hc vin k thut qun s

b mn thng tin - khoa v tuyn in t

mai vn qu, nguyn hu kin, nguyn vn gio










k thut chuyn mch
(Dng cho chuyn ngnh in t vin thng)

l-u hnh ni b












h ni 2003

mc lc
Trang
Mc lc 1
li ni u 6
ch-ng 1. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng 8
1.1 Khi qut chung
8
1.1.1 Khi qut v thng tin vin thng
8
1.1.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng.
9
1.1.3 T chc mng vin thng
15
1.1.4 Cc thnh phn thit yu khc ca mng vin thng.
17
1.2.Chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch tin, chuyn mch gi.
19
1.2.1 Khi nim v chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switching).
19
1.2.2 Khi nim v chuyn mch bn tin (Message Switching).
20
1.2.3 Khi nim v chuyn mch gi.
20
1.2.4 Khi nim v cng ngh atm (Cng ngh chuyn giao
khng ng basynchronous Transfer Mode)
21
1.2.5 lnh vc ng dng ca cc ph-ng thc chuyn mch 24
1.3. Khi qut v tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn SPC
(Stored Program Control)
25
1.3.1 S pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch v ph-ng thc
iu khin.
25
1.3.2 Tng quan v tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr
SPC
28
1.3.3 S khi tng qut ca tng i SPC
31
1.3.4 S khi tng qut ca tng i s SPC (DSSDigital
Switching Systems)
34
Ch-ng 2. Chuyn mch knh (Circuit switching) 39
2.1.Phn loi chuyn mch knh
39
2.2 Chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t
41
2.2.1 Khi qut v chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t
41
2.2.2 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn mch khng
gian c bn
42
2.2.3 Xy dng cc tr-ng chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t trn
c s b chuyn mch c bn
46

2.3. iu ch bin xung (PAM-Pulse Amplitude Modulation) v
chuyn mch thi gian i vi tn hiu ri rc
57
2.3.1 Nguyn l iu bin xung v -u th phn knh theo thi
gian
57
2.3.2 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy dng trung k m tn
59
2.3.3 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy khng dng trung k m tn
63
2.3.4 So snh nguyn l chuyn mch PAM 4 dy dng trung k
m tn v nguyn l chuyn mch PAM 4 dy khng dng
trung k m tn
65
2.3.5 Chuyn mch PAM 2 dy
66
2.4. Khi qut chung v cng ngh PCM v k thut chuyn mch s
68
2.4.1 Nhng li th c bn ca s kt hp gia truyn dn s v
chuyn mch s
68
2.4.2 Khi qut v cng ngh PCM, chc nng ca CODEC
71
2.4.3 Tuyn PCM c s v t chc cc tuyn bc cao trong cc
tng i s
74
2.4.4 Khi nim chuyn mch PCM
75
2.5. Cc b chuyn mch thi gian s c bn
79
2.5.1 Khi qut v chc nng ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian
s
79
2.5.2 B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu ghi tun t-c ngu
nhin
80
2.5.3 B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu ghi ngu nhin-c tun
t
85
2.5.4 B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu c ghi v c u ngu
nhin
87
2.5.5 Kh nng p dng ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian s.
90
2.6. Cc b chuyn mch khng gian s c bn
91
2.6.1 Khi qut v chc nng ca cc b chuyn mch khng gian s
91
2.6.2 B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u ra
93
2.6.3 B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u vo
95
2.6.4 Cc c im chung ca b chuyn mch khng gian s
97
2.6.5 Dng c bit ca chuyn mch khng gian s
97
2.7. Cc cu trc tr-ng chuyn mch s
100

2.7.1 Cu trc mt b chuyn mch thi gian (Cu trc T)
101
2.7.2 Cu trc chuyn mch hai tng (Cu trc T-S, S-T)
103
2.7.3 Cu trc chuyn mch ba tng (Cu trc T-S-T, S-T-S)
109
2.7.4 Cu trc chuyn mch T-S-S-T
117
2.8. iu khin chuyn mch s.
120
2.8.1 Hot ng chuyn mch khi phc v mt cuc gi.
120
2.8.2 iu khin khi chuyn mch
121
ch-ng 3. T chc cc phn h trong tng i SPC 128
3.1 Phn h ng dng (Application Subsystem)
128
3.1.1 Kt cui cc -ng thu bao.
128
a. Tng quan v kt cui cc -ng thu bao.
128
b. Kt cui cc -ng thu bao t-ng t (Analog line)
129
c. Kt cui thu bao s
135
d. T chc cc kt cui thu bao
137
3.1.2 Kt cui trung k
140
a. Khi qut chung
140
b. Kt cui trung k t-ng t ATTU
141
c. Kt cui cc -ng trung k s DTI
142
d. T chc nhm kt cui trung k
144
3.1.3 Cc b tp trung thu bao xa RLU v chuyn mch thu bao
xa RSU
146
3.2 Phn h chuyn mch nhm
150
3.2.1 Cu to chuyn mch nhm
150
3.2.2 Kt cui ti phn h chuyn mch.
151
3.2.3 Cc thit b quan trng khc ca phn h chuyn mch
153
3.3 H thng iu khin
154
3.3.1 Khi qut chung
154
3.3.2 T chc h thng x l iu khin ca mt tng i
156
3.3.3 Phn mm tng i
162
3.4 Phn h bo hiu SiGS
166
3.4.1 Khi qut chung
166
3.4.2 Tin trnh thc hin mt cuc gi
169

3.4.3 Cu trc mt s thit b bo hiu
173
3.5 Phn h ngoi vi iu khin PCS
178
3.5.1 Khi qut chung
178
3.5.2 Cu trc ca mt s thit b ngoi vi iu khin
179
Ch-ng 4: tng quan v h thng bo hiu 183
4.1. Khi qut
183
4.2 Bo hiu -ng dy thu bao
183
4.3 Bo hiu lin tng i
184
4.3.1 Bo hiu knh lin kt (Channel Associated Signalling) 186
4.3.2 Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) 187
4.4. Cc chc nng ca bo hiu 188
4.4.1 Chc nng gim st 188
4.4.2 Chc nng tm chn 189
4.4.3 Chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng 189
Ch-ng 5: H thng bo hiu m R2
190
5.1 Khi qut 190
5.2 Ph-ng thc truyn tn hiu ca bo hiu R2 190
5.3. Phn loi bo hiu ca R2 191
5.3.1 Bo hiu -ng dy 191
5.3.2 Bo hiu thanh ghi 195
5.3.3 Cc ph-ng php truyn tn hiu bo hiu thanh ghi 201
Ch-ng 6: H thng bo hiu knh chung s 7
204
6.1 Khi qut 204
6.2 Cc khi nim c bn
204
6.2.1 im bo hiu SP (Signalling Point)
204
6.2.2 im truyn bo hiu STP (Signalling Transfer Point)
205
6.2.3 Lin kt bo hiu SL (Signalling Link) v chm lin kt bo
hiu (Link Set)
205
6.2.4 Cc ph-ng thc bo hiu (Signalling Mode) 206
6.2.5 Tuyn bo hiu (Signalling Route) v chm tuyn bo hiu
(Signalling Route Set)
206

(Signalling Route Set)
6.2.6 M im bo hiu SPC (Signalling Point Code)
207
6.3 Cu trc ca h thng bo hiu s 7
208
6.3.1 M hnh chun h thng m OSI
208
6.3.2 Cu trc phn lp ca h thng bo hiu s 7
209
6.3.3 Cc khi chc nng ca h thng bo hiu s 7
211
1. Phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP (Message Transfer Part)
211
2. Phn ng-i s dng in thoi TUP (Telephone User Part)
225
3. Phn ng-i s dng mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN
User Part)
231
4. Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP
235
5. Phn ng dng kh nng giao dch TCAP
241
ch-ng 7: c s l thuyt x l cuc gi v ph-ng
php tnh ton thit b mng vin thng.
248
7.1 Mc tiu ca l thuyt x l cuc gi
248
7.2 Ti v c-ng ti
248
7.3 Dng cc bo gi v thi gian chim
251
7.4 Cc h thng phc v cuc gi
259
7.5 Cc ph-ng php tnh ton s thit b phc v
263
7.6 Tnh ton s thit b phc v lm vic vi tn tht hin nhin
khng gi lp.
265
7.7 Tnh s thit b phc v hot ng vi tn tht hin nhin v vi
cc bo gi lp li
282
7.8 Tnh ton s thit b phc v lm vic vi cc tn tht hnh thc
285
7.9 s dng trung bnh cc knh (-ng) ca cc chm
289
7.10 Phc v nhiu pha
292
Ti liu tham kho
297


li gii thiu
K thut chuyn mch l mt lnh vc tm hiu, nghin cu cc ph-ng
thc chuyn mch, nh h-ng thng tin t ngun tin n ch nhn tin mt cch
chnh xc, hiu qu, nhm m bo cht l-ng dch v cao, to c s t chc
mng vin thng linh hot, a nng v to nhiu tin ch cho ng-i s dng.
Trong qu trnh lch s pht trin ca lnh vc k thut truyn v chuyn
mch cc dng thng tin in nhiu cng ngh chuyn mch -c p dng
nh- cc th h chuyn mch nhn cng, cc loi tng i chuyn mch h c
in, cc tng i chun in t, cc tng i in t vi cc loi phn t chuyn
mch khc nhau nh- ma trn chuyn mch t-ng t, cc chuyn mch s . Cc
nguyn l chuyn mch khc nhau cng ln l-t thay th nhau v kt hp vi
nhau trong cc trung tm chuyn mch ca cc mng vin thng nh- nguyn l
phn knh khng gian, nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian t-ng t (chuyn mch
PAM), chuyn mch s i vi cc tn hiu iu ch xung m ghp knh ng b
(chuyn mch PCM), chuyn mch i vi cc thng tin s dng gi
K thut chuyn mch th-ng kt hp vi cc lnh vc k thut cng ngh
khc trong mt cu trc thit b hoc h thng cc thit b hon chnh nh- k
thut iu khin, k thut x l cc qu trnh ngu nhin, k thut in-in t
v ch to linh kin, k thut truyn dn, bo hiu v x l bo hiu . Nhn
chung, mi trung tm chuyn mch l mt h thng hon chnh, rt phc tp v l
s kt hp ca nhiu lnh vc k thut m trong k thut chuyn mch l nn
tng.
Mc d trong cc mng vin thng hin nay ph bin s dng cc tng i
chuyn mch s iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn, nh-ng trong ti liu ny
vn cp n cc nguyn l chuyn mch khc nh- cc chuyn mch khng
gian t-ng t, chuyn mch PAM, hoc mt s c ch chuyn mch s liu khc
vi mc ch cung cp cc kin thc c bn v k thut chuyn mch, to kh
nng ng dng cc k thut chuyn mch ny khng ch trong lnh vc vin
thng m cn trong cc ng dng mang tnh c th khc nh- lnh vc iu khin
hoc trong cc h thng cng ngh chuyn dng. Mt l do khc cn nghin cu,
tm hiu cc k thut chuyn mch tr-c y l tnh lun phin ca cc cng
ngh ny. V d trong cc chuyn mch tc cao c xu h-ng p dng cc phn
t chuyn mch khng gian n gin nht vi iu khin phn tn c -c tc
chuyn mch cao.
Ti liu ny gm 2 tp.

Ni dung ca tp 1 -c chia thnh 5 ch-ng. Ch-ng 1: Cc thnh phn
ca mng vin thng- Gii thiu khi qut cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng,
v tr, chc nng ca tng thnh phn; Cc ph-ng thc chuyn mch v iu
khin chuyn mch; S khi tng qut ca tng i SPC. Ch-ng 2: Chuyn
mch knh- Gii thiu cc cng ngh chuyn mch knh; Nguyn l chuyn
mch khng gian t-ng t; Cu trc chuyn mch khng gian mt khu v nhiu
khu; Nguyn l iu ch bin xung v chuyn mch PAM; Cc s chuyn
mch PAM c bn 4 dy v 2 dy; Khi qut chung v cng ngh PCM v
chuyn mch s; Nguyn l phn knh thi gian; Cc b chuyn mch thi gian
s v chuyn mch khng gian s c bn; Cc cu trc chuyn mch T, TS, ST ,
TST, STS, TSST; Ph-ng php iu khin cc chuyn mch s. Ch-ng 3: T
chc cc phn h trong tng i SPC- cp n cu trc ca cc phn h ng
dng, phn h chuyn mch, phn h x l iu khin, phn h ngoi vi iu
khin, phn h bo hiu. Ch-ng 4- Tng quan v bo hiu v cc h thng bo
hiu: Gii thiu v cc khi nim bo hiu thu bao, bo hiu trung k, cc h
thng bo hiu knh kt hp v bo hiu knh chung. Ch-ng 5- Gii thiu h
thng bo hiu R2 . Ch-ng 6- Gii thiu h thng bo hiu s 7 . Ch-ng 7: L
thuyt x l cuc gi v ph-ng php tnh ton thit b mng vin thng- -a ra
cc khi nim v x l cuc gi, ti v c-ng ti, cc khi nim v ph-ng
thc phc v vi tn tht hin nhin, phc v theo hng i v cc ph-ng php
tnh ton thit b theo tng ph-ng thc phc v v x l cuc gi.
Tp 2 ca ti liu ny tp trung vo cc k thut chuyn mch thng tin s
liu trong tp trung vo cc ph-ng thc chuyn mch thng tin dng gi nh-
th tc X25, Frame Relay, SMDS v ATM. Ni dung s -c gii thiu khi qut
u tp 2.
Trong ti liu ny c th cn nhng sai st, rt mong nhn -c kin
ng gp ca bn c.










Ch-ng 1
Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng
1.1 Khi qut chung
1.1.1 Khi qut v thng tin vin thng
Trao i thng tin l mt nhu cu thit yu trong i sng hng ngy. Khi
cc mi quan h kinh t - x hi cng pht trin th nhu cu ngy cng tng
cao. Cc thng tin -c trao i rt a dng v hnh thc nh- thoi, vn bn, s
liu, hnh nh v rt phong ph v cch thc trao i; chng c th -c trao i
trc tip qua giao tip, i thoi v cng c th -c thc hin mt cch gin tip
qua th- t, in thoi, in tn . Thng tin vin thng trn ngha rng c th
hiu l hnh thc trao i thng tin t xa, bao gm c b-u chnh, in tn v in
bo v c cc hnh thc thng tin i chng qung b. Tuy nhin, t tr-c ti
nay khi nim v thng tin vin thng khng bao hm cc hnh thc trao i
thng tin phi in tn (khng dng tn hiu in), ng thi li gn lin vi hnh
thc trao i thng tin qua mt mng no . Do , thng tin vin thng -c
hiu l hnh thc trao i thng tin t xa, m trong tin tc cn truyn -c
bin i thnh tn hiu in u pht v -c truyn qua cc thit b ca mng
vin thng (bao gm cc thit b u cui, cc tuyn truyn dn, cc trung tm
chuyn mch); u thu tn hiu nhn -c s -c chuyn i ng-c li thnh
tin tc cho ng-i s dng. Ni cch khc truyn tin qua mng vin thng l hnh
thc truyn thng tin t ni ny ti ni khc bng cch s dng tn hiu in,
in t, quang in thng qua cc thit b mng.








Thit b
u cui
Tn hiu
in
Thit b
u cui
Tn hiu
in
Tin tc Tin tc
Mng
vin thng
Hnh 1.1 : Nguyn l truyn tin qua mng vin thng

1.1.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng.
a. Thit b u cui.
Tin tc cn truyn, nh- ting ni, vn bn, s liu, hnh nh, phi -c
bin i thnh dng tn hiu in ph hp c th truyn qua mng vin thng.
Cc bin i -c thc hin bi thit b pht t ti u pht (ni truyn tin).
Sau khi truyn qua mng, tn hiu -c thu ti ni nhn, n phi -c bin i tr
li t dng tn hiu in thnh dng tin tc ban u hoc dng tin tc khc nh-ng
c th hiu -c cho ng-i s dng. Php bin i ny -c thc hin bi thit b
thu ti u cui nhn tin. Nh- vy, c th c cc thit b u ca mng (t ti ni
pht) v cc thit b cui ca mng (t ti ni thu). Tuy nhin, ti cc im trao
i thng tin th-ng c nhu cu thng tin hai chiu, ngha l va c kh nng
truyn thng tin i va c kh nng nhn thng tin v. V vy, ti cc im ny
th-ng s dng loi thit b va thc hin -c chc nng pht li va thc hin
-c chc nng thu, hay va l thit b u ca mng va l thit b cui ca
mng. thng nht, cc thit b thc hin chc nng truyn thng tin vo mng
vin thng hoc thit b nhn thng tin t mng hoc loi thit b thc hin c hai
chc nng trn u c tn gi chung l thit b u cui vin thng. T , thit
b u cui ca mng vin thng c th -c hiu l thit b giao tip gia
ng-i s dng vi mng m nh thit b ny ng-i s dng c th truyn tin tc
qua mng ti ng-i s dng khc ca mng v nhn cc tin tc ca cc ng-i s
dng khc gi ti. Nhng iu trn y mi ch cp ti kha cnh bin i tn
tc; ngoi chc nng chnh ny cc thit b u cui cn tham gia vo qu trnh
thit lp, duy tr v gii to tuyn truyn tin t n ti cc thit b u cui khc
khi tham gia cc cuc lin lc qua mng. Cc chc nng loi ny bao gm thng
bo cho mng khi c nhu cu gi i, gi thng tin chn a ch, nhn cc tn hiu
thng bo v tnh trng ca mng hoc tnh trng ca thit b u cui cn lin
lc. Chng c tn chung l bo hiu thu bao. Mi thit b u cui th-ng -c
ni vi mng bng mt i dy -c gi l -ng dy thu bao. T-ng ng mi
-ng dy thu bao s l mt mch in bn trong mt thit b no ca mng.
Mch in -c gi l mch in giao tip -ng dy thu bao SLIC
(Subscribers Line Interface Circuit). Mch in ny cho php thit b u cui
ca ng-i s dng, qua i dy dn (-ng dy thu bao), giao tip -c vi cc
thit b bn trong mng .














Hnh 1.2 : Chc nng cc thit b u cui
Nh- vy thit b u cui, i dy thu bao v mch in giao tip i dy
thu bao trong mng cho php mi ng-i s dng c quan h thu bao vi mng.
Ng-i s dng vi t- cch l thu bao ca mng c th thc hin cc thao tc
iu khin tin trnh tin hnh cuc lin lc qua mng v trao i tin tc vi cc
thu bao khc qua mng.

b. Trung tm chuyn mch
Qui m ca mt mng c th t rt n gin n cc k phc tp. C th
ly mng in thoi lm v d in hnh. Vi bn cht ng dng t nhin ca
mnh v vi cc loi hnh dch v ngy cng phong ph, mng in thoi mang
ngha tng qut ca mng vin thng v l mt i t-ng nghin cu ch yu
trong lnh vc vin thng.
Mt mng in thoi n gin c th ch bao gm cc cp my in thoi
u ni trc tip vi nhau qua mt i dy nh- hnh 1.3
Theo ph-ng thc ny, phc v lin lc gia mi cp im cn t mt
cp my in thoi v ni chng bng mt i dy. Nh- vy, nu c n im cn
lin lc cho hon ton vi nhau th ti mi im cn c (n-1) my thoi ni
ti cc im cn li, do tng s my in thoi phi dng l n(n-1) my, t-ng
ng cn n(n-1)/2 i dy ni chng thnh tng cp.
Thit b
u cui
Thit b
u cui
SLIC
SLIC
Thit b
u cui
SLIC
Bo hiu
Tin tc
Mng











Hnh 1.3 : Mng in thoi t chc theo kiu u ni trc tip tng cp
Ph-ng thc t chc mng kiu ny ch c mt -u im duy nht l
m bo s c lp gia cc cuc lin lc. V d : Khi A lin lc vi B th ti A
dng my s 1, c lp hon ton vi mng lin lc gia A vi cc im cn li
hoc gia cc im cn li vi nhau. T to kh nng t chc mng rt linh
hot, d dng thm bt cc mi lin lc, d trin khai thu hi .
Tuy nhin ph-ng thc ny c rt nhiu nh-c im nh-:
- Phc tp trong s dng: ta hnh dung trn bn lm vic ca gim c c
ti 4, 5 my in thoi lin lc ti tng phn x-ng. Khi mun lm vic
vi mt phn x-ng c th th cn chn ng my in thoi ni ti phn x-ng
, hoc c khi tn hiu gi ti t mt phn x-ng th phi nghe, phi quan st
xc nh cuc gi ang bo trn my no. Rt kh hnh dung nu s im lin
lc ln ti hng trm, hng ngn, thm ch ln ti hng triu thu bao, khng r
khi ng-i s dng s xoay s ra sao vi n1 chic my in thoi trn bn
lm vic ca mnh.
- Hiu qu s dng thit b u cui v -ng dy thp do mi thit b u
cui v i dy t-ng ng ch dng lin lc vi mt i tc duy nht nn
chng rt t -c dng n.
- Phc tp v tn km trong m rng mng. Gi s mng hin hnh c n
im c kh nng ni cho hon ton, nu thm im th n + 1 th cn b xung
2n thit b u cui v n i dy ni gia im mi b xung vi n im ban
u.
Mt ph-ng n kh d khc l ti mi im cn lin lc ch cn t mt
thit b u cui v mt b chuyn mch -ng dy ring. Khi cn ni ti mt

A
B
C
D

im c th no th ng-i s dng ch vic dng chuyn mch ring chn
-ng dy ni ti im nh- m t trn hnh 1. 4















Hnh 1.4 : Ph-ng n dng chuyn mch -ng dy ring
Theo cch ny to thun li cho ng-i s dng v gim -c s thit b
u cui. Tuy nhin, s i dy ni cho gia cc im vn khng gim, bn
cnh , mi khi thay i s v tr s ko theo t chc li cc i dy v thay i
dung l-ng ca chuyn mch ring ti mi thu bao.
Mc d vy, ph-ng n t chc mng theo cch ny cng to ra nh
h-ng cho s ra i ca ph-ng n t chc mng mi m n -c s dng cho ti
ngy nay, l, tp trung ton b cc chuyn mch ring vo mt thit b
dng chung gi l trung tm chuyn mch hay cn gi l tng i. Khi ti mi
v tr ng-i s dng s ch cn li mt thit b u cui. Thit b u cui ny
-c ni vi tng i ch bng mt i dy gi l -ng dy thu bao. Cc b
chuyn mch ring m tr-c y t ti tng v tr ng-i s dng th nay -c tp
trung c vo trong tng i. Chc nng ca tng i l to ra tuyn ni gia cc
-ng dy ca hai thu bao khi chng cn lin lc vi nhau. Ngha l, khi thu
bao A cn lin lc vi thu bao B th tng i s s dng thit b chuyn mch
bn trong n ni mch in -ng dy thu bao A n mch in -ng dy

A
B C
D
E

thu bao B, duy tr tuyn ni khi hai thu bao lin lc (trao i thng tin)
vi nhau, gii phng tuyn ni khi cc thu bao ny kt thc cuc lin lc.
Nh- vy, chc nng chnh ca cc trung tm chuyn mch (tng i) l to tuyn
truyn thng tin t thu bao ny ti thu bao khc khi chng cn lin lc vi
nhau. thc hin -c chc nng ny cn trang b cc thit b chuyn mch ph
hp trong tng i v phi c kh nng trao i thng tin iu khin gia cc
thit b u cui v thit b iu khin chuyn mch ca tng i. n y ta c
th hnh dung rng, tng i l thit b dng chung cho cc thu bao, cc thit b
u cui ca cc thu bao -c ni ti tng i bng cc -ng dy thu bao; bn
trong tng i s c cc mch in giao tip -ng dy thu bao t-ng ng vi
tng -ng dy thu bao; thit b chuyn mch dng kt ni cc -ng dy
thu bao, v c phn iu khin iu khin cc kt ni .
Trung tm chuyn mch (tng i) l thit b mng dng to ra tuyn
thng tin gia cc thit b u cui ca cng tng i vi nhau (cuc gi ni ht),
hoc gia thit b u cui ca tng i ny vi thit b u cui ca tng i
khc qua -ng trung k (cuc gi lin tng i, cuc gi -ng di), hoc gia
cc trung k vi nhau (cuc gi qu giang).















Hnh 1. 5 : Ph-ng thc lin lc qua tng i

SLIC SLIC
SLIC
SLIC

SLIC SLIC SLIC

ThiT B
chuyn mch
iu khin
chuyn mch
Tng i
-ng dy
thu bao
TIC
-ng dy
trung k

Cc nhm chc nng ca Trung tm chuyn mch bao gm:
- Nhm chc nng chuyn mch : To tuyn ni, duy tr, gii phng tuyn
ni i vi tng cuc gi.
- Nhm chc nng bo hiu : Cung cp v x l cc bo hiu thu bao v
bo hiu trung k phc v chc nng chuyn mch.
Ngoi ra cc trung tm chuyn mch cn thc hin cc nhm chc nng
mng quan trng khc nh- t chc, qun l mng (vai tr node mng, qun l
trng thi ca cc u cui v tuyn truyn dn), cung cp giao tip v cc dch
v thu bao, phi hp truyn dn( t chc ngn hng knh, dng, mc tn hiu...)
bin i v t chc thng tin bn trong trung tm chuyn mch...
Trong t chc mng th cc trung tm chuyn mch l cc node mng, c
th dng phc v kt ni gia cc thu bao vi nhau (chuyn mch ni ht)
hoc gia node ny vi node khc (chuyn mch kt ni, chuyn tip, -ng di,
trung tm ca quc t).
c. Cc tuyn truyn dn
Phm vi phc v ca mt tng i th-ng b gii hn v dung l-ng v v
phn b a l. Thng th-ng, dn c- tp trung thnh cc khu vc. Do ti
trung tm ca tng vng dn c- ng-i ta t mt tng i c dung l-ng ph hp
phc v nhu cu lin lc ca dn c- trong vng. Gia cc tng i ny c th
c cc -ng trung k trc tip, cc tuyn truyn dn ti cc tng i ca cc
vng ln cn phc v cc cuc lc gia thu bao ca tng i ny vi thu bao
ca tng i khc. Nhn chung, cc tuyn truyn dn th-ng -c lp t gia
cc tng i m l-u l-ng thng tin cn trao i ln hoc gia cc trung tm
thng tin. l cc tuyn thng tin nhiu knh, trn c s dng k thut ghp
knh v cc gii php k thut cho vic truyn tn hiu i xa. Nh vic p dng
cc k thut m c th t chc mng vin thng ton cu.
Trong thnh phn mng vin thng cc tuyn truyn dn ni cc trung tm
chuyn mch vi nhau, cho php cc cuc gi c th tin hnh qua nhiu node
mng. V vy, chc nng chnh ca chng l to ra lin kt mng gia cc trung
tm chuyn mch. Mng vin thng th-ng -c t chc theo kiu phn cp,
phn vng. Tn hiu qua cc thit b truyn dn -c bin i, -c t chc ghp
tch knh, -c ti to v khuch i b nng l-ng sau tng chng truyn
-c i xa, v nh c th t chc mng ln (mng ton cu).

1.1.3 T chc mng vin thng
a. Mng hp ni
Nh- trnh by phn trn , mi tng i cc b phc v cc thu bao
trong mt vng. Cc vng ny khng c ranh gii r rng, chng c th an xen
nhau. Gia cc tng i cc b c th l cc trung k trc tip hoc cc tuyn
truyn dn. Tuy nhin, nu s dng cc trung k v cc tuyn truyn dn trc tip
to ra mng ni cho gia cc tng i cc b th cu trc mng s rt phc
tp. Cng t-ng t nh- vic dng i ni ht gim cc -ng dy trc tip
gia cc thu bao, y cng c th dng tng i kt ni trung gian gia cc
tng i ni ht gim cc trung k v cc tuyn truyn dn trc tip. Nh- vy
cc trung k trc tip v cc tuyn truyn dn trc tip ch -c t gia cc tng
i ni ht gn k nhau v ch phc v phn no l-u l-ng thng tin gia chng,
phn cn li ch yu -c phc v qua tng i hp ni trung gian nh- hnh 1.6.



















Hnh 1. 6 : T chc mng kiu hp ni

-ng dy
thu bao

-ng dy
thu bao

Tng i
hp ni
Tng i
hp ni
Tng i
hp ni

-ng dy
thu bao

-ng dy
thu bao

-ng dy
thu bao

Vng 1
Vng 2
Vng 3
Ghi ch

Tng i ni ht

Trung k trc tip

Trung k hp ni

Tuyn truyn dn

Trong ph-ng php t chc mng kiu ny cc tng i hp ni ng vai
tr nh- tng i ca cc tng i, chng thc hin chc nng kt ni gia cc
tng i trong tng vng vi nhau v gia vng ny vi vng khc, t cho
php gim cc trung k trc tip, m rng phm vi dch v cho cc thu bao v
to iu kin t chc mng linh hot hn.
b.Mng phn cp
Khi xy dng mng quc gia cn hoch nh cc cp chuyn mch. Nu
mng khng -c phn cp th vic phc v cc cuc gi -ng di s gp kh
khn do tuyn -ng di khng -c hoch nh tr-c, cuc ni s phi qua
nhiu tng i, thi gian thit lp lu, gi thnh cao, s dng cc thit b km
hiu qu, cht l-ng phc v thp... Mng phn cp cho php khc phc -c cc
nh-c im cp trn y lm cho cc cuc gi -ng di -c tin hnh
nhanh chng, thun tin v cht l-ng cao. Vic phn cp i i vi vic hoch
nh chin l-c nh tuyn cho cc loi cuc gi gia hai thu bao bt k. Cc
cuc gi -ng di -c nh tuyn theo cc tiu chun ti -u. M hnh mng
phn cp -c m t trn hnh 1.7. Nhn chung vic x l nh tuyn -c thc
hin trn c s phn tch h-ng cuc gi v trng thi ca cc -ng lin kt gia
cc trung tm chuyn mch. Khi pht sinh mt cuc gi th h-ng trc tip s
-c chn tr-c tin. Nu h-ng trc tip khng c kh nng phc v th cuc
gi s -c tin hnh trn mt trong cc h-ng thay th qua trung tm chuyn
mch cp cao hn.













Trung tm quc t
Trung tm lin tnh
Trung tm vng
Tng i ni ht
H-ng
trc tip
H-ng
thay th
Hnh 1.7 : M hnh t chc mng kiu phn cp

1.1.4 Cc thnh phn thit yu khc ca mng vin thng.
a. H thng bo hiu
cc thnh phn chnh trong mng vin thng nh- cc thit b u cui,
cc trung tm chuyn mch, cc tuyn truyn dn hot ng phi hp nhp nhng
vi nhau th gia chng cn c nhng thng tin iu khin. Cc thng tin iu
khin dng trao i gia cc thnh phn chnh trong mng phc v cho cc
qu trnh thit lp, duy tr, gii to cuc gi -c gi chung l bo hiu.
hiu -c vai tr ca bo hiu ta xem xt qu trnh thc hin cuc gi
gia mt thu bao ca tng i A vi mt thu bao ca tng i B. Hnh1.8 th
hin nhng tn hiu bo hiu -c trao i gia cc thu bao vi cc tng i v
gia cc tng i vi nhau trong cc qu trnh thit lp, duy tr v gii phng kt
ni.
















Hnh 1. 8 : Qu trnh tin hnh cuc gi qua tng i
Qu trnh thc hin mt cuc gi trn thc t c th xy ra nhiu kh nng
khc nhau tu thuc vo l cuc gi ni ht hay -ng di, cuc gi -c thc
hin trn vn hay b kt thc gia chng, nguyn nhn cuc gi khng thnh
cng, m t s c cc loi tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau -c trao i gia cc

Tng i
A

Tng i
B
-ng dy
thu bao
-ng dy
thu bao
Trung k
Nhc t hp
Tn hiu "Mi chn s"
Chn cc ch s a ch
Yu cu chim trung k
Chp nhn chim
Yu cu gi cc thng tin a ch
Cc ch s a ch
Tn hiu chung Tn hiu "Hi m chung"
Tr li
Tn hiu nhc t hp
Trao i thng tin
Kt thc cuc gi
Yu cu gii to cuc gi
Chp nhn gii to

Kt thc
Bo hiu -ng dy
thu bao b gi
Bo hiu lin tng i

Bo hiu -ng dy
thu bao gi

thnh phn trong mng . Cc tn hiu bo hiu c th chia thnh bo hiu thu
bao (bao gm bo hiu -ng thu bao gi, bo hiu -ng thu bao b gi) v
bo hiu trung k (hay bo hiu lin tng i) tu thuc vo tng tn hiu bo
hiu -c s dng trn cung on no ca mng. V cc n v tn hiu bo
hiu c th v ngha ca chng s -c cp trong ch-ng ring ca ti liu
ny.
b. H thng qun l, iu hnh v bo d-ng
Cc th h tng i c in tr-c y cng bt u hnh thnh c s
qun l v bo d-ng, tuy nhin ch tp trung vo cng vic tnh c-c n gin v
cnh bo li th s. Cc th h tng i hin i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi
sn (SPC- Stored Program Control) cho php l-u tr ch-ng trnh iu hnh hot
ng ca tng i, c s d liu thu bao v d liu trung k, cc ch-ng trnh
qun l mng v chn tuyn ti -u, cc ch-ng trnh chun on hng hc cho
php qun l tp trung cc tng i trong phm vi no v thc hin cc quy
trnh bo hnh, bo d-ng t xa.
c. ng b mng
Cc trung tm chuyn mch hin nay hu ht l cc tng i chuyn mch
s, do yu cu s ng b cht ch gia cc tng i. ng b c ngha ht
sc quan trng, mang tnh sng cn ca mng s ho, n nh h-ng trc tip n
cht l-ng phc v QoS ca h thng. Ngy cng nhiu loi hnh thng tin -c
kt hp vi nhau -c phc v qua mng vin thng, c nhng loi hnh thng tin
rt nhy cm vi hin t-ng tr-t v lp, v d nh- thng tin s liu, v vy sai st
nh trong ng b s dn ti tr-t v lp thng tin, nh h-ng ti cht l-ng phc
v v c th gy gin on lin lc bi vy cn p dng cc gii php k thut
m bo ng b mng thng tin s. Chi tit v vn ny s -c cp cc
ch-ng sau.

1.2 Chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch tin, chuyn mch
gi.
1.2.1 Khi nim v chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switching).
Chuyn mch knh -c hiu l mt ph-ng thc chuyn mch m khi
phc v mi cuc gi gia mt cp thit b u cui no th knh truyn gia
cc mch in giao tip ca hai thit b u cui -c thit lp v dnh ring
cho vic trao i thng tin gia hai thu bao ny. Cc cuc gi ng thi gia cc
cp thu bao khc nhau -c tin hnh trn cc knh truyn khc nhau, c lp
nhau.
Knh truyn ny c th -c hiu l tp hp cc on mch do cc thit b
chuyn mch v cc knh -c phn phi trn cc tuyn truyn dn to ra mt
tuyn truyn tn hiu ni tip nhau t mch in ca thu bao ch gi ti mch
in ca thu bao b gi.
c im ca chuyn mch knh l :
- Thit lp knh truyn ri mi truyn thng tin trn knh -c thit lp.
- H thng chuyn mch khng kim sot thng tin trn knh thit lp.
- Thng tin khng b tr hoc b tr khng ng k v khng gy ra rung pha
(Tr u cho mi thnh phn tn hiu ca mi cuc gi) do ph hp vi
dch v thi gian thc.
M hnh ca ph-ng thc chuyn mch knh -c ch ra trn hnh 1.9










Hnh 1.9 : M hnh chuyn mch knh
Cc thit b chuyn mch knh c th l cc b chuyn mch khng gian
(S-Switch) truyn tn hiu lin tc, cc b chuyn mch thi gian (T-Switch) cho

TS1 TS2 TS4 TS5 TS1 TS2 TS4 TS5
S-Switch S-Switch T-Switch T-Switch

tn hiu pam hoc l cc b chuyn mch s cho tn hiu PCM hay ch n gin
l cc b ni dy.
1.2.2 Khi nim v chuyn mch bn tin (Message Switching).
Trong thc t khng c mng chuyn mch chuyn dng cho chuyn
mch bn tin nh-ng chng ta vn th-ng nhn -c cc thng tin d-i dng bn
tin. C th hnh dung nguyn l chuyn mch bn tin nh- sau: Tin tc cn truyn
l bn tin s -c gi n node gc km theo a ch ngun v a ch ch. Node
gc l-u bn tin trong b nh ca n, lp k hoch chn tuyn ti ch v gi yu
cu ti node k tip theo k hoch chn tuyn, khi node k tip sn sng tip
nhn bn tin th hai node tin hnh trao i bn tin cho nhau, c nh- vy bn tin
s -c truyn ti ch. Cng c th truyn bn tin theo cc thut truyn khc
nhau, min sao bn tin ti -c ch.











Hnh 1.10 : M hnh mng chuyn mch bn tin
c im ca ph-ng thc chuyn mch bn tin:
- Bn tin c kch khng xc nh v vy phi c b nh ln ti cc node
tip nhn v l-u tr bn tin.
- Thi gian truyn ti tin ln, d gy tc nghn.
- Tr bn tin trong cc node v trong mng khng xc nh.
- p dng cc bin php pht hin v sa li.
1.2.3 Khi nim v chuyn mch gi.
Bn tin -c chia thnh cc gi v -c truyn cng cc tip u v tip
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
dte
dte

cui ca gi, cc tip u v tip cui l cc tr-ng iu khin h-ng dn
cc node ca mng -a cc gi ti ch, kim sot li v iu khin l-u l-ng.
Mt bn tin c th gm nhiu gi, chng c th -c truyn ti ch theo ph-ng
thc h-ng lin kt (Connection-oriented) hoc theo ph-ng thc phi kt ni
(Connectionless). Nh- th cc gi ca mt bn tin c th -c truyn theo cng
mt tuyn qua cc nt mng hoc cng c th -c truyn trn cc tuyn khc
nhau. Thm vo , trong qu trnh truyn cc gi c th c li, mt vi gi phi
truyn li v do cc gi c th n ch khng theo th t, cc thit b mng v
thit b u cui phi c kh nng kim sot v sp xp li cc gi khi phc
li bn tin ti u cui thu.
c im ca ph-ng thc chuyn mch gi:
- Gim -c tr ti cc node v trong mng
- X l li v sa li hoc truyn li gi nhanh hn so vi chuyn mch
bn tin do gim -c l-ng thng tin cn truyn li, gim tc nghn
v tng tc truyn tin cng nh- kh nng phc v ca mng.
- C th nh tuyn cho tng gi hoc cho tt c cc gi ca cuc gi
theo cc th tc khc nhau.











Hnh 1.11 M hnh nguyn l chuyn mch gi
1.2.4 Khi nim v cng ngh atm (Cng ngh chuyn giao khng
ng basynchronous Transfer Mode)
atm l cng ngh bao gm c kha cnh truyn dn v kha cnh chuyn
mch, y cng l dng chuyn mch gi c bit. V kha cnh truyn dn c
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
dte
dte

th coi atm nh- mt ph-ng thc ghp knh khng ng b (cn gi l ghp
knh thng k), ngha l -ng truyn -c phn chia mt cch linh hot cho cc
t bo t cc ngun tin khc nhau, khng cn tun theo mt trt t nghim ngt.
Cc t bo ging nh- cc gi tin c bit c kch th-c c nh (53byte) t
-c hiu qu truyn dn v chuyn mch cao, gim tr trong mng v trnh tc
nghn. Cc tr-ng th tc trong mi t bo -c ti thiu ho, n gin thao tc
x l t bo ti cc node mng, nh- th s tng -c tc chuyn mch p ng
-c cc dch v tc cao. V chuyn mch p dng ph-ng thc chuyn mch
a ch th hin trong nhn dng knh o (VCI) v nhn dng -ng o (VPI) t
n gin ho chc nng chuyn mch, nng cao kh nng chuyn mch, kt
hp bo hiu knh chung to kh nng s dng VCI, VPI linh ng, d dng t
chc mng ton cu.
a. Ch truyn ng b v ch truyn khng ng b









Trn hnh 1.12a minh ho nguyn l ghp knh thi gian ng b
(Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing) hay cn gi l ph-ng thc truyn
ng b (Synchronous Transfer Mode). Cc knh -c t chc thnh khung v
-c sp xp theo th t mt cch cht ch. Vic xc nh thng tin ca tng
knh phc v cho vic phn phi chng cng nh- thc hin cc thao tc
chuyn mch phi bt u bng vic xc nh ng b a khung, ng b khung
(Frame). Mt hoc thu sai ng b khung cng lm mt thng tin ca cc knh.
Do bng thng -c phn phi u cho cc knh nn nhng knh khng c thng
tin truyn cng chim khe thi gian dnh cho n v cc knh khc c nhu cu
truyn tin khng th tn dng -c. u im c bn ca ph-ng thc ny l tc
truyn n nh do vy rt ph hp vi cc dch v c tc bt c nh v cc
dch v yu cu tr khng i cho cc dch v nhy cm vi thi gian thc nh-
Framin
g
Framing
Channel
1
Channel
2

Channel
n
Framin
g
Framing
Channel
1
Channel
2

Channel
n
Framin
g
Framing
Channel
1
Channel
2

Channel
n
Framin
g
Framing
Channel
1
Time Slot
Periodic Frame
H
Channel
1
H
Channel
1
H
Unused
Channel
H
Channel
5
H
Channel
3
H
Channel
7
H
Channel
1
H
Channel
5
H
Channel
5
H
Channel
4
H
Channel
7
Occupied
Time Slot
Idle
Time Slot
a. Ch truyn ng b STM
b. Ch truyn khng ng b ATM
Hnh1.12 Minh ho cc ch ghp knh ng b v khng ng b

tn hiu thoi hoc hnh nh.
Trn hnh 1.12b minh ho nguyn l ghp knh thi gian khng ng b
ATDM (Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing) hay cn gi l ph-ng thc
chuyn giao khng ng b ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Bng thng
-c phn pht cho cc knh theo nhu cu (ghp knh thng k - Statistical
Multiplexing) v khng cn tun theo mt th t cht ch nh- trong ph-ng thc
truyn ng b. Thng tin ca tng knh -c truyn cng vi phn tip u H
(Header-Overhead) ca n to thnh cc gi. Phn Header cha cc thng tin
iu khin gip cho cc thit b mng xc nh -c thng tin ca tng knh
thc hin cc thao tc nh tuyn, chuyn mch v sp xp li bn tin. Nh c
phn Header nn vic ghp v tch knh -c tin hnh rt thun tin, bng
thng -c phn phi mt cch linh hot cho cc knh. Cng nh phn Header
m c th p dng c cu chuyn mch t-ng i n gin, l nguyn l
chuyn mch a ch (Address Switching) hay cn gi l chuyn mch nhn
(Label Switching) m chng ta s im qua d-i y.
















Int@ Out@ Port
a m 1
b n *


Int@ Out@ Port
c o 2



Port1
Port1
b a
c
Int@ Out@ Port
M a 1
n b 2


Int@ Out@ Port
o e 2



Port1
Port1
m n
o
Int@ Out@ Port
d p 2
e 0 1


Int@ Out@ Port
c o 2



Port1
Port1
e
d

c
Int@ Out@ Port
o c 2
n b 1
n b 2

Int@ Out@ Port
o c 2
p d 1


Port1
Port1
n o
p o
a
b e
b c
c
d
b
Hnh 1.13 Nguyn l chuyn mch a ch

b. Chuyn mch a ch (Address Switching)
Trn hnh 1.13 minh ho nguyn l chuyn mch a ch. Mi b chuyn
mch c 2 u vo v 2 cng ra. Trn mi u vo c mt bng nh tuyn dng
nh tuyn cho cc gi d liu. Mi gi d liu -c gn mt nhn nh tuyn
(nh- cc ch s nhn dng trong header). Nhn s -c so snh vi cc nhn
ca ct In@. B chuyn mch s chuyn i nhn thnh nhn u ra t-ng
ng nh- trong ct Out@ v -c chuyn ra cng u ra nh tr-c bi ct Port.
Nh- vy cc gi s ln l-t qua cc b chuyn mch i t mt u vo no
ti u ra ca Node chuyn mch. Cc bng nh tuyn s thay i mi khi bt
u hoc kt thc mt cuc lin lc no d-i s h tr ca h thng bo hiu.
Nh- th thao tc ca b chuyn mch bao gm x l nhn u vo, phin dch
thnh nhn u ra v h-ng gi ti cng ra cn thit. V d gi u vo c nhn
A s -c chuyn thnh nhn M v chuyn ra cng vt l Port1. Ti mi cng ra
vt l c b nh m tm thi l-u tr cc gi khi c nhiu gi cng -c nh
h-ng n mt cng ra vt l. B nh m ny lm vic theo nguyn l FIFO
(Vo tr-c, ra tr-c - First In First Out).
1.2.5 lnh vc ng dng ca cc ph-ng thc chuyn mch
Cc thng tin c ngun gc khc nhau th-ng -c th hin bng cc
dng tn hiu khc nhau. V d thng tin thoi hoc truyn hnh th-ng l dng
thng tin lin tc -c th hin bng chui tn hiu s tc bit khng i
(CBR-Constant Bit Rate), trong khi thng tin my tnh, s liu li th-ng mang
tnh gin on v d-i dng tn hiu s c tc bt thay i (VBR-Variable Bit
Rate) v v th mi loi thng tin thch ng vi mt cng ngh truyn dn v
chuyn mch. Nhng thng tin c tc bit khng i v nhy cm vi tr
th-ng chn hnh thc truyn ng b v chuyn mch knh. Truyn dn kiu
ng b p ng tc truyn khng i v tr truyn dn l nh- nhau cho tt c
cc t hp tn hiu ca cng mt cuc gi. Chuyn mch knh thit lp knh
dnh ring cho mi cuc gi tr-c khi truyn thng tin ca cuc gi v m
bo tt c cc t hp tn hiu ca cng mt cuc gi s -c truyn theo cng
mt tuyn -c thit lp dnh ring v v th khng lm thay i th t ca
cc t hp tn hiu , ng thi do -c truyn theo cng mt tuyn nn cc t
hp tn hiu ny s c cng tr nh- nhau lm cho tn hiu sau khi phc khng
b mo pha, p ng -c cc dch v nhy cm vi tr. i vi loi thng tin
-c t chc thnh cc gi hoc cc t bo cho php s dng ph-ng thc ghp
knh thng k nng cao hiu qu s dng cc thit b mng, ng thi p dng
nguyn l chuyn mch a ch n gin ho cc thit b chuyn mch ng

thi thch ng vi nhiu loi hnh dch v vi nhiu tc khc nhau. i vi
nhu cu pht trin mng vin thng a dch v bng rng, cng vi nhng tin b
v-t bc trong lnh vc quang dn th cng ngh ATM l mt la chn c th p
ng -c nhng yu cu ca mt mng vin thng hin i.

1.3 Khi qut v tng i iu khin theo ch-ng
trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program Control)
1.3.1 S pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch v ph-ng thc iu
khin.
Trong phn ny ch cp ti cng ngh chuyn mch v ph-ng thc
iu khin -c p dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch knh.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch th cc ph-ng thc
iu khin p dng trong cc th h tng i cng -c pht trin, lun phin
thay th ln nhau.
Nh- trnh by mc 1.2, khi cc my in thoi -c pht minh th
u tin, t chc lin lc, n gin chng ni -c tng cp trc tip vi nhau
m khng qua mt loi tng i no c. Sau l vic p dng cc loi tng i
nhn cng kiu t thch hoc in chung. Thc cht cc tng i ny l cc thit
b ni dy nhn cng, dng cc cp dy phch ni mch in -ng dy ca
thu bao gi vi -ng dy ca thu bao b gi. Trong cc tng i nhn cng,
hu nh- khng c h thng iu khin, cc tn hiu bo hiu cng ht sc n
gin. Cc thng tin a ch -c trao i bng li yu cu ca thu bao ti nhn
vin tng i hoc nhn vin tng i pha ch gi ti nhn vin tng i pha b
gi. Nhn vin tng i thc hin chc nng ca h thng iu khin trong tng
i, bao gm quan st, pht hin yu cu gi trao i nhn a ch thu bao b
gi, pht tn hiu gi chung ti thu bao b gi, thit lp ni gia thu bao b gi
v thu bao gi, gim st cuc gi pht hin yu cu kt thc, gii to cuc gi
khi c yu cu kt thc cuc gi.
Trong th h tng i t ng dng cc b chn nhy nc vic to tuyn
ni gia mch in -ng dy thu bao gi vi mch in -ng dy thu bao b
gi -c thc hin mt cch t ng d-i s iu khin ca cc chm xung quay
s -c to t a quay s ca thit b u cui thu bao gi. Cc tn hiu bo
hiu bt u phc tp ph hp vi b-c pht trin v-t bc v cng ngh, t
chuyn mch nhn cng sang chuyn mch t ng. Cc tn hiu bo hiu ti
thiu p ng vic t ng ho qu trnh chuyn mch: Dng mch vng

(bo hiu gim st), chn s dng xung (bo hiu a ch), cc m phc v (bo
bn, hi m chung, mi quay s), dng chung. Ch-a hnh thnh h thng iu
khin. Mi thit b chuyn mch c b phn iu khin ring, hnh thnh ph-ng
thc iu khin c lp - trc tip - ni tip. c lp c ngha l mi b chn c
biu khin ring ca n, trc tip ngha l chm xung quay s iu khin trc
tip hot ng ca tng b chn, cn ni tip -c hiu l mch iu khin ca
b chn -c hnh thnh mt cch ni tip theo tin trnh thit lp tuyn ni (xem
hnh 1.14)















Nh-c im ca ph-ng thc iu khin c lp-trc tip l thit b iu
khin phn tn theo cc b chn lm hiu sut s dng thp, kch th-c chn b
cng knh, tc thit lp tuyn ni chm, khng cho php p dng cc ph-ng
php nh tuyn, d b chn vo ng ct. Tuy nhin, ph-ng thc iu khin ny
cng c mt vi -u th nh- nguyn l iu khin rt n gin, li iu khin ca
mt thit b khng gy nh h-ng nghim trng, khc phc s c nhanh chng
Ngy nay, mt s h thng thng tin s cn chuyn mch tc cao cng
c su h-ng p dng ph-ng thc iu khin c lp, tuy nhin thao tc iu
khin chuyn mch ca n da trn vic x l nhn nh- trong chuyn mch a
ch.

K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K

Cp chn
s b
Cp chn
nhm 1
Cp chn
nhm 2
Cp chn
-ng dy
Hnh 1.14 M hnh iu khin c lp-trc tip trong tng i nhy nc
















Th h tng i t ng dng b ni dy to (ngang dc) to ra
nhng tin b ng k. Kh nng ni dy ca cc b ni loi ny tng nhiu so
vi loi b chn nhy nc, mi khi dc ca b ni dy ta t-ng -ng mt
b chn nhy nc n, t cho php gim ng k th tch thit b chuyn mch
ca tng i. Nguyn l ni dy theo kiu tip im p nn gim -c s mi
mn. c bit, cho php p dng ph-ng thc iu khin gin tip-tp trung.
Nguyn l iu khin gin tip -c th hin: Tr-c tin tn hiu chn s
t thu bao gi -c thu v nh thanh ghi a ch, sau mi chuyn ti cc b
iu khin ca cc cp chn v t phn phi ti tng b ni dy. Nh- vy,
thit b iu khin cng bt u -c tp trung, nng cao -c hiu sut s
dng ca cc thit b iu khin dng chung, tng kh nng iu khin v cho
php chn tuyn theo mt s ph-ng n nh tr-c, vic chn tuyn mang tnh
bao qut trong phm vi mt tng i.
C hai loi tng i c in (nhy nc v to ) c c im chung l
kch th-c ln, chi ph khai thc kh cao, tiu th nng l-ng ln, dch v ngho
nn, cht l-ng dch v thp. Tuy nhin chng cng phc v trong khong thi
gian hng vi thp k (gn th k).
Na cui th k 20 cng ngh ch to cc linh kin bn dn pht trin
mnh, k thut x l tn hiu v k thut vi x l to iu kin cho ngnh cng

B dy phch
B iu khin cp chn
-ng dy khu AB
Thanh ghi
a ch
B iu khin
cp chn thanh ghi
B iu khin
cp chn nhm
Giao tip
trung k
B iu khin cp chn
-ng dy khu CD
A
B
C D
A
B
Hnh 1.15 Ph-ng thc iu khin gin tip trong tng i to

ngh in t pht trin, trong c lnh vc k thut chuyn mch. Hng lot
thit k, pht minh mi trong lnh vc truyn dn nh- phn knh theo thi gian,
quang dn thc y cc pht kin mi trong lnh vc chuyn mch.
Cc tng i in t c c im chung l thit b chuyn mch -c ch
to trn c s linh kin in t, bn dn, vi mch c kch th-c nh, tc ng
nhanh, tiu th ngun thp, c kh nng tch hp cao v c bit l thch ng vi
cc k thut truyn dn tc cao. Ph-ng thc iu khin trong cc tng i
in t cng chuyn dn theo h-ng thay th cc mch logic ri rc trong cc
khi, cc b iu khin bng cc phm mn cng cc b x l chuyn dng. V
nh- th lm xut hin th h tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr SPC
(Stored Program Control). Phn mm iu khin cc tng i cng -c dn ci
tin v cng ngy cng cho php ng-i s dng c thm nhiu tnh nng dch v
tu t chn. Cc tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr SPC cng vi cng
ngh truyn dn hin i v chuyn mch s nhanh chng thay th cc tng i
c in. Ph-ng thc bo hiu cng cn -c hon thin lm cho hot ng ca
mng vin thng ngy cng linh hot, hiu qu, thng minh hn. Cc dch v
thoi v phi thoi ngy cng xch li gn nhau hn trn c s chuyn mch s v
iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr. Cng ngh truyn dn v chuyn mch
atm m ra trin vng to ln cho cc dch v ca mng vin thng.
1.3.2. Tng quan v tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr SPC
Trong qu trnh iu khin cc thit b chuyn mch cn phi thc hin rt
nhiu php tnh logic, kt qu ca chng li cn -c nh iu khin cc phn
t chuyn mch. Tr-c y cc php tnh v cc chc nng nh -c thc hin
trn cc linh kin ri, n l, kh nng tnh ton chm. Ngy nay, nh vo thnh
tu ca k thut vi x l cho php kt hp cc chc nng x l ny trao cho
cc b vi x l chuyn dng. Cc php tnh logc trong x l cuc gi, cc qu
trnh x l v phn phi bo hiu, chn tuyn, to cc bn tin iu khin chuyn
mch v cc thit b ngoi vi, kim sot cc mch giao tip -c x l bi cc b
vi x l trn c s cc phn mm -c l-u tr nh m gim ng k cc
linh kin, nng cao cht l-ng v tc phc v ca cc tng i.
Vic kt hp iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr vi k thut chuyn
mch s cng nng cao -u th ca cc tng i SPC. Mt s -u im ca tng i
SPC c th lit k d-i y:
-Tnh linh hot: Cc tng i SPC c tnh linh hot mc cao th hin
kha cnh tc dng lu di v tc dng trc tip. Tr-c tin xem xt kha cnh tc
dng lu di. Trong tng giai on pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch, mt lot

ch-ng trnh c th to ra cho php h tr cc nhu cu dch v v qun l. S
hiu chnh phn mm p ng ngy cng da dng v dch v lm cho h thng
khng tr thnh lc hu theo thi gian. Nh- vy, cc phn mm c bn m bo
cho h thng hot ng p ng cc dch v truyn thng v nhu cu hin ti, c
xem xt kh nng thay i khi cn nng cp ch cn ci tin i cht v phn
mm hoc -a thm cc th tc mi m khng cn thay i cu trc phn cng.
Ngha l cu trc phn cng ca tng i SPC cng vi phn mm iu khin ban
u ca n -c thit k theo khuynh h-ng module ho ph hp vi chin l-c
m rng c v dung l-ng v kh nng dch v.
Kha cnh hiu qu trc tip th hin kh nng thay i nhanh chng
bng c s d liu c th thch ng vi iu kin thay i trng thi ca mng,
ngha l kh nng thch nghi ca h thng vi tng trng thi mng khi c cc
bin c, v d khi c mt tc nghn ti mt node mng no hoc trn tuyn
truyn dn c -c cc php chn tuyn ti -u. Hoc i vi thu bao d dng
thay i dch v ca tng thu bao bng vic thay i c s d liu ca n theo
yu cu ca ng-i s dng.
-Cc tin ch cho thu bao: Cc tng i SPC cung cp cho thu bao
nhiu tin ch hn, d dng v r hn trong cc tng i khc. Cc tin ch ny
-c phn phi bi h thng qun l v theo tnh nng tu chn ca thu bao.
Cc tin ch bao gm:
+ Shortcode dialling (dch v quay s tt t b nh ca tng i): Cc a
ch th-ng gi -c nh tr-c vo b nh ca tng i vi m t-ng ng
no . Khi cn gi, thu bao ch vic chn m rt gn th a ch
nh s t ng -c gi ra.
+ Call transfer (dch v chuyn cuc gi): Chuyn cuc gi ti a ch khc
mt cch t ng (call forward).
+Ring back when free (camp on): Cuc gi n mt thu bao ang bn s
chung li khi thu bao cn gi gii phng tr li.
+Automatic alarm call : Tng i t ng pht tn hiu cnh bo ti thi im
t tr-c (bo gi).
+Outgoing and Incoming call barring: Hn ch gi ti v gi i. Cho php
ch thu bao hn ch cc cuc gi n v cc cuc gi i (gi -ng di)
+Itemized billing: Cung cp ho n tnh c-c chi tit cc cuc gi.
+ Malicious call tracing : Thu bao hoc c quan c quyn -c bit v
ngun gc ca cuc gi quy ri.

Nhiu tin ch trn i hi tng c-ng kh nng bo hiu thu bao, v d
yu cu s dng tnh nng chn m bng bo hiu a tn (DTMF Dual Tone
Multifrequency). Mt s tin ch yu cu h thng bo hiu lin i thch hp.
- -u im trong qun tr : Cc tng i SPC cung cp rt nhiu cc tin
ch qun l nh- : iu khin cc tin ch ca thu bao, thay i nh tuyn, thay
i s liu thu bao v trung k, xut cc thng tin thng k qun l tng i, cc
s liu phc v bo tr , chun on d bo hng hc.
Vic kt hp k thut s cng -a li cc -u im ni bt: K thut s
-c p dng cho khu chuyn mch v iu khin to thnh tng i s ho
hon ton, kt hp vi truyn dn s lm cho mng vin thng s cng th hin
th mnh ca mnh.
Tc thit lp cuc gi -c ci thin ng k do c s t-ng thch v
dng v p gia phn iu khin v phn t chuyn mch, cng vi c tnh
khng nghn mch (non-blocking) ca cc chuyn mch s cho php thit k
mng chuyn mch gn nh, tit kim v kh thng cao. Ngoi ra, nu cuc gi
ang tin hnh b gin on bi mt l do no th c gng ti thit lp cuc
gi c th -c thc hin m khng gy ra s cm nhn cho ng-i s dng.
- Tit kim khng gian: Cc chuyn mch s c kch th-c rt nh nh-ng
do tch hp rt cao nn kh nng chuyn mch rt ln li p dng k thut
ghp knh theo thi gian nn hiu xut s dng rt cao t gim -c khng
gian ca phn thit b chuyn mch v kch th-c chung ca tng i.
- tin cy rt cao v rt d dng bo tr : Do khng c cc phn t c
in nn trong hot ng ca tng i loi tr -c cc hng hc, sai st c kh.
Kch th-c ca cc linh kin li gn nh nn cho php p dng cc bin php d
phng m bo thay th t ng khi c sai st, s c. Cc mch chc nng -c
ch to d-i dng module -c kim sot bng cc ch-ng trnh chun on,
cnh bo hng hc, cung cp kh nng t bo hnh v cung cp thng tin y
cho vic sa cha, bo tr. Ngoi ra cc tng i SPC cn cung cp kh nng qun
l v bo d-ng t xa.
- Cht l-ng cuc ni: kt hp chuyn mch s v truyn dn s cho php
ci thin rt c bn cht l-ng cuc ni bi cc l do: Truyn dn s trnh -c
suy hao tn gc, loi tr cc tn hiu nhiu, tp m, trnh -c tp m tch lu. T
cht l-ng cc cuc gi -ng di v cuc gi ni ht khng c s khc bit.

- Kh nng kt hp cc dch v phi thoi : Cc loi dch v phi thoi nh-
video, fax, telex, s liu ... -c s ho c th -c truyn v chuyn mch trong
cng mng vi tn hiu thoi.
Mt mi tr-ng s ho hon ton (tr mng thu bao) gm chuyn mch
s, truyn dn s, iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr SPC, kt hp vi bo hiu
knh chung s to nn mt mng vin thng hon chnh trong giai on hin nay
Hon chnh vi ngha mnh cung cp v bo m cc dch v a dng
p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng v cng cao ca ng-i s dng. Bo hiu knh
chung cung cp kh nng lin lc nhanh chng gia cc h thng iu khin ca
cc tng i, cung cp kh nng bao qut tnh trng ca cc node mng v cc
tuyn truyn dn, t c th chn tuyn nhanh, hiu qu v ti -u hn. Ngoi
ra bo hiu knh chung cn cho php m rng mt s dch v xuyn qua mng,
iu hnh v bo d-ng tp trung.
1.3.3. S khi tng qut ca tng i SPC
Nhn chung cc tng i SPC c th l tng i Analog hoc tng i
Digital dung l-ng v kt cu ca chng rt a dng. Hnh 1.16 ch -a ra s
khi tng qut ca tng i SPC. C th chia cu trc ca cc tng i SPC thnh
hai h thng chnh : H thng thoi v H thng x l iu khin.
H thng thoi li c th chia thnh cc phn h : Phn h thu bao v
bo hiu thu bao, phn h trung k v bo hiu trung k, phn h chuyn mch.
Phn h thu bao v bo hiu thu bao gm cc mch kt ni -ng dy thu
bao thc hin cc chc nng BOCHTRS (B-Battery feed cp ngun, O-Over-
voltage protection chng qu p, C- Codec (coder and decoder) m ho v gii
m, H-Hybrid bin i 2dy/4 dy, T-Test kim tra o th, R-Ring rung chung,
S-Supervision gim st trng thi). Cc thit b u cui thu bao c th l loi
t-ng t (analog) hoc loi s (digital). i vi loi analog tt c cc chc nng
trn -c thc hin ti mch kt cui -ng thu bao SLIC (Subscribers line
Interface circuit). i vi loi thu bao s ISDN (Integrated Services digital
Network) mt s chc nng trn -c thc hin ngay ti thit b u cui. Ngoi
cc mch giao tip -ng dy thu bao, trong phn h ny cn c cc khi
chuyn mch tp trung thu bao dng tp trung ti thu bao. Chng -c thit
k theo tng nhm mch kt cui -ng dy thu bao. Chc nng ca cc b tp
trung ti thu bao l phn phi cc knh thoi -a vo mng chuyn mch cho
cc mch kt cui -ng dy thu bao khi thu bao tham gia mt cuc gi no
v gii phng knh thoi khi thu bao kt thc cuc gi.
















iu ny rt quan trng, v c-ng ti ca mi thu bao ch khong 0,02
Erlang. B chuyn mch tp trung ti thu bao s tp trung cc ti ca cc thu
bao trong tng nhm ti chm knh chuyn mch dng chung; ni cch khc cc
b tp trung ti thu bao to kh nng dng chung mt s l-ng knh chuyn
mch cho s ng thu bao ca mt nhm sao cho hiu sut s dng knh chuyn
mch gn bng 1 vi mc gi ht cho tr-c. Ngoi ra b chuyn mch tp trung
ti thu bao cn lm nhim v ni mch in thu bao ti cc b to cc tn hiu
m tn Tone Gen., cp cc tn hiu Mi quay s, Bo bn, Hi m
chung; hoc ti b thu m a tn MFR-MultiFrequency Receiver tu thuc
vo tng giai on khi thu bao thit lp hoc kt thc mt cuc gi no . B
iu khin giao tip LOC-Local controller thc hin cc chc nng: phn phi
cc tn hiu bo hiu -ng dy thu bao qua b chuyn mch tp trung ti thu
bao v phn phi knh thoi qua b chuyn mch , qun l trng thi thu bao,
iu khin phn phi tn hiu bo hiu v cc tn hiu nh thi, lp cc bn tin
iu khin truyn ti phn h x l iu khin, nhn v x l cc bn tin iu
khin t phn h x l iu khin v to cc tn hiu iu khin b chuyn mch
tp trung ti thu bao v cc mch kt cui.
Phn h chuyn mch nhm th-ng bao gm mng chuyn mch nhm,
b iu khin chuyn mch v mt s khi chc nng tu thuc vo tng loi

slic

slic
Khi
chuyn
mch
tp
trung
thu
bao
Khi iu khin giao tip
LOC
mfr
Tone
Gen.

Mng
chuyn
mch
nhm
atic
dtic
Anm Cas ccs
LOC
LOC
iu khin
chuyn mch
B x l
trung tm
B nh
chnh
Thit b giao
tip ng-i-my
B nh
chung
Thit b
kim tra
Thit b
cnh bo
Phn h thu bao v bo hiu thu bao Phn h chuyn mch nhm
P
h

n

h

t
r
u
n
g

k

o

h
i

u

t
r
u
n
g

k

Phn h x l v phn phi bo hiu
Phn h x l trung tm
Phn h qun l v bo d-ng
Hnh 1.16 S khi tng qut ca tng i SPC
System Bus
Bus controller

tng i. Mng chuyn mch ca chng c th khc nhau c v mt cng ngh,
c v cu trc v dung l-ng. C th l chuyn mch analog hoc chuyn mch
digital, c th c cu trc mt cp hoc nhiu cp tu thuc vo loi tng i v
dung l-ng. B iu khin chuyn mch thc hin cc chc nng nh- : Nhn cc
bn tin iu khin chuyn mch t phn h x l trung tm; x l cc bn tin
v chuyn chng thnh cc s liu iu khin t-ng ng sau -a n cc b
chuyn mch c th; thc hin chc nng chn tuyn theo yu cu ca bn tin
iu khin; hoc gii to tuyn ni theo bn tin gii phng cuc gi. Ngoi ra,
cc b iu khin chuyn mch cn c th thc hin mt s chc nng lin quan
ti vic chn v tch cc bn tin iu khin qua mng chuyn mch. Cc thit b
khc thuc phn h chuyn mch th-ng bao gm thit b to cc tn hiu nh
thi trong cc tng i chuyn mch s ng b mng chuyn mch v cc
thit b ngoi vi chuyn mch; ngoi ra, chng cn c th l cc thit b dng
chung nh- b nh cc bn ghi t ng tr li, b nh cc a ch th-ng gi, thit
b chuyn mch nhiu -ng...
Phn h trung k v bo hiu trung k bao gm cc mch giao tip cc
loi trung k t-ng t ATIC-Analog trunk interface circuit, trung k s (DTIC-
Digital trunk Interface), x l tn hiu trung k s, x l bo hiu trung k v
cc b iu khin km theo. Tu theo tng loi trung k c cc mch in giao
tip trung k khc nhau. i vi trung k analog c th c loi 2 dy v 4 dy.
Nhn chung cc mch giao tip ny c cc chc nng ging giao tip thu bao
t-ng t, tuy nhin c mt vi chc nng khc bit v bo hiu v cp ngun.
iu ny s -c cp ch-ng ring. Cc mch giao tip trung k s thc
hin cc chc nng GAPZACHO (G-Generation of frame to khung, A-
Alignment of frame ng chnh khung, P-Polar conversion o cc, Z-Zero
string compression nn chui bt 0 lin tip, A-Alarm cnh bo, C-Clock
recovery ti to nhp, H-Hunt during reframe ti ng b, O-office signaling
bo hiu lin i). Ngoi ra, phn h ny cn c b phn ghp v tch knh, cc
b iu khin nhm trung k LOC phi hp vi h thng x l iu khin.
H thng x l iu khin -c chia thnh cc phn h: phn h x l v
phn phi bo hiu, phn h x l trung tm, phn h qun l v bo d-ng.
Phn h x l v phn phi bo hiu th-ng bao gm cc thit b thu,
pht bo hiu, x l v phn phi bo hiu cung cp kt qu x l cho cc b iu
khin chuyn mch v x l cuc gi. Tu thuc tng loi tng i c th c cc
thit b bo hiu CAS-Channel Associated Signaling hoc bo hiu CCS-
Common Channel Signaling. a s cc tng i chuyn mch s hin i u

xem xt ng dng CCS thch ng vi s pht trin ca mng vin thng trong
t-ng lai. Tuy nhin, cng cn c thit b CAS lin kt vi cc h thng hin
hnh.
Phn h x l trung tm iu hnh hot ng ca ton b tng i thng
qua cc b iu khin cp thp hn nh- cc b iu khin giao tip LOC trong
cc phn h ca h thng thoi. Cc b iu khin LOC trao i thng tin iu
khin vi b x l trung tm thng qua Bus h thng (System Bus) d-i dng cc
bn tin iu khin. B x l trung tm x l cc thng tin iu khin nhn -c
t cc b iu khin LOC trong qu trnh x l cuc gi v to ra cc bn tin iu
khin gi li cc b iu khin iu hnh cc qu trnh phc v cuc gi.
B nh chnh MM-Main Memory cha ch-ng trnh iu hnh hot ng ca b
x l v cc thng tin cn thit trong qu trnh x l. B nh chung cha ch-ng
trnh gc ca tng i v cc d liu thu bao, d liu trung k v d liu chung
ca tng i. B x l trung tm v cc b iu khin khc c th truy cp b nh
chung s dng cc c s d liu .
Phn h qun l v bo d-ng thc hin chc nng qun l hot ng
ca ton b tng i thng qua vic gim st hot ng ca cc b iu khin
LOC, b x l trung tm v thng qua cc thit b kim tra, o th. N s -a ra
cc tn hiu hoc bn tin cnh bo, cc h-ng dn t-ng ng theo mi trng thi
ca h thng. Thit b giao tip Ng-i-my gip cho nhn vin vn hnh v cn
b k thut c th theo di hot ng ca h thng v c kh nng giao tip vi
h thng thay i cc tham s v ch hot ng ca cc khi chc nng ca
tng i.
Nhn chung cc tng i SPC dung l-ng nh th-ng xy dng h thng
x l iu khin tp trung a x l a chc nng. Cc tng i SPC dung l-ng
th-ng ln t chc theo cu hnh nhiu b x l chuyn dng, phn cp, phn
dung l-ng .
1.3.4 S khi tng qut ca tng i s SPC (DSSDigital Switching
Systems)
Cc tng i SPC chuyn mch s gi chung l H thng chuyn mch s
DSS ra i vo na cui th k 20. Ngy nay trn mng vin thng n-c ta v
nhiu n-c khc c cc DSS ca nhiu hng sn xut nh- NEC, Fujitsu Nht bn,
Siemems c, Eriscon Thy in, Northern telecom Canaa, AT&T M, Alcatel
Php, L-G Hn Quc Ti Vit nam, ngnh b-u chnh vin thng tin hnh
nghin cu ch to v -a vo s dng trn mng mt s DSS, ng thi cng

cc bn lin doanh xy dng mt s c s sn xut ch to cc loi tng i DSS
p ng nhu cu trong n-c v hnh thnh cc c s nghin cu chuyn ngnh.




























