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Xng du . 1. c im hng xng du. Xng du l sn phm t du m vi thnh phn c bn l cc loi cacbuahydro.

c im chung ca nhm sn phm ny l : d chy, c bit khi nn p sut cao chuyn thnh th kh.Khi chy chng pht sng, th tch tng t ngt v sinh nhit. Xng du l mt loi hng ho c s dng rt rng ri trong cuc sng v trong cc ngnh cng nghip. - Xng du c dng thp sng v to nhit : xng, du ho, nhin liu diezen, nhin liu phn lc. - Xng du dng cho cc loi ng c t trong. - Nhin liu diezen dng cho ng c n diezen. - Nhin liu phn lc dng cho ng c phn lc. - Nhm du nhn dng trong cc ng c n vi mc ch lm mt ng c, bi trn lm gim masat cho cc b phn v chi tit chuyn ng lm tng tui th thit b. - Xng du dng lm dung mi trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip c bit l cng nghip sn do c kh nng ho tan nhiu cht hu c. Tu theo cng dng xng du c chia thnh : xng, du ho thng dng, nhin liu phn lc, nhin liu diezen v du bi trn. 2.Cc ch tiu cht lng hng xng du : * Khi lng ring v t trng : Khi lng ring ca xng du l khi lng ca mt n v th tch xng du nhit tiu chun.n v l g/cm3.Nhit tiu chun l 150C hoc 200C .T trng l t s gia khi lng ring ca xng du so vi khi lng ring ca nc. * Thnh phn ct : ca xng du c c trng bi nhit si du, nhit si khi trng cht c 10%,50%,90% v nhit cui.T ta c th tnh c lng cn cn li tnh theo th tch ban u. Thnh phn ct c trng cho tnh cht d bay hi ca nhin liu lng v nh hng trc tip n tnh nng s dng v bo qun xng du. * Hm lng nha thc t : l cht nha tnh bng mg c trong 100 ml xng du.n v l : mg/100ml * Hm lng lu hunh : c tnh bng % lng lu hunh v hp cht ca lu hunh c trong xng du so vi khi lng ca xng du. * n mn tm ng : ni ln kh nng xi ho n mn kim loi v tch t cn bn ca sn phm xng du

* im chy cc kn : y l ch tiu ca du, l c trng c bn v bn cht chy ca cc loi du. * nht : l ch tiu quan trng ca du c bit l du bi trn.Thng xc nh nht ng hc. nht ng hc l s do kh nng chng li s chy ca du di tc ng ca trng lc. nht c xc nh bng nht k, n v o l centistoc (CST) v c xc nh bng cng thc : V=C.t Trong : t : thi gian du chy trong nht k, tnh bng giy. C : h s ca nht k. V : nht ng hc ( tnh bng CST). * Tr s octan : Ch s octan l mt i lng quy c c trng cho kh nng chng li s kch n ca xng, gi tr ca n c tnh bng phn trm th tch ca iso-octan (2,2,4-trimetylpentan) trong hn hp ca n vi n-heptan khi m hn hp ny c kh nng chng kch n tng ng vi kh nng chng kch n ca xng ang kho st. Trong hn hp ny th isooctan c kh nng chng kch n tt, c quy c bng100, ngc li nheptan c kh nng chng kch n km v c quy c bng 0. Trong trng hp tr s octan ln hn 100 th xc nh tr s octan ngi ta cho thm vo xng mt hm lng Tetraetyl ch ri tin hnh o. Tr s octan c tnh theo cng thc sau: IO = 100 + 28.28T 1 + 0.736T + (1 + 1.472T 0.435216T 2 ) Trong T l hm lng Tetraetyl ch ml Cc yu t lin quan n ng c nh hng n ch s octan bao gm : T s nn, H s y, Gc nh la sm 1/2

