Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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BO CO PROJECT 1:

COGNITIVE RADIO
V
MATCHED FILTER










Thc hin: Nhm 7 05DT2
- Hong Dc Hng
- Trn Thuy Nguyn
- Nguyn Tr Phuc
- Trn Thj Hng Quyn
- Trn L Anh Thu
- Duong Thj Hng Trang








Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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BI 1:
V TUYEN THNG MINH
COGNITIVE RADIO
(CR)

Hiu qua cua vic su dung ph v tuyn l thuc su cn thit cho cc h thng
khng dy trong tuong lai. Trong khi da s h thng trai ph tn s thuc v cc t
chuc khc nhau. Bng vic quan st nhung chung co cho thy rng vic su dung trai
ph c cp php khng hon ton l trong min thoi gian v min khng gian nua.
Seminar ny thao lun nhung vn d co ban cua Cognitive Radio( tam dich l v tuyn
thng minh), cc loai cua h thng v tuyn thng minh, cu trc cua h thng v thit
k nten cho h thng v tuyn thng minh

1.Gii thiu:
H thng v tuyn thng minh l h thng c cc phn tu c kha nng thay di
cc tham s( cng sut, tn s) trn co so tuong tc voi mi truong hoat dng. Theo d
thit bi v tuyn duoc dinh nghia bng phn mm SDR( Software Defined Radio) s l
mt phn tu quan trong trong h thng v tuyn thng minh v cc tham s cua thit bi
SDR duoc thay di mt cch linh dng bng phn mm m khng cn phai thay di cu
trc phn cung.
Mc dch cua v tuyn thng minh l cho php cc thit bi v tuyn khc hoat
dng trn cc dai tn cn trng tam thoi m khng gy nhiu dn cc h thng v tuyn
c quyn uu tin cao hon hoat dng trn dai tn d.
D cho php tn dung ti da ti nguyn ph tn nhu trn, v tuyn thng minh
phai c nhng tnh nng co ban sau:
-Diu chinh tn s hoat dng cua h thng mt cch tuc th tu 1 bng tn ny dn 1
bng tn khc( cn trng) trn dai tn cho php.
-Thit lp mang thng tin v hoat dng trn mt phn hoc ton b bng tn duoc
cp pht.
-Chia se knh tn s v diu khin cng sut thch ung theo diu kin cu th cua mi
truong m o d tn tai nhiu loai hnh dich vu v tuyn cng chim dung.
-Thuc hin thch ung d rng bng tn,tc d truyn v cc so d m ha sua li d
cho php dat duoc thng luong tt nht c th.

2.Phn loi:
Phu thuc vo vic thit lp cc thng s duoc ly tu cc php tnh trong vic
quyt dinh nhung thay di trn duong truyn v v nhung l do lich su chng ta c th
phn bit cc loai no d cua CR. Hai loai chnh l:
-Full Cognitive Radio: trong d mi thng s c th quan st bng cc nt khng dy
hay mang duoc ly trong php tnh
-Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio: chi c ph tn s v tuyn duoc xt
Cung dua vo cc thnh phn cua ph cho CR chng ta c th phn loai:
-Licensed Band Cognitive Radio:CR c kha nng su dung cc band d dng k nhu
band U-NII hay band M. Nhm lm vic IEEE 802.22 dang pht trin 1 chun dnh
cho mang khng dy m n s hoat dng trong knh truyn hnh chua duoc su dung.
Unlicensed Band Cognitive Radio:chi c th dng nhung phn chua cp php cua ph
tn s v tuyn






Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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3.M hnh mng v tuyn thng minh:




















