trc s, hoc lp
y tan b trc s.
- Xc sut X nhn mt gi tr c th no lun lun bng khng, ngha l vi
mi s a : P{X = a} = 0.

12

Nh vy i vi LNN lin tc, xc sut n nhn gi tr trong mt khong no

rt c quan tm. Xc sut ny c quyt nh bi mt hm gi l hm mt xc
sut ca X
b) Hm mt xc sut :
Hm (x) xc nh trn ton b trc s c gi l hm mt ca LNN lin tc
X nu :
(x) 0 vi mi x

( x )dx = 1

Vi mi a < b
b

P{a < X < b } = ( x )dx

a

P{a < X < b } l din tch hnh thang cong gii hn bi th hm s y = (x) v 2
ng thng x = a v x = b
y

2. Hm phn b chun (Normal distribution function):

a) Hm Gauss
Hm Gauss (x) (t tp hp tng qut) vi bin s x v cc thng s , :
1 x -

1
( x ) =
.e 2
. 2

Hm (x) mang y mi tnh cht ca mt hm mt xc sut.

th :
th (x) theo x c dng i xng hnh chung.
* Cc i :

d( x )
= 0 khi x = .
dx

13

ng (x) c cc i :
( x ) =

= 0,399/

. 2

* im un :

d 2 ( x )
= 0 khi x = .
dx

ng (x) c hai im un i xng qua trc thng ng x = v cch trc .

Ti cc im un :
( + ) = ( - ) = 0,242/
Bng 1. Cc gi tr ng lu ca hm phn b chun
(x)

0,399/

0,054/

0,0044/

0,242/

(x)

-3

-2

(x)

-3

-2

T php gii tch Ton hc, tch phn xc nh f ( x )dx c gi tr bng din tch S
a

bao hm gia ng f(x), trc x v hai ng thng ng x = a v x = b. Khi f(x) l mt

b

hm mt xc sut, ngha l khi f(x) = (x) th tch phn f ( x )dx = P biu th xc sut
a

tin cy cho cc gi tr ring l x ca tp hp {x} ri vo khong (a , b). Vy din tch S

14

c gi tr ng bng xc sut. Mi quan h ny gia din tch S v P ng cho mi hm

mt xc sut , trong c hm phn b chun.
Mt khc, xc sut tin cy P phi lun lun gn lin vi khong (a , b). Vy (a , b)
l khong tin cy ng vi xc sut tin cy P.
Khi (a , b) ni rng thnh (- , + ) th xc sut P = 1 : s kin gi tr ring l x
nm trong khong (- , + ) l mt s kin chc chn xy ra, xc sut ca s kin ny
phi = 1.
Phn bit hai loi khong tin cy : khong i xng v khong bt i xng.
- Khi a i xng vi b qua im x = th (a , b) l khong i xng.
- Khi khng tha iu kin trn (th du a, b ng cng mt pha so vi hoc a, b
khng cch u ( t hai pha th (a , b) l khong bt i xng.
Bng 2. Mt s khong tin cy v xc sut tin cy ng lu
trn ng phn b chun
Khong tin cy

P = ( x )dx

Loi khong tin cy

x=a

x=b

0,682

i xng

- 2

+ 2

0,954

i xng

- 3

+ 3

0,997

i xng

+ 2

bt i xng

+ 2

0,682 0,954
+
= 0,814
2
2
0,954
0,5 +
= 0,977
2

bt i xng

Th d : P = 0,682 c ngha l c 1000 gi tr ring l x trong tp hp {x} th c 682

gi tr x nm trong khong (- ; + )
Nhn xt :

* Bt lun l bao nhiu, din tch S bao hm gia ng (x) v ton b trc x c
gi tr = 1; ngha l P = 1.
* ng phn b chun c nh cng cao khi cng nh (. l thc o ca
phn tn). Khi cng nh th chnh xc cng cao, cc gi tr x ring l cng tp trung
li xung quanh trung tm phn b .
* ng phn b chun ca hai i lng sai s ngu nhin c coi l trng nhau
khi chng c cng thng s v . ng phn b chun s khc nhau khi hai thng s
ny khc nhau.
Quy tc 3 (ba xch ma) :
15

T bng 2, khong (a , b) vi a = - 3 v b = + 3 ng vi xc sut P rt ln,

= 0,997.Vy xc sut cho gi tr ring l x i ra ngoi khong ny rt nh, bng 1 0,997 = 0,003 (tc l 3 phn nghn). Nhng gi tr ring nm ngoi khong (a , b) ny rt
him gp.
Vy vi mt php o bit trc , nu ch mi o lp li c vi ln m gp
mt gi tr ring l x* > + 3 hoc x* < - 3 , x* c th l mt gi tr bt thng cn
c xt xem c loi b ra khi cc gi tr ring l khc khng. l ni dung ca quy
tc 3.
Quy tc 3 c th chuyn thnh quy tc 2, 4... ty thuc vo xc sut c chn.
Khi dng quy tc 3, chp nhn 0,3% cc gi tr b loi b ; khi dng quy tc 2 th xc
sut cc gi tr b loi b cao hn, = 1 - 0,954 = 0,046, tc l 4,6%.
Cch p dng quy tc 3 trong thc hnh :

Mc ch ca quy tc ny l loi b cc s o c gi tr bt thng. iu kin p

dng quy tc ny l phi bit trc ca php o.
Cch tin hnh :

Gi s nghi ng gi tr x* trong tp hp mu {x} dung lng n. Tin hnh loi b

x* v dung lng cn li l n - 1. Tnh x n 1 v coi x n 1 = .
- Nu tm thy |x* - x n 1 | > 3 loi b x* .
- Nu tm thy |x* - x n 1 | < 3 khng loi b x*.
Vy s loi b hay chp nhn x* rt ph thuc vo xc sut P.
Th d : Mt php o hm lng nguyn t X cho cc gi tr sau :
3,45; 3,48; 3,47; 3,57* (%)
C loi b gi tr x* khng, nu theo quy tc 3 v 2 ? ( php o c = 0,04%)
x n 1 =

3,45 + 3,48 + 3,47 + 3,47

= 3,4675 3,47
4

|3,57* - 3,47| = 0,10 < 3.0,04 = 0,12 (quy tc 3)

|3,57* - 3,47| = 0,10 > 2.0,04 = 0,08 (quy tc 2)
Theo quy tc 3 khng nn loi gi tr 3,57; nu theo quy tc 2 th c th loi
b.
b) Hm Gauss chun ha

Rt nhiu i lng ngu nhin gp trong t nhin tun theo hm phn b Gauss. S
khc nhau gia chng th hin s khc nhau ca cc thng s v . Tuy nhin, khi p
dng hm Gauss trong thc t, xc sut P cng vi khong (a , b) no rt c ch .
tin cho vic tnh ton P, tp hp {x} c bin i thnh tp hp {u} :

16

u=

x -
dx = .du

1 x -

.u
1
1
2
.e
.dx =
.e 2 ..du
(x)dx =
2
2
1
.u
1
.e 2 .du
=
2
2

t : (u ) =

1
2

.e

1 2
u
2

(x)dx = (u)du.
a -

u
(
a
)
=

P = (x)dx = (u)du vi
a
u(a)
u ( b) = b -

u (b)

Bin ngu nhin x t l tuyn tnh vi bin ngu nhin u; nhng khc u ch l x l
i lng c th nguyn ca i lng o v cn ph thuc cc thng s v , trong
khi u khng c hai tnh cht trn.
Nu lch d = x - c th nguyn th u =

d
khng th nguyn ( lch rt gn)

Hm (u) gi l hm Gauss chun ha, y l mt hm Gauss c bit khi cc thng s

= 0 v = 1. th biu din tng t nh hm Gauss v trn v thay = 0 v =
1.
Xc sut P theo khong (a , b) c tnh d dng bng cch tra bng tch phn
Laplace .
- ng dng ca hm phn b chun:
Cc khi nim:
im phn v ca i lng ngu nhin Z , k hiu Z
(Hm phn b (x) = P{Z < x})
P{Z > Z } = (Z) = P{Z < Z } = 1-
P = 1- : Xc sut tin cy
= 1- P : Mc ngha hay xc sut ng vc
Xc sut tin cy mt pha (one tail)
Xc sut tin cy hai pha (two tail) i xng (Px) hoc bt i xng ( P )

17

P = 1-

P = 1-

Z 1-
/2

Z
/2

ng dng 1: Tnh gii hn tin cy (GHTC, confidence limits) v khong tin cy

(KTC, confidence level) vi xc sut P cho trc :

Khi bit xc sut Px, tra bng tm gi tr uP (Bng tch phn Laplace).
* i vi gi tr ring l x :
T u =

x
gii hn tin cy ca ng vi xc sut P :

GHTC() = x uP.
Khong tin cy ca xung quanh x ng vi xc sut P l :

KTC(x) = uP.
Gi tr u ty thuc vo xc sut P.
* Vi gi tr x :
V x =

u=

x
. n

GHTC ca ng vi xc sut P l :
GHTC() = x
KTC( x ) =

u P .
n

u P .
n

Khong (x - uP. ; x + uP.) rng hn khong ( x -

u P .
n

;x +

u P
n

) nn c lng

theo x c hiu qu hn theo x.

3. Hm phn b mu:
a) Hm phn b Student:

Hm phn b chun thch hp cho tp hp tng qut {x} vi dung lng n rt ln ( n

> 30). Tp hp mu {x} vi dung lng nh (n 2) tun theo hm phn b Student. Hm
Student c vai tr thay th hm phn b chun khi n nh v trc ht c s dng
c lng . Tng t hm (u), hm Student c cho dng hm mt xc sut
(t) vi bin ngu nhin t thay cho u.

18

 f +1
f +1

2 2
1 2 t
(t) =
. 1+
.
.f f f

2

vi : - < t < +
f : s bc t do = n -1
t=

x
S

hoc t =

x
. n
S

Bin ngu nhin t c gi l lch rt gn mu

( x ) = t x -1 .e t dt (hm Gamma)
0

ng vi mi f mt hm (t) tng ng.

(t) l mt hm mt xc sut vi mi gi tr ca f

P = 1-

- t /2

t /2

Hm phn b Student i xng , vi t trong khong (-t, +t ) sao cho xc sut Px bng
nhng gi tr thng dng : 0,90 ; 0,95 ; 0,99
tp,f : h s Student (tra bng h s Student phn ph lc)
ng dng ca hm phn b Student
ng dng 1 :Tnh gii hn tin cy

i vi gi tr ring l x :
GHTC() = x tp,f.S
i vi gi tr trung bnh x :
GHTC() = x t p ,f .

S
n

Th d : Php xc nh Ni trong thp cho kt qu :

19

x = 1,76% vi S = 0,08%

Tnh GHTC() xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ng vi Px = 0,95.

Gii :

Khi Px = 0,95; f = 5 - 1 = 4 t0,95;4 = 2,78

Ta c :
GHTC() = 1,76 2,78.

0,08
= (1,76 0,11) %
4

Biu din kt qu y :
% Ni = (1,76 0,11) % ng vi n = 5; P = 0,95.
ng dng 2: Tnh P ng vi KTC cho trc v f cho trc :

Th d : Php o pH sau 6 ln o cho kt qu :

x = 2,87 vi S = 0,019

Tnh P cho KTC( x ) = 0,03 (dng bng h s Student y ).

Gii :

KTC( x ) = t p ,f .
|tp,f| =

S
n

= 0,03

6
n
. 0,03 =
. 0,03 = 3,78
S
0,019

Tra ngc bng h s Student tnh P ng vi f = 6 - 1 = 5.

T bng h s Student, ta c :
tp,5

2,57

3,37

4,03

4,77

Px

0,95

0,98

0,99

0,995

3,37 < 3,87 < 4,03

0,98 < ?
P = 0,98 +

< 0,99
(0,99 - 0,98)(3,87 - 3,37)
# 0,988
( 4,03 - 3,37)

Biu din kt qu :
pH = 2,87 0,03 ng vi P = 0,988 v n = 6.
ng dng 3: Tnh s ln th nghim song song t mt gi tr CV cho trc
hoc khong tin cy x cho trc :
20

(Dng bng h s Student y )

Th d : Php xc nh C (3 ln) trong mt cht hu c mi tng hp cho kt qu x =
44,3% vi S = 0,4%.
Tuy nhin chnh xc ca php o cha thit lp cng thc ha hc v cn
tng s ln th nghim song song n sao cho KTC ( x ) 0,25% ng vi P = 0,95. Hy tm
n.

Gii :
T cng thc :
KTC( x ) = t p ,f .

iu kin :

S
n

n S
=
t
x

KTC( x ) 0,25%
n
S

t
0,25

V ch bit S (n =3) nn php tnh n y ch l gn ng.

Ngi ta chp nhn Sn # S3 = 0,4%, do :

n
t p,f

Sn
0,4

= 1,6
0,25
0,25

Tm cp gi tr n, tp,f bng h s Student :

n

11

12

13

t0,95;f

2,20

2,18

2,16

1,51

1,59

1,67

t 0 ,95; f

Vi n = 13 th

n
t p ,f

= 1,67.

Vy n 13.
Vy mun nng cao chnh xc u phi tr gi : tng t 3 ln 13 ln. V th cc
dng c c cp chnh xc cao thng rt t tin.
ng dng 4: Loi b s o c gi tr bt thng :

Gi s nghi ng x* trong dy o lp li n ln (x* c th l xmin hoc xmax). Ta tnh

x n-1 v Sn-1 (v loi b x* khi tnh ton). Nu tm thy :
|x* - x n-1| > 4.Sn-1
21

th c th loi b x*.
l quy tc Graf - Henning c p dng cho 4 < n < 1000.
b) Hm phn b 2

Hm phn b Gauss v Student cho php c lng . Hm phn b 2 cho php

c lng t S khi n nh
S2
S2
= (n 1) 2 = f 2

Khong bin thin : 0 2 +

( ) =
2

. ( )
2

f 2
2

.e

f
2 f / 2 .

Vy hm mu (2) 2khc vi hm mu (t) ch bin s ngu nhin 2 tn ti
trong khong (0 , + ).

(2) c y tnh cht ca mt hm mt xc sut :

( 2 )

(2 )

P = 1-

P = 1-

/ 2

2
1- / 2

Hm phn b (2) , ni chung l bt i xng, nhng bt i xng s cng

gim khi f tng ln
ng dng:
- Tnh GHTC ca t S ng vi xc sut P i xng hoc bt i xng
- Kim nh mt gi tr cho trc no c cn l lch chun tng qut cho S
hay khng (s cp trong chun 2 )
c) Hm phn b Fisher (F)

Gi s c hai tp hp mu {x1} c dung lng nI v {x2} c dung lng nII, c cc

phng sai mu S 2I v S 2II . Nu hai tp mu ny thuc v cng mt tp hp tng qut th
s sai khc gia 2 phng sai ny phi mang tnh cht ngu nhin.
Fisher ngh biu th s sai khc ngu nhin ny theo t s F v bin ngu nhin
mi:

22

F=

S 2I
S 2II

vi khong bin thin : 0 F +

Fisher tm ra hm phn b ((F), mt hm phn b mu c dng sau y :

f
(f I + f II ) I
f II

( F) =

f II / 2

. F(f

f f f
I II I . F + 1
2 2 f II

Trong : fI = nI - 1, fII = nII - 1.

/ 2 ) -1

( f I + f II ) / 2

(F) c y tnh cht ca mt hm mt xc sut :

(F)dF = 1
0

- Xc sut hai pha :

F( b )

P =

(F)dF

F( a )

ng vi khong (F(a) , F(b))

- Xc sut mt pha :
F( b )

P =

(F)dF
0

ng vi khong (0 , F(b))
Hm phn b Fisher l mt cng c hu hiu so snh cc loi phng sai rt
hay gp trong thc nghim ha hc.
Dng ng biu din ca hm F (Nu fI , fII cng ln dng ng cong cng i
xng)

0,8

(F)

( f I =10 ; f II = 50 )

0,6

(F) ( f I = 10 ; f II = 4 )

0,4
0,2

23

ng dng: Chun thng k F :

So snh hai phng sai mu xem c s khc bit h thng hay ngu nhin :
Cch tin hnh:
- Phng sai ln k hiu S 2I , fI.
- Phng sai nh k hiu S 2II , fII.
S 2I
Tnh Ftn = 2 v so snh vi Flt = FP ,f I ,f II
S II

k).

- Nu Ftn < Flt : S khc bit gia hai phng sai mang tnh ngu nhin (khng ng
- Nu Ftn > Flt : S sai khc gia hai phng sai mang tnh h thng (ng k).
Cch kim nh thng k ny gi l kim nh theo chun F.

Th d : so snh tay ngh gia hai k thut vin A v B, ngi ta ly mt mu

phn tch ng nht ri phn chia thnh nhiu mu mang s hiu khc nhau ln vo
hng lot mu phn tch khc (mc ch l khng bit c l mu th nghim song
song).
Kt qu phn tch c x l thng k tnh ra S :
KTV A : S = S5 = 0,4%
A

KTV B : S

= S6 = 0,9%

So snh tay ngh ca A v B, chn P = 0,95.

Gii :
Ftn

0,9 2
=
= 5,06
0,4 2

Tra bng tm Flt = F0,95;5;4 = 6,26

V Ftn < Flt nn c th kt lun l tay ngh ca cc k thut vin l tng ng
nhau. Kt lun ny c ng vc (mc ngha ) = 0,5%.

III. CC CHUN (TEST) THNG K.

1. Khi qut v phng php kim nh thng k:
a) Gi thit thng k:

Cc phng php kim nh thng k cho php gii thch mt cch khch quan cc
kt qu th nghim. Th d, c hai kt qu trung bnh x I v x II ca hai k thut vin khi

24

phn tch cng mt mu ng nht. Mun bit s sai khc gia x I v x II mang bn cht
ngu nhin hay h thng, cn phi dng phng php kim nh thng k.
Nu cho rng x I v x II thuc v cng mt tp hp tng qut th s sai khc ca
chng phi mang bn cht ngu nhin. Mt gi thit thng k nh vy c gi l gi
thit H0 (Null Hypothesis). Ngc li, nu cho rng x I v x II khng thuc cng mt tp
hp tng qut th s sai khc gia chng phi mang bn cht h thng. Gi thit ny c
gi l H1.(Alternative Hypthesis) Nu chp nhn H0 c ngha l bc b H1 v ngc li.
b) Mc ngha :

S chp nhn hay bc b mt gi thit thng k bao gi cng phi gn vi mt xc

sut tin cy xc nh v gn lin vi mt xc sut ng vc nht nh ( trong kim nh
thng k cn gi l mc ngha), k hiu l ty thuc vo s dng xc sut hai pha
(two tail) hay mt pha (one tail).
c) Chun thng k Z(Z test) :

kim nh thng k. cn phi dng cc chun thng k u tin chn mc

ngha thch hp, sau phi chn mt bin ngu nhin Z thch hp cho bi ton thng k.
Bin ngu nhin Z c hm mt (Z) v c sn cc im phn v Z P hay ZP ghi bng
thng k.
Th d : Z c th l bin ngu nhin hi t nh u, t, 2, F... Chn bin no th chun
thng k mang tn bin y : chun u, chun t, chun F...
Ngoi ra, nu chun thng k cn c theo xc sut mt pha hay hai pha th gi
tng ng l chun thng k mt pha hay hai pha.
Th d : Chun t hai pha, chun F mt pha...
Gi tr Z tra bng thng k gi l gi tr l thuyt, k hiu Zlt.
- Khi dng chun thng k mt pha, ch cn tra mt trong hai gi tr Zlt, ly Zlt(a)
hoc ly Zlt(b).
- Khi dng chun thng k hai pha, cn tra hai gi tr Zlt : Zlt(a) v Zlt(b) nu Zlt l
Z P . Khi : Zlt(a) = Z v Zlt(b) = Z1 .
Tuy nhin, nu Zlt l Zx th ch cn tra mt gi tr Zlt l .
Gi tr Z tnh c t s liu thc nghim (rt ra t tp hp mu {x}) gi l gi tr
thc nghim v k hiu Ztn.
Sau , so snh Zlt vi Ztn, v kt lun :
Gi thit H0 theo chun hai pha c chp nhn khi Ztn < ZP hoc Ztn nm trong
khong (Zlt(a), Zlt(b))
Gi thit H0 theo chun mt pha c chp nhn khi Ztn > Zlt(a) hoc Ztn < Zlt(b).
Nu cc iu kin H0 khng tha mn, c ngha l chp nhn H1.

25

- Z

Z
Chp nhn H0

Bc b H0

Bc b H0

- Z /2
Chp nhn H0

Bc b H0

Chp nhn H0

Z /2
Bc b H0

Cc loi sai lm trong trong kim nh gi thit thng k:

- Sai lm loi 1 (Type I Erro): Bc b gi thit H0 khi gi thit ny ng mc
ngha no ca kim nh , ngha l tin cy ca kim nh l (1-). Th d : =
5% c ngha l gi nh sai lm ca kim nh ny 5%, v vy tin cy l 95%.
- Sai lm loi II (Type II Erro): Ngc li vi sai lm loi I, Sai lm loi II l loi
sai lm ca vic chp nhn gi thit H0 khi gi thit ny sai mc ngha no .
Cn phi tun th nguyn tc :

* Khi bc b H0 th chn = 0,01, tc l P = 0,99.

* Khi chp nhn H0 th chn = 0,05, tc l P = 0,95.
* Khi nm gia Zlt;0,99 v Zlt;0,95 th cn thn, tt hn ht l lm thm th nghim
b sung ri hy kt lun.

2. Chun Dixon (Zlt = Q P,n )

a) Mc ch :

Chun Dixon dng loi b s o c gi tr bt thng trong mt tp hp mu

dung lng 3 n 8.
b) Cch thc hin :

- Sp xp cc s o theo trnh t t nh n ln :
x1 < x2 < ... < xn
- Tnh R :
R = |x1 - xn|
- Nu nghi ng x1 :
Q tn =

x 1* - x 2
R

- Nu nghi ng xn :

26

Q tn =

x *n - x n -1
R

- Gi tr Qlt tra bng Q P ,n .

Gi thit thng k : H0 : khng nn loi b x1 hay xn.
H1: loi b x1 hay xn.
+ Nu Qtn < Qlt : Chp nhn H0
+ Nu Qtn > Qlt : Chp nhn H1
Bng cc im phn v Q P,n

P = 0,90

P = 0,95

P = 0,99

0,89

0,94

0,99

0,68

0,77

0,89

0,56

0,64

0,76

0,48

0,56

0,70

0,43

0,51

0,64

0,40

0,48

0,58

Th d : C 4 s o : 8,26 8,28 8,29 v 8,42.

C nn loi b s o 8,42 hay khng ?
Gii :

t gi thit thng k
H0 : khng loi b s o 8,42
H1: Loi b s o 8,42
Tnh:
R = |8,26 - 8,42| = 0,16
Q tn =

8,42 - 8,29
0,16

= 0,81

Nu chn P = 0,95 ; Q0,95;4 = 0,77

Qtn > Qlt : bc b gi thit H0, c th loi b s o 8,42. Nhng theo qui tc trn,
khi bc b H0 nn chn P = 0,99. Khi , Q0,99;4 = 0,89 Qtn < Qlt .
khng nn loi b gi tr 8,42 v Q0,95 < Q < Q0,99.
Theo quy tc trn th nn lm thm th nghim b sung.
Gi s lm thm th nghim thu c s o l 8,32 :
27

R = |8,26 - 8,42| = 0,16

Q tn =

8,42 - 8,32
0,16

= 0,625 < Q0,95;5 = 0,64

Kt lun : Sau khi lm thm th nghim b sung th s o 8,42 khng b loi b.

3. Chun (t) (Zlt = p,n )

a) Mc ch :

Chun

c dng :

* Loi b cc s o c gi tr bt thng trong mt tp hp mu n 3. Thng

dng kt hp :
- Khi 3 n 8 : dng chun Q.

- Khi n 8 : dng chun

* Tm ra tn hiu o, t bit chc chn vt tn hiu nn. Cc bi ton v

nhim mi trng rt hay dng chun

b) Cch thc hin :

Tm gi tr xmin hay xmax nghi ng trong tp hp mu c gi tr bt thng .

+ Nu nghi ng xmin :

tn

x min x
n 1
S.
n

+ Nu nghi ng xmax :

tn

x max x
S.

n 1
n

+ t gi thit thng k :
H0 : khng loi b xmin hoc xmax
H1: Loi b xmin hoc xmax

lt : tra bng, nu :

tn < p,n : chp nhn H0 l khng nn loi b xmin (hoc xmax).

tn

>

p,n

: chp nhn H1 l c th loi b xmin (hoc xmax).

28

Mun loi b s o tip theo th cn tnh li

p. n-1.

tn

vi Sn-1 v x n 1 , sau so snh

vi

Bng cc im phn v

p,n

P = 0,90

P = 0,95

P = 0,99

1,41

1,41

1,41

1,65

1,69

1,72

1,79

1,87

1,96

1,89

2,00

2,13

1,97

2,09

2,27

2,04

2,17

2,37

2,10

2,24

2,46

10

2,15

2,29

2,54

11

2,19

2,34

2,61

Nhn xt :

So snh

v Q :

Bin Q khng tn dng ht cc s liu ca tp hp mu, mi ln kim nh ch

dng 3 gi tr x1, x2, x3 hoc x1, xn-1, xn, v vy khi n cng ln th chun Q cng tr nn
khng thch hp.

