BI TP TON RI RC

CHNG 1: C S LOGIC

1/ Xt chn tr ca cc v t ( ) p x , p(x).q(x), p(x)vq(x), p(x) q(x) v p(x) q(x) ty theo bin thc x :
a) p(x) = x
2
2x 8 s 0 v q(x) = (x + 1)(x 2)
1
> 0
b) p(x) = (3 2x)(x + 4)
1
> 0 v q(x) = (x
2
+ x 2)(x 3x + 10) > 0

2/ Cho a e R. Vit mnh ph nh A nu A c ni dung nh sau :
a) 2a
3
+5a = 10 b) (2a 5)(3a + 1)
1
> 7 c) 8 5a s 2 d) ln(a
2
a 2) < 3
e) Khong 2/3 s hc sinh c th cht tt f) Khng n 3/4 s ti x c bng li hp l
g) Khng qu 2/5 dn s tt nghip i hc h) Hn mt na s B trng thc s c nng lc
i) Khng t hn 1/6 s tr em b tht hc j) Nhiu nht l 30 ng vin thi t ngoi ng
k) C t nht 5 sinh vin t gii thng l) ng 12 th sinh d vng chung kt ca cuc thi
m) Hn 7 vn ng vin ph k lc quc gia n) t hn 16 quc gia thi u mn bng r
o) Nu Sn thng trn th anh y c i Paris p) Khng ai mun lm vic vo ngy ch nht
q) C lp ni chuyn n o r) C ai gi in thoi cho Tun s) Cc cu th khng thch bi li
t) Hn thng minh nhng thiu thn trng u) Ngc hc Ton m khng hc Lch s
v) Dng cng An i thi ngoi ng w) V va gii Vt L va gii Ha hc
x) Hi t kt qu thp c mn Tin hc ln mn Ton y) H n trng hay h i xem phim
z) Chng ti i Vinh nhng cc anh y khng i Hu o) Nhm bc s hay nhm k s i lm t thin

T bi 3 n bi 5, cc k hiu p, q, r v s l cc bin mnh .

3/ Rt gn cc dng mnh sau :
a) [(p v q) . (p v q )] v q b) p q v v [( p . q ) vq ] c) p v q v ( p . q . r)
d) p . (q v r) . ( p vq v r) e) (p q) .[ q v ( q . r)] f) p v (p .q ) v (p . q .r ) v (p . q . r .s )

4/ Chng minh
a) [(p v q) . p q . . p q . ] (p . q) b) [{(p r) . (q r)} (p q)] ( p v q vr )
c) {(p q) v [p (q . r)]} (p q) d) {[( p . q .r ) q ] (p v r)} (p v q v r)
e) {[q (p . r)] . ( ) p r q v } [(p v r) . q ] f) [p (q v r)] [ r ( q p )]
g) [(p . q) v (q . r) v (r . p)] [(p v q) . (q v r) . (r v p)] h) [p ( q r)] [(q .r ) p ]
i) [(p q) . (q r) . (r p)] [(p q) . (q r) . (r p)] j) [ ( q p ) . p) ] p q

5/ Chng minh cc dng mnh sau l hng ng hoc hng sai :
a) (p . q) (p vq v r) b) (p q) [(q r) (p r)] c) [p (q . r)] (p q)
d) [(p q) . (q r)] [p (q r)] e) {[(p q) (r p )] (q r )} v p
f) [ p . (q v r)] [ (p . q) v r] g) (r . q) ( p v q) h) [(p q ) q] . p q
i) [p (q r)] . (p r ) . p q j) (p .q ) . ( q p ) . (q v r)

6/ Cho cc lng t v o ( , o e {,-} ). Xt chn tr ca A v vit A ty theo dng c th ca v o :
a) A = x e R, | x | = x
3
b) A = x e Q, x
2
2x > 2 c) A = x e R, on e N, 2
n
s x < 2
n + 1

d) A = x e R, oy e R, (x
2
= y
2
) (x = y) e) A = x e Q, oy e R, (x
2
+ 2x 15)y = 0
f) A = x e R, oy e Q, x
2
+ 4x > y
2
+ 7 g) A = x e R, ok e Z, (x y)
2
s 2
2





7/ Vit dng ph nh ca A v xt chn tr A( xt trc tip A hay xt gin tip A):
a) A = n e N, 4|n
2
4|n b) A = -x e R, sinx + 2x =1 c) A = x e R,y e R, 2x + 3siny > 0
d) A = x e R, -y e N, (x
2
> y
2
) (x > y) e) A = -x e R, y e Q, 2
y
+ 2
y
> sinx + 3
f) A = x e R, -y e Q, t e Z, x s y
2
+ 2t g) A = -x e Q, -y e R, t e N, x
3
3y = 5t