Cc khng dy dang tn tai su dung hn hop nhiu chnh sch ph v cng ngh
truyn thng khc nhau. Hon nua mt s phn ph v tuyn d duoc cp php cho cc
muc dch khc nhau trong khi mt s bng vn chua duoc cp php.
Cc thnh phn kin trc cua mang v tuyn thng minh c th phn thnh hai nhm l
mang chings (primary network) v mang v tuyn thng minh. Cc thnh phn co ban
cua hai nhm mang ny duoc xc dinh nhu sau:
-Mng chnh (Primary Network) c quyn truy cp toi mt vi bng ph nht dinh no
d. Cc thnh phn cua mang chnh bao gm:
*Ngi dng chnh ( Primary user) :hay nguoi dng duoc cp php c giy php d
hoat dng trong mt bng tn ph nht dinh. Truy cp ny chi duoc gim st boi tram
gc chnh v khng bi anh huong boi nhung hoat dng cua bt k nguoi dng khng
duoc cp php khc. D cng tn tai voi cc tram gc v tuyn thng minh v nguoi
dng v tuyn thng minh nhung nguoi dng chnh ny khng cn bt cu su diu chinh
hay chuc nng cng thm no.
*Trm gc chnh (Primary base-station): hay tram gc duoc cp php l thnh phn
co so ha tng mang duoc c dinh c giy php ph. V nguyn tc tram gc chnh
khng c kha nng chia se ph voi nhung nguoi dng v tuyn thng minh. Tuy nhin
tram gc chnh ny c th yu cu d c thm chuc nng ny
-Mng v tuyn thng minh hay mang khng duoc cp php khng c giy php d
hoat dng trong mt bng tn mong mun. Do d n chi duoc php truy cp ph khi c
co hi. Mang v tuyn thng minh c th gm ca mang co so ha tng v mang ad hoc,
cc thnh phn cua mang v tuyn thng minh nhu sau:
*Ngi dng v tuyn thng minh hay nguoi dng khng duoc cp php khng c
giy php su dung ph do d cn c chuc nng cng thm d chia se bng ph cp php
*Tram gc v tuyn thng minh: l thnh phn co so ha tng c dinh voi cc kha
nng cua v tuyn thng minh. Tram gc v tuyn thng minh cung cp cc kt ni don
chng toi nhung nguoi dng v tuyn thng minh m khng cn giy php truy cp
ph. Thng qua kt ni ny, nguoi dng v tuyn thng minh c th truy nhp dn cc
mang khc.
*B phn chia ph (Spectrum broker): B phn chia ph (hay server lp lich) l mt
thuc th mang trung tm dng vai tr trong vic chia se cc ti nguyn ph tn giua cc
mang V tuyn thng minh khc nhau. B phn chia ph c th kt ni voi tung mang
v c th phuc vu voi tu cch l nguoi quan l thng tin ph, nhm cho php cc mang

Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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V tuyn thng minh cng tn tai.

Mang V tuyn thng minh bao gm nhiu loai mang khc nhau: mang chnh,
mang V tuyn thng minh dua trn co so ha tng, v mang V tuyn thng minh ad
hoc. Mang V tuyn thng minh hoat dng duoi mi truong ph hn hop, bao gm ca
cc bng cp php v khng cp php. Do d, trong mang V tuyn thng minh, c ba
loai truy nhp khc nhau, d l:

Truy nhp mang V tuyn thng minh (xG network access): Nguoi dng V tuyn
thng minh c th truy nhp toi chnh tram gc V tuyn thng minh o ca bng cp
php v khng cp php.

Truy nhp mang V tuyn thng minh ad hoc (xG ad hoc access): Nguoi dng V
tuyn thng minh c th truyn thng voi nhung nguoi dng V tuyn thng minh khc
thng qua kt ni ad hoc o ca bng cp php v khng cp php.

Truy nhp mang chnh (Primary network access): Nguoi dng V tuyn thng minh
cung c th truy nhp toi tram gc chnh thng qua bng cp php.

4.Hat dng cua mng v tuyn thng minh(COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK):
Mang v tuyn thng minh c th hoat dng trong ca bng cp php v khng
cp php do d cc chuc nng yu cu cho mang v tuyn thng minh l khc nhau ty
theo ph d l c duoc cp php hay khng.
a.Trn bng cp php:
Nhu ta d bit c nhung h ph khng su dung trong bng ph duoc cp php. Do d
cc mang v tuyn thng minh c th duoc su dung d khai thc cc h ph ny thng
qua cng ngh thng minh. Kin trc ny duoc m ta o hnh bn trong d cc mang v
tuyn thng minh cng tn tai voi cc mang chnh tai cng mt vi tr v trn cng mt
bng ph.













C nhiu thch thuc khc nhau d thuc hin mang CR trn bng cp php v su tn
tai cua nguoi dng chnh. Mc d muc dch chnh cua mang v tuyn thng minh l xc
dinh ph tn c sn tt nht nhung cc chuc nng cua v tuyn thng minh tring bng
cp php lai bao gm pht hin su c mt cua nguoi dng chnh. Dung luong knh cua
cc h ph phu thuc vo nhiu xung quanh nhung nguoi dng chnh. Do d vic trnh
nhiu cho nhung nguoi dng chnh l vn d quan trong nht trong kin trc ny. Hon
nua nu nguoi dng chnh xut hin trong bng ph bi nhung nguoi dng v tuyn
thng minh chim th nguoi dng v tuyn thng minh ngay lp tuc phai bo lai ph
hin thoi v chuyn toi ph moi sn c khc goi l chuyn giao ph.
b.Trn bng khng cp php
Cc mang V tuyn thng minh c th duoc thit k d hoat dng trn cc bng
khng cp php d cai thin hiu qua ph trong phn ph ny. Mang V tuyn thng

Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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minh hoat dng trn bng khng cp php duoc minh hoa trn Hnh 5. Tt ca thuc th
trong mang c quyn nhu nhau khi truy nhp toi cc bng ph. Nhiu mang V tuyn
thng minh cng tn tai trong mt vng ging nhau v truyn thng su dung cung mt
phn ph nhu nhau. Cc thut ton chia se ph thng minh c th cai thin hiu qua su
dung ph v h tro QoS cao.