Bin tn dng ht tt c s liu ca tp hp mu nn chun

cho dung lng n nh v ln.

c th thch hp

Th d 1 : Ly th d trong chun Q :
n = 4 S = 0,0774 x = 8,3125

tn

8,42 - 8,3125
4 1
0,07274.
4

tn > 0,95;4

= 1,706

0,99;4

= 1,69 v <

= 1,72

Vy khng nn loi b gi tr x = 8,42.

Th d 2 : Mt h cha t nhin c hm lng cht Z n nh l 11,0 ppm. H c
nguy c b nhim bi cht Z t nh my k bn thi ra nn phi kim tra nh k bng
phng php phn tch c S = S5 = 0,9ppm.

Vy khi xc nh thy hm lng cht Z l bao nhiu tr ln th c th ni h bt

u b nhim bi Z ? Cho P = 0,95.
Gii :
29

Gi gi tr hm lng phi tm l xmax.

Gi x = 11,0 ppm.

tn

x max x

S.

Cho

n 1
n

xmax = x +

tn

.S.

n -1
n

tn = 0,95;5 = 1,87 (tra bng)

5 -1
= 12,5 ppm
5

xmax = 11,0 +1,87.0,9

Vy khi xi > 12,5 ppm/l th c th kt lun l h cha bt u b nhim.

Th d 3 : Hiu sut thu hi alcaloid t mt nguyn liu thc vt sau 5 ln xc nh
l x = 85% vi S = S5 = 2 %. Trong mt ln thu hi khc c hiu sut x = 92%.
Phi chng c mt bin ng ng k v nguyn liu trong ln ny ? Cho P = 0,95.

tn

92 - 85

4
2.
5

= 3,9

tn = 0,95;5 = 4,96
tn > lt

c s bin ng ng k v nguyn liu.

4. Cc chun 2 :
Chun 2, chun Bartlet ( Zlt = 2p ,f )
a. Mc ch :

Kim nh chnh xc thc t (ca dng c o lng, ca phng php phn

tch, ca tay ngh ngi phn tch) so vi chnh xc quy nh (chun 2).
Kim nh tnh ng nht ca mt dy phng sai mu rt ra t mt tp hp mu
tun theo nh lut phn b chun (chun Bartlet).
b.Kim nh chnh xc thc t (chun 2 thng thng) :

chnh xc quy nh l cho sn bi nh ch to dng c o lng hoc

phng php phn tch em s dng.. chnh xc thc t l S :
2tn = f

S2
2

2
2
Dng chun hai pha vi xc sut P v tra bng 2 tm gi tr 1
P v 1+ P
2

2
2
2
+ Nu 1
P < tn < 1+ P Kt lun : chnh xc thc t t chnh xc quy nh.
2

30

2
+ Nu 2tn > 1+
P

Kt lun : chnh xc thc t khng t yu cu.

2
2
+ Nu 2tn < 1
P Kt lun: chnh xc thc t vt tri hn chnh xc yu
2

cu.
Th d : Mt cn phn tch c = 0,0002 g. Sau mt thi gian s dng xc nh
c S = S5 = 0,0008 g. Vy chic cn ny c th coi l xung cp cha ? Cho P =
0,98.

4.(0,008) 2
=
= 72
(0,0002) 2
2
tn

2
12 P = 0,01;4
= 0,30

2
12+ P = 0,99;4
= 13,3

2tn = 72 > 02,99; 4 = 13,3

Kt lun : Chic cn ny b xung cp chnh xc, cn sa cha li.
Gi s : Sau khi sa cha, S5 = 0,0003g.

4.(0,003) 2
=
= 9 < 13,3
(0,0002) 2
2
tn

Kt lun : chnh xc cn c khi phc.

c. Kim nh tnh ng nht ca dy phng sai mu (chun 2 theo Bartlet)

Gi s c k phng sai mu S 2j nh s fj = 1, 2, ..., k vi fj = nj - 1.

+ Tnh phng sai ti hin S 2th (cn gi l phng sai mu c trng s k hiu: S 2n ,k )
:
S

2
th

f .S
=
f
j

2
j

(fth= fj = nj-k)

f th .S 2th = f j .S 2j

B = 2,303(fth.log S 2th -fj.log S 2th )

C = 1+

1
1
1

3(k 1) f j f th

Theo Bartlet, bin ngu nhin B/C i vi dy phng sai ng nht s tun theo
nh lut 2 vi bc s t do f = k - 1 nu tt c fj > 2.
Theo Bartlet :
2tn =

B
C

31

 lt2 : tra bng 2P ,f vi f = k - 1.

+ Nu 2tn < lt2 : dy phng sai mu S 2j thng nht. Ngha l cc phng sai
mu S 2j cng mt phng sai tng qut.
+ Nu 2tn > lt2 : dy phng sai khng ng nht. Ngha l cc dy phng sai S 2j
thuc v hai hoc nhiu phng sai tng qut khc nhau.
* Bartlet khng cho bit trong bao gm my nhm phng sai ng nht.
Chun Bartlet l mt cng c quan trng ca php phn tch phng sai.
Ch :

V C lun lun > 1, kim nh nhanh :

u tin tnh B v so snh vi 2P,f :
- Nu B < 2P ,f : khng cn tnh C.
- Nu B > 2P ,f : tnh thm C, lm nh trn.
Th d : Khi xc nh % C trong 4 mu thp khc nhau bng cch o th tch kh
CO2, ta thu c cc lch chun mu khc nhau. Hy kim nh tnh ng nht ca
cc phng sai mu, bin lun v nh hng ca cc thnh phn trong thp n chnh
xc ca php xc nh % C.

x j (%)

Sj (%)

fj

1,03

0,005

24

C pha 14% Cr

1,23

0,007

32

C pha thm 1,2% Si v 1,2% Cr

1,30

0,010

28

Loi thp Ferro mangan

1,38

0,008

32

Loi thp khng pha thm

Loi thp

Gii :

t Si = 1000Sj.(kt qu khng thay i)

i

Si

S i2

fj

fj. S i2

log S i2

fj.log S i2

25

24

600

1,3979

33,5496

49

32

1.568

1,6802

54,0864

100

28

2.800

2,0000

56,0000

10

64

32

2.048

1,0062

57,7984

116

7016

201,4344

32

S 2th =

7016
= 60,48
116

log S 2th = 1,7816

fth. log S 2th = 116 x 1,7816 = 206,6656
B = 2,303(fth. log S 2th - fj. log S i2 )
= 2,303(206,6656 - 201,4344) = 12,0475

lt2 = 02,99;3 = 11,3

So snh : B > lt2
Tnh thm :
C = 1+
=1+
2tn =

1
1
1

3(k 1) f j f th

1 1
1
1
1
1
+
+

= 1,0146
+
3(4 1) 24 32 28 32 116

B 12,0475
=
= 11,8740 11,87
C 1,0146

Kt lun : V 2tn = 11,87 > 02,99 = 11,3 nn cc phng sai mu S i2 l khng ng

nht.
Phng on : C l tnh khng ng nht do S3 = 0,010 ln nht trong dy ny. Ta
loi b v tnh li 2tn . Kt qu thu c 2tn = 5,63 v lt2 = 02,95; 2 = 5,99.
Vy cc phng sai cn li l ng nht.
Phng php xc nh % C trong mu thp Ferro mangan c chnh xc km
hn so vi cc mu thp cn li.

5. Chun Fisher. (Zlt = FP ,f ,f )

I

II

a) Mc ch :

Chun Fisher dng kim nh tnh ng nht ca hai phng sai mu S 2I v S 2II rt
ra t hai tp hp mu {xI} v {xII}.
iu kin : Cc tp hp ny tun theo nh lut phn b chun.
b) Cch thc hin :

Trong hai phng sai em kim nh S 2I > S 2II .

Ftn=

S 2I
S 2II

(lun lun ln hn 1)

So snh Ftn vi Flt = FP ,f ,f :

I

II

33

 Nu Ftn < FP ,f ,f th hai phng sai l ng nht

I

II

Nu Ftn > FP ,f ,f th hai phng sai khng ng nht.

I

II

Chun F l cng c quan trng ca php gii tch phng sai.

6. Chun Cochran . (Zlt= GP,f,n)

a) Mc ch :

Chun Cochran dng kim nh trong dy phng sai mu S 2j c cng dung

lng
nj = n, phng sai ln nht S 2max c ng nht vi cc phng sai cn li khng.
b) Cch thc hin :

Gi s c k phng sai mu S 2j dung lng n bng nhau v nh s j = 1, 2,, k,

S 2max l phng sai ln nht

Tnh Gtn theo cng thc :
G tn =

S 2max
S2j

Tra bng gi tr Glt trong bng im phn v Gp,f,n vi f = k - 1.

So snh gi tr Gtn vi gi tr Glt :
- Nu Gtn < Glt : S 2max sai bit khng ng k so vi cc phng sai cn li;dy
phng sai S 2j l ng nht.
- Nu Gtn > Glt : S 2max c sai s h thng vi cc phng sai cn li.
Loi S 2max va xem xt v c th th tip vi S 2max th hai trong dy phng sai
cho n khi thu c dy phng sai ng nht.
Lu : Khi th vi S 2max th hai , so snh Gtn 2 vi Gp,f,n , trong f = k -2.
Th d : Php xc nh % Cl- trong 4 mu khc nhau cho kt qu sau :

1) 11,28

11,30

11,31

2) 11,26

14,32

14,27

3) 18,60

18,72

18,62

4) 16,45

16,42

16,50

Hy tnh lch chun c trng s Sn,k ca php xc nh ny. Cho P = 0,95.

(Lu : Cn phi kim nh tnh ng nht ca cc phng sai trc khi tnh Sn,k).
Gii :

Kim nh tnh ng nht ca cc phng sai mu theo chun Cochran :

34

S12 = 0,0002333

S 22 = 3,071033

S 32 = 0,004133

S 24 = 0,001633

S 2max = S 2

S 2max
3,071033
=
= 0,5877
Gtn =
2
S j 3,077032

Glt = G0,95;3;3 = 0,7977 > Gtn = 0,5877.

Cc phng sai mu l khng ng nht.
Loi b S 22 ra khi dy phng sai trn .Xem xt 3 phng sai cn li.
3 phng sai cn li ng nht vi nhau
S 2n ,k =

f .S
j

2
j

f n ,k

2.00599
= 0,001966 vi fn,k= nj-k
93

Sn,k = 0,0443
Sn,k 0,04%

7. Chun Student (t-Test):

a) Mc ch :

- Kim nh s sai khc gia hai gi tr trung bnh x I v x II trong iu kin S 2I

v S 2II (sau khi kim nh bng chun F) Sai s mang tnh ngu nhin hoc h
thng.
- Tnh ton gii hn tin cy - nh gi kt qu phn tch.
b) Cch thc hin :
* Kim nh hai gi tr trung bnh :

Tnh ttn theo cng thc :

t tn =

x I x II
(n I 1)S 2I + (n II 1)S 2II

n I n II (n I + n II 2)
n I + n II

* Nu nI = nII = n th :

t tn =

x I x II
S 2I + S 2II

- Tra tlt = tp,f trong bng im phn v (vi f = nII + nII - 2)

35

- So snh ttn v tlt :

Nu ttn < tlt : S sai khc gia hai gi tr trung bnh mang tnh ngu nhin.

Nu ttn > tlt : S sai khc gia hai gi tr trung bnh mang tnh h thng.

Ch : Nu c gi tr x nn so snh vi x bit gi tr no ng hn.

Th d : Hm lng % N tm thy trong cc mu phn tch bi hai nhm sn xut
cho kt qu sau : x I = 9,36 vi SI = 0,09 v x II = 9,57 vi SII = 0,034 , nI = nII = 4.
Hy so snh hai kt qu trung bnh ? (P = 0,95)
Gii :

Kim nh tnh ng nht gia hai phng sai :

0,09 2
= 7,0
Ftn =
0,034 2

Flt = F0,95;3;3 = 9,28

Ftn < Flt : Hai phng sai ng nht.

p dng chun t so snh hai gi tr trung bnh :

t tn =

9,36 - 9,57
0,09 2 + 0,034 2

tlt = t0,95;6 = 2,45

. 4 = 4,36
t0,99;6 = 3,71

Hai gi tr trung bnh sai khc rt ng k.

* Tnh gii hn tin cy :

tP,f =

x
S

= x

. n

t P ,f S
n

(vi f = n -1)

hay GHTC () = x

t P ,f S
n

Th d 1 : Kt qu phn tch nguyn t X l 53,2; 53,6; 4,9; 52,3; 53.6; 53.1 mg.
Vy phng php phn tch c mc sai s h thng khng nu gi tr thc ca X l 56,3
mg ? (P = 0,95)

Gii :

- Kim tra s o c gi tr bt thng trong dy s liu thu c theo chun Q :

khng loi gi tr no.
- Tnh : x = 53,45.
- Tnh : S = 0,85.
- Tnh : ttn = 8,2.
Tra bng : tlt = t0,95;5 = 2,57
36

 ttn > tlt : Phng php mc sai s h thng.

Th d 2 : Sau 5 ln phn tch Al2O3, thu c cc kt qu (%) : 2,25; 2,19; 2,11;
2,38; 2,32. Vy hm lng ca Al2O3 bng bao nhiu, vi P = 0,95 ?
Gii :

- Kim tra chun Q : khng b gi tr no.

- Tnh : x = 2,25.
- Tnh : S = 0,11.
- Tra bng : tlt = t0,95;4 = 2,78.

t 0,95; 4 .S

= 0,14

Hm lng thc ca Al2O3 :

= (2,25 0,14) %
Ngha l trong khong 2,11 - 2,39 %.
* So snh gi tr x vi gi tr tht (bit trc)
Tnh ttn =

x
S

. n

Nu ttn < tlt : x # (s khc bit gia 2 gi tr l ngu nhin)

ttn > tlt : x ( c th do sai s h thng no )
Th d : Mt mu cha 49,06 0,02% cht X .Hai phng php phn tch cho cc
gi tr o:

PPA : 49,01 ; 49,21 ; 49,08

PPB : 49,40 ; 49,44 ; 49,42
Tnh x , GHTC v nh gi 2 kt qu (P = 0,95)
Gii :

- Kim tra cc gi tr bng chun Q: khng b gi tr no

- x A = 49,10%

SA = 0,10

- x B = 49,42% SB = 0,02
* So snh x v
ttnA=

49,06 49,10
0,10

3 = 0,69 < t0,95;2 = 4,3

x A # : s khc bit ch do sai s ngu nhin

ttnB =

49,06 49,42
0,02

3 = 31 > t0,95;2 = 4,3

37

x B : s khc bit do sai s h thng

* So snh v ng:
49,10 49,42

ttn =

0,12 + 0,02 2

. 3 = 5,43 > t0,95; 4 = 2,78

Hai gi tr trung bnh c s sai khc ng k (sai s h thng)

* So snh lp li:
Ftn =

S 2A 0,10 2
=
= 25 > F0,95;2;2 =
S 2B 0,02 2

19

lp li ca hai th nghim cng sai khc nhau mt cch h thng.

* Tnh gii hn tin cy:
t 0,95; 2 .S A
n
t 0,95; 2 .S B
n

= 0,25
= 0,05

A=(49,10 0,25)% nm trong khong tin cy

B=(49,42 0,05)% nm ngoi khong tin cy

8. Chun Gauss (Zlt = Up)

a) Mc ch :

Chun Gauss c dng kim nh s sai khc gia hai gi tr trung bnh x I v
x II c cng phng sai tng qut 2
b) Cch thc hin i vi bin ngu nhin x tun theo hm phn b chun :

- Tnh Utn theo cng thc :

Utn =

x I x II

n I .n II
n I + n II

* Nu nI = nII = n :

Utn =

x I x II

n
2

- Tra bng Ult = Up.

Vi gi tr ng nh :
U0,90 = 1,64 (P = 0,90)
U0,95 = 1,96 (P = 0,9)
U0,99 = 2,52 (P = 0,99)
38

- So snh Utn v Ult.

Th d : em phn tch hai mu king, thu c kt qu :

Mu A

Mu B

ca phng php phn tch

As

1290 ppm

1090 ppm

95 ppm

Ce

0,45

0,6

0,17

La

3,93

3,61

0,09

Sb

2,7

1,5

1,5

Th

0,61

0,81

0,08

C th coi hai mu king ny thuc cng mt loi khng ? Cho P = 0,95.

Gii :

Tnh Utn ca cc nguyn t theo cng thc :

u tn =

xA - xB

1
2

As
Utn

1,49

Ce
0,62

La*
2,51

Sb
0,57

Th
1,77

- Tra bng Ult = U0,95 = 1,96.

V Utn ca La ln hn r rt Ult nn hai mu king ny khng cng mt loi.

9. Chun Duncan. (Zlt = q P , R ,f th )

a) Mc ch :

Chun Duncan c dng kim nh s sai khc gia mt gi tr trung bnh vi

ln lt cc gi tr trung bnh cn li, trn c s thit lp s sai khc h thng v ngu
nhin gia cc gi tr trung bnh v nh gi tc dng nh hng ca cc yu t gy ra s
khc bit ca gi tr trung bnh.
iu kin thc hin kim nh Duncan :
- Phi oan chc rng cc phng sai mu l ng nht (kim nh chun Bartlet).
- Phng sai ti hin v phng sai i snh l khng ng nht (kim nh bng
chun Fisher).
Ch : Kim nh chun Bartlet v Fisher c thc hin trc khi kim nh
chun Duncan.
b) Cch thc hin :

Gi s c k mu nh s i = 1, 2, 3, ..., k, mi mu i c tin hnh ni th nghim

song song, t tnh c gi tr trung bnh x i v S i2 .
* Kim nh tnh ng nht ca S i2 theo Bartlet :
39

 2tn =

B
C

Kim nghim : 2tn < lt2 = 2P ,f

(vi f = k - 1)

* Kim chng tnh khng ng nht gia S 2th v S ds2 theo chun Fisher :
S 2th =

f S
f
i

vi fi = ni 1 ; fth =

2
=
S ds

1
n i (x i x)
k 1

vi : x =

n x
n
i

1
nixi
N

2
1 k
1
. n i .x i k - 1 i =1
N

S ds2 =

( n .x )
2

fs = k - 1

* Phng sai i snh S ds2 phn nh s sai khc cc gi tr trung bnh v lun lun
ln hn S 2th .
Fth =

S ds2
.
S 2th

Tra Flt = FP ,f

ds , f th

vi : fs = k - 1

fth = fi
So snh Ftn v Flt :
- Nu Ftn > Flt : Gia cc gi tr trung bnh c s sai s h thng, tin hnh kim
nh bng chun Duncan pht hin so snh h thng ny.
- Nu Ftn < Flt : Khng c sai s h thng gia cc gi tr trung bnh..
* Kim nh theo chun Duncan :

- Tm qtn v qlt :
* Tm qtn :
Xp li x i theo th t t ln n nh v nh s bc r = 1, 2, 3, ..., k.
Gi s cn so snh x i v x i , vi x i > x i .
Tm s bc r v r tng ng r < r.
R l s bc tng i gia x i v x i :
R = r- r + 1
Gi tr bc R v fth dng tnh qlt trong bng Duncan.
40

* Tnh qtn :
q tn =

xi '- xi"

S th

2n i '.n i "
ni ' + ni"

* So snh qtn v qlt :

Nu qtn < q 0,95;R ;f : s sai khc gia x i v x i khng mang tnh h thng
th

Ghi: x i x i
Nu qtn > q 0,95;R ;f : s sai khc gia x i v x i mang tnh h thng ng k.
th

Ghi : x i ' > x i "

Nu qtn > q 0,99;R ;f :s sai khc gia x i v x i mang tnh h thng rt ng k.
th

Ghi: x i >> x i
Th d : ch to mu chun dng cho phng php phn tch bng ph pht x
nguyn t, ngi ta chn mt tm st ng nht ri ln lt ca thnh cc ming nh c
3x3 cm2. kim tra tnh ng nht ca mi ming, ngi ta tin hnh xc nh % Cr
4 ln. C 5 ming th chn ming th nm lm mu phn tch. Chn c 6 mu nh
vy, ring mu th hai th ch phn tch 3 ln v st b r, phi loi b.

Hy kim tra tnh ng nht ca cc mu chun cn c theo bng s liu sau (xp
ln lt theo chiu di ca tm st) :
i
ni

1,42

1,42

1,41

1,44

xi

1,423

2
1,42
1,39
1,41
1,407

1,38

1,37

1,38

1,32

1,41

1,34

1,36

1,33

1,41

1,38

1,37

1,34

1,42

1,34

1,37

1,32

1,405

1,358

1,370

1,328

41

Gii :

t X = 100x - 140 : chuyn thnh bng :

i

ni
1

+2

+2

+1

+4

+9

2
+2
-1
+1
+2

-2

-3

-2

-8

+1

-6

-3

-7

+1

-2

-4

-6

+2

-6

-3

-8

+2

- 17

- 12

- 29

- 45

S i2

1,583

2,333

3,000

4,25

0,667

0,917

Xi

+
2,25

+ 0,667

+ 0,50

- 4,25

- 3,0

- 7,25

* Kim nh tnh ng nht ca S i2 theo chun Bartlet :

Lp bng sau :
I

S i2

fi

fi. S i2

log S i2

fi.log S i2

1,583

4,749

0,19948

0,59844

2,333

4,666

0,36791

0,73583

3,000

9,000

0,47712

1,43136

4,25

12,75

0,62839

1,88517

0,667

2,001

- 0,17587

- 0,52797

0,917

2,751

- 0,03763

- 0,11289

17

35,917

4,01001

Tnh :
S

2
th

f .S
=
f
i

2
i

35,917
= 2,1128 (fth = fj = 17)
17

log S 2th = 0,3248

fth.log S 2th = 5,52247
B = 2,303(fth.log S 2th - fi.log S i2 )
42

= 2,303(5,52247 - 4,01001) = 3,438

lt2 = 02,95;5 = 11,1 > 3,483 = 2tn

Vy cc phng sai l ng nht.
* Kim nh tnh khng ng nht gia phng sai theo chun Fisher :

S 2th = 2,1128 fth = 17

2
=
S ds

1
1
2
n i x i2 ( n i x i )

k 1
N

1
6 -1

9 2 2 2 2 2 17 2 12 2
29 2 45 2
+
+
+
+
+
3
4
4
4
4
23
4

S 2th = 50,60
Ftn =

S ds2
S

2
th

fs = 6 - 1 = 5
50,60
= 23,95
2,1128

Flt = F0,95;5;17 = 2,81

F0,99;5;17 = 4,34

Vy cc phng sai l khng ng nht v : Ftn > Flt

* Kim nh theo chun Duncan :
Sp xp li cc gi tr trung bnh t ln n nh, ta c bng nh sau :
r

Xi

+ 2,25

+ 0,667

+ 0,50

- 3,0

- 4,25

- 7,25

ni

S th = 2,11 = 1,453

Tnh :
- So snh hai gi tr x i = + 2,25 v x i = + 0,667 :

q tn =

2,25 - 0,667 2.4.3

.
= 2,021 (R = r- r + 1 = 2 - 1 + 1= 2)
1,453
4+3

- So snh hai gi tr x i = 2,25 v x i = + 0,50 :

q tn =

2,25 - 0,50 2.4.4

= 2,41
.
4+4
1,453

(R = 3)

Lp bng :

43

xi '

xi"

qtn

q0,95;R;17

q0,99;R;17

Kt lun

+ 2,25

+ 0,667

2,021

2,98

4,10

+ 0,50

2,41

3,13

4,30

- 3,00

7,24

3,22

4,41

>>

- 4,25

8,97

3,28

4,50

>>

-7,25

13,10

3,33

4,56

>>

+ 0,50

0,21

2,98

4,10

- 3,00

4,68

3,13

4,30

>>

- 4,25

6,28

3,22

4,41

>>

-7,25

10,10

3,28

4,50

>>

- 3,00

4,83

2,98

4,10

>>

- 4,25

6,55

3,13

4,30

>>

-7,25

10,69

3,22

4,50

>>

- 4,25

1,72

2,98

4,10

-7,25

5,86

3,13

4,30

>>

-7,25

4,14

2,98

4,10

>>

+ 0,667

+ 0,50

- 3,00
- 4,25

Phng php lp bng ny ca Doerffel tuy khi qut nhng khng tin cho vic
bin lun kt qu. Gio s C Thnh Long ngh mt phng php khc :
Nguyn tc :

Vic so snh gi tr trung bnh cng mt lc ging nh vic phn hng nhiu i
bng trong cch thi u vng trn. Trong trn ha , mi i c 1 im; trong trn
thng (> hoc >>), i thng c 2 im, i thua 0 im. S ln thng m (tng ng
>>) c ghi di dng ch s di bn phi ca im tng kt.
Gi tr trung bnh cng ln th c im tng kt cng cao.
Cc gi tr trung bnh c coi l hon ton tng ng nhau khi c cng im
tng kt v cng ch s.
i

x i (% Cr)

1,423

1,407

1,405

1,358

1,370

1,328

im tng kt

83

83

83

31

31

T bng trn, c th kt lun :

44

Hm lng % Cr nhng phn u ca tm st (3 mu u tin) l hon ton ng

nht nhau v c th dng lm mu chun. Dc theo chiu di ca tm st, k t mu s 4,
hm lng % Cr cng tr nn km ng nht. Do khng nn dng lm mu chun.