Nhn chung tng i DSS l mt h thng tng hp cng ngh cao, tp
trung hi t rt nghiu ngnh cng nghip: Cng nghip in t, vi mch, k
Hnh 1.17 : S tng quan tng i SPC chuyn mch s.

slic

slic
t
s
a
c

d
l
c
d

loc
AT
atic
AT
atic
M
u
x

d
m
u
x

loc
m
d
f

DT
dtg
mfr
dtic
d
d
f

dtic
dtic
T
d
s
W
n


bt
Marker

Scanner

Distributor

Cas ccs
bc
cc mm
ioc m-mi vdu prt dku mtu
To omc
Oa&ms
aps S
w
ns
pcs
Sigs

cps

thut vi x l, cng ngh vin thng, cng ngh thng tin, k thut Iu khin, c
kh chnh xc C th ni, ngay c nhng tng i DSS dung l-ng khng ln
lm nh-ng cng l mt h thng tng th rt phc tp trn quan im tng hp
ca cc ngnh k thut. Do , vi phm vi ca ti liu ny ch xem xt cc DSS
d-i mc n gin nht.
Hnh1.17 trnh by cu trc tng quan ca H thng chuyn mch s DSS
iu khin theo ch-ng trnh l-u tr SPC.
Ton b tng i -c chia thnh cc phn h chc nng, l : Phn h
ng dng APS-Application subsystem, phn h chuyn mch S
W
NS-Switching
Network subsystem, phn h x l trung tm CPS-Central Processing subsystem,
phn h bo hiu SiGS-Signaling subsystem, phn h ngoi vi iu khin PCS-
Peripheral control subsystem v phn h iu hnh, qun l v bo d-ng
OA&MS-Operation, Administration & Maintenance subsystem.
Phn h ng dng APS bao gm cc mch giao tip -ng dy thu bao
SLic (Subscribers Line Interface Circuit) v cc mch trung k t-ng t AT
(Analog Trunk Interface Circuit). Mi -ng thu bao -c kt cui ti tng i
bng mt mch SLIC ring qua gi phi dy chnh MDF (Main Distribution
Frame). Cc thu bao -c chia thnh tng nhm, mi nhm -c iu khin bi
b iu khin vng LOC (Local Controller), mt b phn phi cc tn hiu nh
thi TSAC (Time Slot Assignment Circuit) cn gn cc khe thi gian pht, thu
cho tng mch slic phc v chc nng m ha v gii m CODEC. B chuyn
mch -ng dy s DLCD (Digital Line Concentration Device) thc hin chc
nng chuyn mch tp trung ti thu bao v chuyn mch tn hiu phc v t b
to tn hiu m tn dng s DTG (Digital Tone Generator), chuyn mch -ng
dy ti b thu tn hiu chn s a tn MF (Multi Frequency Receiver).
Mi -ng dy trung k t-ng t cng -c kt cui ti tng i bng
mch ATIC(Analog Trunk Interface Circuit) chng cng -c t chc thnh tng
nhm v do b iu khin vng LOC iu khin. Mi nhm c mt b tch v
ghp knh MUX/ DEMUX ( Multiplexer v Demultiplexer) ghp tn hiu t
cc mch ATIC theo h-ng vo v tch tn hiu theo h-ng ra -a ti tng
mch ATIC.
Cc tuyn tn hiu s PCM gia phn h ng dng v phn chuyn mch
-c -a qua gi phn phi tn hiu s DDF (Digital Distribution Frame), mi
tuyn qua mt mch giao tip truyn dn s DTIC(Digital Trunk Interface
Circuit). Cc giao tip ny thc hin cc chc nng GAPZACHO phc v cho

vic xc nh khung, khe theo h-ng vo v t chc khung khe theo h-ng ra,
chuyn i m truyn dn ph hp, ti to xung nhp v ng b
Phn h chuyn mch S
W
NS bao gm cc thit b ca mng chuyn mch
SwN-Switching Network v cc thit b phc v khc. Mng chuyn mch ca
tng i c cu trc ph thuc vo dung l-ng ca tng loi tng i v thit k
ring ca tng hng sn sut. Tuy nhin, a s chng l mng chuyn mch phn
chia thi gian (Time Division Switching Network), chng th-ng c cc cu trc
T, TS, ST, TST v TSST trong T l k hiu chuyn mch thi gian s Tsw-
Time Switch, cn S l k hiu chuyn mch khng gian s Ssw Space Switch. Cc
chuyn mch u lm vic theo nguyn l phn khe thi gian v vy mng
chuyn mch ca cc tng i s cn -c gi l mng phn thi TDNw Time
Division Network. Ngoi mng chuyn mch, trong phn h ny cn phi c
module ng h chun BTBase time, th-ng l b dao ng c n nh cao
v tn s v cc b chia to cc tn hiu nhp cung cp cho hot ng ca cc b
chuyn mch s, cc thit b truyn dn tn hiu s v cc b phn phi thi
gianTSAC ca phn h ng dng.
Phn h bo hiu SiGS m nhn chc nng x l v phn phi bo hiu,
iu khin cc qu trnh chn, tch bo hiu. i vi tn hiu bo hiu CAS
(Channel Associated Signaling) khi qua chuyn mch s cng -c chuyn thnh
dng s ging cc tn hiu tin tc khc v -c phi hp vi hai pha ca mng
chuyn mch bng cc b thch nghi. Bo hiu CCS (Common Channel
Signaling) dng trao i gia cc h thng DSS vi nhau.
Cc bo hiu -ng dy thu bao hoc s -c thu v x l s b ti phn
h ng dng sau mi gi ti phn h ngoi vi iu khin PCS-Peripheral
Control Subsystem hoc l -c nhn trc tip ti b qut trng thi (Scanner),
cc bn tin iu khin t b x l trung tm -c chuyn qua b phn phi
Distributor. Nhim v ca b iu khin chuyn mch Marker l m bn tin
iu khin t phn h x l trung tm CPS chuyn thnh nhng s liu iu
khin chuyn mch .
Phn h x l trung tm CPS m nhn chc nng iu khin hot ng
ca ton b tng i. Tu thuc vo dung l-ng v cu hnh tng i m phn h
ny c cu trc kiu mt b x l hay nhiu b x l. Trong cu trc nhiu b x
l th-ng x l theo kiu phn cp, mt b x l cao nht qun l hot ng ton
b cc b x l cp thp hn, mt s b x l m nhim vic x l cuc gi v
phn chia ti theo khu vc. Mi b x l th-ng c b nh chnh l-u ch-ng

trnh v cc kt qu x l v c kh nng truy cp ti b nh chung nhn thm
d liu thu bao v bng nh tuyn hoc ti nguyn khi cn thit.
Phn h iu hnh, qun l v bo d-ng OA&MS th-ng bao gm
cc thit b t ng theo di hot ng ca h thng, iu khin cc qu trnh
chuyn i d phng, cnh bo khi c s c, cc thit b hin th, m thanh cnh
bo ng-i iu hnh iu khin vn hnh v theo di hot ng ca h thng,
mt s ti nguyn l-u tr s liu lu di v ch-ng trnh gc. Cung cp kh
nng iu khin t xa v bo d-ng t xa tp trung ti trung tm bo d-ng.

























Ch-ng 2
Chuyn mch knh (Circuit switching)
2.1.Phn loi chuyn mch knh
Thng tin -c trao i qua mng vin thng rt a dng nh- thng tin
thoi, thng tin nh, vn bn, s liu. Mi loi c yu cu ring i vi thit b
truyn dn v chuyn mch. C loi thng tin rt nhy cm vi tr nh- thng tin
thoi, thng tin hnh nh; v vy chng yu cu thit b dng truyn dn v
chuyn mch chng phi khng gy tr hoc c tr th phi rt nh ng-i s
dng khng cm nhn -c v gi tr thi gian tr phi l hng s trong sut
thi gian ca cuc lin lc khng gy mo tn s tn hiu. i vi loi thng
tin ny nn dng chuyn mch knh phc vthng tin dch v thi gian thc.
Tn gi chuyn mch knh th hin nguyn l hot ng ca mng. Khi
phc v mt cuc lin lc gia hai thit b u cui no th mt knh thng tin
(n cng hoc song cng tu thuc hnh thc lin lc) hoc mt tuyn ni -c
thit lp xuyn qua mng t mch in ca thit b u cui ny ti mch in
ca thit b u cui kia. Knh thng tin hoc tuyn ni tn ti dnh ring cho
cuc lin lc sut t khi bt u ti khi kt thc cuc gi. Cc cuc gi -c
tin hnh ng thi qua mng phi -c phc v trn cc knh c lp nhau.
Trong lch s pht trin k thut chuyn mch mt s ph-ng thc chuyn mch
knh -c p dng trong cc h thng tng i, l: chuyn mch phn knh














T hp
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch
khng gian t-ng t
Chuyn mch PAM Chuyn mch s
PCM
Nhn cng T ng 2 dy 4 dy Tsw ssw
T
thch
in
chung
Nhy
nc
To

Ma
trn
Hnh 2.1 Phn loi chuyn mch knh

theo khng gian dng cho tn hiu lin tc, chuyn mch phn knh theo thi
gian i vi tn hiu ri rc ho (tn hiu iu bin xung PAM-Pulse Amplitude
Modulation), chuyn mch s PCM ( cho tn hiu iu ch xung m pcm-
Pulse Code Modulation). Thng k cc loi chuyn mch knh -c ch ra trn
hnh 2.1.
Trong cc tng i nhn cng, tng i kiu nhy nc, tng i ta
hoc tng i dng b ni dy ma trn khi mt cuc gi -c tin hnh th cc
phn t chuyn mch s to thnh mch ni dy lin tip t mch in ca thit
b u cui ny ti mch in ca thit b u cui i thoi vi n. Sau tn
hiu trao i gia cc thit b u cui ny s i qua mch ni dy . Nu c cc
cp thu bao khc cng lm vic ng thi th gia tng cp mch in ca cc
thu bao cng c tuyn ni gia chng v cc tuyn ny hon ton c lp
nhau v b tr trong khng gian. Khi kt thc mi cuc gi cc phn t chuyn
mch dng cho cuc gi s -c gii phng v cc cuc gi tip tip theo
gia cc thu bao khc c th s dng li chng to tuyn mi. Cc thit b
chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t c c im l trn tuyn ni -c thit lp
gia hai thu bao c th truyn tn hiu theo c hai h-ng, ngha l c th phc v
cuc gi song cng trn hai dy v c th cho qua c tn hiu analog v tn hiu
digital, thm ch c tn hiu ri rc PAM.
Nguyn l chuyn mch PAM da trn vic phn chia cc khe thi gian.
Mt phn t chuyn mch c th phc v cho nhiu cuc gi -c tin hnh ng
thi theo nguyn tc cho tn hiu ca cc cuc gi khc nhau qua n trong cc
khe thi gian khc nhau theo tng chu k. Tn hiu qua phn t chuyn mch l
tn hiu -c ri rc ho c chu k lp ca cc xung iu bin bng vi chu k
lp cc khe dnh cho tng mch cho tn hiu ca mi cuc gi i qua. Tuy cc
chuyn mch PAM khng -c p dng mt cch rng ri do nhiu hn ch ca
chng, nh-ng chng cng to nn tng cho cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin hn
sau ny m hin ang -c s dng rng ri l cc chuyn mch s PCM.
Cc xung iu bin ca tn hiu PAM rt mnh (hp), cng sut tn hiu
rt nh, v vy trong truyn dn rt d b tc ng ca cc tn hiu khc lm bin
dng, t , vic khi phc li dng ban u gp nhiu kh khn v k thut PCM
khc phc nh-c im ny rt hiu qu. Trong k thut s ho tn hiu PCM, cc
xung PAM cn tri qua cc cng on l-ng t v m ho. Mi xung iu bin
-c m ho bng mt t hp cc bt t-ng ng v sau chng -c truyn
d-i dng cc t hp bt . Ti u thu, t cc t hp bt thu -c s khi phc
li dng ca tn hiu -c truyn i gn ng vi tn hiu gc. Vic chuyn

mch tn hiu PCM cng -c thc hin theo nguyn l phn khe thi gian. C
cc loi b chuyn mch PCM c bn l chuyn mch thi gian s Tsw-Time
switch v chuyn mch khng gian s Ssw-Space switch, chng khc nhau v
cu to v tnh nng. Mng chuyn mch ca tng tng i -c xy dng trn c
s kt hp cc Tsw v Ssw theo mt trong cc cu hnh T, TS, ST, TST, TSST,
STS, ....

2.2. Chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t
2.2.1 Khi qut v chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t
Cc tng i th-ng -c thit k cho vic chuyn thng tin hai h-ng
(song cng), v d in thoi th-ng truyn tn hiu thu v pht trn cng i dy,
mc d mt vi im ca tuyn truyn dn cc tn hiu h-ng pht v h-ng thu
vn c th -c tch ring phc v vic khuych i lp, tng c ly truyn,
nh-ng nhn chung cc tn hiu thoi ni ring v cc tn hiu t-ng t ni chung
vn th-ng s dng ph-ng thc truyn hai h-ng trn cng i dy. T cc
b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t cng phi c kh nng chuyn mch tn
hiu hai h-ng gia mch in ca thu bao no vi mch in ca thu bao
khc ang lin lc vi n. Chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t to ra tuyn ni
truyn thng tin hai h-ng qua cc phn t chuyn mch ni gia mch in
ca thu bao ny v mch in ca thu bao khc ang lin lc vi n. Cc cuc
lin lc ng thi qua chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t phi -c tin hnh qua
cc tuyn ni ring bit xuyn qua mng chuyn mch khng gian , ngha l
gia cc tuyn ny khng c cc on mch in dng chung.












1
2
N
.
.
1
2
M
.
.
Hnh 2.2 : M hnh chc nng chuyn mch khng gian
C(o,|)
C

u

v

o

(
I
)

C

u

r
a

(
O
)

Cc tn hiu iu khin

Tr-ng chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t c th -c to thnh t mt
hoc nhiu b chuyn mch khng gian c bn theo cc cu trc ghp khc nhau.
S phn t chuyn mch dng to ra mt tuyn ni xuyn qua tr-ng chuyn
mch ca mt tng i ph thuc vo s cp chn, s khu trong mi cp chn v
cch ghp ni cc b chuyn mch. Mi b chuyn mch khng gian c bn -c
k hiu v -c m t chc nng nh- trn hnh 2.2
c im chung ca cc chuyn mch loi ny l:
- S u vo Input v s u ra output c th ging hoc khc nhau.
- Nu c nhiu cuc gi i qua b chuyn mch th phi m bo mt u
vo ch ni vi khng qu mt u ra ngha l cc tn hiu iu khin C(o, |) v
C(x, y) tn ti ng thi khi v ch khi x = o v y= |.

2.2.2 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn mch khng gian c
bn
Nhn chung cc b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t c cu trc ma trn
nh- hnh 2.3
Phn ma trn chuyn mch gm cc u vo 1, 2 ... N v cc u ra
1,2,3.... M, giao im gia mt u ra vi mi u vo l mt phn t chuyn
mch . Nh- vy mi phn t chuyn mch -c dng "ni xuyn" t mt u
vo ti mt u ra c th, V d: phn t chuyn mch 31 dng ni u vo I
1

vi u ra O
3
, cn phn t 25 li dng ni u vo I
5
vi u ra O
2
. Phn iu
khin chuyn mch th-ng l b nh v gii m s liu iu khin -a ra tn
hiu iu khin tng phn t ca ma trn chuyn mch.
Yu cu i vi cc phn t chuyn mch ca b chuyn mch khng gian
t-ng t l khng lm suy hao tn hiu, khng gy xuyn m, khng to ra tp m
nn. iu ny c th hiu n gin l khi trng thi m (ni thng) th tr
khng ca phn t chuyn mch phi cc nh (l t-ng l = 0O), nh- th s
khng lm tn hao tn hiu truyn qua n. Cnkhi trng thi ng(ngt mch,
h mch) phi c tr khng rt ln () tn hiu t mt u vo khng b truyn
ti cc u ra khng mong mun, d ch l rt nh, nh- th tn hiu knh thng
tin ny khng b xuyn sang cuc ni khc.
V d: Khi phn t 32 m th u vo I
2
v u ra O
3
-c ni thng, tn
hiu t u vo I
2
-c truyn ti u ra O
3
hoc ng-c li m khng b suy hao.
Khi cc phn t khc trn hng 2 v ct 3 phi ng hon ton trnh d tn
hiu ra cc cuc gi ang tin hnh ng thi trn cc u vo v u ra khc.



















Gi s phn t 31 b d (tr khng h mch khng ln) th tn hiu ca
cuc gi trn phn t 32 c th b lt ti cuc gi ang tin hnh gia u vo I
1

vi u ra no . Hai ch tiu trn c th biu din thng qua iu kin cn ca
phn t chuyn mch t-ng t l h s chuyn mch.



Ngoi ra cc phn t chuyn mch khi ni mch phi khng gy ra tp m
ni (tp m nn). Tp m nn to ra nhng nhiu ro trong tn hiu, cn tr vic
truyn v thu cc tn hiu hu ch. Cc tp m nn do tip xc ca tip im, cht
l-ng linh kin gy ra.
Cc phn t chuyn mch c th l r le in t, r le ng kn (Heccon),
cc loi bn dn nh- diode, tranzistor ... Mt vi phn t chuyn mch dng trong
cc b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t -c m t trn hnh 2.4
V thc cht phn t chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t l phn t dng
ni thng t mch u vo ti mch u ra khi c tn hiu iu khin ni v lm
h mch khi c tn hiu ngt mch.
Phn iu khin chuyn mch
I
1

I
2

I
3

I
4

I
n

.
.
o
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
m
. .
11
12
13
14
1N
21
22
23
24
2N
31
32
33
34
3N
41
42
43
44
4N
51
52
53
54
5N
Cc u ra
C

u

v

o

M
a

t
r

n

c
h
u
y

n

m

c
h


P
h

n

t

c
h
u
y

n

m

c
h


Hnh 2.3 Cu trc b chuyn mch khng gian c bn
Slk
H=
Tr khng h mch
Tr khng kn mch
>10
8

Cc phn t chuyn mch kiu c in nh- r le in t hoc r le ng kn
th-ng c h s chuyn mch H tt hn so vi cc linh kin bn dn. Tuy nhin
chng c kch th-c ln, tiu th nng l-ng cao hn, iu khin phc tp hn v
tc chuyn mch thp. Do yu cu v tr khng thng v tr khng h mch
nn ch mt s loi linh kin bn dn c th dng lm phn t chuyn mch,
chng tiu th nng l-ng thp, d phi hp vi phn iu khin logic v cc h
thng iu khin dng vi x l.


















Phn iu khin ca b chuyn mch thc hin chc nng phi hp gia
phn iu khin chung vi cc phn t chuyn mch. Tu thuc vo tng loi b
chuyn mch m phn iu khin ny c th c cu trc v tnh nng khc nhau
c v cch thc iu khin, dng tn hiu v mc tn hiu iu khin. Nhn chung
phn iu khin ca b chuyn mch nhn s liu iu khin t phn iu khin
chung v chuyn n thnh tn hiu iu khin -a ti phn t chuyn mch c
th ca b chuyn mch, ngha l n thc hin chc nng nh m v gii m s
liu iu khin .
Theo nguyn l phn knh khng gian, khi tuyn ni cho mt cuc gi
-c thit lp i qua mt b chuyn mch c bn no th phn t chuyn mch
-c dng thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi s b chim t khi bt u thit
Cun
dy

u

v

u

r
a

u iu
khin
Ngun
Phn t chuyn mch bng Rle in t

u

v

u

r
a

u iu
khin
Phn t chuyn mch Heccon
Ngun
u vo

u

r
a

u

k
h
i

n

Phn t chuyn mch
dng Tranzistor
u vo u ra
R1
R2
R3
R4
L1
D1
iu khin
Phn t chuyn mch
dng Diode
Hnh 2.4 Mt s phn t chuyn mch dng trong cc b chuyn mch khng
gian c bn
V+

lp tuyn ni m thoi cho ti khi tuyn ni -c gii phng v n -c
dnh ring cho cuc gi trong sut thi gian tin hnh cuc gi. Cc cuc gi
-c tin hnh ng thi qua b chuyn mch s i qua cc phn t chuyn
mch c lp cho mi cuc gi. Vic truyn tn hiu cn -c tin hnh trn 2
hoc nhiu dy, v vy phn ma trn chuyn mch th-ng gm 2 hoc nhiu lp,
phn t chuyn mch ti mi giao im phi c nhiu cp tip im, mi cp
dng cho mt lp v c chung iu khin hoc mi lp c phn t chuyn mch
ti mi giao im nh-ng cc phn t ca tng giao im cng tn c u iu
khin chung. i vi b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t, khi mt phn t
trng thi ni th tn hiu truyn qua n nh- qua mt im ni dy thng th-ng,
ngha l khng phn bit u vo v u ra, tn hiu -c truyn theo hai h-ng
v nh- th i vi b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t cng khng c khi nim
u vo v u ra ca b chuyn mch. Vic gi l u vo v u ra ca b
chuyn mch ch tin cho vic gii thch theo tin trnh thit lp tuyn ni cho
mi cuc gi ch khng c ngha i vi tn hiu truyn qua b chuyn mch.
Cc quy -c v khi nim chung
*K hiu b chuyn mch khng gian (Xem hnh 2.5)
*Kh thng ca b chuyn mch:


















1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M
K hiu kiu ma trn tip im
1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M
K hiu kiu ma trn giao im
1
2
3
N
1
2
3
M
K hiu kiu quy -c
K hiu kiu b chn
N M
Hnh 2.5 Cc k hiu ca b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t

B chuyn mch tip thng hon ton (ton thng) l b chuyn mch m
mi u vo u c kh nng ni ti u ra bt k. i vi loi b chuyn mch
ny phi c quan h 1:1 gia u vo-phn t chuyn mch-u ra, ngha l trn
giao im gia mt u vo bt k vi mt u ra bt k u phi c phn t
chuyn mch t-ng ng (hnh 2.6a)
B chuyn mch khng ton thng (tip thng khng hon ton) loi ny
khc loi trn l mt s giao im ca ma trn chuyn khng c phn t chuyn
mch. Nh- th mt s u vo khng th ni ti mt s u ra no (hnh 2.6b)
B chuyn mch gp : Nu php ni C(i , j) C (j, i) v C (o, o) 1 th
cc phn t c th tp trung mt pha ca -ng cho chnh trn ma










trn chuyn mch v ta -c b chuyn mch gp vi n(n-1)/2 phn t chuyn
mch nh- hnh (2.6c)
*Kch th-c b chuyn mch
Chuyn mch vung : Khi s u vo v u ra ca b chuyn mch bng
nhau v ton thng
Chuyn mch ch nht : Chuyn mch ton thng nh-ng s u vo v
u ra khc nhau.
Ngoi ra tu thuc vo ng dng c th th s lp ca b chuyn mch
cng c th khc nhau.

2.2.3 Xy dng cc tr-ng chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t trn c s
b chuyn mch c bn
a. Khi qut chung v ng dng chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t
V c bn cc b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t -c ch to xy
dng tr-ng chuyn mch ca cc tng i phn knh theo khng gian. Chng
1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M
a. B chuyn mch ton thng
1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M
b. B chuyn mch khng ton thng
1
2
3
5
5 4 3 1
c. B chuyn mch gp
4
2
Hnh 2.6 Minh ho kh thng ca b chuyn mch khng gian

dng ni mch gia mch in ca thu bao ny vi mch in ca thu bao
khc to ra tuyn truyn tn hiu thoi gia cc thu bao ny khi phc v cuc gi
gia tng cp thu bao vi nhau (chuyn mch ni b), chng cng c th -c
dng to ra cc tuyn ni t cc trung k ti cc thu bao (chuyn mch trung
k) hoc cng c th dng ni mch gia mch in thu bao hoc mch in
trung k vi cc thit b bo hiu nh- cc u tn hiu mi quay s, bo bn, hi
m chung, cc thit b thng bo bng li, cc b thu tn hiu chn s hoc vi
thit b kim tra o th.
Ngy nay, trong cc tng i chuyn mch s a s cc tr-ng chuyn
mch nu trn -c thay bng chuyn mch s, tuy nhin, mt s khu vn
phi s dng cc b chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t. V d : Cc b chuyn
mch kim tra, o th khng th dng chuyn mch s thay th m phi dng cc
chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t th mi c th o -c cc tham s in. Nh-
vy, tu thuc vo lnh vc ng dng ng-i ta xy dng cc tr-ng chuyn mch
khng gian t-ng t c cu trc v kch th-c (dung l-ng) khc nhau, theo cc
ch tiu khc nhau. i vi cc loi tn hiu khc nhau th cn chn cc b
chuyn mch thch hp v cc ch tiu in nh- tr khng ca phn t chuyn
mch, xuyn m, tp m. i vi cc chuyn mch c cc tnh nng khc nhau
th cn xem xt n ch tiu v kh thng ca cu trc chuyn mch. Trong cc
mc tip theo chng ta khng cp ti cc ch tiu in (chng -c chn theo
yu cu c th) m ta ch xem xt cc cu trc ca cc tr-ng chuyn mch, kh
thng ca chng v lnh vc p dng.

b. Tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu
Cc b chuyn mch khng gian c bn th-ng c kch th-c hn ch (s
u vo, s u ra khng ln). Khi cn tr-ng chuyn mch c kch th-c ln
hn, cch n gin nht l ghp cc b chuyn mch c bn li vi nhau theo s
mt khu. Theo s mt khu ta c th ni song song ng tn cc u vo
ca b chuyn mch ny vi cc u vo ca b chuyn mch khc tng s
u ra nh- ch ra trn hnh 2.7a hoc v qui -c trn hnh 2.7b (tm gi l ghp
tng u ra). Cng theo cch ny c th tng s u vo, bng cch chn b
chuyn mch hoc mt tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu khc, c cng s u ra v
cc u ra ny -c ni song song ng tn vi nhau th ta c tr-ng chuyn
mch mt khu mi c s u vo -c m rng bng tng s u vo ca 2
tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu c ( hnh 2.7c,d)




























Nh- th ta c th ghp cc b chuyn mch c bn vi nhau theo cch m
rng c u vo v u ra ta s -c tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu c s u
vo v u ra theo yu cu.
c im ca tr-ng chuyn mch khng gian mt khu l:
-Mi yu cu chuyn mch gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca tr-ng
chuyn mch ch qua mt phn t chuyn mch. V d (xem hnh 2.7c) : ni
u vo 1 vi u ra 3 dng phn t chuyn mch 31 ca b chuyn mch pha
trn, ni u vo N+2 vi u ra 2, dng phn t 22 ca b chuyn mch pha
d-i
-Lun tn ti t-ng quan 1:1 gia u vo-phn t chuyn mch-u ra
nu cc b chuyn mch dng trong s mt khu l cc b chuyn mch ton
1
2
3
M
1
2
3
M'
1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M
1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M'
M+M' u ra
N

u

v

o

a.
1
2
3
N




NxM
NxM'
1
2
3
N
1 2 3 M
1
2
3
N'
1 2 3
M
N
+
N
'

u

v

o

M u ra
1
2
3
N
1
2
3
M




NxM
N'xM
d.
1
2
3
N'
c.
Hnh 2.7 Cc cch ghp c bn xy dng tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu

thng. Ngha l tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu s l ton thng nu cc b
chuyn mch -c dng trong n l cc b chuyn mch ton thng.
* Cc nh-c im c bn ca tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu.
-S phn t chuyn mch tng nhanh khi tng s u vo hoc u ra ca
tr-ng chuyn mch. S phn t chuyn mch ca tr-ng chuyn mch bng tch
ca s u vo vi s u ra
- Khi ni song song nhiu b chuyn mch tng s u vo v u ra
ca tr-ng chuyn mch s gy ra hin t-ng d knh (xuyn m gia cc knh)
c. Tr-ng chuyn mch hai khu
i vi nhng tr-ng chuyn mch nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra, nu xy
dng theo s mt khu s qu tn km do cn nhiu phn t chuyn mch.
Thm vo , vic ni song song nhiu b chuyn mch vi nhau dn n lm
gim tr khng h mnh trn cc phn t chuyn mch v s dn n d tn hiu
gia cc u vo v cc u ra vi nhau lm cho tn hiu b suy gim trn cc
-ng dn chnh v lm tng thm hin t-ng xuyn m gia cc knh ln cn.
khc phc nhng nh-c im trn, cn xy dng cc tr-ng chuyn mch
theo s 2 khu hoc 3 khu.
C rt nhiu nguyn tc u ni s 2 khu, 3 khu. Trong phn ny ch
xem xt nguyn tc u ni n gin nht, l nguyn tc 1:1, ng tn.
Nguyn tc 1:1 ngha l gia mt b chuyn mch khu tr-c vi mi b
chuyn mch khu sau ch c duy nht mt dy trung gian. Nguyn tc ng tn
ngha l cc u ra ca b chuyn mch th i khu tr-c s -c ni ln l-t vo
mi u vo th i ca tng b chuyn mch khu sau. V d (Xem hnh 2.8): Cc
u ra ca b chuyn mch th 1 khu A (k hiu l A1) s -c u ti u vo
th 1 ca tng b chuyn mch khu B theo th t: u ra 1 ca A1 -c ni ti
u vo 1 ca b chuyn mch B1; u ra 2 ca A1 ni vi u vo 1 ca b
chuyn mch B2; u ra 3 ca A1 ni vi u vo 1 ca b chuyn mch B3 ....
u ra | ca A1 ni vi u vo 1 ca b chuyn mch B|. T-ng t nh- th, cc
u ra ca b chuyn mch th 2 khu A (k hiu l A2) s -c u ti u vo
th 2 ca tng b chuyn mch khu B cng theo th t trn . C nh- th cho
ti b chuyn mch cui cng khu A (k hiu l Ao). Cc u ra ca n s -c
u ti u vo th o ca tng b chuyn mch khu B. Nh- vy, tng s u ra
ca cc b chuyn mch khu A phi bng tng s u vo ca cc b chuyn
mch khu B. Nu s u ra ca mi b chuyn mch khu A l | v s b
chuyn mch khu A l o, u ni theo nguyn tc 1:1, ng tn th cn m

bo rng s u vo ca mi b chuyn mch khu B phi l o v s b chuyn
mch khu B phi l |































Theo nguyn tc ny :
- Mi yu cu ni gia mt u vo v mt u ra ca tr-ng chuyn
mch phi i qua mt phn t chuyn mch ca mt b chuyn mch khu A,
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
1
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
2
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
3
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
o
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4
n
b
1
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4
n
b
2
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4
n
B
3
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4
n
b|
Hnh 2.8 S tng qut tr-ng chuyn mch 2 khu
ab11
ab12
ab13
ab1|
ab21
ab22
ab23
ab2|
ab31
abo1
abo2
abo3
abo|
ab3|
ab33
ab32

mt dy trung gian gia khu A v khu B, mt phn t chuyn mch ti mt b
chuyn mch khu B v -ng i l duy nht. V d : ni gia u vo x
ca b chuyn mch Ap ti u ra y ca b chuyn mch Bq th tuyn ni duy
nht l t u vo x(Ap) phn t chuyn mch qx(Ap) u ra q(Ap) dy
trung gian abpq u vo p(Bq) phn t chuyn mch yp(Bq) u ra
y(Bq).
- Do mi b chuyn mch khu A vi tng b chuyn mch khu B ch c
duy nht mt dy trung gian nn ti mi thi im ch c th phc v khng qu
mt php ni t mt trong cc u vo ca b chuyn mch khu A vi mt
trong cc u ra ca cng mt b chuyn mch khu B. V d : Gia A1 v B2
ch c duy nht mt dy trung gian ab12 nn gia cc u vo ca A1 v cc u
ra ca B2 ti mi thi im ch c th thc hin khng qu mt php ni . Gi s
khi dy ab12 phc v cho mt php ni gia u vo 3A1 vi u ra 2B2, nu
xut hin mt yu cu ni khc gia u vo 4A1 vi u ra 3B2 th yu cu mi
s b t chi do khng cn -ng dy trung gian gia A1 v B2 phc v,
mc d cc dy trung gian khc nh- ab11, ab13.... ab1| c th vn ri, nh-ng
chng khng dn ti B2. Ng-i ta gi hin t-ng ny l gi ht do thiu -ng
trung gian, hay l tn tht ni ca tr-ng chuyn mch .
trnh hin t-ng gi ht cn phi to ra cc tuyn ni linh ng hn
gia cc u vo v cc u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch v iu ny c th thc
hin -c nh cc s nhiu khu. lm r vn ny ta xem xt cc tr-ng
chuyn mch khng gian 3 khu.

d. Tr-ng chuyn mch ba khu
Trn hnh 2.9 l tr-ng chuyn mch khng gian 3 khu -c xy dng
theo nguyn tc 1:1, ng tn nh- trnh by mc trn. Nhn vo s ny ta
nhn thy rng mi yu cu ni gia mt u vo ca tr-ng chuyn mch vi
mt u ra ca n phi i qua 3 khu A, B, C v khi qua mi khu phi i qua 1
b chuyn mch no . Ngha l, mi yu cu chuyn mch s -c thc hin
qua 3 b chuyn mch 3 khu v 2 dy trung gian gia khu A ti khu B v
gia khu B ti khu C. Tuy nhin, trong tr-ng hp ny ch c b chuyn mch
khu A v khu C c cha u vo v u ra ca yu cu chuyn mch s l ni
m tuyn ni theo yu cu trn buc phi i qua. Cn bt k b chuyn mch no
ca khu B cng c th -c dng phc v yu cu ni min sao cc dy
trung gian ab v bc t b chuyn mch ca khu B ti b chuyn mch u
vo khu A v b chuyn mch ra khu C theo yu cu l ang ch-a b dng

phc v yu cu ni khc. T , mi yu cu chuyn mch c th -c thc
hin theo nhiu tuyn ni khc nhau qua tr-ng chuyn mch 3 khu v cng t
gia cc u vo ca mt b chuyn mch khu A no vi cc u ra ca
cng mt b chuyn mch khu C c th phc v ng thi nhiu cuc ni ( s |)






























V d : Nu cuc ni gia u vo 2A1 vi u ra nC2 -c thc hin theo
tuyn 1.
bc11
bc12
bc13
bc1
bc21
bc22
bc23
bc2
bc31
bc|1
bc|3
bc|
bc3
bc33
bc32
Hnh 2.9 S tng qut tr-ng chuyn mch 3 khu
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
1
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
2
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
3
1
2
3
4
m
1
2
3
4
|
A
o

1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4

b
1
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4

b
2
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4

B
3
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
4

b|
ab11
ab12
ab13
ab1|
ab2
1
ab22
ab23
ab2|
ab31
abo1
abo2
abo3
abo
ab3|
ab33
ab32
1
2
3
4
n
c
1
1
2
3
4
n
c
2
1
2
3
4
n
c
3
1
2
3
4
n
c
1
2
3
4
|
1
2
3
4
|
1
2
3
4
|
1
2
3
4
|
bc|2

Tuyn 1 : u vo 2A1u ra 1A1dy trung gian ab11 u vo
1B1u ra 2B1dy trung gian bc12 u vo 1C2 u ra nC2
Nu xut hin yu cu ni gia u vo 3A1 vi u ra 1C2 th c th
thc hin theo tuyn 2
Tuyn 2 : u vo 3 A1u ra 2A1dy trung gian ab12 u vo
1B2u ra 2B2dy trung gian bc22 u vo 2C2 u ra 1C2 hoc c th
i qua cc b chuyn mch trung gian B3, B4, , B|

Tm li:
* S 3 khu cho php to tuyn ni linh ng khi cn thc hin mt yu
cu chuyn mch no .
* S 3 khu cho php thc hin nhiu yu cu ni ng thi gia mt
nhm u vo khu A vi cc u ra cng nhm khu C. hai c im ny lm
cho s 3 khu gim -c ng k kh nng gi ht so vi s 2 khu.

Quy tc chung xy dng tr-ng chuyn mch nhiu khu
xy dng tr-ng chuyn mch nhiu khu theo nguyn tc 1:1, ng
tn th quan h gia cc b chuyn mch khu tr-c vi cc b chuyn mch
khu tip sau phi tun theo nguyn tc.
- S u ra ca mi b chuyn mch khu tr-c phi bng s b chuyn
mch khu sau.
- S u vo ca cc b chuyn mch khu sau bng s b chuyn mch
khu tr-c.
V d : Xem hnh 2.9 nu s b chuyn mch khu B l | th mi b
chuyn mch khu A phi c | u ra, cn mi b chuyn mch khu C phi c
| u vo. Khu A c o b chuyn mch vy nn mi b chuyn mch khu B
phi c o u vo.
T nguyn tc u ni 1:1, ng tn ny c th bin tu thnh nhiu
nguyn tc u ni c qui lut hoc bt qui lut khc tu thuc vo yu cu thit
k. Trong cc tng i, n gin vic chn tuyn, nn p dng cc nguyn tc
u ni c qui lut.
Hnh 2.10 cho mt s tham kho ca loi tr-ng chuyn mch c qui
lut.



















Hnh 2.10: Tr-ng chuyn mch 3 khu u cho

* c im ca cc cu trc chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t v kh nng
ng dng ca tng cu trc
- S mt khu c s phn t chuyn mch ln nht nh-ng n gin nht
v khng c tn tht ni.
- xy dng tr-ng chuyn mch kch th-c cho tr-c, s 2 khu cn
dng t phn t chuyn mch nht, tuy nhin tn tht ni cao nht.
- S phn t chuyn mch cn s dng trong s ba khu nhiu hn
trong hai khu nh-ng t hn so vi trong s mt khu cho tr-ng chuyn
mch cng s u vo v u ra. Tn tht ni gim hn so vi s hai khu.

Tuy nhin, cc nhn xt trn y ch ng trong tr-ng hp s u vo v
u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch ln v -c phn nhm hp l, cc tr-ng hp
khc kt qu c th ng-c li.
Do tnh cht v kh thng ca mi cu trc chuyn mch l khc nhau nn
lnh vc p dng cng khc nhau.
1
2
3
m
a1
1
2
3
m
a2
1
2
3
m
a3
1
2
3
m
a4
1
2
3
n
c1
1
2
3
n
c2
1
2
3
n
c3
1
2
3
n
c4
B1
b2
b3
b4

Loi tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu th-ng -c p dng cp chn m
s u vo v s u ra chnh lch nhau nhiu, nh- chn thit b kim tra o th
(cc u vo l cc mch thu bao, cc u ra l cc thit b o). Cng c th s
dng s ny chn trung k gi ra, gi vo (s trung k rt t so vi s thu
bao) hoc chn cc b thu pht bo hiu -ng dy thu bao.
Loi tr-ng chuyn mch hai khu c tn tht ni cao v vy nn s dng
trong cc cp chn mang tnh t do (ch c mt a ch bt buc, mt a ch c
th chn t do, v d nu u vo l bt buc th c th chn u ra bt k hoc
ng-c li). N thch hp vi cp chn s b hoc cp chn nhm trong cc tng
i dung l-ng ln.
Tr-ng chuyn mch ba khu c tn tht ni c th iu chnh -c khi
thay i h s nn-dn ca cc khu do c th t -c cht l-ng dch v
QoS-Quality of service theo yu cu v hiu qu kinh t mong mun, n th-ng
-c p dng cc cp chn m c hai a ch u l bt buc (a ch u vo v
a ch u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch i vi mi yu cu l cc a ch bt
buc) v d: trong cp chn -ng dy thu bao b gi, khi a ch u vo c
th l a ch mch in thu bao ch gi hoc knh u vo cn a ch ra l
mch in thu bao b gi.














Hnh 2.11 ch ra s cu trc chung cho cc tng i dung l-ng ln.
Dung l-ng ca tng i -c chia thnh cc nhm, mi nhm c t vi chc ti
vi trm thu bao. Cc cp chn thit b o th, kim tra hoc chn trung k c
th dng cc tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu. Cp chn s b, chn nhm c th
Chn
trung k
Ti cc
trung k

Thit b
bo hiu

Thit b
bo hiu
Thit b
kim tra
Thit b
kim tra
Chn thu bao b gi
Chn thu bao b gi
Chn nhm
Chn
s b
Chn
s b
Chn nhm
Hnh 2.11: S khi cc tr-ng chuyn mch trong tng i phn knh
khng gian

dng tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu hoc hai khu, cn cp chn -ng dy dng
tr-ng chuyn mch ba khu. Trong cc tng i dung l-ng trung bnh v dung
l-ng nh cc cp chn c th kt hp li vi nhau v n gin ho cu trc ca
tng i.
B chn trung k ni thu bao vi trung k trong cc cuc gi vo v
gi ra. B chn o th, kim tra ni cc thit b kim tra o th vi cc -ng
dy thu bao hoc trung k. Cc b chn ny c s u vo v u ra rt chnh
lch nhau, v vy tt nht nn dng cc tr-ng chuyn mch mt khu. Cp chn
s b t ng ni thu bao ti cc thit b bo hiu nh- cc b to m mi quay
s, hi m chung, bo bn, hoc b thu cc tn hiu chn s. Cc thit b bo
hiu th-ng gm mt s loi, mi loi c vi b. Khi c yu cu chn mt loi
no ni vi mt -ng dy th cp chn ny c th chn mt trong s cc
b thuc loi yu cu. Ngha l c th chn t do gia mt s u ra ca cp
chn, do vy y nn p dng loi tr-ng chuyn mch hai khu t hiu
qu cao. Cng t-ng t nh- vy i vi cp chn nhm, cc u ra t mt b
chn nhm th-ng c mt s u ra cng ti b chn -ng dy ca cng mt
nhm, do cng c th chn t do mt trong s cc u ra . i vi tr-ng
chuyn mch chn -ng dy thu bao th c hai a ch u vo v u ra u l
bt buc nn ch c th p dng loi tr-ng chuyn mch khng tn tht hoc tn
tht nh (mt khu hoc ba khu).
Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh in t, kch th-c ca cc b chuyn
mch khng gian t-ng t ngy cng -c thu nh, dung l-ng -c tng cao v
tch hp kh nng iu khin mm do, cng vi tc chuyn mch cao cho
php ch to cc tr-ng chuyn mch gn nh, tiu th ngun thp v vi cc ch
tiu k thut tt hn v khng ch p dng trong cc tng i phn knh khng
gian m cn -c p dng trong mt s khu ca cc tng i hin i v mt s
lnh vc k thut khc.











2.3 iu ch bin xung (PAM-Pulse Amplitude
Modulation) v chuyn mch thi gian i vi tn
hiu ri rc
2.3.1 Nguyn l iu bin xung v -u th phn knh theo thi gian












nh lut Kocheniskov pht biu rng : i vi tn hiu lin tc c tn s
cc i l Fmax th khng cn truyn lin tc tn hiu m ch cn truyn gi tr
tc thi ca tn hiu ti cc thi im cch u nhau sao cho tn s ri rc ho
ln hn 2Fmax. Ti u thu, c th ti to li tn hiu t-ng i chnh xc trn c
s cc gi tr ri rc thu -c. Hnh 2.12 th hin nguyn l ny.
Pha u thu t chui xung PAM nhn -c phi to li -ng bao cho tn
hiu. Do u pht tn hiu b ri rc ho nn nng l-ng tn hiu b suy hao
ng k, v vy u thu vic ti to li dng ca tn hiu cng ng ngha vi
vic b li nng l-ng mt do ri rc ho. Do tn hiu -c ri rc ho v
-c truyn khng lin tc nn trong khong thi gian gia hai xung PAM ca
mt ngun tn hiu c th truyn xen cc xung PAM ca cc ngun tn hiu khc
trn cng mt -ng truyn nh- th hin trn hnh 2.13
Hnh 2.13 th hin nguyn l phn knh theo thi gian. Bn pht, cc kho
EK va l phn t iu ch va l phn t nh thi pht. Bn thu cc kho EK' l
phn t nh thi thu. Cc kho EKi v EKi' -c ng m ng b bi cc tn
hiu nhp Ni to nn s phn chia -ng truyn theo thi gian. Ti khe thi gian
th nht cc kho EK1 v EK1' -c m, tn hiu -c truyn t ngun 1 n
ch thu 1. Cc kho ny b ng trong cc khe khc ca chu k. Ti khe thi
gian th hai cc kho EK2 v EK2' -c m truyn tn hiu ca knh 2 sau
Kho
Tn hiu lin tc
u vo
Dy xung
nhp
Dy xung PAM
u ra
Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l iu ch bin xung

chng li -c ng li. C tun t nh- th ti khe thi gian m cc kho EKm v
EKm' -c m truyn tn hiu gia ngun v ch m. Sau qu trnh trn li
-c lp li theo chu k. Nh- vy cc kho -c m trong khong thi gian ca
khe dnh cho knh t-ng ng. Ta k hiu rng khe thi gian l t
x
v n cng
chnh l rng ca mi xung PAM. Cc kho c ng m tun t nh- vy sau
mi chu k T.






















Thng th-ng trong h thng phn knh thi gian i vi tn hiu PAM
chu k T c th nhn cc gi tr 80 s, 100 s, 125 s t-ng ng vi tn s ri rc
F
LM
l 12,5 KHz, 10 KHz v 8 KHz. C th cm nhn rng F
LM
cng cao th s
xung PAM ca mi ngun tn hiu cng ln, do tn hiu ti to li cng gn
vi tn hiu gc, tuy nhin khi chu k T li cng nh do hoc l phi gim
s knh m bo cht l-ng tn hiu hoc l phi gim thi gian xung m
bo s knh. Nh- vy, lun tn ti s rng buc gia tn s ri rc ho tn hiu,
s knh v rng xung.
ek1
ek2
ek3
ekm
nm
n3
n2
n1
ek'1
n1
ek'2
n2
ek'3
n3
ek'm
nm
B lc
B lc
B lc
B lc
Hnh 2.13: Nguyn l phn knh theo thi gian.

Trong phn knh theo thi gian, do c tnh -ng truyn tn ti qu trnh
qu , v vy, trnh xuyn m gia cc knh ln cn th gia cc khe thi
gian knh cn c khong thi gian phng v t
r
, ngha l gia cc xung PAM ca
cc knh s l cc khong trng. S knh trong h thng phn knh thi gian
-c xc nh theo biu thc.

(2.1)

Suy hao tn hiu do ri rc -c xc nh theo biu thc

(2..2)


Trong thc t t
x
th-ng ly trong khong (0,5 10 s), cn t
r
trong khong
(0,53s). Nu T
LM
=125s (F
LM
=8KHz) v nu t
x
=0,75s, t
r
=0,5s, th s knh
s l 100 v suy hao l 22,2dB; cn nu ly t
x
= 2s v t
r
= 0,5s th s knh
s ch l 50 knh v suy hao tn hiu 17,9 dB. Qua biu thc (3.1) v (3.2)
cng thy r s lin quan rng buc gia tn s ri rc ho tn hiu, s knh v
nng l-ng tn hiu PAM.
- Tng tn s ri rc th s mu tn hiu ca mi ngun s tng, t d
khi phc tn hiu. Tuy nhin, nu tng tn s ri rc m vn gi nguyn s knh
th phi gim t
x
v t
r
dn n kh thu tn hiu PAM v c th lm tng xuyn
knh, ngha l kh khi phc -c tn hiu gc.
- Nu khng thay i tn s ri rc m mun tng s knh th phi gim
cc gi tr t
x
hoc t
r
, cng c ngha l lm gim cht l-ng truyn tn hiu. V vy
cn phi cn i gia cc i l-ng ny t s hi ho gia tn s ly mu ,
rng xung PAM v s knh.
2.3.2 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy dng trung k m tn
a.i vi cuc gi trong cng nhm
Gii php k thut ca ph-ng php ny l dng b trung k m tn gi
chm cc xung PAM t khe thi gian ca thu bao pht ti khe thi gian ca thu
bao thu theo mi h-ng. Nh- vy s to ra mt dy gi chm tn hiu theo mi
h-ng. Trong lin lc song cng c hai h-ng truyn ng thi cho mi cuc gi
v do vy mi b trung k m tn cn c hai dy gi chm tn hiu. Cc phn t
trong dy gi chm tn hiu bao gm van V l kho in t khng ch thi gian
dB
t
T
10lg a
x
=
r
t
x
t
T
V
+
=

thu tn hiu PAM ca knh cn phc v; b gii m iu ch D dng b nng
l-ng cho xung PAM nhn -c, to li -ng bao lin tc gi chm ti khe
thi gian chuyn tip, phn t iu ch va l kho in t M khng ch thi gian
pht tn hiu PAM v to li xung PAM.
Mch in mi thu bao cng bao gm cc phn t: B iu ch M va l
kho in t, b gii iu ch D v van V cng vi b sai ng H. B sai ng
dng chuyn i kiu truyn dn song cng 2 dy pha -ng dy thnh kiu
truyn 4 dy thu/pht ring pha bn trong tng i. Mi mch in thu bao
-c gn mt tn hiu nhp N c tn s nhp bng tn s ri rc ho tn hiu v
lch pha nhau s nguyn ln khe thi gian. Ngha l tn hiu nhp N ca mi thu
bao qui nh khe thi gian m b iu ch M v kho V ca thu bao dng
cho vic pht v thu tn hiu PAM.



















Cc phn t ca trung k m tn khi phc v mt cuc gi no mi
-c cp cp tn hiu nhp t-ng ng ca cp thu bao m n phc v. Nh- vy,
tn hiu nhp cho cc thu bao -c gn c nh (thu bao x t-ng ng nhp N
x
,
thu bao y t-ng ng nhp N
y
). Cn i vi cc trung k m tn th cc tn hiu
nhp s ch -c gn khi chng phc v mt cuc gi no .

tbx
Hx
Mx
Vx Dx
Nx
T R

tby
Hy
My
Vy Dy
Ny
DA VA
DB VB
MA
MB
NA
=
Nx
B trung k
m tn
Hnh 2.14 Chuyn mch PAM 4dy dng trung k m tn, cng nhm
NB
=
Ny

Gi s cn phc v cuc gi gia thu bao X v thu bao Y th phn iu
khin s chn mt trong cc b trung k m tn ca nhm phc v. Nhp N
x
s
-c gn cho mt pha ca trung k m tn v u kia s -c gn nhp N
y
(nh-
trn hnh 2.14).
Nh- vy cp tn hiu nhp ca trung k m tn -c gn trng vi cp
nhp ca hai thu bao m n phc v.
Ta xem xt h-ng truyn tn hiu t thu bao x sang thu bao y.
* Ti khe thi gian TSx (Time slot x) : Tn hiu t thu bao x Hx Mx
T V
A
D
A
nh ti trung k m tn.
* Ti khe thi gian TSy: Tn hiu t trung k m tn M
B
R V
y

D
y
Hy Thu bao y.
T-ng t xem xt h-ng truyn tn hiu t thu bao y n thu bao x.
* Ti TSy : Tn hiu t thu bao y Hy MyTV
B
D
B
v -c nh
ti nh ti trung k m tn.
* Ti TSx : Tn hiu t trung k m tn qua M
A
RVx Dx Hx
thu bao x.
Nu xt v thi gian gi chm thng tin th h-ng t thu bao x sang thu
bao y thng tin s b gi chm t khe thi gian x ti khe thi gian y, cn theo
h-ng ng-c li t thu bao y sang thu bao x th thng tin s b gi chm t khe
thi gian y ti khe thi gian x v gi s khe thi gian x tr-c khe thi gian y
(y>x) th khong thi gian gi chm thng tin t x ti y l
(y-x)(t
x
+t
r
) = (y-x)t
TS
(2.3)
khong thi gian gi chm thng tin t y ti x l
(N-y+x) (t
x
+t
r
) = (N-y+x) t
TS
(2.4)
tng thi gian gi chm thng tin c hai h-ng l
(N-y+x + y-x) t
TS
= N t
TS
= T
Trong cc biu thc trn x v y l th t cc khe thi gian, t
TS
rng ca
mt khe bao gm thi gian xung t
x
v thi gian trng t
r
, N l s khe thi gian ca
mt chu k v T l chu k ly mu. T ta thy thng tin b gi chm theo c
hai h-ng ng bng mt chu k ly mu v do vy mi trung k m tn ch c
th phc v duy nht mt cuc gi ti mi thi im t khi bt u ti khi kt
thc cuc gi. phc v ng thi nhiu cuc gi gia cc thu bao trong
nhm phi c nhiu b trung k m tn. S trung k m tn cho mi nhm -c
chn tu thuc vo l-u l-ng cuc gi trong nhm ti gi cao im.

b. i vi cuc gi khc nhm
Hnh 2.15 m t qu trnh phc v cuc gi gia cc thu bao khc nhm.
Cc thu bao -c chia thnh cc nhm, mi nhm u c cc thanh T, R (tuyn
pht v thuyn thu) ca ring nhm . Ngoi ra, trong tng i cn c cc cp
thanh pht T*, thanh thu R* lin nhm phc v cc cuc gi gia cc thu bao
khc nhm. Gia thanh T v R ca tng nhm vi T*, R* c cc van trung gian
Z
T
v Z
R
phc v cc cuc gi lin nhm.




















Khi phc v cuc gi lin nhm gia TB
X
nhm 1 vi TB
y
nhm 2 chng
hn, phn iu khin s chn mt b trung k m tn lin nhm cho cuc gi
v gn nhp ca hai thu bao -c phc v cho cc phn t chuyn mch trung
gian, l:
- Gn nhp N
X
cho u N
G1
v N
A
ni T
1
vi T*, R
1
vi R*, v ni trung
k m tn vi T*, R* trong nhp N
X
(khe TS
x
).
- Gn nhp N
y
cho u N
G2
v N
B
ni T
2
vi T*, R
2
vi R*, v ni trung
k m tn vi T*, R* trong nhp N
y
(khe TS
y
).

tbx
nhm1
Hx
Mx
Vx Dx
Nx

tby
nhm 2
Hy
My
Vy Dy
Ny
T* R*
DA VA
DB VB
MA
MB
NA
B trung k
m tn
lin nhm
Hnh 2.15 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy lin nhm dng trung k m tn
T1 R1
T2 R2
Z1T
Z1R
Z2T
Z2R
NG1
NG2
NB

Xem xt h-ng truyn thng tin t TB
X
nhm 1 sang TB
y
nhm 2:
*Ti TS
x
: Tn hiu t TB
X
nhm 1H
X
M
X
T
1
Z
1T
T*V
A
D
A

gi chm trong trung k m tn lin nhm ti TS
Y
.
*Ti TS
Y
: Tn hiu t b trung k m tn lin nhm M
B
R* Z
2R

R
2
V
y
D
y
H
y
TB
y
.
H-ng truyn thng tin t TB
y
nhm 2 sang TB
X
nhm 1:
*Ti TS
y
: Tn hiu t TB
y
nhm 2 H
y
M
y
T
2
Z
2T
T
1
*V
B
D
B

gi chm trong trung k m tn lin nhm ti khe TS
X
.
*Ti TS
X
: Tn hiu t b trung k m tn lin nhm M
A
R* Z
1R

R
1
V
x
D
x
H
x
TB
x
nhm 1.
Trong tr-ng hp ny tng thi gian gi chm thng tin trong trung k m
tn lin nhm cho c hai h-ng truyn thng tin cng bng mt chu k ly mu,
do vy mi trung k lin nhm ch phc v -c duy nht mt cuc gi ng thi
ti mi thi im. Trn c s thng k l-u l-ng cc cuc gi lin nhm t
xc nh s b trung k m tn lin nhm cn dng trong mi tng i c th.
Cng theo phn tch ny mi u N
A
, N
B
ch c th nhn mt tn hiu nhp khi
phc v mt cuc gi lin nhm c th.
Cc van trung gian nhp Z
T
, Z
R
ca cc nhm l cc phn t dng chung
phc v cho nhiu cuc gi ca nhm vi cc nhm khc, v vy tn hiu nhp
cho cp van ny c th nhn nhiu khe m tu thuc cc cuc gi m n phc v
ng thi.
2.3.3 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy khng dng trung k m tn
a. i vi cuc gi trong cng nhm
Theo ph-ng thc ny cc thu bao khi khng tham gia cuc gi th ch-a
c tn hiu nhp -a n cc phn t trong mch in thu bao ca chng, ch khi
mt thu bao tham gia cuc gi vi thu bao khc th tn hiu nhp mi -c -a
ti n. phc v cc cuc gi gia cc thu bao trong nhm ng-i ta dng mt
van trung gian Z truyn tn hiu t tuyn pht T sang tuyn thu R ti cc khe
thi gian m cc cuc gi ny tin hnh.
Khi phc v cuc gi gia hai thu bao x v y no trong cng nhm,
phn iu khin s chn cp khe thi gian N
p
v N
q
gn cc phn t trong
mch in ca thu bao x v y, ng thi cng gn cc khe ny ti phn t Z. Cc
khe ny -c gn sao cho cc tn hiu PAM t b iu ch M
x
ca TB
x
s -c

chuyn ti thanh T, sau qua van Z ti thanh R vo mch thu ca TB
y
qua
van V
y
trong nhp N
p
, cn h-ng ng-c li t b iu ch M
y
ti thanh T, sau
qua van Z ti thanh R ri qua van V
X
vo mch thu ca thu bao x -c thc hin
trong khe thi gian N
q
.




















Cp khe thi gian phc v cho tng cuc gi -c chn theo mt trong 3
nguyn tc sau:
- Chn t do (p v q khng ph thuc nhau)
- Chn lin tip (q = p +1)
- Chn cch mt na chu k ly mu (q = p +n/2, trong n l tng s khe
thi gian trong mt chu k ly mu).
Chn t do s linh hot hn trong s dng cc khe thi gian nh-ng phc
tp hn trong iu khin. Chn theo qui lut s n gin hn cho vic iu khin
v khi phc v mi yu cu ni song h-ng ch cn thc hin mt php chn.
b. i vi cuc gi khc nhm
phc v cuc gi cho gia tng cp nhm, dng hai van trung gian
ni T ca nhm ny vi R ca nhm kia v ng-c li. Do thu bao hai nhm
Hnh 2.16 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy khng dng trung k m tn, cng
nhm

tbx
Hx
Mx
Vx Dx
Np

tby
Hy
My
Vy Dy
T R
Z
Np, Nq
Nq
Nq
Np

khc nhau nn mi cuc gi ch cn dng mt tn hiu nhp nh- trn hnh 2.17.
Trong khe thi gian nhp N
p
chn cc van Z
12
v Z
21
u m, tn hiu t
TB
X
nhm 1 s t tuyn pht T
1
qua van Z
12
-a sang tuyn thu nhm 2 R
2

vo mch thu ca TB
y
nhm 2, cn tn hiu t nhm TB
y
nhm 2 s t tuyn T
2

qua van Z
21
ti tuyn thu R
1
ri vo mch thu ca TB
X
nhm 1.


















2.3.4 So snh nguyn l chuyn mch PAM 4 dy dng trung k m tn
v nguyn l chuyn mch PAM 4 dy khng dng trung k m tn
- Ph-ng php dng trung k m tn cho php mi thu bao trong mi nhm
c mt khe thi gian ring do khng cn gn khe thi gian chuyn
mch cho chng khi chng tham gia cuc gi no . Tuy nhin, vic gn
cng khe thi gian cho mi thu bao lm cho dung l-ng ca mi nhm
khng v-t qu tng s khe thi gian trong mi chu k ly mu.
- Ph-ng php khng dng trung k m tn gn ng khe thi gian nhp cho
thu bao khi tham gia cuc gi do d dng tng hoc gim s thu bao
trong nhm nh-ng n cng i hi mt gii php kh phc tp cung cp
cc tn hiu nhp cho cc thu bao v cc phn t trung gian.
- Ph-ng php dng trung k m tn s dng chuyn mch thi gian t-ng

tbx
nhm1
Hx
Mx
Vx Dx
Np

tby
nhm 2
Hy
My
Vy Dy
T
1
R
1

Z
12
Np
Np
T
2

R
2

Z
21
Hnh 2.17 Chuyn mch PAM 4 dy lin nhm, khng dng trung k m tn

t theo nguyn l gi chm xung PAM cn ph-ng php khng dng
trung k m tn v thc cht l chuyn mch khng gian tc ng nhanh
theo nhp thi gian.
- Nguyn l khng dng trung k m tn c th -a n mt s n
gin nu nh- s thu bao t ch t chc thnh mt nhm, nhp chung tuyn
pht v tuyn thu nh- trn hnh 2.18
.













2.3.5 Chuyn mch PAM 2 dy
Mch in thu bao kh n gin, bao gm mt bin p Tr, b lc thng
thp F, t in C v mt van V. Cc kho V ca cc mch in thu











Hnh 2.19 Nguyn l chuyn mch PAM 2 dy


tbx
Hx
Mx
Vx Dx
Np

tby
Hy
My
Vy Dy
Nq
Hnh 2.18 Chuyn mch PAM 4dy mt nhm, khng dng trung k m tn
Nq
Np
F
P
L
P

C
P

V
P
TB
P

F
Q
L
Q

C
Q

V
Q
TB
Q

N
i

N
i

T&R
Tr
P



bao -c ni ti tuyn thu pht chung T, t in C -c dng b nng l-ng.
Cc kho V cng khng -c cp tr-c tn hiu nhp. Phn iu khin s chn v
-a tn hiu nhp ti kho V khi thu bao tham gia cuc gi.
Gi s phc v cuc gi gia TB
P
v TB
Q
phn iu khin chn khe thi
gian nhp N
i
cp cho 2 kho V
P
v V
Q
. Trong cc khe thi gian khc nhp N
i
,
thanh T&R -c dng cho cc cuc gi khc, khi V
P
v V
Q
u ng. Ti
nhp N
i
c hai van V
P
v V
Q
u m thng tn hiu hai mch in thu bao P
v thu bao Q sang nhau. Cc t in C
P
v C
Q
tch lu nng l-ng tn hiu khi
cc van V
P
v V
Q
ng v nng l-ng s -c phng sang nhau b xung
nng l-ng hu ch khi cc van V
P
v V
Q
m.
Theo nguyn l chuyn mch PAM th nng l-ng ting ni b suy hao
ng k do b ri rc ho nh- cp biu thc (2..2) v nh h-ng ti cht
l-ng truyn dn, v vy cn p dng gii php mch b nng l-ng. Trn s
2.19 s dng cun cm L v t in C to thnh khung cng h-ng. Dao ng
ring ca khung -c iu chnh sao cho chu k ca n bng vi thi gian thng
tn hiu qua kho V, nh- vy trong khong thi gian m kho V nng l-ng tn
hiu tch lu trn t C pha thu bao ny s -c truyn khng tn hao sang
mch in thu bao pha kia v ng-c li.
Nhn chung chuyn mch PAM 2 dy cho s ng dng n gin hn so
vi chuyn mch PAM 4 dy, tuy nhin cht l-ng tn hiu cng km hn chuyn
mch 4 dy. Mc d p dng cc gii php k thut b suy hao tn hiu do ri
rc ho nh-ng rt kh c th t -c cht l-ng nh- kiu 4 dy.
Nguyn l chuyn mch PAM 2 dy cng c th cho php t chc cc
thu bao ca tng i thnh cc nhm. Lin lc gia cc thu bao cng nhm nh-
m t trn y, cn phc v lin lc gia cc thu bao khc nhm ng-i ta
s dng cc van trung gian ni thanh T&R ca nhm ny vi thanh T&R ca
nhm khc to ra mi lin kt gia cc nhm vi nhau.
***
V nguyn l, chuyn mch khng gian t-ng t to ra tuyn ni lin tc
t mch in ca thu bao gi ti mch in ca thu bao b gi sut t khi bt
u n khi kt thc cuc gi v tuyn ni hon ton c lp vi cc tuyn ni
phc v cc cuc gi khc ang tin hnh ng thi vi n gia cc thu bao
khc, do vy i hi rt nhiu phn t chuyn mch. Chuyn mch PAM cng l
mt dng chuyn mch t-ng t nh-ng n ri rc ho tn hiu tr-c khi
chuyn mch v i vi mi cuc gi ch s dng mt hoc mt cp khe thi gian
chuyn mch tn hiu gia hai thu bao v vy n cho php nhiu cuc gi c
th dng chung mt s phn t chuyn mch ti cc khe thi gian dnh ring cho

tng cuc gi v do thit b ca n gn nh hn, tuy nhin cht l-ng tn hiu
cng km hn so vi ph-ng thc chuyn mch khng gian.


2.4 Khi qut chung v cng ngh PCM v k thut
chuyn mch s
2.4.1 Nhng li th c bn ca s kt hp gia truyn dn s v chuyn
mch s
1. Li th v cht l-ng tn hiu: Trong thng tin, cht l-ng tn hiu l
mt trong cc ch tiu k thut quan trng nht. i vi tn hiu t-ng t,
m bo tn hiu khng b mo dng d-i tc ng ca cc ngun nhiu qu l
mt vic rt kh. Khi truyn dn v chuyn mch tn hiu t-ng t s b tc ng
ca nhiu iu bin k sinh, b suy hao. khi phc dng tn hiu v b li
nng l-ng b suy hao th cn phi lc v khuch i. Do khng th lc ht nhiu
iu bin v bn thn cc php lc cng lm mo dng tn hiu nn sau nhiu ln
khuch i nh- vy t s S/N s gim ng k, tp m b tch lu do khuch i
lp nhiu ln, s lm gim cht l-ng tn hiu.



Tn hiu
sau chng
th nht
Tn hiu
sauchng
th hai
B lp
B lp
Tn hiu
sau lp
Tn hiu
sau lp
Tn hiu
gc
Tn hiu
b mo
Tn hiu
b mo
Tn hiu
b mo
B lp B lp B lp
Tn hiu
sau lp
a. Tc ng ca nhiu khi truyn tn hiu t-ng t
b. Tc ng ca nhiu khi truyn tn hiu s
Hnh 2.20 Tc ng trn -ng truyn i vi tn hiu t-ng t v tn hiu s


i vi tn hiu s ch c hai gi tr " 0" v "1" v c th -c iu ch
truyn trn -ng truyn bng cc dng tn hiu khc nhau (m -ng truyn).
Khi truyn i xa cng c th b tc ng ca nhiu lm mo dng, lm suy gim
nh-ng gi tr ca chng d dng nhn bit -c v khi phc li nh- ban u.
T m cht l-ng cuc gi ni ht ca h thng t-ng t khc hn so
vi cht l-ng cuc gi -ng di. Cn trong h thng s khng c s khc bit
. Ngha l h thng s lm ci thin ng k cht l-ng ca cc cuc gi -ng
di.
2. H tr gia chuyn mch v truyn dn: Nu trong h thng s dng k
thut chuyn mch t-ng t v k thut truyn dn t-ng t hoc k thut truyn
dn s hay xen k gia chuyn mch s vi cc tuyn truyn dn t-ng, s th
gia chuyn mch vi truyn dn rt kh h tr ln nhau, chuyn mch nh- nh
my bn trong tng i, cn truyn dn nh- nh my bn ngoi. Ti giao tip
gia truyn dn v chuyn mch th-ng phi tin hnh cc php chuyn i tn
hiu, ghp tch knh cho ph hp vi mi k thut mi pha. V d : u ra
tng i ti tuyn truyn dn phi iu ch tn hiu cho ph hp vi k thut
truyn dn, phi ghp knh. Cn trn giao din gia tuyn truyn dn vi u vo
tng i li phi tch knh v gii iu ch. i vi h thng s hon ton
(chuyn mch s v truyn dn s) rt nhiu cng on ca truyn dn -c
thc hin ngay trong cc tng i. Truyn dn ch cn vic m ho v gii m
-ng truyn v gii quyt cc khu lp. Hnh.2.21 cho ta thy s khc bit ny.
Hnh 2.21 cho thy, nu cc trung tm chuyn mch p dng k thut
chuyn mch t-ng t (phn knh khng gian cho cc tn hiu lin tc hoc phn
knh thi gian cho tn hiu PAM) th ti giao tip vi truyn dn d truyn dn s
hay truyn dn t-ng t, bao gi cng yu cu cc php bin i tn hiu v thc
hin cng vic tch, ghp knh. Nh- th chuyn mch v truyn dn khng
nhng khng h tr -c cho nhau m mi ln chuyn i s gy ra sai lch tn
hiu v qua nhiu ln chuyn i nh- vy s to ra tp m nn. Chuyn mch s
v truyn dn s chng nhng h tr tt cho nhau m cn trnh -c s chuyn
i nhiu ln, cc giao din gia truyn dn v chuyn mch ch c s chuyn
i t loi m ny sang loi m khc m khng lm thay i gi tr ca t hp m
, do khng gy ra sai lch tn hiu do chuyn i. Ni cch khc, tn hiu s
khng mang bn thn tn hiu cn truyn m ch mang thng tin v gi tr tn hiu
, v vy cc chuyn i m khng lm thay i gi tr tn hiu.


























3. Li th v s dng c s linh kin cng ngh cao: K thut vi mch s
v x l s tn hiu pht trin rt mnh cho php ch to cc linh kin c
tch hp cao, nhiu tnh nng, dung l-ng ln, tc cao m kch th-c nh, tiu
th nng l-ng thp v gi thnh h. T to kh nng ch to thit b chuyn
mch kch th-c nh, kh thng cao, a nng v cht l-ng dch v li -c nng
cao.
4. D phi hp gia chuyn mch s v iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi
sn ( Stored Progam Control) : Cc chuyn mch s hot ng vi tc cao,
mc tn hiu iu khin ph hp vi mc logc TTL, CMOS nn rt d phi ghp
vi cc h thng vi x l. iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn pht huy hiu qu
tnh nng ca chuyn mch s v lm giu cc dch v cho thu bao.
5. Li th v cht l-ng phc v v cc dch v nng cao : Chuyn mch
s c kh thng cao cho php xy dng mng chuyn mch khng tn tht (non-
A
A
A
A
At
dt
dt
dt
B ghp ,
tch knh
B chuyn
i A\D
-ng truyn
t-ng t
-ng truyn
s
a) Chuyn mch t-ng t truyn dn t-ng t hoc s.
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
d
d
d
d
b) Chuyn mch s v truyn dn s
Hnh 2.21 Kt hp gia k thut chuyn mch s v k thut truyn dn s

blocked). Truyn dn s s dng cc -ng truyn tc cao, cht l-ng tt nh-
cp quang, vi ba s, do cc cuc gi t b nghn mch c trong cc tng i, c
trn cc tuyn truyn dn. Kt hp vi iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn SPC
v bo hiu knh chung lm cho cht l-ng phc v (QoS-Quality of service)
-c nng cao th hin tc x l cuc gi nhanh, chn tuyn ti -u i vi
cc cuc gi -ng di, trnh tc nghn trn mng ngoi, tng thm cc dch v
nng cao cho thu bao. Cc dch v thu bao nng cao bao gm: a dng ho
dch v, ngoi dch v thoi truyn thng cn cho php s dng cc dch v khc
nh- hp th- thoa, th- in t, Fax, truyn s liu, cc hnh thc chuyn cuc gi,
gi gi, nhn thay cuc gi, gi qung b, tnh c-c ti nh, thay i s thu bao
mm, hn ch gi d-ng di, truy cp trc tip...
6. Li th v t chc bo hiu : Bo hiu nh h-ng rt ln ti dch v. bo
hiu mm do, linh hot, d t chc th dch v cng phong ph, a dng. Trong
cc h thng t-ng t -a thm mt dch v mi vo mng th-ng gp rt
nhiu tr ngi do kh thm hoc thay i bo hiu i km vi dch v . Trong
h thng s vic thm hay thay i mt n v bo hiu d dng hn nhiu. Ngoi
ra cn c rt nhiu li th khc cho php h thng s nhah chng -c chp
nhn.
2.4.2 Khi qut v cng ngh PCM, chc nng ca CODEC
Cng ngh PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) c th hiu l cng ngh s
ho tn hiu trn c s knh thoi c bn gm cc b-c lc thng thp, ly mu,
nn-l-ng t ho, m ho theo h-ng m ho v cc b-c gii m, gin, lc to
li -ng bao theo h-ng gii m . Tuyn thng tin s trn c s cng ngh PCM
c th m t theo m hnh trn hnh 2.22












Lc
Ly
mu
M ho
Nn-
L-ng t

n
g

t
r
u
y

n

Gii m Gin Lc
M ho
Gii m
Hnh 2.22 : M hnh cng ngh PCM theo h-ng m ho v gii m tn hiu


Theo h-ng m ho, u tin cc tn hiu -c -a qua b lc thng thp
gt b cc thnh phn tn hiu nm ngoi di tn knh thoi c bn (300-3400
Hz), sau tn hiu -c ri rc ho bi b ly mu. Tn s ly mu -c qui
nh l 8KHz. Sau cc xung iu bin s -c nn v bin v -c l-ng t
ho (to thnh khu l-ng t phi tuyn), ngha l -c so snh vi cc mc l-ng
t chn ra mc gn ng cho mi xung PAM. C hai lut l-ng t A v u
c 256 mc l-ng t v u l phi tuyn, ngha l cc mc vng bin ln s
cch xa nhau hn so vi vng bin nh sao cho t s gia sai s l-ng t vi
bin tn hiu l t-ng i ng u cho ton b di rng ca tn hiu. Sau khi
l-ng t mi xung PAM s nhn mt mc l-ng t gn ng vi bin ca n
v b m ho s th hin n bng mt t hp m 8 bt (mt bt du, 3 bt on, 4
bt mc trong on). Nh- vy mi xung PAM s t-ng ng vi mt t hp m 8
bt v do tn hiu gc -c ly mu vi tn s 8KHz nn tc ca knh thoi s
c bn l 64 kbt/s ( 64Kbps).
Theo h-ng gii m, tn hiu PCM sau khi qua -ng truyn, chuyn
mch tr-c khi -a n ng-i nhn phi qua khu gii m. u tin, tn hiu
PCM nhn -c phi -c chuyn i tr li mc l-ng t cho mi t hp 8 bt
nh b gii m, sau qua b gin nhn -c bin xung PAM v qua b
lc to li -ng bao v b nng l-ng ri rc ho to thnh tn hiu lin tc
c nng l-ng gn ging tn hiu gc.
Cc vi mch thc hin chc nng m ho, gii m PCM -c gi bng tn
chung PCM CODEC. Chng th-ng c cc chn chc nng sau :













A
in

A
out

PD
A/
D
out

T
XCLK

T
XSYN

D
in

R
XCLK

R
XSYN

GND
V
+
V
-
Hnh 2.23 : Cc chn chc nng ca vi mch CODEC.
C

c

t

n

h
i

n
h

t
h

i


* A
in
: u vo b m ho -a tn hiu t-ng t vo.
*A
out
: u ra b gii m ly tn hiu t-ng t
*D
in
: u vo b gii m -a tn hiu s vo
*D
out
: u ra b m ho -a tn hiu s ra
*Txsyn : ng b khe thi gian pht, m u ra D
out
.
*TXCLK

: Tn hiu nhp ng b tc bt ra trn u D
out
.
*Rxsyn : ng b khe thi gian thu, m u vo D
in

*RXCKK

: Tn hiu nhp ng b tc bt vo trn u D
in

*V
+
v V
-
, GND cc chn cp ngun
*PD : Chn iu khin ngun
*A/: Chn chn lut nn.