8/ Chng minh qui np theo s nguyn n :
a) 1
3
+ 2
3
+ + n
3
= 4
1
n
2
(n + 1)
2
n > 1 b) 1.1! + 2.2! + + n.n! = (n + 1)! 1 n > 1
c) 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + + n(n + 1)(n + 2) = 4
1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) n > 1 d) 2
n
< n! n > 4
e) n
2
< 2
n
n > 5 ( (n + 1)
2
< 2n
2
n > 3 ) f) n
3
< 2
n
n > 10 ( (n + 1)
3
< 2n
3
n > 4 )
g) 2
1
n + 1 s 1
1
+ 2
1
+ 3
1
+ + ( 2
n
)
1
s (n + 1) n > 0
h) 8 | ( 3
n
+ 7
n
2 ) n > 0 i) 4 | ( 6.7
n
2.3
n
) n > 0 j) 3
n + 1
| (
3
2 1
n
+ ) n > 0
k) Cho a e R \ { 0 } v ( a + a
1
) l s nguyn. Chng minh ( a
n
+ a
n
) l s nguyn n > 1.
l) Cho dy s Fibonacci a
0
= 0,a
1
= 1 v a
n + 2
= a
n + 1
+ a
n
n > 0. Chng minh rng
a
n
= ( 5 )
1
(o
n
|
n
) n > 0 vi o v | l 2 nghim thc ca phng trnh x
2
x 1 = 0 tha o > | .

9/ Gii thch s ng n ca cc s suy lun di y (p, q, r, s, t v u l cc bin mnh ) :
a) [p . (p q) . (s v r) . (r q )] (s v t) b) [( p v q) . ( p r) . ( r v s)] ( q s)
c) { s . [ ( p v q) r] .u . [ r (s v t)] . (u vt )] } p d) [(p q) .r .q ] p r v
e) {[p (q r)] . (t q) .s . (p v s)} ( r t ) f) (p . r .q ) [(p . r) v q]
g) {[p (q r)] . ( q p ) . p} r h) {[(p . q) r] . (r s) .s } (p q )
i) {(p q) . (r s) . [(s . q) (p . t)] . (t p )} ( p vr ) j) [p . (p q) . (r vq )] r
k) {(p q) . (r s) . [(s v q) t] .t } ( p .r ) l) [(p q) . ( r vq ) . r ] p
m) {[p (r . q)] . p . q . [r (s v t)] .s } t n) [(p v q) . (p r) .r ] q

10/ Ch ra s sai lm ca cc s suy lun di y (p, q, r v s l cc bin mnh ):
a) [(p v q) . r] [p v (q . r)] b) [(p . q) r] [p . (q r)] c) {[p . ( r vq )] v p q } 1
d) {[(p q) . (q r)] v [(p (q r)]} O e) {[ p {(q r) . s}] . [s ( r . p)]} 1
f) [( r . q) v (s p )] q g) [(p (q r)] (p r) h) [(p . q) r] [(p r) . (q r)]
i) [( p q) . q] p j) [(p q) . p ] q k) [(p q) . (q r) . ( s q) . (r vs )] s
l) {(p r) . p . [p (qvr )] . ( s vq )} s m) {[(p v r) q] v (q p) } (p q)
n) [(p . q . r) v ( ) p q r v . ] {[p . (q v r)] v p q r v v }

11/ Cho cc v t p(x) v q(x) theo bin x e A. Chng minh
a) [ x e A, p(x) . q(x) ] [ ( x e A, p(x)) . ( x e A, q(x)) ]
b) [ -x e A, p(x) v q(x) ] [ ( -x e A, p(x)) v ( -x e A, q(x)) ]
c) [ -x e A, p(x) . q(x) ] [ ( -x e A, p(x)) . ( -x e A: q(x)) ]
d) [ ( x e A, p(x)) v ( x e A, q(x)) ] [ x e A, p(x) v q(x) ]
Cho v d thy chiu o ca c) v d) khng ng.

12/ Cho cc v t p(x) v q(x) theo bin x e A. Gii thch s ng n ca cc s suy lun di y :
a) {[ x e A, p(x) (q(x) . r(x))] . [ x e A, p(x) . s(x) ]} [ x e A, r(x) . s(x) ]
b) {[ x e A, p(x) v q(x) ] . [ -x e A, ( ) p x ] . [ x e A, ( ) q x v r(x) ] . [ x e A, s(x) ( ) r x ]}
[ -x e A, ( ) s x ]



CHNG 2 : TP HP V NH X

1/ Lit k cc tp hp sau y :
A = {1 + (1)
n
/ n e N} B = {n + n
1
/ n e N} C = {x = (m/n) / m, n e Z, n = 0, m
2
< 2 v 6n > n
2
7}
D = { 2sin(nt/6) + 5 / n e Z } E = { x = (m/n) / m, n e Z, 17 < n s 80 v 2
1
< x < 1 }
F = { x e Z / (x
2
+ 3x 10)(x + 4)
1
s 0 } G = { x e Q / x
4
> 256 v x = 3 cosx 2 sin3x }