CU HI N TP
1- Phn bit sai s ngu nhin v sai s h thng. Cho bit cch loi tr hoc lm
gim cc sai s trn trong thc nghim ha hc.
2- Cch loi b cc s liu bt thng thu c trong thc nghim ha hc.
3- So snh v phn bit mc ch s dng ca cc chun thng k: Bartlet, Fisher,
Ducan, Cohran, Student.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1- Doerffel Thng k trong ha hc phn tch NXB H&THCN 1983
2- C Thnh Long Gio trnh x l thng k trong thc nghim ha hc H
Tng hp TP HCM 1991
3- ng Hng Thng Thng k v ng dng NXB GD 1999

45

Chng 2: PHN TCH PHNG SAI

I. KHI QUT V PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE)
1. Mc ch v ngha:
Cn phn bit hai loi yu t nh hng n gi tr ca mt s o thc nghim : yu
t c bn v yu t ngu nhin.
Yu t c bn : Bao gm mt nhm cc iu kin c bn ca th nghim. Mi iu
kin c coi l mt yu t c bn. Trong th nghim Ha hc, yu t c bn thng l
yu t lm dch chuyn cn bng ha hc hoc lm thay i vn tc phn ng. Th d :
nhit , p sut, nng cc cht xc tc, nng tc cht... l cc yu t c bn. Mi
iu kin c th ca th nghim gi l mc c nh ca yu t c bn. Chng hn, nh
hng ca pH c kho st 3 mc c nh l pH = 2, pH = 3, pH = 4.
Khi lp k hoch th nghim, vi khong mc c nh chn th yu t c bn c
th gy ra s thay i c tnh h thng ca gi tr trung bnh. Nu xt v mt sai s th
yu t c bn l yu t c kh nng gy ra sai s h thng ca php o.
Khi c nhiu phng th nghim cng tham gia phn tch mt mu ng nht bng mt
quy trnh phn tch ging ht nhau, thng xy ra c s khc bit h thng gia cc gi
tr trung bnh thu c bi mi phng th nghim. Tnh hung ny rt hay gp trong thc
t kim nghim. Khi ngi ta chp nhn mt yu t c bn c bit gi l yu t
phng th nghim vi s mc c nh bng ng bng s phng th nghim tham gia.
Yu t ngu nhin : Th hin khi lp li th nghim vi cc iu kin c bn
khng h thay i, thu c nhng gi tr o khc nhau. y l sai s ngu nhin thun
ty ca th nghim. c lng sai s ngu nhin ny vi mi mc c nh ca yu t
c bn cn phi tin hnh mt s th nghim song song.
Mi gi tr o cha ng nh hng ng thi ca yu t c bn v yu t ngu
nhin.
Mc ch ca phn tch phng sai l tch bit v so snh tng loi yu t n gi tr
o: nh hng gia cc yu t c bn vi nhau, gia cc yu t c bn vi cc yu t
ngu nhin. Hn na, phn tch phng sai cn cho php pht hin mt lot nh hng
c bit ch th hin khi c mt ng thi hai hay nhiu yu t c bn.

Phn tch phng sai c s dng rng ri trong Ha phn tch pht hin v nh
gi vai tr ca ngun sai s khc nhau. Trong Ha hc ni chung, phn tch phng sai l
mt cng c tm ra cc iu kin ti u ha trong hoch nh th nghim.
Ty theo s yu t c bn d nh em kho cu, phn tch phng sai mt yu t,
hai yu t, nhiu yu t... Thng thng mi yu t c kho cu t nht vi hai mc c
nh.

2. Nguyn tc v thut ton:

S thng ging ca gi tr o do mi yu t gy ra c c trng bng mt
phng sai mu vi bc s t do tng ng. Php so snh nh hng ca cc yu t rt
thnh php kim nh tnh ng nht ca cc yu t.
46

- Kim nh tnh ng nht ca 2 phng sai : chun Fisher.

- Kim nh tnh ng nht ca mt dy phng sai : chun Bartlet hoc Cochran.
Thut ton :
C hai loi phng sai c trng ca phn tch phng sai :
- Phng sai ti hin S 2th : biu th tc dng ca yu t ngu nhin thun ty n
gi tr o.
- Phng sai i snh S ds2 : biu th tc dng chung ca yu t ngu nhin v yu t c
bn n gi tr o.
+ Nu S 2th v S ds2 ng nht (theo Fisher) : yu t c bn khng nh hng n kt
qu o.
+ Nu S 2th v S ds2 khng ng nht, S ds2 ln t S 2th , c th tch S ds2 thnh hai phn
ring :
Thnh phn S 2th ca yu t ngu nhin thun ty
Thnh phn S 2A ca yu t c bn A
Mi quan h gia S 2th v S ds2 v S 2A c gii quyt da vo s lp li ni mi mc j
ca yu t A , nu ni ng u cho mi mc (th nghim i xng) th:
2
= S 2th + n S 2A
S ds

(n l s ln th nghim song song)

II. PHN TCH PHNG SAI MT YU T (SINGLE FACTOR)

Mc ch : nh gi s nh hng ca mt yu t no trn cc gi tr trung bnh
ca kt qu o

Gi s kho st nh hng ca yu t c bn A vi k mc c nh, nh s j = 1, 2,... ,

k, mi mc tin hnh th nghim song song nh s i = 1, 2,... ,n

1. Trnh t thc hin:

Bc 1: Lp bng ghi kt qu o xji v tnh thm cc cc d liu cn thit

x11

x21

x12

x22

...

...

...

x1n

x2n

...

k
xk1

...

xk2
...
xkn

47

N = n ji
i =1 j=1

xj =

x
i =1

x1

x2

xk

...

ni
k

x
i =1

T1

T2

2
1

2
2

...

s22

...

T = Tj

Tk

...

j=1

x 2j = x i2

s 2j

s12

i =1

2
k

j=1

2
j

s2k

Cc k hiu :
*Trung bnh ca mu
n

xj =

x
i =1

ni

Tj
ni

* Trung bnh chung:

x=

T
N

* SST: Tng bnh phng chung (Total Sum of Squares)

n1

n2

nk

T2
SST = ( x 1i x ) + ( x 2i x ) +.+ ( x ki x ) = x
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
2

2
ji

* SSF : Tng bnh phng do yu t (Sum of Squares for Factor)

Tk2 T 2
T12 T22
SSF = n j ( x j x ) =
+
+ ... +

nk
N
n1 n 2
j=1
k

* SSE : Tng bnh phng do sai s (Sum of Squares for Erro)

SSE = SST SSF

* MSF : Trung bnh bnh phng ca yu t (Mean Square for
Factor)

MSF =

SSF
= S ds2
k 1

(fs = k-1 )

* MSE : Trung bnh bnh phng ca sai s (Mean Square for

Erro)
MSE =

SSE
= S 2th (fth= N-k)
Nk

* MST : Trung bnh bnh phng chung (Mean Total Sum of quare)

48

MST =
* Ftn=

SST
2
= S Chung
(fchung = N-1)
N 1

2
SSF S ds
= 2 (Flt = FP ,f ds ,f th )
SSE S th

So snh Ftnv Flt

+ Nu Ftn < Flt : S 2th v S ds2 ng nht (theo Fisher) :
2
Yu t c bn A khng nh hng n kt qu o.. Ly S chung
biu th sai s
ngu nhin ca ton b php o, vi bc s t do fchung = N - 1.

+ Nu Ftn > Flt : S 2th v S ds2 khng ng nht (theo Fisher)

Yu t c bn A nh hng ng k n kt qu o .Trong dy gi tr trung
bnh nht nh c mt hoc vi cp c sai bit h thng (tin hnh bc 2)

Ngun gc phng sai

Tng bnh
S bc
phng cc
t do
lch

Phng sai

Tc dng chung ca
yu t c bn v ngu
nhin

k-1

SSF

Tc dng ring ca
yu t ngu nhin

N-k

SSE

S 2th =

Ngu nhin ha mi
tc dng ca yu t c
bn v ngu nhin

N- 1

SST

2
S Chung
=

2
=
S ds

SSF
k 1
SSE
Nk
SST
N 1

Thnh phn
ca phng sai
2
= S 2th + n S 2A
S ds

(th nghim i
xng)

S 2th
2
S chung

Bc 2 :Kim nh tnh ng nht ca phng sai theo chun Bartlet hoc

Cochran (khi th nghim i xng cc nj=n):

Cn loi b cc phng sai ln cho n khi cc phng sai cn li u ng nht

Bc3 : Kim nh tnh khng ng nht ca S 2th v S ds2 theo chun Fisher :
Ftn =

S ds2
S 2th

Flt = FP , f

ds

, f th

vi fs = k - 1 fth = k(n - 1)

So snh vi Ftn v Flt :

Nu Ftn < Flt , kt lun : yu t A khng c nh hng ng k n cc gi tr o
(trn cc s o cn li sau khi loi b bc 2)

49

 Nu Ftn > Flt, kt lun : yu t A c nh hng ng k n gi tr o. Trong dy

gi tr trung bnh nht nh c mt hoc vi cp c sai bit h thng., cn tin hnh bc
4 kim nh sai bit gia cc gi tr trung bnh.
Bc 4 : Kim nh s sai bit h thng gia cc gi tr trung bnh theo chun
Duncan:

Ta sp xp li x j theo trnh t t ln n nh, nh s bc r = 1, 2, ..., k; sau tin

hnh nh phn chun Duncan.

III. BI TP NG DNG
1. Bi tp 1:
Hm lng Ca (%) trong mu vi c xc nh bng 3 phng php khc
nhau. Hy cho bit hm lng Ca thu c c b nh hng bi cc phng php phn
tch khc nhau khng?
Bng kt qu:
PP1

12

10

11

12

PP2

12

14

15

16

PP3

12

11

13

10

12

Bc 1: Lp bng v ghi cc d liu cn thit

Gi thit thng k
H0 : Hm lng Ca khng b nh hng bi phng php phn tch
(Cc gi tr trung bnh thu c xem nh tng ng nhau)
H1 : Hm lng Ca b nh hng bi phng php phn tch
(Cc gi tr trung bnh thu c c s khc bit )
PP1

PP2

PP3

12

12

12

10

14

11

11

15

13

12

16

10

9
12
nj

fj

50

N =14

xj

11

14,25

11.5

66

57

46

S 2j

1,6

2,916667

1,666667

T2
SST = x
= 48,9286
N
2
ji

Tk2 T 2
T12 T22
SSF =
+
+ ... +

= 27,1786
nk
N
n1 n 2

SSE = SST SSF = 21,75

Ftn =

S ds2
S 2th

MSF =

SSF
= S ds2 = 13,5893
k 1

MSE =

SSE
= S 2th = 1,9773
Nk

(fs = k-1 = 3-1 = 2)

(fth= N-k = 14-3 = 11)

= 6,8727 > F0,95;2;11 = 3,98

Yu t phng php phn tch c nh hng n kt qu o

Bc 2: Kim nh tnh ng nht ca cc phng sai bng chun Barlet

f j log S 2j

PP1

PP2

PP3

1,0206

1,3947

0,6655

f j log S 2j

3,0808

B = 2,303( f th log S 2th - f j log S 2j )

B = 2,303(11.log1,9773 3,0808) = 0,4053 < 02,95; 2 = 5,99 (f = k-1 = 2)
Cc phng sai ng nht
Bc 3: Kim nh tnh khng ng nht ca S 2th v S ds2 theo chun Fisher :
Ftn =

S ds2
S 2th

= 6,8727 > F0,95;2;11 = 3,98

Cc phng sai S 2th v S ds2 l khng ng nht Yu t phng php phn tch
c nh hng n cc kt qu thu c
Bc 4: Kim nh s sai bit h thng gia cc gi tr trung bnh theo chun Duncan :

Lp bng

51

xj

14,25

11,5

11

nj

Sth = 1,4062
Qtn =

x j x j

2.n j .n j

S th

n j + n j

Qlt = Q 0,95;R ;f v Q 0,99;R ;f ( vi fth= 11 v R = r/ - r// +

th

th

1)
x j

x j

Qtn

Q 0,95;R ;f th

Q 0,99;R ;f th

K t lu n

14,25

11,5

3,91

3,12

4,4

>

11

5,06

3,26

4,64

>>

11

0,78

3,12

4,4

11,5

Bng im tng kt:

Ph

ng php

PP1

PP2

PP3

Hm l ng Ca
(%)

11

14,25

11,5

i m t ng k t

41

Kt lun:

Bc b gi thit H0 , chp nhn gi tht H1.Ngha l hm lng Ca thu c t 3

PP phn tch c s khc bit . Trong PP1 v PP3 xem nh cho kt qu tng ng
nhau.
Ch : y cha bit gi tr ng ca Ca nn khng th kt lun l PP no cho
kt qu ng .

2. Bi tp 2:
Hy so snh nh hng ca cc halogenur alkyl CH3I (a1), C3H7I (a2), C4H9I (a3),
C2H5Br (a4), C3H7Br (a5) n hiu sut (%) ca phn ng polimer theo c ch gc t do,
da vo bng s liu o hiu sut :

52

(a1)

(a2)

(a3)

(a4)

(a5)

79,8

87,3

42,5

76,0

70,7

86,3

69,6

64,3

83,8

64,8

86,5

81,8

79,0

72,8

38,5

92,3

78,0

61,0

89,0

77,0

76,5

83,7

31,3

76,5

91,5

87,1

64,8

72,9

87,5

68,0

82,5

67,3

58,7

74,5

38,1

90,0

75,5

52,5

93,2

80,0

j
i

Gii :
Bc 1:: Lp bng v ghi cc d liu cn thit

Gi thit thng k
H0 : Cc halogenur alkyl khng nh hng n hiu sut
(Cc hiu sut thu c xem nh tng ng nhau)
H1 : Cc halogenur alkyl c nh hng n hiu sut
(Cc hiu sut thu c c s khc bit )
1

(a1)

(a2)

(a3)

(a4)

(a5)

79,8

87,3

42,5

76,0

70,7

86,3

69,6

64,3

83,8

64,8

86,5

81,8

79,0

72,8

38,5

92,3

78,0

61,0

89,0

77,0

76,5

83,7

31,3

76,5

91,5

87,1

64,8

72,9

87,5

68,0

82,5

67,3

58,7

74,5

38,1

90,0

75,5

52,5

93,2

80,0

xj

85,125

76

57,775

81,6625

66,075

Tj

681

608

462,2

653,3

528,6

j
i

53

T= Tj = 2933,1
27,4364

S 2j

66,7086

242,1678

59,1655

361,3421

N = 40
T2
SST = x
= 9379,9397
N
2
ji

Tk2 T 2
T12 T22
SSF =
+
+ ... +

= 4082,196
nk
N
n1 n 2

SSE = SST SSF = 5297,7437

Ftn =

S ds2
S 2th

MSF =

SSF
= S ds2 = 1020,549
k 1

MSE =

SSE
= S 2th = 151,3641
Nk

(fs = k-1 = 5-1 = 4)

(fth= N-k = 40-5 = 35)

= 6,7539 > F0,95;4;35 = 2,65

Yu t halogenur alkyl c nh hng n hiu sut ca phn ng (cc hiu sut thu
c c s khc bit nhau)
Ch : Nu th nghim i xng (nj = n), s dng gi tr S 2j kim nh s ng nht
ca cc phng sai theo chun Cochran
Bc 2: Kim nh s ng nht ca cc phng sai theo chun Cochran
S 2max = 361,3421

S 2max
361,3421
=
= 0,4774
Gtn =
2
S j 756,8204

Glt = G0,95;k-1,n = G0,95;4;8 = 0,3910 ; G0,99;4;8 = 0,4627 < Gtn

loi b S 2max = 361,3421
Xem xt 4 phng sai cn li :
S 2max = 242,1678

Gtn =

S 2max
242,1678
=
= 0,6123
2
S j 756,8204 361,3421

Glt = G0,95;3;8 = 0,4377 ; G0,99;3,8 = 0,5209 < Gtn loi b S 2max = 242,1678
Xem xt 3 phng sai cn li :
S 2max = 66,7086

54

Gtn =

S 2max
66,7086
=
= 0,2029
2
S j 756,8204 361,3421 66,7086

Glt = G0,95;2;8 = 0,5157 > Gtn = 0,2029

3 phng sai cn li l ng nht
Bng s liu b i 2 ct a3 v a5
T = 2933,1 - 462,2 528,6 = 1942,3
N = 40 16 = 24
k=3
SST = x 2ji

T2
= 1412,6895
N

Tk2 T 2
T12 T22
SSF = +
+ ... +

= 339,5158
nk
N
n1 n 2

SSE = SST SSF = 1073,1737

MSF =

SSF
= S ds2 = 169,7579 (fs = k-1 = 3-1 = 2)
k 1

MSE =

SSE
= S 2th = 51,1035
Nk

(fth= N-k = 24-3 = 21)

Bc 3 : Kim nh tnh khng ng nht ca S 2th v S ds2 theo chun Fisher :

Ftn =
Ftn =

S ds2
S 2th
S ds2*
S 2th*

= 3,3218 > F0,95;2;21 = 3,47

=

1185,40
= 11,98
98,87

Flt = F0,95;3;28 = 4,57 < 11,98

Cc hiu sut ca a1, a2, v a4 khng c s khc bit nhau.
Kt lun: Chp nhn gi thit thng k H1, cc halogenur alkyl c nh hng n hiu
sut ca phn ng polimer ha. Sau khi loi b a3 v a5 th cc hiu sut cn li a1, a2, v
a4 khng c s khc bit nhau.

55

BI TP
1. Kt qu phn tch hm lng (%) ca H2SO4 do 3 nhm sinh vin thc hin nh
sau:
Nhm 1: 79

86

94

89

Nhm 2: 71

77

81

88

Nhm 3: 82

68

70

76

Kim nh xem hm lng trung bnh ca cc nhm thu c c ging nhau khng?
2. nh gia hiu sut ca phng php chit thuc tr su Basudin t cc h dung
mi thu c kt qu sau (%):
CH3COOH:

78,4

72,2

71,6

73,3

78,4

76,4

78,4

76,1

CH3COOH:CCl4 (1:1): 95,9

96,8

97,8

95,8

93,9

98,8

98,8

97,8

CH3COOH:CCl4(1:2): 96,8

95,5

95,8

94,8

96,8

96,8

94,3

95,8

Cho P=0,95

TI LIU THAM KHO

4- Doerffel Thng k trong ha hc phn tch NXB H&THCN 1983
5- C Thnh Long Gio trnh x l thng k trong thc nghim ha hc H
Tng hp TP HCM 1991
6- ng Hng Thng Thng k v ng dng NXB GD 1999

56

Chng 3: PHN TCH HI QUY

I. KHI QUT V PHN TCH HI QUY.
1. Mc ch v ngha :
Trong nghin cu khoa hc, thng phi v th ph thuc ca i lng y vo
i lng x da vo cc cp gi tr thc nghim (xi , yi), th biu din s ph thuc ny
c th l ng thng hoc l ng cong. C mt s phng php i tm cc hm
ph hp vi ng thc nghim, trong c phng php hi quy.
Biu thc ton hc ca hm ph hp ny gi l phng trnh hi quy, cng c ton
hc i tm cc thng s ca hm ph hp gi l phn tch hi quy .
Trong ha hc, phn tch hi quy c dng tm cho cc th chun gia cc
hm lng x bit chnh xc v tn hiu phn tch y. Khi c phng trnh hi quy, c
th s dng ngc phng trnh ny : o tn hiu phn tch y* ca mu phn tch ri tnh
ra hm lng x* theo phng trnh hi quy, nh vy trnh c nhc im ca php
tm x* bng cch chiu theo th chun.
- Php chiu th thng km chnh xc
- Bn thn vic v mt ng thng i qua k st vi tt c cc im ca th
mang tnh ch quan ca ngi v v c th gy ra nhng sai s ln.
- Nu dng phng trnh hi quy tnh x* th c th theo di c s bin ng
hng ngy d rt nh ca tn hiu phn tch v d dng hiu chnh cc thng s ca
phng trnh hi quy cho ph hp vi khch quan. Ngoi ra, phn tch hi quy cho php
tnh c khong tin cy ca x* mt cch d dng v khch quan.

2. iu kin thc hin:

- Phi c cc cp gi tr thc nghim (xi , yi) v chp nhn S2(x) << S2(y).
- S cp (xi , yi) nhiu hn s thng s phi tm ca phng trnh hi quy cng
nhiu cng tt.
- Phi la chn mt hm s kh d ph hp vi th thc nghim.
- Nu phng trnh hi quy c dng hm tuyn tnh y = f(x) = ax + b, cc thng s
c tm theo phng php bnh phng ti thiu cho quan h tuyn tnh gia x v y.

II. PHNG TRNH HI QUY TUYN TNH N GIN (Y=ax + b).

1. Nguyn tc tm cc h s ca phng trnh hi quy:
Tm a v b ca phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh Y = ax + b da vo gi tr xi trong
thc nghim Yi do tnh ton. Gia Yi v yi c sai lch. Tng bnh phng ca
lch SSE =

(y
i =1

- Yi ) s cng nh khi la chn cc h s a v b cng ph hp. Vic

2

chn a v b th no cho SSE l cc tiu gi l phng php bnh phng ti thiu (least
squares estimation).
57

2. Tnh cc h s a , b v cc thng s cn thit:

a) Trng hp tng qut :

Thay Yi = axi + b :
SSE = (yi axi - b)2 minimum
cho a v b tha mn iu kin trn th cc o hm ring phn ca SSE theo a v
b phi bng 0.
(SSE )
=0
a

(SSE )
=0
b

Do :
2 (yi - axi - b)2 = 0

(1)

2 xi(yi - axi -b)2 = 0

(2)

Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) :

a=

k x i yi x i yi

b=

k x i2 ( x i )

a x i
k

Lp kho d liu :
1. xi

4. yi

2. x i2

5. y i2

3. ( xi)2

6. xi.yI

k : s cc cp thc nghim (xi , yi) ;

=
i =1

Cc k hiu
SST: Tng bnh phng ca cc sai s trong phn tch hi quy

( y )

SST =

2
i

SSE: Tng bnh phng do sai s

SSE =

2
i

b y i a x i y i

SSR: Tng bnh phng do hi quy

SSR = SST SSE =

(ax

+ b y) 2

MSR = SSR
MSE =

SSE
(vi Y = ax + b)
k2

58

SSR
: H s xc nh
SST

R2 =

b) Trng hp c bit :

Nu b = 0 (ng hi quy qua gc ta ) :

Y = a.x
a' =

x y
x

SSE =

2
i

MSE =

SSE
k 1

2
i

a' x i yi

* Cch tnh S 2y , S 2y , S a2 , S 2b , S a2 :
/

2
SSE y i b y i a x i y i
S =
=
k2
k2
2
Y

S 2Y / =
S a2 =

S =
2
b

2
a/

2
i

a x i yi

k 1
kS 2Y

k x i2 ( x i )

S 2Y x i2

k x i2 ( x i )

S =

S 2Y /

Vi f = k-1
Vi f = k-2

Vi f = k-2

Vi f = k-1

2
i

3. Xt ngha ca h s hi quy (chun Student):

t gi thit thng k
H0 : H s hi quy khng c ngha
H1 : H s hi quy c ngha
Gi tr thng k:
Xt h s a : ttn=
Xt h s b: ttn=

a
S a2
b
S 2b

Bin ln:
59

- ttn < tlt = tP, k-2 : chp nhn gi thit H0

- ttn > tlt = tP, k-2 : chp nhn gi thit H1
Ch : Nu h s b khng c ngha (b = 0) Chn ng hi quy Y/ , tnh a/ v cc
thng s cn thit

4. Kim nh s tuyn tnh gia x v y ca phng trnh hi quy ( chun

Fisher):
Khi tnh c cc h s a, b cha chc l x v y tuyn tnh vi nhau, do cn phi
kim nh xem gia x v y c quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau khng bng php phn tch
phng sai mt yu t. Trong , yu t c bn c mc c nh = k l s cp (xi,yi) v s
th nghim song song ng u cho mi cp (xi,yi) l m
t gi thit thng k
H0 : Phng trnh hi quy khng thch hp
H1 : Phng trnh hi quy thch hp.
Gi tr thng k
Ftn =

MSR
MSE

Bin ln:
- Ftn < Flt = FP,1, k-2 : chp nhn gi thit H0
- Ftn > Flt = FP,1, k-2 : chp nhn gi thit H1

5. Trnh by phng trnh hi quy km vi cc c trng cn thit:

- Nu chn Y= ax + b
a tP, k-2.Sa

(vi P =..)
(vi tP, k-2 tra bng h s student)

b tP, k-2.Sb
SY =.... .

(vi f = k-2)

Sa = .
Sb =..
R2 =..
- Nu chn Y = ax
a/ tP,k-1. S

a/

S Y / = ..

(vi P =)
(vi tP, k-1 tra bng h s Student)
(vi f = k-1)

S a / = ...