Ngoi ra cn mt vi chn cho cc linh kin ngoi ca b lc. Cc vi mch
ny th-ng -c dng trong cc mch in giao tip -ng dy thu bao SLIC
ca cc tng i chuyn mch s, trong thit b u cui s hoc trong cc b thu
pht bo hiu.
Chn T
xSyn
v T
XCLK
iu khin vic -a t m PCM ra u D
out
, tn hiu
T
xSyn
m u D
out
trong khong thi gian dnh cho mi CODEC (ngha l to ra
khe thi gian -a t m PCM ra u ra D
out
), cn u T
XCLK
to nhp -a cc bt
ca t m ra u D
out
. Nh- vy dng cc chn T
xSyn
v T
XCLK
iu khin vic
ghp cc PCM t cc CODEC khc nhau ra -ng truyn chung. Ng-c li t
-ng truyn chung cc t m PCM -c tch ti tng CODEC bng cc chn
R
xSyn
v R
XCLK
. Hnh 2.24 ch ra vic ghp v tch cc t m PCM vi -ng
truyn chung.
Thng th-ng mi CODEC -c dng m ho v gii m cho mt
ngun/ ch no (mch u cui). Cc CODEC -c t chc theo nhm. Cc
u ra D
out
ca chng -c ni vi nhau v vi -ng PCM
up
vic ghp cc t m
t cc CODEC to thnh chui tn hiu trn tuyn PCM
up
a knh -c iu
khin bi b phn phi nhp pht (phn phi cc khe thi gian T
xSyn
) cho mi
CODEC. Chui tn hiu t -ng PCM
down
-c -a ti tt c cc CODEC, nh-ng
mi CODEC ch m u D
in
tch ly t m trn knh dnh cho n khi tn hiu
R
xsyn
t b phn phi nhp thu m CODEC ti khe thi gian t-ng ng. S m
ln l-t tng CODEC theo cc khe thi gian to ra s ghp v tch knh theo thi
gian i vi tn hiu PCM.

























2.4.3 Tuyn PCM c s v t chc cc tuyn bc cao trong cc tng i s
T cc knh thoi c bn 64 Kbps thc hin ghp a knh theo thi gian
nh- m t mc trn -c tuyn PCM c s. C 2 h thng PCM c s -c
Hi ng t- vn v in thoi, in bo quc t CCITT khuyn ngh s dng:
- E1 : 30 ch/32TS tc 2048 Kbps (32 x 8b x 8KHz = 2048 Kbps)
- T1 : 24ch tc 1544 Kbps (24 x 8 + 1) x 8Khz = 1544 Kbps
Sau dng cc b ghp knh s MUX (Multiplexer) ghp cc tuyn c
s -c cc tuyn cp 2, sau t cp 2 sang cp 3 .... Ng-c li t cc tuyn
PCM cp cao xung cp thp hn ng-i ta s dng tch cc knh s DEMUX
(Demultiplexer).
D dng nhn thy rng, theo cch ghp v tch knh dng cc tn hiu nhp
T
xSyn
v R
xSyn
th mi mch in CODEC t-ng ng vi mt khe thi gian TS
(Time slot) trn tuyn PCM
up
v mt khe thi gian trn tuyn PCM
down
. Hay ni

A
in
A
out
D
out
D
in

A
in
A
out
D
out
D
in

A
in
A
out
D
out
D
in
B phn
phi nhp
nh thi
TS
1
TS
2
TS
N
Thu bao
N
Thu bao
2
Thu bao
1
PCM
UP
PCM
DOWN
i vo mng chuyn mch

T mng chuyn mch i ra
Hnh 2.24 Nguyn l ghp/tch a knh ti giao tip u cui

cch khc, mi mch u cui t-ng ng vi mt knh trn tuyn PCM
up
v mt
knh trn tuyn PCM
down
ca nhm . Ngha l tuyn PCM -c chia thnh cc
knh t-ng ng cc khe thi gian (Time Division) PCM-TDM (Pulse Code
Modulation and Time Division Multiplexing). Cc khe thi gian nhp li -c gn
cho tng mch codec theo h-ng pht (up) v theo h-ng thu (Down). Nh- th
mi mch CODEC t-ng ng vi mi cp knh pht v knh thu. Th t knh
pht v knh thu c th khc nhau tu thuc vo cc tn hiu T
xSyn
v R
xSyn
. Nu
T
xSyn
v R
xSyn
cc nhp khc nhau th codec s pht mt khe v thu mt khe
thi gian khc. V d : T
xSyn
N
5
v R
xSyn
N
19
th codec s pht khe TS
5
v thu
TS
19
(TS : Time Slot - khe thi gian). Trong thc t T
xSyn
v R
xSyn
th-ng cng
nhp nn CODEC s pht v thu trong cng khe thi gian. Mi CODEC khi
t-ng ng vi ch mt khe hay mt knh. Nu CODEC -c b tr mch in
thu bao (Slic : Subscribers Line Interface Circuit) th mi mch thu bao khi
s t-ng ng vi mt CODEC, mt khe thi gian, mt knh trn tuyn PCM
ca cp ghp ban u (Primary PCM). Cc tuyn PCM bc cao th-ng -c ghp
t cc tuyn PCM cp thp hn theo nguyn tc ghp t. Ngha l ghp t m
PCM ca knh th i ca tuyn ny, sau ti t m PCM ca knh th i ca
tuyn tip theo ... Sau khi ghp ht cc knh th i ca cc tuyn mi ghp tip
n cc knh th i +1 ca cc tuyn cng theo th t trn. Nh- vy s c s t-ng
ng gia mch in thu bao vi knh trn tuyn PCM t cp thp ti cp cao.
2.4.4 Khi nim chuyn mch PCM
T hnh 2.24 m t nguyn l phn knh thi gian. B phn phi nhp
(b nh thi) s -a cc tn hiu nh thi pht v nh thi thu ti ln l-t cc
mch CODEC. Gi s mi CODEC s dng trong mt mch in thu bao, nhp
nh thi pht v nh thi thu ca mi CODEC l cng khe thi gian th trong
mi chu k, c ti khe thi gian t-ng ng vi thu bao th CODEC ca n li
-c cp T
xSyn
v R
xSyn
pht mt t hp m ln tuyn PCM
up
trong khe thi
gian knh dnh cho thu bao , cn t -ng PCM
down
t hp m trong khe thi
gian knh ny cng -c tch bi mch thu trong CODEC ca thu bao . Cc
khe thi gian khc ln l-t -c dng cho CODEC ca cc thu bao khc trong
nhm. Cho ti khe thi gian dnh cho thu bao ny chu k tip theo th CODEC
ca n li -c m pht v thu t hp m PCM trn cc -ng PCM
up
,
PCM
down
nh- hnh 2.25 Cc qu trnh trn -c lp li sau mi chu k 125 s.
















Nh- vy mi thu bao s pht ln l-t cc t hp m PCM ca mnh vo
mt khe thi gian c nh dnh cho thu bao trong ln l-t cc chu k 125s
ln tuyn PCM
up
ca nhm thu bao . Thu bao ny cng s ln l-t nhn -c
cc t hp m PCM ti khe thi gian dnh cho n cng trong tng chu k 125s.
T phn tch trn ta thy thu bao A v thu bao B c th trao i thng
tin vi nhau thng qua tr-ng chuyn mch s ca tng i th tr-ng chuyn
mch phi c kh nng thc hin cc yu cu chuyn mch, nh- ch ra trn
hnh 2.26, sao cho t m PCM -c pht trn knh ng vi khe thi gian pht ca
TB
A
trn tuyn PCM
up
dnh cho nhm TB
A
-c chuyn ti knh ng vi khe thi
gian thu ca TB
B
trn tuyn PCM
down
dnh cho nhm ca TB
B
. l h-ng
truyn thng tin t TB
A
sang TB
B.













TSn TSi+1 TSi TSn TSi+1 TSi
TSn TSi+1
TSi TSn TSi+1
TSi
SLIC
n
SLIC
i+1
SLIC
i
PCM
up
PCM
down
Hnh 2.25 : Nguyn l phn knh thi gian.
T = 125s

T = 125s

Hnh 2.26 Minh ho chc nng ca tr-ng chuyn mch s
PCMup1

ts0
a
ts1

ts2

ts7

tsF-1

ts0
a
ts1

ts2
PCMup2

ts0
c
ts1

ts2
b
ts7

tsF-1

ts0
c
ts1

ts2
PCMupn

ts0

ts1
d
ts2

ts7

tsF-1

ts0

ts1
d
ts2
PCMdown1

ts0
b
ts1

ts2

ts7

tsF-1

ts0
b
ts1

ts2
PCMdown2

ts0
d
ts1

ts2
a
ts7

tsF-1

ts0
d
ts1

ts2
PCMdownn

ts0

ts1
c
ts2

ts7

tsF-1

ts0

ts1
c
ts2
Tr-ng
chuyn
mch s


H-ng ng-c li t TB
B.
sang TB
A
: T m PCM -c pht trn knh ng
vi khe thi gian dnh cho TB
B.
trn tuyn PCM
up
dnh cho nhm c TB
B
s -c
chuyn ti knh ng vi khe thi gian thu ca TB
A
trn tuyn PCM
down
dnh cho
nhm c TB
A
.
Cc thao tc chuyn mch ny -c thc hin ln l-t trong cc khe thi
gian TS
A
, TS
B
v s ln l-t -c lp li mi chu k sau. Nh- th thng tin i
qua tr-ng chuyn mch PCM s b gi chm t khe thi gian dnh cho thu bao
A n khe thi gian dnh cho thu bao B theo h-ng t A sang B. Cn theo
h-ng ng-c li s b gi chm t khe TS
B
n khe TS
A
. Thi gian gi chm cho
chuyn mch i ngu ny s l 125s.
Nh- vy, v tng th, mi yu cu chuyn mch c th bao gm mt hoc
mt vi thao tc chuyn mch, trong bao gm t nht mt thao tc chuyn
mch v thi gian v c th c thao tc chuyn mch v khng gian.
Thao tc chuyn mch v thi gian l l-u gi t hp m PCM t khe thi
gian ng vi thu bao pht n ti khe thi gian ng vi thu bao nhn n, ngha l
ghi n vo mt b nh no ti khe thi gian ng vi thu bao pht n v c
n ra ti khe thi gian ng vi thu bao nhn n.
Thao tc chuyn mch khng gian l chuyn t m PCM t tuyn ny sang
tuyn khc. Do cc thu bao c th -c chia thnh nhm, mi nhm ng vi
mt tuyn PCM theo h-ng pht (PCM
up
) v mt tuyn PCM theo h-ng thu
(PCM
down
), do chuyn thng tin t tuyn pht no ti mt trong cc
tuyn thu th cn c cc thao tc chuyn mch khng gian. Tr-ng hp nu cc
thu bao v cc thit b u cui khc ch to thnh mt nhm duy nht th ch
cn thao tc chuyn mch thi gian nh- ch ra trn hnh 2.27.











PCMup

ts0

ts1
d
ts2
c
ts7

tsF-1

ts0

ts1
d
ts2
PCMdown
ts0

ts1
c
ts2
d
ts7

tsF-1

ts0

ts1
c
ts2
Tr-ng
chuyn mch
s
Hnh 2.27 : Tr-ng chuyn mch s mt nhm.

thy r chc nng ca tr-ng chuyn mch s ta ch cn so snh cc
tuyn PCM
up
vi cc tuyn PCM
down
(xem hnh 2.26). Ta thy t m A trn u
vo n -c b tr khe TS
1
ca tuyn PCM
up
1 cn trn u ra n -c chuyn
n TS
7
ca tuyn PCM
down
2. Nh- vy, y c c s thay i v khng gian (t
PCM
up
1 PCM
down
2) v c v thi gian ( t khe thi gian TS
1
sang TS
7
).
Nh- vy, yu cu chuyn mch i vi t m A l: Ch
1
PCM1Ch
7
PCM
2
.
Cn i vi t m B th ng-c li: Ch
7
PCM
2
Ch
1
PCM1
Cn trong tr-ng hp trn hnh 2.27 th yu cu chuyn mch cng chnh
l theo tc chuyn mch (yu cu ch gm mt thao tc chuyn mch v thi
gian) V d, i vi t m C l Ch
7
Ch
2
, cn vi t m D yu cu l Ch
2

Ch
7
. Cc cp yu cu chuyn mch cp trn y l nhng yu cu chuyn
mch i ngu (hai h-ng ng-c nhau). Cng c th c nhng yu cu chuyn
mch n h-ng.


Qua ta thy chc nng ca tr-ng chuyn mch s l chuyn thng tin
d-i dng cc t m PCM t khe thi gian ngun ti khe thi gian ch v t
tuyn PCM ngun ti tuyn PCM ch theo chu k. Mi yu cu chuyn mch s
c s thao tc tu thuc vo cu trc ca tr-ng chuyn mch: 1 thao tc qua cu
trc T; 2 thao tc qua cc cu trc TS hoc ST; 3 thao tc qua cc cu trc TST
hoc STS ... ( c th s xem xt sau) . Khi thc hin mi yu cu chuyn mch th
cc thao tc cho mi yu cu s c chu k lp l 125 s n khi kt thc cc
yu cu . Cng c thc hin thao tc chuyn mch l cc b chuyn mch
thi gian (T-sw : Time Switch) hoc cc b chuyn mch khng gian (S-sw Space
Switch) m chng ta s cp d-i y trong cc mc 2.5 v 2. 6 ca ch-ng
ny.











2.5 Cc b chuyn mnh thi gian s c bn
2.5.1 Khi qut v chc nng ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian s
Trong phn chuyn mch PAM c s dng trung k m tn chng ta
xem xt mt dng chuyn mch thi gian. Chc nng ca b chuyn mch kiu
l thng tin cn chuyn mch -c nh t khe thi gian pht (knh ngun) ti
khe thi gian thu (knh ch).
Tuy nhin, l b chuyn mch thi gian i vi tn hiu t-ng t, nn
mi b chuyn mch (b trung k m tn) ch c kh nng phc v cho mt
cuc gi ng thi ti mi thi im. Nguyn tc chuyn mch ny cng -c p
dng i vi cc chuyn mch thi gian s, ngha l thng tin cn chuyn mch
cng s -c nh trong mt b nh t khe thi gian pht v ti khe thi gian thu
n s -c c ra t b nh v cng to ra khong thi gian tr. Tuy nhin,
trong tr-ng hp ny s dng b nh tn hiu s nn kh nng chuyn mch ca
n cao hn nhiu so vi b nh tn hiu PAM. Chc nng ca cc b chuyn
mch thi gian s -c m t trn hnh 2.28a v b.





















PCMin
B
chuyn mch
thi gian s
a. Tnh nng ca b chuyn mch thi gian s.
b. Tr qua chuyn mch thi gian s.
Hnh 2.28 Tnh nng ca b chuyn mch thi gian s s gi chm tn hiu.


ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj
PCMout
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
PCMin

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
PCMout
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
T
Frame
=125s

Hnh 2.28 th hin nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian s. Cc t m PCM
ca cc knh (Channel-knh) -c sp xp k tip nhau trong cc khe thi gian
t-ng ng (TS-Time slot khe thi gian) trn tuyn PCM
in
trn u vo, -c -a
vo b nh ca chuyn mch T v -c nh trong cc ngn nh ca b nh ny.
Cc t m -c ghi trong b nh sau s -c c ra ti cc khe thi gian
cn thit -a ra cc knh trn tuyn PCM
out
trn u ra.
-Vic ghi cc t m PCM ca cc knh t tuyn PCM
in
vo b nh ca b
chuyn mch v vic c chng ra t b nh chuyn ln cc knh trn
tuyn PCM
out
phi -c thc hin theo cc yu cu chuyn mch ca cc knh
t-ng ng. Ngha l thc hin yu cu chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
th t m PCM
t tuyn PCM
in
-c ghi vo ti TS
i
phi -c c ra ti TS
j
-a ra tuyn
PCM
out
.
- Mi t m PCM t tuyn PCM
in
s -c nh trong mi ngn nh ring
ca b chuyn mch nn mt b chuyn mch c kh nng phc v ng thi
nhiu yu cu chuyn mch qua n theo nguyn tc phn khe thi gian.
- Thi gian t m PCM -c nh trong ngn nh ca b chuyn mch (hay
l thi gian gi chm thng tin qua b chuyn mch thi gian s hoc cn gi l
thi gian tr) ph thuc vo v tr gia knh ngun v knh ch.V d: i vi
thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
th thi gian gi chm -c xc nh theo biu
thc sau :





tnh theo s v 125/ F chnh l rng mt khe thi gian. t
M
bng s nguyn ln
cc khe thi gian v c th nhn cc gi tr trong khong (0125s)
Nh- vy b chuyn mch thi gian s v c bn l b nh logic dng
nh cc t m PCM c nguyn tc ghi, c cc t m nh- th no thc
hin -c cc thao tc chuyn mch qua n. Trong cc mc tip theo chng ta s
xem xt cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tng chuyn mch .
2.5.2 B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu ghi tun t-c ngu nhin
B chuyn mch thi gian s loi ny lm vic theo nguyn tc ghi thng
tin t cc knh u vo mt cch tun t v c chng -a ra cc knh u ra
mt cch ngu nhin (Time Switch Sequenctial Write Random Read k hiu
T-SWRR).
( )
( )

=
j i F
F
125
i j
F
125
t
M
nu j > i
nu j < i
(2.5)

n gin ta gi b chuyn mch thi gian s loi ny l b chuyn
mch thi gian ghi tun t, c nhu nhin. Cu to ca n -c trnh by trn
hnh 2.29 Cc k hiu trn hnh ny gm :
- T- MEM : Time Memory - B
nh thi gian ( B nh thoi)
- C- MEM : Control Memory - B
nh iu khin (B nh a ch)
- TS - Time Slot : Khe thi gian
- TS - Counter : B m thi gian
- Selector : B chn
- add : address bus : Bus a ch
-R/w : Read/write : c / vit.

Hnh 2.29 th hin s khi chc nng ca b chuyn mch thi gian
kiu ghi tun t c ngu nhin. N gm hai b nh : T-MEM l b nh nh
cc t m PCM, C-MEM l b nh a ch iu khin vic c cc ngn nh
T-MEM (C-MEM cn -c gi l B nh iu khin). C hai b nh C-MEM v
T-MEM u c s ngn nh l F bng vi s knh trn tuyn PCM (F c th l
32, 64, 128, 256, 512 hoc 1028) s bt trong mi ngn nh ca T-MEM bng s
bt ca t m PCM (8 bt), s bt ca mi ngn nh ca C-MEM bao gm P bt
a ch ngn nh T-MEM cn c v 1 bt ch th bn ri ( bt B).
p = log
2
F = ldF
Bus a ch (add) ca c T-MEM v C-MEM u l p bt. Ngoi cc b
nh T-MEM v C-MEM b chuyn mch T-SWRR cn c cc khi chc nng
logic khc, l b m khe thi gian TS Counter dng to ra tn hiu nh
thi ng b cc cng vic tun t theo cc khe thi gian t-ng ng vi vic -a
s liu t tuyn u vo vo b nh T-MEM v c s liu t b nh T-MEM
chn vo cc knh u ra.
Xem xt nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn mch T-SWRR : Tr-c tin l
vic ghi thng tin t tuyn PCM
in
vo cc ngn nh ca T-MEM. Qu trnh ny
-c thc hin theo trnh t rt n gin: Ti khe TS
0
, t m PCM ca knh Ch0
xut hin trn u vo ca T-MEM. B m khe thi gian TS-Counter cung cp
a ch 0 qua b Selector1 -a ti Bus add ca T-MEM bt R/W = 0 vy l t m
ca Ch0 s -c ghi vo ngn 0 ca T-MEM. n TS
1
, b m TS-Counter cung
cp a ch 1 qua Selector1 iu khin ghi t m ca knh Ch
1
t tuyn PCM
in

vo ngn1 ca T-MEM, t-ng t nh- th TS-Counter s tng thm mt sau mi
khe thi gian v t m ca cc knh u vo s ln l-t -c ghi vo cc ngn
t-ng ng ca T-MEM, cho ti khe thi gian TS
F-1
t m ca knh Ch
F-1
s -c
ghi vo ngn cui cng ca T- MEM - ngn F-1. l mt chu k t-ng ng vi




























mt khung (frame). Sau chu k mi li bt u t TS
0
nh-ng vi t m mi
ca Ch0 s li -c ghi vo ngn 0 ca T-MEM. Trong khong thi gian TS
0
ca
chu k ny ti TS
0
ca chu k sau th t m PCM d-c ghi trong ngn 0 ca
T-MEM phi -c c ra. T m mi ca knh Ch0 s -c ghi vo ngn 0 ca
T-MEM thay th t m c. T-ng t nh- vy i vi cc knh tip theo trong cc
khe k tip.
Vic c t m PCM t mt ngn nh no ca T-MEM -a ra knh
trn tuyn PCM
out
-c iu khin bi t m a ch cha trong ngn nh ca
CMEM theo nguyn tc a ch ca ngn nh T-MEM cn c s -c nh trong
Hnh 2.29 : S khi chc nng ca b chuyn mch thi gian s kiu T-SWRR.





Selector 1
0
1
2
F-1
t-mem
[1]



[2]
0
1
i
2
F-1
c-mem
Selector 2
R/W
add
TS
Counter
add R/W
C Bus
PCMin

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj
PCMout
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
i

j
[i] j
p
/
p
/
p

/

p
+
1

/

p+1
/
p
/

ngn nh ca C-MEM m th t ca ngn nh C-MEM ny trng vi th t ca
knh u ra. Ngha l c ngn nh i ca T-MEM -a ra knh Chj trn tuyn
PCM
out
th a ch [i] phi -c nh trong ngn j ca C-MEM v c ti khe thi
gian TS
j
th a ch [i] trong ngn j ca C-MEM -c c ra cng bt B trong
ngn -a ln b Selector1 -a ti add Bus ca T-MEM iu khin vic c
ngn i ca T-MEM. Do t m PCM t ngn i ca T-MEM -c c trong khe
TS
j
, nn n s -c chn vo knh Chj ca tuyn PCM
out
.
Nh- vy vic ghi thng tin t tuyn PCM
in
vo b nh T-MEM -c tin
hnh tun t theo a ch -c cp t b TS counter qua Selector1 cn vic c
thng tin t b nh T-MEM -c tin hnh ngu nhin d-i s iu khin ca C-
MEM, ngha l C-MEM cung cp a ch c T-MEM qua Selector1.
By gi ta tip tc xem xt hot ng ca C-MEM. B nh ny hot ng
theo ph-ng thc ghi ngu nhin, c tun t v thng tin c ra t cc ngn nh
ca n -c -a ln b Selector 1. Nu bt trng thi B ca t m -c c ra t
ngn nh C-MEM c gi tr "0" logic th P bt cn li ca n s -c -a qua
Selector 1 ti add Bus ca T-MEM v tn hiu R/W t Selector 1 s l ''1'' ngha l
c ngn nh ca T-MEM m a ch ca n -c th hin qua P bit -a t C-
MEM.
Vic ghi thng tin a ch vo ngn nh ca C-MEM -c tin hnh theo
s liu iu khin chuyn mch -c -a t phn h iu khin qua C-Bus. S
liu ny th-ng bao gm a ch b chuyn mch, a ch ngn nh v s liu
iu khin s ghi vo ngn nh . a ch b chuyn mch add.sw. s -c b
chn Selector 2 phn tch, nu n trng vi add.sw. ca b chuyn mch ny th
Selector 2 s chuyn R/W ca n v "0" logic , P+1 bit (P bit s liu a ch iu
khin T-MEM v bit B) s -c ghi vo ngn nh ca C-MEM m a ch ca
ngn nh -c -a bi P bt khc t C-Bus qua b Selector 2 ln add Bus ca
C-MEM.
Vic c s liu iu khin t cc ngn nh ca C-MEM -a ln b
Selector 1 iu khin qu trnh c b nh T-MEM -c tin hnh ng b, tun
t theo b m TS-counter. Khi b m TS-counter c gi tr 0 th c ngn 0 ca
C-MEM, nu bt B trong ngn bng 1 th b qua. Cn nu B = 0 th Selector 1
s -a P bt s liu a ch c -c t ngn 0 ca C-MEM ln add.Bus ca
T-MEM c ngn nh t-ng ng ca T-MEM -a knh 0 trn tuyn PCM
out
.
Ti khe TS
1
P bt t TS-counter li qua Selector 2 c ngn 1 ca C-MEM v
tu thuc vo bt B trong ngn , t m iu khin c ra t ngn ny c th s

b b qua nu B=1 hay s -a qua Selector 1 iu khin c mt ngn no
ca T-MEM -a Ch1 trn PCM
out
nu B=0. C nh- vy cc ngn tip theo ca
C-MEM s tham gia vo qu trnh iu khin vic c cc ngn nh ca T-MEM.
Nh- vy ch th-ng xuyn, tun t ca C-MEM l ch c -a
s liu iu khin ln T-MEM, cn ch t sut (ngu nhin) ca n l ghi
thng tin iu khin t C-Bus vo ngn nh cn thit khi bt u thit lp ni
hoc khi kt thc ni. Khi thit lp ni P bt a ch iu khin cng bt B=0 s
-c ghi vo ngn nh t-ng ng ca C-MEM, cn khi kt thc ch cn ghi B=1
vo ngn nh .
Qua phn tch trn y v hot ng ca cc b nh T-MEM v C-MEM
ca b chuyn mch thi gian s kiu ghi tun t-c ngu nhin, ta thy thc
hin mt thao tc chuyn mch t knh i sang knh j (Ch
i
Chj) qua b chuyn
mch loi ny th u tin phn iu khin chuyn mch phi ghi a ch [i] vo
ngn j ca C-MEM (qu trnh ghi ngu nhin). Cn thng tin t cc knh u vo
-c ghi tun t vo cc ngn nh t-ng ng ca T-MEM. Nh- th knh Ch
i
u
vo s -c ghi vo ngn nh i ca T-MEM. ng thi cc ngn nh ca
C-MEM cng -c c ra tun t theo th t khe thi gian v s liu iu khin
-c c ra t mi ngn nh ca C-MEM s ch ra ngn nh ca T-MEM s
-c c trong khe thi gian t-ng ng -a ra knh u ra t-ng ng vi th
t ca ngn nh C-MEM . Nh- th ti khe thi gian TS
j
ngn j ca C- MEM
-c c v a ch [i] -c c ra t ngn nh ny s iu khin c ngn nh i
ca T-MEM -a ra knh Chj trn tuyn PCM
out
.
Trn y l phn tch kh chi tit v cu trc v hot ng ca b chuyn
mch thi gian s kiu ghi tun t c ngu nhin. N cng c th gii thch
tm tt bng hnh v 2.30 d-i y.
Hnh 2.30 th hin rng qu trnh ghi (W) t cc knh u vo vo cc ngn
nh ca T-MEM -c tin hnh mt cch tun t theo ch m ca TS-
Counter, cn qu trnh c (R) ngn nh ca T-MEM -a ra cc knh u
ra -c iu khin bi C-MEM. i vi b nh C-MEM th qu trnh ghi
thng tin iu khin vo cc ngn nh t C-Bus -c iu khin bi s liu
iu khin (Data) -c -a t h thng iu khin cn vic c cc ngn nh
ca C-MEM li -c tin hnh tun t theo th t khe thi gian -c -a t
b m TS-Counter. n gin, trn s 2.30 khng ch ra cc b
selector, b m TS-counter v cc u iu khin cc qu trnh tun t.



























B chuyn mch thi gian s T-SWRR c th thc hin nhiu thao tc chuyn
mch ng thi theo nguyn l phn khe theo thi gian cho cc thao tc ghi/c.
V d : C th thc hin cc thao tc chuyn mch Ch
1
Ch
0
, Ch
2
Ch
F-1
,
Ch
i
Ch
j
...v do s t-ng quan gia mi knh u vo/ngn nh T-MEM/knh
u ra/ngn nh C-MEM nn bt k yu cu chuyn mch no qua n cng u
c th thc hin -c. Ngha l b chuyn mch loi ny c th cng lc thc
hin ng thi F yu cu chuyn mch khng xung t v y l b chuyn mch
ton thng.
2.5.3 B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu ghi ngu nhin-c tun t
(Time Switch Random Write Sequential Read T-RWSR)
V cu to b chuyn mch thi gian s kiu ghi ngu nhin c tun t (T-
RWSR) cng ging loi ghi tun t c ngu nhin (T-SWRR), ngha l chng
R





0
1
2
F-1
t-mem
[1]



[2]
0
1
i
2
F-1
c-mem
Hnh 2.30 : S khi tm tt ca b chuyn mch thi gian s kiu
T-SWRR.
PCMin

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj
PCMout
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
i

j
[i] j
Data

cng bao gm b nh T-MEM, b nh C-MEM cc b Selector v b m
nh thi. Tuy nhin, chng li khc nhau v nguyn l ghi, c thng tin i
vi cc b nh T-MEM v C-MEM. n gin ta ch xem xt s khi
tm tt ca b chuyn mch loi ny nh- th hin trn hnh 2.31.

























B nh T-MEM dng nh cc t m PCM, cn b nh C-MEM dng
cha cc thng tin iu khin qu trnh ghi cc t m PCM vo cc ngn nh
ca T-MEM. C hai b nh T-MEM v C-MEM u c cng s ngn nh l F
(0F-1) bng vi s knh ca tuyn PCM (F c th l 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 v
1024). S bt ca mi ngn nh T- MEM bng s bt ca t m PCM (8 bt), s
bt ca mi ngn nh C-MEM l P+1 (trong c P bt a ch v 1 bt trng thi
ri/bn( bit B- Busy bit). P -c xc nh theo biu thc:
P = log
2
F = ldF
W





0
1
2
F-1
t-mem

[0]
[F-1]
[j]

0
1
i
2
F-1
c-mem
Hnh 2.31: S khi tm tt ca b chuyn mch thi gian s kiu
T-RWSR.
PCMin

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj
PCMout
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
i

j
j
Data

V nguyn l hot ng, c hai b nh T-MEM v C-MEM ca T-RWSR u
lm vic theo kiu RWSR (ngha l ghi ngu nhin, c tun t). Khi cn
thit lp mt thao tc chuyn mch no th phn iu khin chuyn mch
s -a s liu iu khin (Data) ti C-MEM v ghi n vo ngn nh iu
khin cn thit cho thao tc chuyn mch theo nguyn tc: s th t ca
ngn nh C-MEM trng vi s th t ca knh u vo, cn s liu iu
khin ghi vo ngn nh trng vi th t knh u ra v chnh l a ch
ca ngn nh T-MEM m t m ca knh u vo s ghi -c vo .
V d : thc hin thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
th ti thi im thit
lp, phn iu khin s -a s liu iu khin ti C-MEM v ghi a ch [j]
vo ngn nh i ca C-MEM, ng thi chuyn bt B ca ngn ny v gi tr 0.
Trong mi chu k, khi TS-counter m ti i, ngha l ti khe thi gian TS
i
, a
ch c C-MEM l i v ngn nh i ca C-MEM -c c, a ch [j] cng bt
B=0 ca ngn i ny s -c -a ln u W ca T-MEM iu khin vic
ghi t m PCM ca knh Ch
i
t PCM
in
vo ngn j ca T-MEM. T m ny s
-c nh ti ti khe TS
j
s -c c ra (c tun t) -a ra knh Ch
j

trn PCM
out
. Nh- vy, mi chu k (125 s) c ti khe TS
i
th mt t m mi
ca knh Ch
i
li -c ghi vo ngn nh j ca T-MEM d-i s iu khin ca
ngn i C-MEM (ghi ngu nhin) v ti khe TS
j
th t m nh trong ngn j
ca T-MEM s -c c ra -a ra knh Ch
j
u ra (c tun t). Ngha l
thc hin thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
theo hai b-c:
- B-c 1: Ti TS
i
ghi t m ca knh Ch
i
PCM
in
vo ngn j ca T-MEM
theo iu khin t ngn i ca C-MEM.
- B-c 2: Ti TS
j
c t m t ngn j T-MEM -a ra knh Ch
j
PCM
out

theo tun t.
Khi cn kt thc thao tc chuyn mch ny phn iu khin li -a s liu
iu khin ti C-MEM xo ni dung iu khin ghi trong ngn i C-
MEM (-a bt B ca ngn nh ny v 1 logic) th thao tc chuyn mch s
dng.
Nh- vy, cng ging tr-ng hp T-SWRR khi i qua chuyn mch T-RWSR
thng tin s b tr (gi chm) mt khong t
M
-c xc nh theo biu thc 2.5 v
loi T-RWSR cng l chuyn mch ton thng, khng tn tht ni.
2.5.4 B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu c ghi v c u ngu nhin
(Time Switch Random Write Radom Read - T-RWRR)
Cc b chuyn mch thi gian T-SWRR v T-RWSR u c mt php chn
tun t, do hiu sut s dng cc ngn nh ca T-MEM khng cao, thao tc
chuyn mch qua chng khng linh hot. Chuyn mch T-RWRR cho php iu
khin c qu trnh ghi thng tin t tuyn PCM
in
vo ngn nh ca T-MEM v c
qu trnh c n ra -a ln tuyn PCM
out
do c th dng b nh T-MEM

vi dung l-ng nh hn, linh hot hn. Cu trc ca b chuyn mch loi ny
-c th hin trn hnh 2.32.
V cu to, b nh T-MEM c m ngn nh dng nh cc t m PCM,
b nh C-MEM gm F ngn nh bng vi s knh ca tuyn PCM (F c
th l 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 hoc 1024) dng nh cc t m iu
khin. B m khe thi gian to ra s ng b cho cc qu trnh ghi c
thng tin vo cc b nh T-MEM v C- MEM.
Mi ngn nh ca T-MEM c s bt bng vi s bt ca t m PCM
(th-ng l 8 bt). S ngn nh m ca T-mem th-ng rt nh hn s knh ca
tuyn PCM (m<< F) -c chn phc v cc thao tc chuyn mch ng
thi qua n. Mi ngn nh C-MEM -c chia thnh hai phn dng cha a
ch iu khin ghi v iu khin c cc ngn nh T-MEM.






















PCMout
W





0
1
2
M-1
t-mem
[i]

0
1
i
2
F-1
c-mem
Hnh 2.32: S khi tm tt ca b chuyn mch thi gian s kiu
T-RWRR.
PCMin

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
i

j
j
Data
r
[i]
[j]
[2]
[2]
[j]

( )

+
=
1 log
log
2
2
M
M
Int
P

S bt ca mi phn ca mi ngn nh C-MEM phi biu din a
ch ca ngn nh T-MEM cng vi mt bt B v -c xc nh bng
biu thc:
r = P+1 trong P bit a ch v bt cn li l bt B
Nu log
2
M l s nguyn
Nu log
2
M khng phi l s nguyn.

Nguyn l hot ng : Khi cn thc hin mt thao tc chuyn mch no
qua b chuyn mch ny th h thng iu khin chuyn mch phi chn mt
mt ngn nh ri trn b nh T-MEM ca b chuyn mch ny phc v yu
cu chuyn mch . a ch ca ngn nh T-MEM ny s -c -a ti C-MEM
ghi vo phn iu khin ghi ca ngn nh c th t trng vi knh u vo v
cng ghi vo phn iu khin c ca ngn nh c th t trng vi knh u ra
ca yu cu chuyn mch , ng thi bt B ca hai phn ny cng nhn gi tr
0 logic. V d : cn thc hin thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
v gi s phn
iu khin chn ngn 2 ca T-MEM phc v yu cu chuyn mch . Khi
a ch [2] s -c ghi vo ngn i ca C-MEM phn iu khin ghi v vo ngn j
ca C-MEM phn iu khin c. Sau cc s liu iu khin ghi trong cc
ngn nh C-MEM -c c ra trong mi chu k iu khin qu trnh ghi/c
thng tin qua ngn nh 2 ca T-MEM cho thao tc chuyn mch ni trn.
Ti TS
i
a ch [2] trong ngn i phn iu khin ghi ca C-MEM s h-ng
t m PCM ca knh Ch
i
trn PCM
in
vo ngn nh 2 chn ca T-MEM. Ti
khe thi gian TS
j
a ch [2] trong ngn j phn iu khin c ca C-MEM s
iu khin vic c t m PCM nh trong ngn 2 ca T-MEM -a ra knh
Ch
j
trn PCM
out
.
Cc thao tc trn s -c lp li trong mi chu k cho ti khi c yu cu
kt thc thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
th phn iu khin s xo cc
s liu iu khin lin quan ti thao tc chuyn mch trong cc ngn
nh i v j ca C-MEM v -a bt B ca chng v gi tr 1 logic.
B chuyn mch thi gian s kiu T-RWRR cho php s dng cc ngn nh
ca T-MEM rt linh hot, hiu qu cao. Tuy vy, do m <<F nn c th xy ra gi

ht do khng ngn nh phc v cc yu cu chuyn mch ng thi.

2.5.5 Kh nng p dng ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian s.
Thi k u, khi mi p dng k thut chuyn mch s, do gi thnh ch
to cc b nh rt cao nn cu trc chuyn mch S-T-S (khng gian-thi gian-
khng gian) -c p dng rng ri gim s chuyn mch thi gian s. Trong
cu trc cc chuyn mch T khu gia th-ng dng loi T-RWRR. Sau ny,
gi thnh ch to cc b nh s gim mnh, cng ngh ch to vi mch s cho
php ch to cc b dung l-ng ln, tc cao nn cu trc T-S-T -c s dng
rng ri hn do kh nng phc v tt hn, kh thng cao, gi thnh thp, c bit
c nhiu -u im trong iu khin v chn tuyn. Trong cu trc ny tng T u
vo th-ng s dng cc b chuyn mch loi T-SWRR, cn tng T u ra li
dng cc b chuyn mch loi T-RWSR cho -c -u im v iu khin (xem
xt sau phn iu khin chuyn mch).
Nhn chung kh nng chuyn mch ca b chuyn mch thi gian s l rt
ln. Mt b chuyn mch thi gian cho lung PCM F knh t-ng -ng vi mt
ma trn FxF ton thng. V vy nu dung l-ng ca tng i khng ln (ti vi
trm thu bao) th ch cn dng mt b chuyn mch thi gian s phc v cho c
chuyn mch thoi v cc tn hiu bo hiu. i vi cc tng i dung l-ng
trung bnh v dung l-ng ln nn p dng cu trc TS, ST hoc TST.
Trong cc cu trc trn, do ph-ng thc ghp v phn knh tun t nn
bao gi cng phi c chuyn mch thi gian s thay i s tun t th mi
to ra s chuyn mch cc knh.
Cc chuyn mch thi gian s to ra tr tn hiu khi qua chuyn mch .
Tu thuc vo tng yu cu chuyn mch m thi gian tr T
M
c th khc nhau
(ph thuc vo khong cch khe thi gian gia knh ngun v knh ch), nh-ng
i vi mt yu cu chuyn mch th T
M
s khng i vi mi t m v do
cc t m k tip nhau khng b thay i phn b v thi gian, ngha l cc
chuyn mch s PCM khng gy mo pha. c tnh ny rt quan trng i vi
nhng dch v nhy cm vi tr nh- thoi, video, fax

2.6 Cc b chuyn mch khng gian s c bn
2.6.1Khi qut v chc nng ca cc b chuyn mch khng gian s
Trong phn chuyn mch thi gian s cng cho thy, v mt l
thuyt, nu b chuyn mch thi gian s c tc chuyn mch ln
th ch cn mt b chuyn mch thi gian s cng c th m bo chc
nng chuyn mch gia cc mch u cui (gia thu bao-thu bao, thu
bao- trung k, trung k-trung k, thu bao vi thit b bo hiu, trung k
vi thit b bo hiu). Tuy nhin, do hn ch v kh nng cng ngh nn
khng th ch to b chuyn mch thi gian s c dung l-ng qu ln
(do b gii hn bi tc truy cp b nh). Do vy, trong cc tng i
dung l-ng trung bnh v dung l-ng ln th ton b tng i -c t
chc thnh cc nhm, mi nhm giao tip vi tr-ng chuyn mch bng
mt hoc mt s tuyn PCM. T c khi nim tr-ng chuyn mch
nhm. Nh- th s pht sinh yu cu chuyn mch thng tin t nhm ny
sang nhm khc, ngha l t tuyn PCM
in
ca nhm ny sang tuyn
PCM
out
ca nhm khc nh- minh ho trn hnh 2.33














V d cc yu cu chuyn mch th-ng c dng tng qut:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q

Cc yu cu ny bao gm c thao tc chuyn mch v thi gian (t knh
Ch
i
sang knh Ch
j
) v c thao tc chuyn mch v khng gian (t tuyn PCM
inP



B
chuyn
mch
khng
gian
s

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
pcm
in0

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
pcm
in1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
pcm
in2

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
pcm
inN-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
PCM
out0

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
PCM
out1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
PCM
out2

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsj
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
PCM
outN-1
Hnh 2.33: Chc nng chuyn mch khng gian s.

sang tuyn PCM
outQ
)
Vy b chuyn mch khng gian thc hin chc nng chuyn mch thng
tin t mt knh Ch
i
trn tuyn PCM
inP
ti knh Ch
i
trn tuyn PCM
outQ
no ,
ngha l ch chuyn thng tin t tuyn PCM
in
ny ti mt trong cc tuyn PCM
out

m khng lm thay i th t knh (gi nguyn th t knh Ch
i
). Hay ni cch
khc, chuyn mch khng gian s thc hin chc nng chuyn t m PCM ca
knh trn tuyn PCM u vo no ti knh c cng th t vi n trn mt
trong cc tuyn PCM u ra ca b chuyn mch.
Nh- vy, thao tc chuyn mch ca b chuyn mch khng gian c th
vit d-i dng tng qut:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
Q
trong biu thc trn, phn ng tr-c du th hin a ch knh u vo, phn
ng sau du th hin a ch knh u ra. Biu thc trn cng c th vit d-i
dng :
Ch
i
PCM
inP
Ch
i
PCM
outQ
C th ch ra cc thao tc chuyn mch -c thc hin trn b chuyn
mch khng gian s trong hnh 2.33

1. Ch
j
PCM
in0
Ch
j
PCM
out2

2. Ch
F-1
PCM
in1
Ch
F-1
PCM
outN-1
3. Ch
i
PCM
in2
Ch
i
PCM
out1
4. Ch
2
PCM
in2
Ch
2
PCM
outN-1
5. Ch
j
PCM
in2
Ch
j
PCM
outN-1
6. Ch
i
PCM
inN-1
Ch
i
PCM
out0
7. Ch
1
PCM
inN-1
Ch
1
PCM
out2

Qua thng k cc thao tc chuyn mch trn c th hnh dung b chuyn
mch khng gian s nh- mt b ni xuyn, mt ma trn chuyn mch m trong
cc phn t chuyn mch hot ng theo nguyn l phn chia khe thi gian
sao cho mt tuyn PCM
in
u vo no c th ni ng thi ti nhiu tuyn
PCM
out
u ra khc nhau ch khc l ti cc khe thi gian (TS) khc nhau ng vi
cc knh (Ch) khc nhau, v d cp thao tc 3,4 PCM
in2
ni ti PCM
out1
ti khe
dnh cho knh i (TS
i
) v ni ti PCM
outN-1
ti khe dnh cho knh 2 (TS
2
); cng
t-ng t nh- vy i vi cc thao tc 6 v 7. Hoc trong cng mt khe thi gian

c th ni cc cp PCM
in
PCM
out
khc nhau, v d trong cc thao tc 1 v 5 , 3
v 6. Hoc cc knh khc nhau ca mt tuyn PCM
in
c th -c chuyn ti cc
tuyn PCM
out
khc nhau, v d nh- cc thao tc 3,4 v 5, hoc 6 v 7. p ng
-c cc thao tc chuyn mch a dng trn th b chuyn mch khng gian s
phi bao gm ma trn chuyn mch vi cc phn t chuyn mch s c kh nng
tc ng nhanh c th hot ng theo nguyn l phn khe thi gian v phn
iu khin ma trn chuyn mch cng phi tc ng theo nguyn l phn khe
thi gian vi chu k lp li tng thao tc l 125s. Vy c th -a ra s khi
khi qut chc nng ca b chuyn mch khng gian s nh- trn hnh 2.34














2.6.2 B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u ra
V cu to, b chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u ra gm hai
phn, l ma trn chuyn mch v b nh iu khin .
Ma trn chuyn mch -c t chc theo hng v ct. Cc hng l cc
tuyn PCM
in
, cc ct l cc tuyn PCM
out
, giao im gia hng v ct l phn t
chuyn mch. Phn t chuyn mch thc hin chc nng ca mch v (mch
logic AND); th-ng l mch cng ba trng thi. Mt u vo ca cng -c
ni vi tuyn PCM
in
(hng), u ra ni vi tuyn PCM
out
(ct), u vo th hai
(u iu khin) -c ni n b nh iu khin. Mi phn t chuyn mch trong
ct -c gn mt m nh phn t-ng ng vi th t (a ch) ca tuyn PCM
in
.
B nh iu khin C-MEM (Control Memory hay Connection Memory)
-c t chc theo u ra (theo ct, v th b chuyn mch khng gian loi ny
PCM
inN-1
PCM
in1

ma trn cc
phn t
chuyn mch
logic
PCM
in0

PCM
in2

PCM
out0

PCM
out1

PCM
out2
PCM
outN-1
b nh iu khin
S liu
iu
B chuyn mch khng gian s
Hnh 2.34 S khi chc nng ca b chuyn mch khng gian s

( )

+
=
1 N log Int
N log
r
2
2
cn -c gi l B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo ct), mi ct c
F ngn nh (t 0 n F-1) bng vi dung l-ng ca tuyn PCM.






















S bt trong mi ngn nh phi cha t m a ch ca cc phn t
chuyn mch v -c xc nh theo biu thc.
Nu log
2
N l s nguyn
Nu log
2
N khng phi l s nguyn.

Ngoi ra mi ct cn c mt b gii m iu khin gii m cc t m
a ch thnh tn hiu iu khin -a n tng phn t chuyn mch trong ct.
V hot ng : Cc hot ng ca b chuyn mch ny bao gm ghi thng
tin iu khin vo C-MEM, c v gii m thng tin iu khin iu khin
phn t chuyn mch. Th t thc hin cc thao tc nh- sau: Khi cn thc
hin mt thao tc chuyn mch no qua b chuyn mch ny th h thng iu
PCM
out
0 PCM
out
1 PCM
out
2 PCM
out
3 PCM
out
M-1
PCM
in
0
PCM
in
1
PCM
in
2
PCM
in
N-1
gm0 gm1 gm2 gm3 gmm-1
0
1
2
3
f-1
PCM
in

P
C
M
o
u
t


and
Hnh 2.35 : B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u ra
Data
0
1
2
N-1
0
1
2
N-1
0
1
2
N-1
0
1
2
N-1
0
1
2
N-1
[1]
[2]

khin s gi d liu iu khin n ghi vo C-MEM. D liu ny bao gm a
ch ct, a ch ngn nh ca C-MEM v s liu ghi vo ngn nh vi t-ng
ng sau: a ch ngn nh trng vi knh cn chuyn mch, a ch ct ca ngn
nh trng tuyn PCM
out
, s liu ghi vo ngn nh trng vi m nh phn ca
tuyn PCM
in
.
V d : thc hin thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
Q
th a
ch ngn nh l i, ct Q, s liu ghi vo ngn nh [P]; ngha l t m P -c ghi
vo ngn i ct Q ca C-MEM.
Ti khe TS
i
t m PCM ca knh Ch
i
xut hin trn tuyn PCM
inP
. Lc
ny ngn i ca ct Q ca C-MEM -c c v -a ra gii m GM
Q
to ra tn hiu
m phn t chuyn mch P trong ct Q ca ma trn chuyn mch. Nh- vy t m
PCM ca knh Ch
i
t tuyn PCM
inP
s qua phn t chuyn mch P ca ct Q
-a ra tuyn PCM
outQ
. C nh- vy, trong mi chu k, ti khe TS
i
, phn t P ct Q
ca ma trn chuyn mch li -c m d-i s iu khin ca s liu iu khin
-c ghi trong ngn i ct Q ca C-MEM chuyn t m PCM ca knh
Ch
i
PCM
inP
sang knh Ch
i
PCM
outQ
. Khi cn kt thc thao tc chuyn mch ny
phn iu khin s xo s liu iu khin ghi trong ngn i ct Q ca C-MEM
th thao tc s chm dt.
2.6.3 B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u vo
B chuyn mch loi ny cn -c gi l B chuyn mch khng gian s
iu khin theo hng. Cu to: Gm ma trn chuyn mch v b nh iu khin
Ma trn chuyn mch bao gm cc hng l cc tuyn u vo, -c k
hiu PCM
in0
PCM
inN-1
, cc ct l cc tuyn ra PCM
out0
PCM
outM-1
. Giao im
gia hng v ct l phn t chuyn mch. Phn t chuyn mch l mch cng
logic thc hin chc nng ca mch V (logic AND); mt u vo ca phn t
chuyn mch -c ni vi tuyn PCM
in
, u ra ni vi tuyn PCM
out
, u vo th
hai (u iu khin) ca cc phn t chuyn mch trong cng mt hng -c ni
vi gii m iu khin GM. Cc phn t chuyn mch trong mi hng -c nh
s theo s th t ca cc tuyn PCM
out
t-ng ng vi cc u ra ca gii m
iu khin.
B nh iu khin C-MEM -c t chc theo hng (theo u vo). Mi
hng c F-1 ngn nh (bng s knh ca tuyn PCM). S bt trong mi ngn nh
din gii a ch ca phn t chuyn mch trong hng d-i dng t m nh
phn v -c xc nh bi biu thc.

( )

+
=
1 log
log
2
2
M Int
M
r
Nu log
2
M l s nguyn
Nu log
2
M khng phi l s nguyn

Nguyn l hot ng: Cng ging b chuyn mch khng gian s iu
khin theo u ra, khi cn thc hin mt thao tc chuyn mch no qua b
chuyn mch khng gian iu khin theo u vo th h thng iu khin cng
ghi s liu iu khin cn thit vo ngn nh iu khin t-ng ng ca b nh
C-MEM. Sau s liu iu khin ghi s -c c ra ti khe thi gian t-ng
ng trong mi chu k iu khin phn t chuyn mch c th cho thao tc
chuyn mch . Khi cn kt thc thao tc chuyn mch ny th phn iu khin
s xo s liu iu khin ghi trong ngn nh t-ng ng vi thao tc chuyn
mch ny trong C-MEM.
























PCM
out
0 PCM
out
1 PCM
out
2 PCM
out
3 PCM
out
M-1
PCM
in
0
PCM
in
1
PCM
in
2
PCM
in
N-1
PCM
in

P
C
M
o
u
t


and
Hnh 2.36 : B chuyn mch khng gian s iu khin theo u vo
g
m
0

g
m
1

g
m
2

g
m
N
-
1

0

1

2

3

f
-
1

Data
[
3
]

[
3
]

[
2
]

[
1
]

0

1

2

3

f-1
0

1

2

3

f-1
0

1

2

3

f-1
0

1

2

3

f-1
[
2
]

[
F
-
1
]


( ) | |

+ +
+
=
1 1 log
1 log
2
2
N Int
) (N
r
V d: thc hin thao tc chuyn mch Ch
3
PCM
1
Ch
3
PCM
2
th cn
ghi [2] vo ngn 3 hng 1 ca C-MEM. Ti khe thi gian TS3 ca mi chu k th
[2] trong ngn 3 hng 1 ca C-MEM li -c c ra m phn t chuyn mch
2 trong hng 1 ca ma trn chuyn mch trong sut khe TS3 v vy knh
Ch
3
PCM
in1
-c chuyn ti knh Ch
3
PCM
out2
. Khi [2] b xo khi ngn 3 ca
hng 1 trong CMEM th thao tc chuyn mch trn s b kt thc.
2.6.4 Cc c im chung ca b chuyn mch khng gian s
- Tn hiu qua b chuyn mch khng gian s phi l tn hiu dng s v
ch c th i t u vo ti u ra ca b chuyn mch tc l t mt
PCM
in
no ti mt trong cc PCM
out
(do phn t chuyn mch l phn
t logic nn ch cho tn hiu s i qua theo mt chiu).
- Cc b chuyn mch khng gian s lm vic theo nguyn tc phn khe
thi gian. Mi thao tc chuyn mch -c thc hin trong mt khe thi gian c
th t-ng ng vi knh -c chuyn mch.
- Mt phn t chuyn mch c th phc v ng thi nhiu thao tc
chuyn mch (trong cc khe thi gian khc nhau).
- B chuyn mch khng gian s khng th thc hin chc nng chuyn
i khe thi gian v vy th-ng hot ng cng cc b chuyn mch thi gian s.
2.6.5 Dng c bit ca chuyn mch khng gian s
* Dng t-ng -ng vi b chuyn mch khng gian iu khin theo
u ra.
Trong cu trc ny t-ng ng mi u ra ta dng mt b ghp knh s
MUX (Multiplexer) -c iu khin bi b nh iu khin CM t-ng ng . Mi
b nh iu khin c F ngn nh (t 0 n F-1 t-ng ng cc khe thi gian). Mi
ngn nh c s bt -c xc nh theo biu thc:

Nu log
2
(N+1) l s nguyn
Nu log
2
(N+1) khng l s nguyn
trong N l s tuyn PCM vo
S d phi c N+1 trng thi v cn tnh n c trng thi khi khng

( ) | |

+ +
+
=
1 1 M log Int
1) (M log
r
2
2
c u vo no -c ni ti u ra t-ng ng.
Nguyn l lm vic: thc hin thao tc chuyn mch knh Ch
i
PCM
P

Ch
i
PCM
Q
cn ghi [P] vo ngn i ca CM
Q
Nh- vy c ti khe thi gian TS
i
th [P]
trong ngn i ca CM
Q
ni PCM
in
P vi PCM
out
Q trong sut khe thi gian TS
i
v do
:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
Q






















* Dng t-ng -ng b chuyn mch khng gian iu khin theo u
vo (theo hng).
Trong cu trc ny mi u vo -c ni ti mt b phn knh DEMUX
(Demultiplexer). Mt b nh iu khin t-ng ng vi tng b
DEMUX. S ngn ca mi b nh CM bng s khe thi gian ca mi
chu k. S bt trong mi ngn nh -c xc nh theo biu
thc:
Nu log
2
(M+1) l s nguyn
Nu log
2
(M+1) khng l s nguyn
cm
0






0
1
2
3
cm
0






0
1
2
3
cm
0






0
1
2
3
cm
0






0
1
2
3
PCM
in
0
PCM
in
1
PCM
in
2
PCM
in
3
PCM
in
N-1
mux
0

mux
1
mux
2

mux
m-1

P
C
M
o
u
t
1

P
C
M
o
u
t
0

P
C
M
o
u
t
2

P
C
M
o
u
t
M
-
1

Hnh 2.37 B chuyn mch khng gian s dng cc b MUX

trong M l s tuyn PCM ra. Cn M+1 trng thi k c trng thi khi khng c
u ra no -c ni vi u vo qua DEMUX
Do cc u ra ca cc DEMUX -c ni vi nhau nn chng phi l cc
u ra tr khng cao.
Nguyn l ny -c th hin trn hnh 2.38






























Hot ng ca b chuyn mch ny c th tm tt nh- sau: Khi cn thc
hin mt thao tc chuyn mch no qua b chuyn mch th phn iu khin

c
m
0



3 2 1 0
d
e
m
u
x
0

PCM
in
0

c
m
0



3 2 1 0
d
e
m
u
x
0

PCM
in
1

c
m
0



3 2 1 0
d
e
m
u
x
0

PCM
in
N-1
P
C
M
o
u
t
0
P
C
M
o
u
t
1
P
C
M
o
u
t
2
P
C
M
o
u
t
3
P
C
M
o
u
t
M
-
1
Hnh 2.38 B chuyn mch khng gian s dng cc b DEMUX

chuyn mch s ghi s liu iu khin vo ngn nh ca b nh iu khin t-ng
ng theo nguyn tc b nh CM trng vi tuyn PCM vo, ngn nh trng vi
knh cn chuyn mch, cn s liu cn ghi trng vi tuyn PCM ra . V d
chuyn mch knh Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
Q
th trong ngn i ca CM
P
phi ghi [Q].
Nh- vy c ti khe TS
i
ca mi chu k th [Q] trong ngn i ca CM
P
s -c c
ra iu khin DEMUX
P
ni u vo P (PCM
inP
) vi u ra Q (PCM
outQ
) v t
m ca Ch
i
t u vo PCM
inP
-c chuyn ra u ra PCM
outQ
qua b phn knh
s DEMUX
P
.






























2.7 Cc cu trc tr-ng chuyn mch s

Khi qut v chc nng ca cc tr-ng chuyn mch trong tng i
chuyn mch s:
































Hnh 2.39 Minh ho chc nng v t chc cc tr-ng chuyn mch

Trong cc tng i chuyn mch s, cc mch in giao tip -ng dy
thu bao SLIC ( Subscribers Line Interface Circuit), giao tip trung k TIC (Trunk
Interface Circuit), giao tip cc thit b dng chung EIC (Equipment Interface
Circuit) bo hiu hoc thng bo bng li, thit b chuyn mch nhiu -ng
th-ng -c t chc thnh tng nhm. Mi nhm c th c cc chuyn mch
ring nh- chuyn mch TEST dng cho o th, kim tra; chuyn mch DLS
W

TEST LOC
L
s
M
U
TDN
W

(sN
W
)

TEST LOC
L
s
M
U

TEST LOC
L
s
M
U
PCM
in
0
PCM
in
1
PCM
in
N-1
PCM
out
0
PCM
out
1
PCM
out
N-1
M
U
P
in
T
P
out
T
M
U
P
in
E
P
out
E
loc
loc
a
m

s
s
7

(Digital Line Switch) dng ni cc b cp cc m phc v DTG (Digital Tone
Generator) nh- m mi quay s, bo bn, hi m chung, ni cc b
thu tn hiu chn s MFR (Multi frequence receiver) v dng tp trung ti.
Cc nhm thu bao, trung k, thit b dng chung giao tip vi tr-ng chuyn
mch nhm TDN
w
(Time Division Network) bng cc -ng PCM
in
v PCM
out
.
Chc nng ca tr-ng chuyn mch nhm TDN
w
l chuyn thng tin t cc
tuyn PCM
in
sang cc tuyn PCM
out
theo cc yu cu chuyn mch phc v
cc cuc gi. Tu thuc vo dung l-ng m tng i c th bao gm mt s
tr-ng chuyn mch hoc ch c duy nht mt tr-ng chuyn mch, thm ch ch
c mt b chuyn mch. Trong cc tng i ring (tng i c quan, tng i ca
mt to nh nh - PBX (Private Branch Exchange) dung l-ng khng qu vi ba
trm s th tnh nng kim tra, o th c th -c n gin bt, cc chc nng
chuyn mch thoi, chuyn mch bo hiu -c tp trung trong mt tr-ng
chuyn mch duy nht, thm ch ch dng mt b chuyn mch thi gian s duy
nht phc v. Trong cc tng i dung l-ng va v ln th-ng bao gm mt
s tr-ng chuyn mch thc hin cc chc nng ring bit: Tr-ng chuyn mch
dng cho kim tra o th, tr-ng chuyn mch tp trung ti cc nhm thu bao,
tr-ng chuyn mch nhm nh- trn hnh 2.39. Tu thuc vo ng dng c th m
cc tr-ng chuyn mch ny c th c cu trc v cc c tr-ng k thut khc
nhau. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc cu trc th-ng gp trong cc tng
i s.

2.7.1 Cu trc T

Tr-ng chuyn mch theo cu trc T ch gm mt b chuyn mch thi
gian s nh- -c minh ho trn hnh 2.40














Do l-u l-ng chuyn mch khng ln nn ton b cc yu cu chuyn
mch c th -c phc v ch bi mt b chuyn mch thi gian s. Cc ngun
tn hiu u vo nh- cc knh t cc thit b u cui thu bao, cc knh t cc
PCMin
B
chuyn mch
thi gian s
T

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj

ts0

ts1

ts2

tsi

tsF-1

ts0

ts1

ts2
T
Frame
=125s

tsj
PCMout
Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chi ChF-1 Ch0 Ch1 Ch2 Chj
Hnh 2.40 Tr-ng chuyn mch mt b chuyn mch thi gian s

giao tip trung k hoc tuyn truyn dn, cc knh t cc b phn phi bo hiu
sau khi -c s ho -c ghp theo thi gian vi nhau nh b ghp knh
MUX to thnh mt tuyn PCM
in
duy nht -a ti u vo ca chuyn mch
T. Tuyn PCM
out
t chuyn mch T s -c -a qua b phn knh DEMUX
tch thnh cc knh -a ti cc giao tip thu bao, giao tip truyn dn hoc ti
cc b thu v x l bo hiu.
Do ch c mt tuyn PCM
in
v PCM
out
duy nht nn yu cu chuyn mch
ch biu din tng qut d-i dng:
Ch
i
Ch
j

Nhn chung cc loi chuyn mch thi gian s u c th s dng trong
cu trc ny, tuy nhin, nu s dng loi b chuyn mch T-SWRR hoc loi
T-RWSR th s to ra tr-ng chuyn mch ton thng (khng tc nghn - non
blocking) do m bo quan h gia knh cn chuyn mch-ngn nh thoi-ngn
nh iu khin-knh ch.
Tr-ng chuyn mch theo cu trc mt b chuyn mch ny c th -c
p dng lm tr-ng chuyn mch a nng ca tng i dung l-ng nh hoc lm
b chuyn mch tp trung ti thu bao ca tng nhm thu bao trong cc tng i
dung l-ng va v ln.
Cc yu cu chuyn mch qua cu trc ny cng c th l song h-ng v
cng c th l yu cu chuyn mch n h-ng. Trn hnh 2.40 cc thao tc
chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
v Ch
j
Ch
i
kt hp thnh yu cu chuyn mch song
h-ng Ch
i
Ch
j
, cn cc thao tc chuyn mch Ch
0
Ch
1
,

Ch
1
Ch
F-1
,
Ch
2
Ch
0
l nhng thao tc chuyn mch n h-ng. Mi yu cu chuyn mch
song h-ng dng Ch
i
Ch
j
-c thc hin bng 2 thao tc chuyn mch Ch
i
Ch
j
v Ch
j
Ch
i
. iu ny c ngha l mi thao tc chuyn mch dng Ch
i
Ch
j
nu
vit y phi l Ch
i
PCM
in
Ch
j
PCM
out
, cng c ngha l cc chuyn mch s
ch cho tn hiu i t u vo n u ra ca b chuyn mch. Nh- th, yu cu
chuyn mch song h-ng Ch
i
Ch
j
-c thc hin bng 2 thao tc chuyn mch
ng thi Ch
i
PCM
in
Ch
j
PCM
out
v Ch
j
PCM
in
Ch
i
PCM
out
. -ng nhin chuyn
mch s khng th thc hin -c cc thao tc chuyn mch dng
Ch
j
PCM
in
Ch
i
PCM
out
. Cc yu cu chuyn mch n h-ng th-ng p dng
ni cc thit b chuyn dng dng chung ti mch in thu bao nh- cc thit b
bo hiu, thit b kim tra, o th. Cc yu cu chuyn mch song h-ng dng
trong vic ni thoi.
Hnh 2.40b d-i y l mt v d minh ho cu trc chuyn mch T

















Hnh 2.40b: V d minh ho cu trc chuyn mch T
2.7.2 Cu trc chuyn mch hai tng (Cu trc T-S, Cu trc S-T)
Thng th-ng khi dung l-ng ca tng i tng, th nhu cu chuyn mch
cng tng. i vi cc tng i trung bnh v tng i ln tn hiu t cc nhm
thu bao, trung k , cc tuyn truyn dn v cc thit b bo hiu th-ng -c
ghp knh bng mt vi cp ghp v to thnh mt s tuyn PCM
in
-a ti tr-ng
chuyn mch. T u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch cng s c mt s tuyn
PCM
out
-a tr li phn h ng dng.
Nh- vy s c nhu cu chuyn mch gia cc mch u cui ca nhm
ny vi mch u cui ca nhm khc, ngha l s c yu cu chuyn mch gia
mt knh no ca mt tuyn PCM ny vi mt knh khc ca cng mt tuyn
PCM hay mt tuyn PCM khc. Yu cu chuyn mch c th vit d-i dng
tng qut:
Chi PCM
P
Chj PCM
Q
(1)
trong cc ch s i, j v P, Q c th trng hoc khc nhau tng cp.
Yu cu chuyn mch dng ny bao gm hai thao tc chuyn mch c
bn: Th nht l chuyn thng tin t knh i sang knh j, vit tt l Ch
i
Ch
j
. Th
hai l chuyn t knh j tuyn PCM
P
sang knh j tuyn PCM
Q
, ngha l chuyn t
tuyn P sang tuyn Q m khng lm thay i ch s knh v vit tt l
Ch
j
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
. Nh- vy vi cu trc T-S hoc cu trc S -T u c th
p ng -c cc yu cu chuyn mch kiu ny.



0
a
3
b
0
1
2
3
a
b
0
a
3
b
pcm
in
pcm
Out
0
1
2
3
3
0
R
m
u
x
/
D
e
m
u
x

t-mem

c-mem


2.7.2a Cu trc T-S (Time switch-Space switch)
Cu trc T-S gm 2 tng chuyn mch: Tng u l chuyn mch thi gian
ITXB (Incoming Time Switch Board), mi tuyn PCM u vo (PCM
in
) -c -a
ti mt b chuyn mch thi gian s (T). u ra ca cc b chuyn mch thi
gian s -c -a ti tng chuyn mch th hai, vo b chuyn mch khng gian
s SXB (Space Switch Board). Cc u ra ca b chuyn mch khng gian chnh
l cc tuyn PCM
out
. Cu trc ny -c minh ho trn hnh 2.41













i vi cu trc ny yu cu chuyn mch (1) -c thc hin theo hai b-c:
B-c 1: Ti b chuyn mch T
P
thc hin thao tc chuyn mch v thi
gian, l chuyn thng tin t khe i sang khe j qua b chuyn
mch T
P
. Thao tc ny c th vit tt l :
T
P
: Ch
i
Ch
j
, hay Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
P
(1.1)
B-c 2: Ti b chuyn mch S thc hin thao tc chuyn mch khng
gian, chuyn thng tin t tuyn vo P sang tuyn ra Q ti khe j.
Thao tc ny c th vit tt l :
PCM
P
PCM
Q
ti khe j, hay Ch
j
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1.2)
Trong cu trc T-S cc tuyn PCM phi cng dung l-ng, cc b chuyn
mch thi gian u vo nn dng loi T-SWRR, b chuyn mch khng gian s
tng ra c th dng loi iu khin theo u ra (theo ct) hoc loi iu khin
theo u vo (theo hng) v n l chuyn mch vung (N N). Vi vic s dng
cc b chuyn mch nh- vy s thun li cho vic ghi thng tin iu khin vo
cc b nh C-MEM ca cc b chuyn mch ny. V d vi la chn gm cc
chuyn mch ITXB l loi T-SWRR, chuyn mch S l loi iu khin theo u ra
B
chuyn mch
khng gian
S
T
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
T
1
Pcm
1
Pcm
1
Pcm
1
T
2
Pcm
2
Pcm
2
Pcm
2
T
N-1
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
N-1
Ch5 Ch7
Ch7 Ch7
Ch5
Ch5
Hnh 2.41 Cu trc chuyn mch hai khu T-S
itxb sxb

th i vi cc thao tc chuyn mch (1.1) v (1.2) trn y thng tin iu khin
s -c ghi vo ngn j ca CMEM T
P
v ngn j ct Q ca C-MEM S. Vic ghi
thng tin iu khin vo cc ngn nh iu khin c cng th t c th -c tin
hnh ti chnh khe thi gian nhp v khi s bt -c mt tr-ng a ch xc
nh ngn nh cn ghi. Cn nu u vo s dng cc b chuyn mch kiu T-
RWSR th thng tin iu khin li phi ghi vo ngn i ca CMEMT
P
v ngn j ct
Q ca CMEMS, nh- vy chng khng c cng th t v vic ghi cc thng tin
iu khin s phc tp hn.





















Hnh 2.41b : V d minh ho cu trc chuyn mch T-S



0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

R

a

0

a

0

a

4

p
c
m

1

p
c
m
1

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

R

b

4

b

4

b

0

p
c
m

2

p
c
m
2

0

1

2

3

g
m
1

c
-
m
e
m

0

p
c
m
0
1
e
D

b

4

p
c
m
0
2

1

2

1

2

1

2

g
m
2

a

4

I
T
1

I
T
2


2.7.2b Cu trc S-T(Space switch- Time switch)
Cu trc chuyn mch ny -c minh ho trn hnh 2.42
Yu cu chuyn mch (1) cng c th -c phc v bng cu trc S-T. u
vo s l b chuyn mch khng gian s N N, iu khin theo u ra hoc theo
u vo, tng ra s l cc b chuyn mch thi gian s. Trong cu trc ny li cn
s dng loi b chuyn mch thi gian kiu T-RWSR tng chuyn mch thi
gian u ra.
Nh- th yu cu chuyn mch (1) s -c thc hin theo hai b-c, b-c 1
qua tng chuyn mch khng gian SXB, b-c 2 qua tng chuyn mch thi gian
OTXB (Outgoing Time Switch Board).