2/ Cho A,B c R. Vit A, B , A B, A B, A \ B, B \ A thnh phn hi ca cc khong ri nhau trong R
a) A = (9, 3) [1,2] [4,5) (7,11] (13,+] B = (,7] [4,2) (0,3) (6,8] [10,15]
b) A = (, 4) [4, 7] { 1, 2, 8, 10 } B = (5, 1] [6, 9) { 6, 3, 5, 10 }

3/ Cho A, B, C, D c E. Hy rt gn cc biu thc sau y :
a) ( A \ B ) ( B \ A ) ( A B ) b) ( A B ) \ [ ( A \ B ) ( A B ) ] c) AB ( A B C )
d) ( A B ) ( A B C D ) ( A B ) e) A ( A B ) ( A B C ) ( A B C D)

4/ Cho A,B,D c E. Chng minh
a) D \ ( A B ) = ( D \ A ) ( D \ B ) b) D \ ( A B ) = ( D \ A ) ( D \ B )
c) ( A B ) \ D = ( A \ D ) ( B \ D ) d) ( A B ) \ D = ( A \ D ) ( B \ D )
e) ( A \ B ) \ D = A \ ( B D ) = ( A \ D ) \ ( B \ D )

5/ Cho A, B, H, K c E. Chng minh
a) [ ( A H ) ( B K ) ] c [ ( A B ) ( H K ) ]
b) [ (A B ) \ ( H K ) ] c [ ( A \ H ) ( B \ K ) ] c [ ( A B ) \ ( H K ) ]
c) [ ( A B ) \ H ] c [ A ( B \ H )] d) [ (A B ) \ ( A H ) ] c ( B \ H )
Cho cc v d thy trng hp khng c du ng thc xy ra trong a), b), c) v d) .

6/ Cho A = { 0, 1, a }, B = { a, 2 } v C = { 2, b }.
a) Lit k cc tp hp A
2
, A x B, C x A, B x C v C x B.
b) Lit k cc tp hp B
3
, A x B
2
, C x A x C, A x B x C v C
2
x B.

7/ Cho A, B c E v H, K c F. Chng minh
a) A x ( H \ K ) = ( A x H ) \ ( A x K ) b) [ ( A x H ) \ ( B x K ) ] = [ ( A \ B ) x H ] [ A x ( H \ K ) ]
c) ( A x H ) ( B x K ) = ( A B ) x ( H K ) d) [ ( A x H ) ( B x K ) ] c [ ( A B ) x ( H K ) ]
e) [ ( A \ B ) x ( H \ K )] c [ ( A x H ) \ ( B x K ) ]
Cho cc v d thy trng hp khng c du ng thc xy ra trong d) v e).

8/ Cc qui tc f : X Y sau c phi l nh x khng ? Ti sao ?
a) X = (2, 1], Y = R, f(x) = x(x
2
+ 2x 3)
1
x e X b) X = R, Y = (6, +), f(x) = e
x
+ 9e
x
x e X
c) X = Y = R, f(x) = ln| sinx | x e X d) X = [1, + ), Y = R, f(x) = y sao cho y
2
2y = x x e X
e) X = [1, 3],Y = R\{0}, f(x) = 3x
2
9x + 5 x e X f) X = Q,Y = Z, f(m/n) = m
2
+ 3n mn (m/n) e X

9/ Xt tnh n nh v ton nh ca cc nh x f : X Y sau :
a) X = Y = R, f(x) = x(x
2
+ 1)
1
x e X b) X = [2, + ), Y = (20, +), f(x) = x
2
+ 6x 3 x e X
c) X = Y = R, f(x) = (x 1)(x + 3) (x 4) x e X d) X = R\{0}, Y = R, f(x) = (2x 3)x
1
x e X
e) X = R, Y = [2, 2], f(x) = sinx + 3 cosx x e X f) X = Y = R, f(x) = 3cos2x 7x + 8 x e X

10/ Xc nh u = g
o
f, v = f
o
g (nu c) v w = h
o
g
o
f khi f : X Y, g : Z T v h : U V trong
a) X = Y = Z = T = U = V = R, f(x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x
2
+ x 3 v h(x) = x
3
+ 4cosx
b) X = T = U = (0,+), Y = Z = R, V = [1, +), f(x) = 3lnx 2, g(x) = e
sinx
v h(x) = 5x
4
x
2
+ 1
c) X = V = R,Y = Z = R\{1},T = U = R\{3}, f(x) = x
2
4x + 6, g(x) = (3x + 2)(1 x)
1
v h(x) = ln| x + 3|

11/ Tm f(A), f(B), f(C), f(D), f(E), f(R), f
1
(G), f
1
(H), f
1
(K), f
1
(L), f
1
(M) v f
1
(N) cho cc nh x sau
a) f : R R vi f(x) = x 5 (nu x s 1) v f(x) = 2x + 1 (nu x > 1) trong
A = { 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }, B = [1,3], C = (1,2), D = (,0] v E = (3,+), G = { 7, 5, 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 },
H = [7, 5], K = (5, 5), L = [7, +), M = [1, 9) v N = (3, 2].
b) f : R R vi f(x) = x + 7 (nu x s 0), f(x) = 5 2x (nu 0 < x < 3) v f(x) = x 1 (nu x > 3)
trong A = { 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 }, B = [2, 1], C = (2, 4), D = (1, 5], E = [0, +),
G = { 5, 2, 1, 0, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11 }, H = [5, 1], K = (, 0], L = [2, 4), M = (5, 10] v N = (7, 11).