R2 =

60

6. ng dng phng trnh hi quy:

a) Bit Y * suy ra x *
Tin hnh n th nghim song song thu c Y *

x* =
Hoc: x * =

Y* b
a

(vi Y = ax + b )

Y*
a/

(vi Y/ = a/x )

Tnh KTC ( x * )
S x* =

1 2 1 1
k(Y * Y) 2
SY
+ + 2
n k a k x 2 ( x ) 2
a
i
i

Cng thc ny dnh cho phng trnh Y= ax + b, nu chn Y/ = a/x th thay a = a/

v S 2Y = S 2Y

Trong :
S 2Y , S 2Y / c tnh theo cng thc trn
x=

y=

k: s cp (xi , yi)
n: s ln th nghim song song i vi mu phn tch
Bu din kt qu:
x * t P ,f S x *

Vi: f=k-2 (Y= ax + b ) v f=k-1 (Y/ = a/x )

Cng thc trn cho thy S x cng ln khi Y * cng cch xa Y s xc nh
*

x cng chnh xc khi x cng gn x (trung im ca th chun). Hiu ng ny gi l

*

hiu ng hnh lang.

61

Hnh lang sai s

ng hi quy

Y*
Y
S

x1

x*

x*

Hiu ng hnh lang khi xc nh x * theo Y *

b) Bit x* suy raY*:

1
k(x * x) 2
S Y* = S 2Y +
k k x 2 ( x )2
i i

Biu din kt qu:

Y* tP,f. SY* vi f = k 2 (Y = ax + b)

III. PHNG TRNH HI QUY TUYN TNH NHIU BIN.

Khi i lng y ph thuc nhiu vo bin s c lp: x1, x2..xn , phng trnh
hi quy c dng:Y= a0 + a1x1 + a2x2 ++anxn. Phng php bnh phng ti thiu
vn c s dng tnh cc h s a0, a1, a2,.an . nhng php tnh s phc tp hn rt
nhiu.Tuy nhin,vi s h tr ca chng trnh MS EXCEL bi ton ny s c gii
mt cch d dng v nhanh chng .
Trong ha hc phng trnh hi quy nhiu bin (a bin) thng c s dng
tm nng ca nhiu cht c mt cng lc trong dung dch hoc tm mi quan h ca
cc yu t nhit , p sut, pH, thi gian ln trn hiu sut phn ng.

IV. BI TP NG DNG
1. Bi tp 1:
Khi lp th chun xc nh nng Benzen trong Etanol bng phng php
trc quang vng t ngoi, thu c kt qu sau :
Nng Benzen (g/l)

0,20

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

Mt quang (A)

0,2

0,37

0,64

0,93

1,22

1,50

1,80

a) Hy lp phng trnh ng hi quy km theo c trng cn thit (P=0,95).

b) Tnh x * ng vi P = 0,95 ca mt dung dch cha bit nng c mt quang
A = Y * = 1,53 (vi n = 3)
Gii :
62

a) Lp phng trnh hi quy :

Kho d liu :
1. xi = 10,7

4. yi = 6,66

2. x i2 = 22,79

5. y i2 = 8,4298

3. ( xi)2 = 114,49

6. xi.yi = 13,850

10,7
= 1,5286
7

x =

y = 0,95143

k =7
Bc 1 : Tnh a, b v cc thng s cn thit :

a=

k x i yi x i yi

b=

k x i2 ( x i )

a x i

7.13,850 10,7.6,66
= 0,570337
7.22,79 114,49

6,66 0,570337.10,7
= 0,079628
7

SSE =

2
i

b y i a x i y i = 0,00031012

SST =

2
i

( y )

= 2,09328571

SSR = SST SSE = 2,09297559

MSR = SSR = 2,09297559
MSE =
S

2
Y

SSE
= 0,00006202
k2

y
= MSE =

2
i

b y i a x i y i
k2

= 0,00006202

SY= 0,007875
S =
2
a

kS 2Y

k x i2 ( x i )

Vi f = k-2 = 5

S a2 = 0,00000964

Sa= 0,0031048
S =
2
b

S 2Y x i2

k x i2 ( x i )

Vi f = k-2 = 5

S 2b = 0,00003138

Sb= 0,005602
R2 = 0,99985
63

Bc 2: Xt ngha ca h s hi quy (chun Student):

t gi thit thng k
H0 : H s hi quy khng c ngha
H1 : H s hi quy c ngha
Gi tr thng k:
Xt h s a : ttn=
Xt h s b: ttn=

a
= 183,69 > tlt = t0,95;5 = 2,57: H s a c ngha
Sa

b
= 14,21> tlt = t0,95;5 = 2,57: H s b c ngha
Sb

Bc 3: Kim nh s tuyn tnh gia x v y ( chun Fisher)

t gi thit thng k
H0 : Phng trnh hi quy khng thch hp
H1 : Phng trnh hi quy thch hp.
Gi tr thng k:
Ftn =

MSR
= 33744,14 > F0,95;1; 5 = 6,61: Phng trnh hi quy thch hp
MSE

Bc 4: Trnh by phng trnh hi quy km vi cc c trng cn thit

Chn Y= 0,570x + 0,080 (vi P = 0,95)

a t0,95;5.Sa = 0,570 0,008

(vi t0,95; 5 = 2,57)

b t0,95;5.Sb = 0,080 0,014

SY = 0,0079

(vi f = 5)

Sa = 0,0031
Sb = 0,0056
R2 = 0,99985
b) Tnh x * t Y *
x* =

Y * b 1,53 0,080
=
= 2,544
a
0,570

1 1
7(1,53 0,95143) 2
1

0,00006202 + +
KTC( x ) = t0,95; 5 . S x* = 2,57.
2
0,57
3 7 0,57 (7.22,79 114,49)
*

= 0,028
Biu din kt qu : x * = 2,544 0,028

64

(P = 0,95 ; k = 7 ; n = 3)

2. Bi tp 2:
Khi lp th chun xc nh nng Fe2+ trong nc bng phng php trc
quang , thu c kt qu sau :
Nng Fe2+ (g/ml)
Mt quang (A)

0,20

0,50

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

0,039

0,087

0,177

0,354

0,537

0,710

0,857

a) Hy lp phng trnh ng hi quy km theo c trng cn thit (P=0,95).

b) Tnh x * ng vi P = 0,95 ca mt dung dch cha bit nng c mt quang :
A = Y * = 0,635 (vi n = 3)
Cc s liu tham kho:

Vi Y= ax + b
a=

k x i yi x i yi

b=

k x i2 ( x i )

a x i

= 0,173320

= 0,005696

SSE =

2
i

b y i a x i y i = 0,00052155

SST =

2
i

( y )

= 0,60363571

SSR = SST SSE = 0,60311416

MSR = SSR = 0,60311416
MSE =
S

2
Y

SSE
= 0,00010431
k2

y
= MSE =

2
i

b y i a x i y i
k2

=0,00010431

SY= 0,010213
S a2 =

kS 2Y

k x i2 ( x i )

Vi f = k-2 = 5

Sa= 0,002279
S =
2
b

S 2Y x i2

k x i2 ( x i )

Vi f = k-2 = 5

Sb= 0,006406
R2 = 0,999136
Vi Y = ax
65

a' =

x y
x
i

2
i

=0,174938

SST = 0,60363571
SSR = 0,60303168
SSE =

MSE =

SSE
= 0,000101
k 1

2
i

a ' x i y i = 0,00060403

S Y / = 0,010034
S a / = 0,001349

R2 = 0,999643

BI TP
1. Lp th chun xc nh nng PO43- trong mu la bng phng php trc
quang , thu c kt qu sau :
Nng PO43- (g/ml)
Mt quang (A)

12

16

20

0,032

0,061

0,119

0,234

0,347

0,465

0,587

a) Hy lp phng trnh ng hi quy km theo c trng cn thit (P=0,95).

b) Tnh x * ng vi P = 0,95 ca mt dung dch cha bit nng c mt quang :
A = Y * = 0,235 (vi n = 3)
2- Lp th chun xc nh nng S2- trong nc bng phng php trc quang
, thu c kt qu sau :
Nng S2- (g/ml)

10

12

Mt quang (A)

0,044

0,083

0,165

0,252

0,335

0,420

0,504

a) Hy lp phng trnh ng hi quy km theo c trng cn thit (P=0,95).

b) Tnh x * ng vi P = 0,95 ca mt dung dch cha bit nng c mt quang :
A = Y * = 0,315 (vi n = 4)

66

TI LIU THAM KHO

7- Doerffel Thng k trong ha hc phn tch NXB H&THCN 1983
8- C Thnh Long Gio trnh x l thng k trong thc nghim ha hc H
Tng hp TP HCM 1991
9- ng Hng Thng Thng k v ng dng NXB GD 1999

67

PHN II: TIN HC NG DNG TRONG HA HC

Chng 1: PHN TCH D LIU BNG MICROSOFT EXCEL
I. CNG C PHN TCH D LIU TRONG EXCEL.
Cng c phn tch d liu trong Excel l mt phn mm b sung (Add-In) thuc nhm
Analysis ToolPak.
s dng b cng c phn tch d liu, ta chn lnh Tool/Data Analysis. Hp thoi
Data Analysis s xut hin ta chn cng c cn dng.

Hp thoi Data Analysis

Nu trong menu Tools khng c lnh Data Analysis, ta phi gi cng c ny bng cch
vo menu Tools, chn lnh Add-Ins, sau chn mc Analysis ToolPak ri Click OK.

Hp thoi Add-Ins

68

Ghi ch:

Thng thng, Analysis ToolPak khng c ci t mc nh cng vi Excel. Khi ,

sau khi chn Analysis ToolPak ti hp thoi Add-Ins s xut hin hp thng bo:

Ta Click Yes Excel tin hnh ci t Analysis ToolPak. Lc ny c hai kh nng xy

ra:
- - Nu trc ta ci MS Office t cng hoc khng xa cc file tm khi ci t hon
tt (i vi MS Office 2002 tr ln) th chng trnh t tm v ci t Analysis ToolPak.
- Nu khng, s xut hin hp thoi:

Lc ny, ta phi a a CD cha b ci t MS Office ng vi phin bn hin ang

dng vo a, lu tn a CD trn my phi c xc nh ng ( y l E:), ri
Click OK hoc Click Browse ch ng dn n tp tin SKU011.CAB Excel ci t
Analysis ToolPak.

69

II. NG DNG PHN TCH D LIU.

1. Loi gi tr bt thng (aberrant observation):
a) Khi nim:

Trong ha hc, mt th nghim c tin hnh nhiu trong cng mt iu kin ln nhm
mc ch trnh cc gi tr bt thng trong dy s liu thu c. Cch tin hnh nh sau:
1. Sp xp cc gi tr thu c theo th t t nh n ln (nu nghi ng gi tr nh nht)
hay theo th t t ln n nh (nu nghi ng gi tr ln nht) l gi tr bt thng):
X1, X2, X3, ..., Xn
2. Tnh gi tr Qtn (chun Dixon) v so snh vi gi tr Qlt = QP,n trong Bng 1. Nu Qtn >
Qlt (P = 0,95) th kt lun l gi tr X1 c th c loi ra khi dy s liu.
b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: Xc nh hm lng % CaCO3 trong mt mu vi ngi ta thu c cc kt
qu sau: 36, 40, 38, 42, 40, 49. Vy c nn loi b gi tr 20% hay 42% trong dy s liu
ny khng?
Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh:

2. Ti B6, nhp cng thc sau: =(A2-A1)/A6-A1) .

3. Nu mun xt gi tr 20%, sp xp khi d liu (A1:A6) theo chiu tng dn. Ghi
nhn gi tr Qtn 20% B6 (Qtn 20% = 0,727273).

70

4. Tip xt gi tr 42%, ta sp xp khi d liu (A1:A6) theo chiu gim dn. Ghi nhn
gi tr Qtn 42% B6 (Qtn 42% = 0,090909).

5. Kt lun:
- Loi gi tr 20% v Qtn 20% = 0,727 > Qlt = 0,56.
- Khng loi gi tr 42% v Qtn 42% = 0,09 < Qlt = 0,56.
Bng 1. Bng tra chun Dixon Q P ,n

P = 0,95

P = 0,99

0,94

0,99

0,77

0,89

0,64

0,76

0,56

0,70

0,51

0,64

0,48

0,58

2. Thng k m t:
a) Khi nim thng k:
- Mean (gi tr trung bnh):

Gi tr trung bnh ca mu c tnh bi biu thc:

n

X=

X
i =1

- Standard Error of the Mean ( lch chun ca gi tr trung bnh):

SX =

S
n

- Median (gi tr trung v ):

71

L gi tr trung tm ca dy d liu. Nu mt dy d liu c n gi tr c sp xp t nh

n ln th gi tr trung v l s th (n + 1)/2. Trong th d sau, gi tr trung v l s th 5:
1

200 201 202 203 204 206 207 207 209

- Mode (gi tr yu v):
L gi tr c tn s xut hin cao nht trong dy d liu.

S2 .

- Standard deviation ( lch chun): S =

(X
n

- Sample variance (phng sai mu): S2 =

i =1

(n 1)

- Kurtosis (gi tr KURT):

Gi tr KURT din t c im thuc v nh ca dng phn phi d liu. Gi tr KURT
c tr s dng khi d liu phn phi tng i c nh, ngc li, n c gi tr m khi
d liu phn phi tng i phng.
4

X i X
n (n + 1)
3(n 1) 2

KURT =

(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) S (n 2)(n 3)

- Skewness (gi tr SKEW):

Gi tr SKEW phn nh mc bt i xng ca dng phn phi d liu xung quanh gi
tr trung bnh. Gi tr SKEW c tr s dng khi d liu phn phi bt i xng vi ui
nm lch v pha cc gi tr dng. Ngc li, n c tr s m khi d liu phn phi bt
i xng vi ui nm lch v pha cc gi tr m.
Xi X
n

SKEW =

(n 1)(n 2) S

- Range (khong quan st): R = Xmax - Xmin.

- Minimum: Gi tr nh nht trong dy s liu.
- Maximum: Gi tr nh nht trong dy s liu.
- Sum: Tng gi tr d liu, =

X
i =1

- Count: Dung lng ca mu, = n.

b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: Tnh gii hn tin cy vi mc P = 0,95, lch chun v h s bin ng ca
hai dy d liu th nghim 1 (TN1) v th nghim 2(TN2).

72

TN
1

20
1

20
3

20
9

20
4

20
2

20
6

20
0

20
7

20
7

TN
2

15
1

15
3

25
9

15
4

20
2

25
6

15
0

25
7

25
7

Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh:

2. p dng cng c Descriptive Satistics:

- Chn lnh Tools/Data Analysis.
- Chn chng trnh Descriptive Satistics ri Click OK.
- Trn hp thoi Descriptive Satistics n nh cc thng s nh minh ha:

Hp thoi Descriptive Satistics

T u ra ca Excel, tnh thm h s bin ng CV% =

100 : Ti B20 trong

X
bng tnh, nhp cng thc =(B10/B6)*100 . Sau dng Drag Fill handle t B20 n
D20.

73

Kt qu phn tch

4. Trnh by kt qu:
Gi tr thng k

TN1

TN2

Gii hn tin cy (P =
95%)

204,33 2,37

204,33 40,47

lch chun

3,08

52,65

H s bin ng

1,50%

25,77%

(X t P ,f S X )

3. So snh phng sai:

a) Khi nim thng k:

Trc nghim so snh hai phng sai thng c p dng so snh chnh xc ca
hai phng php nh lng khc nhau (s dng chun F - F-Test).
- Gi thit thng k:
H0: S2I = S2II : hai phng sai ng nht
H1: S2I S2II : hai phng sai khng ng nht
- Gi tr thng k:

74

Ftn =

S2I
S2II

S2I > S2II

Vi fI = nI - 1 ; fII = nII - 1 .
- Bin lun:
Nu Ftn < Flt(f1, f2) : Chp nhn gi thit H0.
b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: Mt mu c phn tch bi hai phng php A v B vi kt qu c tm
tt trong bng sau:

6,4

5,2

4,8

5,2

4,3

4,4

5,1

5,8

2,6

3,5

3,4

3,2

3,4

2,8

2,9

2,8

Cho bit phng php chnh xc hn?

Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh:

2. p dng F-Test Two-Sample for Variances:

- Chn lnh Tools/Data Analysis.
- Chn chng trnh F-Test Two-Sample for Variances ri Click OK.
- Trn hp thoi F-Test Two-Sample for Variances n nh cc thng s nh
minh ha bn di.

75

Hp thoi F-Test Two-Sample for Variances

Kt qu phn tch
Ghi ch:

df (degree of freedom - bc t do) : = f ;

F = Ftn ; F Critical one-tail = Flt.
3. Bin lun:
H0: S 2A = S 2B : Hai phng php c chnh xc nh nhau.
H1: S 2A > S 2B : chnh xc ca phng php B cao hn A.
Ftn = 4,171 > Flt = 3,787 Bc b gi thit H0.
Vy chnh xc ca phng php B cao hn phng php A.

4. So snh gi tr trung bnh vi hai phng sai ng nht:

a) Khi nim thng k:

Trong trng hp 2 mu nh (n < 30) c phng sai ng nht, p dng chun t-2
phng sai ng nht (t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances) so snh 2 gi
tr trung bnh.
Ch : Cn phi thc hin kim tra 2 phng sai bng F-Test.

- Gi thit:
H0 : X 1 = X 2 : S sai khc ca X 1 v X 2 mang tnh ngu nhin.
H1 : X 1 X 2 : S sai khc ca X 1 v X 2 mang tnh h thng.
- Gi tr thng k:

76

t=

X1 X 2

vi S =

1
1

S +
n
n
1
2

(n 1 1)S12 + (n 2 1)S 22
n1 + n 2 2

f = n 1 + n2 2

tlt = tP,f (tra bng h s Student)

- Bin lun:
Nu ttn = tstat < tlt = tcritcal two-tail : Chp nhn gi thit H0.
b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: xc nh hm lng photphat trong mu nc, ngi ta ly 20 mu ng nht
ri thm cht xc tc vo 10 mu. Kt qu phn tch nh sau:

M u

1,10

0,99

1,05

1,01

1,02

1,07

1,10

0,98

1,03

1,12

M u+
XT

1,25

1,31

1,28

1,20

1,18

1,22

1,22

1,17

1,19

1,21

Theo bng kt qu trn, cht xc tc c nh hng n kt qu phn tch khng?

Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh:

2. p dng t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances:

- Chn lnh Tools/Data Analysis.
- Chn chng trnh t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances ri Click
OK.

- Trong hp thoi t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances, n nh cc

thng s nh minh ha bn di.

77

Hp thoi t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Kt qu phn tch

3. Bin lun:
H0 : X 1 = X 2 : Mu v mu thm xc tc cho kt qu nh nhau.
H1 : X 1 X 2 : Xc tc c nh hng n kt qu phn tch.
ttn = |tstat| = 8,388 > tlt = tcritcal two-tail = 2,1
Xc tc c nh hng n kt qu phn tch.

78

5. Phn tch phng sai mt yu t:

a) Khi nim thng k:

Php phn tch phng sai dng so snh cc gi tr trung bnh ca nhiu tp hp mu,
t nh gi s nh hng ca yu t c bn (gy ra sai s h thng) ln cc gi tr
trung bnh.
- M hnh:
j

x11

x21

x12

x22

x1n

x2n

xi = Tj

T1

T2

...

Tk

xj

x1

x2

...

xn

...

k
xk1

...

xk2
M

xkn

N = ni ; T = Tj

- Bng ANOVA (Analysis of Vanriances):

Ngun sai s

Tng

(Source of
variantion

bnh phng

Yu t
(Between Groups)
Sai s
(Within Groups)
Tng cng
(Total)

(SS)

Bc t do
(Dregree of freedom - df)

Bnh phng
trung bnh

k1

MSF =

SSF
k 1

SSE

Nk

MSE =

SSE
Nk

SST

N1

T2
SST = x
N

79

(F)

(MS)

SSF

2
j

Gi tr thng k

F=

MSF
MSE

Tj2

T2

SSF =
nj N
SSE = SST SSF
- Gi thit thng k:
H0 : Cc gi tr trung bnh tng ng nhau.
H1 : C t nht 2 gi tr trung bnh khc nhau.
- Gi tr thng k:
Ftn = F =

MSF
MSE

- Bin lun:
Ftn < Flt = FP,k-1,N-k = Fcritical : Chp nhn gi thit H0.
b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: Hm lng alcaloid (mg) trong mt loi dc liu c thu hi t 3 vng khc
nhau c trnh by trong bng sau:
Vng I

Vng II

Vng III

7,5

5,8

6,1

6,8

5,6

6,3

7,1

6,1

6,5

7,5

6,0

6,4

6,8

5,7

6,5

6,6

6,3

7,8

Hm lng alcaloid c khc nhau theo vng khng? (P = 0,95)

Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh

80

2. p dng Anova: Single Factor:

- Chn lnh Tools/Data Analysis.
- Chn chng trnh Anova: Single Factor ri Click OK.
- Trong hp Anova: Single Factor, n nh cc thng s nh minh ha:

Hp thoi Anova: Single Factor

81

Kt qu phn tch

3. Bin lun:
Ftn = F = 26,56 > Fcrit = 3,68
Bc b H0. Vy hm lng alcaloid khc nhau theo vng.

6. Hi quy tuyn tnh n gin:

a) Khi nim thng k:

Y = ax + b
a=

k x i y i x i y i

b=

k x i2 ( x i )

a x i

y l bin s ph thuc.

x l bin s c lp.

* Bng ANOVA:
Ngun sai s

Tng

Bnh phng

bnh phng

trung bnh

(SS)

(MS)

SSR

MSR = SSR

k 2

SSE

k 1

SST

Bc t do

(Source of
variantion

(Dregree of freedom - df)

Hi quy
(Regression)
Sai s
(Residual)
Tng cng
(Total)

MSE =

SSE
k2

* R2 (R-square):
R2 =

SSR
SST

* SY
SY =

2
i

b y i a x i y i

(standard error)

k2

* Chun t:
- Gi thit thng k:
H0 : H s hi quy khng c ngha.
82

Gi tr thng k
(F)
F=

MSR
MSE

H1 : H s hi quy c ngha.
- Gi tr thng k:
ttn = tstat
Nu ttn < tP,k-2 : Chp nhn gi thit H0.
* Chun F:
- Gi thit thng k:
H0 : Phng trnh hi quy khng thch hp.
H1 : Phng trnh hi quy thch hp.
- Gi tr thng k:
Ftn = F
Flt = FP,1,k-2
Nu Ftn < Flt : Chp nhn gi thit H0.
b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: Lp th chun xc nh nng Fe2+ trong nc bng phng php trc
quang cho kt qu sau:

Nng Fe
( g/ml)

0,20

0,50

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

Mt quang A

0,039 0,087 0,177 0,354 0,537 0,710 0,857

Hy lp phng trnh ng hi quy km theo cc c trng cn thit (P = 0,95).

Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh:

Vi chng trnh ny ta phi nhp d liu dng ct:

2. p dng Regression:

83

- Chn lnh Tools/Data Analysis.

- Chn chng trnh Regression ri Click OK.
- Trong hp Regression, n nh cc thng s nh minh ha:

Hp thoi Regression

Kt qu phn tch

3. Bin lun
- Chun t:
+ H s a:
ttn = tstat = 76,039 > t0,95;5 = 2,57 (P-value = 7,45.109 < = 0,05)
H s a c ngha.
84

+ H s b :
ttn = tstat = 0,889 < t0,95;5 = 2,57 (P-value = 0,414 > = 0,05)
H s b khng c ngha, b = 0.
- Chun F:
Ftn = F = 5781,92 > Flt = F0,95;1;5 = 6,61
(Fsig = 7,45.109 < = 0,05)
Phng trnh hi quy thch hp.
Trong trng hp ny phi tm cc h s ca phng trnh Y = a.x:
+ Ti hp thoi Regression, chn thm mc Constant is zero.

+ Click Yes hp thoi k tip.