Gi s b chuyn mch khng gian l loi iu khin theo u ra (theo
ct), cn cc b chuyn mch thi gian tng ra l loi T-RWSR th cc b-c
-c thc hin nh- sau:
B-c 1: Qua b chuyn mch S trn u vo thc hin thao tc:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
Q
(1.3)
B-c 2: Trong b chuyn mch thi gian s T
Q
tng ra thc hin thao tc:
Ch
i
PCM
Q
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1.4)
Nh- vy cc ngn nh iu khin trong CMEMS v CMEMT
Q
dng cho
thao tc (1.3) v (1.4) u c th t i v v vy s tin cho vic ghi thng tin iu
khin vo chng t h thng iu khin chuyn mch


B
chuyn mch
khng gian
S
T
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
T
1
Pcm
1
Pcm
1
Pcm
1
T
2
Pcm
2
Pcm
2
Pcm
2
T
N-1
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
N-1
Ch5 Ch7
Ch7 Ch7
Ch5
Ch5
Hnh 2.42 Cu trc chuyn mch hai khu S-T
sxb
otxb





















Hnh 2.42b: V d minh ho cu trc chuyn mch S-T
* nh gi kh thng ca cu trc T-S v cu trc S-T
nh gi kh thng ca cu trc l xem xt kh nng thc hin cc yu
cu chuyn mch qua cu trc . Trong cu trc T-S, khi thc hin yu cu
chuyn mch (1)
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1)
th ti b chuyn mch u vo T
P
knh Ch
i
buc phi chuyn sang knh Ch
j
,
ngha l
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
P
(1*)
cng c ngha l knh Ch
j
trn PCM
P
phi -c dnh cho (1*) th mi thc hin
-c thao tc tip theo l
a

0

p
c
m
1

b

4

p
c
m
2

0

1

2

3

g
m
1

c
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

w
0

0

a

0

p
c
m
0
1
e
D

p
c
m

1

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

w
b

4

b

4

b

4

p
c
m
0
2

p
c
m

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

g
m
2

a

a

o
t
1

o
t
2


Ch
j
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
trn chuyn mch S theo yu cu (1).
Nu nh- xut hin mt yu cu chuyn mch khc c dng:
Ch
x
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Z
(2)
Khi c th chuyn ti Ch
j
PCM
Z''
trn u ra chuyn mch S th ti chuyn
mch u vo T
P
phi thc hin thao tc chuyn t knh Ch
x
ra knh Ch
j
, ngha l
Ch
x
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
P'
(2*)
Nh- vy s xy ra tranh chp gia thao tc (1*) v (2*) do trn chuyn
mch T
P
c hai knh u vo (Ch
i
v Ch
x
) cng c nhu cu chuyn ti mt knh
u ra ca T
P
l knh Ch
j
trn PCM
P'
. Khi yu cu chuyn mch xut hin sau
s b hu mc d knh u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch i vi yu cu vn ri
v do vy gy ra tn tht ni (gi ht) ca tr-ng chuyn mch. Khi dung l-ng
ca cc tuyn PCM tng th sc xut xy ra cc tranh chp ny s tng v lm nh
h-ng ti cht l-ng phc v QoS ca tng i (QoS - Quality of service).
T-ng t, trong cu trc S-T cng c th xy ra cc tranh chp nh- vy khi
c hai hoc nhiu yu cu chuyn mch ng thi cng c nhu cu chuyn mch
ti mt knh u vo ca mt b chuyn mch thi gian no . V d, nu c
cc yu cu chuyn mch nh- sau:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q''
(3) v Ch
i
PCM
Z
Ch
x
PCM
Q''
(4)
R rng cc knh u vo v u ra l c lp vi nhau, ngha l khng c
tranh chp v u vo, u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch. Tuy nhin thc hin
-c yu cu (3) v (4) th tng chuyn mch S phi thc hin cc thao tc:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
Q'
(3*)
Ch
i
PCM
Z
Ch
i
PCM
Q'
(4*)
Hai thao tc (3*) v (4*) khng th tin hnh ng thi qua chuyn mch
S do tranh chp u ra PCM
Q'
ti khe TS
i
v mt trong hai yu cu chuyn mch
s b t chi v cng dn ti gi ht (tn tht cuc gi).
Nh- vy, nu xem xt cc yu cu chuyn mch mt cc c lp th cc
cu trc T-S, S-T u c th phc v -c mi yu cu chuyn mch t mt knh
no trn mt tuyn PCM u vo ti mt knh bt k ca mt trong cc tuyn
PCM u ra ca tr-ng chuyn mch. Tuy nhin chng u l cc tr-ng chuyn
mch khng ton thng do c th xy ra cc tranh chp khi c nhiu cuc gi
ng thi cng buc phi tin hnh qua mt knh trung gian no . Cn ni
thm l tranh chp dng ny gy ra tn tht cuc gi ngay c khi mt cuc gi
rt thp (t 2 cuc gi ng thi tr ln c th xy ra tranh chp) v c th coi
y l tn tht ni gy ra do nguyn l chuyn mch


2.7.3 Cu trc chuyn mch ba tng (Cu trc T-S-T, Cu trc S-T-S)
2.7.3a Cu trc T-S-T (Hnh 2.43)
So vi cu trc T-S th cu trc T-S-T c thm mt tng chuyn mch T
u ra (tng OTXB: Outgoing Time Switch Board) cn so vi cu trc S-T th cu
trc T-S-T li c thm tng chuyn mch T u vo (ITXB: Incoming Time
Switch Board). Nh- ta phn tch phn 2.7.2 th mi yu cu chuyn mch
dng tng qut:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q''
(1)
s bao gm hai thao tc chuyn mch. Mt thao tc chuyn mch v thi gian, t
khe TS
i
sang khe TS
j
v mt thao tc chuyn mch v khng gian, t tuyn P sang
tuyn Q. Trong cu trc T-S v cu trc S-T do ch c hai tng chuyn mch nn
khi thc hin mi yu cu dng (1) th c hai thao tc u l bt buc. Cn trong
cu trc T-S-T do c thm mt tng chuyn mch so vi hai cu trc trn nn khi
thc hin mi yu cu chuyn mch dng (1) th tng thm vo s cho php c
mt thao tc chn t do. Trong cu trc T-S-T, do tng thm vo l tng chuyn
mch thi gian nn thao tc chuyn mch t do chnh l thao chuyn mch v
thi gian. V d, khi cn thc hin yu cu chuyn mch (1)
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q''
(1)
th phn iu khin mng chuyn mch c th chn t do mt khe thi gian k no
phc v cc thao tc chuyn mch ca yu cu (1), min sao khe thi gian
k ch-a b s dng trn c u ra ca b chuyn mch IT
P
v u vo ca b
chuyn mch OT
Q
phc v cho yu cu chuyn mch no khc ang tin hnh
ti thi im . y l iu kin chn khe thi gian trung gian (hay cn gi l
khe thi gian ni b) khi phc v yu cu chuyn mch (1).













Pcm
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
P
Pcm
P*
Pcm
P
Pcm
Q
Pcm
Q*
Pcm
Q
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
N-1*
Pcm
N-1
Ch
i

Ch
h

Ch
j

Ch
j

Ch
k

Ch
i

Hnh 2.43 Cu trc chuyn mch ba khu T-S-T
IT
0
IT
P
IT
Q
IT
N-1
Pcm
0
Pcm
P
Pcm
Q
Pcm
N-1
Ch
k

Ch
h

.

OT
0
OT
P
OT
Q
OT
N-1
.

.

itxb

otxb

sxb

.

Chuyn mch
khng gian
S


Gi s tng chuyn mch ITXB dng loi T-SWRR, tng chuyn mch
khng gian SXB dng b chuyn mch khng gian iu khin theo ct, cn tng
chuyn mch OTXB dng loi T-RWRS th yu cu chuyn mch (1) s -c thc
hin qua knh trung gian k theo 3 b-c nh- sau:
B-c 1: Trn tng chuyn mch thi gian vo ITXB, b chuyn mch IT
P
thc hin thao tc chuyn mch thng tin t knh Ch
i
sang knh
trung gian Ch
k

Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
k
PCM
P'
(1.1)
iu khin : Ngn k CMEM IT
P
ghi [i]
B-c 2: Trn tng chuyn mch khng gian SXB

thc hin thao tc chuyn
mch thng tin t knh Ch
k
tuyn P sang knh Ch
k
tuyn Q
Ch
k
PCM
P
' Ch
k
PCM
Q*
(1.2)
iu khin : Ngn k ct Q CMEMS ghi [P]
B-c 3: Trn tng chuyn mch thi gian ra OTXB b chuyn mch OT
Q
thc hin thao tc chuyn mch thng tin t knh trung gian Ch
k

sang knh Ch
j

Ch
k
PCM
Q
* Ch
j
PCM
Q''
(1.3)
iu khin : Ngn k CMEM OT
Q
ghi [j]
Ngha l, khe thi gian k -c dng nh- khe thi gian trung gian
chuyn thng tin t khe i tuyn vo P sang khe j tuyn ra Q ca tr-ng chuyn
mch. Khe thi gian trung gian -c dng chuyn mch thng tin bn trong
tr-ng chuyn mch, v vy n cn -c gi l khe thi gian ni b (Internal
Time Slot). T-ng ng n cn c mt vi tn khc nh- knh trung gian, knh ni
b hoc knh bn trong. Do n -c chn t do khi cn phc v mi yu cu
chuyn mch nn n c th -c chn theo nhiu cch, min sao tho mn iu
kin chn khe thi gian ni b. V do n -c chn t do nh- vy nn cu trc
T-S-T c th trnh -c cc dng tranh chp v khe thi gian trn u ra ca
chuyn mch IT
P
(m gp trong cu trc T-S) hoc trn u vo ca chuyn
mch OT
Q
(m gp trong cu trc S-T).
Trn hnh 2.42b minh ho cuc gi gia thu bao A (t-ng ng knh 0
trn tuyn PCM
1
) vi thu bao B (t-ng ng knh 4 trn tuyn PCM
2
) s dng
khe thi gian ni b TS
3
cho h-ng Ch
0
PCM
1
Ch
4
PCM
02
v khe thi gian
ni b TS
2
cho h-ng Ch
4
PCM
2
Ch
0
PCM
01


































Hnh 2.42b: V d minh ho cu trc chuyn mch T-S-T

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

R

a

0

a

0

a

3

p
c
m

1

p
c
m
1

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

R

b

4

b

4

b

2

p
c
m

2

p
c
m
2

0

1

2

3

g
m
1

c
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

w
0

0

a

3

p
c
m
0
1
e
D

p
c
m

1

0

1

2

3

4

t
-
m
e
m

0

1

2

3

4

c
-
m
e
m

w
b

4

b

4

b

2

p
c
m
0
2

p
c
m

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

g
m
2

a

a


{
Nh- vy, khi phc v mt yu cu chuyn mch no , phn iu khin
chuyn mch phi tm mt khe thi gian trung gian ri (knh trung gian) phc
v yu cu chuyn mch . Vic ny th-ng s dng ti bt B trong cc ngn
nh ca b nh iu khin C-MEM trong cc chuyn mch thi gian. i vi loi
T-SWRR bt B ny trong mi ngn nh C-MEM phn nh trng thi ca khe thi
gian t-ng ng trn u ra ca b chuyn mch. V d, nu bt B ca ngn 12
trong C-MEM ca chuyn mch T-SWRR c gi tr 0 ngha l knh Ch
12
(t-ng
ng khe TS
12
) trn tuyn ra ca chuyn mch bn ( s dng), cn nu bt
B l 1 th knh u ra Ch
12
ca chuyn mch ang ri c th chn cho yu
cu chuyn mch mi. Ng-c li, i vi T-RWSR th bt B trong ngn nh C-
MEM li phn nh trng thi ca knh u vo. Nh- vy thun tin cho vic
chn knh bng cc bt B th tng IT nn s dng loi T-SWRR cn tng OT nn
s dng loi T-RWSR.
i vi cp yu cu chuyn mch i ngu, v d khi ni thoi gia hai
thu bao chng hn th chng th-ng -c th hin d-i dng:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1)
Ch
j
PCM
Q
Ch
i
PCM
P
(2)
khi yu cu chuyn mch (2) s -c phc v thng qua mt khe trung gian
khc, v d TS
h
nh- m t trn hnh 2.43. Ngha l i vi cp yu cu chuyn
mch i ngu th h thng iu khin chuyn mch phi dng hai khe trung gian
hay mt cp khe thi gian trung gian phc v.
* Thut ton chn khe thi gian trung gian cho mi yu cu chuyn
mch qua cu trc T-S-T
Nh- cp trong phn trn khi xut hin yu cu chuyn mch:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1)
th phn iu khin khi chuyn mch phi chn -c mt khe thi gian trung
gian TS
k
no phc v chui cc thao tc chuyn mch, gm: c thng tin t
b nh T-MEM ca b chuyn mch thi gian IT
P
, ng thi chuyn thng tin
(t m PCM) qua phn t chuyn mch QP (gia u vo P v u ra Q) trong b
chuyn mch khng gian S chuyn ti u vo ca b chuyn mch thi gian
OT
Q
v ghi n vo ngn nh j ca OT
Q
. Nh- th khe trung gian TS
k
(t-ng ng
knh trung gian Ch
k
) phi ri trn c u ra ca IT
P
v trn c u vo OT
Q
.
chn -c khe thi gian trung gian tho mn iu kin trn th phn iu khin
khi chuyn mch phi thc hin x l trng thi ca cc b chuyn mch IT v
OT bng cch tin hnh cc php tnh logic i vi cc gi tr bt B trong cc
ngn nh iu khin (CMEM) ca cc b chuyn mch ITXB v OTXB tm ra
s ng thi cng ri .



Cc chuyn mch ITXB
Cc chuyn mch OTXB
0 1 2 P Q
-
1
0 1 2 P Q
-
1
1 0 1
1

0
0 0 1
1

1


Thanh ghi trng thi

0 0 0
1

0
0 0 0
0

1


Thanh ghi mt n

0 0 0
1

0
0 0 0
0

1

Thanh ghi kt qu
Hnh 2.44 Ph-ng php chn khe thi gian trung gian ri dng mt n
Ph-ng php n gin l dng b lc s d-i dng thanh ghi mt n -c
m t trn hnh 2.44
Gi s cu hnh T-S-T c N tuyn vo v N tuyn ra nh- hnh 2.43. Khi
ng-i ta dng thanh ghi trng thi c 2N bt chia lm hai na, mt na dnh
ghi trng thi ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian vo ITXB, na kia l trng thi
ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian ra OTXB. Trong mi khe thi gian, bt B t
ngn nh CMEM t-ng ng ca mi b chuyn mch T s -c ghi m trong
mi bit c th ca thanh ghi trng thi. V d, trong khe thi gian TS
k
tt c cc
bt B ca cc ngn k trong cc C-MEM ca cc chuyn mch T tng IT v OT
u -c -a ra thanh ghi trng thi. Gi tr cc bt trong thanh ghi trng thi s
phn nh trng thi knh Ch
k
u ra ca tng b chuyn mch IT v trng thi
knh Ch
k
u vo i vi tng b chuyn mch OT t-ng ng trong khe thi gian
.
Vic chn khe thi gian trung gian ri phc v mt yu cu chuyn
mch ch lin quan ti mt b chuyn mch IT v mt b chuyn mch OT, do
vy, phn iu khin chuyn mch lp mt t m chn ghi vo thanh ghi mt n
vi cc gi tr 1 cc bit t-ng ng vi u vo v u ra cn chn, cn cc bt
khc lp gi tr 0. V d: phc v yu cu(1) th bit P tr-ng IT v bt Q tr-ng
OT ca mt n s c gi tr 1 cn cc bt khc ca mt n c gi tr 0. Thanh ghi
kt qu s l kt qu ca ton t AND gia tng bt ca thanh ghi mt n vi bt
t-ng ng ca thanh ghi trng thi. Gi tr ca thanh ghi trng thi s thay i
theo tng khe thi gian v do vy thanh ghi kt qu cng thay i ti khi trong
thanh ghi kt qu c hai bt mt th khe thi gian t-ng ng s -c chn cho yu
cu . Qu trnh tm kim c th -c thc hin theo mt trong cc qui tc -c
t tr-c:

{
- Bt u c nh, tm lin tip: Vic tm khe thi gian trung gian cho mi
cuc gi -c bt u t mt khe nh tr-c sau tm kim lin tip ti khi khe
u tin -c pht hin. Theo cch cc khe trung gian -c s dng tp trung.
- Bt u ngu nhin, tm lin tip: Vic tm kim -c bt u t mt khe
bt k, sau tm lin tip qua cc khe ti khi pht hin -c khe ri. Theo
ph-ng php ny cc knh -c phn b u.
C hai ph-ng php trn u c th dn n kt qu sau mt s ln tm qua
mt s khe thi gian m vn ch-a chn -c knh ri, t cn gii hn s ln
th cho mi yu cu v c th cho th lp sau khong thi gian tr no .
Trn y trnh by vic chn khe thi gian trung gian cho mt yu cu
chuyn mch n. Trong qu trnh phc v cc cuc gi th-ng xuyn xut hin
yu cu chuyn mch i ngu, ngha l xut hin ng thi 2 yu cu chuyn
mch dng :

Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1)
Ch
j
PCM
Q
Ch
i
PCM
P
(2)
nh- th cn phi chn 2 khe thi gian trung gian k v h no phc v cho 2
yu cu . Cc khe ny c th -c chn c lp nhau theo ph-ng php m
t, hoc chng cng c th chn lin kt nhau theo mt trong hai cch, l :
- Chn lin tip : h = k+1
- Chn cch mt na chu k : h = k+(F:2)
trong F l tng s khe thi gian trong mt chu k

* Quy trnh phc v qua cu trc chuyn mch T-S-T.
Sau khi x l cuc gi, yu cu chuyn mch -c gi n khi iu khin
chuyn mch (hay cn gi l b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC - Speech path
controller) d-i dng bn tin iu khin loi 1. Bn tin iu khin ny ch ra a
ch knh v tuyn PCM u vo, a ch knh v tuyn PCM u ra ca tr-ng
chuyn mch. Khi b iu khin tuyn thoi thc hin vic chn tuyn bng
cch lp mt n chn tuyn v tm kim khe trung gian ri nh- m t phn
trn. Tip , khi tm -c khe trung gian, b iu khin ny to s liu iu
khin -a theo cc Bus a ch v Bus s liu ti cc b chuyn mch ITXB, SXB,
OTXB cn thit v ghi vo cc ngn nh iu khin trong cc C-MEM ca
chng. Cc b chuyn mch ny sau s hot ng trn c s s liu iu khin
-c ghi vo C-MEM.



2.7.3b Cu trc S-T-S
Cu trc chuyn mch S -T-S l cu trc rt linh hot tu thuc vo l-u l-ng
ti qua n m c th chn cu hnh theo cc tiu ch ca ng-i qun l t t
-c ch tiu v kinh t cng nh- v cht l-ng phc v.
Nh- th hin trn hnh 2.45, cu trc S-T-S c chuyn mch khng gian
S1 trn u vo v S2 trn u ra, gia chng l cc b chuyn mch thi gian
ca tng TXB (Time Switch Board). Cc chuyn mch S c th chn loi ch nht
nu l-u l-ng ti khng ln v yu cu v cht l-ng phc v khng qu cao,
ngha l chuyn mch S1 c s u ra t hn u vo, cn b chuyn mch S2 th
ng-c li, s b chuyn mch thi gian c th tng hay gim tu theo l-u l-ng
v yu cu phc v. Cc b chuyn mch thi gian cng c th s dng bt k
loi no, tuy nhin chng phi cng mt loi, th-ng s dng loi T-RWRR t
-c hiu qu kinh t cao.














Ta thy rng, so vi cu trc T-S v cu trc S-T th cu trc S-T-S c thm
mt tng chuyn mch khng gian v do php chn -c thm vo (php chn
t do) l php chn theo khng gian, ngha l c mt s b chuyn mch thi
gian khu TXB v mi yu cu chuyn mch c th chn mt b chuyn mch
thi gian bt k no phc v vic chuyn mch mt knh no trn mt
tuyn u vo ti mt knh trn mt trong cc tuyn u ra, sao cho knh u vo
v u ra ca b chuyn mch thi gian t-ng ng cc knh vo v ra ca yu
cu chuyn mch ch-a b s dng cho yu cu chuyn mch khc. iu ny c
ngha l, nu nh- khu TXB c n b chuyn mch thi gian th khi xut hin yu
cu chuyn mch dng ch
i
pcm
p
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1) b iu khin chuyn mch
txb

Pcm
0
Pcm
0*
Pcm
0
Pcm
P
Pcm
H*
Pcm
P
Pcm
Q
Pcm
K*
Pcm
Q
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
M-1*
Pcm
N-1
Ch
i

Ch
i

Ch
j

Ch
j

Ch
j

Ch
i

Hnh 2.45 Cu trc chuyn mch ba khu S-T-S
Pcm
0
Pcm
H
Pcm
K
Pcm
M-1
Ch
j

Ch
i

T
0
T
P
T
Q
T
M-1
.

.

s1
s2


c th chn b chuyn mch T
K
no trong n b chuyn mch thi gian ca
khu TXB phc v yu cu chuyn mch (1) mim sao khe thi gian TS
i
trn
u vo v khe thi gian TS
j
trn u ra ca b chuyn mch T
K
ch-a b bn
(ang s dng cho yu cu chuyn mch khc).
Nh- vy khi c mt yu cu chuyn mch dng:
Ch
i
pcm
p
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1)
th vic chn tuyn s -c quy v c trng thi ca cc b chuyn mch thi
gian chn ra mt b tho mn iu kin Ch
i
trn u vo v Ch
j
trn u ra ca
n ch-a s dng cho cc yu cu chuyn mch khc. phc v cng vic ny
mi ngn nh C- MEM ca b chuyn mch thi gian cn c 2 bt B th hin
trng thi knh u vo v knh u ra.
Mi yu cu chuyn mch (1) -c phn tch thnh 3 thao tc chuyn
mch qua chuyn mch S1, chuyn mch T
K
-c chn no v chuyn
mch S2 theo cc b-c sau:
B-c 1: Ti chuyn mch khng gian v S1 thc hin thao tc chuyn mch
thng tin t knh Ch
i
tuyn PCM
P
sang knh Ch
i
tuyn PCM
K

Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
i
PCM
K
(1.1)
B-c 2: B chuyn mch thi gian T
K
tng TXB thc hin thao tc chuyn
mch thng tin t knh Ch
i
sang knh Ch
j

Ch
i
PCM
K
Ch
j
PCM
K*
(1.2)
B-c 3: Chuyn mch khng gian ra S2

thc hin thao tc chuyn mch
thng tin t knh Ch
j
tuyn K sang knh Ch
j
tuyn Q
Ch
j
PCM
K*
Ch
j
PCM
Q
(1.3)
Tu thuc loi b chuyn mch thi gian -c p dng khu gia m
nguyn l chuyn mch v iu khin ca mng cng khc nhau. tit kim v
thun li cho qu trnh iu khin th ng-i ta th-ng dng loi T- RWRR khu
TXB.

* V kh thng ca tr-ng chuyn mch T-S-T v S-T-S
Kh nng chuyn mch ca cu trc T-S-T t-ng i cao do cc khu
ITXB v OTXB l nhng khu khng gy tn tht cuc gi. Chuyn mch S
dng loi c kch th-c NxN cng l chuyn mch ton thng. Kh thng ca
cu trc ny ch ph thuc vo iu kin chn khe thi gian trung gian v y l
php chn t do nn vic chn n cng rt thun tin, linh hot dn n kh
thng ca cu trc ny rt cao.
Kh thng ca cu trc S-T-S ph thuc nhiu vo s b chuyn mch thi
gian khu TXB v dung l-ng ca tng b chuyn mch . Khi chn b

chuyn mch thi gian cho mi yu cu chuyn mch, do phi tho mn iu
kin l knh u vo v knh u ra cn cho yu cu chuyn mch trn b
chuyn mch thi gian -c chn u phi ch-a b s dng cho yu cu chuyn
mch khc nn khi s b chuyn mch thi gian t th d gy ra tn tht cuc gi
do khng c b chuyn mch thi gian no tho mn ng thi iu kin .
Nu M = 2N th mi c th trnh hon ton hin t-ng trn, ngha l mi
to nn khi chuyn mch ton thng.
T phn tch ny cho thy cu trc S -T-S c kh thng hn cc cu trc
T-S, S -T do trnh -c cc xung t do tranh chp knh u ra ca chuyn mch
T trong cu trc T-S, hoc tranh chp knh u vo ca chuyn mch T trong cu
trc S-T. Tuy nhin, cu trc S-T-S cng c th gp phi tn tht khi khng c
chuyn mch thi gian no tho mn ng thi hai iu kin chn tuyn, do
kh thng ca n km hn cu trc T-S-T. u im c bn ca cu trc ny l
cu hnh ca n d thay i tu thuc vo l-u l-ng ti v do c th t -c
hiu qu s dng rt cao.

2.7.4 Cu trc chuyn mch T-S-S-T
Cu trc T-S-T c th mnh l iu khin thun tin, c th p dng cc
nguyn l chn tuyn n gin, d kp hp iu khin chuyn mch thi gian vi
chuyn mch khng gian s dng chung bt B v nht l cung cp mt kh thng
tt to c s t cht l-ng phc v cao (QoS)
Vn m rng dung l-ng ca tr-ng chuyn mch m vn c th gi
-c cc c tnh ca cu trc T-S-T c th tin hnh theo hai h-ng chnh.
1. Gi nguyn kch th-c ca chuyn mch S, m rng dung l-ng ca tt
c cc chuyn mch T. H-ng ny b hn ch bi kh nng cng ngh hin ti
khng th ch to cc b chuyn mch thi gian tc cao.
2. M rng chuyn mch S bng cch ghp cc chuyn mch vung vi
nhau c -c chuyn mch mt khu kch th-c ln, hoc xy dng tr-ng
chuyn mch S nhiu khu (hai khu) thay cho b chuyn mch S.





























Hnh 2.46. M rng chuyn mch S ca cu trc T-S-T.

H-ng th hai -c pht trin theo c hai cch. Cch th nht -c p
dng trong rt nhiu cc tng i chuyn mch s (v d trong cc tng i TDX
ca Hn quc hoc cc tng i AXE ca Thu in) do tnh n gin v gi
nguyn -c bn cht ca cu trc T-S-T nh- th hin trn hnh 2.46.
Trong cch ny cc b chuyn mch S vung c cng kch th-c NN
-c ghp vi nhau theo kiu ma trn: cc b chuyn mch S trong cng mt
hng s c cc u vo -c ni ng tn vi nhau v ni vi cc u ra ca cc
chuyn mch T khu ITXB nh- hnh 2.46. Cc u ra ca cc chuyn mch S
trong cng mt ct cng -c ni ng tn vi nhau v -c ni ti u vo ca
cc b chuyn mch T khu u ra OTXB. Nh- th b chuyn mch S ban u
s -c m rng, tng s u vo v s u ra. C nh- th khi tng mt hng b
chuyn mch S th cng tng mt ct cc b chuyn mch S (s b chuyn mch
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
1
2
0
0 1 2 N-1
N-1
T

u

r
a

c

a

N

b

c
h
u
y

n

m

c
h
T

c

a

k
h

u

I
T
X
B

T

u

r
a

c

a

N

b

c
h
u
y

n

m

c
h
T

c

a

k
h

u

I
T
X
B

T

u

r
a

c

a

N

b

c
h
u
y

n

m

c
h
T

c

a

k
h

u

I
T
X
B

Ti u vo ca N b
chuyn mchT ca
khu OTXB

Ti u vo ca N b
chuyn mchT ca
khu OTXB

Ti u vo ca N b
chuyn mchT ca
khu OTXB


S s l 1, 4, 9, 16, ... ). Nh- th khi s tuyn u vo v u ra tng A ln th kch
th-c chuyn mch S tng ln A
2
ln.
Nh-c im c bn ca cch m rng khu S theo cch trn l s b
chuyn mch tng nhanh khi tng s u vo u ra, theo l s im ni song
song gia cc b chuyn mch cng tng, hiu qu s dng cc chuyn mch S
khng cao. T c th i n vic p dng m rng khu ny theo cch th hai
l t chc tng chuyn mch khng gian theo s hai khu v dn ti cu
trc T-S-S-T nh- hnh 2.47.
Dung l-ng ca tng i -c chia thnh K mng. Mi mng gm N b
chuyn mch IT v N b chuyn mch OT, mt b chuyn mch khng gian s
cp S1 v mt b chuyn mch khng gian th cp S
2
. Chuyn mch S
1
l loi
NH cn S
2
l loi HN. Dng L -ng trung gian phc v cc cuc gi cng
mng, H-L -ng cn li -c ni vi cc mng khc theo th thc 1:1. Tuy gia
tng cp mng ch c mt -ng trung gian theo h-ng i v mt -ng trung
gian v nh-ng do chng l -ng tc cao (dung l-ng ln, th-ng l 256 hoc
512ch) nn phc v cc cuc gi lin lc gia cc u cui ca tng cp
mng vi nhau. Nh- vy tnh n kh nng cc cuc gi cng mng s ln
hn s cuc gi ng thi khc mng (L=2 6 < N) s mng cc i l :
K = H - L + 1
Theo cch ny hiu sut s dng cc chuyn mch S s cao ln rt nhiu,
tuy nhin cu trc khng cn -c gi nguyn nh- T-S-T, ngha l kh thng
gim i vi lin lc khc mng. Nguyn l chn tuyn trn c bn vn ging
trong cu trc T-S-T. Ph-ng php ny cng cho php b tr cc mng chuyn
mch trong cng mt ni hoc mi mng mt v tr khc nhau, c th lp t
vi dung l-ng chuyn mch y hoc tng phn, ngha l cho php b tr cc
mng chuyn mch ca tng i theo tng vng v tng cung on pht trin thu
bao.
V iu khin cc mng chuyn mch ca cu trc T-S-S-T th mi mng
ny -c iu khin bi mt b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC (SPC- Speech path































Hnh 2.47 Cu trc tr-ng chuyn mch T-S-S-T.
T
0
PCM
in0


PCM
0


T
1
PCM
in1


PCM
1


T
N-1
PCM
inN-1


PCM
N-1


S1
0
S2
0

T
0
PCM
0*


PCM
0


T
1
PCM
1*


PCM
1

T
N-1
PCM
N-1*


PCM
N-1


T
0
PCM
in0


PCM
0


T
1
PCM
in1


PCM
1


T
N-1
PCM
inN-1


PCM
N-1


S1
1
S2
1

T
0
PCM
0*


PCM
0


T
1
PCM
1*


PCM
1

T
N-1
PCM
N-1*


PCM
N-1


T
0
PCM
in0


PCM
0


T
1
PCM
in1


PCM
1


T
N-1
PCM
inN-1


PCM
N-1


S1
K-1
S2
K-1

T
0
PCM
0*


PCM
0


T
1
PCM
1*


PCM
1

T
N-1
PCM
N-1*


PCM
N-1


spc
k-1
spc
1
spc
0
Switching Network K-1
Switching Network 1
Switching Network 0

controller) thc hin cc chc nng x l cc yu cu chuyn mch, chn khe
thi gian trung gian cho cc yu cu chuyn mch, chuyn i thnh cc s liu
iu khin ghi vo cc ngn nh iu khin ca tng b chuyn mch trong
mng khi phc v mi yu cu.
2.8. iu khin chuyn mch s.
2.8.1. Hot ng chuyn mch khi phc v mt cuc gi.
Khi phc v mt cuc gi c th c mt s khi chuyn mch cng tham
gia trong cc tin trnh khc nhau. V d khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao
DLCD (Digital Line Concentration Device) hay DLSw (Digital Line Switch) c
th thc hin cc cng vic nh- ni thu bao gi ti cc knh pht cc tn hiu m
tn (mi quay s, hi m, bo bn) hoc ti cc b thu tn hiu chn s, hoc
chuyn knh thu pht ca thu bao ti tuyn PCM
in
i vo khi chuyn mch
nhm v tuyn PCM
out
ra t khi chuyn mch nhm, cn khi chuyn mch
nhm ch yu thc hin chc nng chuyn mch song h-ng to ra tuyn truyn
thng tin t thu bao ch gi ti thu bao b gi (h-ng i) v t thu bao b gi
n thu bao gi (h-ng v). L-u rng, do tn hiu -c truyn l tn hiu s
nn cc h-ng truyn ny c lp vi nhau, chng ch gp hp li nhau ti mch
SLIC ca mi thu bao.












Hnh 2.48. M hnh phc v cuc gi.
Cuc gi -c bt u khi thu bao ch gi nhc t hp, gi s ch gi l
Sub-A.
B iu khin vng LOC (Local controller) nhn bit trng thi nhc t
hp ca Sub-A, chn mt knh ri trn DLSw ni b pht tn hiu phc v
DTG ti Sub-A thng bo thu bao c th chn s (m mi gi), ng thi ni

slic
dtg
mfr
dlsw
loc
sn
w
a
spca

clpa
sn
w
b
spcb
clpb
dtg
mfr
dlsw
loc

slic
Sub.A
Sub.B
System Bus

Sub-A, bng mt knh khc, ti b thu tn hiu chn s a tn MFR. Thu bao A
bt u chn s, nu kiu chn s l dng xung thp phn (Pulse) th n -c thu
ngay bi mch trng thi ca LOC, cn nu tn hiu chn s dng DTMF (Dual
Tone Multifrequecy) th s -c thu b MFR. Ngay khi nhn ra ch s u tin
th m mi gi -c ngt (knh t DTG qua DLSw -c gii phng) v nu l
chn s kiu P (Pulse) th tuyn ni vi MF cng -c gii phng, cn nu chn
s DTMF th tuyn ni vi MFR s -c duy tr ti khi thu xong cc ch s a
ch. Cc ch s a ch sau khi -c LOC thu nhn (t thu hoc ly t MFR) s
-c gi v CLP (Call Processor - x l gi) x l.
B x l ca mng pha thu bao A ( CLPA) gi yu cu gi ti (CLPB).
CLPB kim tra trng thi thu bao B v nu thu bao B ri th n s yu cu
LOC-B pht chung cho Sub-B, ng thi thng bo cho CLPA v kt qu cuc
gi, CLPA s yu cu LOC-A pht hi m chung t DTG qua DLSw cho Sub-A.
CLPA v CLPB gi yu cu ti SPC ca 2 mng chun b tuyn ni thu bao A v
thu bao B. Khi thu bao B nhc t hp tr li th CLPB gi thng bo cho
CLPA ngt hi m cho A, ngt chung cho B ng thi to tuyn ni t A
sang B v t B sang A qua cc chuyn mch DLSw v SNw. Khi Sub-A hoc Sub-
B kt thc cuc gi th LOC ca n s thng bo trng thi ti SPC v CLP. CLP
mng ny cng thng bo ti CLP i tc gii to tuyn ni nh- th trong qu
trnh phc v cuc gi cn thc hin cc thao tc chuyn mch DLSw, SNw
d-i s iu khin ca b x l cuc gi CLP, b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC v
b iu khin vng LOC gia chng cn c s trao i thng tin iu khin theo
tin trnh thc hin cuc gi.
2.8.2 iu khin khi chuyn mch
Trong mt tng i s c mt s khi chuyn mch tp trung ti -c iu
khin bi LOC, mt hoc vi khi chuyn mch nhm -c iu khin bi cc
SPC t-ng ng cng cc CLP. Cc b x l cuc gi CLP mt mt qun l SPC
v cc LOC thuc mng ca n, mt khc th-ng xuyn tra i vi CLP ca
mng khc to nn s iu khin chuyn mch mt cch tp trung cho c cc
cuc gi ring trong tng mng v cuc gi gia thu bao ca mng ny vi thu
bao ca mng khc, k c cc cuc gi vi thu bao ca tng i khc.
iu khin hot ng chuyn mch phi thng qua vic trao i thng tin
iu khin gia CLP vi SPC v LOC sau t SPC hoc LOC vi tng b nh
iu khin ( C-MEM) ca tng b chuyn mch.
a. Trao i thng tin iu khin chuyn mch gia b x l cuc gi
CLP vi b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC hoc b iu khin vng
LOC.
Kt qu x l bo hiu thu bao v bo hiu trung k cung cp cho CLP
cc d liu cn thit iu khin cc khi chuyn mch. N to ra cc yu cu
gi n SPC hoc LOC v kt qu thc hin cc yu cu s -c SPC v LOC
bo hiu tr li CLP. t -c mt c ch iu khin hiu qu cao th vic

trao i thng tin iu khin mc ny dng tn hiu tc cao, trao i d-i
dng bn tin mc cao tn dng kh nng x l ca cc b vi x l. Cc bn tin
ny da trn cc tr-ng (field) vi ngha c th.
Cc bn tin m CLP gi n SPC hoc LOC th-ng l bn tin yu cu thit
lp mt tuyn ni, gii to mt tuyn ni, ng k tuyn ni, chn mt tuyn ni,
gim st tuyn ni, thm nh mt trng thi no ca tuyn ni qua mt khi
chuyn mch. Cc yu cu s -c th hin d-i dng m hot ng (m tc
ng). Nh- th v c bn cc bn tin yu cu (bn tin kiu 1) s bao gm m
hot ng v phm vi tc ng, ngha l a ch u vo v u ra chuyn mch,
ngoi ra cn c mt s tr-ng th tc khc nh- m bn tin, m pht hin li nh-
trn hnh 2.49 d-i y.

a ch u vo a ch u ra M

n

t
i
n

M

n
g

Mng
Tuyn
PCM
Knh Mng
Tuyn
PCM
Knh
M

p
h

t

h
i

n

l

i

Hnh 2.49 : Format bn tin kiu 1
* M bn tin : mi bn tin -c k hiu bng mt ch s n phn bit
vi cc bn tin khc v thun tin cho vic tham chiu trong iu kin chui
cc bn tin -c gi ni tip nhau. Vic dng m bn tin cho php SPC hoc
LOC bo cho CLP bit khi nhn -c bn tin c li v yu cu truyn li bn tin
hoc thng bo cho CLP bit kt qu thc hin cc yu cu thit lp tuyn, th
tc chn tuyn, xo tuyn hoc ng k tuyn, ngha l m bn tin s dng trong
bn tin phc p cho mt yu cu.
* M tc ng : ch ra rng bn tin ny yu cu SPC hoc LOC thc hin
thao tc no trong s cc thao tc thit lp, chun b, ng k, xo, kim tra,
thm nh trng thi mt tuyn ni.
* Cc tr-ng a ch knh u vo: Cc tr-ng ny cung cp a ch knh
u vo d-i dng a ch mng chuyn mch, ch s tuyn PCM
in
v ch s khe
(a ch knh) trong tuyn. Mc d l a ch n nh-ng i vi chuyn mch
song h-ng th n nhn dng c knh truyn v knh nhn. Tu thuc vo cu
trc khi chuyn mch v t chc ghp knh cc tr-ng a ch ny c th c
kch th-c khc nhau.
* Nhm cc tr-ng a ch u ra: Cung cp a ch knh u ra d-i
dng t-ng t nh- phn a ch knh u vo.
* M pht hin li: Cho php SPC hoc LOC pht hin bt k s gin
on no trong bn tin t CLP hoc pht hin cc li c th xy ra trong truyn v

nhn bn tin. C th dng ph-ng php tng kim tra chn l (Parity) n gin
hoc dng m c -c t ph-ng php CRC (Cyclic Redundancy check)
SPC hoc LOC c th tr li CLP bng bn tin kiu 2 c dng nh- trn hnh 2.50.

M bn tin Tr-ng tin M bn tin tham kho M pht hin li
Hnh 2.50 Format bn tin kiu 2 (SPC, LOC CLP)
* M bn tin v m pht hin li: cng ging ca bn tin loi 1 nh-ng
h-ng nhn ca n ng-c li.
* M bn tin tham kho: Ch ra m bn tin ca bn tin t CLP m bn tin
kiu 2 ny phc p.
* Tr-ng tin: Cha thng tin phc p l cc m vi cc ngha nh-
tuyn thit lp, tuyn ng k , bn tin va nhn b li, khng tm -c
-ng dn theo yu cu...
b. Truyn s liu iu khin t SPC hoc LOC ti b nh iu khin C-
MEM ca cc b chuyn mch.
Cc b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC hoc b iu khin vng khi nhn
-c bn tin loi 1 s x l v chuyn i n thnh s liu iu khin gi ti
tng n v iu khin chuyn mch ca cc b chuyn mch thi gian v chuyn
mch khng gian c lin quan ti yu cu chuyn mch . Nhn chung s liu
iu khin th hin r a ch m s liu iu khin cn -c ghi vo v bn thn
s liu . Tu theo cu trc khi chuyn mch m s liu iu khin c khun
dng khc nhau. D-i y -a ra khun dng s liu iu khin cho cu trc
T-S-T nh- l mt v d cho loi bn tin kiu 3.

Tng chuyn mch thi
gian u vo ITXB
Tng chuyn mch khng
gian SXB
Tng chuyn mch thi
gian u ra OTXB

a

c
h

n
h

C
-
M
E
M

N
g

n

n
h

C
-
M
E
M

S

l
i

u

k
h
i

n

B
i
t

B

B
i
t

P

a

c
h

t

C
-
M
E
M

a

c
h

n
g

n

n
h

C
-
M
E
M

S

l
i

u

k
h
i

n

B
i
t

P

a

c
h

n
h

C
-
M
E
M

N
g

n

n
h

C
-
M
E
M

S

l
i

u

k
h
i

n

B
i
t

B

B
i
t

P


Hnh 2.51. Khun dng bn tin kiu 3 (T-S-T)

Nhn vo khun dng ca bn tin kiu 3 ta thy i vi mi tng chuyn
mch s liu iu khin t SPC hoc LOC th hin:
* a ch ca b nh C-MEM ( chnh l a ch b chuyn mch IT
hoc b nh C-MEM IT ca tng vo, a ch ct C-MEM S trong tng chuyn
mch khng gian, a ch b chuyn mch OT hoc b nh C-MEM OT ca tng
ra)
* a ch ngn nh trn C-MEM.
* Ni dung s liu iu khin s ghi vo ngn nh .
Khi chn loi b chuyn mch ph hp cc tng chuyn mch cho mi
cu trc v chn thi im ghi thch hp th a ch ngn nh c th b qua. V d
vi cu trc T-S-T nu tng vo s dng loi T-SWRR cn tng ra dng loi
T-RWSR (xem mc 2.7.3a) th vi mt yu cu chuyn mch dng:
Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
j
PCM
Q''

v nu chn khe thi gian trung gian TS
K
phc v yu cu ny th s c cc
thao tc:
Tng ITXB: Ch
i
PCM
P
Ch
k
PCM
P'

iu khin: C-MEM IT
P
ngn k ghi [i]
Tng SXB: Ch
k
PCM
P'
Ch
k
PCM
Q*

iu khin: Ct Q CMEMS ngn k ghi [P]
Tng OTXB: Ch
k
PCM
Q*
Ch
j
PCM
Q

iu khin: CMEM OT
Q
ngn k ghi [j]
ngha l vi cch la chn cu trc nh- trn th s liu iu khin s -c ghi vo
cc ngn nh c cng a ch trong cc b nh CMEM tng ITXB, SXB v OTXB
cho mi yu cu chuyn mch v nu chn cch ghi cc s liu ny vo cc ngn
nh iu khin ti khe thi gian trng vi a ch ngn nh th tr-ng a ch
khng cn thit trong s liu iu khin do vy m trong khun dng bn tin
loi 3 c th b 3 tr-ng a ch ngn nh CMEM.
*Tr-ng bit B trong khun dng bn tin kiu 3 c mt vi tc dng: Dng
trong chn tuyn (xem phn 7.3.1) th hin trng thi bn, ri ca knh u ra
i vi T-SWRR, hoc ca knh u vo i vi T-RWSR khi chn tuyn khng
chn vo na nu B = 0. Dng trong iu khin chuyn mch: Bt B c th
-c dng vi ngha ch th ni dng trong ngn nh c tc dng iu khin
nu B = 0 cn nu B = 1 th ni dng trong ngn nh khng c tc dng iu
khin thao tc chuyn mch. Nh- vy cc gi tr ca cc t hp m u c th
-c dng v tc dng ca n ph thuc bt B. V d i vi chuyn mch T-
SWRR bit B -c -a cng cc bt ni dung khc trong ngn nh C-MEM cho
thy cc bt ni dung c l a ch c ngn nh T-MEM khng, cn i

vi T-RWSR th th hin l cc bt ni dung c l a ch ghi t m PCM u
vo vo ngn nh t-ng ng ca T-MEM trong khe thi gian khng. Ngoi ra
bt B ny cn -c s dng kt hp iu khin ct hoc hng ca chuyn
mch S, tc l nu S iu khin theo ct (theo u ra) th mi gii m ct
CMEMS -c ni n u B ca CMEM ca T-RWSR nh- hnh 2.52.
Trong tr-ng s liu iu khin ca CMEM S khng c bt B v v th cc
b gii m ca cc ct CMEM S (hoc cc hng) -c iu khin bi bt B ca
cc chuyn mch T t-ng ng vi cc ct u ra (hoc cc T t-ng ng vi cc
hng u vo).
Nu trong cu trc T-S-T dng b chuyn mch khng gian loi iu khin theo
ct (theo u ra) th khi bt B ca chuyn mch u ra OT
x
s va -c dng
iu khin chnh bn thn b chuyn mch OT
x
va -c dng iu khin
b gii m ct x CMEM S, ngha l iu khin cho php hot ng chuyn mch
qua ct x ca chuyn mch khng gian S. (xem hnh 2.52 v hnh 2.53)
Nu b chuyn mch khng gian loi iu khin theo hng (theo u vo)
-c dng tng SXB trong cu trc T-S-T th khi bt B ca chuyn mch u
vo IT
x
s -c dng iu khin cho php hot ng chuyn mch qua hng x
ca chuyn mch khng gian S.












Hnh 2.52 V d s dng bt B ca chuyn mch T iu khin chuyn mch S.

* Bt P dng kim tra pht hin li theo ph-ng php chn l khi truyn
cc thng tin iu khin n cc b chuyn mch.
Nh- vy ta hnh dung t SPC hoc LOC s c cc cp Bus a ch xc
nh b nh v ngn nh CMEM v bus d liu (D liu gm S liu iu
B
chuyn mch
khng gian
iukhin
theo ct
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
0
Pcm
P
Pcm
P*
Pcm
P
Pcm
Q
Pcm
Q*
Pcm
Q
Pcm
N-1
Pcm
N-1*
Pcm
N-1
Ch
i

Ch
h

Ch
j

Ch
j

Ch
k

Ch
i

IT
0
IT
P
IT
Q
IT
N-1
Pcm
0
Pcm
P
Pcm
Q
Pcm
N-1
Ch
k

Ch
h

.

OT
0
OT
P
OT
Q
OT
N-1
.

.

itxb

otxb

sxb

.

Bit B
Bit B
Bit B
Bit B
































mem
Addr.
Filter
t-mem
0
c-mem
0
a
d
d
r
.

B
i
t

B

Addr.
Filter
W
spc
clp
t-mem
N-1
a
d
d
r
.

B
i
t

B

A
d
d
r
.

B
u
s

I
T
X
B

D
a
t
a

B
u
s

(
C
M
E
M

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
)

f
o
r

I
n
c
o
m
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

S
w
i
t
c
h
e
s





A
d
d
r
.

B
u
s

I
T
X
B

W
c-mem
N-1
Addr.
Filter
D
a
t
a

B
u
s

(
C
M
E
M

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
)

f
o
r

c
o
l
u
m
n
s

o
f

S
p
a
c
e

S
w
i
t
c
h

A
d
d
r
.

B
u
s

S
X
B

A
d
d
r
.

B
u
s

S
X
B

A
d
d
r
.

B
u
s

O
T
X
B

A
d
d
r
.

B
u
s

T
X
B

c-mems
Col.0
a
d
d
r
.

Addr.
Filter
W
dec 0
Addr.
Filter
W

c-mems
Col. N-1
a
d
d
r
.

dec N-1





Matrix
of
Space
Switch
D
a
t
a

B
u
s

(
C
M
E
M

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
)

f
o
r

I
n
c
o
m
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

S
w
i
t
c
h
e
s





t-mem
0
c-mem
0
Addr.
Filter
W
t-mem
N-1
a
d
d
r
.

B
i
t

B

W
c-mem
N-1
Addr.
Filter
a
d
d
r
.

B
i
t

B

Hnh 2.53. Truyn s liu iu khin t SPC ti CMEM ca cc b chuyn mch.

khin+B +P) dn ti tng tng chuyn mch. Vic phn b d liu vo tng
CMEM do mch logic lc a ch to ra xung W ghi s liu vo CMEM t-ng
ng.
Trn hnh 2.53 ch -a ra m hnh truyn cc thng tin iu khin t SPC
n cc b chuyn mch thi gian u vo ITXB, b chuyn mch khng gian
SXB v cc b chuyn mch thi gian u ra OTXB ca cu trc tr-ng chuyn
mch 3 khu T-S-T. Cc cu trc chuyn mch khc nhau s yu cu nhng m
hnh t chc iu khin t-ng ng, tuy nhin chng ging nhau v nguyn tc
chung v vic phn phi cc thng tin iu khin .

























ch-ng III. T chc cc phn h trong tng i SPC

Trong ch-ng I chng ta xem xt mt cch tng qut cu trc ca tng
i SPC. V c bn cp ti chc nng ca cc phn h trong mt tng i
s iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn (SPC). Trong ch-ng ny chng ta s i
su tm hiu t chc ca cc phn h trong tng i SPC chuyn mch s v xem
xt cc gii php ng dng trong cc phn h .
3.1 Phn h ng dng (Application Subsystem)
Chc nng c bn ca mt tng i l chuyn mch cc cuc gi. Cc k
thut chuyn mch ch yu ca mt tng i chuyn mch knh -c cp
trong cc ch-ng II. i t-ng phc v ca cc tng i l cc thit b u cui,
chng phi lin kt vi cc thit b chuyn mch hon chnh chc nng ca
tng i. Trong mc ny cp ti kt cui ti tng i chuyn mch s i vi
cc thit b giao tip khc nhau nh- : -ng thu bao t-ng t, -ng thu bao
s, -ng trung k t-ng t, -ng truyn dn s.
Cc tng i ni ht cung cp y 4 loi kt cui, cc tng i chuyn
tip (tng i ca quc t, tng i -ng di) ch c kt cui -ng trung k
t-ng t, kt cui -ng truyn dn s. Cc loi kt cui ny -c cung cp
phn h ng dng ca tng i v chnh v th phn h ny l ni khai thc cc
tnh nng dch v ca tng i.
3.1.1 Kt cui cc -ng thu bao.
a. Tng quan v kt cui cc -ng thu bao.
-ng dy thu bao ni thit b u cui (TBC) ca ng-i s dng vi
tng i. Nh- th TBC l kt cui ca -ng dy thu bao pha ng-i s dng,
cn mch in trong tng i m -ng dy thu bao ni n n l kt cui ca
-ng dy thu bao pha tng i.
Nh- vy mi -ng dy thu bao (i dy) -c ni ti tng i t-ng
ng vi mt mch in -ng dy thu bao- mch in kt cui -ng dy thu
bao hay mch in giao tip -ng dy thu bao (SLIC - Subsribers Line
Interface Circuit ). Trong cc tng i ni ht cc SLIC chim th tch phn cng
ch yu v l phn cng kh nht do cc l do:
- Phi c kh nng truyn nhiu loi tn hiu cho nhiu chc nng : cp
ngun mt chiu cho TBC, cp dng chung xoay chiu in p ln, truyn
cc tn hiu bo hiu m tn, cc tn hiu mang tin tc, cc tn hiu dng cho
chc nng bo v, kim th.
- Chiu di -ng dy khc nhau dn n cc tham s in cng thay i

trong di kh rng v vy mch giao tip -ng dy thu bao phi c kh nng t
iu chnh cc ch hot ng phi hp vi tng -ng dy c th m bo
cht l-ng dch v.
- S a dng ca thit b u cui v cc thu bao khc nhau, v d : cc
thu bao ch yu vn dng TBC t-ng t, tuy nhin cng bt u c cc thit
b s, thu bao c th l -ng tng i c quan (PABX) hoc cc trm cng
cng.
- S phc tp ca mng : Cc thit b u cui c th hin i m cng c
th l cc thnh phn ca h thng c.
Vn l phi -a ra ch mt hoc mt vi loi mch giao tip c th p
dng vi cc loi thu bao v cc thit b u cui khc nhau -a li gi thnh
hp l cho phn h ng dng.
Cc loi thu bao hay u cui cn kt cui trn mt tng i gm:
1. Cc -ng t-ng t :
- -ng thu bao trc tip : Thit b in thoi chun c chung,
bo hiu dng xung LD (Loop Disconnection) hoc bo hiu a tn
MF (Multifrequency).
- -ng tng i c quan : PABX (Private Automation Branch
Exchange) bo hiu LD hoc MF.
- -ng thu bao cng cng bo hiu LD hoc MF v cc ph-ng
thc bo hiu km theo truyn thng tin tnh c-c.
- Thit b ph : Truyn thng tin iu khin ng h c-c ti thu bao.
2- Cc -ng s
- -ng thu bao s : ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network) truy
cp c bn (Basic Rate Interface)
- -ng PABX : ISDN truy cp s cp (Primary Rate Interface)
1.5Mbps hoc 2 Mbps qua cc h thng truyn dn s.
b. Kt cui cc -ng thu bao t-ng t (Analog line)
Mch kt cui -ng thu bao t-ng t cn gi l mch giao tip -ng
dy thu bao ( SLIC- Subscribers Line Interface Circuit) hoc (SLTU -
Subscribers Line Terminating Unit) thc hin 7 chc nng c bn BOCHTRS
l : Battery Feed, Over Voltage Protection, Codec, Hybrid, Testing, Ringing,
Supervision; ngha l: Cp ngun, chng qu p, m ho v gii m, ghp bin p

sai ng, kim tra o th( kim th), chung v gim st. S chc nng SLIC
-c m t trn hnh 3.1









Hnh 3.1 : S khi ca mch in giao tip -ng dy thu bao t-ng t
.
+ Chc nng cp ngun cho thit b u cui.
a s cc TBC t-ng t ni vi cc -ng dy thu bao ca tng i s
dng ngun chung cp t tng i.
Ngun in mt chiu t tng i qua mch cp ngun trong SLIC -c
-a qua -ng dy thu bao n TBC cp cho cc b bin i tin tc nh-
Microphone, tai nghe, cc b khuch i v cc thnh phn linh kin khc trong
thit b u cui.
Dng in ny phi ln cung cp cho cc b phn ca TBC
hot ng, thng th-ng khong 20-100mA. Mch cp ngun trong SLIC v vy
phi m bo c-ng dng in trong khong cho php khi tr khng mch
vng -ng thu bao (gm tr khng vo ca TBC v in tr i dy dn) thay
i trong khong vi trm O n 1800O. ng thi vi in p cp ngun, cc
tn hiu khc cng -c truyn trn cng i dy, v vy mch cp ngun phi
m bo phn cch v mt tn hiu, ngha l ngn khng cho n xuyn qua
ngun, nh h-ng ti mch khc cng nh- lm suy hao chnh bn thnh tn hiu
truyn trn i dy .
Ngoi ra, mch in -ng dy ca cc thu bao phi phn cch nhau v
thnh phn mt chiu (DC) m bo cc -ng dy thu bao c mch cp
ngun c lp nhm trnh hin t-ng ngn mch bi cc -ng thu bao tr
khng thp v m bo chc nng gim st trng thi ca mi -ng thu bao.
in p cung cp cho -ng dy thu bao thng th-ng l 50VDC hoc

R le
kim
th
T

R le
pht
chung
R

Bo v
th
cp
O

Cp
ngun

B

Gim
st

S
M ho
Gii
m
u
x
&
d
e
m
u
x

PCM
in

PCM
out

Syn
H C
Scanner Battery R.Bus T.Bus
P
D


24VDC qua ti i xng, phn cch mt chiu bng t nh- hnh 3.2.








Hnh 3.2 : Chc nng B-cp ngun
+ Chc nng chng qu p (0 - over voltage protection).
Hai nguyn nhn c bn c th gy ra qu p, qu dng lm hng cc thit
b ca tng i l nng l-ng st v r in cng nghip vo -ng dy.
bo v cc thit b ca tng i, tnh mng ca ng-i vn hnh v ca ng-i s
dng th trn -ng dy cn p dng cc ph-ng php chng st, cn bn trong
tng i mi -ng dy thu bao c mt mch bo v ngay ti gi phi dy chnh
(MFD - Main Distribution Frame) bao gm n chng st (ng-ng 250V) v cu
ch tc ng nhanh - y l mch bo v s cp. i vi cc tng i in t cn
c thm mt mch th cp trn c s mt mch in t bo v qu p do v cc
linh kin in t nhy cm vi qu p, qu dng v vy mch bo v th cp ny
m bo mc an ton cao hn, nhy cm v tc ng nhanh.







Hnh 3.3 : Nguyn l cp chung v b tr cc mch bo v
+

b
b
-
Pha -ng dy Pha tng i
+

b
b
-
Rle chung
Mch bo v
th cp
F
1
F
2
D

Ngun
chung
Mch bo v
s cp

+ Chc nng chung ( R - ringing)
y l mt trong cc tn hiu bo hiu -ng dy thu bao -c pht ti
-ng dy thu bao b gi trong khong thi gian ngn v lp li rung chung
trong my in thoi chun. Tn hiu chung dng in p xoay chiu
70-110V/16-50Hz, dng n 200 mA, pht theo nhp. y l tn hiu in p cao,
dng ln so vi cc tn hiu m tn khc v vy n th-ng -c pht ln -ng
dy qua rle khi ngt cc mch in khc, nh- m t trn hnh 3.3.
Tn hiu -c pht ra -ng dy thu bao b gi theo nhp (th-ng l 1s
pht 4s ngh). Cn c mch kim sot dng chung pht hin thi im thu
bao b gi nhc t hp ngt tn hiu chung. Khi thu bao b gi nhc t hp
trong khong 1s ang pht chung hay trong khong 4s ngh th phi dng ngay
vic pht tn hiu chung ln -ng dy ca thu bao .
+ Chc nng gim st ( S -Supervisory) qun l.
Cc tng i qun l ca mi mch giao tip thu bao mt cch lin tc
bt k mt thay i no v trng thi cng u b pht hin, x l v to ra phn
ng thch hp. i vi cc thu bao analog ni chung, hot ng qun l gim st
trng thi -c thc hin bng vic gim st trng thi mch vng ca -ng dy
thu bao : kn hay h, c hay khng c dng in mch vng. Kt hp iu kin
nh phn ny vi yu t thi gian (s k tip ca cc trng thi v thi gian tng
trng thi) c th suy ra cc ch hin ti ca thu bao. iu ny -c th hin
trong bng 3.1 d-i y.
Bng 3.1 Cc ch ca thu bao
Hot ng thu bao iu kin mch vng Trng thi
Ri Mch vng h I
0
= 0mA Ri ( t t hp)
Thu bao gi

1. Nhc t hp -Mch vng chuyn t h
sang kn I
0
=(2070mA)
- Khi ng cuc gi
2 .Quay s -Xung h/xung kn lun
phin (Break/Mark)
- Chn s dng xung
(Break<100ms)
3. Thng thoi - Mch vng kn lin tc - Nhc t hp lin tc
4. Kt thc -T kn sang h mch vng
t
H
>100ms.
- Chuyn sang ri

Thu bao b gi
1. ang chung

Mch vng h I
0
= 0mA
Dng chung I
~
(200mA)

Bn- ang chung
2. Nhc t hp tr
li
- Mch vng chuyn t h
sang kn I
0
=(2070mA)
- Dng chung I
~
tng
Tr li cuc gi
3. Thng thoi - Mch vng kn lin tc - Nhc t hp lin tc
4. Kt thc -T kn sang h mch vng
t
H
>100ms.
- Chuyn sang ri
Trong cc tng i SPC trng thi ca cc mch in kt cui -c qun l
bi mt b qut (Scanner) ca b iu khin vng (loc). Mch to tn hiu
trng thi th-ng -c ni tip vi mch cp ngun. Tn hiu trng thi ca
mch in kt cui thu bao t-ng t trong tng i chuyn mch s cn
tham gia vo vic iu khin b CODEC ca chnh thu bao .
+ Chc nng kim th ( T- Testing)
Kim tra cc chc nng v o th cc tham s nh- kim tra mch pht
chung cho thu bao, phn ng ca cc thit b tng i vi cc thay i trng
thi -ng dy, o tr khng -ng dy, do dng, do p cc trng thi khc
nhau. Thng th-ng trong cc tng i ln dng tr-ng chuyn mch khng gian
t-ng t ni cc -ng thu bao vi cc thit b o dng chung. Qu trnh
kim tra, o th -c lp trnh tin hnh ti cc thi im t s dng v -c tin
hnh t ng. Khi cn c th o kim nhn cng.
+ Chc nng ghp sai ng bin p (H- Hybrid Transformer).
a s cc thu bao hin nay l thu bao 2 dy, ngha l TBC -c ni ti
tng i bng 2 dy v tn hiu truyn trn chng theo c hai h-ng (song cng).
Bn trong tng i tn hiu -c truyn theo tng h-ng ring, ngha l dng
ph-ng php 4 dy (2 dy pht, 2 dy thu), vic chuyn t kiu 2 dy thnh kiu
4 dy -c thc hin ti mch giao tip -ng dy v th-ng bng cch dng
bin p sai ng.
Hnh 3.4 m t chc nng ny ca cc mch giao tip thu bao t-ng t.
Yu cu ca chc nng ny l mch lai phi c suy hao truyn dn theo c hai
h-ng nh- nhau v khng v-t qu ng-ng cho php, ng thi kh -c ting
di Echo.












Hnh 3.4 Chc nng sai ng Hybrid Transformer
+. Chc nng- M ho v gii m C-Codec
Chc nng ny to nn tng mt tng i chuyn mch s. Cc tin tc t
thit b u cui ng-i s dng phi -c s ho tr-c khi -a vo chuyn mch
v nh- th mi to kh nng chuyn mch cc tin tc bng cc chuyn mch
s. Cc tn hiu dng s sau chuyn mch v truyn dn phi -c gii m tr li
tr-c khi -a ti thit b u cui ng-i s dng. Nhng thao tc ny gi chung l
m ho v gii m C.
Trong thi k u ca PCM ng-i ta dng b m ho v gii m PCM
chung cho tt c 24 hay 30 knh d-i dng nhm. Theo cch ny, cc thu bao
analog trong tng nhm -c tp trung qua mt b chuyn mch khng gian
analog hoc chuyn mch thi gian cho tn hiu PAM. B m ho v gii m
PCM kiu ny -c xy dng t cc linh kin ri, gi thnh rt cao. Nm 1978 b
Codec n gm c m ho, gii m v b lc mt knh d-i dng mch tch hp
VLSI xut hin lm gi thnh thc hin chc nng m ho v gii m gim ng
k. Sau ny trong mi chip codec n ngoi b m ho, gii m, b lc tin ly
mu, b lc sau khi phc cn c cc mch logic iu khin lm cho tnh nng
ca n cng hon thin v vic s dng cng thun tin. Cng chnh v gi thnh
ca cc chip CODEC -c gim ng k nn ngy nay ng-i ta th-ng thit k
mi mch kt cui -ng dy thu bao t-ng t c mt CODEC ring.
Hnh 3.5. cho thy cc pin c bn ca mi codec thng dng. Pha
-ng thu bao c cc chn vo v ra ca tn hiu t-ng t A
in
, A
out
, pha chuyn
mch c cc chn vo v ra ca tn hiu s D
in
, D
out
. Ngoi ra cn c cc chn

M ho
Gii
H CB
slic a

Cc
khi
chuyn
mch
CB
slic b
H
M ho
Gii

Echo cho ng-i ni
Echo cho ng-i nghe

dng cho iu khin v ng b nh- m t d-i y :















Hnh 3.5 Cc chn c bn ca vi mch CODEC
H-ng pht: A
in
- chn tn hiu t-ng t vo, D
out
- chn tn hiu PCM ra,
Tx
syn
- chn m b m ho, nh khe thi gian ra cho tn hiu chn D
out
, Tx
clock
-
chn -a tn hiu nhp h-ng pht, nh tc tn hiu ra chn D
out
.
H-ng thu: D
in
- chn tn hiu PCM vo; Rx
syn
- chn -a tn hiu m b
gii m, nh khe thi gian cho tn hiu vo chn D
in
; Rx
clock
- chn tn hiu nhp
s liu vo, nh tc s vo chn D
in
; A
out
- chn tn hiu t-ng t u ra.
Cc chn iu khin :
- chn iu khin ch ngun ca codec; mc logic 1 codec
kh ng tiu th ngun (ch Standby); mc "0" codec thc hin m ho v
gii m
A/- chn chn lut m ho A hoc .
Cc chn ngun: V
cc
+
, V
ss
-
, GND
Ngoi ra cn c th c cc chn cho cc linh kin ngoi ca b lc RC.
c. Kt cui thu bao s:
V mt s l do k thut, kinh t m a s cc thu bao ca cc tng i
chuyn mch s hin nay vn l loi analog, tuy nhin cng c mt s t cc
-ng thu bao s -c -a vo s dng. Cc thu bao ny -c thc hin
codec
A
in
D
out
Tx
syn
Tx
clock
D
in

Rx
syn
Rx
clock
A
out
+V
CC

-V
SS

gnd
p
d

a
/

Cc chn
nh thi pht
Cc chn
nh thi thu
PD

d-i dng truy cp c bn (BRI) ca mng s liu lin kt a dch v ISDN. y
l -ng truyn dn s t v tr thu bao ti tng i ni ht, n c kh nng h
tr cc dch v phi thoi (non-voice) cng nh- dch v thoi thng th-ng. N
cung cp 2 knh 64Kbps c lp cho ti hu ch v mt knh s liu bo hiu
knh chung 16Kbps. (2B+D)
Hnh 3.6 cho thy cu trc ca thit b u cui s v giao tip thu bao s
D-SLTU (Digital Subscribers Line Termination Unit).


























Hnh 3.6 Kt cui -ng dy thu bao s
Thit b u cui ca thu bao s ng vai tr mt n v u cui mng
NTU (Network Termination Unit) thc hin cc chc nng phi hp truyn dn

codec
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

Giao
tip
truyn dn v ghp knh
t
x
R
x
H

t
h

n
g

b

o

h
i

u

t
h

n
g

p

t
h
u

b
a
o


N
e
t
w
o
r
k

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

U
n
i
t

(
N
T
U
)

Phi hp
kim tra
bo v
cp ngun
Bus kim tra
Ngun

ghp knh v truyn dn
2b
1
2 3 4 30 29
d
H thng iu khin
bo hiu thu bao
mux& demux
2
m

Exchange Termination Unit
(ETU-DSLTU)
1
4
4
K
b
p
s

P
h

a

P
h

a

2
B
+
D


v ghp tch knh cng vi cc khi chc nng thch ng u cui TA (Terminal
Adaptor) bin i tin tc thnh tn hiu s v ng-c li hoc t-ng thch vi
u cui s liu.
Gia thit b u cui s vi tng i l -ng 2B+D, n -c ni vo
mch giao tip thu bao s t-ng ng (D-SLTU). Mch ny cng c cc khi
kim th, bo v, cp ngun nh- cc SLIC ca cc thu bao t-ng t, tuy nhin
s chi tit c nhiu khc bit. Khi truyn dn v ghp knh s thc hin cc
chc nng phi hp truyn dn v ghp tch knh i vi hai knh tin tc B
64Kbps v knh bo hiu D 16Kbps.
Trong mi quan h thu bao-tng i mt s chc nng BOCHTRS -c
chuyn n v tr thu bao s nh- chc nng H, C, R -c -a n khi TA. Chc
nng S ni ring v bo hiu thu bao ni chung cng c nhiu thay i, chng
-c trao i d-i dng thng ip bo hiu thu bao trn knh D16Kbps v qun
l c hai knh B 64Kbps. Dng chung cng khng -c cp t tng i m ch
c thng ip bo hiu t tng i gi ti NTU qua knh bo hiu sau TA s
pht dng chung ti my in thoi.
d. T chc cc kt cui thu bao
Thng th-ng cc mch giao tip thu bao -c ch to d-i dng card-
mng mch (card) gm vi mch giao tip. Trong cc tng i ln th-ng c hai
loi card: loi 8 LC v loi 4LC. Loi card 8 LC dng cho cc thu bao thng
th-ng, loi card 4 LC dng cho cc thu bao c bit nh- cc hp in thoi
cng cng c chc nng thu c-c bng tin kim loi, in thoi th, -ng
PABX . LC l mt phn ca SLIC, th-ng bao gm cc chc nng BSHC, cn
cc chc nng TRO th-ng b tr MDF.Cc card ghp vi nhau thnh module.
C cc loi module 32LC, 64LC, 96LC, 128LC (Line Circuit mch -ng dy
thu bao).
Mi module ngoi cc card LC cn c b iu khin module LMC (Line
Module controller), b chuyn mch tp trung ti DLCD (Digital Line
Concentrator Device) hay b chuyn mch -ng dy s DLSw (Digital Line
Switch), thit b thch ng kim th T-ADP (Test Adapter) , b to tn hiu m
tn DTG (Digital Tone Generator) v b thu tn hiu chn s MFR (Multi
Frequency Receiver).
Cc Module li -c t chc ghp vi nhau thnh nhm. Ngoi cc
Module, trong mi nhm c b ghp tch knh s cp PMUX & PDeMUX
(Primary Multiplexer and Primary Demultiplexer) v b iu khin vng LOC
(Local Controller)













Hnh 3.7 T chc cc kt cui thu bao
Nhim v ca DLCD ca cc module l chuyn mch knh ca thu bao
n mt trong cc knh trn tuyn SHw dng chung ca nhm nhm mc ch
tp trung ti cho mng chuyn mch nhm. iu ny c ngha l cc thu bao
trong nhm dng chung mt tuyn SHw giao tip vi mng chuyn mch
nhm, khi thu bao no trn mt Module ca nhm c nhu cu thc hin
lin lc qua mng chuyn mch nhm th thng tin ca n s -c chuyn mch
qua DLCD ti mt knh ca tuyn SHw. Nh- th cc knh trn tuyn SHw ch
-c gn cho cc thu bao khi chng tham gia vo cc cuc gi ang tin hnh,
khng c knh dnh ring cho tng thu bao v nh- vy ch cn s l-ng knh
khng ln lm phc v nhu cu thng tin ca cc thu bao trong nhm. V d,
mi module c 32 n 128 LC, mt nhm c th c 8 ti 12 Module t-ng ng
c th c ti 1024 LC. Nh-ng ch c mt tuyn SHw 120Ch/128TS do , h s
tp trung l 8,5: 1.
Ngoi ra cc b DLCD cn thc hin chc nng ni cc thit b to m
phc v DTG v cc b thu tn hiu chn s MFR ti -ng thu bao thc
hin chc nng bo hiu.. B iu khin module -ng dy LMC iu khin cc
thao tc chuyn mch qua DLCD (DLSw); phn phi cc tn hiu nh thi cho
cc mch SLIC, iu khin kim th qua b thch ng T-ADP.
Cc LMC cn thc hin chc nng qun l v gi bo co v trng thi
thu bao ti LOC. LOC iu khin cc LMC, cc P-MUX (ghp knh s cp) v
cc P-DeMUX (tch knh s cp) trong nhm. LOC trao i thng tin iu khin
vi b x l iu khin cuc gi Call Proccessor CLP bng cc bn tin bo hiu
bc cao.

slic

slic
lmc
dlcd
(dlsw)
dtg
mfr
T-adp
lm
loc
p
m
u
x

&


p
d
e
m
u
x


shw
up
shw
down
F
r
o
m
/
t
o

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

n
e
t
w
o
r
k


Nh- vy LOC iu khin cc hot ng ca cc Module trong nhm, cc
hot ng ghp, tch knh, trao i thng tin bo hiu vi b x l iu khin cp
trn.
Trong t chc nhm thu bao lin quan ti nhng vn phn phi khe
thi gian cho codec ca tng mch SLIC, chuyn mch tp trung thu bao, trao
i thng tin iu khin.
-Phn phi khe thi gian: m ho v gii m tn hiu mi b codec cn
cc tn hu nh thi Tx
syn
, Tx
clk
, Rx
syn
, Rx
clk
. Do tc pht v thu s liu ca
cc b codec vi cc -ng PCM chung ca mi Module l ging nhau v bng
vi tc ca lung s nn cc tn hiu Tx
clk
v Rx
clk
-c -a c nh, ng
thi ti cc codec. Tn hiu Tx
syn
qui nh khe pht, cn Rx
syn
qui nh khe thi
gian thu ca mi codec. i vi mt codec th Tx
syn
v Rx
syn
c th trng nhau,
ngha l thu pht cng khe thi gian, cn gia cc codec khc nhau th Tx
syn
v
Rx
syn
ca codec ny phi khc vi Tx
syn
v Rx
syn
ca tt c cc codec ca cng
module v chng phi k tip nhau to ra s ghp knh theo thi gian. Trong
cc tng i mi codec th-ng c khe thi gian Tx
syn
v Rx
syn
trng nhau (th-ng
mi codec ng vi mt SLIC) gi l khe thi gian thu bao. Cc thu bao ca
cng mt module s -c cp cc khe thi gian ni tip nhau. Trong module
khc, codec ca cc mch thu bao s -c cp cc khe thi gian ging nh-
cp module tr-c. Ngha l mt nhm c th c ti 8 module 128 SLIC s c
th c ti 8 codec c cng khe thi gian thu bao. Theo cch ny gi l gn cng
khe thi gian cho mi thu bao.