12/ Chng minh cc nh x di y l song nh v vit nh x ngc ca chng :
a) f : R (1, 1), f(x) = x(1 + | x |)
1
b) g : R R, g(x) = e
x
3e
x
+ 1
c) h : [1, 2) [5, 7), h(x) = 3x + 2x
1
d) p : R (2, 3), p(x) = (9 2e
x
) (e
x
+ 3)
1

e) q : R\{1} R\{3}, q(x) = (5 3x) (x 1)
1
f) r : (0, 3] (2, 4
1
.17], r(x) = (x + 1) + (x + 1)
1

g) Tm cc nh x u,v,w tha p
1
o
u = g, v
o
f = g v f
1
o
w
o
p = g.

CHNG 3: PHNG PHP M

1/ Cho cc tp hp hu hn A, B, C c E.
Chng minh | A B C | = | A | + | B | + | C | ( | A B | + | B C | + | C A | ) + | A B C |

2/ Cho E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2,4,5,7,9},B = {2,5,9}, C = {1, 3, 8} v D = {0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}.
a) C bao nhiu tp hp X c E tha X = A ?
b) C bao nhiu tp hp Y, Z, T, W c E tha A Y = B, A Z = D, (A \ T) = B v (W \ A) = C ?

3/ C bao nhiu s nguyn t nhin chn ( hoc dy s vi ch s cui cng chn ) gm 6 ch s khc
nhau m trong c ch s 0 ?

4/ Cho S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. C bao nhiu tp A c S tha
a) | A | = 5 b) | A | = 5 v minA = 3 c) | A | = 5 v minA s 3 d) | A | = 5 v min A > 4

5/ Cho S = {1, 2,, n}. C bao nhiu tp A c S sao cho A c t nht mt s nguyn chn? ( xt n chn, l )

6/ Tm n > 7 bit rng ch c mt phn t s tp con gm 5 phn t ca S = { 1, 2, , n } c cha s 7.

7/ Cho S = {1, 2, 3, , 14, 15}. C bao nhiu tp A c S m
a) A ch c ton s l b) A c 3 s l c) | A | = 8 v A c 3 s l d) A c 3 s l v t nht 5 s chn

8/ C bao nhiu cch chia n sinh vin thnh 2 i ( n > 2 ) m trong
a) mt i hc Anh Vn v mt i hc Php vn ?
b) c hai i cng i lm cng tc x hi nh nhau ? ( xt n chn, l )

9/ T 10 nam v 10 n, c bao nhiu cch chn ra mt i gm 12 ngi tha
a) chn ty b) i c 6 nam c) i c t nht 8 nam d) i c nam t hn n e) i c s nam chn

10/ C bao nhiu byte khc nhau cha
a) 3 bit 1 b) t nht 4 bit 1 c) khng qu 5 bit 1 d) t nht 3 bit 0 v 3 bit 1

11/ C bao nhiu cch chia 12 bt khc nhau cho 4 a tr nu
a) mi a c 3 bt b) hai a ln mi a 4 bt v hai a nh mi a 2 bt

12/ Tm h s ca n thc
a) xy
2
z
3
t khi khai trin (x + 2y z + 4t 5u)
7
b) x
3
y
9
z
4
t
3
khi khai trin ( 2x y
3
3z
2
+ 4t
3
)
9



13/ Xt tt c cc tam gic to t 3 nh khc nhau ca mt a gic u c n cnh ( n > 4 ) .
a) C tt c bao nhiu tam gic nh vy ? b) C bao nhiu tam gic c chung 2 cnh vi a gic trn?
c) C bao nhiu tam gic c chung ng 1 cnh vi a gic trn ?
d) C bao nhiu tam gic khng c chung cnh no vi a gic trn ?

14/ C bao nhiu cch xp a) 5 nam v 5 n xen k nhau thnh mt hng dc?
b) 6 nam v 4 n thnh mt hng dc sao cho 6 nam ng gn nhau?
c) 6 nam v 4 n thnh mt hng dc sao cho 4 n ng gn nhau?
d) 6 nam v 4 n thnh mt hng dc sao cho 6 nam ng gn nhau v 4 n ng gn nhau?
e) 6 nam v 4 n thnh mt hng dc sao cho 6 nam ng gn nhau hay 4 n ng gn nhau?
f) 6 bc s, 7 k s v 8 lut s thnh mt hng ngang sao cho cc ng nghip ng gn nhau?