4. Trnh by kt qu:
Y = 0,175x

GHTC(a) = 0,175 0,003

SY = 0,0100
Sa = 0,0013
R2 = 0,99964

7. Hi quy tuyn tnh a tham s:

a) Khi nim thng k:

* Phng trnh tng qut:

Y = a0 + a1x1 + a2x2 + ... + anxn
* Bng ANOVA:
Ngun sai s
(Source of
variantion
Hi quy
(Regression)

Bc t do
(df)
n

Tng

Bnh phng

bnh phng

trung bnh

(SS)

(MS)

SSR

85

MSR =

SSR
n

Gi tr thng k
(F)
F=

MSR
MSE

Sai s
(Residual)
Tng cng
(Total)

MSE =

k n 1

SSE

k 1

SST = SSR+ SSE

SSE
k n 1

* Gi tr thng k:
- Gi tr R bnh phng:
R2 =

SSR
n.F
=
SST
(k n 1) + k.F

(R2 0,81 l kh tt)

- Gi tr R2 c hiu chnh (Adjust R-square):

R2 =

(k 1)R 2 n
n (1 R 2 )
= R2
k n 1
k n 1

- lch chun SY (Standard error):

SY =

SSE
k n 1

* Chun t:
t gi thit thng k v bin lun ging nh h quy tuyn tnh n gin (bc t do f = k
n 1).
* Chun F:
t gi thit thng k v bin lun ging nh h quy tuyn tnh n gin (bc t do f1 =
n, f2 = k n 1).
b) Bi tp ng dng vi Excel:
Th d: Ngi ta dng 3 mc nhit gm 105, 120 v 135oC kt hp vi 3 khong thi
gian l 15, 30 v 60 pht thc hin mt phn ng tng hp. Cc hiu sut ca phn
ng (%) c trnh by trong bng sau:

86

Thi gian (pht)

Nhit (oC)

Hiu sut (%)

X1

X2

15

105

1,87

30

105

2,02

60

105

3,28

15

120

3,05

30

120

4,07

60

120

5,54

15

135

5,03

30

135

6,45

60

135

7,25

Hy cho bit yu t nhit v yu t thi gian c lin quan tuyn tnh vi hiu sut ca
phn ng tng hp? Nu c th iu kin nhit 115oC trong 50 pht th hiu sut
phn ng s l bao nhiu? (P = 0,95).
Cc bc phn tch:

1. Nhp d liu vo bng tnh (dng ct).

2. p dng Regression tng t nh vi hi quy tuyn tnh n gin.
Phng trnh hi quy Y = f(X1, X2).
3. Bin lun:
- H s a0:
ttn = |tstat| = 11,53 > t0,95;6 = 2,45 (PV = 2,56.105 < = 0,05)
H s a0 c ngha.
- H s a1:
ttn = tstat = 7,58 > t0,95;6 = 2,45 (PV = 0,0027 < = 0,05)
H s a1 c ngha.
- H s a2:
ttn = tstat = 14,33 > t0,95;6 = 2,45 (PV = 7,23.106 < = 0,05)
H s a2 c ngha.
- Phng trnh hi quy:
Ftn = F = 131,39 > F0,95 = 5,14 (FS =1,11.105< = 0,05)
87

 Phng trnh hi quy thch hp.

Y = -12,7 + 0,04X1 + 0,13X2
SY = 0,3296

S a = 1,1016

R2 = 0,97768

S a = 0,0059

S a = 0,0090
2

BI TP
1. Hm lng Diazinon (%) c chit bng cc dung mi khc nhau. Hy kim
nh xem c s khc bit ng k khng (P=0,95)
Eter du ha:

97,6

96,5

95,4

98,8

99,1

96,2

97,8

HCl 9M;

76,7

71,2

73,8

73,5

79,4

77,4

79,8

HBr 40%:

97,4

98,5

96,7

98,2

99,6

92,9

96,7

H2SO4 40%:

77,1

83,9

78,4

78,1

77,8

79,2

76,9

2. Lp th chun xc nh nng PO43- trong nc bng phng php trc

quang cho kt qu sau:

Nng PO43- ( g/ml)

Mt quang A

10

12

0,039 0,087 0,167 0,254 0,337 0,401 0,485

Hy lp phng trnh ng hi quy km theo cc c trng cn thit (P = 0,95).

TI LIU THAM KHO

10- Doerffel Thng k trong ha hc phn tch NXB H&THCN 1983
11- C Thnh Long Gio trnh x l thng k trong thc nghim ha hc H
Tng hp TP HCM 1991
12- ng vn Gip Phn tch d liu khoa hc bng chng trnh MS Excel NXB
GD 1997
13- ng Hng Thng Thng k v ng dng NXB GD 1999

88

Chng 2: CHNG TRNH MS EQUATION

I. CA S NG DNG.
1. Cch m ca s:
Thng ta m ca s ng dng Equation Editor t ca s Word:
- Nhp ln lt menu Insert v lnh Object.
- Chn v nhn nt lnh OK, hoc, nhp p vo tp tin tn Microsoft Equation 3.0.

Hp thoi Object

Mt ca s mi xut hin, n vn mang tin Microsoft Word nhng thanh menu v

thanh cng c bin i theo chng trnh Equation.

89

2. c im ca ca s:
Ca s Equation khi m t Word c dng nh sau:

1. Thanh tiu (MS WORD)

3. V tr son tho

2. Thanh menu (Equation)

4. Thanh cng c (Equation)

Ca s Equation lng vo ca s Word

3. Cch ng ca s:
Ta c nhiu cch ng ca s Equation (v tr v ca s Word):
- Nhp chut vo mt v tr bt k trong vn bn v vng son tho ca Equation.
- Nhn phm ESC (Escape).

II. THANH MENU.

1. Menu File:
Hon ton ging nh menu File ca MS WORD.

2. Menu Edit:
Rt gn t menu Edit ca MS WORD, ch cn c cc lnh thng thng: Undo, Cut,
Copy, Paste v hai lnh Clear v Select All.

90

3. Menu View:
100%, 200%, 400%: phng to biu thc vi t l bn ln hay hai ln khi cn xem r
cc chi tit qu nh (mc nh l 100% - bnh thng)
Zoom: hin th biu thc vi cc t l t 1 n 400%.
Toolbar: n hay hin th thanh cng c.
Redraw: hin th li biu thc vi kch thc hin ti.
Show All: hin th hay n cc k hiu c bit.

4. Menu Format:
Align Left: canh cc k t v bn tri.
Align Center: canh cc k t v gia.
Align Right: canh cc k t v bn phi.
Align At =: canh cc k hiu tng quan (=, <, > ...).
Align At .: canh cc du chm hay du phy ca s l thp phn.
Matrix...: cho php sa i cc chi tit trong mt ma trn thnh lp.
Spacing...: cho php sa i khong cch gia cc thnh phn trong biu thc.

5. Menu Style:
Math: n nh kiu k hiu ton hc i vi cc k t c chn hay c g tip
theo sau. Tra a s trng hp, ta nn chn kiu Math v n t ng phn bit gia hm
s v bin s.

Hp thoi Style

91

 Text: n nh kiu vn bn i vi cc k t c chn. Khi chn lnh ny ta s d

dng g cc k t t bn phm. Ch : Ta khng th g ting Vit vi font ch Unicode
(nh Times New Roman, ...) trong cc biu thc ca Equation.
Function: n nh kiu k hiu hm s i vi cc k t c chn, khi m Equation
khng th nhn mt s k t nh l hm s trong chui k t.
Variable: n nh kiu k hiu bin s i vi cc k t c chn, khi m Equation
nhn sai mt s k t l hm s trong chui k t.
Greek: n nh kiu ch Hy Lp i vi cc k t c chn.
Matrix-Vector: n nh kiu k hiu ma trn - vect i vi cc k t c chn.
Other: n nh font, c v kiu ch i vi cc k t c chn.
Define: n nh mt cch h thng tt c cc kiu ni trn.

6. Menu Size:

Hp thoi Sizes
Full: n nh c ch thng (mc nh l 12 pt) i vi cc k t c chn.
Subscript/Superscript: n nh c ch ch s trn v ch s di (7 pt).
Sub- Subscript/Superscript: n nh c ch ch s trn v ch s di c nh (5 pt).
Symbol: n nh c ch (18 pt) cho cc k hiu ton hc.
Sub-symbol: n nh c ch (12 pt) cho cc k hiu ton hc khi dng ch s trn.

7. Menu Help:
Equation Editor Help Topics: Hin th cc ch tr gip.
About Equation Editor: Gii thiu s phin bn v bn quyn ca chng trnh.

92

III. TNH NNG K THUT.

1. Thanh k hiu:
L hng trn ca thanh cng c, gm hn 150 k hiu m a s chng khng c trong
bng font Symbol thng dng. Ta chn mt k hiu no vo biu thc bng cch nhp
mt nt trn thnh k hiu ri nhp vo k hiu mnh cn trong ngn m ra di nt y.

K hiu tng quan

Gm cc k hiu v s khc nhau (, v ). s tng ng

(, v )... Cc k hiu v s bng nhau (=), ln hn (>) v
nh hn (>) c th c g t bn phm nn khng c sn.
K hiu canh ch, chn khong cch...

Gm cc k hiu canh tri/phi ( ), chn khong cch (, , ,

, , v )v ba chm ngang/dc/cho ( K, L, M , N va O )
Du ph

Gm cc du (, , , , ...) thm vo cc k hiu

ton hc

Ton t

Gm cc k hiu v s hc (, m, , v ), i s (*, ,
v )...

Mi tn

Gm cc loi k hiu mi tn

K hiu logic

Gm cc k hiu c ngha c th nh do (), bi v

(Q), mi ()...

93

K hiu l thuyt tp hp

Gm cc k hiu v php giao, php hi tp hp, tp hp

rng, ...

Cc k hiu khc

Gm cc k hiu linh tinh nh o hm ring phn, ton t

nabla, s thc, gc, vung gc, , hng s Planck, ...

K t Hy Lp

Gm cc k t Hy Lp thng hay in hoa

2. Thanh khung mu:

Khung mu phm vi

Gm nhiu loi khung mu vi mt hay hai du ngoc: ngoc

n, ngoc vung, ngoc thng, ngoc nhn, ngoc gc, ...

Khung mu phn s, cn s

Gm cc khung mu dng phn s v cn s

Khung mu ch s

Gm cc khung mu chn ch s trn v/hoc ch s di

Khung mu tng s

Gm cc loi khung mu dng tng s

94

Khung mu tch phn

Gm 21 loi khung mu dng tch phn t n gin n

phc tp

Khung mu mang gch trn hay di

Gm cc khung mu c gch trn hay gch di

Khung mu mi tn c ghi ch

Gm 6 loi mi tn c ghi ch

Khung mu tch s/l thuyt tp hp

Gm cc khung mu dng tch s, ng tch s, giao v hi

Khung mu ma trn

Gm cc khung mu trnh by vect, nh thc hay ma trn

IV. BI TP NG DNG.
1. Bi tp 1:
Gi tr trung bnh:
n

X =

X
i =1

a. Khi ng Equation v g X = .
b. Nhp nt khung mu phn s v chn dng phn s.
c. Nhp nt khung tng s v chn k hiu tng s.
d. t con nhy sau du sigma trn t s, nhp nt khung mu ch s, chn khung mu
ch s di.
e. in cc chi tit vo trng.
f. Hon thin: chn ch X, nhp nt k hiu du ph ri chn k hiu gch trn.
g. Thot khi Equation.

95

Sau y l hnh minh ha cho mt s bc quan trng:

(a)

(b)

(c - d)

(e)

2. Bi tp 2:
lch chun:
2
1 n 2
X i n X
( n 1) i =1

S=

3. Bii tp 3:
dc ca phng trnh hi quy:

B=

xy ( x )( y ) N
x ( x ) N
2

4. Bi tp 4:
Hm tch phn:

( , ) = e (x

y2

)dxdy

0 0

5. Bi tp 5:
Ma trn:

96

 a11
a
21
M

a m1

a12
a 22
M
am2

K a1n

O M

K a mn

TI LIU THAM KHO

14- ng vn Gip Son tho vn bn khoa hc bng k thut vi tnh NXB GD
1997

97

Chng 3: CHNG TRNH CHEMWIN

A. CHNG TRNH CHEMWIN 3
I. CA S NG DNG.

Ca s chng trnh ChemWin 3

1. Thanh tiu

4. Thanh trng thi

2. Thanh menu

5. Thc

3. Thanh cng c

6. Vng son tho

98

II. THANH MENU.

1. Menu File:

Ngoi cc lnh thng thng (New, Open, Save, Save As,

Print Preview, Print v Exit), cn c:
Revert to Saved : Tr tp tin v tnh trng nh ln
c lu sau cng.
Import : Nhp hnh t cc ngun khc.
Export : Xut hnh sang cc ngun khc.
Load Album : M tp tin mu (ALBUM.CW2). Sau
s hin ln
khi tp mu c m th cng c sau y
nt m.Ta ch cn nhp ln nt cng c nu trn m
tp mu v chn.
Load Templates : Np trang mu (TEMPLATE.CW2).
s
Sau khi trang mu c np th nt cng c sau y
hin ln nt m. Ta ch cn nhp ln nt cng c nu trn
m trang mu v chn.

Template.cw2

Album.cw2

Ghi ch: Trang mu v tp tin nm trong th mc ci t chng trnh

(thng l C:\Program Files\Chem3Wind, C:\PROGRA~1\CHEM3W~1).

99

2. Menu Edit:

Ngoi cc lnh thng thng (Undo, Redo, Cut, Copy,

Paste, Paste Special, v Close), cn c:
Paste Structure : Dn cc hnh (c to bi cc
chng trnh khc nh ISIS/DRAW hay MS DRAW v
c a vo - clipboard) ln ca s lm vic.
Select All : Chn tt c hnh v cng mt lc.
Join : Ghp hai cc cu trc li lm mt.
Show Clipboard : Hin th ni dung ca clipboard.

3. Menu Arrange:
Bring to Front : Mang hnh c chn ln pha trn.
Bring to Back : Mang hnh c chn xung pha
di.
Group : Gp nhiu hnh c chn lm mt Tng t:
nhp nt cng c gp hnh .
Ungroup : Tr t do cc hnh gp.
Rotate : Quay hnh c chn vi mt gc xc nh.
quay 180o

Scale : iu chnh kch c hnh c chn vi mt t l nht nh. Tng t: Drag t

mt gc ca khung chn.
120%

Free Rotate : Quay t do hnh c chn. Tng t: nhp nt cng c quay t do

Drag con tr quay trn .

100

ri

 Flip Horizontal : Lm cho hnh c cho i xng ngang qua mt phng ngang.
.
Tng t: nhp nt cng c i xng ngang

Flip Vertical : Lm cho hnh c chn i xng dc qua mt phng dc. Tng t:
nhp nt cng c i xng dc .

Space Objects : To khong trng gia cc i tng c chn, v d gia hnh v

tn, n v l im (point, pi).
Align Objects : Canh cc hnh c chn theo chiu dc (tri, gia v phi) hay
ngang (di, gia v trn).
4. Menu Options:
Show/Hide Label Panel : n hay hin ghi ch hay k hiu phn t.
Show/Hide Reduced View : n hay hin ca s thu nh.
Floating/Window Palette : Cho php di chuyn hoc kha thanh cng c.
Color : Thay i mu v cc hnh ca ChemWin 3 (khng tc dng vi cc hnh v t
cc ngun khc). Cc mu c th dng l en, vng, tm, , chm, xanh l, xanh dng
v trng.
Fill : T mu hnh v c chn.
Line Width : Thay i c nt v ca phn ni n hay on thng c chn.
Create Style : Thay i cc thng s cho hnh v v font ch s dng v sau.
Thay i thng s cho cng c v. Mi cng c c thng s khc nhau...

101

 nh li font ch v cc thng s khc:

5. Menu Font:

Cho php thay i font ch ca vn bn.

6. Menu Size:

Cho php i c ch vn bn.

7. Menu Style:

Gm cc lnh thay i kiu dng ca vn bn:

Plain Text : i ch v kiu bnh thng.
Bold : i ch v kiu m.
Italic : i ch v kiu nghing.
Subscript : i ch v kiu ch s di.
102

 Superscript : i ch v kiu ch s trn.

Formula : n nh kiu cng thc ha hc cho vn bn, khi cc du cng v tr
sau cc s s thnh ch s trn, cc k s u thnh ch s di.
Ghi ch: Cc lnh trong menu Font, Size v Style ch c tc dng trn phn vn bn
ang c chn hoc vn bn sp c nhp vo.
8. Menu Other:
Check Syntax : Kim tra cu trc v cu to ha hc.
Make Stick Structure : Thnh lp cu trc hnh que. Mt cu trc c th c v
di hai dng:
a) Cu trc c hnh que, trn mi v tr ng vi mt nguyn t;
b) Cu trc hnh hc vi nhng nhm chc gm cc nguyn t khng k
hydrogen, v d COOH hay CH2NH2. Cc phn mm m hnh ha phn t (modeling
software) cn cu trc hnh que.
Clean Up : Thay i mt t chiu di lin kt (khng k cc lin kt trong vng), hu
ch trong vic sa cha cu trc ly t ngun khc.
Periodic Table : Hin th bng phn loi tun hon, c th dng chn cc k hiu
nguyn t hay phn t.
Calculate Mass : Tnh khi lng phn t.
9. Menu Help:
Show/Hide Help Window: M hay ng ca s tr gip theo ng cnh (hng dn
cch s dng cng c v hin hnh).
Show/Hide Help Panel: M hay thanh trng thi.
Help Topics: Tm tr gip theo ch .

103

III. TNH NNG K THUT

Chn phn t

Chn nguyn t

V ng zigzag

Nhp vo phn t cn chn

Click hoc Drag xung

quanh v tr cn chn

Drag v

Ghi k hiu

Nhp vn bn

V mi tn cong

Click v nhp vn bn

V mi tn cong, sau
iu chnh bng cch ko
cc chm en k bn

Chn nguyn t, g k hiu

bng bn phm v nhn
Enter (hoc Click k hiu
trong bn tun hon)

(Khng dng Unicode)

V ni n V ni n gin on

V nhm th
trn mt phng

V on thng

V nhm th
di mt phng

(Alt + Drag: Thm ni i)

V on thng gin on

V nhm th
bt nh

V ni i

Drag v

V vng 4 cnh

V vng 5 cnh (ng)

V vng 5 cnh (ngang)

V vng 6 cnh

V vng nhn benzen

V vng nhn benzen

104

V dng gh

V vng 7 cnh

V vng 8 cnh

Click v

Mi tn hai chiu
(kp)

Mi tn mt chiu

Mi tn mt chiu
gin on

Mi tn hai chiu
(n)

Drag v

M trang mu

M tp mu

Bng k hiu

Click chn hnh ri Click v

V vng trn/cung trn c V vng trn/cung trn c

mi tn
mi tn gin on

Xa chi tit ca hnh v

Drag v

Click ti chi tit mun xa

To i xng dc

To i xng ngang

Chn i tng sau Click nt cng c

105

Quay t do
Drag quay trn

Gp hnh

Ghp hnh

Canh l

Chn cc hnh cn gp ri
Click nt cng c

Chn hai hnh cn ghp ri

Click nt cng c

Chn hnh, Click nt cng

c ri chn cch canh l
trong hp thoi

106

B. CHNG TRNH CHEMWIN 6

ChemWin 6 c nhng thay i rt ln so vi ChemWin3, tng cng nhiu tnh nng
h tr ngi dng trong vic son vn bn, cc menu v thanh cng c sp xp hp l
hn, tin dng hn.
Do chng ta s dng qua ChemWin 3, nn y ch gii thiu mt s nt mi ca
ChemWin 6.

I. CA S NG DNG.

Ca s chng trnh ChemWin 6

Ca s ChemWin 6 khi khi ng ln u c cc thnh phn nh sau:

1. Thanh tiu

4. Thanh nh dng vn bn

2. Thanh menu

5. Vng lm vic

3. Thanh cng c chun

6. Thanh trng thi

107

II. THANH MENU.

1. Menu File:

Hu nh ging vi chng trnh ChemWin 3, im khc l ChemWin 6 b i hai lnh

Import v Export, thm vo cc lnh:
New Library : To mi mt file dng th vin lu tr cc cu trc.
Print Preview : Xem trc kt qu trc khi in.
Docment Size... : nh kch thc ca ti liu. Ch : n v l trang (pages).
Preferences... : Cho php nh li ng dn n cc th mc cha cc tp
mu, file nh dng mu, n v o...
2. Menu Edit:

C thm cc lnh quan trng so vi chng trnh ChemWin 3:

Find in Library v Find Next in Library : Tm hnh v trong th vin da
vo tn (nhn) ca hnh v .
Override Style... : Ty chnh cc thng s nh dng nh font ch, mu sc...

Insert Object... : Cho php chn i tng t cc chng trnh khc nh

Word, Excel, Equation, ...
3. Menu View:

Dng n hoc hin cc thanh cng c v thc o. ChemWin 6 c rt nhiu thanh

cng c, tuy nhin hu ht cc nt lnh trn cc thanh cng c u c th c truy xut
thng qua cc nt lnh hp thnh v menu-phm phi.
4. Menu Arrange:

C thm mt lnh quan trng so vi chng trnh ChemWin 3: Crosshair. Lnh ny cho
php v trn mn hnh hai trc ta (khng c khi in ra) lm mc khi nh v cc
hnh v.
5. Menu Analytical:

Cung cp 2 lnh ly t menu Other ca ChemWin 3: Calculate Mass v Periodic Table

vi thng tin chi tit hn v thm lnh Formula Calculate : Tnh cc thng s ha hc
ca cu trc c chn hoc ca cng thc uc nhp vo.
6. Menu Other:
Check Chemistry : Kim tra cc cu trc ha hc trong vn bn hin hnh.
Make Stick Structure : To cu trc hnh que.
Make Labeled Structure : To cu trc nhn.
Add User Chemistry : Thm cu trc c chn vo th vin ngi dng.
Edit User Chemistry : Chnh sa th vin ngi dng..
Clean Up : T ng cn chnh chiu di cc lin kt ci thin hnh nh cu

trc.

108

 Check Spelling : Kim li chnh t - ting Anh. Ch yu l cc tn ha hc.

SymApps : M cu trc c chn trong chng trnh SymApps - mt

chng trnh hin th dng 3 chiu ca cu trc c ci t km vi ChemWin 6.

III. CC THANH CNG C.

ChemWin 6 c rt nhiu thanh cng c phc v cng vic ca ngi dng, ngha v
hnh dng ca cc nt lnh ny cng tng t nh ChemWin 3. iu c bit l hu ht
cc nt lnh u c mt ( dng n) trong thanh cng c chun hoc cc thanh cng c
khc, do y ch gii thiu thanh cng c chun (Standard Tools) v thanh nh
dng vn bn (Style Bar).
1. Thanh cng c chun:

Thanh cng c chun (Standard Tools)

Chng ta cn ch n cc nt lnh c mi tn nh (mu ) gc di bn tri. y l

cc nt lnh hp thnh, ngha l n hot ng nh mt menu - cha nhiu lnh bn di.
gi n cc lnh bn di nt hp thnh, ta phi gi v ko nt chut tri n lnh
cn dng ri bung ra.
Trong khi lm vic vi cc thanh cng c, ta nn ch nhn vo thanh trng thi bit
thm thng tin v cch s dng cng c bn di con tr.
: M mt vn bn mi.
: Chn cu trc. Ch cn nhp vo mt cnh ca cu trc.
: Thm k hiu nguyn t cho cu trc. Cho php nhp k hiu cng lc ti nhiu
nh ca cu trc.
: To nhn. Thng dng vit tn cc cu trc, cng c th dng thm k hiu
nguyn t vo cu trc.
: V ni n.
: V vng 6 cnh.
: V vng benzen.
: V nhn benzen.
: V vng 5 cnh.

109

: Nt lnh hp thnh, dng np cc trang mu (template).

: Hin/n thanh cng c ghi ch:

Thanh cng c ghi ch

,
,
,
: Cc nt lnh
hp thnh. Bn di u cha mt
bng cc nt lnh nh nhau.
Hnh nh trn nt lnh th hin cng
c c s dng sau cng. Nu
mun s dng li cng c , ta ch
cn nhp chut vo n.
Bng cc lnh bn di nt lnh hp thnh

Ngoi ra, ta c th nhp v gi phm chut phi hin cc nt lnh thch hp cho
tng loi i tng bn di tr chut.

110

2. Thanh nh dng vn bn:

Thanh nh dng vn bn

: Chn kiu nh dng c sn.

: Chn font ch. Lu l ChemWin 6 vn cha h
tr ting Vit vi bng m Unicode.
: Chn c ch.
: Chn mu, c tc dng vi c hnh v v cu trc.
: Cc nt lnh nh dng vn bn thng dng

IV. CCH M TH VIN V NP TRANG MU.

1. M th vin:

ChemWin 6 c mt b th vin rt phong ph gm cc dng c thy tinh, cc k hiu vt

l v cc cu trc phn t phc tp c th chn vo vn bn ang son tho.
m th vin, ta vo lnh File\Open... Ti hp thoi Open, m n th mc
C:\Program Files\Bio-Rad Laboratories\ChemWin\Libraries. Ti th mc ny chng ta
s thy 5 file:
CESymbol.cwl : Cha cc k hiu dng trong lu minh ha qu trnh th nghim.
LabGlass.cwl : Cha hnh nh cc cng c, dng c thy tinh trong phng th nghim.
OtherLib.cwl v StrucLib.cwl : Cung cp khong 4.500 cu trc ha hc hu c v cc
hp cht ha dc.
Chn file cn m ri nhp lnh Open. Trong ca s ChemWin 6 s xut hin mt ca s
con cha ni dung th vin. Ta c th chn hnh nh t th vin vo vn bn bng cch
ko-th hoc cp lnh Copy Paste.
2. Np trang mu:

Ging nh ChemWin 3, cc trang mu (template) cha b khung cc cu trc phc tp

ta c th s dng m khng cn phi tn cng v.
m th vin, ta vo lnh File\Open... Ti hp thoi Open, m n th mc
C:\Program Files\Bio-Rad Laboratories\ChemWin\Templates.
Cch s dng chn cc cu trc tng t nh trn.

111

V. BI TP NG DNG.
1. Bi tp 1:
Trnh by cu trc ca phn t acid retinoic:

a. V vng cyclohexan: dng cng c v vng su cnh

b. Thm nhm th: dng cng c v ni n

c. Thm dy nhnh by carbon: dng cng c v ng zigzag

d. Thm nm ni i: dng cng v v ni i , Click vo mi v tr mun to ni i.

Click ln na o v tr (t trn xung di v ngc li)

e. Thm su nhm th: dng cng c v ni n.

f. Thm cc k hiu ca nhm chc ha hc.