* Tr s xtan : l con s biu th tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu diezen khi chy trong ng c. Ngoi cc ch tiu trn xng du cn c cc ch tiu nh : hm lng tro, hm lng nc, hm lng axit v kim tng, . . . 3. c im ca nhin liu xng. 3.1.Thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu xng. Thnh phn ho hc chnh ca xng l cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t t C4 C10 thm ch c c cc hydrocacbon nng hn nh C11, C12 v c C13. Ngoi ra trong thnh phn ho hc ca xng cn cha mt hm lng nh cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon ca lu hunh, nit v oxy. Khi nghin cu v thnh phn ho hc ca du m cng nh cc phn on hay sn phm ca n th ngi ta thng chia thnh phn chng ra lm hai phn chnh l hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon. * Thnh phn hydrocacbon ca xng H parafinic Cng thc ha hc chung l CnH2n+2, bao gm cc cht c s nguyn t nh nu trn, chng tn ti di 2 dng: mch thng (n-parafin) v mch phn nhnh (i- parafin), vi cc isoparaffin th mch chnh di, mch nhnh ngn, ch yu l gc metyl. Olefin Cc hydrocacbon olefine c cng thc chung l CnH2n, c to thnh t cc qu trnh chuyn ha, c bit l qu trnh cracking, gim nht, cc ho . . . Cc olefine ny cng bao gmhai loi n-parafin v iso-parafin. H naphtenic Hydrocacbon naphtenic l cc hydrocacbon mch vng no vi cng thc chung l: CnH2n v cc vng ny thng 5 hoc 6 cnh, cc vng c th c nhnh hoc khng c nhnh, hm lng ca h ny chim mt s lng tng i ln, trong cc hp cht ng u dy thng t hn cc ng ng ca n, nhng ng phn ny thng c nhiu nhnh v nhnh li rt ngn ch yu l gc metyl (-CH3)

H aromatic Cc hp cht ny trong xng thng chim mt hm lng nh nht trong ba h v cc hp cht u dy cng t hn cc hp cht ng ng ca n. * Thnh phn phi hydrocacbon ca xng Trong xng, ngoi cc hp cht hydrocacbon k trn cn c cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon nh cc hp cht ca O2, N2, S. Trong cc hp cht ny th ngi ta quan tm nhiu n cc hp cht ca lu hunh v tnh n mn v nhim mi trng. Trong xng, S ch yu tn ti ch yu dng mercaptan (RSH), hm lng ca n ph thuc vo ngun gc ca du th c cha t hay nhiu lu hunh v hiu qu qu trnh x l HDS. Cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t khc c hm lng ch yu dng vt, trong nit tn ti ch yu dng pyridin cn cc hp cht ca oxy th rt t v chng thng dng phenol v ng ng. 3.2.c im ca cc ngun dng phi trn xng - Xng ca qu trnh reforminh xc tc : Xng thu c ca qu trnh reforming xc tc c gi l reformat. y l ngun nguyn liu chnh phi trn to xng c cht lng cao, chng c cha mt hm lng cc hp cht aromatic cao nn ch s octan ca no cao (RON = 95- 102). Xng cracking xc tc:y l ngun cho xng ln nht trong nh my lc du. Tr s octane ca xng ny khong 87- 92 tu theo iu kin cng ngh. Thnh phn ha hc cha ti 9- 13% hydrocacbon olefine. S c mt ca ca cc olefine ny chnh l nguyn nhn lm mt tnh n nh ca xng. Xng chng ct trc tip:Phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn l mt phn xng quan trng nht trong nh my lc du c nhim v phn chia du th thnh nhiu phn on khc nhau. Phn hi thu c nh sau khi n nh ta s thu c xng. Loi xng chng ct trc tip ny c ch s octan thp khong 54- 65 nn ch dng mt lng t phi trn cn phn chnh c phn chia thnh xng nh (ch yu C5 v C6) v xng nng. Phn xng nh thng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh isomer ho cn phn xng nng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming xc tc. Alkylat :Trong cng ngh lc ha du ngi ta s dng qu trnh alkyl ha sn sut xng c tr s octane cao. Ngy nay qu trnh alkyl ha c s dng ph bin cc nc trn th gii. Vi qu trnh ny, ngi ta to ra mt ngun phi liu c tr s octane cao hu nh khng c tp cht v cc hp cht aromatic p ng yu cu sn sut xng sch bo m cc yu cu v ng c v mi trng. Ngoi cc ngun chnh trn th xng cn c phi liu t cc ngun khc

nh: xng gim nht, xng cc ha ... y l cc sn phm ph ca cc qu trnh. c im ca xng ny l hm lng cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon ln, xng km n nh v cha lng ln cc hp cht khng no. Cng cc loi xng trn th ngy nay khi yu cu v vic gim cc cht gy nhim mi trng trong khi thi ca ng c cng kht khe th vic dng cc cu t c tng hp t cc phn ng ho hc c tr s octane cao nh: MTBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol.. phi trn xng thng phm cng ang c p dng rng ri. TIU CHUN VIT NAM V XNG T KHNG CH (TCVN 6776 : 2000)