15/ C bao nhiu cch xp 5 cp v chng vo mt bn trn c 10 gh c nh s th t nu
a) xp ty ? b) nhng ngi nam ngi gn nhau c) v chng ngi gn nhau

16/ C bao nhiu cch treo 3 o ,4 o trng v 5 o xanh thnh mt hng dc (cc o khc nhau) nu
a) treo ty b) cc o cng mu treo gn nhau c) cc o mu trng treo gn nhau

17/ Lm li bi 16 nhng vi gi thit l cc o cng mu c xem l ging nhau.

18/ C bao nhiu cch chn 20 t giy bc t cc loi tin 1 ng, 2 ng, 5 ng, 10 ng v 20 ng ?
Nu yu cu thm c t nht 7 t 5 ng v khng qu 8 t 20 ng th c bao nhiu cch chn ?

19/ Tm s nghim nguyn ca phng trnh x + y + z + t = 32 ( hay bt phng trnh x + y + z + t s 32 )
nu
a) x, y, z, t > 0 b) x > 2, y > 3, z > 1, t > 5 c) x > 1, y > 4, z > 4, t > 3 d) x, y, z > 0 v 1 s t < 25

20/ C bao nhiu cch chia 18 vin ko ging nhau cho 5 a tr nu
a) chia ty b) a no cng c ko c) a ln nht c 6 vin
d) a nh nht c t nht 4 vin e) a ln nht nhn khng qu 7 vin

21/ Khi khai trin (x + y + z + t)
10
, ta c bao nhiu n thc khc nhau ?
Trong s c bao nhiu n thc x
m
y
n
z
u
t
v
(khng k h s pha trc) tha m > 2, n s 3 v v > 1 ?

22/ C bao nhiu cch chia 15 vin ko chanh (ging nhau) v 10 vin ko da (ging nhau) cho 6 a
tr sao cho a no cng c c hai th ko ?

23/ C bao nhiu cch mua 20 hp sn vi ng 7 mu trong s 10 mu m ca hng c ?

24/ Xt chui k t bao gm phn mu t ng trc v phn ch s ng sau. Phn mu t c 8 mu t
o, o, |, |, |, , , , xp ty ( o, |, l 3 mu t khc nhau ly ty t A, E, H, P, Y ). Phn ch s
l 6 ch s xyzuvw( x, y, z, u, v, w c ly ty t 0, 1, 2, , 8, 9 ) tha 7 s x + y + z + u + v + w s 9
Hi c tt c bao nhiu chui k t nh vy ?

25/ Cho A c S = { 1, 2, , 25 } tha | A | > 14. Chng minh rng c a, b e A tha a = b v a + b = 26

26/ Cho A c S = { 1, 2, , 100 } tha | A | > 11. Chng minh rng c x, y e A tha 0 < | x y | < 1.
Tng qut ha kt qu trn theo 2 hng khc nhau: theo | S | hoc theo (
n
x v
n
y ).

27/ Ly 10 im khc nhau ty trn mt tam gic u c cnh bng 3cm.
Chng minh rng trong s c t nht 2 im c khong cch khng qu 1cm.

28/ T th hai n th by ca mi tun c 12 bui (sng v chiu). C 782 sinh vin ng k hc n
theo cc bui ni trn trong tun: mi sinh vin c th chn t 2 n 4 bui.
Chng minh rng c t nht 2 sinh vin c lch hc trong tun hon ton ging nhau.

29/ Xp cc con s 1, 2, , 25 mt cch ty trn mt ng trn. Chng minh rng c 3 s gn nhau
trn ng trn c tng > 41 v c 3 s gn nhau trn ng trn c tng s 37.

30/ Cho A c S = { 1, 2, , 14 } tha | A | > 6.
Chng minh c H,K c A ( m C = H = K = C ) tha | H | s 5, | K | s 5 v
h H
h
e

=
k K
k
e

.

CHNG 4 : H THC QUI

1/ Gii cc h thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht sau y :
a) a
0
= 2 v a
n + 1
= 3a
n
n > 0 b) a
1
= 5 v a
n
= 8a
n 1
n > 2 c) a
2
= 28, a
3
= 8 v a
n
= 4a
n 2
n > 4
d) a
0
= 1, a
1
= 0 v a
n + 1
= 5a
n
6a
n 1
n > 1 e) a
1
= 6, a
2
= 8 v a
n + 2
= 4a
n + 1
4a
n
n > 1