112

g. Dng cng c nhp vn bn

nhp tn cng thc.

2. Bi tp 2:
Trnh by cu trc phn t phenolphtalein:

a. V vng benzen: dng cng v v vng benzen

b. V thm vng nm cnh: dng cng c v vng nm cnh (ng)

ca vng benzen)

(Click bn phi

c. Lm cho i xng qua mt phng dc: dng cng c to i xng dc

d. Thm hai nhm th: dng cng c v ni n.

113

..

e. Thm hai vng benzen: dng cng v v vng benzen.

f. Thm cc nhm th: dng cng c v ni n v v ni i.

g. Thm cc k hiu nguyn t, nhm chc v tn vo cu trc.

3. Bi tp 3:
Trnh by mt c ch phn ng:

a. V cc phn t c bn.

114

b. V cc mi tn: dng cng c v mi tn cong

c. Thm cc k hiu: dng cng c nhp vn bn v bng k hiu.

BI TP
1. Thc hin s h thng lc
Hng dn: Chn lnh File\Open... Ti hp thoi Open, m n th mc C:\Program
Files\Bio-Rad Laboratories\ChemWin\Libraries , chn LabGlass.cwl

115

2. Trnh by c ch phn ng
CH3
N N

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

-OH

H2O

TI LIU THAM KHO

15- ng vn Gip Son tho vn bn khoa hc bng k thut vi tnh NXB GD
1997
16- Nguyn Trng Th - ng dng tin hc trong ging dy ha hc NXB GD
2002
17- http://www.chemwindow.com

116

Chng 4: CHNG TRNH CHEMOFFICE

A. CHNG TRNH CHEMDRAW
I. CA S NG DNG.

Ca s chng trnh ChemDraw 8

Ca s ChemDraw khi khi ng ln u c cc thnh phn nh sau:

1.Thanh tiu .

5. Thanh cng c chnh.

2.Thanh menu.

6. Vng lm vic.

3.Thanh cng c tng qut.

7. Thanh trng thi.

4. Thanh cng c nh dng vn bn.

117

II. THANH MENU.

1. Menu File:

Ngoi cc lnh thng thng, cn c:

Open Special : Cha cc cu trc ha hc
ca amino acids, aromatics (hidrocacbon phng
hng), cycloalkanes, v cc dng c th nghim ha
hc.
List nicknames: Lit k tn thng thng
ca mt s cht.
Revert : Phc hi trng thi tp tin t ln ra
lnh lu sau cng.
List Nicknames: Lit k tn ring ca cu
trc v cho php a cu trc vo vn bn hin hnh.
*
Nicknames:

c u trc ha h c c trong List

- Chn lnh File/List Nicknames, hp thoi List Nicknames xut hin.

- Chn tn cu trc trong hp thoi List Nicknames ri Click Paste, tn cu

trc xut hin.
- Click chut phi vo tn cu trc, chn lnh Expand Label (hoc chn lnh
Expand Label t menu Structure), cu trc xut hin.

O
C

118

 Ngoi ra cn c mt s ty chn phc v vic in vn bn trn ChemDraw nm trong

lnh Preferences....
2. Menu Edit:

Ngoi cc lnh thng thng, cn c:

Get 3D Model : Chuyn cu trc ha hc dng 2D sang
cu trc ha hc dng 3D (mc nhin l dng que).
Insert Graphic... : Chn hnh t cc file ca ChemDraw
hoc cc file hnh.
Insert Object... : Chn i tng t cc chng trnh
khc nh Word, Excel, Equation, ...

3. Menu View:

Cha cc lnh hin hoc n cc ca s thng tin v

trc v cc thanh cng c.

cu

4. Menu Object:

Ngoi cc lnh bit nh Align, Group, Ungroup, ..., c bit

c thm lnh Add Frame: Bao bn ngoi cu trc cc cp
ngoc hoc hnh ch nht, rt hu ch trong vic v cc phc
cht.

119

5. Menu Structure:
Check Structure: kim tra cu trc
c chn. Nu cu trc ng, s hin th hp thoi
thng bo khng tm thy li; nu cu trc sai, s
hin th hp thoi thng bo ch sai.
Contract Label: Thay th (nn) phn
cu trc c chn bng tn do ngi dng t t.
Lu y khng phi l lnh ngc vi lnh
Expand Label, v lnh ny khng cho php nn
phn cu trc cha cc nguyn t gc hu c.
Define Nickname: Cho php ngi
dng nh ngha tn ring cho phn cu trc c
chn c th s dng li.
Convert Name to Structure: V cu
trc ha hc t tn ha hc.
Convert Structure to Name: gi tn
ha hc ca cu trc ha hc c chn.
6. Menu Text:

Gm cc lnh lin quan n nh dng vn bn.

7. Menu Curves:

Thay i kiu ng v cho cc loi hnh khng thuc cu trc

ha hc, nh cc dng c phng th nghim, ...

120

III. BI TP NG DNG.
1. Bi tp 1:

Trnh by m hnh lai ha ca phn t CH2 = CH2.

Bc 1: V 3 orbital p lai ha.
Dng cng c v orbital, dng cng c chn ton phn di chuyn v xoay cc
orbital.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Bc 2: V orbital p cha lai ha.

Dng cng c v orbital, sau dng lnh Object/Bring to front di chuyn orbital
cha lai ha ln trn.

(a)

(b)

Bc 3: V 2 orbital s.

Dng cng c v orbital, sau dng cng c chn ton phn di chuyn 2 orbital n
xen ph, tip tc dng lnh Object/Bring to front di chuyn orbital s ln trn.

121

Bc 4: V hnh i xng.

Dng lnh Copy v Paste, sau dng lnh Object/Flip Horizontal to i xng qua
mt phng dc i vi hnh va nhn c.

Bc 5: Di chuyn 2 hnh xen ph nhau: dng cng c chn ton phn, sau dng cng
c v lin kt dn sng lin kt 2orbital p cha lin kt.

2. Bi tp 2:
Trnh by 3 dng cu trc ca vitamin B6. Gi tn.

Bc 1:V vng benzen.

Dng cng c v vng benzen.

Bc 2:V thm bn ni n

122

Dng cng c v ni n.

Bc 3:V thm cc k hiu CH3, CH2OH, OH, N.

Dng cng c son vn bn v cng c vit cng thc ha hc.

CH2OH
HO

H3 C

CH2OH

Bc 4: Gi tn cu trc.

Chn ton b cu trc ri dng lnh Structure/Convert Structure to Name (trc khi gi
tn cu trc nn dng lnh Structure/Check Structure kim tra cu trc).
CH2OH
HO

H3 C

CH2OH

4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpyridin-3-ol

Bc 5:V thm 2 cu trc trn.

Dng cng c Copy v Paste.

123

CH2OH

CH2OH
HO

HO

CH2OH

CH2OH

H3C

H 3C

CH2OH
HO

CH2OH

H3C

4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpyridin-3-ol

Bc 6: Xa nhm th -CH2OH trn cng thc.

Dng cng c xa chi tit.

CH2OH
HO

HO

CH2OH

H3C

H3C

CH2OH

HO

CH2OH

H3C

4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpyridin-3-ol

Bc 7: in nhm th -CHO, -CH2NH2.

Dng cng c son vn bn, sau gi tn tng cu trc bng lnh Structure/Convert
strucure to name.
CHO

CH2OH
HO

H 3C

CH2OH

4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpyridin-3-ol

HO

H3C

CH2NH2
CH2OH

3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde

HO

H3C

CH2OH

4-(aminomethyl)-5(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpyridin-3-ol

3. Bi tp 3:

Trnh by cu trc dng 3D ca phn t phenyl alanin (dng que - cu).

Bc 1:V cu trc phenyl alanin.

124

Dng lnh Structure/Convert Name to Structure.

NH2

Bc 2: Chuyn cu trc ha hc t 2D sang 3D

Dng lnh Edit/Get 3D Model.

Bc 3: Chuyn cu trc 3D t kiu que sang kiu que-cu: Click p vo cu trc

3D, ca s ng dng Chem3D xut hin, chn Ball & Stick trong Model Type.

125

4. Bi tp 4:

V s th nghim un hon lu.

Bc 1: V gi th nghim gm thanh v kp.
Dng cng c v th nghim, sau dng lnh Object/Flip Horizontal to kp i
xng qua mt phng dc v dng cng c ton phn di chuyn kp gn ln
thanh.

Bc 2: V l t nng, bnh cu, ng sinh hn: dng cng c v dng c th nghim

v cng c chn ton phn di chuyn cc dng c.

Bc 3: Ch thch cho hnh v: dng cng c v mi tn v cc ng dn v

cng c son vn bn ghi ch thch.

126

nc ra

nc vao

S o un hoan lu

5. Bi tp 5:

Trnh by mt c ch phn ng
O

O
C

H3C

H
+

C O

C CH2 C CH3

OH-

H3C
NO2

NO2

H2O

OH

H
N

O
C CH3
N

N
H

N+
O-

CH3CO2H

Bc 1:V cc cu trc ha hc c bn
S dng cc cng c tng t bi tp 2
O

CH2

H3C

H3C
NO2

NO2

Bc 2: V thm mt cu trc ha hc.

127

CH3

S dng cc cng c nh bc 1, dng cng c vit ch s di cho N+ v cng c

vit ch s trn cho O-.
OH
O
C

CH3

N+
O-

Bc 3: V thm mt cu trc ha hc.

Dng lnh Copy v Paste thm mt cu trc ha hc ging bc 2, sau dng
cng c xa chi tit xa mt s nguyn t ca cu trc va mi Paste ri thm
ni i, cc k hiu nguyn t.
OH

O
O
C

CH3

N+

O-

Bc 4: V thm mt cu trc ha hc.

Thm mt cu trc ha hc ging bc 3 ri b ni i gia N v C, dng lnh
Object/Flip Vertical to i xng qua mt phng ngang.
O
O

H
N

N
N

Bc 5: V thm mt cu trc bc 4, dng lnh Object/Flip Vertical v

Object/Flip Horizontal to i xng qua mt phng ngang v dc, sau thm
ni i lin kt 2 cu trc.

128

Bc 6: V mi tn thng, cong, du ngoc: dng cng c v mi tn, cng c

v du ngoc, sau g OH-, H2O, CH3CO2H trn mi tn: dng cng c son vn
bn.

C CH2 C CH3

H3C

H
+

C O

OH-

H3C
NO2

NO2

H2O

H
N

OH

O
C CH3
N

N
H

129

CH3CO2H

N+
O-

B. CHNG TRNH CHEM3D

I. CA S NG DNG:

Ca s chng trnh Chem 3D

1. Thanh tiu

3. Thanh cng c

2. Thanh menu

4. Vng lm vic

130

II. THANH MENU:

1. Menu File:

Ngoi cc lnh thng thng (New Model, Open, Save, Save as, Print, Close
Window, Exit Chem3D Ultra), cn c menu Templates gm cc mc:
Atom Label: hin th k hiu nguyn t.
Black Background, Blue Background: chn mu nn ca vng lm vic.
Wire Frame, Space Filling, Cylindrical Bonds, Ball & Stick: chn kiu ca cu
trc ha hc: dy, lp y khng gian, lin kt hnh ng, que v cu.
Zeolite, Taxol, Stereo, NaCl Crystal, ...: hin th cu trc ha hc ca tn c
chn.
2. Menu Edit:

Ngoi cc lnh thng thng (Undo, Redo, Cut, Copy, Copy as, Paste, v Select
All), cn c menu Select Atoms dng chn cc nguyn t.
Select C,H: chn cc nguyn t cacbon, hiro.
Select Adjacent: chn cc nguyn t gn k cc nguyn t c chn.
Select Fragment: chn cc nguyn t cn li.
3. Menu View:
Toolbar: hin th thanh cng c.

Tools Palette: hin th thanh cng c ring.

Setting: hin th hp thoi Chem3D Setting, chn mu sc ca vng lm vic, mu

cc nguyn t, dng cu trc ha hc, v.v

131

4. Menu Tools:
Show Hs and Lps: hin th nguyn t hidro ca cu trc c chn.
Magnify: tng kch thc cu trc c chn.
Reduce: gim kch thc cu trc c chn.
5. Menu Object:
Move to center: di chuyn phn t c chn n trung tm vng lm vic.
Move to: di chuyn n

Move to X-Y plane: di chuyn phn t c chn n mt phng X-Y.

Move to Y-Z plane: di chuyn phn t c chn n mt phng Y-Z.
Move to X-Z plane: di chuyn phn t c chn n mt phng X-Z.
Colorise: hin th hp thoi Set Atoms Color, t mu cc nguyn t.

* t mu cho cc nguyn t:
- Chn cc nguyn t cn t mu.
- Chn lnh Object/Colorise, hp thoi Set Atom Color xut hin.
- Chn mu ri Click Set.
* Chn mu phong ph hn bng cch Click Edit Color trong hp thoi Set Atom Color,
hp thoi Color xut hin.Chn mu v thay i m nht ca mu bng cch di
chuyn tam gic mu en pha phi bng mu ri Click OK.

132

 Set Bond Order: v lin kt gia hai nguyn t.

Single: lin kt n.
Double: lin kt i.
Triple: lin kt ba.
* v lin kt gia hai nguyn t:
- Chn nguyn t th nht, n gi phm Shift ri chn nguyn t th hai.
- Chn lnh Object/Set Bond Order.
Show All Atoms: hin th tt c cc nguyn t.
Element Symbol: tn nguyn t

Show: hin th tn nguyn t trong cu trc c chn .

Hide: khng hin th tn nguyn t trong cu trc c chn.
Default: trng thi mc nh.
Serial Number: s th t nguyn t.

Show: hin th s nguyn t trong cu trc c chn .

Hide: khng hin th s nguyn t trong cu trc c chn.
Default: trng thi mc nh.
Break Bond: ph v lin kt cu trc c chn.
6. Menu Analyze:
Spin About X Axis: quay trn cc phn t trong vng lm vic quanh trc X.
Spin About Y Axis: quay trn cc phn t trong vng lm vic quanh trc Y.
Spin About Z Axis: quay trn cc phn t trong vng lm vic quanh trc Z.
Show Measurement: hin th nhng php o ca cu trc c chn.

Bond Lengths: di lin kt.

Bond Angles: gc lin kt.

133

III. THANH CNG C.

: Di chuyn i tng c chn,
: Quay t do i tng c chn.
: Thay i kch thc i tng c chn: Gi phm chut tri v di chuyn tr
chut ln hoc xung tng hoc gim kch thc i tng.
: V ni n (cng c c mc nh bi etan).
: V ni i (cng c c mc nh bi eten).
: V ni ba (cng c c mc nh bi etin).
: V cu trc ha hc t cng thc cu to.
* v cu trc ha hc t cng thc cu to:
- Click cng c, mt hnh ch nht c con nhy xut hin :

- G cng thc cu to :

- G Enter, cu trc ha hc xut hin.

: Xa cc chi tit ca cu trc: Click chut vo v tr cn xa.

: M ca s ng dng ca chng trnh ChemDraw.
: Chuyn cu trc ha hc c chn t 2D sang 3D.
: Chuyn cu trc ha hc c chn t 3D sang 2D.
: Nhn i i xng qua mt phng dc vi cu trc c chn.
: Hin th tn nguyn t trong cu trc c chn.
: Hin th s th t cc nguyn t trong cu trc c chn .
: Chn mu nn ca vng lm vic.Chn cng c, hp thoi Color xut hin, chn
mu ri Click OK.
134

: i mu nn ca vng lm vic sang hai mu c chn trn.

: Chn kiu cu trc ha hc.

Wire Frame (dng dy)

Sticks (dng que)

Ball & Stick

Space Filling

(dng que v cu)

(dng lp y khng gian)

135

III. TNH NNG K THUT:

1. S dng chut tri:

Dng chut tri chn nguyn t hoc lin kt bng cch Click chut trn nguyn t
hoc lin kt cn chn.
Dng chut tri xem k hiu cc nguyn t hoc di kin kt v loi lin kt bng
cch di chuyn chut n nguyn t hoc lin kt.

Dng chut tri xem gc lin kt gia cc nguyn t bng cch gi phm Shift,
dng chut tri chn cc nguyn t to thnh gc cn xem, ri di chuyn chut
n nguyn t gia.

2. V cu trc ha hc 3D t 2D.
Chng trnh Chem3D c th biu din bt k cu trc no ca ChemDraw:
- Chn cng thc cu to hoc cu trc ha hc trong ChemDraw.
- Chn lnh Edit/Copy trn thanh n lnh ca ChemDraw.
- Chn lnh Edit/Paste trn thanh n lnh ca Chem3D hoc dng cng c chuyn
cu trc ha hc c chn t 2D sang 3D, cu trc ha hc 3D xut hin.

136

IV. BI TP P DNG
1. Bi tp 1: Trnh by cu trc ha hc ca butadien-1,3 (dng lin kt hnh ng).
Bc 1: Chn kiu cu trc ha hc: dng cng c chn kiu cu trc ha hc, chn
Cylindrical Bonds hoc dng lnh Templates/ Cylindrical Bonds.
Bc 2: V cu trc etan: dng cng c v ni n.

Bc 3: V n-butan: chn cng c v ni n, di chuyn chut vo cacbon th nht ko

hng ln ri nh chut c propan, tip tc di chuyn n cacbon th ba ko chut
hng xung ri th chut c n-butan.

Bc 4: V butadien-1,3: Click cng c v ni i, ko chut t cacbon th nht n

cacbon th hai ri th chut c buten-1, thc hin tng t i vi cacbon th ba v
t.

137

Bc 5: iu chnh phn t isopren c nng lng thp nht: dng lnh MM2/Minimize
Energy.
2. Bi tp 2: Trnh by cu trc ha hc ca Xystein (dng que-cu).Cho bit di
lin kt, gc lin kt gia cc nguyn t. Cho bit cng thc cu to ca Xystein:

HS CH2

CH

COOH

NH2

Bc 1: Chn kiu cu trc ha hc: dng cng c chn kiu cu trc ha hc, chn Ball
& Stick hoc dng lnh Templates/Ball & Stick.
Bc 2: V cu trc Xystein: dng cng c v cu trc ha hc t cng thc ha hc, g
cng thc cu to: HSCH2CH(NH2)CO(OH) ri nhn Enter.

Bc 3: Thm k hiu cc nguyn t: dng cng c chn ton phn chn cu trc,
sau dng cng c hin th tn nguyn t hoc dng lnh Show Element
Symbols/Show.

Bc 4: Hin th di lin kt, gc lin kt: chn cu trc, sau dng lnh
Analyze/Show Meaurement/Show Bond Lengths hin th di lin kt, lnh
Analyze/Show Measurement/Show Bond Angles hin th gc lin kt.
138

3. Bi tp 3:
Trnh by cu trc ha hc ca vitamin E (dng que-cu).Cho bit cu trc ca
vitamin E:
HO

Bc 1: Chn kiu cu trc ha hc: dng cng c chn kiu cu trc ha hc, chn
Ball & Stick hoc dng lnh Templates/Ball & Stick.
Bc 2: V cu trc ca vitamin E (2D), m ca s ChemDraw: dng cng c m
ca s ng dng ca chng trnh ChemDraw, ca s ChemDraw xut hin, tin
hnh v nh sau:
- V vng benzen: dng cng c v vng benzen.

- V thm vng 6 cnh: dng cng c v vng 6.

- V thm dy nhnh 13 cacbon: dng cng c v ng zigzag.

- V thm nhm th: dng cng c v ni n.

139

- in thm cc k hiu nguyn t: dng cng c son vn bn.

HO

Bc 3: Copy cu trc va mi v: chn cu trc, sau Click vo cng c Copy hoc

dng lnh Eid/Copy trn thanh n lnh ca ca s ChemDraw.
Bc 4: Dn cu trc: m ca s Chem3D, Click vo cng c Paste hoc dng lnh
Edit/Paste trn thanh n lnh ca ca s Chem3D, cu trc vitamin E (3D) xut hin.

4. Bi tp 4:

D on ph cng hng t ht nhn ca phn t (1H NMR v 13C - NMR).

D on ph 1H NMR hoc

13

C NMR ca phenol.

Bc 1: V cng thc ca phn t phenol

HO

phenol

Bc 2:

- Dng cng c Lasso

hoc Marquee

chn ly phn t.

140

- Vo menu Structure, chn Predict 1H NMR Shifts hoc Predict 13C NMR
Shifts.

BI TP
1. D on ph 1H-NMR v 13C ca cc hp cht sau:
a)

H3C

H2C

H
C

H2C

COOH

NH2
O

b)

H3C

2. Trnh by cu trc 3D ca Phenol Phtalein. Cho bit di lin kt, gc lin kt gia
cc nguyn t.
3.Trnh by dng obitan lai ha ca: sp2 , sp3 , dsp2

TI LIU THAM KHO

18- Nguyn Trng Th - ng dng tin hc trong ging dy ha hc NXB GD
2002
19- http://www.camsoft.com
20- http://scistore.chemstore.com

141

Chng 5: CHNG TRNH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2003

Lm vic trn PowerPoint l lm vic trn cc tp tin trnh din (c phn m rng l
*.PPT). Mi tp tin trnh din bao gm cc trang trnh din (slide), chng c sp theo
mt th t. Cc trang trnh din ny cha ni dung thng tin bn mun trnh by. C th
minh ha cu trc mt tp tin trnh din theo slide nh sau:

slide 1

slide 2

slide n
Mt tp tin trnh din (PPT)

Qui trnh to v s dng mt tp tin trnh din nh sau:

Bc 1: Xc nh r rng cc ni dung s trnh by. T s nh ra c cu trc ca
tp tin trnh din l: Chn nn ca slide theo mu no cho ph hp? Cn bao nhiu
slides? Ni dung mi slide l g?
Bc 2: Dng PowerPonit xy dng ni dung cc slide .
Bc 3: Trnh din slide. Khi ni dung tng slide s c phng to ln ton b mn
hnh my tnh. Nu my tnh ca bn ni vi mt my chiu (Multimedia Projector chng
hn), ni dung cc slide trnh chiu s c a ln cc mn hnh ln, nhiu ngi c th
quan st mt cch d dng.

142

I. CA S NG DNG.

Ca s chng trnh Microsoft PowerPoint 2003

1. Thanh tiu .

4. Danh sch cc slide to.

7. Hp ghi ch.

2. Thanh menu.

5. Vng son tho (slide)

8. Thanh cng c v

3. Cc thanh cng c.

6. Task Pane.

9. Thanh trng thi.

II. THANH MENU.

Do cng h MS Office, h thng menu ca PowerPoint cng tng t nh ca MS Word.
Sau y ch gii thiu nhng nt khc bit so vi MS Word.

1. Menu File:
C thm lnh Package for CD.... Lnh ny cho ph ng gi ton b file trnh din
cng tt c nhng d liu c lin kt trong file trnh din (k c font ch) vo a CD
hoc mt th mc c th trnh din c lp.

143

Hp thoi Package for CD

2. Menu Edit:
C thm hai lnh:
Duplicate : Nhn i slide hin hnh.
Delete Silde : Xa slide hin hnh.

3. Menu View:
Hu nh hon ton khc bit vi menu View ca MS Word.
Normal : Hin th cc slide trong ch thng dng
son tho.
Slide Sorter : Hin th cc slide dng thu nh nhm
thun tin cho vic sp xp li th t hoc chn, xa cc
slide.
Slide Show : Bt u trnh din.
Notes Page : Chuyn sang ch son cc ghi ch.
Master : Gm 3 lnh con l Slide Master, Handout
Master v Notes Master. Thng ta ch dng lnh Slide
Master (s c gii thiu phn sau).
Color/Grayscale : Gm 3 lnh con l Color, Grayscale v Pure Black and White. Cc
lnh ny s c gii thiu chi tit phn in n.
Task Pane: Bt/tt hin th Bng tc v. y l khu v cha hu ht cc lnh v nh
dng cc slide.
Grid and Guides: Ty chnh v bt/tt hin th cc li trn slide nhm canh chnh
chnh xc cc hnh v. Cc li ny khng hin th trong ch trnh din.

144

4. Menu Insert:
New Slide : Chn mt slide trng vo sau slide hin
hnh.
Duplicate Slide : Nhn i slide hin hnh.
Slide Number v Date and Time : Ging nh lnh
View/Header and Footer, lm hin hp thoi Header and
Footer ty chnh vic hin th s th t silde v ngy gi.
Notes Page : Chuyn sang ch son cc ghi ch.
Slides from Files : Cho php chn v chn cc slide t
mt trang trnh din khc.
Slides from Outline : T ng phn tch v chn ton b
ni dung mt file vn bn vo cc slide.
Cc lnh khc tng t vi MS Word.

5. Menu Format:
Line Spacing : Ty chnh khong cc gia cc dng vn
bn trong textbox c chn.
Replace Fonts : Thay i mt font ch trong ton file
trnh din.
Slide Design : Hin th Task Pane vi chc nng thit k
slide.
Slide Layout : Hin th Task Pane vi chc nng nh
khun dng cho slide.
Backgound : Chn cch t nn cho slide.
Placeholder : nh dng khung bao cc hnh v hoc
text box.