4. Nhin liu Diesel Nhin liu Diesel l mt loi nhin liu lng, nng hn du ha v

xng, s dng cho ng c Diesel (ng b, ng st, ng thy) v mt phn c s dng cho cc loi my mc cng nghip nh tuabin kh, my pht in, my mc xy dng . . . Ngy nay ng c Diesel pht trin mnh m, a dng ho v chng loi cng nh kch thc v c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca i sng sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi bi tnh u vit ca n so vi ng c xng. Do vy, nhu cu v nhin liu Diesel ngy cng tng, iu ny t ra cho cc nh sn xut nhin liu nhng thch thc mi, v iu ny cng kh khn hn bi nhng yu cu ngy cng kht khe ca lut bo v mi trng. Trong nh my lc du th nhin liu Diesel c ly ch yu t phn on gasoil ca qu trnh chng ct du m. y chnh l phn on thch hp nht sn xut nhin liu Diesel m khng cn phi p dng nhng qu trnh bin i ha hc. Tuy nhin, m bo v s lng ngy cng tng ca nhin liu Diesel v vic s dng mt cch c hiu qu cc sn phm trong nh my lc du th thc t nhin liu Diesel lun c phi liu t cc ngun khc nh : Phn on gasoil ca qu trnh hydrocracacking, phn on gasoil t qu trnh FCC, cc sn phm ca qu trnh oligome ha, dime ha, trime ha, gim nht, HDS... 4.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu Diesel Nhin liu Diesel thng phm c phi trn t nhiu ngun khc nhau trong nh my lc du. Thnh phn ho hc ca cc ngun ny thay i rt nhiu ngay c khi cng mt ngun gc du th. Trong nh my lc du th Diesel thng thu nhn t cc ngun nh sau: Phn on Gasoil ca thp chng ct kh quyn (phn on chnh phi trn) T phn xng crackinh xc tc T phn xng hydrocrackinh T phn xng gim nht T phn xng cc ho

T phn xng tch loi lu hunh km theo qu trnh chuyn ho. T cc qu trnh tng hp nh oligome ho. 4.2.Cc ch tiu cht lng ca nhin liu Diesel. Do qu trnh chy trong ng c khng phi l qu trnh chy l tng nn n s lm gim cng sut ca ng c, nhng iu quan trng hn c l qu trnh chy khng hon ton ny s to ra cc cht c c hi cho con ngi v mi trng. Do vic nghin cu nhm lm gim cc cht c ny l iu bt buc i vi cc nh sn xut ng c v nhin liu. i vi nhin liu Diesel thng phm n phi m bo c cc tnh cht sau: + Ch s xtan IC (Indice de Ctane) Ch s xtan l mt i lng qui c c trng cho kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu Diesel v c tnh bng % th tch ca n-xtan trong hn hp ca n vi -mtylnaphtalen khi hn hp ny c kh nng t bc chy tng ng vi nhin liu Diesel ang kho st. Trong hn hp ny th n-xtan c kh nng t bc chy tt nn tr s ca n c qui c bng 100, cn -mtlnaphtalen c kh nng t bc chy km c qui c bng 0. Trong thc t mt vi phng th nghim ngi ta dng hephtametylnonan (HMN) thay cho -mltnaphtalen, trong HMN c IC = 15. Trong thc t ngy nay cc ng c Diesel c yu cu v ch s IC vo khong 4060 tu theo tc ca ng c. Khi ch s IC gim xung th thi gian cm ng s tng ln iu ny s nh hng trc tip n qu trnh chy trong ng c, c th l khi nhin liu phun vo c ch s IC nh s c thi gian cm ng ln do khi n c th t bt chy th khi lng nhin liu trong bung chy ln nn qu trnh chy c th xy ra vi tc ln lm cho p sut trong bung chy tng cao mt cch t ngt, iu ny s to ra nhng ting g kim loi, gy nng my v lm gim tui th ca ng c, ngoi ra khi tc chy qu ln th mt phn nhin liu c th khng chy kp m b phn hu do lm gim cng sut v thi ra nhiu cht gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin s nh hng ny s t hn trong ng c bung chy trc so vi ng c c bung chy trc tip.

Ngc li, khi ch s IC qu cao th thi gian cm ng s qu nh iu ny c th dn n qu trnh t bt chy qu sm nn phn nhin liu phun vo sau c th b phun vo trong kh chy c nhit qu cao nn nhin liu khng thi gian bay hi th nhn c mt lng nhit qu ln nn n b phn hu trc khi chy, trong trng ny cng sut ca ng c cng b gim v khi thi ra nhiu cht c hi cho con ngi v mi trng.

