MC LC

GII THIU CHUNG................................................2

Phn 1: Cc linh kin dng trong mch:.............................3
Phn 2: Cc ch lm vic.......4
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca IC555.................... ......................... 4
2. Cc thng s c bn ca IC 555 c trn th trng.......... ......... ......................5
3. Cu to bn trong v nguyn tc hot ng ............ 6
Phn 3:Gii thiu v BJT 2N3906 ........10
Phn 4: Mc ch s dng ca mch cnh bo nh sng .............10

GII THIU CHUNG

Nhn vo mch trn kh l n gin v mch ch s dng 1 con 555 to dao

ng pht m thanh ra loa v 1 con LDR cm bin nh sng.
+ 555 y l con to dao ng xung vung trong mch ny n to dao ng l
1Khz cp cho ti l Loa
+ LDR l cm bin nh sng. Khi khng c anh sng th cm bin ny c gi tr
in tr l v cng cn khi c nh sng mch th cm bin c gi tr in tr
l 0.
Khi c nh sng th LDR s c in tr bng 0 khi n s phn cc thun cho
con BC158 dn n cp in p vo chn 4 ca 555 l mch dao ng 555 hot
ng v pht m thanh ra loa. Cn khi khng c nh sng th LDR c gi tr in
tr v cng do n ko phn cc c cho 2N3906 ==> Khng c tn hiu ra
loa. Bin tr 100K dng iu chnh mc cng nh sng cnh bo.

Phn 1:

Cc linh kin dng trong mch:

- 2 t 0,01uF
- 1 t 1uF
- 2 in tr 56K
- 1 in tr 10K
- 1 in tr 3,3K
- 1 quang tr
- 1 BJT 2N3906
- 1 IC NE555
- 1 loa
- 1 Pin 9V
- 1 mch in
- 1 Kha
- 1 n Led
- 1 Bin tr 100K
- 1 u ni pin
V dy in
3

Phn 2:
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca IC555
IC 555 l mt loi linh kin kh l ph bin by gi vi vic d dng to c
xung vung v c th thay i tn s ty thch, vi s mch n gin,iu
ch c rng xung. N c ng dng hu ht vo cc mch to xung ng
ct hay l nhng mch dao ng khc. y l linh kin ca hng CMOS sn
xut .

IC 555

2. Cc thng s c bn ca IC 555 c trn th trng :

+ in p u vo : 2 - 18V ( Ty tng loi ca 555 : LM555, NE555,
NE7555..)
+ Dng in cung cp : 6mA - 15mA
+ in p logic mc cao : 0.5 - 15V
4

+ in p logic mc thp : 0.03 - 0.06V

+ Cng sut ln nht l : 600mW

* Cc chc nng ca 555:

+ L thit b to xung chnh xc
+ My pht xung
+ iu ch c rng xung (PWM)
+ iu ch v tr xung (PPM) (Hay dng trong thu pht hng ngoi)
S chn IC555:

s chn IC555

+ Chn s 1(GND): cho ni GND ly dng cp cho IC hay chn cn gi l

chn chung.
+ Chn s 2(TRIGGER): y l chn u vo thp hn in p so snh v
c dng nh 1 chn cht hay ng vo ca 1 tn so p.Mch so snh y
dng cc transitor PNP vi mc in p chun l 2/3Vcc.
+ Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Chn ny l chn dng ly tn hiu ra logic. Trng
thi ca tn hiu ra c xc nh theo mc 0 v 1. 1 y l mc cao n tng
ng vi gn bng Vcc nu (PWM=100%) v mc 0 tng ng vi 0V nhng
m trong thc t mc 0 ny ko c 0V m n trong khong t (0.35 ->0.75V) .
+ Chn s 4(RESET): Dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni
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masse th ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi

ng ra ty theo mc p trn chn 2 v 6.Nhng m trong mch to c dao
ng thng hay ni chn ny ln VCC.
+ Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): Dng lm thay i mc p chun trong
IC 555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni GND.
Chn ny c th khng ni cng c nhng m gim tr nhiu ngi ta
thng ni chn s 5 xung GND thng qua t in t 0.01uF n 0.1uF cc t
ny lc nhiu v gi cho in p chun c n nh.
+ Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l mt trong nhng chn u vo so snh in
p khc v cng c dng nh 1 chn cht.
+ Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem chn ny nh 1 kha in t v chu
iu khin bi tng logic ca chn 3 .Khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny
ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lc IC
555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng .
+ Chn s 8 (Vcc): Khng cn ni cng bt l chn cung cp p v dng cho
IC hot ng. Khng c chn ny coi nh IC cht. N c cp in p t 2V
-->18V (Ty tng loi 555 thp nht l con NE7555)

3. Cu to bn trong v nguyn tc hot ng:

-Cu to:

cu to bn trong IC 555
6

Nhn trn s cu to trn ta thy cu trc ca 555 gm : 2 con OPAM, 3 con

in tr, 1 transitor, 1 FF ( y l FF RS):
- 2 OP-amp c tc dng so snh in p
- Transistor x in.
- Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to
ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1
v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh
hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3
VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset.
-Nguyn tc hot ng:

Nguyn l hot ng
trn mch trn ta bt l H l mc cao v n gn bng Vcc v L l mc thp
v n bng 0V. S dng pc FF - RS
Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v = Q- = [ 0].
Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v =Q- = [0].
Khi R = [1] th = [1] v Q = [0].
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Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v Q-= [1], transisitor m

dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng
vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset.
Khi mi ng mch, t C np qua Ra, Rb, vi thi hng (Ra+Rb)C.
* T C np t in p 0V -> Vcc/3:
- Lc ny V+1(V+ ca Opamp1) > V-1. Do O1 (ng ra ca Opamp1) c mc
logic 1(H).
- V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0(L).
- R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0.
- Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1.
- /Q = 0 --> Transistor hi tip khng dn.
* T C tip t np t in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=1, /Q=0).
- Transistor vn ko dn !
* T C np qua ngng 2Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 > V-2. Do O2 = 1.
- R = 1, S = 0 --> Q=0, /Q = 1.
- Q = 0 --> Ng ra o trng thi = 0.
- /Q = 1 --> Transistor dn, in p trn chn 7 xung 0V !
- T C x qua Rb. Vi thi hng Rb.C
- in p trn t C gim xung do t C x, lm cho in p t C
nhy xung di 2Vcc/3.
* T C tip tc "X" t in p 2Vcc/3 --> Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0.
8

- R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=0, /Q=1).

- Transistor vn dn !
* T C x qua ngng Vcc/3:
- Lc ny V+1 > V-1. Do O1 = 1.
- V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0.
- Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1.
- /Q = 0 --> Transistor khng dn -> chn 7 khng = 0V na v
t C li c np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3.
Ni tm li cc bn c nn hiu l :
Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 555, in p trn t C ch dao ng
quanh in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3. (Xem dng c tnh t in phng np trn)
- Khi np in, t C np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3, v kt thc np
thi im in p trn C bng 2Vcc/3.Np in vi thi hng l (Ra+Rb)C.
- Khi x in, t C x in vi in p ban u l 2Vcc/3, v kt thc x thi
im in p trn C bng Vcc/3. X in vi thi hng l Rb.C.
- Thi gian mc 1 ng ra chnh l thi gian np in, mc 0 l x in

Phn 3:
Gii thiu v BJT 2N3906
Transistor 2N3906 l transistor thuc loi transistor PNP.
2N3906 c Uc cc i = -40V dng Ic cc i = -200mA
H s khuch i hFE ca transistor 2N3906 trong khong 130 n 300.
Th t cc chn t tri qua phi: E B C

Phn 4:
Mc ch s dng ca mch cnh bo nh sng: Chng trm
- c gn vo ca s hoc ca ra vo. Khi c ngi m ca th nh sng n
ng chiu vo Quang tr lm cho loa pht ra m thanh.

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