Hnh 3.8 Phn phi khe thi gian thu pht cho cc mch in thu bao

slic

slic
tsac
dlcd
(dlsw)
lm
shw
up
shw
down

slic
1
2
n
ts
1
ts
2
ts
N


Cn c mt cch khc l gn ng khe thi gian cho mi thu bao. Ngha
l dng chuyn mch -a tn hiu nhp Tx
syn
v Rx
syn
n mi mch giao tip
thu bao. Mi CODEC ch -c cp cc tn hiu nhp Tx
syn
v Rx
syn
khi thu bao
tham gia mt cuc gi no . Cch ny kh thc hin hn nh-ng li c th b
phn chuyn mch tp trung ti v chc nng ca n -c thc hin khi gn
ng khe thi gian thu bao.
- Chuyn mch tp trung ti: c mt s cch tp trung ti nh- dng
chuyn mch khng gian, dng chuyn mch thi gian PAM hoc chuyn mch
thi gian s. Hai cc u -c p dng trong thi k u ca cc tng i chuyn
mch s, trong s dng chuyn mch t-ng t tp trung tai tr-c, sau
mi dng mt CODEC chung m ho -a ln tuyn SHw
up
; theo h-ng ra
thng tin qua CODEC chung -c gii m, sau -c -a qua chuyn mch
phn phi v thu bao. Trong cc tng ai chuyn mch s hin nay th-ng
dng chuyn mch thi gian s khu ny v kh nng ca b chuyn mch thi
gian s rt cao v hot ng linh hot v m bo cht l-ng tn hiu.
- Trao i thng tin iu khin: Gia cc LMC vi LOC trao i d-i
dng s liu theo hai chiu. T LMC ti LOC gm thng tin gim st, thng tin
a ch. T LOC ti LMC iu khin phn phi bo hiu thu bao, iu khin
DLCD. Cc tn hiu trao i ny -c thc hin bi cc bus s liu trc tip .
Gia LOC vi CLP ca h thng iu khin c th s dng bus iu khin hoc
dng cc khe thi gian c bit, v d -ng SHw 128TS s dng 120TS cho
120ch cn 8TS dng cho ng b v bo hiu, thm vo 4TS c bit truyn
thng tin iu khin (TS0, TS33, TS66, TS99...)
Nh- th trong cc tng i chuyn mch s cc thu bao -c t chc theo
tng mch giao tip, card, module, nhm .
3.1.2 Kt cui trung k
a. Khi qut chung
Trong mng s lin kt IDN- Integrated Digital Network ngha l ch gm
trung k s, tng i hp ni, cc trung tm chuyn mch s iu khin theo
ch-ng trnh SPC th s khng cn cc trung k t-ng t. Tuy nhin, trong mng
hin nay vn tn ti cc tng i nh dng chuyn mch t-ng t. V vy, bn
cnh cc trung k s gia cc tng i chuyn mch s th vn cn cc giao tip
trung k t-ng t ni tng i chuyn mch s vi tng i t-ng t.
Mi -ng trung k s hay trung k t-ng t cng -c kt cui ti tng

i chuyn mch s bng mt mch giao tip dnh cho tng loi trung k ny.
Cc mch ny cng -c ch to d-i dng card, module v ghp vi nhau thnh
nhm. Khc vi thu bao ch cc trung k l ti nguyn dng chung lin lc
gia cc thu bao ca mt tng i ny vi cc thu bao ca tng i khc nn ti
s dng chng kh ln (~ 1), ngha l chng th-ng xuyn phc v cc cuc lin
lc, v vy trong cc module s khng c b tp trung ti. Dung l-ng ca mi
nhm n 120ch.
b. Kt cui trung k t-ng t ATTU (Analog Trunk Termination Unit)
V c bn kt cui trung k analog ti tng i chuyn mch s cng gn
ging vi kt cui thu bao t-ng t. Cc chc nng T ( Testing) kim th, chc
nng O (Over voltage Protection) bo v, chc nng H (Hybrid) sai ng, chc
nng code and decode (C) m ho v gii m l nhng chc nng ging nhau c
hai loi kt cui ny. Tuy nhin, c mt vi chc nng khc bit th hin ch yu
bo hiu.
- ATTU khng thc hin chc nng cp ngun -ng dy m phi thc
hin vic phn cch mt chiu, ngha l khng cho thnh phn mt chiu t trung
k truyn vo cc thit b bn trong tng i. Thnh phn mt chiu ch -c s
dng cho vic pht hin mch vng trong bo hiu kiu Loop Disconnection. Bo
hiu ny -c bin i trong ATTU t-ng ng bo hiu trong khe TS16.
- Bo hiu trung k Analog c th phn chia thnh bo hiu -ng (hay
cn gi l bo hiu gim st) v bo hiu la chn (hay cn gi l bo hiu thanh
ghi). Bo hiu gim st dng cc dng tn hiu dng mch vng LD (Loop
disconnect), bo hiu trong bng nh- 1VF (Single voice frequency), E&M, GD,
Ringdown. Bo hiu thanh ghi th-ng dng MF (Multifrequency) hay MFC
(Multifrequency Code) hoc DP (Decade Pulse)
- Cc trung k Analog thng th-ng l cc trung k n knh, song cng 2
dy hoc 4dy. Tuy nhin cng c tr-ng hp l tuyn truyn dn Analog
nhiu knh FDM hoc TDM. Khi vic tch ghp knh phi -c thc hin
trm truyn dn bn ngoi tng i v mi -ng thoi s -c -a vo tng i
theo kiu 4 dy.
- Cc ATTU th-ng -c ch to theo card 3AT v module 30AT. Mi
Module ngoi cc card 3AT cn c b ghp v tch knh s MUX/DEMUX, giao
tip vi tr-ng chuyn mch bng tuyn s PCM 30/32 mt b iu khin
Module thc hin thu v x l bo hiu, to v phn phi bo hiu, phi hp
iu khin vi b iu khin nhm trung k.





















Hnh 3.9 : Kt cui trung k Analog (ATTU) ti tng i s

c. Kt cui cc -ng trung k s DTI (Digital Trunk Interface)













Hnh 3.10 : S khi mch giao tip truyn dn s DTI
PCM
in

PCM
out

2M
1
2
30
T
Kim
th
O
Bo v
S
Bo
hiu
H
Sai
ng
C
M
ho
M
D
F

(
M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

F
r
a
m
e
)

T
Kim
th
O
Bo v
S
Bo
hiu
H
Sai
ng
C
M
ho
T
Kim
th
O
Bo v
S
Bo
hiu
H
Sai
ng
C
M
ho
t-adp
Bo hiu
m
u
x

&

d
e
m
u
x

tmc
C

c

t
r
u
n
g

k

t
-

n
g

t

Tx
Mch pht
U/B
Bin i U/B
Z
Nn chui bit 0
IS
Chn bo hiu
T b
PDeMUX d
d
f

(
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

F
r
a
m
e
)

Rx
Mch thu
B/U
Bin i B/U
AF
m khung
Dr.S
Tch bo hiu
Rcl
Ti to nhp
IF
Nhn bit
khung
Ti module
ng h
Nhp trong
Ti b x l
bo hiu
Ti b
PMUX
T b
phn phi
bo hiu
T
r
u
n
g

k

D
T

H-ng thu
H-ng pht

Cc kt cui truyn dn s -c dng cho c cc trung k s t tng i
ngoi ti khi chuyn mnh nhm v cho c cc tuyn PCM t cc nhm kt
cui thu bao. Tuy truyn dn bn ngoi so vi truyn dn bn trong c mt
vi yu cu khc nhau nh-ng mt kt cui chung cho cc dng truyn dn s
s -a li nhiu -u im. N cung cp tnh linh hot trong phn phi cc
cng chuyn mch vo cc lung 2Mbps, cho php cc hn hp khc nhau
gia cc -ng dy ngoi v -ng dy trong, d dng trong vic t chc cc
b tp trung thu bao v cc n v tp trung thu bao xa. iu bt tin ch
cc truyn dn bn trong cng phi trnh by d-i dng giao tip 2Mbps
chun ging truyn dn bn ngoi.
Cc chc nng ca DTI l GAZPACHO
G: Generation of Frame : To khung ( sp xp s liu trong khung)
A : Alignment of Frame : ng chnh khung ( m ng b)
Z : Zero String Suppression : Nn chui bt 0 lin tip
P : Polar Conversion : Bin i cc tnh ca tn hiu
A : Alarm Processing : X l cnh bo
C : Clock Recovery : Khi phc tn hiu ng h
H : Hunt During Reframe : Tm t m a khung
O : Office Signaling : Bo hiu lin i
Cc chc nng ny th hin trong cc thao tc bin i m -ng truyn
thnh m nh phn theo h-ng thu v ng-c li theo h-ng pht, ng b
khung, bo hiu (chn, tch bo hiu)
Trn hnh 3.10 l s khi chc nng ca mch giao tip tuyn truyn
dn s DTI. Mch in ny gm 2 h-ng: H-ng pht nhn tn hiu s PCM t
u ra ca b phn knh s cp PDeMUX, chn thng tin bo hiu, chuyn i
thnh m -ng truyn -a ra -ng truyn dn; h-ng thu nhn tn hiu t
-ng truyn dn chuyn i thnh tn hiu s n cc, ng chnh khung, tch
bo hiu ri -a ti b ghp knh s cp.
Cc khi chc nng theo h-ng pht bao gm : Is (Signaling Inserter) thc
hin vic chn bo hiu -c -a t b phn phi bo hiu vo lung tn hiu
PCM; khi nn chui bit 0 lin tip Z (Zero String Suppression) v khi chuyn
i dng tn hiu n cc thnh dng l-ng cc U/B (Unpolar/Bipolar) l cc
khi thc hin chc nng chuyn i t tn hiu PCM thnh dng tn hiu -ng
truyn; khi Tx (Transmiter) thc hin chc nng pht cc tn hiu ln -ng
truyn.
H-ng thu bao gm cc khi: Khi thu Rx (Receiver) thu tn hiu t
-ng truyn, phi hp v ti to li dng tn hiu; khi B/U (Unpolar/Bipolar)

chuyn i dng tn hiu l-ng cc thu -c thnh dng n cc; khi Rcl
(Clock Recovery) ti to li xung nhp cung cp cho b ghi m ng chnh
khung AF v cung cp cho module ng h lm nhp tham kho; khi IF
(Frame Identifier) nhn bit gii hn khung phc v chc nng ng chnh
khung, tch bo hiu v tch cc knh thng tin; khi AF (Frame Aligner) thc
hin chc nng ghi m ng chnh khung, tn hiu thu -c s -c ghi vo AF
theo nhp ngoi t b Rcl tn hiu -c c ra t AF theo nhp trong -a t b
nh thi; khi Dr.S (Signaling Dropper) thc hin chc nng tch cc thng tin
bo hiu trung k chuyn ti b x l bo hiu.
V t chc nhm : Mi nhm trung k dung l-ng n 120Ch/128TS v -c
qun l iu khin bi mt LOC.
d. T chc nhm kt cui trung k
i vi cc tng i dung l-ng nh th s l-ng cc trung k khng
nhiu, th-ng ch gm mt vi -ng trung k t-ng t hai chiu vi cc tng i
ln cn v tuyn truyn dn vi tng i chuyn tip. Cc tng i dung l-ng
trung bnh v dung l-ng ln hoc cc tng i hp ni c rt nhiu trung k cc
loi. Chng th-ng -c t chc theo nhm.
Cc trung k t-ng t -c phn loi theo bng 3.2
Bng 3.2 Analog Trunk
Loi trung k
H-ng
Bo hiu
gim st
Bo hiu
thanh ghi
Trung k mch vng IC hoc OG (vo
hoc ra)
Mch vng LD MFC, MF, DP
Trung k E&M IC, OG, 2way E&M MFC, MF, DP
Trung k tip t IC hoc OG GD MFC, MF, DP
Trung k Ringdown IC, OG, 2way Ringing MFC, MF, DP

Nhm cc trung k t-ng t -c t chc theo card 3AT, module 10 card
v mt nhm 4 module nh- trn hnh 3.11


















Cc trung k s gia cc tng i chuyn mch s hoc gia tng i ch
HOST vi cc b tp trung thu bao xa RLU (Remote Line Unit) hoc cc b
chuyn mch thu bao xa RSU (Remote Switching Unit) th-ng c cc c tnh
nh- -c ch ra trong bng 3.3 v th-ng -c t chc thnh nhm nh- m t
trn hnh 3.12.
LOC iu khin qu trnh tch ghp bo hiu, ghp v tch knh s, iu
khin m ng b, t chc xp xp khung, tch v phn phi cc tn hiu nhn
-c, x l knh ri.
Bng 3.3 Digital Trunk
Cc c tnh
DTI lut A
DTI lut
Tc bt 2 048 Kbps 1 544 Kbps
M -ng truyn HDB3 Phn cc AMI, B8ZS
in tr -ng dy
75O cp ng trc.
120O cp song hnh
100O danh nh
Dng xung Theo khuyn ngh
CCITT15/G 703 sch
iu xung 2.4-3.6V




tm1
atic
atic
atic
tmc
mux
demux
pmux
pdemux
3
0

T
r
u
n
g

k

1
2
30
Hnh 3.11: T chc cc kt cui trung k t-ng t.
loc













3. Cc b tp trung thu bao xa RLU v chuyn mch thu bao xa RSU:
Do c im dn c- th-ng phn b thnh tng cm nn cc hng sn xut
cc tng i cng tnh n vic lm sao phn chia ko di mt phn thit b
ca tng i c th b tr chng ti cc im tp trung dn c- .


















Hnh 3.13 S dng cc RLU/RSU cung cp dch v thu bao xa


dtic
dtic
dtic
loc
pmux
pdemux
1
2
4
Hnh 3.12: T chc cc kt cui trung k s.
rsu1

rLu2

host

rsu2

rlu1

R<10Km
L~10100Km
L~10100Km L~10100Km
L~10100Km
N=2000
N=150
N=1250 N=50

Phn thit b ko di ny ch yu thc hin chc nng tp trung ti ca
cm thu bao chuyn v tng i chnh, v vy, v c bn thit b ny hon
ton ging nh- t chc nhm thu bao ti tng i chnh ch c iu n -c t
xa tng i chnh v lin h vi tng i chnh qua tuyn truyn dn s. Lm
nh- th gim -c khong cch t thu bao ti tht b giao tip v ci thin kh
nng lin lc ca thu bao v cht l-ng dch v. Cc thit b loi ny -c gi l
cc b tp trung thu bao xa RLU (Remote Line Unit).
Mt loi thit b khc gi l b chuyn mch thu bao xa RSU (Remote
Switching Unit). RSU khc vi RLU ch ngoi chc nng tp trung thu bao
n cn c kh nng hot ng c lp phc v chuyn mch cc cuc gi gia
cc thu bao trong cm khi tuyn truyn dn vi tng i chnh c s c. Quan h
gia RLU/RSU vi tng i chnh -c th hin trn hnh 3.13
Tng i chnh HOST ch cung cp dch v cho cc thu bao gn. Thng
th-ng bn knh phc v ca cc tng i ch khong 3~7 Km. Cc RSU cn gi
l cc tng i v tinh, th-ng -c lp t ti cc cm thu bao c dung l-ng t
khong 200 thu bao tr ln. Cc cm thu bao vi dung l-ng ch vi chc th
th-ng phc v bi cc b tp trung RLU.
Cc li th c bn ca vic s dng cc RSU/RLU l: Gim chi ph xy
dng cng trnh cp, tng kh nng phm vi phc v ca tng i, m bo cht
l-ng dch v thu bao. Cc thu bao ca RSU/RLU cng c cc tnh nng v kh
nng s dng dch v nh- cc thu bao ca tng i chnh.
Cu hnh c bn ca RLU v RSU -c trnh by trn cc hnh 3.14. Cc
RLU ch thc hin chc nng tp trung ti ca cc thu bao, v vy v cu trc,
RLU thc cht l cc thit b giao tip nhm thu bao -c lp t xa tng i
chnh. Thnh phn ca RLU bao gm cc mch giao tip thu bao SLIC, B
chuyn mch tp trung ti DLCD, b iu khin module LMC, cc b to m
phc v DTG v thu tn hiu chn s MFR t chc thnh cc module LM nh-
tng i chnh. Cc LM cng -c ghp vi nhau thnh nhm v -c qun l
bi b iu khin vng LOC. LOC cng iu khin cc qu trnh ghp/tch knh
PMUX/PDeMUX, chn/tch bo hiu v iu khin kt cui truyn dn vi tng
i chnh RTC (Remote Transmission Circuit).
Cc RSU c cu trc nh- mt tng i n gin, ngoi cc khi chc nng
nh- i vi RLU cn cn c kh nng t c lp khi -ng truyn gia tng i
chnh v RSU c s c hoc LOC v h thng iu khin giao tip k cui -ng
truyn ti tng i chnh khng trao i -c vi nhau. Khi RSU vn m bo
cc dch v ti ch gia cc thu bao ca cm thu bao xa . Nh- vy RSU

-c tng c-ng kh nng x l iu khin ca LOC, ng thi -c trang b
thm khi chuyn mch ti ch.












Hnh 3.14 Cu hnh ca b tp trung thu bao xa RLU v b chuyn mch thu
bao xa RSU
Giao tip gia cc b tp trung thu bao xa v chuyn mch thu bao xa
vi tng i chnh thng qua cc -ng truyn PCM30 hoc PCM24 v cc mch
kt cui truyn dn RTC/ETC pha b tp trung v pha tng i chnh nh- trn
hnh 3.15.
Nhn chung cc mch kt cui truyn dn RTC/ETC (Remote Transmission
Circuit/Exchange Transmission Circuit) l cc thit b kt cui -ng truyn
dn lin kt gia tng i chnh vi b tp trung thu bao xa hoc chuyn
mch thu bao xa. Cc chc nng c bn ca chng l chuyn i m ca cc
tn hiu cn truyn thnh m -ng truyn, ng chnh khung, ti to nh
thi, tch/ghp bo hiu, x l cnh bo . Nhn chung chc nng c bn
ca chng ging cc giao tip DTI chun v mt vi loi tng i ng-i ta
cng dng cc DTI chun thc hin chc nng ca cc RTC/ETC. Tuy
nhin, lin kt gia HOST v RLU/RSU c im c bit l chng cn c x
l t-ng tc gia h thng iu khin ca HOST vi LOC ca RLU/RSU do
cn l-u n t chc -ng s liu cho vic trao i cc bn tin t-ng tc
IPC (InterProcessor Communication). Gia HOST v RLU/RSU khng dng
bo hiu lin i. Nh- th c th hiu chc nng ca cc RTC/ETC l
chn/tch cc bn tin x l t-ng tc vi thng tin thoi v chuyn i m
-ng truyn. M hnh lin kt -c ch ra trn hnh 3.15

lmc
dlcd
(dlsw)
dtg
mfr
lm
loc
p
m
u
x

&


p
d
e
m
u
x

slic
slic
r
e
m
o
t
e

s
w
i
t
c
h

To/From
HOST
r
t
c

test











Hnh 3.15 M hnh kt ni gia HOST v RLU/RSU

Vic trao i thng tin iu khin gia HOST v RLU/RSU c th -c thc
hin theo cc ph-ng thc nh- dng -ng bo hiu ring, dng khe thi
gian dnh ring to Bus o cho h thng x l ca hai pha. Trong cc tng
i th-ng p dng cch th hai to chc nng kp cho -ng truyn s
liu, nng cao hiu sut s dng ca -ng truyn m vn m bo yu cu
dch v. Cc thng tin iu khin trao i gia hai pha -c t chc d-i
dng bn tin, s dng th tc HDLC to kh nng truyn tin c tin cy
cao.

rtc etc
ipc ipc
e1/t1
-ng truyn
n b
PMUX/PDeMUX
hoc R.Switch
n mng chuyn
mch ca tng i
chnh
n b LOC n h thng iu khin
Pha RLU/RSU Pha HOST

3.2. Phn h chuyn mch nhm
Phn h chuyn mch nhm gm tr-ng chuyn mch nhm dng cho
vic to tuyn, module ng h cung cp cc tn hiu nh thi cho chuyn
mch v cho cc phn h khc, cc thit b dng chung nh- cc b thu pht bo
hiu CAS, CCS, cc b pht cc thng bo bng li, ngoi ra cn cc thit b phc
v cho chuyn mch chuyn dng.
3.2.1 Cu to chuyn mch nhm
Tu theo dung l-ng ca tng i v thit k ca tng hng, tr-ng
chuyn mch nhm ca cc tng i s c th c cu trc T, TS, ST, TST, TSST
nh- xem xt trong mc 2.7 ch-ng II. Tr-ng chuyn mch nhm cng c th
-c t chc thnh mt mng chuyn mch duy nht i vi cc cu trc t 3
khu tr xung v cng c th t chc thnh nhiu mng chuyn mch vi cu
trc t 4 khu hoc nhiu hn.















Kt cui
thu bao
x l trung tm
Kt cui
trung k
mng
chuyn
mch
nhm
clp loc loc
Hnh 3.16 : Cu trc mt mng chuyn mch nhm

Cc cu trc mt mng chuyn mch c b x l trung tm thc hin vic
x l cuc gi trn c s kt qu x l bo hiu thu bao v bo hiu trung k.
CLP phi c cng sut x l ln thc hin khi l-ng ln cc cng
vic trong qu trnh phc v cc cuc gi. Trong cu trc nhiu mng chuyn
mch, mi mng c cc -ng trung gian ni trong mng v -ng trung gian ni
vi mng khc. Cuc gi pht sinh t mng no s do CLP ca mng qun l.
Ch cuc gi gia u cui ca hai mng th mi cn trao i gia 2 CLP lin
quan. MPC (Multiprocessing Controller) iu khin cc CLP v phn phi ti
nguyn ca h thng.






















Kt cui
thu bao
v

loc
Mng
chuyn
mch
clp
Mng
chuyn
mch
clp


Kt cui
thu bao
v

loc


Kt cui
thu bao
v
Mng
chuyn
mch
Mng
chuyn
mch


Kt cui
thu bao
v
clp clp

loc

loc
mpc
Hnh 3.17 : Cu trc nhiu mng chuyn mch

3.2.2 Kt cui ti phn h chuyn mch.










T bn ngoi cc -ng dy thu bao v cc -ng trung k -c kt cui
ti cc mch giao tip ca phn h ng dng nh- trnh by ti mc 3.1 ca
phn ny. Cc mch giao tip -c chia thnh tng nhm, mi nhm nh- vy
giao tip vi phn h chuyn mch bng mt tuyn SHw
up
v mt tuyn SHw
down
.
Ngha l cc thng tin t cc u cui ca mi nhm -c t chc thnh tuyn
PCM th cp SHw
up
vi dung l-ng 120Ch/128TS /132TS -a vo mng chuyn
mch tham gia chuyn mch vi cc nhm khc v sau khi chuyn mch s
nhn li mt lung PCM th cp SHw
down
cng vi dung l-ng nh- vy(120
knh/128 khe thi gian chuyn mch/tng 132 khe thi gian). Cc khe thi gian
thm vo -c dng cho vic trao i cc thng tin iu khin gia LOC vi CLP
khi gia chng khng s dng Bus iu khin. Khi tc lung s ca mi
SHw l 8.448 Kbps.
nng cao tin cy, m bo hot ng th-ng xuyn ca tng i th
phn quan trng nht l tr-ng chuyn mch phi -c thit k theo kiu d
phng nng. Cc thit b u -c thit k gp i to thnh hai mt, mt mt
hot ng (active) v mt mt d phng (standby). Cc tuyn SHw
up
-c kt
cui ti b thu CR (Cable Receiver) sau qua b ghi m v chuyn i ni tip
song song ES (Elastic Store), b chn SEL (Selector) chn lung tn hiu t
mt mt hoc mt hai -a vo b ghp knh th cp SMUX (Secondary
Multiplexer) ghp 4 tuyn SHw
up
thnh mt tuyn chung -a vo b chuyn
mch thi gian T
1
t-ng ng; ng thi SMUX cng thc hin tch cc thng tin
shwDOWN

4
shwDOWN
1
cr
es
shw
up
1
es
cr
es
shw
up
4
es
Ti mt
2
T mt
2
s
m
u
x

d
r
o

t
1
-
s
w
r
r

s
e
l
1

s
e
l
4

S-SW
cr
cr
Ti mt
2
T mt
2
s
D
E
m
u
x

i
n
s

s
e
l
1

s
e
l
4

t
2
-
r
w
s
r

SPC
CLP
Hnh 3.18 : Ph-ng thc kt cui ti phn h chuyn mch

iu khin t cc khe thi gian c bit ca cc -ng SHw
up
-a qua b tch
DRO (Dropper) -a n b x l cuc gi CLP (call processor). Sau khi qua
tr-ng chuyn mch, ti u ra ca mi chuyn mch thi gian T
2
c mt b
phn knh th cp SDMUX (Secondary DeMultiplexer) thc hin chc nng chn
cc thng tin iu khin -a t b x l cuc gi CLP qua b chn INS (Inserter)
vo cc khe thi gian c bit dnh cho iu khin, ng thi SDMUX cng thc
hin vic tch thnh 4 -ng SHw
down
-a qua cc b chn SEL u ra v b
iu khin cp CD (Cable Driver) -a cc SHw
down
v phn h ng dng ti
tng nhm thu bao hoc trung k.
Nh- vy, SMUX ngoi chc nng ghp knh cn thc hin vic tch cc
khe c bit t cc SHw
up
dng cho thng tin iu khin -c gi t cc LOC
(Local controller) -a ti CLP; v CLP cng qua SDMUX chn cc thng
tin iu khin vo cc khe c bit cu cc lung SHw
down
gi n cc LOC t-ng
ng trong tr-ng hp gia CLP v cc LOC khng c -ng truyn s liu iu
khin ring. B iu khin tuyn thoi SPC (Speech Path Controller) nhn v x
l cc bn tin iu khin -c gi t CLP, chuyn i chng thnh cc s liu
iu khin sau phn phi chng ti CMEM ca tng b chuyn mch.
3.2.3 Cc thit b quan trng khc ca phn h chuyn mch
Trong phn h chuyn mch, ngoi cc thit b chuyn mch (cc b
chuyn mch to nn tr-ng chuyn mch s), cc b ghp knh, phn knh v
cc thit b thnh phn khc to nn tuyn thoi nh- m t trong phn 3.2.2
cn phi c cc thit b quan trng khc phc v cho hot ng chuyn mch ca
tng i, l thit b to tn hiu nh thi BT (Base Time-B to nhp ch v
cc tn hiu nh thi), cc b thu pht bo hiu knh kt hp CAS (Channel
associated signaling) v thit b bo hiu knh chung CCS (Common channel
signaling), cc b to cc bn tin thng bo.
B dao ng ch ca tng i cung cp chun thi gian cho hot ng ca
ton b h thng, bao gm c cung cp cc tn hiu nhp ng b hot ng ca
cc b chuyn mch s, cc b ghp tch knh ca phn h chuyn mch, ng
thi cung cp tn hiu nhp ti cc mch giao tip -ng dy thu bao v cc
mch giao tip trung k ng b hot ng ca cc mch ny vi hot ng
ghp, tch knh, hot ng chuyn mch v cao hn na l ng b hot ng
ca tng i ny vi cc tng i khc trong mng. C th hiu b dao ng ch
ca mi tng i ng vai tr nh- tri tim ca ton tng i. Tu thuc vo vai
tr ca tng i trong mng, mi tng i -c trang b b dao ng c chnh

xc v n nh tn s khc nhau v nhn chung chng l nhng b dao ng
c chnh xc v n nh cao, -c ng chnh th-ng xuyn vi tng i khc.
Nh- vy c th hiu rng mi tng i -c trang b mt thit b to tn
hiu ng h gi l ng h gc. Thit b ny th-ng c chnh xc, tin cy
v n nh cao. T tn hiu nhp ca ng h gc s to ra cc tn hiu nh
thi khc cung cp cho cc hot ng bin i tn hiu, ghp, tch knh, truyn
dn, chuyn mch v cc hot ng iu khin khc. phi hp cc hot ng
ca cc tng i trong mng thng tin s th cc tng i trong mng cn -c
ng b vi nhau, ngha l phi p dng cc bin php ng chnh cc ng h
ch ca cc tng i. Hin nay cc tng i th-ng p dng mt trong ba ph-ng
thc ng b mng chuyn mch s c bn, l :
- Ph-ng thc cn ng b (Plesiosynchronization) dng cc ng h cc
chnh xc cho mi tng i v trang b cc b m cho cc mch giao tip truyn
dn lin i ng chnh li tc lung s.
- Ph-ng thc ng b ch-t (Master-Slaver Synchronization) phn cp cc
tng i trong mng, Tng i ch -c trang b ng h c chnh xc, n
nh v tin cy cao nht, cc ng h ca cc tng i t c phm cp thp
hn v -c ng chnh kho pha theo nhp t tng i ch.
- Ph-ng thc ng b t-ng h (Mutual Synchronization) s dng cc tn
hiu nhp -c ti to t cc mch giao tip truyn dn DTI vi cc tng i khc
trong mng lm cc tn hiu tham kho hiu chnh tn s nhp ca ng h
gc theo gi tr trung bnh ca cc tn hiu nhp tham kho c tnh n cc yu t
nh h-ng ca truyn dn nh- tr, cc iu kin mi tr-ng
Nhn chung ng b mng chuyn mch s l yu t sng cn ca mng, nh
h-ng trc tip n cht l-ng dch v v v th cn phi p dng ph-ng thc
ng b mng hp vi cc yu cu dch v mng.
Trong phn h chuyn mch th-ng ch cha cc thit b bo hiu lin
quan ti bo hiu lin i v mt s thit b bo hiu dng chung cho tt c cc
thu bao s dung trong giai on thit lp cuc gi. Bo hiu lin tng i
th-ng -c tch, ghp ti cc mch giao tip trung k. Cc mch giao tip ny
c -ng lin h trc tip ti thit b x l v phn phi bo hiu. Mt s thit b
bo hiu dng chung nh- cc b thu pht bo hiu m a tn (CR- Code
Receiver, CS - Code Sender) hoc thit b bo hiu knh chung (ST -7 Signaling
Terminal N
0
7) -c ni vi trung k thng qua mng chuyn mch s.

Qu trnh x l cuc gi sau chn s c th dn n tr-ng hp cuc gi
khng th thc hin -c do cc l do nh- thu bao b ngng khai thc, chn s
sai, cuc gi b tc nghn th khi cc l do ny s -c thng bo bng li ti
thu bao ch gi (Announcement ).
3.3 H thng iu khin
3.3.1 Khi qut chung
Trong cc tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn SPC h thng
iu khin gm c phn cng v phn mm. Tu thuc vo dung l-ng, cc h
thng ny c th l loi h thng mt b x l hoc h thng gm nhiu b x l.
Cc h thng nhiu b x l li c th -c xy dng theo nguyn l phn cp
(mt cp hay nhiu cp) v phn chia chc nng (x l bo hiu, iu khin
chuyn mch, qun l giao tip, iu hnh bo d-ng...). V phn mm cng
-c chia thnh cc on th tc (Procedure) v nhn chung chng l cc sn
phm c quyn ca hng cung cp thit b v vy chng rt a dng.
Trong cc tng i SPC th h u v cc tng i in t dung l-ng nh
hin nay vn p dng cu trc h thng iu khin mt b x l. y l b x l
iu khin mi cng vic nh- qun l trng thi, x l bo hiu, x l cuc gi,
iu khin chuyn mch, x l cnh bo. H thng iu khin loi ny tn dng
-c hiu sut ca b x l nh-ng an ton cng tc ca h thng khng cao,
khng c kh nng module ho cho vic ch to cc khi chc nng, do khng
to -c s linh hot cho pht trin dung l-ng.
H thng iu khin ca cc tng i dung l-ng va v ln hin nay
th-ng -c xy dng trn c s nhiu b x l. Trong cc h thng kiu mt
cp, cc b x l c th -c t chc theo chc nng hoc theo giai on pht
trin dung l-ng.
- X l theo chc nng ngha l cc cng vic cn x l iu khin -c
phn loi theo mc phc tp v tn xut yu cu thc hin phn chia cho
tng b x l. Nh- th, mi b x l ph trch mt hoc mt vi cng vic
chuyn trch, chuyn mn ho vic x l iu khin. iu lm cho vic x l
iu khin -c thc hin mt cch thun tin v chc chn hn. Tuy nhin,
ph-ng thc ny cng buc phi lp t y cc loi b x l chc nng ngay
ti giai on u pht trin dung l-ng, nh- vy khng khai thc ht cng sut
ca cc b x l.

- Trong h thng x l iu khin mt cp t chc theo cung on pht
trin dung l-ng th mi b x l m nhim tt c cc hot ng x l iu
khin phc v cho tng nhm thu bao hoc trung k. Nh- vy cng vic ca b
x l rt phc tp, tc x l cuc gi c th thp hn ph-ng thc chuyn mn
ho nh-ng n li cho php t chc dung l-ng ca tng i theo kiu modul v
tn dng ht kh nng x l ca h thng iu khin.
Hnh 3.19 d-i y l m hnh t chc h thng x l mt cp






Hnh 3.19 M hnh h thng x l mt cp
- Trong cc tng i m h thng x l iu khin dng nhiu b x l t
chc theo nhiu cp th th-ng bao gm 3 4 cp. Cp cao nht l b x l iu
hnh, qun l v bo d-ng (OMP- Operation, Administration and Maintenance
Processor) v b iu khin a x l (MPC - Multi Processing Controller). Cp






Hnh 3.20 M hnh h thng x l phn cp
th hai th-ng l cc b x l chc nng (x l cuc gi CLP- Call processor) v
chng -c phn b theo dung l-ng. Cc b x l iu khin cp th ba thc
Cc cng vic cn x l
P1
m1
P2
m2
P3
m3
Pn
mn
cm
omp mpc
clp spc clp spc clp spc
loc loc loc loc loc loc loc loc loc

hin cc chc nng x l n gin nh-ng tn sut xut hin cao ca cc nhm
thu bao v trung k. Cp th t- th-ng l cc b x l iu khin thit b
(Device). Nh- vy, cp th t- c th coi l x l iu khin ring cho cc thit b
chuyn dng ca tng i nh- hin th, cnh bo, ... t lin quan trc tip n
cuc gi. Cp x l th ba theo phn cp ny c th coi l cc b x l khu vc,
lin quan ti cc cng vic x l iu khin cc giao tip. Cu trc phn cp nh-
vy cho php phn ti cho cc b x l mt cch hiu qu, hp l. Cc b x l
cp ba x l v iu khin cc cng vic n gin nh-ng li xut hin th-ng
xuyn, cn cc b x l cp 2 (x l cuc gi), x l cc cng vic phc tp hn
nh- x l a ch, chn tuyn, iu khin chuyn mch, ... tn sut ca cc cng
vic ny khng ln lm. Cc b x l OMP v MPC thc hin gim st hot ng
ca cc b x l cp thp hn, phn phi ti nguyn v x l cnh bo ... y l
cc cng vic rt phc tp v c ngha then cht trong hot ng ton b h
thng. Vic phn cp trong t chc h thng iu khin cng to kh nng
module ho trong ch to v lp t cc thit b ca tng i theo giai on pht
trin dung l-ng.
3.3.2 T chc h thng x l iu khin ca mt s tng i
Trong phn ny xem xt cu trc h thng x l iu khin ca tng i
TDX-1B v tng i NEAX-61E tham kho.
Hnh 3.21 l s cu trc h thng x l iu khin ca tng i
TDX-1B. C s ca tng i ny l t chc cc giao tip thu bao, giao tip trung
k theo nhm. Cp qun l thp nht l Module (cp ny khng -c th hin
trn s ). B x l ALCP (Analog Line Circuit Processor) x l nhm thu bao
v bo hiu thu bao cng vi SSGP (Subscribers Signaling Processor). Mi
ALCP qun l s thu bao trong nhm cng vi cc b tp trung thu bao DLCD
(Digital Line Concentration Device) to ra lung 256 Ch, cn SSGP th iu
khin v x l thng tin chn s ca cc b thu m a tn DTMFR (Dual Tone
Multi Frequency Receiver) ni vi cc b tp trung DLCD ca nhm.
SLP - B x l cuc gi thu bao (Subscribers Line Processor) l b x l
cp B thc hin chc nng qun l v iu khin hot ng ca cc ALCP v
SSGP trc thuc, x l cuc gi, iu khin tch ghp knh, trao i vi SNP
(Switching Network Processor) .
Cc giao tip trung k s cng -c t chc theo Module v theo nhm.
Qun l cc giao tip ny l cc b x l DTCP (DTCP - Digital Trunk Circuit
Processor) v TSGP ( TSGP- Signaling Processor) bao gm qun l cc mch

giao tip, iu khin qu trnh tch, chn bo hiu, x l ng b, x l cnh bo,
bin i m ... v cc b thu pht bo hiu R
2
. B x l gi trung k TLP (Trunk
Line Processor) l b x l cp B thc hin qun l v iu khin cc b x l
DTCP v TSGP trong nhm v lin h vi SNP phc v cc cuc gi trung k.
B x l iu khin mng chuyn mch SNP ( Switching Network
Processor) nhn cc yu cu chuyn mch t TLP v SLP, x l v bin i thnh
s liu iu khin ghi vo cc b nh iu khin ca mng chuyn mch.
B x l iu hnh, qun l v bo d-ng OMP (Operation Administration
and Maintenance Processor ) thc hin chc nng iu hnh, qun l v bo
d-ng ton b h thng bao gm phn phi ch-ng trnh, phn phi ti nguyn
cho cc b x l, gim st hot ng v iu khin d phng, iu khin cnh
bo, x l li trong hot ng cc b x l.
Cc b x l cp D gm : B x l thit b iu khin cnh bo h thng
SAIP ( System Alarm Interface Processor), thit b kim tra -ng t-ng t
(Analog Line test Processor) , thit b o th ngoi (Outside Testing Equipment
Processor) thit b o th trong (Inside Testing Equipment Processor), x l
ng b mng ( Network Synchronization Circuit Processor - NSCP), iu khin
cc b nh ngoi nh- bng t MTIP , a DKIP v cc thit b giao tip ng-i
my nh- mn hnh CRT, bn phm ...




























S
w
i
t
c
h

M
e
m
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r
y

s
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p

a
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c
p

2
5
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-
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-
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u
s

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-
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u
s

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k
-
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u
s

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t
-
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u
s

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-
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u
s

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-
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u
s

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-
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u
s

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n
h

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1

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t
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1
B



H thng x l iu khin ca tng i NEAX- 61E li -c t chc theo
mng chuyn mch (Nw-Network) theo cc t thu bao, trung k TSCPF (Trunk
and Subscribers Circuit Processor Frame) v cc khi chc nng bo hiu knh
chung CCSC (Common Channel Signaling Circuit) hoc cc bn dch v (Position
Controller). Ht nhn ca h thng l cc b x l cuc gi CLP (Call Processor)
ca mi mng chuyn mch. Phn cu trc khc cng ging nh- tng i
TDX-1B.
B iu khin a x l MPC (Multi Processing Controller) iu khin hot
ng ca h thng trong cc thi im quan trng nh- khi ng h thng, gim
st trong qu trnh hot ng, phn tch v x l li...
Hnh 3.22 l cu trc phn h x l iu khin ca tng i NEAX-61E,
cn hnh 3.23 cho thy cu trc ca Module x l iu khin CPM




b
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t
o

3
2

C
P
M
s

(
2
2

C
L
P
s

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r
s
)


s
s
p

c
c


s
b
p


m
m


i
o
p

c
m
a
d
p

c
p
m

(
o
m
p
)

s
p
i

T
o
/
F
r
o
m

t
s
t
m

s
p
b


m
p
c

(
1
6
)


m
p
c

(
1
6
)

i
/
o

T
o
/
F
r
o
m

m
c
s
l

T
o
/
F
r
o
m

s
s
p

H
I
B

(
T
o
/
F
r
o
m

O
&
M

S
u
b
s
y
s
t
e
m
)


c
m
i
m

(
8
)


c
m
i
m

(
8
)

T
o
/
F
r
o
m

m
c
s
l

T
o
/
F
r
o
m

c
m
a
d
p

(
4
)

.


c
m
m

Hnh 3.22: S khi ca phn h x l iu khin NEAX-61E
S
y
s
t
e
m

B
u
s

















Tri tim ca phn h x l l Module x l iu khin CPM (Control
Processor Module). Hnh 3.23 l s khi ca CPM gm nhng khi chc nng
sau:
CC : B iu khin trung tm (Central Controller) gm cc n v vi x
l CPU A v CPU B hot ng trong ch d phng ng b, b iu
khin cho ngang cp MXC (Mate Cross Controller), b chuyn i
-ng Bus BSC gia M-Bus v C-Bus
B nh chnh MM (Main Memory) cha cc ch-ng trnh iu hnh
v cc s liu phc v cho cc qu trnh x l iu khin.
B giao tip b nh chung CMADP (Common Memory Adapter) cho
php truy cp b nh chung nhp hoc xut s liu.
X l Bus h thng SBP (System Bus Processor) iu khin truy cp
Bus h thng SB
hib 0 [
sb 0,1 [
spb 0 [
mpc
cmim
0,1
System
cmadp
mm
cpua
cpub
mxc
bsc
iop
sbp
spi
ssp
cmim
0,1
mxc
mm
cmadp
cpua
cpub
bsc
iop
sbp
spi
ssp
Sychron Sychron
] hib 1
] sb 0,1
1
] spb 1
1
] mpc 0,1
1
System
Control Processor Module
Hnh 3.23 : S khi chc nng ca module x l iu khin CPM
cc cc
c

B
u
s

c

B
u
s

M

B
u
s

M

B
u
s


Giao din tuyn thoi SPI (Speech Path Interface) dng giao tip vi
cc b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC hoc t-ng -ng
X l dch v h thng SSP (System Service Processor) giao tip vi b
iu khin a x l MPC
Nhim v ca CC l c v thc hin cc ch-ng trnh cn thit cho iu
hnh x l cc cuc gi trong h thng. Cc ch-ng trnh ny -c cha trong b
nh chnh MM ca mi CC t-ng ng cng vi cc d liu cn thit. Trong qu
trnh x l, CC c th truy cp b nh chung CM thng qua b phi hp CMADP
ly thm cc d liu cn thit nh- cc tham s thu bao hoc trung k v
chuyn cc s liu lin quan cuc gi ra b nh chung nh- s liu tnh c-c .
Thng qua Bus h thng cc CPM c th trao i s liu iu khin vi nhau d-i
s gim st ca b iu khin Bus BC (Bus Controller). Thng qua SSB cc CC
giao tip vi b iu khin a x l MPC (Multi-Processing Controller) gi
cc thng bo v trng thi h thng. MPC cng gim st, iu hnh hot ng
ca cc CPM, cho php iu khin nhn cng t MCSL (Master Console) thng
qua ngn ng giao tip ng-i-my MML. Cc Module x l iu khin CPM
cng c th truyn s liu gia b nh chnh trong CPM vi cc thit b vo ra
ca h thng thng qua Bus lin kt cao HIB (High Integrated Bus)
Nh- trn hnh 3.22 th hin ton b h thng x l iu khin ca tng
i NEAX-61E -c t chc theo kiu module ho t cc CPM. Tu thuc v tr
ng dung trong h thng m mi CPM c tn gi khc nhau, chc nng khc
nhau v -c np nhng ch-ng trnh iu hnh khc nhau mi khi khi to h
thng. Cu trc Module cho php d dng m rng dung l-ng v to iu kin
thun tin trong d phng, bo hnh, bo d-ng.
3.3.3 Phn mm tng i
Trong cc tng i SPC chuyn mch s, phn mm ca h thng x l
iu khin c mt s c tnh c bn sau :
- X l cuc gi theo ph-ng php ghp knh theo thi gian trn c s thi
gian thc.
- m bo n nh v tin cy cao ca dch v.
- C kh nng thay i v b xung cc chc nng mt cch linh hot.
Phn mm h thng ca cc tng i chuyn mch s iu khin theo
ch-ng trnh thng th-ng gm 3 phn.

- File h thng
- File s liu tng i
- File s liu thu bao
File h thng cn -c gi l file ch-ng trnh, cha cc ch-ng trnh iu
khin cc chc nng hot ng chung ca h thng, chc nng x l cuc gi v
chuyn mch, c bit n cha H iu hnh OS (Operating System) gm cc
Ch-ng trnh v cc th tc iu hnh (Execution Control Program) , Ch-ng
trnh x l s c (Fault Processing Program), Ch-ng trnh chun on
(Diagnostic Program) v h thng Cc ch-ng trnh ng dng (Application
Program) nh- X l cuc gi (Call Processing Program) v Ch-ng trnh qun l
(Administration Program) (Xem hnh 3.24)


















slic
d
l
c
d

TDNw
Time
Division
Network
TEST
Test
Equipment
I/O
Input/
Output
Equipment
Trunk
To/From
distant office
C
a
l
l

P
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m

A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
g
r
a
m

(
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e

C
o
n
t
r
o
l

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
)

D
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c

P
r
o
g
r
a
m

Execution Control Program
Application Program
Operating
Fault Processing Program
Hardware
Software

-ng iu khin phn cng
Gim st li
Tn hiu thng tin (lin h gia phn mm ng dng v h thng
iu hnh)
Hnh 3.24 Cu trc phn mm h thng v quan h gia cc ch-ng trnh phn
mm v cu trc phn cng
Cc ch-ng trnh phn mm ca h thng x l iu khin th-ng -c
vit bng cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, s dng ph-ng php lp trnh logic
trn c s l-u thut ton v phn chia Module. Vic phn chia Module lm
cho cc th tc (on ch-ng trnh) -c ngn gn, r rng, n gin, d kim
tra, sa cha v b xung.
H iu hnh OS (Operating System) bao gm cc ch-ng trnh iu khin
cc hot ng ni b ca phn mm h thng. y l h a x l thi gian thc,
c kh nng iu khin nhiu cp hot ng khc nhau bng cch n nh mc -u
tin cho cc ch-ng trnh.
H iu hnh iu khin vic nh thi v trnh t thc hin cc ch-ng
trnh x l cuc gi, chun on li v qun l. N s dng ph-ng thc a x l
phn chia cng vic theo thi gian thc hin nhiu thao tc x l khc nhau
mt cch hiu qu. N quyt nh cn kch hot ch-ng trnh no v khi no kch
hot. N cng cung cp cc chc nng h tr chung cho h iu hnh v h ng
dng nh- qun l vng nh, iu khin ng h, iu khin vo ra, giao tip
ng-i-my, giao tip gia cc b x l...
Ch-ng trnh x l li pht hin cc li ca h thng v khc phc bng
cch np li ch-ng trnh v s liu tng i. Cc li -c pht hin thng qua
cc thit b kim tra o th v x l phn tch trng thi, phn tch qua so snh d
phng. Ch-ng trnh cng cn t ra cc ng-ng x l v cc b-c ti khi ng
h thng mt cch t ng, cu hnh ca h thng cng -c nh li mi khi
phi ti khi ng h thng.
Phn chun on li gm cc th tc kim tra t ng cc khi phn
cng, h tr vic kim tra hot ng ca h thng do nhn vin bo hnh thc
hin. Cc li -c pht hin s -c -a ra thit b cnh bo v c th km theo
cc h-ng dn x l, khc phc nhn vin khai thc c th x l mt cch hiu
qu v thun tin.

Phn mm ng dng ca h iu hnh bao gm x l cuc gi v qun l.
Ch-ng trnh x l cuc gi gm cc th tc qun l trng thi -ng thu bao,
ung trung k, nhn bit v x l s thay i trng thi, nhn v x l bo hiu
(bao gm c thng tin a ch) iu khin to v phn phi bo hiu, iu khin
chuyn mch (k c mch pht cc bo hiu, thng bo) ... Ch-ng trnh qun l
theo di qu trnh x l cc cuc gi, thu thp cc s liu dng vo vic qun
l v thanh ton c-c ph, cc th tc qun l l-u l-ng v iu khin cc cuc
gi trnh ch tc. Ngoi ra phn ng dng cn c ch-ng trnh dng iu
khin c s d liu, iu khin vic truy xut cc s liu tng i v thu bao, cc
th tc bo v c s d liu.
Cc tp s liu tng i cha cc thng tin cn thit cho vic thc hin cc
hot ng chuyn mch. S liu tng i c tr-ng cho mt tng i v phn nh
chnh xc tnh trng ca tng i . Tp s liu tng i -c cp nht th-ng
xuyn.
Cc tp s liu thu bao cha cc thng tin c lin quan n thu bao (lp
thu bao, lp dch v ...) cc tp ny -c cp nht theo nhng s thay i ca
thu bao

3.4. Phn h bo hiu SiGS
3.4.1 Khi qut chung:
Trong Ch-ng I mc 1.1.4 ca ti liu ny chng ta cp n vai tr
ca bo hiu trong h thng mng vin thng, trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu
cc thit b thc hin chc nng thu nhn, x l v phn phi cc tn hiu bo
hiu, b tr v t chc cc thit b ny trong cc tng i chuyn mch s.
Nh- cp trong Ch-ng I, c th hiu bo hiu l hnh thc trao i
cc thng tin iu khin gia cc thnh phn mng trong qu trnh thit lp, duy
tr, gii to cuc gi.
Cc tn hiu bo hiu c th l nhng tn hiu mang tnh cht th-ng
xuyn nh- trng thi -ng thu bao, trng thi -ng trung k v -c gi
chung l bo hiu gim st; cng c th l nhng tn hiu phc v cho vic chn
tuyn, -c gi l bo hiu la chn hay bo hiu thanh ghi.
Cc tn hiu bo hiu cng c th -c phn chia theo cung on mng
thnh bo hiu -ng dy thu bao, bo hiu lin tng i. V do c nhiu loi

tn hiu bo hiu nh- vy nn cng s c nhiu loi thit b bo hiu v chng c
th -c phn b ngay trong phn h ng dng, ti cc nhm thu bao, hoc
trong phn h chuyn mch nhm, cng vi cc thit b chuyn mch.
Nh- vy tu thuc vo cu trc ca tng tng i c th tn ti mt nhm
cc thit b bo hiu dng chung -c coi l mt phn h bo hiu, cng c th
cc thit b thu pht bo hiu -c phn b nh- thnh phn ca cc phn h khc.
Nhn chung phn h bo hiu khng phi l mt khi chc nng c lp trong cc
tng i, n nhn v x l cc tn hiu t phn h ng dng hoc phn h chuyn
mch to thnh cc thng tin -a n phn h x l iu khin sau iu
khin li cc thnh phn ca phn h ng dng hoc phn h chuyn mch v v
th cc thit b bo hiu phn b trong 2 phn h ny l hp l.
Bo hiu -ng dy thu bao -c chia thnh bo hiu -ng dy thu
bao ch gi v bo hiu -ng dy thu bao b gi. Cc tn hiu bo hiu cng
c th l dng hoc in p mt chiu nh- in p -ng thu bao hoc dng
mch vng thu bao, tn hiu chn s dng xung; cng c th l tn hiu m tn
nh- cc m mi gi, bo bn, hi m hoc tn hiu in xoay chiu nh- tn hiu
chung. Thng k cc tn hiu bo hiu -ng dy thu bao -c -a ra trong
bng 3.4

Bng 3.4 Cc tn hiu bo hiu -ng dy thu bao
Tn gi Dng tn hiu Thit b thu/pht
-ng dy thu bao ch
gi

-Ri, t t hp I
LC
=0mA
-Khi to cuc gi
I
LC
=0mA[(2070mA)
B qut trng thi SCN
(Scanner)
-Mi chn s, bo bn,
hi m chung, bo
cuc gi kt thc
m tn
B to tn hiu DTG
(Digital Tone Generator)
*Dng xung (Pulse
Dialing Mode)
B qut trng thi SCN
-Chn s
*Dng a tn (Tone
Dialing Mode)
B thu m a tn MFR
(MultiFrequency
Receiver)
-Cc thng bo cuc
gi khng thnh cng m tn
B nh cc thng bo
bng li DVM (Digital
Voice Message)
-Kt thc cuc gi
I
LC
=(2070mA)[0mA B qut trng thi SCN

-ng dy thu bao b
gi

-Ri, t t hp I
LC
=0mA B qut trng thi SCN
-Chung Dng chung xoay chiu
80V/25Hz
B to chung (Ringer)
-Tr li cuc gi
I
LC
=0mA[(2070mA)
B qut trng thi SCN
-Bo cuc gi kt thc m tn B to tn hiu DTG
-Kt thc cuc gi
I
LC
=(2070mA)[0mA B qut trng thi SCN

Trong mt tng i cc mch in giao tip -ng dy thu bao l loi
thit b chim a s, chng -c b tr thnh tng t, t chc thnh tng nhm v
th mt s cc thit b dng thu, nhn bit hoc phn phi cc tn hiu bo
hiu -ng dy thu bao m phi th-ng xuyn s dng n nh- b to tn hiu
m tn dng s DTG hoc mch qut trng thi -ng thu bao SCN, b thu tn
hiu chn s MFR nn b tr theo tng t hoc tng nhm thu bao. Cc thit b
bo hiu dng chung nh-ng tn xut s dng khng th-ng xuyn v c phc
tp cao nh- b to cc bn tin thng bo bng li nn b tr cng vi mng
chuyn mch nhm. Cc b to v phn phi tn hiu chung cho -ng thu bao
b gi cng nn t ti cc t thu bao tin cho vic cp ti cc mch giao tip
-ng dy thu bao trnh dn tn hiu in p cao ny i qua di trong tng i
c th gy nh h-ng xu ti vic truyn cc tn hiu khc. Trong mt s tng i
c mc tp trung cao th cc thit b bo hiu dng chung nh- cc b to cc
tn hiu m tn DTG, cc b thu tn hiu chn s a tn MFR cng -c tp trung
vo phn h chuyn mch nhm, nh- th c th nng cao hiu xut s dng cc
thit b ny, tuy nhin cng lm tng thm nhim v chuyn mch ca phn h
chuyn mch nhm v tng yu cu iu khin.
Bo hiu lin tng i cng -c phn chia thnh h thng bo hiu dng
cho loi giao tip khc nhau nh- h thng bo hiu dng cho trung k t-ng t
gia hai tng i t-ng t, gia tng i t-ng t vi tng i chuyn mch s,
gia cc tng i chuyn mch s iu khin theo ch-ng trnh. Mi h thng li
chia thnh cc tn hiu bo hiu gim st v cc tn hiu bo hiu chn la. Cng
t-ng t bo hiu thu bao, cc bo hiu trung k cng c cc thit b nhn v x
l, to v phn phi nhng tn hiu v tu thuc vo dung l-ng, tn sut v
mt s cc c tnh khc ca cc tn hiu bo hiu m cc thit b bo hiu t-ng
ng -c b tr cc t trung k hay phn h chuyn mch nhm. Thng k
cc ph-ng thc bo hiu lin i -c -a ra trong bng 3.5


Bng 3.5 Cc ph-ng thc bo hiu lin tng i
Cc tn hiu bo hiu
Tn gi
Ph-ng thc
truyn
Bo hiu -ng dy Bo hiu la chn
Bo hiu mch
vng (LD-Loop
disconnection)
T-ng t Tch/ghp ti ATTU
Bo hiu DC
T-ng t Tch/ghp ti ATTU
Bo hiu 1VF
T-ng t
Chuyn i ti ATTU v ti n v 1VF
Bo hiu MF
vi bo hiu
-ng dy DC
T-ng t Tch/ghp ti ATTU
MF Sender/Receiver
Bo hiu MF
vi bo hiu
-ng dy DC
T-ng t
Chuyn i ti ATTU
v ti n v 1VF
MF Sender/Receiver
Bo hiu 1VF Dng s Chuyn i ti ATTU v ti n v 1VF
Bo hiu MF
Dng s

Bo hiu cas
Dng s
(TS16)
Bo hiu CCS Dng s
(TS16)
pcm/cas
Sender/Receiver

3.4.2 Tin trnh thc hin mt cuc gi:
Chng ta xem xt th tc tin hnh mt cuc gi n gin gia thu bao A
v thu bao B

B-c1: Thu bao A khi to yu cu gi
Khi Sub A nhc t hp thc hin cuc gi i lm dng mch vng
-ng dy thu bao A thay i. Tn hiu hang off theo mch -a t SLIC ca
thu bao A n LOC ca nhm thu bao nh- th hin trn hnh 3.26




















Hnh 3.26 B-c 1 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht
B-c2: Cp Tone Mi chn s cho thu bao A
B iu khin vng LOC iu khin DLSw to tuyn ni cung cp Tone
Mi chn s t b to m DTG n mch in thu bao A theo mch | nh-
trn hnh 3.27











Hnh 3.27 B-c 2 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht
B-c3: Thu bao A chn s ca thu bao b gi
B iu khin vng LOC cng iu khin DLSw to tuyn ni mch in
thu bao A vi b thu tn hiu chn s a tn MFR theo mch . Nu thu bao A
s dng ch chn s dng xung (Pulse Dialing Mode) th s thay i dng
mch vng s -c nhn bit theo mch ti LOC, cn nu chn s bng ch
a tn (Tone Dialing Mode) th tn hiu chn s DTMF (Dual Tone
Sub A
Sub B
sli
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mf
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

sli
dtg
mf
SNw
1
Sub A
Sub B
slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
2

MultiFrequency) s -c tip nhn bi MFR theo mch nh- trn hnh 4.2.3.
Ngay sau khi nhn -c ch s u tin ti LOC th mch | s b ngt ngng
cung cp Tone Mi chn s. Nu ch s u tin -c chn d-i dng xung th
-ng v b MFR t-ng ng cng -c gii phng ngay, cn nu l chn s
dng tone th -ng v b MFR t-ng ng s phi thu cc ch s a ch
ca thu bao b gi v chuyn chng cho LOC th mi -c gii phng.











Hnh 3.28 B-c 3 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht

B-c 4: Yu cu x l cuc gi










Hnh 3.29 B-c 4 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht
Cc ch s thu nhn -c theo -ng hoc -ng u -c LOC
gi v CLP theo -ng + trong bn tin yu cu x l cuc gi. CLP cn c vo
a ch ca thu bao gi v thu bao b gi nh h-ng cuc gi.

Sub A
Sub B
slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
2
3
1
Sub A Sub B
slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
4

B-c 5: X l cuc gi
Nu l cuc gi ni ht th sau khi nhn cc ch s a ch ca thu
bao b gi CLP yu cu LOC qun l thu bao B kim tra trng thi hin thi
ca thu bao bng bn tin yu cu -c gi theo -ng . ng thi ti CLP
cc a ch -c nhn d-i dng s danh b DN (Directory Number) -c bin
dch thnh a ch thit b EN (Equipment Number) v -c -a vo bn tin nh
tuyn gi n b iu khin uyn thoi SPC theo -ng chun b tuyn ni
thoi.













Hnh 3.30 B-c 4 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht
B-c 6: Chung cho thu bao b gi v gi Hi m chung cho thu bao
gi










Hnh 3.31 B-c 6 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht









Sub A
Sub B
slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
5
6
Sub A Sub B
slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
2
7
5 4





Thu bao b gi -c kim tra, nu n ang ri th LOC iu khin pht
chung cho n theo -ng , ng thi trng thi cng -c thng bo cho
CLP bng bn tin tr li trn -ng v CLP gi bn tin iu khin n LOC
pha ch gi trn -ng + yu cu LOC iu khin DLSw to tuyn ni cung
cp Tone Hi m chung t b to m DTG n mch in thu bao A theo
mch | nh- trn hnh 3.31
B-c 7: Thit lp tuyn ni
Tn hiu tr li cuc gi t thu bao B -c LOC pha b gi nhn
bit theo -ng v gi v CLP theo -ng . CLP iu khin LOC pha b
gi ngng pht chung cho thu bao B, iu khin LOC pha ch gi ngng
pht Hi m chung cho thu bao A, ng thi theo -ng yu cu
SPC thit lp tuyn ni chn thng qua mng chuyn mch SNw
(Switching Network) ni mch in thu bao A vi mch in thu bao B
thng qua cc b chuyn mch tp trung -ng s DLSw hai pha v
mng chuyn mch SNw theo mch >










Hnh 3.32 B-c 7 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht
B-c 8: Kt thc cuc gi v gii to tuyn ni
Tn hiu yu cu kt thc cuc gi t mt trong thu bao tham gia cuc
gi to ra s -c LOC t-ng ng nhn bit theo -ng hoc -ng v gi v
slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
8
7
5 4
8
6



CLP theo -ng hoc -ng+. CLP iu khin LOC hai pha v SPC gii to
tuyn ni >, ng thi iu khin DLSw pha thu bao ch-a t t hp to tuyn
ni cp tn hiu Cuc gi kt thc t DTG n mch in ca thu bao
thng bo cho thu bao bit l i tc chm dt cuc gi. Nu sau thi gian
cho php m thu bao vn khng t t hp th to mch -a tn hiu cnh
bo. Khi thu bao t t hp th trng thi ca n -c xc lp v trng thi
ri (Idle).












Hnh 3.33 B-c 8 trong tin trnh cuc gi ni ht

3.4.3 Cu trc mt s thit b bo hiu
a. S khi b thu tn hiu a tn MFR











slic
loc
d
l
s
w

dtg
mfr
spc
clp
loc
d
l
s
w

slic
dtg
mfr
SNw
8
7
5 4
8
6
9






















Hnh 3.34 S khi b thu tn hiu a tn MFR
Trn hnh 3.34 l s khi chc nng ca b thu cc tn hiu chn s a
tn. Nguyn l hot ng ca n l tn hiu a tn -c -a vo u vo ti ng
thi tt c cc b nhn bit tn s hng f
R..
v cc b nhn bit tn s ct f
C..
. Nu
tn hiu u vo l mt trong cc tn hiu chn s a tn th ng thi s c 2
trong s 8 tn s trong thnh phn ca tn hiu v nh- th s lm cho mt b
nhn bit tn s hng f
R.. ..
v mt b nhn bit tn s ct f
C..
c mc tn hiu ra
tch cc, dn n b chuyn i logic s cho ra mt t hp m nh phn ng vi
tn hiu vo , ng thi n cng to tn hiu ST tch cc thng bo cho b
thu v x l tip theo v vic thu nhn -c mt tn hiu a tn. Nh- vy, tn
hiu u vo phi l tn hiu a tn Analog. Trong cc tng i chuyn mch s
hin nay, tn hiu sau mch in giao tip thu bao hoc trung k u l tn hiu
s ho v do cc MFR th-ng b tr sau DLSw hoc chuyn mch nhm nn
tn hiu u vo MFR sau chuyn mch phi -c chuyn i tr li t dng s
thnh dng t-ng t. Cch lm nh- vy -c p dng rng ri trong cc tng i
chuyn mch s tr-c y. Hin nay do cng ngh x l s tn hiu pht trin
mnh nn c xu h-ng x l trc tip tn hiu s nhn -c sau DLSw hoc
chuyn mch nhm nhn bit tn hiu DTMF.
B nhn bit
tn s f
R1
B nhn bit
tn s f
R2

B nhn bit
tn s f
R3

B nhn bit
tn s f
R4
B nhn bit
tn s f
C1

B nhn bit
tn s f
C2

B nhn bit
tn s f
C3

B nhn bit
tn s f
C4

B chuyn
i logic
m 2 of 8
thnh m
BCD
u vo
a
b
c
d
st



b. Nguyn l thng bo bng li:
Trong cc tng i chuyn mch s iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn
hin nay c rt nhiu loi dch v nng cao, trong phi k n dch v cc bn
tin thng bo bng li, v d nh- bo gi t ng, cc bn tin thng bo nguyn
nhn theo cc tnh hung cuc gi khng thnh cng. Nhng bn tin thng bo
ny -c chia thnh cc on tin, -c m ho, ghi vo cc vng nh hoc cc b
nh c nh khi cn thit s -c c ra v -c chuyn n thu bao cn
thit. Cc bn thng bo bng li th-ng c nhng on tin ging nhau v cc
on tin ph thuc tnh hung. Cc on tin ny -c m ho v ghi vo nhng
vng ca b nh c nh. Xy dng cc th tc iu khin cc trnh t c cc
vng nh tu thuc theo cc tnh hung khc nhau. Trong qu trnh hot ng,
cc th tc s -c kch hot v cc on tin s -c c ra ghp vi nhau
to thnh cc bn tin thng bo ph thuc tnh hung cung cp ti tng mch
thu bao t-ng ng. di mi bn tin c th t vi giy n vi chc giy.
tit kim dung l-ng b nh c th p dng cc bin php k thut trong vic m
ho v gii m cc on tin v cc th thut ghi c chng. V d cc bn tin
bo gi kiu 1:
1
Knh cho qu khch/
2
by gi l /X/
3
gi /Y/
4
pht /Z /
5
giy/
dng cho cc thi im c s giy l 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 v cc bn tin bo gi
kiu 2:
1
Knh cho qu khch/
6
hm nay l th/O /
7
ngy/

P /
8
thng/

Q /
9
nm/ N
/
2
by gi l /
G
x/
3
gi /
P
y/
4
pht /
S
z /
5
giy/ dng cho cc thi im c s giy l
0. Nh- vy to -c 2 loi bn tin bo gi trn cn ghi 9 on tin bng li
-c m ho vo cc vng nh dnh ring v cc b nh m phin dch cc gi
tr ca cc b m th, ngy, thng, nm, gi, pht, giy (cc b nh m ny
dng nh t phin gi tr ca b m t-ng ng, v d nu b m gi c gi
tr l 6 th b nh X s nh t su). Khi to bn tin bo gi kiu 1 th trnh t
c cc b nh trn s l 1[2[X[3[Y[4[Z[5 v trnh t to bn tin kiu 2
l 1[6[O[7[P[8[Q[9[N[2[X[3[Y[4[Z[5 . Cng t-ng t nh- trn
c th thc hin vic to cc bn tin thng bo tc nghn hoc cc l do khc dn
n cc cuc gi ht.
4.3.3 i vi bo hiu lin tng i
Mi tng i th-ng c cc trung k vi cc tng i khc. Bo hiu lin
tng i cn -c gi l bo hiu lin i hoc bo hiu trung k dng phc v
cc cuc gi -c thit lp qua cc trung k . C hai ph-ng thc bo hiu lin
i hin ang -c s dng rng ri l ph-ng thc bo hiu knh lin kt CAS
(Channel Associated Signalling) v ph-ng thc bo hiu knh chung CCS




(Common Channel Signalling)
Trong h thng bo hiu knh lin kt CAS, cc tn hiu bo hiu cho tng
cuc gi -c truyn trn cng knh dnh cho cuc gi v th c tn gi l
bo hiu tng knh lin kt. Nh- th mi giao tip trung k c c cc thnh phn
thu pht bo hiu thc hin cc chc nng tch/ghp bo hiu -c truyn
cng cc thng tin ca cuc gi. M hnh bo hiu knh lin kt -c th hin
trn hnh 3.35. T m hnh ny ta thy mi giao tip trung k cng ng thi l
mt giao tip bo hiu do thit b bo hiu b phn tn, s l-ng ln; mt khc
bo hiu knh kt hp s dng ph-ng thc truyn tin da trn c s tn hiu nn
c rt nhiu hn ch nh- : Nng lc bo hiu km do ni dung thng tin t, n
iu; tc truyn thp v ph thuc vo knh dch v; rt kh thm hoc m
rng cc tnh nng v cc dch v mi; khng tin cho vic giao tip ng-i-
my
Cc h thng bo hiu CAS thng dng -c s dng trong cc mng
vin thng l:
- 1VF (One Voice Frequency) s dng 1 tn s m tn v k thut xung thp
phn
- 2VF (Two Voice Frequency) s dng 2 tn s m tn (C4)
- MFP (Multi Frequency Pulsing) M a tn kiu xung (C5,R1)
MFC (Multi FrequencyCode) M a tn p ch (R2MFC)










Hnh 3.35 M hnh h thng bo hiu knh kt hp
M hnh trn hnh 3.35 l m hnh chung cho vic s dng cc h thng
bo hiu CAS. Tuy nhin, ng dng trong cc tng i chuyn mch s kt hp
truyn dn s v iu khin theo ch-ng trnh c -a li mt s ci thin ng k
nh- c th khng s dng cc thit b SiG ring cho tng giao tip trung k TIC

H thng
chuyn mch
H thng
iu khin
tic
sig
tic
sig
tic
sig
tic
sig
tic
sig
tic
sig
H thng
chuyn mch
H thng
iu khin

Tng i A
Tng i B



m cc chc nng tch/ghp bo hiu -c giao cho chuyn mch, nh- th cc b
SiG-Sender v SiG-Receiver -c t trong phn h chuyn mch, c th dng
cc b chuyn i A/D, D/A phi hp cc thit b bo hiu CAS SiG-Sender v
SiG-Receiver vi chuyn mch s hoc c th s dng cc CAS SiG-Sender v
SiG-Receiver dng s.
Ph-ng thc bo hiu knh chung CCS th-ng -c p dng trong mng
gm cc tng i chuyn mch s iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi sn SPC. Khi
h thng CCS s dng ph-ng thc truyn tin trn c s bn tin (Message
based) truyn thng tin iu khin gia cc h thng iu khin ca cc tng
i s dng bo hiu CCS. Mt s -ng truyn hoc knh truyn -c dnh
ring truyn cc bn tin bo hiu cho tng nhm hoc tp hp cc knh thng
tin. M hnh bo hiu knh chung -c th hin trn hnh 3.36
Trong m hnh ny, cc h thng iu khin ca cc tng i -c coi l
cc im dch v bo hiu, ni truy cp v trao i bo hiu. Ngoi cc im dch
v bo hiu nh- vy h thng bo hiu knh chung CCS N
o
7 cn c cc im
truyn tin v cc im qun l iu khin vi cc chc nng c th.
Qua m hnh trn c th hiu mt cch khi qut rng h thng iu khin
ca cc tng i chuyn mch s l nhng im s dng trong h thng bo hiu,
trong tng tng i c cc thit b giao tip lin kt bo hiu thc hin chc nng
nhn v x l cc bn tin bo hiu n, to v gi cc bn tin i. Trao i bo
hiu -c thc hin d-i dng cc bn tin s dng ph-ng thc iu khin lin
kt d liu mc cao HDLC.