6. Menu Tools:
C cc lnh tng t vi MS Word.

145

7. Menu Slide Show:

View Show : Chuyn sang ch trnh din.
Set Up Show : Thit lp cch thc trnh din.
Rehearse Timings : Chuyn sang ch trnh din
ng thi hin ng h tnh thi gian ca hin th mi
slide.
Record Narration : Ty chnh cc thng s thu li
li thuyt trnh cho mi slide. Thng dng kt hp vi
Set Up Show nhm mc ch trnh din t ng.
Action Buttons : V cc nt thc hin mt s lnh ci
t sn trong PowerPoint.
Action Settings : Thit lp hnh ng cho mt i
tng.
Animation Schemes: Thit lp hiu ng ng theo cc dng sn c cho cc thnh
phn trong slide.
Custom Animation : Ty thit lp hiu ng ng cho cc thnh phn trong slide.
Slide Transition : Thit lp hiu ng ng khi chuyn slide.
Hide Slide : n slide hin hnh trong phin trnh din.
Custom Shows : Cho php chn mt s slide trnh din.

146

* Gii thiu v Task Pane:

Task Pane l mt bng nh c hin th bn phi ca s chng trnh, cho php ta s
dng tt c cc lnh lin quan n nh dng slide v thit lp hiu ng ng, ngoi cch
dng h thng menu.
Click ng
Task Pane
Tiu cho bit
chc nng ang
c chn

Click bt/tt
menu

Cc lnh/ty chn

Nhm lnh
nh dng slide

Task Pane vi menu ang hin th

Khi ta chn cc lnh trong nhm lnh nh dng slide, Task Pane s l ni cung cc cc
ty chn chi tit cc cc lnh ny. iu ny lm tng tnh trc quan, gip ngi dng d
dng theo di c hiu lc ca lnh v tng tc lm vic so vi cch dng hp thoi
ca cc phin bn PowerPoint trc.

147

III. XY DNG CC SLIDE.

1. Qun l cc slide:
a) Thm mt slide:

thm mt slide ln tp tin trnh din ang m, bn lm nh sau:

Chn lnh Insert/New Slide hoc nhn t hp phm nng Ctrl+M. Mt slide mi s c
chn vo sau slide hin hnh, ng thi Task Pane s xut hin vi chc nng Slide
Layout cho php bn chn mu b cc slide mi ny:
Khi ta Click vo mt mu b cc, mu ny s c p
dng vo slide c chn, v ngay bn phi mu b c
hin hnh s xut hin mt nt lnh. Click nt lnh ny s
hin th menu ng cnh nh hnh bn:
Apply to Selected Slides :p dng mu b cc cho
cc slide ang c chn.
Reapply Layout : p dng li mu b cc vi nh
dng c ly theo Slide Master.
Insert New Slide : Chn thm mt slide vi mu b
cc ang chn.

Task Pane vi chc nng Slide Layout

b) Di chuyn n cc slides:

di chuyn n cc slide bn c th thc hin theo 2 cch:

Cch 1: Click hnh thu nh ca slide cn chuyn n trong danh sch cc slide c
to;
Cch 2: Dng chut di chuyn thanh cun dc bn phi mn hnh, sau Click vo
slide mun chuyn n.
c) Xa mt slide:

xa mt slide ra khi tp tin trnh din, cn chn slide mun xa danh sch cc slide
c to ri nhn phm Delete.
d) Sp xp cc slide:

C th trc tip Drag slide n v tr mi trong danh sch cc slide c hoc Drag
trong ch Slide Shorter (View/Slide Shorter) s trc quan hn.
148

2. a thng tin ln slide:

a) Thm vn bn, hnh v, chn hnh nh:

Trn PowerPoint, tt c vn bn u nm trong cc Text Box. Ta thm vn bn vo cc

Text Box c sn (mang dng ch Click to add ...) bng cck Click vo cc Text Box
ny, dng ch nhc nh s t ng bin mt.
Ta cng c th dng thanh cng c v (Drawing Toolbar) thm cc Text Box hoc cc
hnh v v dng lnh Insert/ClipArt chn cc hnh v.
b). Chn m thanh v video:

chn file m thanh hay video, ta chn lnh Insert/Movies and Sounds. Trong menu con
x ra, ta c th chn ngun m thanh hay video.
c) Chn bng:

thm mt bng d liu (table) ln slide, bn dng lnh Insert/Table. Vic nh kch
thc bng, xy dng cu trc bng, nhp ni dung v nh dng bng c thc hin
tng t nh trn Word. Tuy nhin cng c mt s bt tin so vi vic nh dng bng
trong MS Word.
d). Chn biu :

Ta dng lnh Insert/Chart. Ngay sau khi mt biu c chn vo, PowerPoint s
chuyn sang ch x l biu vi thanh menu v thanh cng c khc ban u.
Vic nhp liu v nh dng biu tng t nh trong MS Excel.

Ca s PowerPoint trong ch lm vic vi biu

tr li ch lm vic vi PowerPoint, ta Click vo vng trng ngoi biu . quay

li chnh sa biu , ta D-Click trn biu .
149

f) Chn siu lin kt (Hyperlink):

Siu lin kt lm tng tnh uyn chuyn trong qu to ni dung file trnh din. Ta c th t
do nhy t mt slide n mt slide bt k trong file trnh din hay file trnh din khc,
c th m mt file vn bn hay thc thi mt chng trnh...
to siu lin kt, trc tin ta chn mt dng vn bn hay mt i tng hnh mang
siu lin k. Sau chn lnh Insert/Hyperlink, hp thoi Insert Hyperlink s xut hin.

Danh sch cc slide hin

c trong file trnh din

Hp thoi Insert Hyperlink

mc Link to, chn Exsting File or Web Page nu mun to lin kt m tp tin
khc, chn Place in This Document nu mun to lin kt n cc slide khc trong file
trnh din.
Ghi ch:

- Ch c vn bn mang siu lin kt mi c gch chn v i mu so vi vn bn bnh

thng, hnh v th khng. bit mt i tng c mang siu lin kt hay khng, ta a
tr chut ln trn i tng . Nu tr chut bin thnh hnh bn tay th i tng
mang siu lin kt.
- Siu lin kt s hot ng khi ta Click vo i tng mang siu lin kt trong ch
trnh din.
- Mt cch khc to siu lin kt l dng lnh Slide Show/Action Settings. Ngoi ra,
lnh Slide Show/Action Buttons cung cp cho chng ta mt s hnh v mang ngha
tng trng nhm s dng dng cho mc ch to siu lin kt.
g) To tiu u, tiu cui (Header and Footer):

Trong PowerPoint, ta ch c th chn Footer vo slide. chn Footer cho slide, bn chn
lnh View/Header and Footer, hp thoi sau y xut hin:
150

Date and Time

Footter

Slide number

Hp thoi Header and Footer

Th Slide cho php thit lp mt s cc thng tin trong Footer ca slide nh sau:
Date and Time : Nu bn chn mc Date and Time, thng tin v ngy gi s c
hin th. Khi , nu chn:
Update automatically : Ngy gi hin hnh trn my tnh s c hin th, vi
cc ty chn v nh dng c chn trong cc List Box bn di
Fixed : Hin th ngy gi theo gi tr c nhp trong hp nhp bn di.

Slide number : Hin th s th t ca slide;

Footer : Hin th ni dung c nhp trong hp nhp bn di.
Apply : Cc thit lp s ch p dng cho slide hin hnh.
Apply All : Cc thit lp s c p dng cho tt c cc slide trong tp tin trnh din.

Th Notes and Handouts cho php thit lp mt s cc thng tin hin th trn Header v
Footer ca trang in (thng tin ny ch hin th khi bn in ra my in).

3. nh dng tng th cc slide:

a) S dng cc khun mu c sn (Design Template):

Chn lnh Format/Slide Design, Task Pane s hin th vi chc nng Slide Design/Design
Template.

151

 ngha cc mc chn nh sau:

Used in This Presentaion : Nhng mu nh dng
ang c dng trong file trnh din.
Recently Used : Nhng mu c dng.
Available for Use : Nhng mu kh dng.
Browse : M cc file trnh din khc sao chp nh
dng.

Nu mun p dng mt khun mu cho slide hin hnh,

ta Click vo n.
a chut ln mt khun mu v Click vo nt lnh bn
phi s lm xut hin menu ng cnh gm cc lnh:
Apply to All Slides : p dng khun mu c chn
ln tt c cc slide trong file trnh din.
Apply to Selected Slides : p dng khun mu ln
cc slide c chn.
Show Large Previews : Bt/tt hin th cc khun
mu kch thc ln xem trc.
Task Pane vi chc nng Design Template
b) nh dng Slide Master:

Slide Master c th hiu nh mt slide mu cho mt tp tin trnh din. Vic thay i nh
dng trn Slide Master s tc ng n tt c cc slide trong file trnh din.
Nh vy, mi mu slide nh dng sn va ni mc 3.1 (Design Template) c th hiu
l mt Slide Master. V mi mu slide ny c sn cc nh dng cho trc v c th p t
kiu nh dng cho ton b cc slide trn tp tin trnh din.
Vi Slide Master, bn c th thay i cc nh dng vn bn, nh dng biu , nh
dng bng biu, nh dng hnh v theo cc b cc slide chun (Slide Layout) ca
PowerPoint. Hn na bn c th thit lp cc tiu u, tiu cui, chn s trang, chn
thm hnh nh vo slide. Khi , nh dng v b cc ton b cc slide trn tp tin trnh
din s c thay i theo nh Slide Master. Cch thit lp Slide Master nh sau:

152

Chn lnh View/Master/Slide Master, mn hnh lm vic vi Slide Master xut hin nh
sau:

Ca s Slide Master

Vic nh dng cc thnh phn trn Slide Master cng thc hin nh i vi cc slide bnh
thng.
V cn lu l bt k thnh phn no c a thm vo Slide Master cng u s xut
hin trn tt cc slide ca file trnh din. iu ny c th ng dng a logo, hnh nn
hay cc nt lnh vo tt c slide mt cch nhanh chng.
c) Thay i mu sc cho cc thnh phn trn slide (Color Schemes):

Tnh nng ny gip thay i mu sc ca cc i tng hin th thng tin trn slide hin
hnh ca tp tin trnh din (ngoi tr cc hnh nn). C rt nhiu b mu c th chn, mt
khc cng c th thay i mu sc chi tit i vi tng loi i tng trn slide mt cch
ng b trn tt c slide hoc ch cc b vi slide ang chn.
thc hin chc nng ny, hin th Task Pane vi chc nng Slide Design, sau chn
lnh Color Schemes. Cc b mu s c hin th bn di. B mu c khung mu xanh
bao quanh l b mu ang c s dng.
Ta c th Click p dng mt b mu ln slide hin hnh hoc bt menu ng cnh vi
cc lnh ging nh chc nng Design Template.
153

 thay i mt cch chi tit mu sc ca tng i tng trn b mu ang c chn,

Click vo lnh Edit Color Schemes.
Hp thoi ny gm 2 th, y ta ch quan tm n th Custom.

Hp thoi Edit Color Schemes

Scheme colors : Danh sch cc i tng c th thay i mu cng vi mu sc hin
ti ca chng. mu c hnh ch nht bao quanh l mu ca i tng ang c chn.
Change Color : Hin th hp thoi chn mu.
Apply : Lu gi cc thay i vo b mu hin hnh v ng hp thoi.
Cancel : ng hp thoi, khng lu cc thay i.
Preview : p dng thay i vo slide hin hnh xem th, sau c th chn lnh
Apply p dng chnh thc hoc Cacel b thay i.
Add As Standard Scheme : Lu b mu c ty bin vo danh sch cc b mu
chun ca chng trnh.

c bit, i vi mu nn (Background) ca slide, ta c th p dng cc ty chn cao cp

hn. thc hin, chn lnh Format/Background, hp thoi Backgound s c hin th:

B qua hnh nn t
Slide Master

Click chn li
mu nn
Hp thoi Background

154

IV. S DNG CC HIU NG NG.

Mt trong nhng im mnh ca PowerPoint l kh nng thit lp cc hiu ng ng
(animation effects). Vi cc hiu ng ny, thng tin trn slide ca bn s c sinh ng
hn, hp dn v thu ht ngi theo di hn. Tuy nhin ci g cng c mt thun v mt
nghch ca n, lu rng bn cng khng nn qu lm dng vo cc hiu ng hot hnh
ny, trnh trng hp hc sinh cm thy nhm chn hoc mt tp trung vo ch chnh.

1. p dng cho cc thnh phn ca mt trang slide (dng Custom Animation):

Cch p dng hiu ng ng cho cc loi i tng (bao gm vn bn, hnh v hoc
nh, biu ) l nh nhau, tuy nhin cc ty chn cao cp li khc nhau tng loi i
tng.
p dng hiu ng ng cho cc i tng, ta cn chn i tng ri thc hin lnh
Slide Show/Custom Animation hoc chn t menu ca Task Pane.
Hnh bn di minh ha cho i tng vn bn vi hiu ng Blinds.

Cc nhm hiu ng
Xa hiu ng

Thay i th t trnh din

Task Pane vi chc nng Custom Animation

Trong Custom Animation c 4 nhm hiu ng, bao gm:

Entrance (i vo): Gm cc hiu ng lm xut hin i tng theo cc cch thc khc
nhau.
Emphasis (nhn mnh): Nh tn gi, nhm hiu ng ny nhm nhn mnh i tng,
bao gm cc hiu ng bin dng, i mu hoc xoay i tng...
Exit (thot ra): Cc hiu ng ca nhm ny ging vi nhm Entrance nhng c tc
dng l lm bin mt i tng.
Motion Paths: y l nhm hiu ng c th s dng lm hot hnh, gm cc hiu
ng di chuyn i tng theo cc ng v c sn hoc c v bng tay.
155

Ty chn chung cho cc loi hiu ng nh sau:

Start : Cch thc bt u hiu ng, bao gm:
On Click : Click bt u bt u.
With Previous : Cng lc vi hiu ng lin

trc.
After Previous: Sau hiu ng lin trc.
Direction : Hng bt u ca hiu ng. Ty chn ny
thay i ty hiu ng v khng c mt s hiu ng.
Speed : Tc trnh din:
Very Slow: Rt chm.
Slow : Chm.
Medium : Va.
Fast : Nhanh.

Click hoc R-click

hin menu

Very Fast : Rt nhanh.

thay i cc ty cho hiu ng, chn lnh Effect Options trn menu hiu ng, hp
thoi Effect Options s xut hin.
a) Ty chn v hiu ng:

Hp thoi Effect Options vi th Effect

156

 Sound : m thanh i km hiu ng.

After animation : Cc hot ng sau khi thc hin xong hiu ng:
More colors : i mu.
Dont Dim (mc nh) : Gi nguyn.
Hide After Animation : Bin mt.
Hide on Next Mouse Click : Bin mt khi Click.
Animate text : Thc hin hiu ng i vi vn bn:
All at once : Tt c.
By word : Trn tng t.
By letter : Trn tng k t.
b) Ty chn v thi gian:

Hp thoi Effect Options vi th Timing

Delay : S giy ch trc khi bt u hiu ng.
Repeat : S ln lp li hiu ng:
(none) : Ch thc hin mt ln.
2, 3, 4, 5, 10 : S ln lp c th, c th nhp s khc.
Until Next Click : Lp cho n khi Click.
Until End of Slide : Lp cho n khi chuyn sang slide khc.

157

c) Ty chn v hot hnh:

Ty chn ny ch cn s dng trn i tng vn bn c cc on (paragraph) phn

cp hoc trn biu .
i vi i tng vn bn: Ta chn th Text Animation, trong list box Group Text,
chn cp bt u hot hnh.
i vi i tng biu :

Hp thoi Effect Options vi th Chart Animation

Group chart : Ty chn hiu ng hot hnh trn biu :
As one object : p dng trn ton b biu .
By series : Theo dng trong bng d liu.
By category : Theo ct trong bng d liu.
By element in series : Theo tng trn dng trong bng d liu.
By element in category : Theo tng trn ct trong bng d liu.
d) Ni thm v nhm hiu ng Motion Paths:

y l mt nhm hiu ng kh hu ch trong thit k hot hnh. Ngoi nhng

ng v rt phong ph c cung cp sn, ta c th dng lnh Draw Custom Path v
ng ty .
Khi R-Click trn mt ng v ca mt hiu ng Motion Path, ta c cc lnh sau
y:
Edit Points : Cho php di chuyn, thm hoc bt cc im ni trn ng gp
khc hoc ng cong.

158

 Open/Close Path : Lm m hoc ng i vi cc ng khp kn. Sau khi

m mt ng khp kn, ta c th dng lnh Edit Points di chuyn hai u ca ng
khp kn sang v tr khc to thnh ng v ty .
Reverse Path Direction : Mi i tng lun di chuyn theo ng v t
im bt u (mu xanh) n im kt thc (mu ). Lnh ny s lm o ngc chiu
di chuyn ca i tng.
e) Mt s lu :

- Mt s hiu ng thuc nhm Motion Paths ch cho thay i hoc xa hiu ng, tt c
cc hiu ng cn li u c th p dng nhiu ln trn cng mt i tng. Th t p
dng s l th t bt u hiu ng.
- Cc ty chn trn hp thoi Effect Options c th thay i, nhiu t khc nhau ty theo
loi hiu ng ang dng.
- Cc ng v trong cc hiu ng thuc nhm Motion Paths s khng xut hin khi
trnh din.
2. Hiu ng ng cho slide:

p dng hiu ng ng cho slide khi mi xut hin, ta chn lnh Slide Show/Slide
Transiton. Cc ty chn cho hiu ng kh n gin v c trnh by ngay trn Task
Pane.

V. K THUT TRNH DIN.

1. Cch bt u v kt thc trnh din:
Trnh din l qu trnh th hin ni dung cc slide thit k c trong tp tin trnh din
ln ton b mn hnh. C hai cch thc thc hin trnh din cc slides:
- Trng hp ta mun trnh din t slide hin hnh hoc xem li cc hiu ng ng p
dng trn slide, dng lnh Slide Show (Shift+F5) bn di danh sch cc slide to
hoc trn Task Pane.
- Nu mun trnh din t slide u tin, dng lnh Slide Show/View Show (F5).
Ta c th dng vic trnh din bt c lc no bng cch nhn phm Esc hoc chn lnh
End Show trn menu khi R-Click trong khi trnh din.

2. Bt u cc hiu ng v chuyn slide, quay li hiu ng trc:

Nu cc i tng trn slide c p dng hiu ng ng vi cch thc bt u l On
Click, ta phi Click hoc nhn phm Space hoc mi tn phi () bt u hiu ng. V
ta cng phi lm nh trn chuyn t slide ny sang slide k tip.
quay li hiu ng trc , nhn phm mi tn tri ().

159

3. Cc hot ng khc khi trnh din:

Trong khi trnh din, ta c th R-Click hin th menu ng cnh:

Menu ng cnh trong khi trnh din

Next, Previous : Tng t nh nhp phm mi tn phi hay tri.
Go to Slide : Chuyn n mt slide bt k, chn trong danh sch x xung.
Screen : i mu mn hnh sang trng (White Screen) hoc en (Black Screen). Click
hoc nhn phm bt k quay li trnh din.
Pointer Options : Gm cc lnh i dng con tr chut. Rt hu ch trong trng hp ta
mun v hnh minh ha hoc highlight mt dng vn bn.

VI. BI TP NG DNG.
1. Bi tp 1:
Thit k m hnh mu nguyn t bo:
Bc 1: V electron. Dng cng c Oval
v mt hnh trn tng trng cho
electron. Chn mu t v chnh kch thc ty .
Bc 2: To hiu ng chuyn ng cho electron.

a. Click chn electron (nu cha chn).

b. Chn lnh Slide Show/Custom Animation.
c. Chn lnh Add Effect/Motion Paths. Chn hiu ng chuyn ng trn Circle.

160

d. Click chn qu o ca electron v chnh li thnh hnh elip.

e. Chnh cc thng s: R-Click trn tn hiu ng Task Pane, chn lnh Effect
Options. Chnh cc thng s nh hnh sau:

f. Chuyn sang th Timing, chnh cc thng s nh hnh sau:

Ch :

- Electron phi nm ng v tr ca mi tn mu xanh trn qu o.

- Di chuyn electron s lm qu o di chuyn theo. Nu di chuyn qu o th electron
khng di chuyn.
- Trc khi iu chnh kch thc, mu sc... ca qu o o nn ng ca s Task Pane
li. Khi qu o tht s khng xut hin, vic chnh sa qu o o s d dng hn.
Bc 3: To chuyn ng ca nhng electron khc.

a. Copy v Paste electron c qu o chuyn ng, ta s c mt electron

mi cng qu o tng ng.

161

b. Click trn qu o ca electron mi. Drag xoay trn hnh trn nh mu xanh
ti im bt u xoay qu o n v tr mong mun.

c. Drag qu o sao cho electron li nm ng ngay im bt u. Drag electron

sp sp li cc qu o..
d. Lp li cc bc a, b v c cho cc electron cn li.
Bc 4: V qu o o cho electron. Do qu o chuyn ng ca electron khng xut
hin khi trnh din hiu ng, ta phi v mt hnh elip lm qu o o cho electron.

a. Dng cng c Oval v mt elip.

b. Chnh sa qu o o: Dng cng c Line Style
chn nt v m nt, dng cng
chn No Fill, dng cng c Line Color
chn mu qu o.
c Fill Color
c. t qu o o ln trn qu o chuyn ng ca electron v chnh kch thc qu o
o sao cho chng trng khch nhau. Nu cn, c th xoay qu o o theo cch xoay qu
o tht.
Bc 5: V ht nhn nguyn t.

a. Dng cng c Oval v cc hnh trn nh tng trng cho proton, ntron. T
mu cho proton v ntron khc nhau.
b. t cc proton, ntron chng st ln nhau. Sau chn tt c v dng cng c
Group to thnh mt nhm.
c. t ht nhn vo tm cc qu o.

Bc 6: To chuyn ng quay ca ht nhn nguyn t.

a. Click chn ht nhn (nu cha chn).

b. Chn lnh Slide Show/Custom Animation.
162

c. Chn lnh Add Effect/Emphasis. Chn hiu ng chuyn ng Spin.

d. Chnh cc thng s Timing ging nh vi cc electron.

2. Bi tp 2:
Thit k m hnh lai ha obitan sp:
Bc 1: V hnh 1 vn o s v 1 vn o px (c th ly cc hnh ny t ChemDraw hay
ChemWin 6.0). t hai vn o nm thng hng, cch nhau mt khong.

Bc 2: To chuyn ng.

a. Vn o s: p dng hiu ng Motion Paths/Right. Chn cch thc bt u

(Timing/Start) l On Click.
b. Vn o px: p dng hiu ng Motion Paths/Left. Chn cch thc bt u l
With Previous.
c. Drag hai vn o im kt thc chuyn ng nm st nhau.

Bc 3: To hiu ng bin mt.

a. Chn c hai vn o.

163

b. p dng hiu ng Exit/Fade.

c. Chn cch tshc bt u hiu ng ca vn o s l After Previous.
Bc 4: To hiu ng xut hin ca vn o sp.

a. V hnh vn o sp. t vn o ny nm gia ti im kt thc chuyn

ng ca hai vn o s v px.
b. p dng hiu ng Entrance/Fade.
c. Chn cch thc bt u l With Previous.

BI TP
1. Thit k m hnh lai ha obitan sp2
2. Thit k m hnh lai ha obitan sp3

TI LIU THAM KHO

21- Nguyn Trng Th - ng dng tin hc trong ging dy ha hc NXB GD
2002

164

Chng 6: CHNG TRNH MACROMEDIA FLASH (FLASH)

I. CA S NG DNG V MT S KHI NIM C BN.
1. Ca s chng trnh:

Ca s bt u ca chng trnh Flash

- m li tp tin c, Click vo lnh Open trong mc Open a Recent Item, sau

chn tp tin mun m.
- to mt tp tin mi, Click vo lnh Flash Document trong mc Create New.
Ca s lm vic vi tp tin mi nh sau:

165

2. Cc khi nim c bn:

- Thuc tnh (Properties): L cc tnh cht p dng cho i tng.
- Lp (Layer): L ni cha cc hnh v, i tng, c xem l thnh phn ca tin trnh
hot hnh. Cc lp c xp v chng ln nhau (che ph nhau), c bao nhiu lp cng
c.
- Lp dn (Guide Layer): L lp dng lm khung, sn b tr cc lp khc.
- Khung (Frame): Ca s thao tc.
- Tp tin .FLA: Tp tin cha ni dung ca Flash, tng t nh .DOC cha ni dung vn
bn ca MS Word.
- Tp tin .SWF: Tp tin chuyn sang hot hnh ca Flash.

II. THANH MENU.

Mt s lnh c bn nh Save, Copy, Paste, ... trong Macromedia Flash c chc nng
tng t nh cc chng trnh khc, ng thi h thng menu ca Macromedia Flash
cng rt phc tp. Do , ay chng ti ch gii thiu mt s lnh cn thit dng trong
khun kh gio trnh ny.

1. Menu File :
Export : Xut tp tin hin hnh (dng .fla) sang dng khc.
Import : a cc i tng c chn vo tp tin hin hnh.
Import to Stage : a i tng c chn vo vng lm vic.

166

 Import to Library : a i tng c chn vo bng Library.