2/ Gii cc h thc qui tuyn tnh khng thun nht sau y :
a) a
0
= 3 v a
n
= a
n 1
+ 9 n > 1 b) a
1
= 13 v a
n + 2
= 2a
n + 1
+ 5.3
n + 1
n > 0
c) a
2
= 61 v a
n + 1
= 3a
n
+ 4n 6

n > 2 d) a
0
= 7 v a
n + 1
= 4a
n
2(4)
n + 1
(n 2) n > 0
e) a
3
= 128 v a
n + 2
= 5a
n + 1
12

n > 2

3/ Gii cc h thc qui tuyn tnh khng thun nht sau y :
a) a
0
= 1, a
1
= 2 v a
n + 2
= 5a
n + 1
6a
n
+ 4 n > 0 b) a
1
= 4, a
2
= 19 v a
n + 1
= 5a
n
4a
n 1
+ 3 n > 2
c) a
2
= 5, a
3
= 26 v a
n
= 2a
n 1
a
n 2
10 n > 4
d) a
0
= 3, a
1
= 5 v a
n
= 2a
n 1
+ 3a
n 2
+ 8(1)
n + 1
n > 2
e) a
1
= 13, a
2
= 50 v a
n + 2
= 7a
n + 1
10a
n
+ (40n 1) 3
n
n > 1
f) a
2
= 28, a
3
= 149 v a
n + 1
= 2a
n
a
n 1
12n
2
24n + 4

n > 3

4/ Tnh cc tng s sau theo n nguyn :
a) S
n
= 1
3
+ 2
3
+ + n
3
(n > 1) b) S
n
= 1
4
+ 2
4
+ + n
4
(n > 1) c) S
n
= 1
4
+ 2
4
+ + (1)
n
n
4
(n > 1)
d) S
n
=
0
( 1)( 2)2
n
k
k
k k
=
+ +

(n > 0) e) S
n
=
0
(2 1)( 3)
n
k
k
k
=

(n > 0) f) S
n
=
3 2
1
( 2 4 )( 1)
n
k
k
k k k
=
+

(n > 1)

5/ V n ng thng trong mt phng ct nhau tng i mt nhng trong khng c 3 ng thng no
ng qui (n > 1). Cc ng thng ny chia mt phng thnh bao nhiu min ri nhau tng i mt ?

6/ Gi s dn s th gii nm 2000 l 7 t ngi v tc tng dn s th gii l 3% mi nm.
Tnh dn s th gii vo nm n (n > 2000).

7/ C bao nhiu chui k t gm n k t (n k t ny c ly ty t cc k t a,b,c) sao cho trong chui
k t khng c 2 k t a ng gn nhau (n > 1) ?

8/ C bao nhiu chui k t gm n k t (n k t ny c ly ty t cc k t 1, 2) sao cho trong chui
k t t nht 2 k t 1 ng gn nhau (n > 1) ?

9/ Cho a
0
= o, a
1
= | v a
n + 2
= a
n + 1
+ a
n
n > 0. Chng minh rng a
n
= |f
n
+ of
n 1
n > 1 trong
f
m
l s hng th m (m > 0) ca dy s Fibonacci ( f
0
= 0, f
1
= 1 v f
n + 2
= f
n + 1
+ f
n
n > 0 ).


10/ Tnh a
n
v b
n
bit rng a
0
= 1, b
0
= 2, a
n + 1
= 3a
n
+ 2b
n
v b
n + 1
= a
n
+ 2b
n
n > 0.
( Hng dn: Tm , tha a
n + 1
+ b
n + 1
= (a
n
+ b
n
) v tnh u
n
= a
n
+ b
n
n > 0 )

CHNG 5 : QUAN H HAI NGI

1/ t I
k
= {0, 1, , k} k e N. Hy vit tp hp 9 v xt cc tnh cht ca quan h hai ngi 9 trn S nu
a) S = I
2
, x, y e S : x 9 y 0 s y x s 1 b) S = I
2
, x, y e S : x 9 y x
2
+ y
2
s 2
c) S = I
2
, x, y e S : x 9 y 3x + y s 5 d) S = I
3
, x, y e S : x 9 y x + y > 4
e) S = I
4
, x, y e S : x 9 y ( x = y hay x + 2y = 4 ) f) S = I
4
, x, y e S : x 9 y (x + 2) | y

2/ Xt cc tnh cht ca quan h hai ngi 9 trn S nu
a) S = Z, x, y e S : x 9 y x | y
2
b) S = Z, x, y e S : x 9 y y | x
2

c) S = Q, x, y e S : x 9 y x = | y | d) S = Q x Q, (x,u), (y,v) e S : (x,u) 9 (y,v) x s y
e) S = R, x, y e S : x 9 y x = y f) S = R, x, y e S : x 9 y x = 2
y
( 2
t
> t t e R )

3/ Kim chng 9 l mt quan h tng ng trn S ri vit cc lp tng ng v tp thng tng ng:
a) S = { Hu, Paris, Moscou, Rome, Tokyo, Kyoto, Milan, Vinh, Lyon, Lt, Kobe, Sign, Cairo,
Nice, Bonn, Turin, Berlin }, x, y e S : x 9 y x v y l 2 thnh ph thuc cng mt quc gia
b) S = { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 }, x, y e S : x 9 y x
2
+ 5x = y
2
+ 5y
c) S = { 4, 2, 3 , 1, 0, 1, 3 , 2, 3 }, x, y e S : x 9 y x
3
+ 3y = y
3
+ 3x
d) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 21, 24, 25, 35, 42, 48}, x,y e S : x 9 y -k e Z : x = 2
k
y (k ph thuc x v y)
e) S = { 11t/6, t, 4t/5, t/4, t/5, t/7, 0, t/6, t/3, 5t/6, t, 5t/4, 3t }
x, y e S : x 9 y sinx = cos(y + 2
1
.7t)
f) S = (E) vi E ={ 1, 2, 3 }, X, Y e S : X 9 Y X A = Y A trong A = {1, 2}