Hnh 3.36 M hnh h thng bo hiu knh chung

H thng
chuyn mch
H thng
iu khin
H thng
chuyn mch
H thng
iu khin

Tng i A
Tng i B
Lin kt bo
hiu
Ti cc node Ti cc node




Mt vi c im chnh ca ph-ng thc bo hiu knh chung c th ch
ra l : Vic truyn bo hiu -c tch ring vi truyn cc thng tin khc lm
cho n c -u im hn hn so vi CAS nh- tc truyn cao hn, thng tin bo
hiu y , phong ph hn v d -a thm cc dch v mi; m hnh t chc h
thng cho php p dng cc ph-ng thc iu khin tp trung, to kh nng bao
qut ton mng, c iu kin ti -u trong chn tuyn, qun l iu hnh tp
trung
Chi tit v cc h thng bo hiu chng ta s xem xt trong phn sau ca
ti liu ny.
3.5. Phn h ngoi vi iu khin PCS (Peripheral
Control Subsystem)
3.5.1 Khi qut chung:
Cc h thng x l iu khin th-ng s dng cc b x l tc cao
c th m nhim -c cc chc nng x l phc tp v -a tn hiu iu khin
ti cc thit b chp hnh. Trong cc tng i iu khin theo ch-ng trnh ghi
sn ni chung v cc tng i chuyn mch s ni ring th cc thit b chp hnh
c th l cc b chuyn mch s, cc mch giao tip -ng dy thu bao hoc
cc mch in trung k, chng th-ng c tc hot ng thp v yu cu cc
mc v dng thc tn hiu iu khin khc nhau v v vy gia chng v cc b
x l ca phn h x l iu khin CPS cn phi c cc thit b phi hp; cc
thit b phi hp ny -c t chc chung thnh phn h gi l ngoi vi iu khin
PCS.
Chc nng ca cc thit b phn h ngoi vi iu khin l nh m cc
thng tin iu khin c theo h-ng vo v h-ng ra phi hp v mt tc ,
chuyn i thng tin iu khin t dng tn hiu sang dng bn tin theo h-ng
vo v ng-c li theo h-ng ra ph hp vi cc ph-ng thc truyn hai
pha . Ngoi chc nng trn, cc thit b ngoi vi iu khin cn thc hin
nhng chc nng iu khin t-ng i n gin nh-ng c tn sut cao v yu cu
thi gian thc, nh- th s gim -c ti yu cu n phn h x l trung tm v
tng c-ng nng lc x l cho CPS m trch cc hot ng x l phc tp.
Cc thit b ch yu ca phn h ngoi vi iu khin bao gm:
Cc b iu khin vng LOC iu khin cc module -ng dy
hoc trung k
Cc b iu khin tuyn thoi SPC



Cc b phn phi bo hiu
Cc b iu khin vng LOC (Local Controller) ch yu thc hin cc
chc nng gim st trng thi ca cc giao tip, tip nhn cc thng tin a ch
yu cu cuc gi d-i dng DN (Directory Number), chuyn i cc thng tin
trng thi, thng tin a ch thnh bn tin bo hiu hoc chui cc tn hiu bo
hiu gi n CPS. Theo h-ng xung, cc b iu khin vng nhn cc bn tin
hoc chui cc tn hiu iu khin, ghi m, bin i thnh cc tn hiu phn
phi n tng mch giao tip, iu khin vic thc hin cc lnh iu khin .
3.5.2 Cu trc ca mt s thit b ngoi vi iu khin:
Nhn chung cc thit b ca phn h ngoi vi iu khin PCS khng b tr
tp trung thnh t, khi thit b ring r m phn b trong cc t thit b giao tip
u cui thu bao hoc trung k hoc trong phn h chuyn mch. Cc thit b
ny trong cc tng i ca cc hng khc nhau -c thit k khng ging nhau v
cc gii php mch, phn b v tr tr v v th chng ch ging nhau cc chc
nng c bn. D-i y xem xt cu trc ca cc b iu khin vng LOC v iu
khin tuyn thoi -c s dng trong tng i NEAX-61E.
a B iu khin vng- Local Controller LOC
Cc b iu khin vng LOC trong tng i NEAX-61E -c s dng
qun l v iu khin hot ng ca cc nhm module giao tip thu bao, giao
tip trung k hoc cc thit b u cui khc. Mi LOC c th qun l iu khin
mt s module, mi module c b iu khin module LMC, trong c cc mch
chc nng ring iu khin cc mch giao tip. Nh- th LOC -c coi nh-
thit b iu khin trung gian gia b x l cuc gi CLP v cc b iu khin
LMC. Hnh 3.37 cho thy v tr ca b iu khin vng trong h thng iu khin
phn cp







Hnh 3.37 V tr ca LOC
Theo h-ng t d-i ln trn LOC nhn cc thng tin trng thi d-i dng tn
lmc
lmc
lmc
loc clp




hiu qut SCN t cc b LMC hoc cc thng tin a ch thu -c t cc b
thu tn hiu chn s; chuyn i cc thng tin ny thnh cc bn tin bo hiu
bo co ln b x l cuc gi CLP. Theo h-ng xung, cc bn tin iu
khin t CLP -c gi n LOC c th l bn tin iu khin thit lp hoc
gii to tuyn ni mt mch in thu bao no ti mt trong cc thit b
dng chung nh- DTG, MFR, hoc ti mt knh trn -ng SubHighway -a
ti mng chuyn mch nhm, cng c th l bn tin iu khin cp tn hiu
chung ti mt thu bao b gi no , bn tin iu khin vic ghp v tch
knh; LOC nhn -c cc bn tin chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu iu
khin v ghi chng vo cc ngn nh iu khin t-ng ng ca tng module
c th; trong tr-ng hp cn thit nh- mt s bn tin cn phc p tr li
CLP v kt qu thc hin th sau khi x l iu khin LOC to bn tin
phc p kt qu gi v CLP. Ngoi ra LOC thc hin cc cng vic x l
iu khin n gin nh- iu khin phn phi nh thi, x l cc thng tin
trng thi, chn tch cc thng tin bo hiu, iu khin vic tch ghp knh
. S khi chc nng ca LOC -c th hin trn hnh 3.38
















Hnh 3.38 Cu trc b iu khin vng LOC

LOC c cu trc d phng Uint0 v Uint1 thc hin d phng. Cc chc
nng c bn ca LOC gm: Trao i thng tin iu khin vi SPC, iu khin
ghp knh v phn knh s cp, iu khin mch thu bao hoc trung k qua
LMC hoc TMC, iu khin mch kim tra, iu khin b tp trung thu
bao,iu khin gii hn phm vi cuc gi, iu khin cp chung cho thu
bao, iu khin vic thu tn hiu chn s, nhn v x l tn hiu trng thi
SCAN.
+Tn hiu qut SCAN t cc module -ng dy LM hoc module trung k
TM -a n SCN CTL so snh vi trng thi c trong SCNM pht hin s
pdmux
pmux
drp
ins
shw inf
drpq insq
mem cpu
scnq
scn ctl
scnM
mate
inf
sio
hw
shw
ctl
bus
scan
ctl
bus
scan
T
o

L
M

T
o

S
w
N

loc unit0
loc unit1



thay i trng thi ca -ng thu bao sau -c ghi vo b nh SCNM.
Nu pht hin trng thi thay i th s liu qut -c -a vo hng i
SCNQ v -c CPU x l to bn tin bo hiu n SPC.
+Ghp v phn knh s cp: Cc b PMUX ghp 4 -ng PCM Hw
(Highway 30 channels/32 timeslots) thnh mt -ng SHw (SubHighway 120
channels/128 timeslots) v cc b PDMUX tch mt -ng SHw thnh 4
-ng Hw
+Chn thng tin bo hiu: Cc tn hiu SCN nhn t LM hoc TM qua
SCNM -c chn vo cc khe TS33, TS99 gi n SPC; gi cc thng tin
iu khin t CPU ca LOC n SPC ti cc khe TS66. B nh INSQ nh
hng i cc thng tin cn chuyn t LOC n SPC qua INS.
+Tch thng tin iu khin: Cc thng tin iu khin t SPC gi n
LOC -c truyn trn cc khe TS33, TS66, TS99 -c tc bi DRP v -c
ghi v b nh hng i DRPQ. y l loi b nh FIFO (First in first out).
Cc thng tin ny sau s -c CPU c v x l theo tng b-c thi gian
xc nh.
+Trao i iu khin vi LM (TM) cc lnh iu khin i v n -c
truyn qua b chuyn i ni tip/song song SIO
+C ch d phng: MAT INF (Mate interface) cung cp giao tip gia
Unit0 v Unit1 copy ni dung ca LOC active sang LOC standby.
+B nh MEM gm ROM v RAM nh ch-ng trnh iu hnh v
cc s liu iu khin
+CPU b x l trung tm ca LOC thc hin chc nng x l iu
khin.
b B iu khin tuyn thoi SPC (Speech Path Controller)
B iu khin tuyn thoi l mt thit b ngoi vi iu khin thc hin
chc nng phi hp gia cc thit b ca mng chuyn mch vi cc thit b x l
cuc gi. Tu thuc vo s cu trc ca tng loi tng i v ph-ng thc x
l cuc gi m n c th -c tch ring thnh mt thit b c lp hoc c th
-c gp chung trong thit b x l v iu khin chung. i vi mt s tng i
dung l-ng ln, vic tch ring cc chc nng ny to iu kin thun tin cho
vic modul ho cc b x l v d dng phn chia dung l-ng phc v. M hnh
chc nng ca b iu khin tuyn thoi -c m t trn hnh 3.39 d-i y:
Trn hnh 3.39 v tr ca SPC gia b x l cuc gi CLP v cc thit b
ca mng chuyn mch. T u vo ca mng chuyn mch, SPC thu nhn cc
thng tin bo hiu t cc b iu khin vng bng vic tch chng t cc -ng
PCM u vo qua b ghp knh th cp SMUX (Secondary Multiplexer) -a
n b thu v phn phi bo hiu u vo SRDI (Signaling Receiver and
Distributor Input), sau -a qua b giao tip bus BIU (Bus Interface Unit)
-a n b x l cuc gi CLP (Call Processor). Ng-c li thng tin iu khin
cn gi t CLP ti cc b iu khin vng cng -c chn vo cc -ng PCM




trn u ra ca mng chuyn mch nh cc b phn knh th cp SDMUX
(Secondary DeMultiplexer). lm iu ny bn tin iu khin cn truyn t
CLP -c -a qua BIU v -a n b thu v phn phi bo hiu u ra SRDO
(Signaling Receiver and Distributor Output), chuyn i thnh cc t m PCM v
-c chn vo cc khe c bit ca cc tuyn PCM u ra thng qua cc b phn
knh th cp SDMUX. Cc bn tin iu khin cc b chuyn mch thi gian trn
tng chuyn mch u vo ITXB (Incomming Time Switch Board), tng chuyn
mch u ra OTXB (Outgoing Time Switch Board), chuyn mch khng gian S
1

v chuyn mch khng gian S
2
-c -a t CLP qua BIU n b iu khin cc
b nh chuyn mch SMC (Switch-Memory Controller). SMC thc hin vic
chuyn i cc bn tin iu khin chuyn mch thnh cc s liu iu khin
ghi vo cc ngn nh CMEM ca cc b chuyn mch v thng tin a ch -a
cc s liu n -c cc b chuyn mch cn thit v ghi chng vo ng
ngn nh cn thit; nghi l thc hin vic chuyn i bn tin iu khin chuyn
mch thnh s liu iu khin v ghi chng vo ngn nh iu khin ca b nh
CMEM ca cc chuyn mch T v cc chuyn mch S tu thuc vo tng thao
tc chuyn mch.






















smc
srdi biu srdo
spc
clp
s
m
u
x

s
m
u
x

s
m
u
x

s
m
u
x

t
1
t
2
t
3
t
6
itxb

t
1
t
2
t
3
t
6
otxb

s
1
s
2
s
d
m
u
x

s
d
m
u
x

s
d
m
u
x
s
d
m
u
x

Hnh 3.39 M hnh chc nng ca SPC trong mng chuyn mch



Ch-ng 4
tng quan v h thng bo hiu
4.1. Khi qut
Trong mng vin thng, bo hiu l vic trao i thng tin gia cc thnh
phn tham gia vo cuc ni thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi.
ng thi bo hiu cng -c dng vn hnh v qun l mng vin thng.
Thng th-ng bo hiu -c chia thnh 2 loi chnh:
- Bo hiu -ng dy thu bao (Subscriber Loop Signalling).
- Bo hiu lin tng i (Inter - Exchange Signalling).
Hin nay, bo hiu lin tng i c 2 loi chnh:
+ Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS (Channel Associated Signalling).
+ Bo hiu knh chung CCS (Common Channel Signalling).










4.2 Bo hiu -ng dy thu bao
L bo hiu -c thc hin gia thu bao vi tng i hay gia tng i vi
thu bao.
thit lp cuc gi thu bao nhc t hp my. Trng thi nhc t hp
Bo hiu
Bo hiu -ng
dy thu bao
Bo hiu lin
tng i
Bo hiu knh
lin kt
Bo hiu knh
chung
Hnh 4.1. Phn loi bo hiu trong mng vin thng.





-c tng i pht hin v n gi tn hiu mi quay s n thu bao. Lc
ny thu bao c th quay s ca thu bao cn gi. Khi quay s xong thu bao
nhn -c mt s tn hiu ca tng i t-ng ng vi tng trng thi nh- tn
hiu hi m chung, tn hiu bo bn hay mt s tn hiu c bit khc.



















4.3 Bo hiu lin tng i
L bo hiu -c thc hin gia cc tng i vi nhau.
Thu bao
gi
Tng i
Thu bao
b gi
Nhc t hp
m mi quay s

S hiu thu bao b gi
Tn hiu hi m chung Tn hiu chung
Tn hiu tr li
m thoi
t t hp
t t hp

Hnh 4.2. V d v bo hiu -ng dy thu bao.



Cc loi tn hiu trong bo hiu lin tng i c th l: tn hiu chim, tn
hiu cng nhn chim (hay tn hiu xc nhn chim), s hiu thu bao b gi,
tnh trng tc nghn, xo thun, xo ng-c





















Tn hiu bo hiu lin tng i bao gm:
Thu bao
b gi
Thu bao
gi
Tng i Tng i
Tn hiu chim
Tn hiu xc nhn chim
S hiu my b gi
Tn hiu tr li
m thoi
Tn hiu xo h-ng v
Tn hiu xo h-ng i
Hnh 4.3. V d v bo hiu lin tng i.




- Cc tn hiu bo hiu thanh ghi (Register Signals): -c s dng trong
thi gian thit lp cuc gi chuyn giao a ch v thng tin th loi thu bao.
- Cc tn hiu bo hiu -ng dy (Line Signals): -c s dng trong ton
b thi gian cuc gi gim st trng thi ca -ng dy.
Bo hiu lin tng i ngy nay c 2 ph-ng php ang -c s dng l:
bo hiu knh lin kt (CAS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS).
4.3.1 Bo hiu knh lin kt (Channel Associated Signalling)
a) Khi qut bo hiu knh lin kt:
L bo hiu lin tng i m tn hiu bo hiu -c truyn cng vi trung
k ting.
c tr-ng ca loi bo hiu ny l i vi mi knh thoi c mt -ng
tn hiu bo hiu xc nh khng r rng. iu c ngha l:
- Tn hiu bo hiu c th chuyn giao trn knh thoi nu s dng tn
hiu bo hiu trong bng tn thoi.
- Tn hiu bo hiu -c chuyn giao trong mt knh bo hiu ring bit
nh- sp xp a khung trong PCM, cc tn hiu bo hiu -ng dy -c chuyn
giao trong khe thi gian TS16.
b) Cc h thng bo hiu knh lin kt:
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 1: y l h thng bo hiu lu i nht v
ngy nay khng cn -c s dng na. H thng bo hiu ny s dng tn s
500Hz, ngt qung 20Hz.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 2: y l h thng bo hiu s dng tn s
600Hz, ngt qung 750Hz. H thng ny ngy nay vn cn -c s dng
Australia, New Zealand v Nam M.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 3: y l h thng bo hiu trong bng u
tin s dng tn s 2280Hz cho c bo hiu -ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi.
Ngy nay h thng ny -c s dng Php, o, Phn Lan v Hungary.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 4: y l mt bin th ca h thng bo hiu
CCITT 3 nh-ng s dng tn s 2040Hz v 2400Hz cho bo hiu -ng dy v



bo hiu thanh ghi.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 5: y l h thng bo hiu -c s dng kh
rng ri vi bo hiu -ng dy s dng tn s 2400Hz v 2600Hz, bo hiu
thanh ghi s dng t hp 2 trong 6 tn s 700Hz, 900Hz, 1100Hz, 1300Hz,
1500Hz v 1700Hz.
* H thng bo hiu R1: y l h thng bo hiu gn ging vi h thng
bo hiu s 5, nh-ng ch s dng mt tn s 2600Hz cho bo hiu -ng dy.
Bo hiu thanh ghi ging nh- trong bo hiu s 5.
* H thng bo hiu R2: y l h thng bo hiu s dng tn s 3825Hz
cho bo hiu -ng dy (vi phin bn analog) v cc tn s 540Hz ti 1140Hz
cho h-ng v, tn s t 1380Hz n 1980Hz cho h-ng i vi b-c tn s 120Hz.
c) -u im v nh-c im ca bo hiu knh lin kt:
* -u im: Do bo hiu knh lin kt t-ng i c lp vi nhau nn khi
c s c mt knh bo hiu no th cc knh cn li t b nh h-ng.
* Nh-c im:
- Thi gian thit lp cuc gi lu do tc trao i thng tin bo hiu
chm.
- Dung l-ng ca bo hiu knh lin kt nh do c s -ng dy trung k
gii hn.
- tin cy ca bo hiu knh lin kt khng cao do khng c -ng dy
trung k d phng.
4.3.2 Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling)
a) Khi qut bo hiu knh chung:
L bo hiu lin tng i m tn hiu bo hiu -c truyn trn mt -ng
s liu tc cao c lp vi trung k ting. Bo hiu -c thc hin c 2
h-ng, vi mt knh bo hiu cho mi h-ng.
Thng tin bo hiu cn gi i -c nhm thnh nh-ng gi d liu. Bn
cnh nhng thng tin dnh cho vic bo hiu, cng cn c thm mt s thng tin




nhn dng knh thoi m n bo hiu cho, thng tin a ch (nhn) v thng tin
iu chnh li.
Cc tng i iu khin bng ch-ng trnh l-u tr (SPC) cng vi cc knh
bo hiu s to thnh mng bo hiu Chuyn mch gi.
b) Cc h thng bo hiu knh chung:
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 6: ra i u nm 1968, -c s dng dnh
cho cc -ng dy Analog v cho l-u thoi quc t.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 7: ra i vo nhng nm 1979 - 1980 dnh
cho cc mng chuyn mch s trong n-c v quc t, h thng truyn dn s tc
cao (64Kb/s).
c) u im ca h thng bo hiu knh chung:
- Thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh do s dng -ng truyn s liu tc
cao. Trong hu ht cc tr-ng hp, thi gian thit lp cuc gi gim d-i mt
giy.
- Dung l-ng ca bo hiu knh chung ln do mi knh bo hiu c th
x l tn hiu bo hiu cho vi nghn cuc gi cng mt lc.
- tin cy ca bo hiu knh chung cao nh s dng cc tuyn bo
hiu linh ng.
- Bo hiu knh chung c linh hot cao v h thng c th mang
thng tin ca nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau, c th s dng cho nhiu mc ch,
khng ch phc v cho ring thoi.
4.4. cc chc nng ca bo hiu
Bo hiu trong mng vin thng bao gm ba chc nng c bn;
- Chc nng gim st.
- Chc nng tm chn.
- Chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng.
4.4.1 Chc nng gim st
Chc nng ny -c s dng gim st v pht hin s thay i trng



thi ca cc phn t (-ng dy thu bao, -ng dy trung k) -a ra cc
quyt nh x l chnh xc v kp thi.
4.4.2 Chc nng tm chn
Chc nng ny lin quan n th tc thit lp cuc gi, l vic truyn
s liu thu bao b gi v tm tuyn ni ti -u ti thu bao b gi. iu ny ph
thuc vo kiu bo hiu v ph-ng php truyn bo hiu.
Yu cu t ra vi chc nng tm chn cho tng i l phi c tnh hiu
qu, tin cy cao thc hin chnh xc chc nng chuyn mch, thit lp cuc
gi thnh cng, gim thi gian tr quay s.
4.4.3 Chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng
Khc vi hai chc nng trn, chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng gip
cho vic s dng mng mt cch c hiu qu v ti -u nht. N thu thp cc
thng tin bo cnh, tn hiu o l-ng kim tra th-ng xuyn thng bo tnh
hnh ca cc thit b, cc phn t trong h thng c quyt nh x l ng.














ch-ng 5: H thng bo hiu R2
5.1 Khi qut
H thng bo hiu R2 l h thng bo hiu m a tn, knh kt hp (knh
ring), -c thit k phc v cho chc nng trao i thng tin bo hiu gia
cc tng i trong mng vin thng. H thng bo hiu ny -c s dng cho c
mng quc gia v mng quc t.
H thng bo hiu R2 cng thch hp cho cc ph-ng thc t ng v bn t
ng. ng thi n c th p dng cho cc -ng trung k t-ng t (Analog)
hay trung k s (Digital).
H thng bo hiu R2 -c phn thnh hai loi:
- Bo hiu -ng dy.
- Bo hiu thanh ghi.
5.2 Ph-ng thc truyn tn hiu ca bo hiu R2
H thng bo hiu R2 -c thc hin theo giao thc bt buc (p ch). iu
ny th hin ch tn hiu h-ng i -c gi i lin tc cho ti khi nhn
-c tn hiu h-ng v t tng i u kia. Vic bo hiu -c thc hin gia
b truyn m CS (Code Sender) v b nhn m CR (Code Receiver). Trong
b truyn m CS, ngoi cc thit b truyn truyn tn hiu bo hiu cn c
cc thit b nhn nhn tn hiu iu khin. T-ng t nh- vy, b nhn m
CR cng c cc thit b nhn v thit b truyn tn hiu.
Qu trnh truyn bt buc trong bo hiu R2 -c thc hin nh- sau:
a. Tn hiu -c truyn lin tc d-i dng m a tn t b CS n b CR.
b. B CR sau khi nhn -c tn hiu th nht ny s ra lnh cho thit b
truyn ca n gi v mt tn hiu iu khin theo h-ng ng-c li.
c. Tn hiu iu khin d-i dng m a tn -c truyn t b CR v b CS.
d. B CS khi nhn -c tn hiu iu khin s ngng truyn tn hiu th nht
v bit rng CR nhn -c tn hiu ny.
e. B CR nhn thy b CS ngng truyn tn hiu th nht, n ra lnh cho
thit b truyn ca n ngng truyn tn hiu iu khin v bit rng CS
nhn -c tn hiu ny.



f. B CS nhn thy tn hiu iu khin ngng truyn. N chun b truyn
tn hiu th hai.
g. B CS tip tc truyn tn hiu th hai v qu trnh trn li -c lp li.
















5.3. Phn loi bo hiu ca R2
5.3.1 Bo hiu -ng dy
+ Cc tn hiu -ng dy h-ng i
* Tn hiu chim
L tn hiu -c gi i khi bt u cuc gi nhm thit lp li trng thi
mch vo t trng thi ri sang trng thi b chim.
S R S R
CS CR
a
c
b
f
e
d
g
Hnh 5.1 . Bo hiu bt buc(p ch)




* Tn hiu xo thun
L tn hiu -c gi i kt thc cuc gi, nhm gii phng tng i b gi
v cc khi chuyn mch ang tham gia phc v cho cuc gi.
+ Cc tn hiu -ng dy h-ng v
* Tn hiu cng nhn chim
Sau khi nhn -c tn hiu chim tng i b gi s pht tn hiu cng
nhn chim cho tng i gi xc nhn vic mch vo chuyn t trng thi ri
sang trng thi b chim.
* Tn hiu tr li
Tn hiu ny -c truyn t tng i b gi v tng i gi khi thu bao b
gi nhc t hp nhm phc v cho vic tnh c-c ca tng i gi.
* Tn hiu xo ng-c
L tn hiu gi n tng i gi khi thu bao b gi t my. Trong ch
bn t ng, tn hiu ny thc hin chc nng gim st.
* Tn hiu gii phng hon ton
Ti tng i b gi sau khi nhn -c tn hiu xo thun s gi v tng i
gi tn hiu gii phng hon ton xc nh sn sng phc v cc khi
chuyn mch v tng i b gi hon ton t do, sn sng phc v cho cuc gi
khc.
* Tn hiu kho mch
Tn hiu ny -c gi trn cc mch ri ti tng i gi gy nn trng
thi bn nhm bo v vic chim mch tip theo.
+ Cc phin bn bo hiu -ng dy
Trong bo hiu -ng dy c hai phin bn (Version), mt phin bn dng
cho bo hiu -ng dy t-ng t (Analog) v mt phin bn dng cho bo hiu
-ng dy s (Digital).
a) Phin bn bo hiu -ng dy t-ng t:



Nguyn tc truyn ca phin bn ny l c m hiu khi ri v khng c m
hiu khi bn.
Trong bo hiu -ng dy kiu t-ng t, i vi mi h-ng truyn dn cn
phi c mt knh bo hiu s dng tn s ngoi bng thoi l 3825Hz. Trng
thi -ng dy -c phn nh qua bng 5.1
Cc iu kin thc hin bo hiu -ng dy:
- Tn s bo hiu danh nh l 3825Hz.
- Sai s so vi tn s trn khng v-t qu 4Hz.
Thi gian chuyn trng thi c m hiu sang khng c m hiu l
4010 (ms).
Thi gian nh nht nhn bit c m hiu h-ng i v mt m hiu
h-ng v l 250 50 (ms).
Bng 5.1. Cc trng thi -ng dy
Cc trng thi -ng dy
Trng thi mch
H-ng i H-ng v
Ri C m hiu C m hiu
Chim Khng c m hiu C m hiu
Tr li Khng c m hiu Khng c m hiu
Xo thun C m hiu C hoc khng c m hiu
Xo ng-c Khng c m hiu C m hiu
Gii phng C m hiu C hoc khng c m hiu
Kho mch C m hiu Khng c m hiu
M kho mch C m hiu C m hiu
b) Phin bn bo hiu -ng dy s:
Trong h thng truyn dn s PCM 30/32 ng-i ta s dng mt knh thoi
(TS16) t chc hai knh bo hiu cc khung 1 15. S sp xp cc knh
bo hiu trong khe thi gian TS16 ca h thng PCM 30 nh- sau:




Bng 5.2. Quy nh khe thi gian cho cc knh thoi ca bo hiu R2.
Cc bit trong khe thi gian TS16 S th t
khung abcd abcd
0 0000 xexx
1 Knh 1 Knh 16
2 Knh 2 Knh 17
3 Knh 3 Knh 18
4 Knh 4 Knh 19
5 Knh 5 Knh 20
6 Knh 6 Knh 21
7 Knh 7 Knh 22
8 Knh 8 Knh 23
9 Knh 9 Knh 24
10 Knh 10 Knh 25
11 Knh 11 Knh 26
12 Knh 12 Knh 27
13 Knh 13 Knh 28
14 Knh 14 Knh 29
15 Knh 15 Knh 30

Trong :
0000: ng chnh a khung.
e : Bit cnh bo mt ng chnh a khung.
e = 0: Khng c cnh bo.
e = 1: C cnh bo.
x : Bit d tr ch-a s dng.
Thng th-ng ng-i ta khng s dng ht 4 bit a, b, c, d cho bo hiu m
ch s dng hai bit a v b cn bit c v d s dng cho mc ch khc.



- H-ng i gm bit a
f
v bit b
f
.
- H-ng v gm bit a
b
v bit b
b
.
Trong :
+ a
f:
: cho bit trng thi hot ng ca cc thit b chuyn mch u gi
ra v trng thi ca -ng dy thu bao gi.
+ b
f
.: cho bit c s c trn h-ng t tng i gi ti tng i b gi.
+ a
b
: cho bit trng thi ca thu bao b gi.
+ b
b
: cho bit thit b chuyn mch tng i b gi ri hay bn.
Bng 5.3. M bo hiu -ng dy.
M bo hiu
H-ng i H-ng v Trng thi mch
a
f
b
f
a
b


b
b

Ri / Gii phng 1 0 1 0
Chim 0 0 1 0
Cng nhn chim 0 0 1 1
Tr li 0 0 0 1
Xo ng-c 0 0 1 1
Xo thun 1 0 0 1
Gii phng an ton 1 1
Kho mch 1 0

5.3.2 Bo hiu thanh ghi
Bo hiu thanh ghi trong h thng bo hiu R2 -c s dng n-c ta l
kiu bo hiu b khng ch, ngha l bo hiu m vic truyn thng tin gia cc
tng i -c thc hin ln l-t theo s hi p.




Trong bo hiu R2 ng-i ta s dng m a tn l cc t hp hai trong su tn
s truyn bo hiu thanh ghi gia cc tng i. Cc m a tn ny s -c
thu v pht bi cc thit b m a tn.
Th t cc t hp m theo hai h-ng -c quy nh theo bng sau y:
Bng 5.4 Cc t hp m a tn.
T hp Cc tn s (Hz)
H-ng i 1380 1500 1620 1740 1860 1980
H-ng v 1140 1020 900 780 660 540
Ch s f
0
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5

S
T
T

x
+
y

Trng s 0 1 2 4 7 11
1 0+1 x y
2 0+2 x y
3 1+2 x y
4 0+4 x y
5 1+4 x y
6 2+4 x y
7 0+7 x y
8 1+7 x y
9 2+7 x y
10 4+7 x y
11 0+11 x y
12 1+11 x y
13 2+11 x y
14 4+14 x y
15 7+11 x y



+ Bo hiu h-ng i
Cc tn hiu h-ng i -c chia thnh hai nhm: tn hiu nhm I v tn hiu
nhm 2.
a) Bo hiu h-ng i nhm I:
Cc tn hiu nhm I ch yu mang thng tin v a ch ca thu bao b gi.
Bng 5.5. Cc tn hiu h-ng i nhm I.
T
hp
Tn hiu ngha ca cc tn hiu
1 I-1 Ch s 1
2 I-2 Ch s 2
3 I-3 Ch s 3
4 I-4 Ch s 4
5 I-5 Ch s 5
6 I-6 Ch s 6
7 I-7 Ch s 7
8 I-8 Ch s 8
9 I-9 Ch s 9
10 I-10 Ch s 0
11 I-11 Khng s dng
12 I-12 Yu cu khng -c chp nhn
13 I-13 Truy nhp ti thit b kim tra
Khng dng trong tuyn v tinh
14 I-14 Khng s dng i vi mng vin thng Vit Nam
15 I-15 Kt thc m truyn a ch
(s hiu ca thu bao b gi)




b) Bo hiu h-ng i nhm II:
Cc tn hiu nhm II l tn hiu ch th v c tnh cuc gi v thu bao
ch gi.
Bng 5.6. Cc tn hiu h-ng i nhm II.
T
hp
Tn
hiu
ngha ca cc tn hiu Ch thch
1 II-1 Thu bao khng -u tin
2 II-2 Thu bao c -u tin
3 II-3 Thit b bo d-ng
4 II-4 D phng
5 II-5 in thoi vin
6 II-6 Truyn dn s liu
Nhng tn hiu ny ch s
dng cho mng quc gia
7 II-7 Thu bao quc t
8 II-8 Truyn dn s liu quc t
9 II-9 Thu bao c -u tin quc t
10 II-10 in thoi vin quc t

Nhng tn hiu ny -c
s dng cho mng quc
t
11 II-11 Cuc gi t in thoi cng
cng
12 II-12 Loi thu bao ch gi khng
dng hoc khng nhn dng
-c
13 II-13
14 II-14
15 II-15
D tr cho mng quc gia
Nhng tn hiu ny s
dng ni b trong n-c





Bo hiu h-ng v
Bo hiu h-ng v -c chia lm hai nhm: bo hiu h-ng v nhm A v
bo hiu h-ng v nhm B.
a) Bo hiu h-ng v nhm A:
Cc tn hiu nhm A -c s dng tr li xc nhn cho cc tn hiu
h-ng i nhm I (trong mt s tr-ng hp -c dng tr li cho cc tn hiu
h-ng i nhm II) v thc hin chc nng chuyn -a cc thng tin bo hiu.
Bng 5.7. Cc tn hiu h-ng v nhm A
T
hp
Tn
hiu
ngha ca cc tn hiu
1 A-1 Gi con s tip theo
2 A-2 Gi con s tr-c con s cui (n-1)
3 A-3 Kt thc nhn tn hiu a ch, chuyn sang nhn tn
hiu nhm B
4 A-4 Tc nghn trong mng quc gia
5 A-5 Gi c tnh thu bao ch gi
6 A-6 a ch y , thit lp trng thi thoi, tnh c-c
7 A-7 Gi con s tr-c hai s cui (n-2)
8 A-8 Gi con s tr-c ba s cui (n-3)
9 A-9 Pht li s b gi t u
10 A-10
11 A-11
12 A-12
13 A-13
14 A-14
D phng
15 A-15 Tc nghn trong mng quc t




b) Bo hiu h-ng v nhm B:
Cc tn hiu h-ng v nhm B cng dng tr li xc nhn cho mt h-ng
i nhm II trong th tc bo hiu bt buc. ng thi cc tn hiu ny thc
hin chc nng chuyn -a cc thng tin v trng thi thit b chuyn mch
hay trng thi -ng dy thu bao b gi.
Bng 5.8. Cc tn hiu h-ng v nhm B.
T
hp
Tn
hiu
ngha ca cc tn hiu
1 B-1 Thu bao b gi ri, yu cu nhn dng cuc gi ph ri
2 B-2 Gi m hiu c bit hay thng bo v thu bao b gi
di chuyn hay thay i
3 B-3 -ng dy thu bao b gi bn
4 B-4 Tn hiu b tc nghn
5 B-5 S thu bao khng c trong danh b
6 B-6 -ng dy thu bao b gi ri, c tnh c-c
7 B-7 -ng dy thu bao b gi ri, khng tnh c-c
8 B-8 -ng dy thu bao b gi c s c
915 B-9 B-15 D tr cho mng quc gia
Quy tc xc mh nhm ca tng tn hiu bo hiu:
Nh- vy c 15 tn hiu bo hiu h-ng i v 15 tn hiu bo hiu h-ng
v. Mi tn hiu h-ng i c th thuc nhm I hoc nhm II v mi tn hiu
h-ng v cng c th thuc nhm A hoc nhm B. Vic xc nh nhm ca tng
tn hiu bo hiu c th cng chnh l xc nh ngha ca tn hiu bo hiu
da vo v tr ca tn hiu bo hiu trong chui cc tn hiu bo hiu v v tr
ca n so vi cc tn hiu h-ng v A3 v tn hiu h-ng v A5 theo quy tc: Tn
hiu u tin trong chui cc tn hiu h-ng i thuc nhm I; tn hiu u tin
trong chui cc tn hiu h-ng v thuc nhm A; vic chuyn t nhm I sang
nhm II v t nhm A sang nhm B do cc tn hiu h-ng v A3, A5 quyt nh.
Khi chuyn t nhm I sang nhm II bng tn hiu A5 th c th chuyn tr li



nhm I; khi chuyn t nhm A sang nhm B bng tn hiu A3 th khng th
chuyn tr li nhm A -c na.
5.3.3 Cc ph-ng php truyn tn hiu bo hiu thanh ghi
Trong qu trnh kt ni cuc gi t tng i ch gi n tng i b gi c
th c mt s tng i khc tham gia kt ni. V bo hiu thanh ghi c ba ph-ng
php truyn nh- sau:
- Truyn bo hiu kiu tng chng (Link By Link).
- Truyn bo hiu kiu xuyn sut (End To End).
- Truyn bo hiu kiu hn hp (Mixed).
a. Ph-ng php truyn bo hiu kiu tng chng
Ph-ng php ny lin quan n vic truyn tn hiu gia cc tng i k
cn. Vi bo hiu kiu tng chng, s hiu ca thu bao b gi s b gim dn qua
mi tng i qu giang, t y cho n khi ch cn mt phn ca s b gi.
* u im:
D dng pht hin cc tn hiu (nhiu, mo do tr, mo do nhiu).












T A T B

T C T D
Khu vc H Ni (04) Khu vc Nam nh (035)
035823477
035823477
823477
3477
Hnh 5.2 V d v bo hiu kiu Link By Link.




* Nh-c im:
- Ti cc tng i qu giang, cc thanh ghi va phi c chc nng nhn
s hiu va phi c chc nng gi s hiu. Do vy vic x l ti cc thanh ghi ny
phc tp hn.
- Thi gian thit lp cuc gi lu v s cc s hiu truyn trn tuyn ln.
- Khi s dng cc tn hiu thanh ghi h-ng v th thi gian chim cc
thanh ghi qu giang tng ln do tt c cc thanh ghi trn mt kt ni nhiu lin
kt phi -c kt ni truyn v tn hiu cui cng.
b. Ph-ng php truyn bo hiu kiu xuyn sut
Trong bo hiu kiu xuyn sut, cc thanh ghi ca tng i qu giang ch
nhn cc s nh tuyn. Thanh ghi ca tng i xut pht cuc gi s lm
vic trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc gi, n cn -c chun b d gi mt phn
thng tin a ch khi c yu cu bng cc tn hiu h-ng v. Thanh ghi qu giang
s -c gii phng khi kt ni khi kt ni -c pht trin ln pha tr-c t tng
i qu giang .












T A
T B

T C T D
Khu vc H Ni (04) Khu vc Nam nh (035)
035823477
035
82
3477
Hnh 5.3 V d v bo hiu kiu End To End.



* u im:
- Cc thanh ghi ca tng di xut pht cuc gi -c php iu khin
thit lp cuc gi. T cho php cc kh nng nh tuyn t tng i xut pht.
- Ti cc tng i qu giang, cc thanh ghi ch c chc nng nhn mt
phn s hiu thu bao b gi ch khng cn gi. Do qu trnh x l ti cc
thanh ghi ny d dng hn.
- Thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh v s cc s hiu truyn trn tuyn
t.
- Thi gian chim cc thanh ghi ca cc tng i qu giang gim xung.
- Gim l-ng tr sau khi quay s v cc thanh ghi -c gii phng sm
hn, thng mch nhanh hn.
c. Ph-ng php truyn bo hiu kiu kt hp
y l ph-ng php va s dng bo hiu kiu tng chng va s dng bo
hiu kiu xuyn sut.

T A T B T C T D
Khu vc H Ni (04) Khu vc Nam nh (035)
035823477
035
823477
82
Hnh 5.4 V d v bo hiu kiu kt hp.
3477
T E


ch-ng 6
H thng bo hiu knh chung s 7
6.1 Khi qut
H thng bo hiu s 7 l h thng bo hiu knh chung, trong cc
knh bo hiu s dng cc thng bo c nhn chuyn thng tin bo hiu lin
quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v cc thng tin khc lin quan n qun l, iu
hnh v bo d-ng mng.
Hin nhin ng dng u tin ca mng bo hiu s 7 l ng dng cho
mng in thoi thng th-ng PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network). H
thng bo hiu s 7 thc hin cng cc chc nng nh- cc h thng bo hiu
truyn thng nh-ng vi k thut cao, ph hp hn i vi h thng tng i s
hin i.
i vi thu bao, h thng bo hiu s 7 gip vic thit lp cuc gi nhanh
hn v c th cung cp nhiu dch v mi.
i vi vic qun l t xa, bo hiu s 7 i hi t thit b bo hiu trong
mng hn v tng dung l-ng cuc gi.
Hin nay mng bo hiu s 7 cn -c ng dng vo nhiu chc nng nh-
bo hiu trong mng s liu lin kt a dch v ISDN (Intergrated Service Digital
Network), mng thng minh IN (Intelligent Network), mng thng tin di ng
mt t cng cng PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network).
6.2 Cc khi nim c bn
6.2.1 im bo hiu SP (Signalling Point)
im bo hiu l nt chuyn mch hay nt x l trong mng bo hiu, c
th thc hin cc chc nng ca h thng bo hiu s 7.
Mt tng i in thoi -c xem nh- l mt im bo hiu SP th phi l
tng i -c iu khin bng ch-ng trnh l-u sn, v bo hiu s 7 l dng
thng tin s liu gia cc b x l.
Tt c cc im bo hiu trong h thng bo hiu s 7 l dng thng tin s
liu gia cc b vi x l.








6.2.2 im truyn bo hiu STP (Signalling Transfer Point)
im bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu thu -c trn mt knh bo hiu v
sau chuyn giao cho knh khc (m khng x l ni dung tin bo) -c gi l
im truyn bo hiu.









6.2.3 Lin kt bo hiu SL (Signalling Link) v chm lin kt bo hiu
(Link Set)
Lin kt bo hiu l mt ph-ng tin truyn dn bao gm mt lin kt d
liu 64Kb/s v cc chc nng iu khin truyn. truyn cc thng ip t mt
im bo hiu ny n im bo hiu khc ng-i ta s dng lin kt bo hiu.
i vi bo hiu t-ng t th cc lin kt analog c tc truyn thp hn (c
4,8Kb/s).
SP SP
STP
Hnh 6.2. im bo hiu v im truyn bo hiu
SP SP
Hnh 6.1 Cc im bo hiu
Tuyn thoi
Tuyn lin kt bo hiu


Mi lin kt bo hiu trong mng bo hiu c kh nng x l 4096 mch
thoi. V th m bo s an ton v tin cy cho vic truyn tn hiu bo hiu,
ng-i ta s dng nhiu hn mt lin kt v do c -c tp lin kt. Mt tp
lin kt -c gi l y nu c 16 lin kt. Mt tp lin kt c t hn 16 lin
kt th vn -c php nh-ng gi l tp lin kt khng y .
6.2.4 Cc ph-ng thc bo hiu (Signalling Mode)
Vic truyn thng tin bo hiu t im bo hiu gc OSP (Original
Signalling Point) ti im bo hiu ch (Destination Signalling Point) s i qua
mt s lin kt bo hiu v mt s im truyn bo hiu tu thuc vo ph-ng
thc bo hiu. H thng bo hiu s 7 c 2 ph-ng thc:
- Bo hiu kt hp (Associated Signalling Mode).
- Bo hiu na kt hp (Quasi - Associated Signalling Mode)
a) Bo hiu kt hp:
ph-ng thc ny cc lin kt bo hiu song song vi tuyn thoi v -c
thc hin truyn trc tip t im bo hiu gc n im bo hiu ch.




b) Bo hiu na kt hp:
Vi ph-ng thc ny th tuyn thoi -c ni trc tip gia im bo hiu
gc v im bo hiu ch cn tn hiu bo hiu -c truyn thng qua cc lin
kt bo hiu v im truyn bo hiu khc.
6.2.5 Tuyn bo hiu (Signalling Route) v chm tuyn bo hiu
(Signalling Route Set)
Tuyn bo hiu l mt tuyn -ng -c xc nh tr-c cc bn tin
i qua mng bo hiu gia im bo hiu ngun v im bo hiu ch. Tuyn
bo hiu bao gmg mt chui SP/STP v -c u ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt
bo hiu hay chm lin kt bo hiu.
OSP DSP
Hnh 6.3 Ch bo hiu kt hp











Tt c cc tuyn bo hiu c th s dng truyn cc thng tin bo hiu
i qua mng bo hiu gia im bo hiu ngun v im bo hiu ch th -c
gi l chm tuyn bo hiu ch mi quan h bo hiu .
6.2.6 M im bo hiu SPC (Signalling Point Code)
Mi im bo hiu u c mt m nh phn 14 bit duy nht, tu theo v tr
v chc nng m m im bo hiu -c chia thnh:
- M im bo hiu gc OPC (Original Point Code)
- M im bo hiu ch DPC ( Destination Point Code)
M im bo hiu gm c 3 tr-ng sau:
N M L K J I H G F E D C B A
+ Tr-ng 3 bit (NML): xc nh khu vc a l trn th gii, vi 6 vng
a l -c nh s t 2 n 7, Vit Nam thuc vng th 4.
+ Tr-ng 8 bit (K-D): xc nh vng a l hay mng trong mt khu vc
a l c th no .
+ Tr-ng 3 bit (CBA): xc nh mt im bo hiu trong mt vng a l
hay mt mng.
S kt hp cc tr-ng th nht v tr-ng th hai -c gi l m khu
vc/mng bo hiu SANC (Signalling Area/Network Code). V d: M SACN ca
Vit Nam l 4-104.
OSP DSP
STP
Hnh 6.4 Ch bo hiu na kt hp


6.3 Cu trc ca h thng bo hiu s 7
6.3.1 M hnh chun h thng m OSI
M hnh chun OSI do t chc tiu chun Quc t ISO (International
Standard Organisation) -a ra nm 1980 vi mc ch l do trong mng truyn s
liu, cc giao thc rt kh xc nh chnh xc, v th ng-i ta phi phn nh cc
giao thc ny thnh 7 lp. ISO cng nhn m hnh chun 7 lp l c s cho
cc tiu chun k thut trong t-ng lai cho cc h thng truyn s liu.












-u im ca m hnh ny l giao thc ca mt lp c th thay i -c
m khng nh h-ng ti cc lp khc v vic thc hin cc chc nng trong mt
lp l tu chn.
M t tm tt cc lp nh- sau:
Lp 1 - Lp vt l (Physical Layer):
Cung cp cc chc nng v vt l, in v cc th tc ngun hot ho,
bo d-ng v kha cc trung k truyn cc bt gia cc -ng s liu. Lp vt
l cn c chc nng bin i s liu thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi mi tr-ng
truyn dn.
Lp 7

Lp 6

Lp 5

Lp 4

Lp 3

Lp 2

Lp 1

Lp 7

Lp 6

Lp 5

Lp 4

Lp 3

Lp 2

Lp 1

Lp 3

Lp 2

Lp 1
Hnh 6.5. M hnh chun OSI.


Lp 2 - Lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer):
Cung cp cc mch kt ni d liu im ni im khng c li gia cc
lp mng. Lp ny gm cc ngun nhn bit li, sa li, iu khin l-u l-ng v
pht li.
Lp 3 - Lp mng (Network Layer):
Dch v c bn ca lp mng l cung cp mt knh truyn s liu gia
cc lp vn chuyn trong cc h thng khc nhau. Lp ny c chc nng thit lp
bo d-ng, ct u ni gia cc h thng, x l a ch v to cc tuyn trung k.
Lp 4 - Lp vn chuyn (Transport Layer):
m bo cho cc dch v mng p ng -c cht l-ng truyn tin m lp
ng dng yu cu. Cc chc nng ca n l: nhn bit li, sa li v iu khin
l-u l-ng. Lp ny lm ti -u ho thng tin d liu nh- ghp v tch lung d
liu tr-c khi chng n lp mng.
Lp 5 - Lp phin (Session Layer):
Thit lp u ni gia cc lp trnh by trong cc h thng khc
nhau. N iu khin u ni ny, ng b thoi v ct u ni. N cho php lp
ng dng nh im kim tra bt u vic pht li nu truyn dn b gin on.
Lp 6- Trnh by (Presentation Layer):
nh ra c php biu th s liu. Lp trnh by bin i c php -c s
dng trong lp ng dng thnh c php thng tin cn thit thng tin gia cc
lp ng dng. V d: Telex s dng m ASCII.
Lp 7 - Lp ng dng (Applicaton Layer):
Cung cp cc dch v h tr cho qu trnh ng dng ca ng-i s dng
v iu khin thng tin gia cc ng dng. V d nh- cc giao thc cho
chuyn giao File, x l bn tin, cc dch v quay s v cng vic vn hnh
bo d-ng.
6.3.2 Cu trc phn lp ca h thng bo hiu s 7
Vo u nhng nm 80, trong cun Sch Vng ca CCITT, nhng c tr-ng
k thut u tin v h thng bo hiu s 7 -c cng b v m hnh OSI
cng -c t chc ISO gii thiu cng nm y. H thng bo hiu s 7 l loi
thng tin s liu chuyn mch gi, c cu trc theo modul v ging m hnh


OSI. Tuy nhin h thng bo hiu s 7 ch c 4 lp thay v 7 lp nh- m hnh
OSI.
Ba lp thp nht trong cu trc phn lp ca h thng bo hiu s 7 to
thnh phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP (Message Transfer Part). Lp th 4 l phn
ca ng-i s dng (User Part).
Nh- vy h thng bo hiu s 7 khng hon ton t-ng hp vi m hnh OSI.
S khc nhau c bn ca 2 m hnh ny l qu trnh thng tin trong mng.
M hnh OSI m t thng tin c kt ni gia cc u cui s liu. Qu trnh
thng tin gm 3 trng thi: thit lp, u ni, chuyn giao s liu v ct u
ni. Trong khi phn chuyn giao bn tin ch c cung cp dch v chuyn
giao khng kt ni. Phn chuyn giao bn tin ch chuyn giao s liu vi s
l-ng nh v yu cu tc nhanh.















Trong :
OMAP
TCAP

ISUP


TUP

SCCP
Mc 3
Mc 2
Mc 1
Lp 1
Lp 2
Lp 3
Lp 7
Lp 4,5,6
Hnh 6.6. M hnh phn lp h thng bo hiu s 7.
CCSN
0
7
OSI
MTP
1
3
2
4


- SCCP (Signal Connection Control Part): phn iu khin kt ni bo
hiu.
- TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part): phn ng dng cc
kh nng giao dch.
- OMAP (Operations And Maintenance Application Part): phn ng dng
khai thc v bo d-ng.
- TUP (Telephone User Part): phn ng-i s dng in thoi.
- ISUP (ISDN User Part): phn ng-i s dng mng s lin kt a dch v.
- DUP (Data User Part): phn ng-i s dng s liu.
6.3.3 Cc khi chc nng ca h thng bo hiu s 7
1. Phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP (Message Transfer Part)
Phn chuyn giao bn tin c cc chc nng chnh l chuyn -a cc bn tin
gia nhng ng-i s dng qua mng bo hiu s 7 mt cch xuyn sut v
ng tin cy m bo tc v chnh xc.





C th thy i t-ng s dng UP gi i cc bn tin n phn chuyn giao
bn tin MTP. Sau cc bn tin s -c truyn n ng ni nhn. MTP pha
u nhn s phn chia cc bn tin ny n ng i t-ng s dng cn gi.
T c -c cu trc tng qut ca MTP:






i t-ng
s dng UP
i t-ng
s dng UP
Phn chuyn giao
bn tin MTP
Hnh 6.7. Cu trc c bn ca h thng bo hiu s 7.
Hnh 6.8. Cu trc tng qut ca MTP
i t-ng
s dng UP

SCCP SCCP
Phn iu
khin kt
ni bohiu
H thng iu khin
chuyn giao bn tin
im
chuyn
giao bo
hiu
i t-ng
s dng UP

i t-ng
s dng UP

i t-ng
s dng UP

H thng iu khin
chuyn giao bn tin
H thng iu khin
chuyn giao bn tin
Knh lin kt bo hiu Knh lin kt bo hiu


Phn chuyn giao bn tin chim 3 mc thp nht trong h thng bo hiu
s 7 nh- trong hnh d-i y:





1.1 Tuyn lin kt d liu bo hiu (Mc 1)
L mt tuyn truyn dn d liu song h-ng bo hiu, bao gm 2 knh
s liu hot ng vi nhau trn 2 h-ng ng-c nhau v c cng mt tc truyn
dn. Knh s liu bo hiu c th thuc dng s hay dng t-ng t. i vi knh
s liu dng s -c thit lp bng cc knh truyn dn s v chuyn mch s,
tc knh thoi c bn l 64Kb/s . Cn i vi knh s liu bo hiu dng
t-ng t -c thit lp bng cc knh truyn dn t-ng t (4KHz) v cc Modem.
Cc giao thc mc 1 ny xc nh tnh cht v in, vt l v cc c
im chc nng ca knh s liu bo hiu.
Cc phn cng trong mc 1 ny bao gm cc knh d liu, thit b u
cui. Khi chuyn mch cng -c dng truy cp cc knh truyn dn thng
tin cho cc -ng bo hiu.




1.2 Cc chc nng lin kt bo hiu (Mc 2)
Cc chc nng lin kt bo hiu m bo cho vic truyn tin mt cch an
ton v chnh xc. Cc chc nng chnh ca mc 2 bao gm:
- Gii hn.
- Pht hin li.
Mc 3
X l bn tin bo
hiu. Cc chc
nng mng
Mc 2
Cc chc nng
lin kt bo
hiu
Mc 1
Lin kt d
liu

Mc 4
Cc i
t-ng s
dng
Hnh 6.9 Phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP.
Mc 1
Thit b u cui Knh d liu
Hnh 6.10. Mc 1.


- ng b.
Ngoi ra mc 2 cn c cc chc nng sau: iu khin cho vic truyn,
nhn v iu khin trng thi lin kt.









Cc thng tin ca h thng bo hiu s 7 -c ng gi thnh 3 loi n
v bn tin: n v bn tin bo hiu MSU (Message Signal Unit), n v bn tin
trng thi lin kt LSSU (Link Status Signal Unit), n v bn tin lp y FISU
(Fill-In Signal Unit).
a) Cu trc cc n v bn tin:
+ n v bn tin bo hiu MSU: cha cc bn tin bo hiu -c trao i
gia nhng ng-i s dng hay gia cc khi x l chc nng qun l mng bo
hiu 2 im bo hiu vi nhau.




+ n v bn tin trng thi lin kt LSSU: cha ng cc thng tin lin
quan n hot ng ca knh bo hiu, phc v cho vic kim sot trng thi
-ng dy.






Mc
3
iu
khin
nhn
iu khin
trng thi
lin kt
- Pht
hin
li
iu
khin
truyn





Mc 1
Hnh 6.11 Mc 2.
F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F
8 16 8*n,n>2 8 2 6 1 7 1 7 8
Hnh 6.12. Bn tin MSU.
F CK SF LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F
8 16 8 hoc 16 2 6 1 7 1 7 8
Hnh 6.13. Bn tin LSSU.


+ n v bn tin lp y FISU: pht hin s c trn -ng bo hiu khi
khng cn bn tin MSU no -c chuyn sang bn i ph-ng.




Cc tr-ng trong cc dng gi tin:
BIB - Bit ch th h-ng v.
BSN - S th t h-ng v.
FIB - Bit ch th h-ng i.
FSN - S th t h-ng i.
SF - Tr-ng trng thi.
SIF - Tr-ng thng tin bo hiu.
LI - Ch th di n v bo hiu.
F - C.
SIO - Octet thng tin dch v.
* C (Flag): -c dng vi mc ch phn nh gia cc bn tin, ti thi
im bt u v kt thc ca bn tin bo hiu -c ch th bi m hnh 8 bit duy
nht hay cn gi l c (01111110). m bo trong cc bn tin khng c s
trng lp gia c v t hp bit th bit chn -c s dng.
* Cc bit ch th: Cc bit ch th -c s dng yu cu pht li trn
knh bo hiu. C 2 dng bit ch th l bit ch th h-ng v v bit ch th h-ng i.
* Tr-ng ch th di LI (Length Indicator): -c dng ch th s
cc Octets gia hai tr-ng LI v CK. N -c dng nhn bit cc bn tin khc
nhau.
LI = 0: bn tin FISU.
LI = 1 hoc 2: bn tin LSSU.
LI >2: bn tin MSU.
* Tr-ng thng tin bo hiu SIF (Service Information Field): SIF cha
cc thng tin bo hiu tht s ca phn ng-i s dng.
F CK LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F
8 16 2 6 1 7 1 7 8
Hnh 6.14 Bn tin FISU.










Tr-ng thng tin bo hiu gm c bn tin v nhn nh tuyn (Label).
Trong nhn nh tuyn c:
- M nhn dng mch CIC (Circuit Identification Code): gm c 12 bit,
xc nh knh thoi lin quan n bo hiu gia 2 im.
Trong CIC ng-i ta s dng 4 bit c s thp nht thc hin la chn
knh lin kt bo hiu SLS (Signalling Link Selector). Chc nng ca SLS l phn
phi ph ti bo hiu sao cho ng u gia cc lin kt thuc tp lin kt.
- M im bo hiu gc OPC (Originating Point Code): xc nh ni xut
pht ca bn tin.
- M im bo hiu ch DPC (Destination Point Code): xc nh ni n
ca bn tin.
* Octet thng tin dch v SIO (Service Information Octet): -c phn
thnh 2 tr-ng l tr-ng ch th dch v SI (Service Indicator) v tr-ng dch v
ph SF (Subservice Field).






SIF
Nhn nh tuyn
Bn tin
CIC OPC DPC
SLS
8*n 12 (4) 14 14
Hnh 6.15 Cu trc tr-ng SIF.
SIO
SF
SI
NI D tr
2 2 4
Hnh 6.16 Cu trc tr-ng SIO.



Tr-ng ch th dch v SI -c s dng ch ra i t-ng s dng nt n.
V d: 0101=TUP, 0110=DUP
Tr-ng dch v ph SF c tr-ng NI (Network Indicator) l tr-ng ch th
mng.
00: Mng quc t 0.
01: Mng quc t 1.
10: Mng quc gia 0.
11: Mng quc gia 1.
* S th t: C 2 dng
S th t h-ng i FSN (Forward Sequence Number ): ch ra s th t ca
bn tin -c truyn i theo h-ng thun.
S th t h-ng v BSN (Backward Sequence Number): ch th s th t
bt u xc nhn n v tn hiu.
S th t ca FSN v BSN c dng m nh phn theo chu k tun t t 0
127.
* Cc bit kim tra CK (Check): Cc n v tn hiu thng th-ng dng
16 bit kim tra dnh cho sa li.
* Tr-ng trng thi SF (Status Field): Ch th trng thi thng tin bo
hiu
b) Vic thc hin cc chc nng ca mc 2:
- Chc nng ng b cc c hiu v gii hn bn tin:
Mt bn tin -c gii hn bi c ng v c m, mt c 8 bit c gi tr
01111110. trnh lp li cc gi tr trong cc thnh phn khc ca MSU, ta
s dng qu trnh nhi bit. Trong qu trnh truyn nu c 5 bit 1 lin tip ca
tr-ng thng tin th bit 0 s -c chn vo trnh nhm ln vi cc bit c.
Bn thu s thc hin qu trnh ng-c li, qu trnh ny s m 5 bit 1 lin tip
v loi b bit 0 tip theo.
- Chc nng pht hin li v sa li:


Chc nng ny -c thc hin bng cch s dng h thng truyn li cc
tn hiu xc nhn ng/sai (Positive/Negative Acknowledgement). H thng ny
s dng cc tr-ng sau: cc bit kim tra CK, bit ch th h-ng i FIB, s th t
h-ng i FSN, bit ch th h-ng v BIB, s th t h-ng v BSN.
Mi bn tin h-ng i -c l-u gi trong b nh m (dnh cho vic truyn
li) v gn cho mt s th t trn h-ng i. Bn tin sau -c m ho to ra
tr-ng bit kim tra CK. Bn nhn tin s thc hin gii m cc bit kim tra v phn
tch, so snh xem bn tin c b li trn -ng truyn hay khng. ng thi, s
th t ca bn tin h-ng i cng -c kim tra xem cc bn tin c nhn ng
theo trnh t khng. Nu phn tch thy bn tin nhn ng th s c tn hiu xc
nhn ng (Positive ACK) gi v h-ng pht. Lc ny s th t bn tin h-ng v
BSN t-ng ng vi s th t bn tin h-ng i FSN, bit ch th h-ng v BIB bng
vi bit ch th h-ng i FIB. Nu bit ch th h-ng v BIB khc vi bit ch th
h-ng i FIB th xut hin mt tn hiu xc nhn sai (Negative ACK). Cc bn tin
b sai hoc khng ng trnh t u -c truyn li.
FIB = 1: bn tin pht ln u.
FIB = 0: bn tin truyn li ln th hai.
Ngoi ra mc 2 ca MTP cn c mt b gim st c bit s ghi nhn
nhng ln truyn li cc bn tin. H thng ny s dng thut ton go r (leaky
bucket). Go s -c lm y bng cc bn tin b li v -c lm rng dn bi
cc bn tin nhn ng. Nu go b trn th lin kt bo hiu khng tho mn yu
cu.
Nguyn tc ny -c xem nh- b m ln/xung v -c bit n vi ci
tn B gim st t l cc n v bo hiu b li SUERM (Signal Unit Error
Rate Mornitor). Gi tr b m s tng ln mt n v khi c mt bn tin b li v
s gim xung mt n v khi c 256 bn tin lin tip nhau -c nhn ng
khng c li. Mt mc ng-ng cnh bo vi gi tr l 64 -c quy nh cho b
m ny. Khi b m tng n gi tr ny th b phn qun l mng mc 3 s
-c thng bo rng knh bo hiu ny khng cn p ng -c cho vic bo
hiu na.
















- Chc nng ng b:
Vic ng b l mt th tc -c s dng kch hot khi ng knh
bo hiu tr-c khi chuyn n sang ch hot ng. Th tc ny -c s dng
ng b ban u knh bo hiu hay phc hi trng thi hot ng cho knh
bo hiu sau khi knh bo hiu ny b hng. Th tc ny -c thc hin theo yu
cu ca lp 3. Tr-c ht mt chui cc n v bo hiu trng thi lin kt LSSU
lp 2 -c gi i t b iu khin trng thi lin kt LSC. Mi LSSU c mt
tr-ng ch th trng thi SF c gi tr 0, c ngha l knh bo hiu ang mt
ng b. Bn nhn s ch nhn t hp c hiu F ca bn tin ng b ny gi ti
t pha i ph-ng. Khi nhn ng bn tin LSSU, b iu khin trng thi lin kt
LSC s gi i cc LSSU c tr-ng ch th trng thi SF c gi tr 0, c ngha l
knh bo hiu ng b bnh th-ng. Sau khong thi gian 8,2 giy nhm chc
chn v vic ng b th knh bo hiu s -c xem nh- l ng b. Lc ny bn
truyn gi i cc n v bn tin lp y FISU v khi c hai bn u nhn -c cc
bn tin ny th qu trnh x l cc bn tin bo hiu li -c tip tc. n v bn
tin lp y FISU -c gi khi khng c n v bn tin bo hiu MSU no -c
gi m bo ngun d liu lun -c duy tr mt cch lin tc trn lin kt.
- Chc nng iu khin lung mc 2:
+ Tr-ng hp b iu khin nhn cc bn tin b qu ti:
64
Mc cnh bo SUERM
-1 cho 256 SU thu -c
+1 cho mi SU pht li
Hnh 6.17 Nguyn tc gim st t l li.


B iu khin qu ti theo di xc nh xem b iu khin nhn c
nhiu bn tin hn kh nng ca n hay khng. Trong tr-ng hp xy ra qu ti
nh- vy b iu khin qu ti s gi bn tin LSSU loi SIB (ch th trng thi bn)
trn h-ng ng-c li trong khong thi gian gn bng 10 giy. Khi nhn -c
bn tin SIB th im x l bo hiu s khng -c gi bn tin no na. Nu b
nh b y th ng-i s dng s -c yu cu gim s l-ng bn tin gi i xung
mt mc gii hn tm thi no .
+ Tr-ng hp b iu khin truyn cc bn tin b qu ti:
Khi qun l mng s gi lnh yu cu ng-i s dng gim s l-ng cc
bn tin khi pht hin ra tr-ng hp qu ti ca b iu khin truyn. gim
thiu s l-ng ny ng-i s dng phi gim bt vic thit lp -ng kt ni cho
cc cuc gi.
- -ng i ca cc n v bn tin mc 2:
Cc bn tin MSU -c nhn ng s -c chuyn n b iu khin nhn.
B iu khin nhn s x l tr-ng LI, ng thi gi ni dung cc tr-ng FSN,
BSN, BIB n b iu khin truyn. B iu khin truyn s xo bn tin MSU (c
s th t h-ng i FSN bng s th t h-ng v BSN, c bit ch th h-ng i FIB
bng bit ch th h-ng v BIB) trong b nh m d phng cho vic truyn li. B
iu khin truyn cng s tr li xc nhn cho bn tin MSU c s th t bng vi
tr-ng FSN trong bn tin va nhn -c. Chng hn nh- tr-ng hp b iu
khin nhn xc nhn rng bn tin nhn ng va ri l mt MSU th ni dung
tr-ng SIF v SIO s -c gi n khi chc nng x l cc bn tin mc 3 nh
vo cc tr-ng SIO. T n c th phn phi bn tin ny n phn ng-i s
dng hay khi qun l mng bo hiu.
Mt bn tin LSSU (vi LI=1) -c truyn n b iu khin trng thi
knh bo hiu, b iu khin trng thi s kim tra ni dung ca bn tin LSSU
ny v gi thng bo v cho khi qun l mng. Khi qun l mng s kch hot
cc hot ng t-ng ng.
Trong tr-ng hp mt n v bn tin SU b hng, ni dung ca bn tin s
khng -c chuyn n khi iu khin nhn. Khi chc nng d tm li s
thng bo cho khi gim st t l li.
Khi iu khin nhn ch truyn ni dung tr-ng SIF v tr-ng SIO n
khi chc nng x l bn tin. Khi pht hin li ch gi li v x l c hiu F v
tr-ng kim tra CK ca bn tin. Tt c cc tr-ng khc u -c truyn n cho


khi iu khin nhn.
- Dng b x l:
B x l ngng hot ng -c xem nh- cc bn tin bo hiu khng th
chuyn n cc khi chc nng mc 3 hay mc 4. iu ny xy ra c th do b
x l trung tm gp s c hay vic ng-ng hot ng ca mt knh bo hiu no
. Khi b iu khin knh bo hiu nhn bit -c trng thi h- hng n bt u
truyn cc bn tin LSSU vi ch th trng thi ngng hot ng ca b x l v
hu b tt c cc bn tin MSU nhn -c.
1.3 Cc chc nng x l mng bo hiu (Mc 3)
Cc chc nng x l mng bo hiu -c phn thnh 2 phn chc nng:
- X l bn tin bo hiu (Signalling Message Handling).
- Qun l mng bo hiu (Signalling Network Management).













a) Chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu:
Mc ch ca chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu l m bo cho cc bn
tin bo hiu -c pht ra bi mt ng-i s dng ti im bo hiu gc -c phn
phi n cng ng-i s dng ti im bo hiu ch ng theo yu cu gi.







Mc
1

Mc 3: Cc chc nng mng bo hiu




X l bn tin

bo hiu
Phn phi
bn tin
Phn bit
bn tin
nh tuyn bn
tin
Qun l mng
bo hiu
Qun l l-u
l-ng bo hiu
Qun l tuyn
bo hiu
Qun l lin
kt bo hiu








Mc
2
Hnh 6.18 Mc 3.


Cc chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu da vo cc bit ch th tr-ng SIO
v nhn nh tuyn cha trong cc bn tin nhm nhn dng r rng cc im xut
pht v cc im kt cui bo hiu.
Cc chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu bao gm cc chc nng sau:
+ nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu (Message Routing): Chc nng ny
-c s dng mi im bo hiu SP xc nh knh bo hiu i SL m trn
cc bn tin phi -c gi v im bo hiu ch ca n.
+ Phn bit cc bn tin bo hiu (Message Discriminating): Chc nng
ny -c s dng mt im bo hiu SP xc nh xem cc bn tin nhn -c
n im bo hiu ch ch-a.
+ Phn phi bn tin bo hiu (Message Distribution): Chc nng ny
-c s dng mt im bo hiu SP phn phi cc bn tin nhn -c ti
ng-i s dng thch hp hay ti SCCP.
a.1) Chc nng nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu:
Vic nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu ti cc knh bo hiu thch hp da vo
cc bit ch th mng NI Octet thng tin dch v SIO v cc bit dnh cho vic
la chn knh lin kt bo hiu SLS, m im bo hiu ch DPC ca nhn
nh tuyn bn tin thuc tr-ng thng tin bo hiu SIF.
Vic nh tuyn -c thc hin sao cho cc bn tin c cc thng tin trong
NI, SLS, DPC ging nhau -c nh tuyn trn cng mt tuyn bo hiu nu nh-
cc lin kt bo hiu khng c s c xy ra.
Vic phn chia l-u l-ng bo hiu cng l mt phn ca chc nng nh
tuyn, m nh vo l-u l-ng bo hiu -c phn b u trn tp cc lin kt
cng nh- tng lin kt trn tp. Khi cc lin kt bo hiu c s c th vic nh
tuyn -c thay i theo cc quy lut -c nh tr-c.
a.2) Chc nng phn bit bn tin:
im bo hiu SP (Signalling Point) trong mng bo hiu c th hot ng
nh- mt im bo hiu ch DSP (Destination Signalling Point) hay im truyn
bo hiu (Signalling Transfer Point).
Nu SP l im bo hiu ch th kt cui bo hiu -c thc hin ti chnh
im ny.


Nu SP l im truyn bo hiu th khi nhn -c cc bn tin bo hiu n
s truyn ngay ti khi chc nng nh tuyn chuyn ti cc lin kt bo hiu
v ni ti im bo hiu ch.
Chc nng phn bit bn tin da vo s phn tch cc bit ch th mng NI
v m im bo hiu ch nhn -c.
a.3) Chc nng phn phi bn tin:
Da vo cc bit trong trong tr-ng ch th dch v SI nhn -c, ta xc
nh -c a ch ca cc bn tin mt cch chnh xc. Sau khi cc bn tin bo
hiu -c phn bit, n s -c phn phi ti ng-i s dng. Ngoi ra cc bn tin
cn -c phn phi n phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP, phn qun l
iu hnh mng bo hiu ca MTP, phn kim tra v bo d-ng bo hiu ca
MTP.
b) Chc nng qun l mng bo hiu:
Mc ch ca chc nng ny l lp li cu hnh mng bo hiu trong
tr-ng hp c li v iu khin l-u l-ng trong tr-ng hp xy ra nghn. Vic
lp li cu hnh mng bo hiu c hiu qu nh cc th tc thay i thch hp
thay i vic nh tuyn l-u l-ng bo hiu nhm b qua cc knh c s c hoc
cc im bo hiu lin quan xy ra s c.
Chc nng qun l mng bo hiu -c chia nh thnh cc chc nng:
+ Qun l l-u l-ng bo hiu (Signalling Traffic Management).
+ Qun l lin kt bo hiu (Signalling Link Management).
+ Qun l tuyn bo hiu (Signalling Route Management).
b.1) Chc nng qun l l-u l-ng bo hiu:
Chc nng qun l l-u l-ng bo hiu duy tr dng ph ti bo hiu xuyn
qua mng bo hiu mt cch th-ng xuyn. m bo -c iu ny cn thc
hin chuyn i l-u l-ng bo hiu t knh bo hiu hoc tuyn bo hiu ny ti
knh bo hiu hoc tuyn bo hiu khc, hoc gim bt l-u l-ng bo hiu tm
thi trong tr-ng hp xy ra nghn im bo hiu no . Chc nng iu hnh
l-u l-ng bo hiu bao gm cc th tc sau:


- Th tc chuyn i: l th tc chuyn i l-u l-ng bo hiu t mt
knh bo hiu b li n mt knh bo hiu d phng khc. Khi thc hin bng
cch ny cc bn tin phi -c truyn li mt ch tun t.
- Th tc chuyn i phc hi: -c s dng chuyn i l-u l-ng bo
hiu mt knh bo hiu d phng ng-c v cho knh bo hiu ban u b s
c khi knh bo hiu b s c ny -c phc hi.
- Th tc ti nh tuyn bt buc: l mt qu trnh chuyn i l-u l-ng
bo hiu xung quanh mt s c h- hng mt im bo hiu u xa trong mng
bo hiu. Vic ny -c thc hin bng cch gi i cc bn tin cm truyn qua
im bo hiu ny.
- Th tc iu khin lung: l th tc ngng pht cc bn tin mi khi
khng th phn phi cc bn tin qua mng bo hiu. iu ny xy ra c th do
mt im bo hiu b qu ti hay do s h- hng hay qu ti ca ng-i s dng.
- Th tc ti nh tuyn iu khin: l qu trnh phc hi chuyn i l-u
l-ng bo hiu v mt tuyn bo hiu -c mc nh cho n sau khi th tc ti
nh tuyn bt buc kt thc.
b.2) Qun l lin kt bo hiu:
Chc nng qun l lin kt bo hiu -c s dng phc hi cc knh
bo hiu b hng, kch hot cc knh bo hiu trng thi ri, v dng kch
hot cc knh bo hiu ng b.
Cc th tc trong chc nng qun l knh bo hiu l:
- Th tc kch hot knh bo hiu: l th tc ng b ban u.
- Th tc phc hi knh bo hiu: l th tc ng b sau khi mt knh
bo hiu b h- hng.
- Th tc ngng kch hot knh bo hiu: l th tc ngng hot ng ca
mt knh bo hiu no mc d knh bo hiu c th khng b s c g.
- Th tc kch hot chm knh bo hiu: l vic kch hot cc knh bo
hiu trong chm knh bo hiu.
- Th tc ch th: -c s dng ch th cc knh bo hiu n mt thit
b u cui bo hiu.


b.3) Chc nng qun l tuyn bo hiu:
Chc nng qun l tuyn bo hiu nhm m bo s trao i cc bn tin
gia cc nt bo hiu (SP hay STP) trong mng bo hiu. Chc nng ny cng
-c s dng phn phi cc thng tin v tnh trng mng bo hiu kho v
m cc tuyn bo hiu. Chc nng ny bao gm cc th tc sau:
- Th tc iu khin chuyn giao cc bn tin: -c thc hin ti mt im
truyn bo hiu STP i vi cc bn tin lin quan n ti a ch ch no , khi
n cn phi thng bo cho mt hay nhiu im bo hiu SP pha ngun hn
ch hoc khng gi thm cc bn tin c cp -u tin xc nh no hoc thp
hn.
- Th tc ngn cm chuyn giao cc bn tin: -c thc hin ti mt im
bo hiu ng vai tr nh- mt STP khi n phi thng bo cho mt hoc nhiu SP
ln cn rng chng khng -c nh tuyn cc bn tin qua STP ny.
- Th tc cho php chuyn giao cc bn tin: -c thc hin ti mt STP
khi n phi thng bo cho mt hay nhiu im SP ln cn rng chng c th thit
lp tuyn l-u l-ng bo hiu h-ng ti im ch nh tr-c thng qua STP ny.
- Th tc hn ch chuyn giao cc bn tin: -c thc hin ti mt STP khi
n phi thng bo cho mt hay nhiu SP ln cn rng nu c th chng khng
nn nh tuyn cc bn tin i qua STP ny na.
- Th tc kim tra chm tuyn bo hiu: -c thc hin ti cc SP
kim tra xem l-u l-ng bo hiu h-ng ti im bo hiu ch no c th
-c thit lp thng qua mt STP ln cn hay khng.
- Th tc kim tra nghn mch chm tuyn bo hiu: -c thc hin
mt im bo hiu cp nht trng thi nghn lin quan ti mt chm tuyn
bo hiu i n mt im bo hiu ch no .
2. Phn ng-i s dng in thoi TUP (Telephone User Part)
Nh- ta bit phn ng-i s dng in thoi xc nh cc chc nng bo
hiu cn thit trong mng bo hiu s 7 cho l-u l-ng quc gia cng nh- l-u
l-ng quc t. Ng-i s dng in thoi TUP l b phn qun l iu khin vic
thit lp cc cuc gi trong tng i in thoi bng cch trao i cc tn hiu
bo hiu ti tng i in thoi khc. Bt k tn hiu iu khin cuc gi no


-c gi i cng u lin quan n mt knh thoi c bit no trong mng
in thoi.
2.1 Cu trc bn tin TUP
Cc thng tin bo hiu xut pht t phn ng-i s dng in thoi TUP
-c truyn trong mng bo hiu d-i dng cc bn tin m ni dung ca n -c
mang trong tr-ng thng tin bo hiu SIF ca cc n v bn tin bo hiu MSU.
Tr-ng SIF bao gm: Nhn nh tuyn, phn tiu (Heading) v phn
thng tin ca ng-i s dng.












* Nhn nh tuyn gm 4 tr-ng khc nhau :
+ M im bo hiu ch (DPC): l mt phn ca nhn nh tuyn, n l
thng s duy nht xc nh im bo hiu trn mng bo hiu m bn tin MSU
phi kt cui.
+ M im bo hiu gc (OPC): l mt phn ca nhn nh tuyn, n l
tr-ng duy nht xc nh im bo hiu trn mng bo hiu ni to ra gi i
bn tin MSU.
Bn Nhn nh
tin H0 H1 tuyn

CIC
OPC DPC
SLS
F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F
Hnh 6.19 Cu trc tng qut SIF trong TUP.