2. Menu Edit :
Paste in Center : Dn hnh chn vo gia vng lm vic (Stage).
Paste in Place : Dn hnh chn vo ti v tr c ca hnh .

3. Menu View :
Zoom in : Phng to vng lm vic.
Zoom out: Thu nh vng lm vic.
Magnification : Thay i kch thc vng lm vic theo t l.
Grid : Bt/tt hin th v iu chnh cc thng s li trong vng lm vic. Vic hin
th li gip cho ta t cc hnh nh vo cc v tr trn Stage d dng v chnh xc hn.
Show Grid : Bt/tt hin th li.
Edit Grid : iu chnh cc thng s lin quan n li qua hp thoi sau:

mu ca li
chiu rng ca li
chiu cao ca li

Hp thoi Grid

4. Menu Insert:
New Symbol : cho php chn mt i tng no vo Library.

Hp thoi Creat New Symbol

Name : Tn ca i tng chn vo
Type : Loi i tng chn vo

Movie clip : i tng chn vo l hnh nh ng

Button : i tng chn vo l cc nt iu khin

167

Graphic : i tng chn vo l hnh nh tnh.

Timeline (bng tin trnh) : Cho php chn thm cc b phn trong bng Timeline.
y l mt phn rt quan trng trong Flash.

Gii thch thm v bng tin trnh :

con tr khung hnh

Tt c ni dung m bn lm vic trong mt tp tin ca Flash c b tr trong bng

tin trnh. Mt con tr khung hnh di chuyn dc theo bng tin trnh v th hin khung
hnh hin ti. Trong timeline c nhiu Layer, mi Layer gm nhiu khung hnh (frame
hoc Keyframe). Cc khung hnh c sp xp theo th t thi gian. Khung hnh thuc
Layer sau s nm trn khung hnh ca Layer trc khi th hin trong Flash.

Layer: chn thm mt Layer mi. Layer c th hiu l mt lp trong

c cha cc i tng hnh nh ca Flash. i tng thuc Layer trc s nm di
i tng thuc Layer sau khi hin th trong Flash.
Layer Folder: chn thm mt th mc mi cha cc Layer. Vic chn
thm Layer Folder gip cho bng Timeline gn nh hn.
Frame: thm mt frame v tr c chn.
Keyframe: thm mt keyframe v tr c chn.
Blank Keyframe: thm mt keyframe trng v tr c chn.

5. Menu Modify:
Document : hin th hp thoi Document Properties
168

Hp thoi Document Properties

Dimensions: Kch thc khung hnh

+ Width: Chiu rng

+ Height: Chiu cao
Background color: Mu nn ca khung hnh.
Frame rate: S khung hnh xut hin trong 1 giy (thng dng nht l 12).
Ruler units: n v s dng trong thc canh (pixels, inches, ).
Arrange : trt t sp xp cc i tng hnh nh trong cng mt Layer.
Bring to Front : t i tng chn ln trc nhng i tng cn li.
V d : Mung ang nm sau phu v phu nm sau bnh cu.

a mung nm trc phu v bnh cu ta lm nh sau:

- Dng nt cng c

trong bng cng c Tools chn ly mung.

169

- Chn Bring to front. Khi mung s nm trc phu v bnh cu.

Sent to Back : t i tng chn nm pha sau nhng i tng cn li.

Cch thc hin tng t nh i vi Bring to Front.
V d:

Bring Forward : t i tng chn ln trc i tng nm k trc.

V d:

Sent Backward : t i tng chn ra sau i tng nm k sau n.

170

 Group : nhm nhng i tng ring l thnh mt i tng duy nht.

V d: nhm cc i tng mung, phu, bnh cu thnh mt i tng ta

lm nh sau:

- Dng nt cng c

trong bng cng c Tools chn ly tt c cc i tng.

- Sau chn Group, cc i tng trn s c nhm thnh mt i tng.

6. Menu Text:
Cho php iu chnh cc thng s lin quan n vn bn
Font : Kiu ch
Size : Kch c ca ch
Style : In m, in nghing
Align : Canh l
Letter Spacing : Khong cch gia cc k t
Check Spelling : Kim tra li chnh t (ting Anh).

7. Menu Control:
Play : Chy th tp tin Flash va thit k ngay trong Stage.
Test Movie : Chy th tp tin Flash trong chnh mi trng th nghim.

8. Menu Window:
Toolbars : Hin th thanh cng c (Main, Controller, Edit Bar)
Timeline : Hin th bng Timeline

171

 Tools : Hin th bng cng c

Properties : Hin th bng properties
Library : Hin th bng Library (th vin): th vin cha cc biu tng (symbol)
v cc i tng khc m ta s dng trong tp tin .fla. Ta c th xem, i tn hoc
chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca cc thnh phn trong Library hoc b sung cc mc mi
vo trong Stage t trong Library bng cch ko v th biu tng vo trong Stage.

Hnh nh th hin ca i tng ang c

i tng ang c chn

Thuc tnh i
t
To i tng mi

Nt xa i tng

- Color Mixer : hin th bng Color Mixer dng cho mu t v mu v.

mu v
mu t

loi mu t
bng mu t

cc thng s
to mu t

nt iu chnh m nht ca
mu t

c ca mu t

gi tr mu t
mu t c
h

172

+ Loi mu t: c 4 loi mu t: solid (mt mu ng nht), linear (nhiu mu lan to

theo chiu dc), radial (nhiu mu lan to theo ng trn), bitmap (t mu bng hnh
nh).

+ Thng s to mu: mt mu bt k c to thnh t s tng hp 3 mu c bn l

(R = red), xanh l (G = green), xanh dng (B = blue).
+ c ca mu t: nu mt i tng c c c thit lp l 0%, khi n s
trong sut hon ton v khng thy c trn Stage. Ngc li nu c l 100% th n
s thy c hon ton.
+ Gi tr ca mu t: mi mu t c c trng bi mt gi tr s tng ng.
- Color Swatches : bng mu t cho php ta la chn mu t trong s nhng mu c sn.
chn mu t ta Click vo mu mun chn.

mu dng solid

mu dng
mu dng

III. THANH CNG C (TOOLS).

Gm 4 phn: Tools, View, Color v Options. Khi di chuyn chut n nt cng c no
th s xut hin mt toolip (l mt gii thch ngn gn v i tng ang c chn) cho
bit tn gi ca cng c . chn nt cng c no th Click vo nt cng c .

173

cng c ang c
h
cc cng
menu th xung

vng View
iu khin mu

cc ty chn khc

U Cc cng c c trong bng cng c Tools:

a. Vng Tools:

- Cng c Selection, Subselection v Lasso dng chn cc i tng trn Stage.

- Cng c Line, Oval, Retangle, Pen, Pencil v Brush dng v hnh.
174

- Cng c Text: dng son tho vn bn.

- Cng c Free v Fill Transforms, dng chnh sa hnh dng ca hnh v.
- Cng c Ink Bottle, Paint Bucket, Eyedropper dng t mu cho hnh v.
- Cng c Eraser dng xo hnh v.
b. Vng View:

- Cng c Hand: dng di chuyn vng lm vic.

- Cng c Zoom: phng to hay thu nh vng lm vic.
c. Vng Color:

Dng chn mu v hoc mu t.

Ch : Khi mt cng c c chn, ni dung ca bng kim sot Property s thay i
phn nh cng c ang s dng.

IV. BI TP NG DNG.
th nghim c hnh nh p, khng b bin dng khi phng to ca s Flash ta nn s
dng cc hnh nh c v ngay trong Flash. Do ta cn v sn cc hnh nh cn thit
cho th nghim, sau mi bt u thit k th nghim. Ngoi ra, thun li cho vic
theo di cc bc thit k mi th nghim sau, trc tin bn nn xem qua th nghim
thit k sn.

1. Bi tp 1:
To hiu ng cho tiu ca mt th nghim :
Bc 1: M ca s lm vic ca Flash. Chn lnh Flash Document mc Create New.
Bc 2: Thit lp kch thc ca Stage (vng sng tc) ph hp vi tng th nghim.
Kch thc ny l kch thc m tp tin SWF s c th hin.
- Trong bng Property, Click vo
Property m ra:

mc Size, hp thoi Document

- in vo cc ch s trong phn Dimensions:

175

+ Width (chiu ngang): 550 px

+ Height (chiu cao): 400 px
Bc 3: Vo menu File/Save t tn cho tp tin l dieucheclo (iu ch clo).
Bc 4: Chn mu nn cho Flash. y l mt phn quan trng trong qu trnh thit k
Flash. Mu nn phi m bo cc yu cu l lm ni bt th nghim ng thi phi to
cm gic d chu cho ngi xem. Trong th nghim ny mu nn l mu hng nht.

Trong bng Property, mc Background chn mu hng nht.

Bc 5: Vo menu Insert chn New Symbol to mt symbol l nt iu khin cho
on Flash.

Trong hp thoi Create New Symbol t tn cho symbol l start, check vo Button
(nt) trong mc Type. Sau Click OK, vng thit k symbol m ra.
5.1. To nt iu khin bt cho Flash.

- Dng cng c Oval

- Dng cng c Text

v mt hnh elip tng trng cho nt iu khin:

to ra t start:

- t t start ln trn hnh elip, dng cng c Selection

Sau dng lnh Ctrl G nhm 2 i tng thnh mt.

chn ht c 2 i tng trn.

Sau khi to xong nt iu khin ta quay tr li vng sng tc ban u bng cch
Click vo biu tng
trn thanh sng tc.
5.2. a nt iu khin vo trong Stage:
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Symbol va to thnh s c lu tr trong Library, ta cn a nt iu khin t trong

Library vo vng sng tc.
- D-Click vo tn Layer 1 t tn cho layer 1 l nut.

- Click vo keyframe u tin ca layer nut trong bng tin trnh, nt iu khin s c
t ti keyframe ny.

- Vo menu Window chn Library, hp thoi Library m ra:

- Drag hnh nh nt iu khin vo trong vng sng tc.

5.3. nt iu khin hot ng cn phi vit m lnh cho nt iu khin.

- Click chn ly nt iu khin.

- Vo menu Window chn Actions, bng iu khin Actions m ra:

177

- Ni dung m lnh:
on (release)
{
play ();
}
Bc 6: To tiu gii thiu ca th nghim.
6.1. Click biu tng Insert Layer

to thm mt layer mi. t tn layer l tuade.

vit tiu nh sau: IU CH CLO

6.2. Ti keyframe 1, dng cng c Text
TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM. t tiu gia vng sang tc.

6.3. tiu thm sinh ng ta to thm hiu ng chuyn ng:

+ Ti khung hnh 26, n phm F6 to thm mt keyframe ( ) mi.

+ t con tr khung hnh ti keyframe 1, R-Click, menu sau m ra, chn Create
Motion Tween (to chuyn ng).

+ Ti keyframe 1, dng cng c Free Transform

178

thu nh dng dng tiu li.

+ Click vo tiu . M bng iu khin Property, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s

mu 0%.

+ t con tr khung hnh ti keyframe 26. Dng cng c Free Transform

dng tiu .

phng to

+ Click vo tiu . M bng iu khin Property, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s

mu 100%.

6.4. Ti frame 42, n phm F5.

Bc 7: To nt iu khin Replay.
7.1. Tr li layer nut , to keyframe khung hnh 42.
7.2. Vo menu Insert chn New Symbol to mt symbol l nt iu khin lp li
cho on Flash. Cch thc hin tng t nt iu khin Start.

Ly t Library nt iu khin Replay a vo trong keyframe 42.

179

7.3. Click vo nt iu khin Replay, sau m bng iu khin Actions, nhp dng m
lnh vo bng:

Bc 8:
8.1. To layer mi tn l action. Layer ny c gip cho cc nt iu khin hot ng.
8.2. t tr khung hnh keyframe 1, m bng iu khin Actions, g dng m lnh vo
bng Actions:

8.3. To keyframe khung hnh 42, t tr khung hnh keyframe ny, m bng iu
khin Actions, nhp dng m lnh vo bng Actions:

Bc 9 : Xut tp tin flash sang nh dng .swf

9.1. Chn File/ Export/ Export Movie. Hp thoi Export Movie m ra, chn mc Save
as Type l Flash Movie (*.swf) ri Click OK.
9.2. Click OK hp thoi Export Flash Player.

. Tp tin nh dng .swf ch chy c khi my

Tp tin c xut ra c dng:
c ci phn mm Flash. tp tin chy c lp cn chuyn n sang nh dng *.exe.
9.3. Vo th mc cha tp tin va lu. D-Click vo biu tng ca tp tin
tin s c m bng Macro Flash Player.

, tp

9.4. Chn File/ Create Projector. Ti hp p thoi Save As, chn mc Save as Type l
Projector (*.exe) ri Click OK.

2. Bi tp 2:
M phng chuyn ng m, ng np l ha cht:

T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt2.

Bc 6:
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6.1. To thm layer mi c tn l lokhongnap. V hnh chai cha MnO2 khng np vo

keyframe 1.

6.2. To thm layer mi c tn l nap. V hnh np vo keyframe 1, t np trn ming

chai.

6.3. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 15.

6.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
6.5. t tr khung hnh keyframe 15. Dng chut ko np l ra khi ming l.

181

xoay np 180o.

6.6. Dng cng c Free Transform

6.7. V np chai phi di chuyn theo ng cong nn ta cn to qu o di chuyn cho

np:

- Click biu tng Add Motion Guide

- Ti keyframe 1, dng cng c Line
v tr mi ca np.

- Dng cng c Free Transform

to mt lp dn chuyn ng.
v ng thng ni t v tr ban u ca np n

ko ng thng thnh ng cong.

182

Ch : ng qu o khng xut hin trong Flash.

6.8. To mt keyframe khung hnh 16. Sau n phm Delete d xo b cc hnh nh
c trong khung hnh ny.

Cc bc to nt Replay thc hin tng t bi tp 1.

3. Bi tp 3:
M phng chuyn ng ly ha cht dng rn :

T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt3.

Bc 6 :
6.1. To thm layer mi c tn l binhcau. V hnh bnh cu vo keyframe 1.

6.2. To thm layer c tn l pheu. V hnh phu vo keyframe 1.

6.3. To thm layer c tn l mangan. V hnh chai cha MnO2 vo keyframe 1.

183

Bc 7 : To chuyn ng ca mung khi di chuyn vo ming chai cha MnO2.

7.1. To thm layer mi c tn l muong0. V hnh mung vo keyframe 1. Mung c
t xa ming chai.

7.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 16.

7.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
7.4. t tr khung hnh keyframe 16. Dng chut ko mung xung ming chai MnO2.

184

7.5. To thm layer mi c tn l muong1. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 16, sau

v hnh mung 1 (mung c ho cht) vo keyframe ny. Mung 1 c t ng v
tr ca mung 0.

* Cch v mung 1:
- V mung 0.
- Dng cng c Oval

v ho cht.

- Dng lnh Ctrl G nhm cc chi tit li thnh mung 1.

7.6. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 31.

7.7. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 16, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.

Bc 8 : To chuyn ng ca ho cht.
8.1. To thm layer mi tn l botM1. To mt keyframe khung hnh 47, sau v
hnh ho cht vo keyframe ny. V tr ca ho cht nm ngay trong lng mung 2.
8.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 48 v 67.
8.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 48, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
8.4. t tr khung hnh keyframe 67. Dng chut ko ho cht xung y bnh cu.
Click vo hnh v ho cht. M bng iu khin Property, chnh ch mu l Alpha, ch
s mu 11% mu ca ho cht m i.

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Bc 9 :
9.1. To thm layer mi c tn l botM2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 67, sau
v hnh ho cht vo keyframe ny. V tr ca ho cht nm y bnh cu. Click vo
hnh v ho cht. M bng iu khin Property, chnh ch mu l Alpha, ch s mu
7% mu ca ho cht m i.
9.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 72.
9.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 67, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
9.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 72, Click vo hnh ho cht. M bng iu khin
Property, chnh ch mu l Alpha, ch s mu 100%.

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Bc 10 :

V cc layer muong0, muong1, muong2 c sau layer mangan nn hnh nh ca mung s

nm trn (nm ngoi) l cha MnO2 khi ly ho cht.

khc phc ta lm nh sau:

10.1. To layer mi c tn l MnO2.
10.2. Hnh v trong keyframe 1 nh sau, c t ngay ng v tr ca l cha MnO2.

10.3. Layer ny ko di n frame 72.

Cc bc to nt Replay thc hin tng t bi tp 1.

4. Bi tp 4:
M phng chuyn ng ly ha cht dng lng:

T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt4.

Bc 6 :

To thm layer mi c tn l binhcau. V hnh bnh cu vo keyframe 1.

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Bc 7 :

To thm layer mi c tn l loaxit. V hnh l axit vo keyframe 1.

Bc 8 :

To thm layer mi c tn l nap0. V hnh np l axit vo keyframe 1. Layer ny ko

dy n frame 25.

Bc 9 :

188

9.1. To thm layer mi c tn l mucaxit1. Ti keyframe 1, dng cng c Rectangle

Tool v mt hnh ch nht nh mu xm nht tng trng cho ct dung dch axit trong
ng nh git. t hnh ch nht ny u ng nh git.

9.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 25.

9.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
9.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 25, Click vo ct dung dch axit. Dng cng c
Free Transform
ko ct dung dch di ra.

Bc 10 :
10.1. To thm layer mi c tn l nap1. To mt keyframe khung hnh 26. V hnh
np l axit ging nh keyframe 25 ca layer mucaxit1 vo keyframe ny.

10.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 43.

10.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 26, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
10.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 43. Dng chut ko np n ming bnh cu.

189

Bc 11:
11.1. V np l phi di chuyn theo ng cong nn ta cn to qu o di chuyn cho
np:

- Click biu tng Add Motion Guide

- Ti keyframe 1, dng cng c Line
n v tr mi ca np.

to mt lp dn chuyn ng.
v ng thng ni t v tr ban u ca np

Dng cng c Free Transform

190

ko ng thng thnh ng cong.

11.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 44. Sau n phm Delete d xo b cc hnh nh

c trong khung hnh ny.
Bc 12 :

To thm layer mi c tn l nap2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 44. V hnh np l

(khng cha axit) vo keyframe ny. Np c t trn ming bnh cu, trng vi np 1.
Bc 13 :
13.1. To thm layer mi c tn l mucaxit2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 44, dng
cng c Rectangle Tool v mt hnh ch nht mu xm nht tng trng cho ct dung
dch axit trong ng nh git vo keyframe ny. t hnh ch nht ny vo ng nh git,
pha trn ming ming bnh cu.

13.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 65.

13.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 44, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
13.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 65, Click vo ct dung dch axit. Dng cng c
Free Transform
ko ct dung dch ngn li (n khi khng cn thy dung dch trong
ng na.
Bc 14 : to chuyn ng ca git axit
14.1. To thm layer mi c tn l giot1. To mt keyframe khung hnh 46, v mt
hnh git axit vo keyframe ny. t git axit u ng nh git, pha trn ming ming
bnh cu.

191

14.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 51.

14.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 46, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
14.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 51. Dng chut ko git axit n y bnh cu.

Tip tc to chuyn ng ca cc git axit khc vi cc layer giot2, giot3. tng t

nh layer giot1 cho n khi axit trong ng nh git chy ht vo bnh cu (ngha l layer
git th n kt thc trc keyframe s 65). Cc layer ny lch nhau 2 keyframe.

* Cch v hnh git dung dch:

- Dng cng c Oval Tool

v mt hnh trn.

- Click vo nt cng c Free Transform Tool

192

- Click vo hnh trn.

Trn thanh cng c Tool xut hin bng Options:

- Click vo nt cng c Envelope

trong bng Options.

- Sau Click vo cc im trn ng bao v ko iu chnh hnh theo mong mun.

Bc 15 : to chuyn ng ng np l axit.
15.1. Tr li layer nap2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 66.
15.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 86.
15.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 66, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
15.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 86. Dng chut ko np v li l axit.

193

Bc 16 :
16.1. V np l phi di chuyn theo ng cong nn ta cn to qu o di chuyn cho
np:

- Click biu tng Add Motion Guide

- Ti keyframe 66, dng cng c Line
n v tr mi ca np.

- Dng cng c Free Transform

to mt lp dn chuyn ng.
v ng thng ni t v tr ban u ca np

ko ng thng thnh ng cong.

194

16.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 87. Sau n phm Delete d xo b cc hnh nh

c trong khung hnh ny.
Bc 17 : v layer nap1, nap2 c sau layer loaxit nn hnh nh ca ng nh git s nm
ngoi l axit, nh vy l khng hp l. khc phc ta lm nh sau:
17.1. To layer mi tn l nhanlo nm trn cng
17.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 1. Hnh v trong keyframe nh sau:

17.3. t nhn l ny trng khp vi nhn trn thnh l.

17.4. To keyframe khung hnh 27. V thm vo keyframe ny mt on thng tng
trng cho ming l axit.

17.5. To keyframe khung hnh 86. Xo b bt on thng tng trng cho ming l
axit.

195

5. Bi tp 5:
M phng chuyn ng ca mc cht lng :

T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt5.

Bc 6:

To thm layer mi c tn l binhcau. V hnh bnh cu vo keyframe 1. To mt

keyframe khung hnh 20.
Bc 7 :
7.1. To thm layer mi c tn l mucchatlong. Ti keyframe 1, v mt hnh elip nh
tng trng cho mc cht lng. t hnh elip gn y bnh cu.

7.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh 20.

7.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
7.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 20. Dng cng c Free Transform
elip ln ln ng thi t hnh elip vo khong gia bnh cu.

196

ko hnh

6. Bi tp 6:
M phng chuyn ng si bt kh:

T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt5.

Bc 6:

To thm layer mi c tn l binhcau. V hnh bnh cu vo keyframe 1. Layer ny ko

di n frame 60.

Bc 7:
7.1. To thm layer mi c tn l bot1. Dng cng c Oval Tool v mt hnh trn nh
tng trng cho btkh vo keyframe 1. t bt kh ny gn y bnh cu.

7.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 10.

197

7.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
7.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 10. Dng chut ko bt kh ln b mt dung dch.

Tip tc to cc layer bot2, bot3. tng t layer bot1 to thm cc bt kh khc.

Layer sau t lch so vi layer trc khong 5 frame ( hay ty ).

7. Bi tp 7:
M phng s mt mu ca mt i tng:

T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt7.

Bc 6:
6.1. To thm layer mi. V hnh mt hnh trn vo keyframe 1. T mu cho hnh
trn.
6.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 15.
6.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
6.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1. Dng cng c Selection Tool chn ly hnh
trn. M bng Properties, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s 100%.
6.5. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 15. Dng cng c Selection Tool chn ly hnh
trn. M bng Properties, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s 0%.

198

Ch :

Khi m phng mt i tng t khng mu sang c mu ta cng tin hnh tng t nh

trn, ch khc ch i tng hnh v khung hnh th nht c h s Alpha l 0%, cn
i tng hnh v khung hnh 15 c h s Alpha l 100%.

8. Bi tp 8:
M phng s i mu ca mt i tng:
T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt8.
Bc 6:
6.1. To thm layer mi c tn l maudo. V hnh mt hnh trn vo keyframe 1. T mu
cho hnh trn.
6.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 15.
6.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
6.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1. Dng cng c Selection Tool chn ly hnh
trn. M bng Properties, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s 100%.
6.5. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 15. Dng cng c Selection Tool chn ly hnh
trn. M bng Properties, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s 0%.
Bc 7:
7.1. To thm layer mi c tn l mauvang. V hnh mt hnh trn vo keyframe 1. T
mu vng cho hnh trn.
7.2. To mt keyframe khung hnh th 15.
7.3. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1, R-Click, chn Create Motion Tween.
7.4. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 1. Dng cng c Selection Tool chn ly hnh
trn. M bng Properties, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s 0%.
7.5. t con tr khung hnh keyframe 15. Dng cng c Selection Tool chn ly hnh
trn. M bng Properties, trong mc Color chn Alpha, ch s 100%.

199

9. Bi tp 9:
M phng ngn la:
T bc 1 n bc 5 thc hin tng t bi tp 1, t tn tp tin l bt9.
Bc 6:
6.1. To thm layer mi c tn l chanden. Ly hnh n bunsen t Chemwin 6.0 a
vo keyframe 1, sau tch ngn la v chn n ra ring, ch ly chn n. Layer ny
ko di n khung hnh th 25 (ty ).

6.2. To thm layer mi c tn l lua. Ly ngn la t n bunsen a vo keyfame 1

ca layer ny (ch t mu cho ngn la). t ngn la ln chn n.

200

- To mt keyframe khung hnh 5. Hnh v trong keyframe:

- To mt keyframe khung hnh 10. Hnh v trong keyframe:

C tip tc vi cc keyframe 10, 15, 20, 25. Trong mi keyframe l mt hnh ngn la
khc vi ngn la trong keyframe trc . Nh vy s to c cm gic ngn la ang
bp bng. (dng cng c Free Transform Tool thay di kch thc ca ngn la v h
s mu Alpha thay i m nht ca ngn la).

BI TP
1. Thit k s s di chuyn ca cc ion trong cu mui khi pin hot ng.
1. Thit k s cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong l cao.
2. Thit k h thng th nghim st kh hi nc nhit cao.

201

TI LIU THAM KHO

22- Nguyn Trng Th - ng dng tin hc trong ging dy ha hc NXB GD
2002
23- www.macromedia.com/software/flash
HT

TH

24- B gio dc v o to - Ha hc 12 nng cao NXB GD - 2008

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