Trong kin trc ny, nhung nguoi dng V tuyn thng minh tp trung vo pht
hin vic truyn cua nhung nguoi dng V tuyn thng minh khc. Khc voi hoat dng
trn bng cp php, vic chuyn giao ph khng bi kch thch boi su c mt cua nhung
nguoi dng chnh khc. Tuy nhin, v tt ca nhung nguoi dng V tuyn thng minh c
quyn truy nhp ph nhu nhau, nn ho phai canh tranh voi nhau trong cng bng khng
cp php. Do d, kin trc ny di hoi cc phuong php chia se ph phuc tap giua
nhung nguoi dng V tuyn thng minh. Nu nhiu mang V tuyn thng minh nm
trong cng mt bng khng cp php th phai c phuong php chia se ph ph hop giua
cc mang ny.
5.Nhng yu cu cua h thng CR:
CR dua trn nhung mang khn cp c nhung yu cu khc nhau so voi cc mang ban
du. Mt s yu cu dnh cho AFF CR duoc cho bn duoi. O dy chng ta ni dn mt
vi lop vt l lin quan toi nhung yu cu ny:
a/Nhiu dich vu nn duoc h tro bao gm giong ni thoi gian thuc, tin nhn du liu,
tranh anh v ca video. D h tro nhiu dich vu, nhiu diu kin rng buc m Q phai
gap.
b/Radio cn thit thuc d dnh vo cc diu khin knh vt l khng tt.
c/Hiu qua nng luong l mt mi quan tm boi v tui tho pin cua cc thit bi v tuyn
c th bi gioi han boi su thnh cng trong hoat dng.
d/Radio nn hoat dng trong su hin din cua nhung can nhiu . Tt ca nhung yu cu
ny phai duoc h tro boi 1 cu trc v tuyn linh dng v c th cu hnh lai.

6. Hiu qua cua vic quan l v cp pht ph di vi cc h thng CR:
a/Khi nim Spectrum hole (h ph):
V hu ht cc ph l d duoc cp php ht ,cho nn thch thuc quan trong nht d
chia se ph d duoc cp php m khng anh huong dn su truyn dn cua nhung user
d cp php khc nhu minh hoa hnh bn.
Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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CR cho php su dung cc ph chua dng mt cch tam thoi ,n duoc xem nhu l
cc h ph hay khng gian trng(white space). Nu bng tn ny d duoc su dung boi 1
nguoi dng d duoc dng k,CR di chuyn dn 1 ph khc hay o trong cng 1 bng tn,
vic thay di muc cng sut pht cua n duoc diu bin d trnh nhiu.
Theo cu trc mang,cc mang CR c th phn thnh mang CR dua theo cu trc
ha tng v CRAHNs (Cognitive Radio Ad hoc Networks). Mang CR dua theo cu trc
ha tng c 1 phn tu mang trung tm nhu l 1 tram gc trong 1 dim truy cp trong
mang khng dy ni b.Nguoc lai, CRAHN khng c cu trc ha tng no ca v th 1
user CR c th kt ni dn cc user CR khc thng qua kt ni min quan tri cua ca cc
bng ph d cp phpv chua duoc cp php. Nhung su quan st v phn tch hoat dng
boi mi user CR s cp mt tram gc cho CR trung tm d n c th tao ra 1 quyt dinh
lm nhu th no d trnh nhiu voi mang ban du.
Theo quyt dinh ny mi user CR tu cu hnh lai cho cc thng s thng tin cua n
nhu hnh bn

Nguoc lai trong CRAHNs mi user cn c tt ca dung luong CR v c trch nhim
xc dinh cc hoat dng cua n dua trn nhung su quan st ni b. V cc user CR khng
th du don duoc anh huong cua nhung hoat dng cua n trn ton b mang.
Cc thnh phn cua cu trc mang CR nhu hnh bn:

Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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N duoc phn thnh hai nhm l cc thnh phn cua mang chnh v cc thnh phn
cua mang CR. Mang ban du duoc d cp nhu l 1 mang tn tai, o d nhung nguoi
dng ban du s c 1 quyn d hoat dng trong 1 cng bng tn ph no d. Nu mang
ban du c 1 h tro v cu trc ha tng th hoat dng cua cc PUs s duoc diu khin
thng qua nhung tram co ban. Do quyn uu tin trong vic truy cp ph cua chng, cc
PU khng anh huong dn cc user khng dng k. Mang CR khng c quyn hoat dng
trong mt bng tn d duoc yu cu v th chuc nng duoc thm vo duoc di hoi cho
cc user CR d chia se bng tn ph d cp php.
Cc dc dim chnh cua cc hm quan l ph:
Spectrum Sensing:( Cam nhn ph) 1 user CR chi c th duoc cp pht 1 vi tr chua
su dung cua ph,do d n nn diu khin cc bng ph c th v khi d tm duoc h
ph. Cam nhn ph l 1 chuc nng co ban cua mang CR v v th n c mi quan h
mt thit dn cc hm quan l ph khc.
Spectrum Decision( S quyt d|nh ph) mt khi cc ph d duoc nhn dang, v ban
cht d l 1 user CR lua chon bng gn nht theo cc yu cu cua QoS.N rt quan
trong di voi nhung dc dim cua bng ph trong mi truong v tuyn v cc trang thi
thng k cua Pus. D thit k 1 giai thut quyt dinh kt hop voi cc dc dim ph dng
chng ta cn tao ra 1 thng tin uu tin trong vic loai bo hoat dng cua Pus. Hon nua,
trong CRAHNs su quyt dinh ph lin quan dn vic lua chon ph v dinh dang duong
truyn.
Spectrum Sharing: (Chia se ph) V c nhiu user CR truy cp ph v th su truyn
dn cua ho nn duoc phi hop d trnh xung dt o cc vi tr chng ph cua ph.Vic
chia se ph cung cp 1 kha nng di voi nhiu user CR bao gm vic cp pht ti
nguyn d trnh nhiu gy boi mang chnh.Hon nua chuc nng ny cn thit di voi 1
giao thuc diu khin truy cp trung bnh CR. N l phuong tin d diu khin su nhn
bit ( Sensing Control) d phn b cc nhim vu cam nhn giua cc nt phi hop trong
truy cp ph d xc dinh thoi gian truyn dn.
Spectrum Mobility(S di dng ph):Nu 1 nguoi dng chnh (PU) pht hin ra trong
vi tr no d cua ph d dng th cc user CR phai bo trng ph d ngay lp tuc v tip
tuc trn mt vi tr khc cua ph.V th kha nng di dng hpoor l cn thit cho 1 ph d
tm ra duoc lin kt sai hong v chuyn su truyn dn hin thoi dn 1 dinh tuyn moi
hay1 bng ph moi voi cht luong loai bo thp nht.
7. Cam nhn ph trong CR(Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio)
Mt CR duoc thit k d c th nhn bit v nhay voi nhung thay di xung quanh
n, v vy vic tao b nhay/b d quang ph(Spectrum sensing) l mt yu cu quan
trong cho vic thuc hin mang CR.
Spectrum sensing cho php cc CR user khai thc nhung phn ph khng su
dung mt cch thch nghi di voi mi truong v tuyn. Kha nng ny cn thit trong
nhung truong hop sau:
- CR user tm thy nhung h ph c sn trn 1 dai tn s rng ( ngoi bng cam nhn
) v
- Cc CR user gim st dai ph trong qu trnh truyn dn v pht hin su hin din
cua mang chnh(primary network) d trnh nhiu/ giao thoa.

Nhu trong hnh 5 CRAHN cn spectrum sensing voi nhung chuc nng sau:
Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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* PU detection (Su pht hin nguoi dng chnh):cc CR user quan st v phn tch
mi truong v tuyn ni b cua n. Dua vo vic quan st nhung vi tr ny v cua vi tr
k bn, cc user CR pht hin duoc su hin din cua nhung su truyn dn cua nguoi
dng chnh(PU) v theo nhn dang ph sn c hin thoi ph hop.
* Cooperation(Su phi hop):cc thng tin duoc quan st trong mi user CR duoc trao
di voi user k bn d nng cao tnh chnh xc cua sensing..
* Sensing Control(Diu khin vic cam nhn):chuc nng ny cho php mi user CR
thuc hin cc hoat dng cam nhn 1 cch thch nghi voi mi truong v tuyn dng.
Ngoi ra,n phi hop cc hoat dng cam nhn cua cc user CR v cua user k bn trong
1 phuong thuc d duoc phn b, vic ny ngn ngua bo dng sai trong lin kt. D dat
duoc hiu suaats su dung ph cao v trnh duoc nhiu th Spectrum sensing di hoi c
d chnh xc cao. Tuy nhin do thiu mt trung tm t chuc mang nn cc user CR ad
hoc thuc hin vic cam nhn ph dc lp voi cc user khc, dn dn anh huong xu dn
hiu sut sensing.
7.1.S pht hin ngui dng chnh:
V cc user CR duoc gia dinh rng khng c su tuong tc thoi gian thuc no voi
b pht v thu cua nguoi dng chnh ca, chng khng bit chnh xc cc thng tin trn
cc duong truyn dn bn trong cc mang chnh ca.Nn PU detection phu thuc vo su
theo doi sng v tuyn ni b cua user CR.
Ni chung, ki thut PU detection cho CRAHNs c th chia thnh 3 nhm:
- Primary transmitter detection _pht hin my pht chnh
- Primary receiver detection _ pht hin my thu chnh
- Interference temperature management _ quan l nhiu nhit