4/ Kim chng 9 l mt quan h tng ng trn S = R v xc nh lp tng ng [ a ] ca a e R
tng ng ( bin lun theo tham s thc a )
a) x, y e S : x 9 y x
2
+ 3x = y
2
+ 3y
b) x, y e S : x 9 y x
2
y
2
= 2(x y)
c) x, y e S : x 9 y x
3
12y = y
3
12x ( xt ring hai trng hp + v )
d) x, y e S : x 9 y x
2
y + 7x = xy
2
+ 7y
e) x, y e S : x 9 y 4x + xy
2
= x
2
y + 4y
f) x, y e S : x 9 y 2cos
2
x sin(xy)cos
2
y = 2cos
2
y sin(xy)cos
2
x

5/ Cho S = { a, b, c, d, e, f }.
a) Vit tp hp 9 nu 9 l quan h tng ng trn S c 3 lp tng ng l {a, d, f},{c, e} v {b}.
b) Trn S c bao nhiu quan h tng ng chia S thnh 3 lp tng ng c s phn t ca cc lp
ln lt l 3, 2, 1 (tng t nh quan h tng ng 9) ?
c) Trn S c bao nhiu quan h tng ng chia S thnh 3 lp tng ng ?

6/ Kim chng 9 l mt quan h th t trn S. 9 l th t ton phn hay bn phn? Ti sao ?
V s Hasse cho (S,9) v tm min,max v cc phn t ti tiu v ti i (nu c):
a) S = { 2, 3, , 11, 12 }, x, y e S : x 9 y [ (x l v y chn) hay (x y chn v x s y) ]
b) S = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 }, x, y e S : x 9 y x | y (quan h c s)
c) S = { 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 96 }, x, y e S : x 9 y x | y
d) S = { 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,40, 50 }, x, y e S : x 9 y x y (quan h bi s)
e) S = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 24, 48, 96 }, x, y e S : x 9 y x y
f) S = { 96, 768, 6, 48, 384, 3, 24 }, x, y e S : x 9 y -k e N: y = 2
k
x ( k ph thuc x v y )

7/ Cho S = { a = 2
m
3
n
/ m, n e N , m s 3 v n s 2 } vi cc quan h th t | v .
a) V s Hasse v tm min,max cho (S, | ) v (S, ) .
b) t T = S \ { 1, 2, 72 }. V s Hasse ri tm cc phn t ti tiu v ti i ca (T, | ) v (T, ).

8/ Cho S = { a, b, c } vi quan h th t .
Gi s a l mt phn t ti tiu v c l mt phn t ti i ca (S, ).
a) V tt c cc trng hp khc nhau c th xy ra cho s Hasse ca (S, ).
b) Yu cu nh a) nhng c thm iu kin b cng l mt phn t ti i ca (S, ) .

9/ a) Gii thch th t sp xp ca cc t sau trong t in ting Anh :
individual, indistinct, real, indite, confirmation, individualism v red .
b) Gii thch th t sp xp ca cc dy s sau theo th t t in :
852604, 74596, 935, 7489, 85297440, 85297311 v 7489231.

10/ V s Hasse cho (S, ) ri ton phn ha (sp xp topo) cc th t bn phn sau:
a) S = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i } vi d a, b e, g e, h f, i e v h d.
b) S = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 15, 20 } vi l quan h | (c s) .
c) S = { 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16 } vi l quan h (bi s) .
d) S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } vi l quan h | (c s) .

CHNG 6 : HM BOOL

1/ Tm dng ni ri chnh tc cho cc hm Bool sau y :
a) f(x, y, z) = x v y v x(y v z) b) f(x, y, z, t) = (xy v zt)(x v z) )(xz v yt)(xt v yz)
c) f(x, y, z) = ( x v yz)( y v xz)( z v xy) d) f(x, y, z, t) = yz v zt v xt v (xy v y z v x t )xyt
e) f(x, y, z, t) = xyz v y zt v[x t (x v y) (z v t)] v [(x v z) (y v t)] v [(x v t)(y v z)]

2/ Tm cc cng thc a thc ti tiu cho cc hm Bool f c 4 bin ri vit dng ni ri chnh tc cho f
v f bit rng S = Kar(f) hay S = ( Phn b ca S trong bng m ca B
4
) nh sau :
a) S = { (1,1), (1,3), (2,2), ( 2,4), (3,1), (3,3), (4,2), (4,4) } b) S = { (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,3), (3,4), (4,3) }
c) S = { (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (3,1), (4,2), (4,3) } d) S = { (1,1), (1,4), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (4,1) }
e) S = { (2,3), (2,4), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (4,1), (4,4) } f) S = { (1,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (4,1) }
g) S = { (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4), ( 4,1), (4,2) } h) S = { (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (3,4) }