+ M nhn dng knh thoi (CIC): l mt phn ca nhn, n l tr-ng
duy nht xc nh mt knh thoi hoc d liu gia im bo hiu gc v im
bo hiu ch.
+ M chn la knh bo hiu (SLS): l 4 bit thp nht trong tr-ng CIC.
Tr-ng ny -c s dng la chn mt -ng bo hiu t mt chm knh bo
hiu, thng th-ng s dng kiu chia ti.
* Phn tiu chia thnh 2 tr-ng (mi tr-ng 4 bit):
+ Tr-ng H0: nhm cc bn tin c cc chc nng gn ging nhau thnh
mt nhm tng qut dng cho mt cng vic chung no .
+ Tr-ng H1: xc nh chi tit loi ca tng bn tin trong mt nhm tng
qut no .
* Phn thng tin ca ng-i s dng:
Tu thuc vo loi bn tin m cc thng tin ny c chiu di v cc nh
dng khc nhau.
2.2 Mt s bn tin ca TUP
Trong nhm bn tin a ch h-ng i FAM (Forward Address Message)
c: bn tin a ch khi u IAM (Initial Address Message), bn tin a ch khi
u c thng tin ph IAI (Initial Address Message With Additional Information),
bn tin a ch tip theo SAM (Subsequent Address Message), bn tin a ch tip
theo vi mt tn hiu a ch SAO (Subsequent Address Message With One
Address Signal).
a) Bn tin a ch khi u IAM:
L bn tin -c gi i u tin vi thng tin a ch km theo. Thng th-ng
bn tin u tin ny gm tt c cc thng tin yu cu thit lp cuc gi.





FEDCBA 0001 0001
D Loi thu bao M tiu M tiu Nhn
tr ch gi H1 H0
Bit u tin
-c truyn i
2 6 4 4 40



Cc tn hiu
a ch



S cc tn
hiu a ch
LKJIHGEDCBA

Cc ch th bn
tin
n*8 4 12

Hnh 6.20 Bn tin IAM.


b) Bn tin khi u c thng tin ph IAI:
L bn tin IAM nh-ng c thm mt vi thng tin ph tr v c phn tiu
khc bn tin IAM.















c) Bn tin a ch tip theo SAM:
Bn tin ny cho php truyn i cc con s vi 2 ph-ng thc: ph-ng thc
chn gi (End Block) hay ph-ng thc chng chp (Overlap). Vi ph-ng
thc chn gi, tt c cc con s c th truyn ch trong mt bn tin IAM hay
IAI. Vi ph-ng thc chng chp th ngay sau khi nhn cc con s
nh tuyn cuc gi th s dng bn tin IAM truyn i, cc con s sau s
-c gi trong bn tin SAM.


FEDCBA 0001 0001
D Loi thu bao M tiu M tiu Nhn
tr ch gi H1 H0
Bit u tin
-c truyn i
2 6 4 4 40


Cc tn
hiu a
ch


S tn
hiu a
ch

M
nhi
0001
M
tiu d
H1
0001
M
tiu
H1

Nhn
n*8 4 4 4 4 40
Bit u tin
-c truyn i
Hnh 6.22 Bn tin SAM.

HGFEDCBA

Octet ch th
u tin



Cc tn hiu
a ch


S cc tn
hiu a ch
LKJIHGEDCBA

Cc ch th bn
tin
8 n*8 4 12

Thng
tin
tnh
c-c
a
ch
-c
gi
Nhn
dng
thu bao
ch gi
Thng
tin nh
tuyn
ph
Thng tin
ph v
thu bao
ch gi
Thng
tin
nhm
thu bao
Dng
trong
n-c
n*8 n*8 n*8 n*8 n*8 40 8

Hnh 6.21 Bn tin IAI.



d) Bn tin a ch tip theo vi mt tn hiu a ch SAO:
Bn tin ny cho php kh nng gi tng con s khi cn thit trong mng
bo hiu.





Ngoi ra phn ng-i s dng in thoi TUP cn c cc bn tin khc -c
s dng trong qu trnh x l cuc gi nh-:
- Bn tin bo hiu kt thc vic nhn a ch ACM.
- Bn tin bo hiu tr li, tnh c-c ACN.
- Bn tin yu cu gii to theo h-ng v CBK.
- Bn tin yu cu gii to theo h-ng i CLF.
- Bn tin gii to bo an RLG.
2.3 Cc th tc bo hiu
Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi ca tng i in thoi s dng h thng bo
hiu s 7 gm c nhiu giai on. Vic -c khi qut nh- sau:
Ban u, tng i A gi i bn tin IAM hoc bn tin IAI. Vic quyt nh
dng bn tin IAM hay IAI da trn c s cc con s c th gi. ng thi nu
thy cn thc hin vic kim tra tnh lin tc ca -ng thng thoi th b phn
gi v nhn cc m hiu kim tra -c iu khin ni vo.
Khi nhn -c cc bn tin IAM hoc IAI, tng i B phi xc nh xem c
cn kim tra tnh lin tc ca -ng thng thoi hay khng. Tng i B cng tin
hnh phn tch cc tn hiu a ch trong bn tin IAM hay IAI.
Tip tng i B s gi bn tin bo hon thnh a ch ACM sau khi n
xong phn phn tch s v chuyn mch thnh cng cuc gi.
Khi nhn -c bn tin ACM tng i A gii to cc thit b dng chung
cho vic x l cuc gi v kt ni thng mch thoi. Tn hiu hi m chung s
0001
M tiu
d H1
0001
M tiu
H1

Nhn
Bit u tin
-c truyn i

Tn hiu
a ch
4 4 4 4 40


M
nhi
Hnh 6.23 Bn tin SAO.





















-c gi t tng i B xuyn qua mch thoi n tng i A.
Khi thu bao nhc my, tng i B tr v bn tin tr li ANS. Tng i A
nhn -c bn tin ANS th bt u vic tnh c-c. Qu trnh m thoi s din ra
trn mch.
Sau khi thu bao b gi t my, tng i B tr v bn tin xo h-ng v
CBK.
Tng i A nhn -c bn tin CBK s tin hnh ngt cuc gi v gi bn
tin xo h-ng i CLF.
Tng i A Tng i B
IAM (hoc IAI)
ACM
Hi m chung
ANS
m thoi
CBK
CLF
RLG
Hnh 6.24 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi trong iu kin bnh th-ng


Khi tng i B nhn -c bn tin CLF, n chuyn mch tr v trng thi
ri v gi bn tin gii to bo an RLG cho thy cuc gi b xo. Tng i A
nhn -c bn tin RLG cng tin hnh chuyn mch v trng thi ri.
3. Phn ng-i s dng mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN User Part)
3.1 Nhim v ca ISUP
Phn ny gm cc giao thc bo hiu s 7 dng h tr cc dch v c
bn, cc dch v b xung cc ng dng thoi v phi thoi ca mng s lin kt a
dch v ISDN.
ISUP l mt trong nhiu chng loi khch hng s dng cc giao thc ca
bo hiu s 7 nm trong lp 4 ca m hnh phn lp bo hiu s 7. Khi cn trao
i thng tin, n cn s h tr ca phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP. Trong mt s
tr-ng hp ISUP cn cn n cc giao thc ca phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu
SCCP.
Thng tin bo hiu -c to ra t phn ng-i s dng ISDN (ISUP), n
-c ti trn tuyn kt ni bo hiu bng n v bn tin bo hiu MSU. Trong
MSU th thng tin bo hiu -c t trong tr-ng thng tin bo hiu SIF.
Octet thng tin dch v SIO s ch th m SI l 0101 biu th ng-i s
dng l ISDN.
S b tr ca tr-ng thng tin bo hiu SIF nh- sau:









Nhn nh tuyn: Gm cc tr-ng
Nhn nh tuyn
Phn c nh bt buc
Phn bin i bt buc
M nhn dng mch CIC
M kiu bn tin
Phn tu chn
Hnh 6.25 Khun dng tr-ng SIF.


+ M im bo hiu gc OPC.
+ M im bo hiu ch DPC.
+ M la chn lin kt bo hiu SLS.
M nhn dng mch (CIC):
M ny -c dng ch nh mt bn tin bo hiu ISUP cho mt knh
mch no . Mi knh mch u c mt m nhn dng ring.
M kiu bn tin:
y l mt tr-ng, mt octet bt buc vi tt c cc bn tin. N xc nh
duy nht chc nng v nh dng ca mi bn tin ISUP.
Phn c nh bt buc:
Cc tham s ny l bt buc vi bn tin ring bit. V di c nh s
cha trong phn c nh bt buc. V tr, di v trt t ca tham s -c xc
nh duy nht bng loi tin bo. V vy tn ca tham s v cc khi ch th di
khng cn thit c bn tin.
Phn bin i bt buc:
Cc tham s bt buc ca phn di thay i s -c t trong phn bin
i bt buc. Con tr -c s dng ch th im bt u ca mi tham s. Mi
con tr -c m ho bng 1 octet. Tn ca mi tham s v trt t ca n -c
ngm nh trong bn tin. Cc tn tham s do khng cha trong bn tin. S ca
cc tham s v con tr -c xc nh duy nht bi kiu bn tin. Mi tham s
trong phn bin i bt buc gm c ch th di tham s tip theo sau l ni
dung tham s.
Phn tu chn:
Tr-ng ny bao gm cc tham s m c hoc khng c trong cc kiu gi
tin ring bit. Cc tham s tu chn c th truyn i theo bt k trt t no. Mi
tham s tu chn s bao gm tn tham s (1 octet) v ni dung tham s.
T ta c -c cu trc mt bn tin ISUP nh- sau:






























Nhn nh tuyn

M nhn dng mch

M kiu bn tin
Tham s bt buc A

Tham s bt buc F
Con tr ti tham s M
Con tr ti phn tu chn
Ch th di ca tham s M
Con tr ti tham s P

Tham s M

Ch th di ca tham s P
Tham s P
Tn tham s = X
Ch th di ca tham s X
Tham s X

Tn tham s = Z
Ch th di ca tham s Z
Tham s Z
Kt thc tham s tu chn
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Th t bt truyn
Phn c
nh bt
buc
Phn bin
i bt
buc
Phn tu
chn
Hnh 6.26 Cu trc bn tin ISUP.


3.2 Cc th tc bo hiu ca ISUP
Tr-c tin b iu khin nh tuyn s chn ra mt knh mch ri sau khi
nhn y v phn tch cc con s t thu bao gi. Tip ISUP ca tng
i xut pht cuc gi s truyn i bn tin a ch khi u IAM chim
dng mt knh v gi cc con s quay nhn -c. Cc con s quay nhn
-c sau s -c gi trong bn tin a ch tip theo SAM.
Khi tng i qu giang nhn -c bn tin IAM s thc hin vic chn la
nh tuyn. Nu tm thy mt knh mch ang ri th tng i qu giang s chim
dng n. Sau ISUP ca tng i ny cng gi mt bn tin IAM v cc thng
tin v thu bao b gi -c gi tip n tng i kt cui cuc gi. Bt k bn tin
SAM no -c nhn sau bi tng i qu giang sau khi bn tin IAM ca ISUP
tng i qu giang ny -c gi s -c ISUP ca tng i qa giang
chuyn tip mt cch trc tip.
Ti tng i kt cui, n tin hnh phn tch cc thng tin nhn -c trong
bn tin IAM v kt hp vi cc thng tin nhn -c trong bn tin SAM nu c.
Sau khi thy vic nhn s thu bao b gi hon thnh, tng i kt cui cuc
gi kim tra trng thi -ng dy thu bao b gi v xc nh xem c -c cho
php gi thu bao ny hay khng theo yu cu ca dch v. Nu kt qu kim tra
cho php, tng i kt cui cuc gi s gi bn tin bo hiu kt thc vic nhn
a ch ACM n tng i xut pht cuc gi thng bo vic thit lp cuc gi
thnh cng.
Trong tr-ng hp thit lp mt cuc gi in thoi thng th-ng, thu bao
b gi s c tn hiu chung v thu bao gi s nhn -c tn hiu hi m
chung. Nu thu bao b gi tr li cuc gi th tng i kt cui cuc gi s
thng bo cho tng i xut pht cuc gi bng mt bn tin tr li ANM.
Vic gii to cuc gi c th -c kch hot bi thu bao gi hay thu bao
b gi.
ISUP tng i xut pht cuc gi gi bn tin gii to -ng kt ni REL
n tng i qu giang, v tng i qu giang lp tc chuyn bn tin REL ny
n tng i kt cui cuc gi.
Ngay sau khi knh mch c lin quan tr v trng thi ri, ISUP ca tng i
kt cui cuc gi s tr li xc nhn cho bn tin REL bng bn tin xc nhn
gii phng kt ni RLC.



















4. Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP
Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP -c b xung cho lp 3 ca MTP
gip cho bo hiu s 7 ph hp vi m hnh OSI.
p ng cc yu cu v bo hiu trong t-ng lai, phn iu khin kt
ni bo hiu SCCP ra i nhm b sung cho MTP. MTP cng SCCP to nn mt
phn mm mi NSP (phn dch v mng) gm cc lp t 1 n 3.
4.1 Mc ch ca SCCP
Trong mt s tr-ng hp, bn tin bo hiu -c truyn t im bo hiu
ny ti im bo hiu khc khng nhm mc ch bo hiu cho mt cuc gi c
Thu bao
gi
Tng i
xut pht
Tng i
qu giang
Tng i
kt cui
Thu bao
b gi
IAM
IAM
SAM SAM
SAM
ACM
ACM
ANM
ANM
REL
RLC
REL
RLC
Hnh 6.27 Din bin cuc gi qu giang trong iu kin bnh th-ng.


th no. MTP -c thit k ch nhm mc ch chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu lin
quan n cuc gi. SCCP ra i vi mc ch phc v cho c 2 nhim v trn.
Ngoi ra SCCP cn -c s dng thc hin c cc dch v ca mng
khng kt ni v nh h-ng kt ni.
4.2 Cc dch v ca SCCP
Mc tiu ca SCCP l cung cp ph-ng thc cho cc kt ni bo hiu logic
trong mng bo hiu s 7 v cung cp cc ph-ng thc cho kh nng chuyn
giao cc khi s liu bo hiu, c hoc khng s dng cc kt ni bo hiu
logic.
C hai loi dch v -c SCCP cung cp l: dch v kt ni nh h-ng v
dch v kt ni khng nh h-ng.
a) Dch v kt ni nh h-ng:
y l mt cch hp l ho thng tin bo hiu ca tng i gia hai ng-i
s dng dch v ca mng bng cch thit lp u ni bo hiu logic gia
chng. S u ni bo hiu logic ny t -c nh -a ra mt s tham kho
ni b cho cc bn tin bo hiu .
Dch v kt ni nh h-ng l kh nng chuyn giao bn tin bo hiu qua kt
ni bo hiu -c thit lp. Vic kt ni bo hiu c th l vnh cu hay
ch tm thi.
Ph-ng thc chuyn giao kt ni nh h-ng chia lm ba giai on:
- Thit lp kt ni.
- Chuyn giao s liu.
- Gii phng kt ni.
b) Dch v kt ni khng nh h-ng:
Vi dch v ny, tt c cc thng tin nh tuyn cn nh tuyn s liu ti
ch ca n phi c trong mi gi s liu. Khng c s u ni logic -c
thit lp gia cc nt u cui.
Dch v ny th-ng -c s dng chuyn giao nhng l-ng nh thng tin
ti hn thi gian thc gia nhng ng-i s dng xa.
4.3 Cc phn lp giao thc ca SCCP


C 4 phn lp dng xc nh cc dch v kt ni:
- Phn lp 0: Loi khng kt ni c s.
- Phn lp 1: Loi khng kt ni tun t .
- Phn lp 2: Loi kt ni c nh h-ng c s.
- Phn lp 3: Loi kt ni c nh h-ng iu khin lung.
Phn lp 0: Khi d liu dch v mng NSDU -c SCCP vn chuyn qua
mng ti SCCP ch v cc phn lp cao hn ch. Cc khi d liu -c vn
chuyn l hon ton c lp vi nhau nn chng c th -c phn phi khng
tun t.
Phn lp 1: Ti phn lp ny, cc c im ca phn lp 0 -c hon
thin nh thin nh c thm tnh cht b sung. N cho php lp cao hn ch ra
mt lung c ca khi d liu dch v mng NSDU phi -c phn pht tun
t n ch. M la chn knh bo hiu SLS -c s dng cho lung ca cc
NSDU c cng tham s iu khin tun t l nh- nhau.
Phn lp 2: Khi d liu dch v mng NSDU -c chuyn giao nh kt
ni bo hiu tm thi hoc vnh cu. Cc tin bo thuc v mt kt ni bo hiu
cha cng gi tr tr-ng SLS m bo tun t. S liu -c chuyn giao d-i
dng gi (DT1).
Phn lp 3: T-ng t nh- phn lp 2 nh-ng c thm tnh cht iu khin
lung. iu khin lung ngha l tc lung s liu c th -c iu khin gia
cc lp ln cn hay gia hai lp. Cc chc nng iu khin lung cho php hn
ch lung s liu t pha pht. Ngoi ra kh nng pht hin mt bn tin hay mt
tun t cng -c b sung. Trong tr-ng hp nh- vy, s c kt ni bo hiu
-c thit lp li. S liu thng th-ng -c chuyn giao d-i dng gi (DT2).
4.4 Cc khi chc nng ca SCCP
Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP bao gm cc phn chc nng chnh
sau:
- Phn iu khin kt ni nh h-ng ca SCCP (SCOC): Cung cp cc
chc nng cho vic thit lp, gim st v xo cc kt ni bo hiu tm thi. N
cng x l vic truyn d liu trn kt ni ny.
- Phn iu khin khng kt ni ca SCCP (SCLC): Cung cp th tc
chuyn giao khng kt ni s liu ca ng-i s dng.


- Phn nh tuyn ca SCCP (SCR): Da trn MTP nh tuyn vt l
chuyn cc bn tin t im bo hiu ny ti im bo hiu khc. Ngoi ra, n cn
cung cp kh nng nh tuyn b sung nh- vic din dch tiu trn ton cu
cho ng-i s dng mng (Global Title).
- Phn iu hnh SCCP: Cung cp cc th tc duy tr s hot ng ca
mng bng cch l-u thng hoc khng l-u thng trong tr-ng hp c s c.











4.5 Cc bn tin bo ca SCCP
Cc bn tin bo ca SCCP -c s dng nh giao thc peer to peer. Mi bn
tin u -c nhn dng ng nht bng m ca cc loi bn tin, m ny -c
nhn bit trong mi bn tin bo.
a) Dch v khng u ni:
i vi loi dch v ny, c hai loi bn tin -c s dng. l v d liu
n v UDT v dch v d liu n v UDTS.
Pha pht s pht thng tin lp cao hn trong bn tin s liu khi UDT v gi
v nt ch nh loi giao thc 1 hoc 0. Bn tin UDTS -c pht ng-c tr li
khi UDT khng n -c ch ca n. UDTS cha thng tin v nguyn nhn,
chun on.
b) Dch v kt ni nh h-ng:
i t-ng s dng SCCP



SSA UDT, UDTS CR,CC, CREF
SSP RLSD, RLC
SST DT1, ERR,IT

SCOC
SCR SCM
SCLC
MTP
Hnh 6.28 Cc khi chc nng ca SCCP.


Bn cnh cc bn tin phc v cho vic truyn d liu cn c cc bn tin
phc v cho vic thit lp v gii phng lin kt.
* Giai on thit lp kt ni:
- Bn tin yu cu kt ni (CR) s -c bn gi gi cho bn b gi. Sau
khi nhn -c bn tin ny, nu c th bn b gi s thit lp kt ni bo
hiu.
- Bn tin khng nh kt ni (CC) s -c bn b gi gi cho bn gi
nhm mc ch bo cho bn pht bit rng n thit lp kt ni bo
hiu. Da vo bn tin ny, nu c th bn gi hon tt vic thit lp
-ng truyn.
- Bn tin t chi kt ni (CREF) -c gi cho bn gi nhm mc ch
bo cho bn gi bit rng bn b gi hoc mt nt trung gian no t
chi vic thit lp kt ni v mt l do no .
* Giai on truyn s liu:
- Tin bo dng s liu 1 (DT1) -c gi gia hai nt SCCP. Vic truyn
lc ny -c thc hin mt cch thng sut. Dng bn tin ny ch -c
s dng phn lp 2.
- Tin bo dng s liu 2 (DT2) -c gi gia hai nt SCCP trong qu trnh
truyn s liu v cc tin bo tha nhn i theo mt h-ng khc. Bn
tin ny ch yu s dng phn lp 3.
- Bn tin kim tra vic khng hot ng (IT) c th -c pht nh k
nhm mc ch kim tra xem phn kt ni c hot ng c hai u
cui hay khng, ng thi cng kim tra tnh nht qun ca s liu.
- Bn tin bo li khi s liu ca giao thc (ERR) -c pht khi xy ra li
bt k ca giao thc.
* Giai on gii phng kt ni:
- Bn tin yu cu gii phng kt ni (RLSD) -c gi trn c 2 h-ng
nhm mc ch thng bo bn pht mun xo b kt ni.
- Bn tin xc nhn gii phng kt ni (RLC) -c pht nhm p li bn
tin RLSD v thng bo cho bn pht bit cc th tc thch hp -c
hon thnh.


4.6 Khun dng v m bn tin SCCP
Cc bn tin SCCP -c mang trn cc knh s liu bo hiu nh n v
bn tin bo hiu MSU. Tr-ng ch th dch v SI trong octet thng tin dch v SIO
-c m ho l 0011 cho cc tin bo ca SCCP.
Tr-ng thng tin bo hiu SIF ca mi MSU cha bn tin SCCP, bao gm
mt s nguyn cc octet (272 octet).
T-ng t nh- trong bn tin ca ISUP, mi bn tin SCCP cha mt tham s
vi thng tin bo hiu. Cc tham s c th c di c nh, hoc c di thay
i v chng c th tu chn hay bt buc.









4.7 nh a ch v nh tuyn trong SCCP
Khi phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP -c s dng th a ch ca phn b
gi -c phn tch phn ng-i s dng. Sau khi DPC -c xc nh, n s -c
dng nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu.
Khi c SCCP th c hai tham s l: a ch ca phn gi v a ch ca
phn b gi trong bn tin SCCP cha thng tin cn thit SCCP xc nh nt
ch v nt ngun.
C a ch ca phn gi v phn b gi u c trong cc bn tin ca dch v
khng kt ni. Cn i vi dch v kt ni nh h-ng th ch c hai bn tin CR
v CC mang hai tham s ny.
nh tuyn SCCP th c hai loi a ch c bn sau:
Nhn nh tuyn
Phn c nh bt buc
Phn bin i bt buc
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
M kiu bn tin
Phn tu chn
Hnh 6.29 Khun dng tr-ng SIF.
Th t truyn bit
Th
t
truyn
octet


* Tiu ton cc GT (Global Title): l mt a ch, nh- cc digit quay s
m SCCP cn truyn tr-c khi chng -c s dng nh tuyn trong mng bo
hiu. S phin dch ca GT lun lun i hi i vi cc tin bo ca CR.
* M im ch DPC (Destination Point Code) v s phn h SSN
(Subsystem Number): cho php nh tuyn trc tip nh SCCP v MTP.
S phn h SSN l mt a ch xc nh mt phn s dng SCCP, chng
hn TUP hay ISUP.







5. Phn ng dng kh nng giao dch TCAP
Trong t-ng lai, mng vin thng s c rt nhiu dch v mi. Cc dch v
ny s i hi chuyn giao s liu bo hiu gia cc nt trong mng bo hiu
nhanh nht v c hiu qu nht.
Mt s nt s l c s d liu c mt khi l-ng ln s liu v vi cc
ch-ng trnh ng dng khc nhau.
CCITT xc nh cc kh nng giao dch (TC) cung cp cc dch v tng
th cho mt s ln cc dch v khc nhau nh- vy m khng ng dng no
rng buc vi ng dng no. Khi nim TC tun theo cc chc nng ca giao
thc tiu chun ho chung.
Phn ng dng cc kh nng giao dch (TCAP) l mt phn ca khi nim
TC, cung cp cc giao thc v cc dch v ca lp ng dng.
Cc v d v cc ng dng s dng nhng kh nng giao dch ny l:
+ Cc ng dng ca dch v di ng.
+ Dch v in thoi min ph.
GT SSN SPC Khi ch th a ch
D tr Khi ch
th nh
tuyn
Khi
ch th
GT
Khi
ch th
SSN
Khi ch
th m
im
Hnh 6.30 Khun dng a ch phn b gi.


+ Gi bng th tn dng.
+ Cc ng dng khai thc v bo d-ng.
Nhng ng-i s dng cc kh nng giao dch ny -c gi l nhng ng-i
s dng TC.
Mc ch chnh ca TCAP l cung cp mt h thng chung v tng qut
cho vic truyn thng tin gia 2 nt.
TCAP l giao thc chung c kh nng -a cc tnh cht mi vo trong
mng vin thng mt cch d dng. N lm gim yu cu pht trin cc giao thc
mi mi khi c cc tnh cht mi -c -a ra.
5.1 Chc nng tng qut ca TCAP.









Khi ng-i s dng TC mun bt u mt thao tc (chng hn nh- din
dch s in thoi min ph) mt nt t xa, h phi bt u m thoi vi ng-i
s dng TC xa. Vic ny -c thc hin bng cch gi cc c s yu cu ti
giao thc TCAP. Tip TCAP bt u giao dch vi TCAP xa bng cch gi
bn tin TCAP ti nt thng qua mng bo hiu. Nh c phn dch v mng
NSP m vic chuyn giao tin bo TCAP -c x l.
5.2 Cc phn lp ca TCAP.
Phn ng dng cc kh nng giao dch TCAP -c chia lm hai phn lp
sau:
i t-ng s
dng TC
i t-ng s
dng TC
TCAP TCAP

MTP

SCCP
MTP
SCCP
MTP
SCCP
Hi thoi
Giao dch
SP STP SP
7
4-6
NSP
1-3
Hnh 6.31 Ph-ng thc giao dch ca bo hiu s 7.


+ Phn lp phn t : l mt khi s liu ca giao thc trao i gia ng-i
s dng TC.
+ Phn lp giao dch: s trao i cc tin bo, c cha mt s phn t gia
hai ng-i s dng TC.
a) Phn lp phn t (CSL):
Nh s tr gip ca phn lp phn t ng-i s dng TC c kh nng yu
cu h tr cc khai thc t xa v nhn -c mt hay nhiu tr li, chng hn nh-
mt cuc gi in thoi min ph t mt c s d liu x l cuc gi.
Phn h ny c hai chc nng chnh l x l hi thoi (DHA) v x l
phn t (CHA).
Hai phn chc nng thng tin vi ng-i s dng TC nh pht v thu -c
gi l cc c s (cc c s hi thoi v phn t).
b) Phn lp giao dch (TSL):
Phn lp ny cung cp cc kh nng pht cc tin bo gia cc phn
TCAP. Nhng tin bo ny c th cha cc phn t thuc phn lp phn t.
vn chuyn cc tin bo TCAP, phn lp giao dch s dng cc dch v
cung cp bi phn dch v ca mng (NSP). V ch c cc dch v cho bo hiu
khng u ni l -c s dng.
Th tc ca phn lp giao dch lin kt mi tin bo TCAP vi mt giao
dch c bit. N cng sp xp thng tin iu khin hi thoi vo thng tin iu
khin giao dch, c bit l c s sp xp tng thng tin mt gia hi thoi v
giao dch.
TSL cng x l mt phn ca tin bo TCAP v phn -c gi l phn
giao dch (TP). Khi pht hin thy li TP th tin bo -c b i v nu thch hp
vic giao dch s khng -c thc hin na.



















5.3 Cc dch v lp ca TCAP
* X l hi thoi (DHA)
TCAP cung cp hai loi ph-ng tin hi thoi nh- sau: hi thoi c cu
trc v hi thoi khng cu trc.
- Hi thoi c cu trc: cho php ng-i s dng TC bt u hi thoi, trao
i cc phn t trong hi thoi ny, v sau kt cui hay bi b n.
Cc hi thoi c cu trc cho php mt vi lung phn t cng tn ti gia
hai ng-i s dng TC. Mi hi thoi s dng tham s ID nhn dng hi thoi
c cu trc. ng thi tham s ny cng xc nh phn t no gn lin vi tin bo
v hi thoi.
- Hi thoi khng cu trc: c th -c s dng din t s hot ng
m khng cn phi tr li. Bn cnh khng c s bt u v kt cui r rng
no kt hp vi hi thoi khng cu trc. Cc hi thoi khng cu trc -c kt
cui t quan im ca TCAP ngay khi cc thnh phn -c pht i.
* X l phn t (CHA)
Ng-i s dng TC
CSL
DHA CHA
TSL








X l giao dch



TCAP Tin bo TCAP
SCCP
Hnh 6.32 Cc phn lp ca TCAP.


Mi phn t bao gm mt yu cu thc hin vn hnh hay tr li.
Vn hnh l mt thao tc -c thc hin bi u xa. Yu cu h tr vn
hnh -c nhn bit nh ID h tr. iu ny cho php mt s yu cu h tr vn
hnh ging hay khc nhau tc ng tc thi. Mt hay nhiu tr li c th -c
gi n vn hnh.
Ng-i s dng TC la chn mt trong bn loi vn hnh -c cung cp
tu thuc vo yu cu lin quan ti bo co tr li cho vn hnh -c yu cu
h tr. Bn loi vn hnh l:
- Loi 1: gm c bo co thnh cng v s c.
- Loi 2: ch c bo co s c.
- Loi 3: ch c bo co thnh cng.
- Loi 4: khng c bo co thnh cng hay s c.
Chc nng x l ny sp xp cc thng tin thnh phn vo cc phn t v
ng-c li. Tt c cc phn t trong vn hnh c cng ID, h tr -c phn nh
bi ng-i s dng TC yu cu h tr. u xa -a tr li ID h tr trong cc tr
li ca n ti yu cu h tr vn hnh.
Cc phn t -c -a ring bit gia ng-i s dng TC v phn lp phn
t.
Ng-i s dng TC ngun c th pht vi phn t ti phn lp phn t tr-c
khi chng -c pht (trong tin bo n) ti u xa.
Khi thu -c vi phn t mt tin bo n, mi phn t s -c phn pht
ring bit ti ng-i s dng TC v theo cng trt t nh- chng -c cung cp
giao din ngun.
Trong tr-ng hp hi thoi c cu trc, phn x l phn t cung cp b
nh thi, kt hp vi yu cu h tr vn hnh. ng h ny -c khi ng khi
phn t yu cu h tr -c chuyn ti phn lp giao dch. Gi tr ca ng h
-c xc nh bi ng-i s dng TC i vi mi vn hnh. Khi thu -c tr
li cho phn t yu cu h tr th ng h mi dng. Nu ng-i s dng TC bi
b th ng h cng c th dng. Khi ht gi, ng-i s dng TC -c thng bo
v vn hnh dng li.
* Phn on cc tin bo


Phn t thnh phn, -c phn pht t ng-i s dng TC, khng -c
php v-t qu di tin bo ln nht, bao gm c phn u b sung d-i cc
lp.
TCAP cung cp dch v cho ng-i s dng TC, ngha l TCAP kim tra
di vi mi phn t thnh phn thu -c t ng-i s dng TC. Phn t s -c
chp nhn v l-u tr nu nh- di tho mn yu cu. Ng-c li, di m
khng tho mn th n -c -a tr li vi ng-i s dng TC phn on.
* Cht l-ng ca dch v (QOS)
Cht l-ng dch v c ngha l ng-i s dng TC ch th cht l-ng dch
v c th chp nhn -c, cht l-ng ny -c cung cp bi cc lp d-i. Dch
v ny -c cung cp cho ng-i s dng TC bi SCCP v TCAP h tr.
Tham s QOS c trong tt c cc c s yu cu hi thoi v -c sp xp
bi TCAP cho tham s t-ng ng cc c s yu cu pht ti SCCP.
* Phn pht tun t
Ng-i s dng TC c th ch th liu tin bo c cn -c pht theo mt
tuyn nh trong mng bo hiu. T n c th m bo cho vic phn pht
tun t nhng bn tin bo ny, ng thi ch th tuyn no khng m bo tin bo
s -c phn pht tun t.
Phn pht tun t -c s dng trong phn on tin bo v -c sp xp
vo phn lp giao thc 1 ca SCCP. iu ny c ngha l TCAP cung cp SCCP
vi tham s iu khin tun t -c s dng la chn knh bo hiu.
Khng phn pht tun t -c sp xp vo phn lp giao thc 0 ca
SCCP.
* Phn -a tr v tin bo
Nu tin bo khng th phn pht -c ti ch th ng-i s dng TC c
mt la chn, yu cu tin bo cn -c -a tr v.
Khi tin bo -c -a tr li, TCAP s thu mt ch th cha ton b tin bo
v l do quay tr li. TCAP s s dng c ch bo co ngoi l thng bo cho
ng-i s dng TC bit iu ny. Khi SCCP ch th -c quay tr li th TCAP
tch ra ly li tin bo, l do -a tr li v ID giao dch/hi thoi (nu c kh nng
ng dng) v gi c s ch th ch TC cho ng-i s dng TC c cha thng tin
ny. Sau , ng-i s dng TC s hot ng theo cch thch hp.


* Bo co ngoi l
Phn x l hi thoi (DHA) thng bo cho ng-i s dng TC v tnh trng
khng bnh th-ng no .
Khi thu -c ch th tin bo quay tr li bi phn lp pha d-i, tin bo
-c -a tr li bi phn lp phn t (CSL) ti ng-i s dng TC. Ph-ng tin
ny da trn yu cu ca ng-i s dng TC.
Khi pht hin -c khong thi gian hi thoi ko di khng bnh th-ng
th DHA s thng bo cho ng-i s dng TC bit iu ny.




















ch-ng 7
c s l thuyt phc v cuc gi
v ph-ng php tnh ton thit b mng vin thng.
7.1 mc tiu ca l thuyt phc v cuc gi
Cc phn t chnh ca cc tng i v cc mng vin thng l: cc thit
b u cui v cc -ng dy thu bao, chng chnh l cc ngun ti ban
u; cc nhm knh trung gian -c to trn cc on chung ca tuyn
ni v dng phc v cc nhm ngun ti thoi; cc thit b chuyn
mch dng thc hin cc kt ni gia ngun v ch ca ti; v cui
cng l cc thit b iu khin m bo vic iu khin cc thit b
chuyn mch.
Cc nhm knh trung gian, cc thit b chuyn mch, cc thit b iu
khin cn -c xy dng sao cho vic s dng chng hiu qu nht. Vic tnh
ton s knh ca cc nhm, cng nh- s l-ng cc thit b chuyn mch v cc
thit b iu khin u da trn nhng nguyn tc chung v v vy sau ny phn
l thuyt cc tnh ton ny s xem xt ch yu i vi cc nhm knh.
S knh ca mi nhm ph thuc vo i l-ng v tnh cht ca ti yu
cu t ln nhm hoc chm knh , ph thuc vo cht l-ng phc v m cc
thu bao yu cu, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc thit b chuyn mch v dng
ca nhm.
Trong l thuyt x l cuc gi nghin cu tnh quy lut c tr-ng ca ti
vi mc ch -a ra cc ph-ng php tnh ton xy dng cc h thng
vin thng (cc trung tm chuyn mch v mng) hp l nht. Nhim v
ch yu ca l thuyt x l cuc gi l lm r c s s ph thuc gia
i l-ng ti, cc ch tiu cht l-ng phc v v s -ng, s thit b
chuyn mch v s thit b iu khin cn thit phc v ti yu cu
. L thuyt x l cuc gi da trn cc quy lut ca l thuyt sc xut
v da trn nn tng l l thuyt phc v s ng.
7.2. Ti v c-ng ti
Ti -c hiu l tng thi gian m cc thu bao chim cc thit b thit b
mng. Thit b mang ti trong cc tr-ng hp khi n tham gia vo qu trnh ca
cuc ni, ngha l khi xy ra vic chun b thit b cho cuc gi, khi cuc gi
din ra v khi gii to cuc gi.
Ti xut hin do mun ca ng-i gi v sau -c truyn t thit b
ny n thit b khc theo h-ng ni n thu bao b gi. Ti xut hin


t cc thu bao theo cc -ng dy ring, sau -c kt hp li thnh
dng ti chung v -c phc v bi cc nhm knh trung gian. Vic kt
hp cc ti xy ra, v d, tng chuyn mch tp trung ti trong phn h
ng dng ca cc tng i t ng (mt s ti liu gi l cp chn s
b). Sau cc dng ti qua cc thit b chuyn mch ca tr-ng chuyn
mch nhm -c phn phi n h-ng yu cu v cui cng l -c
phn phi n cc -ng dy ca cc thu bao b gi.
Ti -c to bi dng cc bo gi. Nu thu bao tin hnh c cuc gi,
chim -ng dy thu bao cc khong thi gian t
1
, t
2
, t
3
,, t
c
, th ti y ca -ng
thu bao s l:
y = t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
++ t
c

nhn v chia v phi ca biu thc trn vi c ta -c:

t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
++ t
c

y = c
c
= ct

t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
++ t
c

trong t =
c
l thi gian chim trung bnh mt ln gi
Nu t -c tnh theo phn ca gi th ti -c tnh theo gi-gi. Ti thoi
cng c th -c tnh theo pht-gi hoc giy-gi.
Khi tn ti nhm ngun ti cha N thu bao, mi thu bao to ti nh- nhau
th ti chung ca nhm s l :
Y = yN = ctN
Nu tt c cc bo gi xut hin n mt thit b hoc nhm knh no u
-c p ng bng cc kt ni th gi tr ti xut hin -c gi l ti n
i vi thit b hoc nhm knh . Gi tr ti s khng th gn kt vi s
knh ca nhm n khi no n khng thit lp -c khong thi gian tc
ng ca ti . V d, nu ti l 1 gi-gi tc ng lin tc trong vng 1 gi
th n c th -c phc v ch bi 1 knh. Nh-ng vi cng l-ng ti nh- vy
phn b u trong khong 0.1 gi th cn 10 knh phc v.
phi hp gi tr ti thoi vi s thit b hoch s knh cn thit phc v
l-ng ti th khi nim C-ng ti -c -a ra. C-ng ti -c hiu
l t s gia gi tr ti v khong thi gian xem xt, ngha l gi tr ti trung
bnh trong thi gian . n v o c-ng ti l Erlang bng 1 gi-gi
trong 1 gi. V d nu ti thoi l 2gi-gi tc ng trong khong 0,5 gi th
c-ng ti l:


0 10 15 24
y
y
c
y
HH
T

i
,

g
i

-
g

i

Gi trong ngy
Hnh 7.1. Phn b ti theo gi trong ngy
2 : 0.5 = 4 Erl
C-ng ti l i l-ng thay i v ph thuc vo loi thu bao to
ra ti thoi , ph thuc vo thi im m ti tc ng. C-ng ti l
thay i theo gi trong ngy, theo ngy trong tun v theo ma trong nm
c tnh cc thay i ph thuc vo nhiu nguyn nhn.
Hu ht trn cc mng c-ng ti trong cc ngy lm vic th-ng
cao hn trong cc ngy ngh l. c bit cc thay i c quy lut ca c-ng
ti xy ra theo gi trong ngy. Cc my in thoi trong cc c quan, nh
my, tr-ng hc th-ng to ti cao vo cc gi ban ngy, cn ti khng ng
k vo ban m. Cc my t trong cc cn h li th-ng c ti cao vo cc
gi bui chiu ti. Ban m hu ht cc mng c c-ng ti thp. S phn
b ti theo cc gi trong ngy no n t mt nhm cc thu bao c th
-c biu din d-i dng th nh- trn hnh 7.1. Trong cc ngy khc phn
b ti s khc i i cht nh-ng
c im ca n th khng thay
i. Bn cnh , s trng lp
hon ton cc -ng phn b ti
ca 2 ngy khc nhau l him khi
xy ra v s pht sinh ti -c xc
nh bi hng lot cc yu t khc
nhau. Trn hnh7.1, phn gch
xin tch ring mt gi trong
ngy m gi c c-ng ti
cao nht v -c gi l gi cao im. Khi nim gi cao im c ngha c
bit quan trong trong l thuyt thng tin in thoi v cc tnh ton thit b
lun -c tin hnh da trn c-ng ti ca gi cao im. Gi cao im l
thi im vi khong thi gian lin tc trong vng 1 gi m trong vng 1 gi
ca thi im ti trung bnh ca a s cc ngy l cc i.
T s ca gi tr ti gi cao im Y
HH
sinh ra bi nhm ngun ti no
vi gi tr ti Y
C
sinh ra cng bi nhm ngun ti trong vng mt ngy
-c gi l h s tp trung ti k
k = Y
HH
: Y
C

H s k c tr-ng cho s khng ng u ca phn b ti theo gi trong
ngy. Theo l thuyt k c th nhn cc gi tr t 1/24 (khi phn b ng u) n
1 (khi ton b ti ngy m u tp trung vo 1 gi. Thc t k th-ng nhn cc
gi tr t 0.07 n 0.2 v ph thuc vo cc c im ca cc thu bao trong


0 12 24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Y
y
1
y
HH1
y
12
y
HH12
y
2
y
HH2
Gi trong ngy

Hnh 7.2 Minh ho s ph thuc
phn b ti v dung l-ng
nhm
nhm v ln ca nhm. Nhm thu bao cng ln th h s k ca nhm
cng nh, ngha l ti do n to ra phn b theo cc gi trong ngy cng u hn.
minh chng cho iu ny chng ta cng xem xt 2 nhm cng c N thu bao
nh- nhau. Gi s rng -ng phn b ti theo cc gi trong mt ngy no ca
tng nhm c th minh ho bng cc
-ng cong y
1
v y
2
nh- trn hnh 7.2.
Nhm chung hnh thnh t 2 nhm trn
s t-ng ng vi -ng cong y
12

y
12
= y
1
+ y
2

Cc h s tp trung ti t-ng ng l
k
1
= y
HH1
/ y
1
, k
2
= y
HH2
/ y
2
,
k
12
= y
HH12
/ y
12
. T th thy rng
y
HH12
< (y
HH1
+ y
HH2
) v do k
12
<k
1
k
12

<k
2
. T suy ra rng s phn b ti
theo thi gian ca nhm hp thnh ng
u hn so vi phn b ti ca tng
nhm nh thnh phn. V s knh cn
thit phc v trn cc on chung ca
tuyn thoi ph thuc vo ti trong gi cao im v t l vi h s tp trung
ti nn khi thit k cc mng in thoi cn t chc cc nhm ln ngun sinh
ti (nhm thu bao).
S thay i c-ng ti trong khong gi cao im khng -c tnh n bi
h s tp trung ti k. y
HH
l gi tr ti trung bnh tc ng trong vng mt gi
cao im, tuy nhin trong cc thi
im ring ca mt gi c-ng
ti c th ln hn hoc nh hn
y
HH
.S phn b ti trong phm vi
gi cao im xc nh c tnh ca
dng bo gi.
7.3. Dng cc bo gi
v thi gian chim
Dng cc bo gi -c xc nh bi
cc thi im xut hin cc bo gi
t
0
, t
1
, t
2
, ,t
i
hoc cc khong thi
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5

T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
2

t
1

t
2

t
3

t
4

t
5

t
6

v
1

v
2

v
3

v
4

v
5

v
6
v
7

v
8

v
9

v
10

t
t
t
t t
C
1
C
2
C
3

Hnh 7.3. Dng cuc gi v cc tham s


gian chim T
1
, T
2
, ,T
i
ca cc khong gia cc ln gi k tip nhau -c
ch ra trn hnh 7.3. Nu mi bo gi u -c phc v ngay lp tc th cc
thit b phc v s b chim trong nhng khong thi gian t
1
, t
2
, , t
i
. Cc
khong thi gian T
i
, t
i
c th l cc gi tr khng i hoc l cc gi tr ngu
nhin lin tc.
Nu cc gi tr T
i
-c cho tr-c th dng bo gi -c coi l -c nh
tr-c. Cc dng bo gi nh- th thc t khng c v k thut thng tin thoi
lun c lin quan vi cc i l-ng ngu nhin lin tc.
Khong thi gian t
i
chim thit b thoi tham gia vo cuc gi cng l i
l-ng ngu nhin lin tc. Khong thi gian chim cc thit b iu khin
tham gia vo qu trnh thc hin cuc ni trong a s cc tr-ng hp c th
coi l khng i.
Gi tr trung bnh ca cc i l-ng ngu nhin lin tc T
i
v t
i
k hiu l T
v t t-ng ng. Ta chn khong thi gian chim trung bnh t lm n v tnh
thi gian. Trong mi khong thi gian bng t c th xut hin s cc cuc
gi khc nhau c
1
, c
2
, ,c
i
(hnh 3). S cuc gi c
i
xut hin trong khong t l
cc i l-ng ngu nhin ri rc. S cuc gi trung bnh xut hin trong
khong t bng c = t/T -c gi l c-ng dng cuc gi.
c im ca dng cuc gi -c xc nh bng xc sut xut hin ng x
cuc gi trong khong thi gian bng t, cn gi tr ca dng -c xc nh
bi c-ng v tham s ca n ( l t s gia xc sut xut hin du ch
mt cuc gi trong khong thi gian t vi gi tr ca khong thi gian t khi
t0, ngha l
t
t P
x
) (
0

=
0 t
lim . Tham s dng c th din gii nh- s
thi im xut hin cc bo gi trong khong thi gian chim trung bnh t
m khng tnh n mt s thi im c th xut hin khng phi l mt bo
gi m l ng thi 2 hoc vi bo gi.
gii thch s khc nhau gia tham s dng v c-ng c cn nh rng
gi tr c tnh tt c cc bo gi xut hin trong khong thi gian t m khng
ph thuc vo cc bo gi xut hin ng thi hay ring r, cn gi tr
ch tnh cc thi im xut hin cc bo gi trong khong thi gian , ngha
l mi thi im ch coi c mt bo gi xut hin. V th c>.
m bo phc v lp tc cc bo gi trong cc khong thi gian khc


nhaui hi s thit b phc v khc nhau v
1
, v
2
, ,v
i
. Suy ra s thit b phc
v yu cu v
i
l i l-ng ngu nhin ri rc. Thc t s thit b v-c trang
b phc v ti cho l mt gi tr khng i. Vic chn gi tr l mt
trng trch, n xc nh cc ch s kinh t-cht l-ng ca ton b h thng
in thoi.
Cc i l-ng ngu nhin -c xc nh bi xc sut cc gi tr ca chng v
cc c tnh thng k.
Xc sut xut hin mt gi tr nh tr-c ca mt i l-ng ngu nhin -c
gi l tn s t-ng i m vi tn s gi tr ny xut hin trong s ln th
v tn. T , thc t ch cn tin hnh s ln th hu hn -a ra khi
nim v tn xut ca s kin.
Tn xut -c gi l tn s t-ng i, m vi tn s gi tr ca i l-ng
ngu nhin s xut hin trong s ln th cc ln.
nh lut quan trng ca l thuyt xc sut lin quan n gi tr xc sut vi
cc i l-ng tn xut l nh lut cc s ln. N khng nh rng s ln
th cng ln th tn xut ca s kin ngu nhin -c xem xt cng gn vi
xc sut ca n. Xc sut ca s kin cho l mt i l-ng khng i, n
c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 n 1, cn tn xut l s thay i vi gii hn
bng xc sut.
Trong k thut in thoi cc bo gi v chim cc thit b thoi l cc s
kin m ng, s cc s kin rt ln, do c th cho rng tn xut cc
s kin ny -c c tr-ng tt bi xc sut ca chng -c xc nh bng l
thuyt. i l-ng ngu nhin ri rc hon ton -c dc tr-ng bi cc xc
sut ca n. i l-ng ngu nhin lin tc -c xc nh bi mt xc sut,
ngha l bi xc sut cc gi tr ca n nm trong cc gii hn xc nh.
i vi cc i l-ng ngu nhin lin tc xem xt hm phn b F(X)=
P(Xsx), ngha l xc sut i l-ng ngu nhin X s c gi tr khng v-t
qu mt i l-ng x quan tm no . Nu hm phn b F(X) bit th mt
xc sut -c xc nh bng hiu ca cc gi tr ca hm F(X) ti 2 gi tr
x
1
v x
2
gii hn trong vng gi tr ca i l-ng ngu nhin.
i vi i l-ng ngu nhin ri rc hm phn b l tng cc xc sut ca tt
c cc gi tr ca i l-ng , khng v-t qu gi tr x xc nh. Hm ny
-c gi l hm tch lu ca i l-ng ngu nhin ri rc.
Cc c tnh thng k ca i l-ng ngu nhin l cc momen thng k ca


n. Phn bit cc momen ban u v cc momen trung tm. K vng ton
hc M(x) -c gi l momen ban u bc nht, v ph-ng sai D(X) -c
gi l momen trung tm bc hai ng vai tr quan trng.
K vng ton hc M(x) ca i l-ng ngu nhin bng tng cc tch ca mi
gi tr x
i
vi xc sut p(x
i
) ca gi tr , ngha l M(x)=

i
i i
x p x ) ( . V l-ng
k vng ton hc bng gi tr trung bnh s hc ca i l-ng ngu nhin.
Ph-ng sai ca i l-ng ngu nhin bng tng cc tch bnh ph-ng chnh
lch gia gi tr i l-ng ngu nhin v k vng ton hc vi xc sut ca
gi tr t-ng ng ca i l-ng ngu nhin, ngha l
D(x)= | |

) ( ) (
2
i i
x p X M x .
Ph-ng sai c tr-ngcho mc phn b khng u cc gi tr cai l-ng
ngu nhin.
Dng cc bo gi k tip cc bo gi chim cc thit b phc v v cc thi
im kt thc cc chim ny l cc qu trnh ngu nhin, kt qu ca chng
trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau to nn cc trng thi ca h thng
phc v vi s cc thit b b chim khc nhau v
1
, v
2
, ,v
i
.
Qu trnh ngu nhin m trong cc i s c lp l thi gian -c gi l
cfoxafuecku qu trnh ngu nhin t. Qu trnh ngu nhin t trong h
thng in thoi c th xy ra mt cch a dng tu thuc vo iu kin pht
sinh bo gi, s to thnh v kt thc cuc gi. Ng-i ta phn chia cc qu
trnh ngu nhin t n nh cfauuouapuu v khng n nh ue
cfauuouapuu, c nocnepcfeue hoc khng c h qu, thng th-ng
hoc khng oppuuapuu.
Tnh cht n nh ngha l cc xc sut xut hin ca mt s kin xc nh
trong khong thi gian xem xt ch ph thuc v di ca khong thi gian
v khng ph thuc vo v tr ca khong thi gian trn trc thi gian.
Trong tr-ng hp ng-c li th qu trnh s tr thnh bt n nh.
Tnh khng gy h qu -c hiu nh- tnh c lp t-ng h ca cc s kin
to nn qu trnh. Cc qu trnh, m i vi chng, trong mt trng thi cho
tr-c ca h thng, ti thi im ang xt cc trng thi tip theo ca h
thng khng ph thuc vo cc trng thi xy ra tr-c , -c gi l cc
qu trnh Mac-kp, cn i vi cc h thng vi cc trng thi ri rc th cc
qu trnh -c gi l cc chui Mac-kp.


i vi cc qu trnh Mac-kp xc sut W
i
(t+At) sao cho ti thi im (t+At)
h thng nm trong trng thi i, nu ti thi im t h thng nm trong trng
thi j vi xc sut W
j
(t) bng W
i
(t+At) = W
j
P
ji
(At), trong P
ji
(At) l xc
sut chuyn dch h thng t trng thi j n trng thi i trong khong thi
gian (At).
Qu trnh -c gi l thng th-ng khi m trong h thng trong khong thi
gian At xy ra khng qu mt s kin lm thay i trng thi ca h thng.
Tnh cht ny -c k hiu bng 0(At), ngha l xc sut ng thi xut hin
qu mt thay i ca h thng trong khong thi gian At l rt nh so vi xc
sut ca ch mt thay i.
Cc quan st lp cho thy l cc qu trnh, m xy ra trong gi cao im
trong h thng in thoi c s l-ng thu bao ln cc bo gi -c phc v
ngay lp tc, c th -c coi l cc qu trnh n nh, thng th-ng khng h
qu. Trong nhng gi h thng in thoi nm trong trng thi ca qu
trnh cn bng tnh, trong trng thi ny trong vng mi khong thi gian
khng ln s cc bo gi xut hin bng vi s thit b phc v -c gii
phng.
Cc trng thi ca h thng in thoi -c c tr-ng bi s cc thit b phc
v b chim ng thi to nn qu trnh ngu nhin t , n l-t mnh qu trnh
ny ph thuc vo 2 qu trnh ngu nhin t khc, l dng bo gi pht sinh
v dng cuc gi kt thc. c tnh ca dng bo gi pht sinh ph thuc vo
s l-ng v thi quen ca nhm thu bao l cc ngun sinh ti v ph thuc
vo phn ng ca cc thit b phc v i vi cc bo gi . c tnh ca
dng cuc gi kt thc ph thuc vo c tnh ca dng bo gi pht sinh,
phn ng ca h thng phc v i vi cc bo gi v ph thuc vo di
chim cc thit b phc v.
Trong l thuyt thng tin in thoi nghin cu mc a dng ca cc dng
bo gi c ngha c bit to ln trong k thut in thoi. Chng bao gm
dng n gin nht, cc dng vi h qu n gin v cc dng vi h qu hn
ch.
Dng n gin nht c ngha quan trng nht. i vi dng ny a s cc
ph-ng php tnh ton cc thit b phc v -c -a ra. Dng bo gi n
gin nht gi l qu trnh ngu nhin t cfoxafuecku xut hin cc bo
gi, m qu trnh c cc tnh cht n nh, thng th-ng v khng h qu.


i vi dng ny h qu ca tnh thng th-ng ca n c-ng c bng tham
s v phn b cc bo gi theo thi gian tun th nh lut Puassona m
theo xc sut xut hin ca ng x bo gi trong khong thi gian t s l :
P
x
(t) =
t
x
e
x
t

!
) (
(7.1)
V d, phn b xc sut xut hin
ng x bo gi trong thi gian chim
trung bnh t khi = c = 2 -c cho
d-i dng cc im trn -ng cong
trn hnh 7.4.
T biu thc (7.1) suy ra xc sut
khng c bo gi trong khong thi
gian t i vi dng n gin nht
bng
P
0
(t) =
t
e

(7.2)
Gi tr ny c th bn lun cng ging nh- xc sut rng khong thi gian
gia cc bo gi s ln hn t. Khi hm phn b cc di ca cc khong
thi gian gia cc bo gi ca dng n gin nht s bng
P(T
i
st) = 1-
t
e

(7.3)
Bng th cc hm (7.2) v (7.3) -c th hin trn hnh 7.5
Dng n gin nht c tnh cht ecgodic
m bn cht ca n l ch xc sut P
x
(t),
mt mt c th xem nh- cc phn thi gian
trn khong thi gian ln m trong vng
khong thi gian h thng ang -c
xem xt nm trong trng thi x, mt khc
li c th xem nh- mt phn ca cc h
thng ging nhau, trong ng thi xut
hin x bo gi trong khong thi gian t,
thm vo s chung cc h thng xem
xt rt ln.
Tnh cht ecgodic c th m t ngn gn l : Gi tr trung bnh theo thi gian
i vi mi h thng bng gi tr trung bnh theo tng th i vi tp hp cc
0.1
0.2
P
x
(t)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hnh 7.4. V d minh ho
x
P
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1 2 3 t t
P(Tst)
P
0
(t)
P(st)
Hnh 7.5 th minh ho


h thng. V d, nu khi quan st cc -ng dy ca s t cc thu bao t mt
nhm thu bao ln trong a s cc gi cao im xc nh -c mt s trung
bnh no cc cuc gi pht sinh t cc thu bao trong gi cao im th
cng s trung bnh s nhn -c c trong tr-ng hp nu quan st tt c
cc -ng dy thu bao ca nhm trong khong thi gian ca mt gi cao
im.
Mt trong cc du hiu ca dng n gin nht l s bng nhau ca k vng
ton hc M(C) v ph-ng sai s cc bo gi D(C) ca dng ny, ngha l
M(C) = D(C), tuy nhin cn nh rng n v o ca cc i l-ng ny l khc
nhau.
Thc t cc dng n gin nht c vai tr trong cc tr-ng hp khi s l-ng
thu bao ln v cc bo gi -c phc v lp tc. Dng n gin nht c th
xem xt nh- tng s ln cc dng n nh thng th-ng nh. Khi kt hp v
phn chia cc dng n gin nht cng to thnh cc dng n gin nht.
Trong cc tr-ng hp ny ch c-ng cc dng b thy i.
Cc dng m tnh cht ca chng ph thuc vo trng thi ca h thng phc
v gi l cc dng vi h qu n gin c npocfur nocnepcfeuer. T cc
dng vi h qu n gin th dng nguyn thu (s khai npurufueuu) c
ngha thc tin ln nht. Dng m c-ng ca n ph thuc tuyn tnh
vo s cc ngun bo gi bn gi l dng nguyn thu vi h qu n gin
nht. Nu c-ng dng to bi mi ngun ti bng o th i vi dng n
gin nht to bi N ngun, c-ng dng nhn bng = No. Tuy nhin khi
khng tnh n rng cc ngun bo gi -c p ng bng kt ni khng
th to bo gi trong thi gian bn (thi gian ang trong kt ni). Nu iu
ny -c tnh n th c-ng ca dng s thay i ph thuc vo s ngun
b bn theo nh lut :
= (N-i)o (7.4)
iu cng phn bit dng nguyn thu vi dng n gin nht. V vy
dng nguyn thuphn nh trng thi h thng chnh xc hn so vi dng
n gin nht. thiu chnh xc cho php khi gi s rng dng thc l dng
n gin nht ph thuc vo t-ng quan cc i l-ng i v N. Thc t cc
dng -c coi l n gin nht ch khi cc gi tr N ln v cc gi tr i t-ng
i nh, kt qu l thiu chnh xc dao ng hu nh- nh. N c th b
qua khi N>(50100).


Ph thuc tuyn tnh (ngha l nguyn thu nht) gia i v
i
-c xc nh
theo biu thc (7.4), s dng lm c s i vi tn gi dng nguyn thu.
Dng n nh thng th-ng vi cc khong t-ng tc c lp gia cc bo
gi m phn b ca chng l ngu nhin -c gi l dng vi h qu hn ch.
H qu hn ch trong cc dng ny -c hiu vi ngha l s xut hin bo
gi ti thi im t no gy ra nh h-ng ti cc xc sut nhn -c bo
gi trong khong thi gian trc tip ngay sau thi im t .
Dng vi h qu hn ch -c gi l dng Panma. Cc tr-ng hp quan trng
nht xut hin thc t ca cc dng nh- vy l cc dng bo gi -c chuyn
mch qua cc cp chn v tn tht trn chm knh m dng n gin nht
xut hin. Nu trn chm knh xut hin dng bo gi n gin nht th dng
tc ng ch trn knh u tin ca chm knh. Knh th hai v cc knh
khc ca chm s xut hin dng Panma. Cng cng c tnh nh- th c
dng bo gi b tn tht bi chm knh cho v -c gi l dng d- i vi
chm . Nu trn knh u tin xut hin dng bo gi n gin nht, m
i vi n k vng ton hc ca c-ng bng ph-ng sai v s, ngha l
M(C) = D(C) th trn cc knh cn li s tc ng cc dng m i vi chng
M(C) < D(C), ngha l cc dng s t u hn so vi dng n gin nht. Nu
tng s l-ng knh th bt ng thc ny cng s tng, ngha l s knh cng
ln th dng tc ng n mt knh s khng ng u. Cc dng d- -c
nghin cu bi Vinkinson.
Nu s knh ca chm khng hn ch th dng bo gi -c chuyn qua
chm v xut hin cp chn tip theo s cng ging nh- dng xut
hin cp chn tr-c . Trong tr-ng hp khi s knh ca chm l hn ch
th dng -c chuyn qua s cng ging nh- dng tc ng ch ti khi s
bo gi xut hin sau thi gian chim trung bnh t khng v-t qua s knh
ca chm. Khi tt c cc knh ca chm b chim th cc bo gi tip theo
s khng th qua -c cp chn u tin v trn u vo cp chn tip sau ti
th im s c cu-ng ti khng i. V vy, nu trn u vo ca cp
chn tr-c tc ng dng n gin nht vi M(C)= D(C), th khi hn ch s
knh ca chm, trn u vo cp chn tip theo s tc ng dng ti ng
u hn vi M(C) > D(C). Khi cng mt c-ng dng ti trn u vo ca
cp chn tr-c th dng ti trn u vo ca cp chn sau s ng u hn
nu cng t s knh trong chm knh. V vy cc dng bo gi -c cho qua
cc cp chn -c gi l cc dng -c lm ng u (san phng). Dng


-c san phng l tr-ng hp ring ca ca cc dng hn ch h qu. Khi
nim v cc dng khc nhau trong cc iu kin thc t -c ch ra trn hnh
7.6.
Dng cc thi im kt thc cuc gi c th c c tnh khc nhau ph thuc
vo phn b di cc cuc gi. Nu di cc cuc gi l hng s th
khng c ngha cho cc thit b iu khin (cc thanh ghi, cc b phn phi
iu khin Marker), v nu s cc thit b phc v khng hn ch th dng
cc thi im kt thc cc cuc gi cng ng nh- dng bo gi. Nu di
cc cuc gi khng l hng s hoc s thit b phc v nh hn s cc ngun
sinh ti th dng cc thi im kt thc cc cuc gi s khc vi dng bo
gi.








Hnh 7.6. Khi nim v cc dng bo gi khc nhau
Cc quan st lp cho thy rng hm phn b i l-ng ngu nhin i din
cho di chim cc thit b tham gia vo cuc gi, ngha l xc sut thi
gian chim khng ln hn t, tun th theo quy lut hm m v -c xc nh
bng biu thc :
F() = P(st) = 1 - e

t

(7.5)
Trong t - thi gian chim trung bnh. Nu t -c dng lm n v tnh
thi gian hin hnh t th biu thc trn c th vit d-i dng :
F() = 1 e
-t
(7.6)
S ph thuc ny -c th hin trn hnh 5
N > 50100
thu bao

N < 50100
thu bao

Cc nhm ngun
sinh ti
Dng n gin nht
dng Puasona
Dng nguyn thu
dng Engseta

B
chn

B
chn
Cp chn
Dng san phng
Dng d-
Cc dng
Palma
Cc Bo gi i qua
cp chn bng s knh
V<N
Cc Bo gi b mt do
s knh ca chm
V<N


Nu dng bo gi l n gin nht, m i vi n cc khong thi gian gia
cc bo gi -c phn b dng hm m v di cuc gi c phn b dng
hm m th dng kt thc cuc gi cng s l mt i l-ng ngu nhin ,
ngha l cc thi gian (chim, i, ) khng v-t qu gi tr t, s khng ph
thuc thi gian ko di bao lu t thi im bt u n thi im ang
xt.
7.4 Cc h thng phc v cuc gi
Mt bo gi bt k xut hin t thu bao -c phc v ngay lp tc. Mt s
bo gi khc nhn -c s t chi phc v hoc b phc v sau khong thi
gian gi chm do hu qu ang b bn ca cc knh trung gian, cc thit b
iu khin hoc ca thu bao b gi. S l-ng cc thit b in thoi -c tnh
ton sao cho cht l-ng phc v t-ng i tt -c m bo bi chi ph nh
nht cho cc thit b ny. S cc bo gi phi nhn t chi phc v ti cp
chn thu bao (chn -ng dy) th-ng l ln hn so vi trn cc cp chn
khc. gim s bo gi b t chi cn tng mt thoi, ngha l tng
tng s my in thoi phc v i t-ng ang -c xem xt. Khi mi
my in thoi s b chim t hn v s t chi s -c gim. Khi nim mt
thoi -c hiu l t l s my in thoi phc v cho 100 dn.
Tu thuc vo hot ng ca cc thit b thoi trong thi im khng c kh
nng phc v bo gi tc thi cc h thng phc v -c phn chia thnh h
thng vi tn tht hin nhin, h thng vi tn tht hnh thc v h thng
tn tht phc hp.
H thng phc v -c gi l h thng vi tn tht hin nhin (n th-ng
-c gi l h thng tn tht n gin) nu khi bn tt c cc thit b phc
v th thu bao ch gi tip theo s nhn -c tn hiu bo bn v n buc
phi kt thc ngay cuc gi .
H thng phc v -c gi l h thng vi tn tht hnh thc (n th-ng
-c gi l h thng c ch) nu khi bn tt c cc thit b phc v th thu
bao ch gi tip theo s ch gii phng cc thit b sau n s nhn -c
s phc v. Mt dng c bit ca cc h thng c ch l h thng khai thc
cc knh lin tnh t tr-c, trong tt c cc cuc gi u ch kt ni.
Trong cc h thng c ch p dng hai ph-ng thc phc v theo th t
xut hin bo gi hoc theo th t ngu nhin.
H thng phc v -c gi l h thng tn tht phc hp nu khi bn tt c


cc thit b phc v th hnh thc phc v ch -c p dng nh-ng s bo gi
ch phc v b gii hn. Trong h thng ny trong tr-ng hp cc thit b
phc v b bn mt b phn cc bo gi ch xp trong hng i phc v, cc
bo gi xut hin tip sau khi khng cn ch trong hng i s b tn tht (b
t chi phc v).
Trong hot ng ca cc thit b vi tn tht hin nhin th ch s v cht
l-ng phc v l h s tn tht. Cc khi nim khc nhau v h s tn tht
-c phn bit nh- sau:
H s tn tht theo bo gi
p
g
=
c
c
tt

trong : c
tt
S bo gi b tn tht trong gi cao im do b bn cc knh trung
gian
c - Tng s bo gi xut hin trong khong thi gian t cc
ngun sinh ti
H s tn tht theo ti
p
m
=
Y
Y Y
i

trong : Y Ti xut hin trong gi cao im
Y
i
- Ti -c i qua trong khong thi gian
Trong hot ng ca thit b phc v vi tn tht hin nhin ti xut hin Y
-c chia thnh Ti -c i quaY
i
(ti ny -c phc v tc thi v -c cho
qua) v ti b tn tht Y
tt
, Y
tt
= Y - Y
i
, ti ny khng chim thit b phc v.
H s tn tht theo thi gian
p
t
=
t
t
b

trong : t
b
- Mt phn ca gi cao im m trong khong thi gian tt c cc
thit b phc v u b bn
t di ca gi cao im -c dng lm n v thi gian, h qu
l p
t
= t
b
, trong t
b
-c biu din trong phn ca gi
Khong thi gian t
b
-c gi l thi gian nguy him, trong khong thi gian


c th xut hin cc bo gi m chng s khng -c phc v. Khi tn ti
dng bo gi n gian nht (ngha l trong a s tr-ng hp gp trong k
thut in thoi) c th coi p
i
= p
g
= p
t
. Tuy nhin, trong mt s tr-ng hp
ng thc ny b ph v. n c, khi s ngun ti nh p
g
< p
t
, khi hot ng
vi cc bo gi lp p
g
> p
t
. Sau ny nu khng c cc tho thun c bit
chng ta s k hiu h s tn tht bng k t p v coi gi tr ca n l bng
nhau cho c p
i
, p
g
, v p
t
.
Ti m mt chm knh no khng th phc v do b bn tt c cc knh s
l ti d- i vi chm knh . Trong mt s tr-ng hp n c th -c phc
v bi mt chm knh khc m n -c gi l -ng vng trong mi quan h
vi chm knh tr-c. Nh- th ti d- i vi chm knh cho khng phi
lun b tn tht i vi cc ngun sinh ti. Cc bo gi b tn tht i vi cc
ngun sinh ti c ngha thc s, s l-ng ca chng c th o m -c.
Chnh khi nim tn tht ti c ngha t-ng tr-ng, bi v nu mt s bo
gi khng -c phc v th thi gian chim cc thit b phc v bi mi
bo gi cng khng th o -c v quy -c chp nhn bng thi gian
chim trung bnh.
Khi hot ng vi tn tht hnh thc hoc c ch th cc ch s cht l-ng
phc v l Hm phn b di ch v Thi gian ch phc v trung bnh.
Phn b di ch -c c tr-ng bi cc xc sut ch phc v lu qu
mt thi gian t cho tr-c: P(>t). ngha vt l ca cc xc sut ny c th
-c th hin qua biu thc sau:
P(>t) =
c
c
ct

trong : c
ct
S bo gi ch phc v lu hn mt khong thi gian t
c - Tng s bo gi xut hin
Khi t = 0 xc sut ny -c gi l h s tn tht hnh thc v bng:
P(>0) =
c
c c
0

trong : c
0
S bo gi phc v ngay
Thi gian i trung bnh -c xem xt hoc l trong quan h cc bo gi m
s phc v chng b gi chm hoc l trong quan h vi tt c cc bo gi.


Thi gian i trung bnh i vi tt c cc bo gi bng :

tb
=
c
T

trong : T

Tng thi gian gi chm cc bo gi
c - Tng s bo gi xut hin
Thi gian i trung bnh i vi cc bo gi b gi chm bng :

d
=
) 0 ( > P c
T

Khi hot ng vi tn tht phc hp, mt s cc ch tiu c tr-ng cho h
thng vi tn tht hin nhin v h thng ch -c p dng nh gi cht
l-ng phc v cc thu bao. Ngha l, i vi cc bo gi ch phc v th p
dng xc sut i qu thi hn nh tr-c no v thi gian i trung bnh,
cn i vi nhng bo gi khng -c vo hng i phc v th p dng h
s tn tht hin nhin.
Nghin cu nh gi ca cc thu bao v vic phc v h vi cc mc tn
tht cc cuc gi khc nhau cho thy rng i vi mng ni ht th tng tn
tht bo gi trn cc cp chn mc khong 2% nhn chung khng gy ra s
bc bi cho ng-i s dng; cht l-ng phc v nh- vy c th coi l tt.
Trn cc mng -ng di lin tnh (ngha l trn hnh thc lin lc m cc
thu bao t s dng hn v gi thnh knh cng cao hn) th t l tn tht
cuc gi cng cho php cao hn trong mng ni ht.
7.5 Cc ph-ng php tnh ton s thit b phc v
Nu h thng in thoi gm N thu bao v khng r s l-ng vcc thit b
phc v th khi cho tr-c dng bo gi v hm phn b cc di ca cc
cuc gi c th xc nh xc sut cc trng thi ca h thng W
0
, W
1
,,

W
N
.
Cc xc sut ny c th -c xem nh- cc phn ca khong thi gian t no
, v d ca gi cao im chng hn, m trong khong ca cc phn c 0,
1, 2,, N thit b phc v b chim vi iu kin l s l-ng cc thit b phc
v khng hn ch. Khi ti xut hin trong tr-ng hp ny bng vi ti
-c cho qua (-c phc v) v c th -c biu th d-i dng :
Y=

=
N
i
i
iW
1



Theo l thuyt, tt c cc W
i
> 0 v chuyn qua khng gi chm i vi
ton b ti Y i hi cn trang b N thit b phc v. Hu qu phi kinh t ca
gii php nn n khng bao gi -c ng dng v trn thc t ng-i ta ch
trang b m s l-ng hn ch cc thit b phc v (v< N) cho php phc v
cc bo gi ch c tn tht hoc c i (cuc gi phi ch n khi c
thit b phc v -c gii phng khi cuc gi ang phc v sau mi phc
v n v cc bo gi khc ang xp hng ch). Theo cc ch tiu cht l-ng
phc v cho tr-c v cc phn ti -c php tn tht hoc ch m t xc
nh xc sut cc trng thi ca h thng vi v thit b phc v v trong t-ng
quan tm ra s l-ng cc thit b phc v.
gii thch chng ta xem xt biu trn hnh 7.7. N l biu -c xy
dng cho nhm c N=10 thu bao. Trn trc tung t cc gi tr ca s cuc
gi ng thi t cc thu bao , theo trc tung l cc xc sut ca cc gi tr
. Trn cc phn ca on 01 t theo trc honh cc hnh ch nht -c
xy dng vi chiu cao l s cuc gi ng thi. Tng din tch ca tt c cc
hnh ch nht s cho ta gi tr ti Y.
Gi s rng s thit b
phc v bng 7. T-ng
ng k mt -ng song
song vi trc honh
mc 7 cuc gi ng
thi. -ng thng ny
chia ti Y thnh 2 phn:
Mt phn nm pha trn
-ng thng xc nh
gi tr ti b tn tht hoc
b tr trong phc v (phi
xp hng ch phc v)
Y
tt
. Phn ti nm pha
d-i -ng thng (phn
gch cho) phn nh gi
tr ti -c cho qua
(-c phc v ngay v
thnh cng) Y
i
. Trong cc tr-ng hp -c xem xt, ta c:
*Khi h thng c tn tht th h s tn tht theo ti l:
10
8
7
6
5
4
9
3
2
1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9
W
0
W
1
W
2
W
3
W
10
S

c
u

c

g

n
g

t
h

i

Hnh 7. V d v phn b cc cuc gi
Cc phn ca khong thi gian t
S thit b phc v hin c


p
m
=

=
+ +
=
10
1
10 9 8
3 2
i
i
tt
iW
W W W
Y
Y

*Khi h thng hng ch th h s tn tht hnh thc l:
P(>0) =

=
+ +
10
1
10 9 8
3 2
i
i
iW
W W W

Tr-ng hp h thng c tn tht ti p
m
Y khng c ngha thc v hon ton b
t chi phc v. Nu h thng c hng ch th ti P(>0) Y -c phc v
chm, -c dch chuyn mt on theo thi gian v pha k tip ca gi cao
im, -c cng vo ti tc ng trong on k tip v s -c phc v.
Cn nh rng trong h thng vi tn tht, thm ch c cho l cc bo gi
khng -c phc v ngay lp tc l hon ton b mt, nh-ng thc t cc thu
bao lp li a s cc bo gi b t chi v nh- th dch chuyn mt
l-ng ti v pha k tip gn ging nh- trong h thng c ch ch khc l
trong tr-ng hp ny s dch chuyn -c thc hin bi ng-i s dng.
Khi hot ng vi tn tht nh th cc bo gi lp t gy nh h-ng n s
thit b phc v nh-ng n s c ngha ng k khi hot ng vi mc tn
tht cao. iu ny -c ch n trong cc ph-ng php tnh ton thit b
t-ng ng.
Vic xc nh cc xc sut ca cc trng thi ca h thng -c tin hnh
cng kh khn khi cu trc h thng, c tnh dng bo gi v hm phn b
di chim cng phc tp. Thc t trong l thuyt thng tin in thoi din
bin ca chm knh truy cp hon ton v khng tc nghn (ton thng)
-c nghin cu kh su khi tc ng ln chm knh l cc dng bo gi
n gin nht hoc nguyn thu v di cc cuc chim -c phn b theo
quy lut hm m hoc l mt i l-ng khng i. i vi cc h thng ny
tn ti cc ph-ng php tnh c c s rt cht ch. i vi cc chm knh
truy cp khng hon ton v khng ton thng, cng nh- i vi cc chm
truy cp hon ton m trn tc ng cc dng bo gi khc vi cc dng
bo gi n gin nht hoc nguyn thu th ch tn ti cc ph-ng php tnh
gn ng m -c kim nh bi cc d liu th nghim hoc chng da
vo cc kt qu m phng.