Nhu trong hnh 7a, tramsmitter detection pht hin tn hiu yu/khng n dinh
tu 1 my pht chnh thng qua nhung quan st ni b cua user CR. Primary receiver
detection th tp trung tm nhung PU s nhn du liu trong pham vi truyn thng cua
user CR.
Trong hnh 7b, nng luong r ri cua b tao dao dng ni b pht ra boi Radio
frequency font-end cua my thu chnh thuong duoc khai thc, m chng lai yu.V
vy, mc d Primary receiver detection cung cp 1 cchhiu qua d tm nhung h ph
nhung hin nay phuong php ny chi kha thi trong nhung b d cua my thu TV.
Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

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Interference temperature management giai thch cho nng luong RF tch luy tu
hin tuong da duong, v xc lp 1 gi tri cuc dai m my thu chnh cho phep, goi l
gioi han nhiu nhit.
Tuy nhin kh khn cua m hnh ny l kh do luong chnh xc nhiu nhit, nn CR
khng th phn bit tn hiu tht tu PU v nhiu. V l do ny m hu ht cc nghien
cuu hin tai trn Spectrum sensing trong CRAHNs chi tp trung vo Primary
transmitter detection.
Trong transmitter detection , d phn bit duoc giua dai ph su dung v khng su
dung, user CR nn c kha nng pht hin tung tn hiu ring cua mi my pht PU.
B pht hin tn s sng v tuyn ni b su dung trong PU detection sensing dua trn
gia dinh sau:

Trong d, r(t) l tn hiu nhn duoc boi user Cr
s(t) l tn hiu truyn di cua PU
n(t) nhiu trng Gausian (AWGN)
h l h s khuch dai cua knh truyn
H
o
gia thit rng_ trang thi m o d tn hiu khng duoc php su dung
trong 1 dai ph xc dinh.
H
1
gia thit di lp, cho bit rng o d tn tai mt s tn hiu PU.
Ba phuong php c th su dung cho transmitter detection trong spectrum sensing
- Matched filter detection _ b loc thch nghi
- Energy detection
- Feature detection
7.1.1 Matched filter detection (MFD)
Matched filter l b loc tuyn tnh ti uu su dung cho vic pht hin tn hiu ph
hop d ti l tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) l cuc dai.
Nhu trong hnh 8

Tn hiu sau b loc l kt qua cua vic so snh 1 tn hiu PU mu d bit s(t) voi
tn hiu thu duoc r(t) . sau d, tn hiu d duoc ly mu voi b dng b thoi
gian(synchronized timing). Nu gi tri ly mu Y > ngung k, ph duoc xc dinh bi
chim boi duong truyn PU.
Phuong php pht hin ny goi l b pht hin ti uu
Matched filter khng chi cn bit v dc tnh cua tn hiu PU m cn cn dng
b ha giua my pht PU v user CR. Nu thng tin khng chnh xc th b loc thch
nghi hoat dng km hiu qua. Ngoi ra, user CR cn c nhiu b loc thch nghi khc
nhau dnh ring cho tung loai tn hiu PU, vic ny lm tng chi ph thuc hin v d
phuc tap.
Trong thuc t, tn hiu chi dao (pilot signal) duoc dng cho MFD, my pht gui
tn hiu pilot dng thoi voi du liu, v CR s c thng tin v n.
Vic ny khng kha thi trong CRAHNs, v vy Energy detection v Feature
detection duoc dng trong Spectrum sensing nhiu hon.
7.1.2 Energy detection
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Energy detector l ti uu d xc dinh tn hiu chua r nu d bit cng sut/ nng
luong cua nhiu .
Trong Energy detection ,User CR cam nhn duoc su c mt hay vng mt cua
P trn co so nng luong cua tn hiu nhn duoc.
Trong hnh 9

Tn hiu thu duoc r(t) duoc bnh phuong ri ly tch phn trn doan T, kt qua thu
duoc sau b tch phn mang so snh voi ngung k d quyt dinh Pu c tn tai khng.
*Uu dim Energy detector: d su dung, d thuc
*Han ch:
+ khi CR cn xc dinh tc hiu PU yu (SNR= 10-> 40dB ) th ED cn thoi gian
lu hon so voi MFD.
+ Hon nua, v Energy detector phu thuc SNR cua tn hiu nhn duoc nn hiu
sut cua n d bi anh huong boi do bt dinh trong cng sut nhiu. Nu cs nhiu l bt
dinh th Energy detector s khng pht hin duoc tn hiu dng khi SNR b hon 1
ngung c dinh , goi l SNR wall.
+ Energy detector c th chi xc dinh su hin din cua tn hiu m khng th
phn bit duoc loai tn hiu.
V nhung han ch d, trong vic su dung Energy detection. CRAHNs cn cung
cp su dng b trong hoat dng cua tt ca cc sensing. Tuc l mi user CR phai duon
dng b voi 1 sensing ging n, v so d duong truyn. nu khng user CR khng th
phn bit tn hiu nhn duoc tu PU, v vy hoat dng cam nhn cua user CR s bi nhiu
boi duong truyn cua cc sensing ln cn.
7.1.3 Feature detection
Feature detection xc dinh su hin din cua tn hiu PU bng cachsao chp/loc
ra nhung dc dim dc trung cua chng nhu tin hiu pilot, chu kh pre.xes, tc d k
hiu,m mo rng, hoc loai diu ch ..nhung dc dim ny c th duoc pht hin bng
cch phn tch 1 hm ph tuong quan nhu trong hnh 10