3/ K hiu x = x , y = y , z = z v t = t .
Tm cc cng thc a thc ti tiu cho cc hm Bool f c 4 bin ri vit dng ni ri chnh tc cho f
v f bit rng f c dng a thc nh sau :
a) f(x, y, z, t) = yt v xyz v xyz v xyz t v xyzt
b) f(x, y, z, t) = xzt v yzt v xyt v xyz v xyzt v xyzt
c) f(x, y, z, t) = xyzt v yzt v xyz v xyzt v yzt v xyt
d) f(x, y, z, t) = xyz v xy v xzt v xyt v xyzt v yzt
e) f(x, y, z, t) = xyzt v yzt v xyzt v yzt v xyz v xyzt
f) f(x, y, z, t) = xzt v xyzt v xyzt v xyt v xzt v xyzt
g) f(x, y, z, t) = xyzt v xy v xzt v yzt
h) f(x, y, z, t) = zt v xyt v xyz v xyzt v xyzt v yzt

4/ V mng cc cng tng hp hm Bool f trong bi 2 v 3 (dng mt cng thc a thc ti tiu ca n)

5/ a) C bao nhiu hm Bool 6 bin ly gi tr 1 ti cc vector Bool c ng 2 bin l 1 ( v ly gi tr
ty ti cc vector Bool khc ) ?
b) C bao nhiu hm Bool 6 bin ly gi tr 1 ti cc vector Bool c t nht 2 bin l 1( v ly gi tr
ty ti cc vector Bool khc ) ?
c) C bao nhiu hm Bool 6 bin khng ph thuc bin th nht ?
d) C bao nhiu hm Bool 6 bin khng ph thuc 3 bin u tin ?
CHNG 7: I CNG V TH

1/ V phc ha cc th v hng lin thng (n th, a th khng c cnh song song, a th
khng c vng, a th c c vng v cnh song song) c bc ca cc nh ln lt l
a) 1, 2, 2, 3 (ch c 3 trng hp u) b) 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3 (ch c 3 trng hp u) c) 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5
d) 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4

2/ Cho th v hng G = (V, E). Tm | V | nu
a) | E | = 12 v mi nh c bc 2 b) | E | = 21, G c 3 nh bc 4 v cc nh khc bc 5
c) | E | = 6 v mi nh c cng bc d) | E | = 16, G c 3 nh bc 5 v cc nh khc c bc 3 v 4

3/ Cho th v hng G = (V, E).
a) | V | = 9 v mi nh c bc 5 c khng? b) | V | = 6 v cc bc l 6 s nguyn lin tip c khng?
c) Gi s mi nh c bc r l. Chng minh r | | E | d) Tm max| V | nu | E | =19 v mi nh c bc > 3

4/ Cho G = (V, E). Vit ma trn k M
G
v v phc ha G. Gii thch ti sao G lin thng? G l n hay
a th? G c chu trnh hay ng Euler khng? Ti sao? Nu c th xc nh chng theo thut ton :
a) E = { AB(3), AF, AJ(3), BC(2), BK, CD(2), CH(2), CI, DF, DJ, FI(2), FK(2), HH(4), HJ,II(2), JK(3) }
V = { A, B, C, D, F, H, I, J, K }
b) E = { AB,AH,BC,BH,BJ,CD,CJ,CK,DF,DK,DL,FH,HI,IJ,JK,KL } v V = { A,B,C,D,F,H,I,J,K,L }
c) E = { AB, AC, AF, AH, BC, BH, CD, CH, DF(2), DI, FH } v V = { A, B, C, D, F, H, I }
d) E = { AA(2),AB,AF,BC,BD,BF,CF,CH(2),DH,DI,DJ,FI,HI,IJ,JJ(2) } v V = { A, B, C, D, F, H, I, J }
e) E = { AB(2), AD(3), BB(4), BF,BH, CC(2) ,CD,CH, DD(2 ), FF(2) ,FH } v V = { A, B, C, D, F, H }
f) E = { AB, AC, AD, AF, BD, CD, CH, CI, DF, DH, DI, FH, FI, HI } v V = { A, B, C, D, F, H, I }
g) E = { AB, AC(2), AF(2), AH(2), BF, BH(2), CD, CH, DF, FH } v V = { A, B, C, D, F, H }
Lu : AB(3) c ngha l c 3 cnh ni A vi B .

5/ Cc th v hng G. H v L di y c chu trnh Euler hay ng Euler khng ? Ti sao?
Nu c th xc nh chng theo thut ton :






6/ Cho 8 cp th v hng t (G v G) cho n ( T v T) nh di y. Hy cho bit cp th no
bao gm hai th ng cu vi nhau ( hoc khng ng cu vi nhau) v gii thch ti sao ?