7.6. Tnh ton s thit b phc v lm vic vi tn tht
hin nhin khng gi lp.
Chm knh truy cp hon ton v khng tc nghn. Dng bo gi n
gin nht. Chm knh truy cp hon ton v khng tc nghn cha v knh
-c to thnh ti mt cp chn mt khu m trn u vo ca n l cc
ngun sinh ti, cn trn u ra l cc knh ca chm; mi ngun ti u c
th chim -c mt knh bt k ca chm . Khi xut hin bo gi th
ngun sinh bo gi s -c ni ngay vi mt trong cc knh ang ri ca
chm knh v kt ni s tn ti trong sut thi gian chim, sau knh v
ngun bo gi s -c gii phng. di thi gian chim -c phn b
theo quy lut hm m, ngha l P(st) = 1 -
t
t
e

, trong t l thi gian chim

trung bnh, hoc P(st) = 1 e
-t
khi m t=1. Trong tr-ng hp bn c v knh
ca chm th bo gi xut hin s b mt v khng -c lp li.
S tn ti ca dng n gin nht -c to bi s l-ng ln cc thu bao sinh
ti vi c-ng Y = ct = t, trong c- c-ng ca dng bng vi tham s
dng , cn t -c th hin trong n v o t.
H thng d-i nh h-ng ca dng n gin nht ca cc bo gi tc ng v
ca dng cc thi im kt thc chim (kt thc chim knh hoc thit b
phc v) s hot ng mt cch tn mt v trong cc thi im khc nhau c
th nm ti mt trong v+1 trng thi vi cc xc sut W
0
, W
1
, W
2
, , W
v
. S
tn mt ny c th coi nh- mt qu trnh Markov vi hu hn cc trng thi.
Tnh ph thng ca qu trnh ny to cho h thng kh nng trong khong
thi gian At no vn tn ti trng thi i (l trng thi m h thng
nm ti u ca khong thi gian ) hoc ch dch chuyn n cc trng thi
ln cn i-1 hoc i+1. Nu di ca khong thi gian At -c chn nh
th xc sut dch chuyn ca h thng sau khong thi gian At n mt trng
thi bt k no khc hu nh- rt nh (c th b qua) v bng 0(At). Cc qu
trnh Markov m trong sau mt khong thi gian At no h thng ch
dch chuyn n cc trng thi ln cn th -c gi l cc qu trnh sinh-t.
V dng tc ng ln h thng c tnh cht khng gy h qu, cng nh- tnh
n cng thc xc sut ton phn ( 1 =

i
i
W ) i vi mt trong i trng thi c
th vit:


W
i
(t+At) = W
i
(t) P
ii
(At) + W
i-1
(t) P
i-1,i
(At) + W
i+1
(t) P
i+1,i
(At) + 0(At) (7.7)
ngha l xc sut ti thi im (t+At) h thng s nm ti trng thi i s bng
tng cc tch:
- Xc sut W
i
(t) rng ti thi im
t h thng nm ti trng thi i vi xc sut P
ii
(At) rng sau khong thi gian
At trong h thng khng xy ra bt k mt thay i trng thi no c.
- Xc sut W
i-1
(t) rng ti thi
im t h thng nm ti trng thi i-1 vi xc sut P
i-1,i
(At) rng sau khong
thi gian At h thng chuyn dch t trng thi i-1 sang trng thi i.
- Xc sut W
i+1
(t) rng ti thi
im t h thng nm ti trng thi i+1 vi xc sut P
i+1,i
(At) rng sau khong
thi gian At h thng chuyn dch t trng thi i+1 sang trng thi i.
- Xc sut 0(At) rng trong
khong thi gian At trong h thng xy ra khng qu 1 chuyn dch trng
thi. Tuy nhin do tnh cht ph thng ca qu trnh m xc sut ny c th
nhn gi tr bng 0 v n -c k hiu l 0(At) ngha l chng ta gi nh
rng khong thi gian At -c chn rt nh sao cho trong khong thi gian
trong h thng xy ra khng qu 1 chuyn dch trng thi.
Mi chuyn dch ca h thng t trng thi i sang trng thi i+1 -c to bi
s xut hin mt bo gi mi (qu trnh sinh), cn mi chuyn dch ca h
thng t trng thi i sang trng thi i-1 -c to bi s kt thc mt cuc gi
(qu trnh t).
Chng ta tm xc sut chuyn dch ca h thng t trng thi i sang trng thi
i+1. Nu tham s ca dng n gin nht bng th theo cng thc Puassona
xc sut khng c cc bo gi trong khong thi gian At s l P
0
(At) = e
-At
,
khi xc sut xut hin du ch mt bo gi trong khong thi gian At s l
P
>0
(At) = 1 - e
-At

hoc khi tnh n rng: e
-x
= ...
!
x
!
x
x + +
3 2
1
3 2
(7.8) th chng ta c th
vit thnh


P
>0
(At) = 1 -
( ) ( )
) ( 0 ...
! 3 ! 2
1
3 2
t t
t t
t A + A =
(

+
A

A
+ A


t do tnh cht ph thng ca qu trnh nn xc sut xut hin ng mt
bo gi s bng P
1
(At) = At + 0(At) hoc P
1
(At) ~ At.
Do khng c h qu nn xc sut xut hin bo gi khng ph thuc
vo s cuc gi ang tn ti, v th trong biu thc (7.7) xc sut P
i-1,i
(At) ~
At.
Ta tm xc sut chuyn dch ca h thng t trng thi i sang trng thi i-1.
Nu trong thi im t trong h thng c i cuc chim v sau thi gian
trung bnh ca mt cuc chim t th c i cuc chim cn phi kt thc, v th
s cuc kt thc trung bnh sau khong thi gian t cng bng i (t -c dng
lm n v tnh thi gian), ngha l i c th -c coi l c-ng ca dng kt
thc chim.
Do phn b hm m thi gian chim nn xc sut sau khong thi gian At
cuc chim khng kt thc s bng:
Q
0
(At) = e
-iAt

khi xc sut kt thc du ch mt cuc chim trong khong thi gian At s
l
Q
>0
(At) = 1 - e
-iAt

hoc khi tnh n biu thc (7.8) th chng ta c th vit thnh
Q
>0
(At) = 1 -
( ) ( )
) ( 0 ...
! 3 ! 2
1
3 2
t t i
t i t i
t i A + A =
(

+
A

A
+ A
t do tnh cht ph thng ca qu trnh nn xc sut kt thc ng mt
cuc chim trong khong thi gian At s bng Q
1
(At) = iAt + 0(At) hoc
Q
1
(At) ~ iAt v c ngha l trong biu thc (7.7) P
i+1,i
(At) ~ (i+1)At
Xc sut P
i,i
(At) rng sau khong thi gian At h thng khng thay i trng
thi ca mnh trn c s cng thc xc sut ton phn bng:
P
i,i
(At) = 1 - P
i,i-1
(At) - P
i,i+1
(At) - 0(At) = 1 i(At) - (At) - 0(At)
Khi bit tt c cc xc sut ca cc thy i trng thi ca h thng ta c th


vit biu thc (7.7) cho cc gi tr i t 1 n v-1 d-i dng:
W
i
(t+At) = AtW
i-1
(t) + (1 iAt - At)W
i
(t) + (i + 1)At W
i+1
(t) + 0(At) =
=AtW
i-1
(t) + W
i
(t) (i + )At W
i
(t) + (i + 1)At W
i+1
(t) + 0(At)
Chuyn W
i
(t) sang v tri v chia c hai v cho At ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t t W i t W i t W
t
t W t t W
i i i
i i
A + + + + =
A
A +
+
0 1
1 1

Nu by gi ta cho At0 th s nhn -c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t W i t W i t W t W
i i i i 1 1
'
1
+
+ + + = (7.9)
i vi i=0, tnh n vic h thng khng th nm trong trng thi 0-1 cuc
chim, t-ng t trn ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) t W t W t W
1 0
'
0
+ = (7.10)
i vi i=v, tnh n vic h thng khng th nm trong trng thi v+1 cuc
chim, trn ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) t vW t W t W
v v v
=
1
'
(7.11)
H thng v+1 ph-ng trnh vi phn dng (7.9), (7.10), (7.11)-c gi l H
thng Erlang
Khi t tn ti cc gii hn hu hn ca cc gi tr W
i
(t), ngha l cc cui
cng W
i

Nghim ca cc ph-ng trnh ny khi ( ) 1
0
=

=
t W
v
i
i
c dng sau
( ) v k
i
k
W
v
i
i
k
k
, , 2 , 1 , 0
!
!
0
= =

Do khi bn tt c cc thit b phc v, xc sut bng W
v
, pht sinh tn tht
cc bo gi, h s tn tht p i vi h thng truy cp hon ton vi v thit b
phc v s l

=
=
v
i
i
v
i
v
p
0
!
!

Cng thc ny nhn -c tn gi l Cng thc Erlang th nht. H s tn
tht p nhn -c theo cng thc Erlang th nht c th -c xem nh- h s
tn tht theo bo gi p
g
, theo ti p
m
hoc theo thi gian p
t
, bi v chng bng
nhau p
g
= p
m
= p
t
.
Do tham s ca dng n gin nht bng vi ti tc ng v l-ng nn
cng thc Erlang th nht c th biu din d-i dng:

=
=
v
i
i
v
i
Y
v
Y
p
0
!
!
(7.12)
Kt qu ny cng c th nhn -c bng cch n gin hn nu l-u rng
bo ton cn bng thng k ca h thng cn tun th ng thc:
W
i
P
i,i+1
(t) = W
i+1
P
i+1,i
(t)
ngha l phi sao cho xc sut h thng chuyn t trng thi c i thit b phc
v b chim sang trng thi vi i+1 thit b phc v b chim cng bng xc
sut h thng chuyn t trng thi c i+1 thit b phc v b chim sang trng
thi vi i thit b phc v b chim.
T suy ra rng W
i
(At) = W
i+1
(i+1)At, nn W
i+1
=
1 + i
W
i

hoc W
i+1
=
1 + i
Y
W
i
. Trn c s c th rt ra cc kt lun sau:
Xc sut tt c cc thit b phc v u ri (khng b chim) bng W
0
. Xc
sut mt thit b phc v bng W
1
= W
0
Y v tip theo l:
w
2
= w
1
.
2
Y
= w
0
.
2
2
Y
,
w
3
= w
2
.
3
Y
= w
0
.
! 3
3
Y
,



w
v
= w
v-1
.
v
Y
= w
0
.
!
3
v
Y
.
Cng tt c cc xc sut ny ta -c :

= =
= =
v
i
i v
i
i
i
Y
W W
0
0
0
1
!
t

=
=
v
i
i
i
Y
W
0
0
!
1

By gi xc sut tt c cc thit b phc v u b chim W
v
c th vit
thnh: p
i
Y
v
Y
v
Y
W W
v
i
i
v
v
v
= = =

=0
0
!
!
!

iu ny cng t-ng -ng vi biu thc (7.12)
Thng th-ng biu thc ny
vit d-i dng p = E
1;v
(Y) , trong
k hiu E
1
c ngha l s dng cng
thc Erlang th nht, cn E
1;v
(Y) ch
ra gi tr tn tht -c tm thy theo
cng thc Erlang th nht khi dng
bo gi n gin nht mang ti vi
c-ng Y tc ng n chm truy
cp hon ton vi v knh.
H qu -c -a ra t cng
thc Erlang th nht trn y da
trn gi thit phn b hm m ca
thi gian chim, tuy nhin, nh- B.A
Sevatrianov chng minh, cng
thc ng trong mi phn b ca
cc thi gian chim .
Cng thc Erlang th nht ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong l
thuyt thng tin in thoi v -c ng dng khng ch theo cng dng trc
tip ca mnh i vi cc chm knh truy cp hon ton v khng kho m
cn c trong vai tr h tr trong cc tnh ton -c tin hnh vi cc chm
knh truy cp khng hon ton v c kho. Tuy nhin cc tnh ton trc tip
theo cng thc Erlang th nht gp nhiu tr ngi, v vy trong cc tnh
ton k thut th-ng s dng cc bng v cc biu . Cc bng Palma v cc
bng Basarin rt ph bin -c thit lp theo cng thc Erlang th nht.
y
np
y
p=0.01
y
np
y
p=0.1
v
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10 20 30 40 50 60
y, y
np
Hnh 7.8 S ph thuc p vo v, y


Cc biu ph thuc -c xc nh theo cng thc ny th-ng -c -a ra
d-i dng biu th nh- trn hnh 8
Trong cc tnh ton theo cng thc Erlang nn nh rng Y l ti tc ng. Bi
v khi hot ng vi tn tht hin nhin th-ng xy ra l ch c ti thng (ti
-c phc v, ti -c i qua) Y
i
-c bit tr-c v c th o -c nn khi
tnh ton s knh cn thit truyn ti Y
i
khi cc gi tr tn tht p th u
tin cn xc nh ti tc ng Y=
p
Y
i
1
sau mi s dng cng thc Erlang
ny. Cc th tnh ton -c ti nhiu gi tr p -c xy dng v cho c i
vi y
i
. Chng c dng -ng cong -c ch ra trn hnh 8 bng cc -ng t
nt. Khi cc gi tr tn tht nh s ch ho ti thng thay cho ti tc ng
khng gy nh h-ng ng k, cn khi gi tr tn tht ln s gy ra sai s
ng k khi xc nh dung l-ng ca chm knh.
Trong tr-ng hp ny, nu v th cng thc Erlang th nht chuyn thnh
cng thc Puassona.
Dng bo gi s khai. Cng thc Erlang th nht ng ch vi cc dng bo
gi n gin nht nhn -c t mt nhm cc ngun sinh ti vi s l-ng
thu bao ln.
Khi s thu bao hn ch c-ng dng ph thuc vo s cc ngun sinh ti
bn lm xut hin d-i dng ca h thng h qu n gin.
i vi h thng c s ngun sinh ti hn ch N cho tr-c tham s o ca
dng bo gi pht sinh t mi ngun ch-a bn (cn ri). Tham s ca dng
bo gi pht sinh t nhm vi N ngun sinh ti, trong c i ngun bn s
bng:

i
= (N - i)o , (0 s i s v), trong v l s knh ca chm (dung
l-ng ca chm knh)
Phn tch h thng -c tin hnh bng ph-ng php -c xem xt trn
i vi dng n gin nht cho ra cc xc sut ca cc trng thi ca h
thng :
W
i
=
0
W C
i i
N
o (i > 1),

=
=
v
i
i i
N
C
W
0
0
1
o



trong
1
N
C l t hp chp i t N phn t.
i vi dng bo gi s khai cc h s tn tht theo bo gi p
g
, theo thi gian
p
t
, v theo ti p
m
c th khng bng nhau v l-ng v -c xc nh theo cc
biu thc sau:
p
t
= W
v
=
0
W C
v v
N
o =

=
v
i
i i
N
v v
N
C
C
0
o
o

p
g
=

v
i
i i
N
v v
N
C
C
0
1
1
o
o
hoc p
g
=
( )
( )

(
(

(
(

N
i
i
g
i
N
g
v
N
p Y N
Y
C
p Y N
Y
C
0
1
1
1
1

p
m
= |
.
|

\
|

N
v
1 p
t
.
Tt c cc cng thc trn i vi cng s khai cc-c gi l cc cng thc
Engseta. Cc cng thc ny -c s dng khi dung l-ng cc thu bao trong
nhm N < 50100. Khi N cc cng thc Engseta chuyn thnh cng thc
Erlang th nht.
Do nhng phc tp ca cc
cng thc Engseta nn
trong cc tnh ton thit k
nn s dng cc bng .
Theo cc cng thc
Engseta thit lp cc
bng B.C Livxisem v IA.B
Fidlin
Trn hnh 7.9 -a ra th
minh ho s ph thuc s
knh trong chm vo dung l-ng ca nhm cc ngun sinh ti khi cng mt
l-ng ti tc ng -c to bi cc nhm thu bao. S sai khc v gi tr cc
i l-ng p
g
, p
t
, p
m
i vi dng s khai -c l gii rng trong thi gian
chim knh c-ng dng bo gi b thay i ph thuc vo i
Cc chm truy cp khng hon ton, khng kho. i vi h thng chuyn
N=10
5
10
15
20
v
5
N=20
N=40
15 10 Y=oN Erl
C

c

d

n
g

E
n
g
s
e
t
a

v

i

c

c

s

t
h
u

b
a
o

k
h

c

n
h
a
u

Hnh 7.9 S ph thuc s thit b phc v vi
s thu bao trong nhm vi cng l-ng ti


mch phc v cc nhm knh truy cp khng hon ton vi kh nng truy
cp D th s trng thi c th rt ln bi v n ph thuc vo phn b cc
knh b chim trong mi nhm con trong s g nhm con to nn nhm cc
ngun sinh ti ca nhm truy cp khng hon ton. Phn tch h thng nh-
th da trn s nh gi cc xc sut ca cc trng thi ca h thng tin
hnh i vi h ph-ng trnh nhn chung l rt phc tp m nghim ca
chng thc t l khng tn ti i vi s ln v
nn
cc knh truy cp khng
hon ton, khng kho.
V l do ny tnh ton s knh truy cp khng hon ton -c s dng cc
ph-ng php gn ng da trn mt s cc c s l thuyt hn ch cc gi tr
c th s knh v trn cc nghin cu thc nghim ca cc mng in thoi
hin hnh v trn c cc m hnh ca chng. Cc ph-ng php m bo
cc kt qu kh tin cy, nu khi lp dt cc knh truy cp khng hon ton s
dng s ti -u to nn bi vic chn la s nhm con (g >
D
v
nn
2
) v da
trn vic phn b cc chm knh theo h-ng dc theo tr-ng tip im to
nn cu trc bc thang hoc cu trc ng u. Cu trc bc thang cho php
s dng cc knh ca chm truy cp khng hon ton tt hn i cht so vi
cc trc ng u, tuy nhin, cc tnh ton i vi chng -c tin hnh
ging nhau v cc cu trc ny vn ch-a -c nghin cu mt cch thu o
v ch-a thit k cc ph-ng php tnh ton ring dnh cho tng cu trc.
Trn c s ca ph-ng php ph bin nht tnh ton s knh ca chm truy
cp khng hon ton -a ra mt vi suy lun sau. Erlang ra ph-ng
php tnh ton rt gn da trn c s l nu chm cha v
nn
knh, m trn
tc ng dng bo gi n gin nht, cho qua vi tn tht p trn ti Y
i
th ti
-c cho bi mi knh s l
nn
i
v
Y
. i l-ng ny c th -c coi nh- xc sut
chim ca mi knh trong chm . Khi xc sut chim D ca nhng
-ng xc nh m mi ngun sinh ti u coa th truy cp s th hin tn
tht, ngha l:
p =
D
nn
i
v
Y
|
|
.
|

\
|

t suy ra
D
i
nn
p
Y
v = v
D
nn i
p v Y = (7.13)


Cc nghin cu th nghim chng minh rng c s khc bit kh ln gia
kt qu ca cng thc ny vi thc t.
lm chnh xc ph-ng php ny ODell xut coi chm knh truy
cp khng hon ton nh- l n -c to thnh t 2 phn: mt phn cha D
knh cn phn th hai cha v
nn
- D knh. Ti Y
i1
-c chuyn qua bi phn
th nht, -c xc nh bi cng thc Erlang th nht ging nh- i vi
chm knh truy cp hon ton v bng Y
iD
, ti Y
i2
-c chuyn qua bi phn
th hai -c xc nh theo cng thc (7.13) v bng D(v
nn
D)
D
p
Ti chung -c phc v bi chm knh truy cp khng hon ton s l :
( )
p
nn iD i i i
p D v Y Y Y Y

2 1
+ = + = (7.14)
s ph thuc ny -c biu din trn hnh 10. T biu thc (7.14) suy ra:
,
D
nn
iD i
D
iD i
nn
D v
Y Y
p D
p
Y Y
v
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= +

= v
nu tnh n rng Y
i
= Y(1 - p) v Y
iD
= Y
D
(1 - p), ta c
( ) D Y Y
p
p
v
D
D
+

=
1

( )( )
D
nn
D
D v
Y Y p
p
(

=
1

(7.15)
trong Y
D
- ti tc ng ln
phn truy cp hon ton vi D
knh, hot ng mc t tht
p.
Cng thc (7.15) -c s dng
rng ri trong cc thc t tnh
ton s knh ca cc nhm
truy cp khng hon ton, khng kho.
Ti cc gi tr D v p cho tr-c cng thc trn c th vit d-i dng :
v
nn
= oY + | (7.16)
Cc h s o v | ti cc gi tr D bng 10, 20, v cc gi tr khc nhau ca p
0
10
20
30
40
v
Y
i0
Y
i
-Y
i0
Y
iD
Y
i
-Y
iD
Y
i
p = 0.01

D=20

V
n
n

V
n
D

10 20 30
Y
i
Erl
Hnh 7.10 S ph thuc gia ti, s thit b
v mc chia nhm


t 0.001 n 0.3 -c ch ra trn bng 7.1 v hnh 7.11
Bng 7.1
D =10 D = 20 D =10 D = 20
p
o | o |
p
o | o |
0.
0
0
1
1.
9
9
3.
8
1.
4
1
6.
9
0.
0
3
0
1.
3
8
2.
3
5
1.
1
5
3.
8
0.
0
0
2
1.
8
6
3.
6
1.
3
6
6.
3
0.
0
5
0
1.
2
8
2.
0
1.
1
0
3.
2
0.
0
0
3
1.
7
9
3.
5
1.
3
4
5.
9
0.
1
0
0
1.
1
3
1.
5
1.
0
1
2.
2
0.
0
0
5
1.
7
0
3.
3
1.
3
0
5.
6
0.
2
0
0
0.
9
2
4
1.
0
5
0.
8
6
6
1.
2
0.
0
1
0
1.
5
8
2.
9
1.
2
4
4.
9
0.
3
0
0
0.
7
7
5
0.
8
0.
7
4
4
0.
7
0.
0
2
0
1.
4
4
2.
6
1.
1
9
4.
3








0.02 0.06 0.1 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.3
p
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
o
o(D=10)
o(D=20)
|(D=20)
|(D=10)
Hnh 7.11. Quan h gia o, |, D , ca chm truy cp khng hon ton,
khng kho


Chm knh truy cp hon ton, c kho
Chm knh c kho -c to thnh khi s dng cc thit b chuyn mch hai
khu hoc nhiu khu m cc thit b to ra s kho mch bn trong (tn
tht ni - t nghn mch). Tnh ton nh h-ng ca hin t-ng kho mch
ny n kh thng ca chm knh l vic lm kh khn. Sau y ta xem xt
tip vic tnh ton s knh ca chm -c mc ti u vo ca b chn hai
khu -c p dng rng ri trong k thut tng i in thoi t ng. S
b chn hai khu -c ch ra trn hnh 7.12
Nhm ngun sinh ti ca chm c kho -c chia thnh k nhm con. Mi
nhm con cha n ngun. Cc ngun ny cng c th truy cp n m knh
trung gian gia khu th nht v khu th hai ca cc b chn. Trong trng
thi ban u mi ngun ca h thng chuyn mch u c kh nng truy cp
ti mi knh ca chm knh c kho, tuy nhin, trong mt s trng thi ca
h thng chuyn mch, mt s knh ca chm knh tr nn khng th truy
cp i vi mt s ngun, do pht sinh tn tht cc bo gi v chng nhn
tn gi l tn tht ni.
c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cc chm knh c kho chng minh
rng h-ng phn tch cht ch da trn ph-ng php tnh ton c in cc xc
sut ca cc trng thi ca h thng s dn n nhng kh khn ln. V vy
cc ph-ng php tnh ton gn ng nhn -c s ph bin rng ri hn.
t-ng ca ph-ng php truy cp hiu dng l: Chm truy cp hon ton,
c kho l h thng phc v, trong i vi mi ngun ti, trong cc trng
thi khc nhau ca h thng ny c th truy cp n s knh ri khc nhau.
H thng nh- vy c th -c xem nh- chm knh truy cp khng hon
ton, khng kho vi truy cp thay i. Trong trng thi ban u, khi tt
c cc knh ca chm u ri th truy cp bng s knh ca chm l v
pb
.
Trong cc trng thi khc nhau ca chm knh th truy cp ti cc knh
ri ca n i vi cc ngun c th thay i v nhn chung l t v
pb
n 0.
Mi gi tr ca truy cp xut hin vi xc sut nht nh. C th tm thy
truy cp hiu dng trung bnh D
e
no ti ti cho tr-c. By gi th tnh
ton t ra cho chm knh truy cp hon ton, c kho c th tin hnh theo
ph-ng thc nh- trnh by i vi cho chm knh truy cp khng hon
ton, khng kho vi truy cp hiu dng D. Ph-ng php ny -a ra khi
nim r rng v cc qu trnh hot ng ca cc chm c kho v lm
nhvic phn tch cc h thng chuyn mch phc tp. Tuy nhin, nhng


nh-c im ca n l chnh xc khng cao, cn tnh ton nhiu hn so vi
cc ph-ng php khc v kt qu cui cng da trn cc ph-ng php gn
ng ca cc chm truy cp khng hon ton.
Cc c s ca l thuyt Iakobeis l: Gi s rng c cu trc hai khu -c s
dng trong cp chn nhm nh- trn hnh 7.12.a. Cp chn ny c
B
Hnh 7.12 S thit b chuyn mch hai khu
a.
b.
1
1
1
2
2
2
3 3
3
chia h=3, v trong mi mt trong h h-ng to thnh cc chm -ng truy cp
hon ton, c kho; gm mq -ng. Trong tr-ng hp ang xem xt h=3;
m=3 v q=1. Nhng kt ni t mt nhm con ngun ti bt k ti cc -ng
ca chm knh thuc h-ng no c th xy ra qua mt ct cc b chn
ca khu B v qua mt ct tip im m cc -ng ca chm cho tr-c -c
ni vi chng. Nhng ct ny i vi nhm con th nht cc ngun ti vi
chm th nht trn hnh 7.12.a -c khoanh bng cc -ng t nt v -c
tch ring bng hnh 7.12.b. Kt ni t cc ngun ti ca nhm con th nht
n cc -ng ca chm th nht s ch c th xy ra trong tr-ng hp nu
ng thi cng ri c b chn ca khu B m b chn c th truy cp n
cc ngun ti ang xt v c -ng ca chm yu cu m b chn c th
truy cp; ng-c li s pht sinh tn tht cuc gi.
Cc b chn khu B b chim bi cc ngun ti kt ni khng ch ti cc
-ng ca chm th nht m c ti cc -ng ca h-1 chm khc. Cc -ng
ca chm th nht b chim bi cc ngun ti khng ch ca nhm con th
nht m cn ca cc nhm con khc. Tn tht bo gi s pht sinh, v d, nu
bn m-x b chn khu B v x -ng ca chm th nht m chng khng
t-ng ng vi cc b chn b chim khu B. Trn hnh 12.b ch ra trng thi
m khi b chn th nht khu B b bn v cc -ng 2 v 3 ca chm th
nht. Cc thit b ang bn -c nh du bng hnh trn t en. Trong
tr-ng hp ang xt, khi m=n, tn tht khi ni cc ngun ti vi cc b chn
ca khu B s l khng th nu nh- cc kt ni xy ra khng tnh n s
bn ri ca -ng thuc chm yu cu. Nu xem xt kt ni mt cch tng
th qua cp chn th kt ni ngun ti vi b chn khu B s c ngha ch
trong tr-ng hp nu kt ni tip tc-c ni n mt trong s cc -ng
ca chm yu cu.
Ta k hiu xc sut bn x -ng ca chm yu cu (x=1, 2,, m) bng W
x

v xc sut bn (m-x) b chn ca khu B t-ng ng vi cc -ng ang ri
ca chm ti thi im ang xt bng G
m-x
, gi s rng trng thi ca cc b
chn khc ca khu B l khng cn quan tm. Khi tn tht bo gi s xut
hin trong tt c cc tr-ng hp trng hp ca hai s kin, trong bao gm
th nht l s bn ca x -ng ca chm, th hai l s bn ca (m-x) cc b
chn xc nh ca khu B. Xc sut trng ca cc s kin ny nu cho rng
chng c lp nhau (y l mt trong cc gi nh ca Iakobeis) bng tch
cc xc sut ca chng, ngha l W
x
G
m-x
.


Xc sut tn tht p c th nhn -c bng cch cng cc tch i vi cc gi
tr x t 0 n m:

=

=
m
x
x m x
G W p
0
(7.17)
Biu thc ny tnh n c cc tn tht bo gi do bn -ng ca chm c
kho v c tn tht bn trong (tn tht ni) trn cp chn.
L-u n vic trn cp chn nhm s ngun bo gi trong nhm con khng
ln Iakobeis dng qui lut phn b Becnully i vi s cc b chn khu B
b bn, ngha l:
( )
i m
a
i
a
i
m i
y y C R

= 1 (7.18)
trong R
i
xc sut trong khu B c ng i b chn b bn;
y
a
ti tc ng t mi mt trong n=m ngun ti ca khu A
khi ti i=x ta nhn -c biu thc i vi xc sut bn ng thi m-x b
chn khu B:
x m
a x m
y G

=
thay vo biu thc (7.17), ta c:

=
m
x
x m
a x
y W p
0
(7.19)
Cng thc ny -c p dng i vi phn b xc sut s b chn khu B b
bn khc nhau theo qui lut Becnully v lut phn b bt k cc xc sut cc
-ng b bn ca chm W
x
mc ti u ra ca cp chn nhm. Do s ngun
ti i vi chm xem xt th-ng ln v ln hn rt nhiu so vi s -ng ca
chm nn Iakobeis dng quy lut Erlang i vi phn b cc xc sut W
x

=
=
m
i
i
x
x
i
Y
x
Y
W
0
!
!

trong Y- tng ti tc ng ln m -ng ca chm.
Th gi tr W
x
vo cng thc (7.19), ta c:

=
=
m
x
x m
a
m
i
i
x
y
i
Y
x
Y
p
0
0
!
!

Sau khi bin i biu thc ny, ta c:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
a
m
m
y
Y
E
Y E
p (7.20)
y chnh l cng thc Iakobeis c bn, n nhn -c trong iu kin m=n,
ngha l ph thuc vo chm truy cp hon ton, c kho, -c mc trong
cp chn hai khu c cc tham s m=n v q=1. Pht trin nguyn tc ny
cng vi mt vi gi nh (chm tr-c) v cu trc vi cc tham s khc,
Iakobeis nhn -c cng thc sau y mang tinh chung hn i vi cp chn
nhm hai khu m (m>n) v vi cc gi tr q khc nhau:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
a
nq
mq
y
Y
E
Y E
p (7.21)
S ph thuc gia Y, y
a
, v
pb
, p vi cc tham s ca thit b chuyn mch s
chnh xc hn nh-ng cng phc tp hn i vi cc chm truy cp hon ton,
khng kho -c mc ti u ra ca cp chn nhm hai khu nhn -c trn
c s cc kt qu m phng ca K.P Melnhikov. Cc cng thc ng -a ra
th-ng s dng lp cc bng hoc cc th ti cc tham s xc nh ca
cc thit b chuyn mch.
i vi cc tnh ton trn cp chn s b, ni m s dng cp chn hai khu
vi s tp trung ti (m<n) th cc cng thc Iakobeis -c phc tp hn nhiu
v i hi cc cng vic tnh ton nng n. Do i vi nhng tnh ton ny
nn p dng cng thc gn ng sau y, n da trn vic s dng cc h s
nhn -c bng cc nghin cu th nghim:
p = (p
1
+p
2
) trong ( ) Y E p
y
E p
mq
n
a
m
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1 1
v
o

ngha l ( )
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= Y E
y
E p
mq
n
a
m
o

1
(7.22)


trong : - h s tnh n nh h-ng ca nghn bn trong, gi tr ca n bao gi
cng ln hn 1 v -c xc nh theo cc biu -c lp theo cc
s liu thc nghim
o - H s tnh n nh h-ng ca vic chuyn -ng -c mc trn
u vo ca cp chn v -c xc nh theo cc s liu thc nghim
y
a
- Ti pht sinh t mi ngun sinh ti
Y Tng ti trn chm truy cp hon ton, c kho, -c mc ti cc
u ra ca cp chn
m, n, f, q- Cc tham s ca cp chn hai khu
Cc chm truy cp khng hon ton, c kho: S ph thuc t-ng i gia
cc i l-ng ti Y, h s tn tht p ca s -ng thuc chm truy cp khng
hon ton, c kho, v cc tham s ca h thng chuyn mch c th nhn
-c trn c s cc suy lun sau y.
Gi s rng ti cc tn tht p i hi phi cho qua l-ng ti Y
i
<Y
iD
, trong
Y
iD
l ti m c th -c chm truy cp hon ton, khng kho, cha D
-ng cho qua ti cng cc gi tr tn tht. Theo l thuyt ODell gi s rng
chm truy cp khng hon ton, khng kho, cha v
nn
-ng, gm t D
-ng cho qua ti Y
iD
v v
nn
-D -ng cho qua ti Y
i
-Y
iD
. Mi -ng ca
phn th nht thuc chm ny cho qua ti
D
Y
iD
cn mi -ng ca phn th
hai cho qua ti l
D v
Y Y
nn
iD i

. Nu chm b kho th trong nhng iu kin s

-ng trong chng l v
nb
s ln hn v
nn
v cng c th phn chia hnh thc
thnh phn th nht cha D -ng, cn phn th hai cha v
nb
D -ng. Ti
cc tn tht cho tr-c phn th nht c th cho qua ti Y
i0
<Y
iD
, cn phn th
hai cho qua ti Y
i
- Y
i0
. Mi -ng ca phn th nht thuc chm ny cho qua
ti
D
Y
i 0
cn mi -ng ca phn th hai cho qua ti l
D v
Y Y
nb
i i

0
.
Bit Y
i0
v Y
iD
, c th xc nh ti y
0
v y
D
-c cho qua bi mi -ng ca
cc chm truy cp hon tnc kho v khng kho t-ng ng. Hiu cu cc
gi tr ti ny -a ra s gim kh thng ca mi -ng ca phn th nht do
nh h-ng ca hin t-ng nghn mch bn trong ca h thng chuyn mch.
S gim bng y
D
- y
0
=
D
Y Y
i iD 0

.


Cho rng nh h-ng ca cc nghn mch bn trong cng to nn s gim kh
thng ca mi -ng thuc phn th hai ca chm c kho ang xem xt, ta
c:
D v
Y Y
nb
i i

0
=
D v
Y Y
nn
iD i

-
D
Y Y
i iD 0

t D
D
Y Y
D v
Y Y
Y Y
v
i iD
nn
iD i
i i
nb
+

=
0
0
hoc sau cc bin i ta c
D
Y Y
v
Y Y
Y Y
v
i iD
nn
i i
iD i
nb
0 0

= (7.23)
trong Y, Y
D
v Y
0
l cc ti tc ng. Nhng phn trnh by trn -c
minh ho bi -ng t nt trn hnh 7.10
7.7 Tnh s thit b phc v hot ng vi tn tht
hin nhin v vi cc bo gi lp li
Cc ph-ng php tnh ton s thit b phc v -c trnh by trong mc
trn da trn gi thit rng cc bo gi tc ng trong thi gian bn tt c cc
thit b phc v s b mt mt khng quay li. Thc t a s cc cuc gi
khng thnh cng ln u s -c cc thu bao lp li ti khi h tho mn.
Khi hot ng vi tn tht ln n ni trn cc mng -c t ng ho -ng
di v cc kiu gi ni ht nu cc tnh ton s knh m khng tnh ti nh
h-ng ca cc cuc bo gi lp s dn n sai s ln, kt qu l cht l-ng
phc v cc thu bao c v thp hn rt nhiu so vi ra. Cc quan st
cho thy khi m cht l-ng phc v trn cc mng -ng di khng qu thp
cc thu bao (p
g
s 0.2), cc thu bao s bo gi lp li n tho mn gn 90%
s cc bo gi b tn tht ban u. Kt qu l lm cho tn tht ti ln hn rt
nhiu, mc d tn tht bo gi c th ln. Khi tnh ton cc thit b in thoi
nn m bo s phc v ton b ti xut hin t cc thu bao, cn cht l-ng
phc v cc thu bao cn -c xc nh khng phi bi cc tn tht ti m l
s bo gi lp trung bnh m thu bao cn tin hnh cc bo gi ban u
-c cho qua, ngha l bi h s tn tht theo bo gi. Khi c bo gi lp,
ng thc ca cc h s tn tht theo bo gi, theo ti, theo thi gian b ph
v. ng thc l tnh cht ca s phc v dng bo gi vo n gin
nht. V th suy ra dng chung to bi dng n gin nht ca cc bo gi
ban u vi cc bo gi lp li khng phi l dng n gin nht. Khi phc


v dng cn phn bit gi tr v l-ng ca cc h s tn tht theo bo gi,
theo ti v theo thi gian. Chng ta k hiu cc h s ny trong iu kin hot
ng c bo gi lp li bng p
gp
,

p
mp
, p
tp
t-ng ng v
p
gp
=
" '
" '
c c
c c
p p
+
+
(7.24)
p
tp
=
t
t
bc
(7.25)
p
mp
=
'
'
c
c
pc
(7.26)
trong c

S bo gi ban u
c

S bo gi lp li
'
p
c - S bo gi ban u khng thnh cng
"
p
c - S bo gi lp li khng thnh cng
'
pc
c - S bo gi ban u thc s khng thnh cng
bc
t - Khong thi gian m trong tt c cc thit b phc v u b
chim trong qung thi gian quan st t xc nh cc gi tr c

,
c

,
'
p
c ,
"
p
c ,
'
pc
c .
S ph thuc ca p
gp
, p
mp
, p
tp
vo s bo gi lp li v t cc khong thi gian
lp li trung bnh -c minh ho trn hnh 13. ta k hiu s lp li ca tng
bo gi b tn tht ban u bng k.
Nu s ln gi lp ca cc bo gi
bng 0 th c dng bo gi n gin
nht v p
g
= p
m
= p
t
. Khi xut hin
lp li cc bo gi khng thnh cng
(k > 0) gi tr ca p
mp
gim v gim
'
pc
c v tng l-ng ti -c cho qua;
cn p
gp
tng v ngoi cc bo gi ban
u th cc bo gi lp li cng b
tn tht, thm vo cc bo gi lp
khng -c p ng tng nhanh hn
so vi cc bo gi lp -c p ng. Bn cnh p
tp
cng tng do tng ti
p

p
gp
p
mp
p
tp
s=0.125t

s=0.25t

s= t

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

k

S bo gi lp li

Hnh 7.14. S ph thuc ca cc h s
tn tht vo s bo gi lp li


-c chm cho qua tng v tng thi gian bn
bc
t (m trong khong thi gian
tt c cc -ng ca chm u b chim). Suy ra, lun c p
mp
< p
m
, p
gp
>
p
g
, p
tp
> p
t
.
Nu di trung bnh s ca cc khong thi gian gia cc bo gi l nh th
p
gp
tng nhanh, cn p
mp
gim chm; cn khi s ln th p
gp
tng chm, cn p
mp

gim nhanh. Cc thay i ca p
tp
xy ra trong phm v khng ln v t ph
thuc vo s.
Trn hnh 14 cc gi tr p
tp
-c ch ra ch khi s=0.25 t, trong t l khong
thi gian chim trung bnh, v ti cc gi tr khc ca s cc -ng cong ca s
ph thuc p
tp
= f(k) nm rt gn nhau.
Thc t s c gi tr trong khong 0.2t n 0.5t. Tr-ng hp khi p
mp
=0 c
ngha thc t ln nht, ngha l cc ti tc ng ban u u -c cho qua.
i vi tr-ng hp ny, trong cc tnh ton nn xem xt c cc gi tr p
mp
vi
vai tr nh- ch s cht l-ng phc v cc thu bao QoS
Cc bo gi lp li c th coi nh- mi lin h phn hi, m mc tho hip
c tnh ca dng cc bo gi tc ng ban u v ca dng cc bo gi lp
li so vi dng n gin nht ph thuc vo c tnh ca n. Cc c tnh
quan trng ca dng bo gi lp li (m dng -c coi l phn hi) l
c-ng v ph-ng sai ca dng .
Cc c tnh ca dng bo gi lp li ph thuc vo gi tr ca h s tn tht
theo bo gi m ti chm knh ang -c xem xt lm vic, v ph thuc
vo di cc khong thi gian lp li ca tng bo gi s. di cc khong
thi gian gi lp -c xc nh bi tnh cch ca thu baov tnh cht ca cc
thit b k thut ca mng. Thu bao, theo nhn nh ca mnh, c th lp li
bo gi sau cc khong thi gian vi di khc nhau, nh-ng khng nh hn
khong thi gian -c to bi cc qu trnh x l mi cuc gi. ng ra, cc
dng bo gi lp c gi tr ph-ng sai v l-ng ln hn c-ng v suy ra
cc dng ny khng ng u bng cc dng n gin nht.
Khi kt hp dng h-ng vo n gin nht vi dng bo gi lp, c-ng v
c ph-ng sai ca c hai dng -c cng vi nhau, v vy dng tng hp
cng ging dng bo gi lp s cng khng ng u so vi dng n gin
nht. i vi dng nh- vy i hi s l-ng thit b phc v ln hn so vi
i vi dng n gin nht c cng c-ng .
Nu theo c-ng ca dng tng ca cc bo gi ban u v cc bo gi lp


li tin hnh tnh ton cc thit b phc v bng cc ph-ng php i vi
dng n gin nht th s cc thit b phc v s nh hn yu cu thc t.
Trong tr-ng hp ny m bo ch tiu cht l-ng dch v cho tr-c cn
tin hnh tnh ton theo ti t-ng -ng cao hn ti cho tr-c l l
1
ln. H s
l
1
, m n tnh n s thay i c tnh ca dng d-i s nh h-ng ca cc
bo gi lp, ph thuc vo gi tr ca ti tc ng ban u, vo h s tn tht
theo cuc gi cho tr-c p
gp
v di trung bnh ca cc khong thi gian gi
lp s -c biu din theo n v bng di chim trung bnh t. S tng
c-ng dng bo gi chung do nh h-ng ca cc bo gi lp c th -c
tnh n bng vic chia ti tc ng Y cho gi tr 1-p
gp
. Suy ra, tnh s -ng
ca cc chm c tnh n nh h-ng ca cc bo gi lp c th tin hnh theo
gi tr quy i ca ti tc ng Z bng chnh cc ph-ng php cho tr-c
y trng iu kin khng c cc bo gi lp.
gp
p
Y l
Z

=
1
1

Cc gi tr ca h s l
1
-c xc nh bi cng thc sau:
( )
sY
Y Y p
l
gp
022 . 0 013 . 0 00334 . 0 175 . 0
1
1
+ + +
+ =
Trn hnh 7.15 l th hm s l
1
= f(s,Y,p
gp
) ti cc gi tr s=0.2t v
s=0.35t. Hnh16 cho thy vic tnh n nh h-ng ca cc bo gi lp s lm
tng s knh ca chm ln bao nhiu khi chng hot ng vi cc tn tht
bo gi ln









a. b.
l
1 l
1
1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.3

1.2

1.1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Z, Erl 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Z, Erl
s=0.2t s=0.35t
0.3

0.2

0.1

p
gp
0.03

0.3

0.2

0.1

p
gp
0.03

Hnh 7.15 th hm s l
1
= f(s,Y,p
gp
)











Hnh 16 nh h-ng ca cc bo gi lp trong tnh ton cc thit b
7.8 Tnh ton s thit b phc v lm vic vi cc tn
tht hnh thc
Cc h thng lm vic kiu hng i -c gi l cc h thng c tn tht hnh
thc. V d in hnh ca cc h thng dng ny l h thng cc thit b iu
khin. Trong mt s cc tng i in thoi t ng cc thit b tuyn thoi
cng c th hot ng theo kiu h thng hng i. Ngoi ra cc h thng
phc v cc dch v phi thoi cng th-ng lm vic theo ph-ng thc ny.
H thng chuyn mch lm vic vi hng i th-ng c cu trc mt khu,
cc nhm knh truy cp hon ton th-ng -c mc vo cc u ra ca khu
. Trong k thut in thoi, cc h thng mt -ng gm ch mt thit b
phc v cho mt nhm cc ngun sinh ti c mt v tr kh quan trng. V d
v h thng mt -ng c th l cc b iu khin chuyn mch trong cc
tng i in thoi t ng (cc Marker) hoc h thng knh lin lc -ng
di.
Thi gian i bi thu bao yu cu ni -c tng hp t hai thnh phn:
thnh phn k thut v thnh phn cht l-ng. Thnh phn k thut l khong
thi gian lm vic ca cc thit b chuyn mch ph thuc vo kiu ca
chng. Cc thit b in thoi -c xy dng sao cho chng m bo gi tr
ca thnh phn k thut l nh nht c th. Thnh phn cht l-ng -c xc
nh bi s thit b phc v hin c v l-ng ti tc ng ln chng.
Vic xc nh s l-ng cc thit b phc v da trn vic xem xt xc sut
V
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0.1 0.2
p
gp
s=0.35t p
mp
=0
Ghi ch:
C tnh n cc bo
gi lp
Khng tnh n cc
bo gi lp


i phc v cao hn thi gian cho tr-c khi ch tnh n thnh phn cht
l-ng ca thi gian i.
Khi phc v vi hng i N ngun ti bi chm c v knh c th xy ra cc
trng thi sau y:
1. S bo gi xut hin trong
khong thi gian trung bnh ca mt cuc chim (cuc gi) t bng
hoc nh hn v. Trong tr-ng hp ny cc thu bao -c phc v ngay
lp tc v khng phi i.
2. S bo gi xut hin trong
khong thi gian t ln hn v. Trong tr-ng hp ny mt phn cc thu
bao -c phc v ngay lp tc, s thu bao gi cn li phi i s gii
phng ca cc knh. Cc ngun ti i -c phc v to thnh hng
i. Cc h thng in thoi vi hng i c th lm vic vi s phc
v theo th t xut hin bo gi hoc phc v vi th t ngu nhin.
Thi gian i trung bnh trong c hai tr-ng hp s nh- nhau nh-ng
phn b ca nhng thi gian ny s khc nhau.
Thi gian i phc v ph thuc vo thi gian chim cc thit b phc v.
Thng th-ng cc h thng in thoi -c xem nh- cc h thng vi thi
gian i phc v khng i hoc vi thi gian i phc v ngu nhin c qui
lut phn b hm m ca cc khong thi gian chim.
Khi nghin cu cc h thng hng i th-ng gi nh rng ti xut hin n
cc thit b phc v d-i dng ca dng bo gi n gin nht v phn b cc
xc sut P
x
(t) ca s xut hin x bo gi trong khong thi gian t tun theo
quy lut Puassona. Trong mt s tr-ng hp khi s ngun sinh ti nh th
chp nhn phn b theo qui lut Becnully. i vi chm truy cp hon ton,
khng kho, c v -ng hot ng trong ch hng i, m tc ng ln n
l ti Y d-i dng dng bo gi n gin nht, khi phn b ca di thi
gian chim knh theo kiu hm m v phc v cc bo gi trong hng i
theo th t xut hin ca chng, Erlang -a ra cng thc sau y i vi
xc sut i P(>0):
( )

=

+

= >
1
0
! !
!
0
v
i
v i
v
Y v
v
v
Y
i
Y
Y v
v
v
Y
P (7.27)


Cng thc ny nhn -c tn gi l Cng thc Erlang th hai.
Tnh cc gi tr ca P(>0) c th -c n gin ho nu s dng cng thc
sau da trn vic s dng cc bng Palma i vi E
1
;v(Y) -c lp theo cng
thc Erlang th nht: ( )
| | ) ( ; 1
) ( ; ) 0
1
1
Y v E Y v
v
Y v E P

= >
Xc sut i qu thi gian t cho tr-c P(>t) -c xc nh bi biu
thc sau:
( ) ( )
( )t
t
Y v
e P t P

> = > 0 (7.28)
trong t thi gian chim trung bnh.
Do kh khn trong vic tnh trc tip theo cng thc (7.28) nn thc t s
dng cc bng v cc th -c xy dng theo cng thc ny. V d xy
dng th nh- th i vi gi tr P(>t) = 0.1 -c cho trn hnh 7.17.
Thi gian i trung bnh c th coi l lin quan ti tt c cc bo gi n
hoc ch lin quan ti cc bo gi ch phc v. Thi gian i trung bnh
hd

i vi cc bo gi trong hng i khi
v>Y bng:
Y v
hd

=
t

trong t l thi gian chim trung
bnh khi phn b thi gian chim theo
quy lut hm m.
Thi gian i trung bnh
tb
lin
quan n tt c cc bo gi ti s l:
( ) ( )
hd tb
P
Y v
P
t
0 0 > =

> =
i vi cng nhng iu kin nh-ng
khi thi gian chim cc thit b phc v
khng i cc cng thc tnh cho
bi cc nh nghin cu khc nhau. T
cc cng thc ny, trong k thut thit
k cc tng i in thoi t ng,
cng thc Crommelin nhn -c s
0
4
8
54
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
0.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
T s t/t
y- Gi chim
S knh 55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Hnh 7.17


ng dng rng ri. Cc tnh ton -c tin hnh nh cc th -c xy
dng theo cng thc ny. Cc th ring -c xy dng i vi cc s thit
b phc v v khc nhau.
Thi gian i phc v trung bnh khi thi gian chim thit b phc v
khng i v khi v>Y -c xc nh theo cc biu thc:
i vi cc bo gi b ch:
( ) Y v
hd

=
2
t

i vi tt c cc bo gi : ( )
( )
( )
hd tb
P
Y v
P
t
0
2
0 > =

> =
Trong cc h thng t tr-c cuc gi tt c cc bo gi u phi xp hnh
ch phc v. H thng gi t tr-c th-ng -c p dng khi m ti yu cu
Y tnh theo Erlang bng hoc ln hn s knh lin lc hin c v.
S l-ng knh i hi trong h thng gi t tr-c -c xc nh trn c s
th ti xut hin trn tng i chuyn tip v thi gian i cc i thc
hin yu cu t m trong a s tr-ng hp t ra l khng qu 30 pht. xc
nh s l-ng knh , u tin chng ta -c cho tr-c mt s v knh no
m trong khong thi gian T chng c th cho qua l-ng ti Y
1
= vT Erlang.
L-ng ti khng -c cho qua Y
2
trong khong thi gian T cn phi -c cho
qua trong khong thi gian tip sau m n -c cho theo iu kin v
bng t.
Nu s knh v -c chn ng th s c ng thc
vt = Y
2
+Y
t
,
trong l ti n trong thi gian t theo biu xut hin cc yu cu t
cuc gi. T ta nhn -c:
v
Y Y
t
t
+
=
2
(7.29)
Nu theo tnh ton trn c s cng thc (7.29) nhn -c thi gian t ln
hn hoc nh hn gi tr cho tr-c th tnh ton s phi lp li i vi cc gi
tr khc ca s l-ng knh v cho ti khi nhn -c kt qu yu cu theo cng
thc (7.29).
7.9 s dng trung bnh cc knh (-ng) ca cc
chm
Gi tr (mc ) s dng cc knh ca cc chm v cc thit b -c mc


vi chng l ch s kinh t chnh ca cc thit b in thoi. Gi tr ny -c
o bng phn ca gi hoc pht v ch ra khong thi gian hot ng ca
phn t thit b ang xem xt trong gi cao im. V vic s dng ca cc
knh trong chm v cc thit b km theo ca mt nhm no th-ng
khng ging nhau nn th-ng xem xt s dng trung bnh ca -ng
thuc chm c th hoc ca cc thit b thuc nhm cho tr-c. Sau ny chng
ta s xem xt s dng ca -ng thuc chm v nh lun rng n bao
hm c ti cc thit b m cc knh ny ni vi chng.
s dng -ng thuc chm ph thuc vo kiu v dung l-ng ca
chm, vo kh nng truy cp cc -ng ca chm v c vo cht l-ng phc
v cc thu bao -c t ra. s dng trung bnh cc -ng thuc cc
chm khc nhau ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca ch s v cht l-ng phc v c
th -c tm thy nh cc cng thc v th -c trnh by tr-c y.
i vi chm truy cp hon ton, khng kho, hot ng trong ch vi cc
tn tht hin nhin th s ph thuc ca s dng trung bnh vo dung
l-ng ca chm -c -a ra trn hnh 18. Cc -ng cong t-ng ng cc h
s tn tht p bng 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, v 0.5 . Cng trn hnh 7.18 cc -ng t
nt ch ra s ph thuc tr-ng t i vi chm truy cp khng hon ton,
khng kho, -c mc trong tr-ng chuyn mch nhiu khu ti cc gi tr D
bng 10 v 20 khi p=0.001. Xem xt cc -ng cong -a ra c th dn ra
kt lun rng s dng trung bnh ca -ng tng khi tng s -ng thuc
nhm v cng tng nhm cc ngun sinh ti. Kt lun t-ng t -c dn
c khi xem xt vn v h s tp trung ti.









s dng -ng c bit tng mnh khi m rng cc chm nh. V d,
p
0.5
0.1
0.01
0.00
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S knh trong chm

n
g

t
r
u
n
g

b

n
h

c

a

m

i

k

n
h

t
r
o
n
g

c
h

m
,

p
h

t

D=20
Hnh 7.18. S ph thuc ca s dng trung bnh ca knh thuc chm vo cc
yu t
D=10
Chm truy cp
hon ton,
khng kho
Chm truy cp khng
hon ton, khng kho
p=0.001, tr-ng chuyn
mch nhiu khu


khi tng s -ng ca chm truy cp hon ton lm vic ti p=0.001 t 5 ln
10 th s dng -ng trung bnh tng t 50 n 100 to ln s tng s
dng ca mi -ng khong 1,15 ln. ln ca nhm cc ngun sinh ti
-c phc v bi chm -ng tng nhanh hn nhiu so vi s -ng ca
chm. V d, nu chm truy cp hon ton cha 10 -ng, th ti p=0.001
s dng trung bnh ca -ng trong gi cao im khong 19 pht v tng ti
m chm c th cho qua l 190 pht-gi. Nu mi thu bao l ngun ti ca
chm ny to ra trong gi cao im ti 3.8 pht-gi th chm ang xt c th
phc v 190 : 3.8 = 50 thu bao. Trong chm truy cp hon ton c 100
-ng, cng ti h s tn tht s dng trung bnh ca mi -ng s l
45 pht. Tng ti c th cho qua bi c chm bng 4500 phut-gi. Chm nh-
th c th phc v 4500 : 3.8 = 1184 thu bao.
Khi so snh hai chm knh xem xt trn c th -a ra kt lun rng
tng chm truy cp hon ton ln 10 ln cho kh nng tng nhm ngun ti
ln 23.6 ln. iu ny -c minh ho hiu qu ca vic ghp hp to chm
c kch th-c ln v ghp hp cc nhm ngun ti to nhm chung c
dung l-ng ln hn. Tuy nhin, vic to cc chm truy cp hon ton, khng
kho, kch th-c ln (nhiu knh hn) i hi phi s dng cc b chn vi
tr-ng tip im ln hn. Gi thnh cao ca cc b chn nh- vy s lm gim
nhanh chng hiu qu ca cc thit b in thoi t -c trong vic nng
hiu qu s dng knh nh vic ghp hp cc chm knh nh. V nguyn
nhn ny m thc t cc chm truy cp hon ton th-ng -c p dng vi s
-ngn 20 v him khi vi dung l-ng ln.
Li th c bn ca cc chm truy cp khng hon ton so vi cc
chm truy cp hon ton l kh nng tng s -ng ca chm nh cc b
chn c tr-ng tip im c dung l-ng khng ln lm. Tuy nhin, tng
s dng -ng ca chm truy cp khng hon ton khi tng s -ng ca
chm xy ra mc nh hn nhiu so vi chm truy cp hon ton. V d,
i vi chm truy cp khng hon ton, khng kho, vi truy cp D=10,
lm vic ti p=0.001, khi tng s -ng ca chm t 10 ln 100 th s
dng trung bnh ca -ng tng t 19 ln 25 pht trong gi cao im, ngha
l 1.32 ln. i vi chm truy cp hon ton ti nhng iu kin nh- vy
s dng trung bnh tng t 19 ln 45 pht, ngha l 2.37 ln. Nh-ng khi
vic p dng chm truy cp hon ton gy ra s tng gi thnh ca cc b
chn lm vic ti cc u vo ca chm ln rt nhiu. Chnh yu t ny to
nn s ph bin rng ri cc chm truy cp khng hon ton trong cc thit


b ca tng i in thoi t ng.
s dng trung bnh ca -ng thuc cc chm truy cp khng
hon ton s tng khi tng truy cp D, tuy nhin tng truy cp D ca
chm cng lm tng gi thnh ca cc b chn lm vic ti cc u vo ca
chm, do c mt gi tr no ca truy cp l ti -u m sau gi tr
vic tip tc tng n s ko theo lm gim ch s v kinh t ca cc thit b
in thoi v tng th. Xem xt cc -ng dt nt trn hnh 18 c th nhn
thy rng i vi cc chm truy cp khng hon ton s tng r rt s
dng trung bnh ca -ng xy ra khi tng s -ng n gi tr gn bng
(35)D. V vy vi truy cp D=10 khng nn c lm cc chm dung l-ng
ln hn 50 -ng, cn cc chm vi truy cp D=20 th dung l-ng ca
chm khng nn ln hn 100 -ng.
s dng trung bnh ca -ng thuc chm s tng ng k khi tng
mc tn tht cho php, iu ny xut hin c bit mnh ti khu vc ca
cc chm t ln hn. V d, i vi chm truy cp hon ton, khng kho c
10 -ng, khi tng h s tn tht t 0.001 ln 0.5 s lm tng s dng
trung bnh ca -ng t 19 ln 55 pht, ngha l 2.9 ln. Nn nh rng cn
dnh s quan tm ln cho vic chn cc gi tr cho php ca cc h s tn
tht trn cc on khc nhau ca mng in thoi. Nhng quan im chung
khi ny cn tham kho l: gi thnh ca -ng cng cao th thu bao cng t
s dng, gi tr ca h s tn tht c th cng cao. Trn cc on m cc thu
bao s dng th-ng xuyn v ni cc -ng c gi thnh khng cao th nn
vn dng cc gi tr h s tn tht thp. V d, trn mng ni th-ng vn
dng cc gi tr cho php ca h s tn tht trn mi cp chn t 210, cn
trn mng thng tin -ng di cc gi tr ny c th cao hn rt nhiu.
s dng trung bnh ca cc chm c kho th-ng thp hn s
dng trung bnh ca cc chm khng kho t-ng ng, iu -c gii thch
bi tc ng ca tn tht ni do hin t-ng kho mch bn trong to bi tnh
cht ca thit b chuyn mch lm vic trn u vo ca chm knh ang
xem xt. Nu trn th trn hnh 18 biu din cc -ng cong i vi cc
chm c kho th chng s nm d-i cc -ng cong t-ng ng dnh cho cc
chm khng kho v gn nh- song song vi chng. Mc xa gn ca cc
-ng cong i vi cc chm c kho v khng kho trong cng nhng iu
kin lm vic nh- nhau ph thuc vo cc tnh cht cp chn hai khu hay
nhiu khu lm vic trn u vo ca chm. Thc t cc cp chn -c p


dng l cc b chn m chng m bo s gim khng ln ca s dng
trung bnh ca -ng thuc chm c kho so vi chm khng kho t-ng
ng. Cng vi iu ny, vic to cc chm truy cp hon ton, khng kho
ln v s dng -ng ca chng cao c th t -c nh cc b chn vi
dung l-ng tr-ng tip im nh, chnh l -u th ca cc chm khi (chm
nhiu khi), to ra s ph bin rng ri ca chng trong cc h thng tng i
in thoi t ng hin i.
Cng cn nh rng, vic ng dng cc chm c kho c li th ch
trong cc tr-ng hp khi cc b chn lm vic ti u vo ca cc chm nh-
vy c gi thnh cc thit b ca chng khng cao. Khi t chc thng tin lin
tnh th cc -ng ca chm l cc knh -ng di t tin. Tng s dng
ca cc knh ny l mt vn quan trng, v vy, trn cc mng lin lc lin
tnh khi s knh nh p dng rng ri ph-ng thc phc v thu bao theo
kiu hng i, -c thc hin d-i dng ca h thng phc v lp tc hay h
thng gi t tr-c (hn gi).
7.10 Phc v nhiu pha
Cc ph-ng php tnh ton -c trnh by trn y cho php:
Xc nh s thit b phc v v nu cho bit ti Y v ch tiu cht l-ng
dch v m tu thuc vo h thng phc v c th l h s tn tht p
gp

hoc xc sut P(>t). Bi ton ny xut hin ch yu trong thit k
Tm p
gp
hoc P(>t) nu cho bit v v Y. Bi ton ny xut hin khi
khai thc.
Tnh Y nu bit v, p
gp
hoc P(>t). Bi ton ny xut hin khi thm d
v thit k s b
Cc ph-ng php tnh ton xem xt thuc vo loi phc v mt pha, ngha
l dng i vi mi chm, mi b iu khin, mt nhm thanh ghi . Tuy
nhin trong a s tr-ng hp thc t li l phc v nhiu pha, khi m cc thit
b phc v khc nhau lm vic mt cch ni tip theo thi gian hoc theo
khng gian, ngoi ra trn mi pha phc v c s lin kt hoc phn b ti. V
d, trong cc tng i in thoi t ng s kt ni xy ra qua mt s cp
chn, mi cp chn to nn mt pha phc v. Trn mi cp chn c th xy
ra mt s cc dng c bn cht khc nhau v trn mi cp chn cng xy ra
cc qu trnh lin kt hoc phn chia cc dng. Khi thm ch trn mi cp
chn th-ng chia thnh hai pha phc v cc chm ni vi u ra ca cp


chn v marker iu khin cp chn. Cc pha ring r to ra cc thanh ghi,
cc b m . Trn cc mng gm nhiu hn mt tng i in thoi t
ng cc pha ph xut hin trong cc kt ni chuyn tip. Phc v nhiu pha
nh- vy b phc tp ln nhiu trn cc mng thng tin -ng di.
Mi pha -c c tr-ng bi ch s cht l-ng dch v ca mnh. Ch s cht
l-ng dch v chung i vi mt dng bo gi cho tr-c -c tch lu t cc
ch s cht l-ng dch v ca tt c cc pha tham gia vo kt ni , tuy
nhin quy lut cng cc ch s ny phc tp, v, th nht l bn thn cc ch
s ny khng cng bn cht ( v d p
gp
vi P(>t), th hai l tng ch s
khng phi l i l-ng khng i m thay i ph thc hng lot cc iu
kin. Cc iu kin ny -c xc nh: bi nhng ph thuc tm thi ca pha
lm vic, bi cc dng bo gi ng thi, bi s hin din ca cc bo gi
lp, bi s thay i tnh cht ca dng bo gi d-i nh h-ng ca cc thit
b chuyn mch .
Nhng ph thuc tm thi ca pha lm vic hm trong ng u ca s
xut hin trong gi cao im i vi cc pha khc nhau. iu c th pht
sinh c bit mnh trn cc mng thng tin -ng di m trong cc trm
thc hin cc pha phc v khc nhau, c th nm thm ch trn cc mi gi
khc nhau v a l. Trong tr-ng hp ny vic cng n gian cc ch s cht
l-ng dch v ca cc pha khc nhau s cho mt kt qu xu so vi hot ng
thc ca chng.
S nh h-ng ca cc dng ng thi c th rt a dng. Nu mt dng bo
gi no c kh nng c lp vi cc dng khc qua mt cp chn v
-c -a hon ton n cp chn tip sau th tn tht trn c hai cp chn s
gn vi tn tht trn cp chn m ti cc tn tht ny c gi tr ln hn.
Nu cng dng bo gi i qua hai cp chn cng cc dng khc hoc l b
tch khi trn cc cp chn th tn tht chung i vi dng s gn vi tng
cc tn tht xy ra trn cc cp chn. Khi lin kt cc dng khc nhau trn
cc cp chn th tn tht chung ca dng tng ng ra l nh hn tn tht
-c tnh ring cho tng dng. iu ny -c gii thch rng cc thi im
xut hin cc gi tr nh ca cc dng ti khc nhau khng trng nhau.
Bo gi lp khng thay i ti ca cc thit b phc v m chng h-ng ti,
nh-ng chng lm tng ti i vi cc thit b phc v nm trn -ng t
ngun ca cc bo gi ny n thit b phc v l nguyn nhn ca tn tht
ny. V d, nu kt ni i qua cc -ng ca hai chm -c mc ni tip, th


trong tr-ng hp bn tt c cc -ng ca chm th hai theo h-ng kt ni
cc bo gi lp h-ng ti chm s chim cc -ng ca chm th nht
mt thi gian v lm tng ti ca n. Cc tn tht trn cc pha cng xa ngun
ti m cng tng th cng lm tng ti cho cc pha phc v pha tr-c. c
bit cc bo gi lp gy ra nh h-ng rt ln n ti trn cc thit b iu
khin (cc thanh ghi, cc marker) v mi bo gi lp to ra ti ph cho
chng m ti ph c cng ln ging nh- ca cc bo gi ban u, trong
cng thi gian ging nh- i vi cc thit b b chim trong sut cuc gi
(-ng, knh thng tin), mi bo gi lp to ti ph bng phn khng ln
ca ti to bi mi cuc gi thnh cng.
Ngoi s bn ca -ng, knh, ca cc thanh ghi, nguyn nhn ng k ca
vic pht sinh cc bo gi lp l s bn v khng tr li ngay ca cc thu
bao b gi. Tn tht cuc gi do cc nguyn nhn ny c tr s ln, v trn
mt s mng ln ti 30% cc bo gi.
S thay i c tnh ca dng i qua cp chn lm cho n tr nn ng u
hn v trn cp chn tip sau cc tn tht i vi dng nh- vy s gim.
Ng-c li, dng d- khng qua -c cp chn no v -c -a n mt
chm khc s to cho trn cp chn sau cc tn tht tng thmo vi nhng
tn tht m chng c th c trong tr-ng hp tc ng ch ca dng n gin
nht.
Vic tnh n tt c cc c im hot ng ca tng phn t mng khi nh
gi cht l-ng phc v nhiu pha l mt cng vic rt phc tp v khng d
thc hin i vi cc h thng phc tp, v th vic nh gi ny th-ng -c
tin hnh mt cch gn ng. Tuy nhin, nn quan tm n vn lm sao
cho mc gi tr -c -a ra bi vic nh gi l ng. Tnh cc ch s cht
l-ng dch v nhiu pha -c tin hnh theo cc ph-ng php sau:
1. H s tn tht chung -c xc nh theo biu thc:
p
gp
= 1 (1 - p
gp1
) (1 - p
gp2
) (1 - p
gpn
)
trong : n S thit b phc v tham gia ni tip trong kt ni ang xt
p
gp1
, p
gp2
,, p
gpn
- Cc h s tn tht tc ng trn mi pha phc v
Khi p
gp1
= p
gp2
== p
gpn
= p
gpi
ta c p
gp
= 1 - (1 - p
gpi
)
n
. Nu p
gpi
l nh ( nh
hn 0.1) th p
gp
=

=
n
i
gpi
p
1



2. Trn mi pha phc v, p
gp
-c xc nh c tnh n cc bo gi lp, nu
p
gp
> 0.01
Khi p
gp
s 0.01 cc tnh ton -c tin hnh khng tnh n cc bo
gi lp nh-ng tnh n nh h-ng ca cc dao ng ti ngu nhin. iu ny
-c tin hnh bng vic tng ti tc ng Y ln gi tr Y
p
= Y + k Y trong
k l h s ph thuc vo gi tr cho tr-c ca h s tn tht. Khi tnh ton
thit b ca tng i in thoi t ng h s k nhn gi tr 0.674
3. Tng ti ca cc knh hoc -ng do nh h-ng ca cc bo gi lp,
cng nh- nh h-ng ca cc cp chn i vi c tnh ca dng ti -c
chuyn qua, khng tnh n vic chng b tr nhau n mc no.
4. S tng ti ca cc thit b iu khin do nh h-ng ca cc bo gi lp
-c tnh n nh biu thc:
( )( )
A gp
P p
Y
Z

=
1 1

trong : p
gp
- H s tn tht m khi tuyn
thoi hot ng. Cn bn thn
tuyn thoi l do thit b
iu khin cho phc v.
P
A
- H s tn tht to bi s bn
hoc khng tr li ca thu
bao b gi.
5. Khi ghp hp cc dng s gim tn
tht trn cp chn tip sau-c tnh
bng cch gim ti tng Y n gi tr
Y
c
m gi tr ny -c xc nh nh
th trn hnh 7.19






Y
c

Erl
8
6
4
2
0
8 6 4 2 0
Y, Erl
10
Hnh 7.19. th xc nh Y
c


ti liu tham kho
1 Nguyn Hng Sn C s K thut chuyn mch & Tng i 2 tp
NXB Gio dc 2001
2. Nguyn Vn Thng, Nguyn Tt c, ng Anh Sn K thut chuyn mch
s i 2 tp NXB Gio dc 1997
1. Nguyn Tt c - C s K thut tng i in t SPC - 2 tp Trung tm
o to nghip v k thut B-u chnh vin thng I 1992
2. D-ng Vn Thnh - C s K thut chuyn mch Hc vin cng
ngh b-u chnh vin thng 2000
3. D-ng Vn Thnh, Ng Duy Thnh, Nguyn Th Thanh K - K thut
Tng i in t s - Hc vin cng ngh b-u chnh vin thng 1997
4. D-ng Vn Thnh, Hoang Trng Minh Tng i in t s - Hc vin
cng ngh b-u chnh vin thng 2001
5. Hiroshi Inose An Introduction to Digital Integrated Communications
Systems Tokyo-1982
6. Switching Techniques for Telecommunication Network London
Conference Publication 1979
7. m.t. Hill and S. Kano Programming Electronic Switching Systems
Peter Peregrinus 1976
8. F.J. Redmill and A.R. Valdar SPC Digital Telephone Exchanges -
Peter Peregrinus 1990
9. Fundamentals of Electronic Exchanges ALT Centre 1993