O dy ph tuong quan cua tn hiu thu r(t) duoc ly trung bnh trn khoang T,
ri so snh voi s liu thng k kim tra d quyt dinh su co t cua tn hiu PU,
tuong tu Energy detection.
* Uu dim: khng phu thuc vo do bt dinh cua cng sut nhiu. C th phn bit
duoc tn hiu tu cc mang khc nhau.. Cho php user CR thuc hin hoat dng sensing
dc lp m khng cn dng b ha.
* Han ch: tnh ton phuc tap v di hoi thoi gian sensing di.
Trong h thng Feature detection nng cao, vic kt hop phn tch chu ky ph
voi nhn dang mu dua trn mang Noron d duoc d xut.. dc dim khc bit cua tn
hiu thu duoc tch ra dng cho vic phn tch chu ky ph, lin kt ph, di chiu mt
d ph.
Mt ban thit k covariance-based detection dua trn thng k phuong sai hay hm tu
tuong quan cua tn hiu thu duoc d xut.
Matrix thng k phuong sai hay hm tu tuong quan cua tn hiu v nhiu l khc
nhau. Matrix thng k phuong sai cua nhiu duoc xc dinh boi b loc my thu. Dua
Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 11 -
trn dc tnh ny, n phn bit duoc su hin din cua user PU v nhiu. Phuong php
ny c th dng cho nhung ung dung d tm nhung tn hiu thay di m khng cn
bit r tn hiu, knh truyn, v cng sut nhiu.

7.2. Sensing control:
Muc tiu chnh cua spectrum sensing l d tm thy nhiu co hi truy nhp ph tn
ngoi vic can thip cua nhung mang chnh. Toi dy, nhung thao tc cam nhn cua
nhungiusser CR l d kim sot v kt hop boi mt b diu khin cam nhn, c hai vn
d chnh :

(1) nhung user CR nn cam nhn ph lu di v thuong xuyn nhu th no d dat
duoc su cam nhn chnh xc tai bng tn cam nhn d.
(2) user CR c th tm thy ph sn c o bng tn ngoi nhanh nhu th no, duoc
tng kt o hnh 11.



7.2.1. S diu khin trong bng tn cam nhn:
Du tin l lin quan dn co hi ph tn lon nht cung nhu d trnh giao thoa.
Trong bng tn cam nhn ni chung chp nhn cu trc cam nhn tun hon, noi nhung
user CR duoc cho php truy nhp ph tn chi pham vi trong thoi gian chu ky truyn di
theo sau boi chu k cam nhn.
Trong chu k cam nhn, thoi gian cam nhn di hon dn toi su cam nhn chnh xc
hon, v do vy giam nhiu hon. Nhung thoi gian cam nhn tro nn di hon, thoi gian
truyn cua usser CR s bi giam bot. Nguoc lai, khi thoi gian truyn di hon, tng co hi
truy cp, n l nguyn nhn gy ra giao thoa cao hon v thiu su cam nhn thng tin.
Do d, lm sao d lua chon su cam nhn chnh xc v thoi gian truyn l vn d quan
trong trong spectrun sensing.
Su ti uu thoi gian cam nhn duoc diu tra v xc dinh d cuc dai hiu qua knh
truyn, trong khi duy tr yu cu c kha nng nhn ra, m n khng nghi anh huong cua
kha nng xay ra bo dng sai. Trong thoi gian cam nhn duoc ti uu ha cho nhiu mi
truong ph, nhu vy dat toi cuc dai luu luong cua nhung user CR.


Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 12 -


7.2.2. O ngoi bng diu khin cam nhn
Khi user CR cn d tm thy bng tn moi c sn (ngoi bng cam nhn), thoi gian
khm ph ph tn l nhn t quan trong khc d xc dinh su thuc hin cua CRAHNs.
Nhu vy, spectrum sensing ny cn phai c mt so d phi hop d pht hin ra cung
nhu nhiu co hi ph tn c th xay ra nhung cung giam thiu tr trong vic tm thy
chng. Diu ny cung l mt vn d quan trong trong su thay di ph tn d giam bot
thoi gian chuyn mach. Du tin, su chon lua qui tc ph tn cam nhn c th gip
giam bot thoi gian tm thy ph tn o ngoi bng tn cam nhn.
Hon nua, nu usser CR cam thy nhiu bng ph tn hon, th n c th c kha nng
cao d pht hin ra mt bng tn tt nht.




























Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 13 -
BI 2:
B LC PHI HP
(MATCHED FILTER)

1. Khi nim b lc phi hp v ng dng cua n vo truyn thng s:
- B loc phi hop l mt trong nhung b loc ti uu duoc dng nhm muc dch
khi phuc tn hiu tu nhiu. Tuc khi phuc lai tn hiu vo voi ti s SNR cao nht
c th, v khng c nhiu ISI (Intersymbol Interference), truoc khi dua vo b
quyt dinh d xc dinh tn hiu no dang duoc truyn di.
V du :Ta gui mt chui k tu 01011, d dn duoc my thu th tn hiu phai di
qua knh truyn c nhiu.Nu d tn hiu ny ri ly mu th c th thu duoc tn
hiu khng dng. D thu duoc t hiu ging nhu d truyn th tn hiu di qua
Matched filter d tng S/N, sau d qua b ly mu.Nhu vy chng ta s nhn duoc
chui bit nhu d truyn.

2. Cch dn ra kt qua d thc hin b lc phi hp:
- Ta c m hnh co ban cua vic truyn tn hiu nhu sau:

Cu th hon o khi channel v detector:

Voi:
+ delta(t): dp ung cua knh truyn.
+ n(t): nhiu tc dng ln tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn di.
+ h(t): dp ung xung cua b tch sng, chi tit hon, l dp ung xung cua b
loc.
+ Theo sau b tch sng l b ly mu.
+ Khi quyt dinh: quyt dinh k hiu dang duoc truyn di l k tu g.
- Ta khao st ngun tn hiu l mt chui nhi phn. Sau khi qua b diu ch
(modulator), tn hiu s vo duoc diu ch thnh cc dang sng ph hop (sau ny ta goi
l k hiu cho mt dang sng ung voi mt k tu) cho vic truyn di.
Goi T l thoi gian tn tai mt dang sng k hiu. Ta gia su:
Modulator Channel Detector
Tn hiu
s vo
Tn hiu
s ra
Pht Thu
Hnh 1
s(t) r(t)
delta(t) h(t)
H(f)
Khi
quyt d|nh
s(t) r(t)
n(t)
digital
channel reciever
Hnh 2
Ly mu
ti t = T
y(t) y(T)
Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 14 -

Khi d, tn hiu b thu nhn duoc tu knh truyn l:
r(t) = s(t)*(t) + n(t)
Voi n(t) nhiu AWGN, mt d cng sut ph hai pha cua n(t) c d lon bng:
S
n
(f) =
2
No

- Goi: h(t) l dp ung xung cua b loc,
y(t) l tn hiu sau khi qua b tch sng, ta c:
y(t) = r(t)*h(t) = [s(t) + n(t)] * h(t) = s
0
(t) + n
0
(t)
Voi: s
0
(t) : thnh phn tn hiu mong mun.
n
0
(t): thnh phn nhiu.
Tu cng thuc trn ta suy ra, h(t) c anh huong truc tip dn du ra cua b tch
sng. M tn hiu ra y(t) cua b tch sng s duoc dua vo b quyt dinh. Nn d b
quyt dinh c th quyt dinh chnh xc tn hiu no dang duoc truyn, ta phai thit k
h(t) sao cho ti s SNR l cao nht.
- y(t) sau d di vo b ly mu voi chu k ly mu l T. Suy ra ng ra cua b ly mu l:
y(T) = s
0
(T) + n
0
(T)
Lc ny, ti s tn hiu trn nhiu l:
=
|
.
|

\
|
T
N
S
2
0
2
0
| ) ( |

T s

Trong d,
2
0
l cng sut nhiu trung bnh tai ng ra cua b loc h(t).
- Diu ta cn lm lc ny l tm cho b loc dp ung tn s H
0
(f) xc dinh m tai d, ti
s trn l cuc dai.
+ Ta c th biu din tn hiu s
0
(t) nhu sau:
[ ]
}

= = df e f H f S f S F t s
ft j 2
0
1
0
) ( ). ( ) ( ) (

V cng sut nhiu trung bnh c cng thuc nhu sau:
}

= df f H
N 2
2
2
0
| ) ( |
0

Suy ra:

}
}

=
|
.
|

\
|
df f H
N
df e f S f H
N
S
fT j
T
2
0
2
2
) (
2
) ( ) (

(1)
+ Buoc tip theo, ta tm cng thuc H
0
(f) cua b loc d voi dp ung tn s ny, ti s
( )
T
N S / duoc cuc dai. p dung bt dng thuc Schwarz ta c:

[ ]
}

= = df e f H f S f S F t s
ft j 2
0
1
0
) ( ). ( ) ( ) (
(2)
Th (2) v (1) ta duoc:
s(t) =

s
1
(t), 0 t T cho s 1

- s
1
(t), 0 t T cho s 0

Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 15 -
}

=
|
.
|

\
|
df f S
N N
S
T
2
0
) (
2

Hay:
0
2
max
N
E
N
S
T
=
|
.
|

\
|

Trong d:
}

= df f S E
2
) (

Nhu vy, gi tri cuc dai cua ti s
( )
T
N S / phu thuc vo nng luong tn hiu vo v
mt d ph cng sut cua nhiu chu khng phu thuc vo tung dang sng tn hiu cu
th. Nhu vy, tu truong hop cu th ta dang gia su, ta c th ly kt qua lm kt qua
chung cho cc dang sng tn hiu khc.
+ Theo bt dng thuc Schwarz, du = (tuc ti s
( )
T
N S / dat cuc dai) khi v chi khi:
fT j
e f kS f H f H
2
0
) ( ) ( ) (

= =

Hay:
{ }

= =

khc t
T t t T ks
e f kS F t h
fT j
0
0 ) (
) ( ) (
2 1

+ Kt lun: Nhu vy, d b loc cho ra duoc tn hiu c ti s tn hiu trn nhiu cao nht
th n cn c dp ung xung bng voi anh nguoc cua tn hiu c ch v duoc lm tr di
thoi gian T.
h(t) = ks(T - t)
3. Ung dng cua Matched Filter vo cng ngh Cognitive Radio:
Nhu d bit, CR c nhim vu cam nhn bng tn no dang trng d tn dung cc
khoang trng d d phuc vu cho vic truyn nhn thng tin cua cc user CR m khng
lm anh huong dn cc user d duoc cp php cua bng tn d. Nhung cc user CR lai
khng h c tuong tc trong thoi gian thuc no voi cc user d duoc cp php d (PU
primary user), nn khng bit chnh xc thng tin cua duong truyn trong mang ho
dang dng (primary). V vy, vic nhn bit cc PU chi phu thuc vo kha nng quan
st sng v tuyn cua cc user CR. Nhn chung, c 3 k thut chnh duoc pht trin
dnh cho CR loai CHAHN d nhn bit cc PU, d l: Primary Transmitter Detection,
Primary Receiver Detection, Interference Temperature Management.
Trong d, Matched Filter duoc ung dung cho k thut Primary Transmitter
Detection (nhn bit b pht chnh). B Matched Filter s ly tuong quan giua mt tn
hiu d bit cua mt PU voi tn hiu thu duoc cua CR (ci CR cam nhn tu mi
truong), du ra cua b MF s cho qua b ly mu, duoc tn hiu ra Y, nu tn hiu Y lon
hon mt ngung k no d, th CR s xc dinh duoc dai ph d chim dung.
Matched filter khng chi cn bit v dc tnh cua tn hiu PU m cn cn dng b
ha giua my pht PU v user CR. Nu thng tin khng chnh xc th b loc thch nghi
hoat dng km hiu qua.











Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 16 -
BI 3:
CHAY CHUONG TRNH V NHAN XT


1. Kt qua quan st duc:
1.1Mat_filter:



Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 17 -











Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 18 -
1.2 Mat-noise:





Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 19 -




Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 20 -
1.3 Mat-noise-tao:





Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 21 -






2. Nhn xt kt qua:
+ Doan m thuc hin vic tao ra bn tn hiu s1, s2, s3, s4 voi cc dang tn hiu khc
nhau.
S1 l tn hiu xung vung :s1=rectpuls(t,T) tn tai trong khoang T,
S2 l tn hiu hnh sin s2=s1.*sin(w0*t); tn tai trong khoang T,
Thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 05DT2

- 22 -
S3 l tn hiu hnh sin s3=s1.*sin(w0*t+0.5*k*t.^2);
S4 l tn hiu : s4=s4+c*rect.*sin(w0*t);
V tuong ung voi mi loai tn hiu s c cc sig_mat khc nhau. Tn hiu nhn duoc o
du ra chnh l tng chp cua mt trong bn tn hiu s1, s2, s3, s4 c hoc khng c su
tc dng cua nhiu (ung voi cc truong hop mat_filter, mat_noise, hoc
mat_noise_tao) voi sig_mat.
+ Di voi truong hop mat_filter: khng c nhiu tc dng vo cc tn hiu s1, s2, s3
,s4. Tn hiu ng ra c dang gn ging voi tn hiu du vo nhung d duoc khuch dai
bin d ln nhiu ln.
+ Di voi truong hop mat_noise : cc tn hiu tao ra ban du d duoc cng thm nhiu
trng Gauss. Tuong ung voi mi loai tn hiu d duoc cng thm nhiu s c cc
sig_mat khc nhau. Theo quan st ta thy, bin d cua tn hiu gc duoc khuch dai ln
nhiu ln so voi nhiu. Do d lm tng ti s tn hiu trn nhiu.
+ Di voi truong hop mat_noise_tao: cc tn hiu s1, s2, s3 ,s4 tao ra ban du duoc
chn thm mt s mu 0 d tao tr. Sau d lai duoc cng thm nhiu trng Gauss. V
tuong ung s tao ra cc sig_mat khc nhau.