NG C Vi nt lch s ng c Diesel ng c Diesel mang tn ca nh pht minh ni ting Rudolf Diesel. R.Diesel sinh nm 1858 l k s ngi c nhng phn ln hot ng nghin cu my mc ca ng thc hin Paris (Php). Nm 1892 ti Berlin R.Diesel c cp bng pht minh nghin cu v s hot ng ca mt loi ng c vi nhin liu l dng hi sng cc ht hydrocacbon. Tuy nhin, ti ny ch mang tnh phc ho, sau n nm 1897 ngun nhin liu ca ng c c thay th bng ngun nhin liu c ngun gc t du m (phn on gasoil) v ng c em li mt hiu sut ng k (247 g/ ch.h), xylanh ca ng c Diesel u tin ny c th tch 19,6 lt, cho mt cng sut 14,7 KW, vi tc quay trc khuu l 172 vng/pht. Sau , loi ng c ny c pht trin mnh m vi nhiu chng loi khc nhau v c ng dng rng ri nht l sau chin tranh th gii nht trn cc loi xe ti nhng nm 1930-1939. Chic xe du lch u tin trang b ng c Diesel c gii thiu bi hng Mercedes nm 1936 (206D) nhng thnh cng hn l chic xe ca hng Peugoet (Diesel 402) xut xng nm 1938 (c 1000 khun mu). Sau nm 1945, ng c Diesel tr nn ph bin trong cc loi phng tin giao thng dn dng nhng n ch tn ti trong mt s gii hn cu trc, mu m ca cc hng sn xut t ln nh Mercedes, Peugeot. n nhng nm 1970, ng c Diesel c s pht trin vt bc. Cc phng tin vn ti c trang b ng c Diesel vi bung t kiu phun trc tip, cc loi xe du lch vi bung t kiu phun gin tip. n u nm 1980, th trng cc ng c Diesel cho cc loi phng tin vn ti bng n trn ton th gii. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c Diesel

ng c Diesel l mt ng c nhit dng bin nng lng ho hc ca nhin liu khi chy thnh nng lng c hc di dng chuyn ng quay. ng c ny lm vic theo nguyn tc mt chu trnh gm k: np, nn, chy n v gin n sinh cng, thi kh chy ra ngoi. S nguyn l nh sau: Xupap nap 5

Xupap 1.Trc khuu

3 2 C G

2. Thanh truyn 3. Piston 4. Xylanh

5. Kim phun

C S ng c Diesel 4 k Trong qu trnh vn hnh ca ng c, trc khuu quay theo chiu mi tn, piston i ng ln xung trong xylanh, thanh truyn truyn vn ng tnh tin ca piston cho trc khuu quay trn. y ta c khi nim im cht trn v im cht di l cc im tng ng vi v tr cao nht v thp nht ca piston trong xylanh. Chu trnh cng tc ca ng c Diesel c tin hnh nh sau : K 1 Hnh trnh np Khi piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di xupap x ng li xupap np m ra khng kh c ht qua xupap np vo trong xylanh. K 2 Hnh trnh nn Sau khi n im cht di piston s i ngc ln pha trn, lc ny c hai xupap u ng li khng kh trong xylanh c nn n nhit cao khong

450500oC tu thuc vo t s nn ca ng c.

K 3 Hnh trnh Phun nhin liu chyv gin n sinh cng Khi piston gn n im cht trn th nhin liu c bm cao p phun vo di dng cc sng (cc ht c kch thc rt nh), t cc ht sng ny nhin liu s bay hi to vi khng khi mt hn hp t bc chy. Nh vo kt qu ca qu trnh chy, nhit v p sut trong xylanh tng cao nn chng y piston chy t im cht trn xung im cht di v ng thi thc hin qu trnh gin n sinh cng. K 4 Hnh trnh thi Khi piston b y xung im cht di theo lc qun tnh n ngc ln pha trn, lc ny xupap x m ra y kh chy ra ngoi v kt thc mt chu trnh. Sau chu trnh ny piston li i xung pha di thc hin chu trnh tip theo. Trong thc t th cc xupap ng m cng nh thi im phun nhin liu khng trng vi im cht trn v im cht di. Thng np c nhiu khng kh vo xylanh ngi ta cho cc xupap c m sm nhng ng mun, cn nhin liu s c phun vo trc khi piston n im cht trn khong ln hn khong 10 theo gc quay ca trc khuu. Nh vy, ton b chu trnh cng tc c thc hin theo bn hnh trnh trong hai vng quay ca trc khuu, trong bn hnh trnh ny ch mt hnh trnh chy v gin n duy nht sinh cng, cn ba hnh trnh khc khng sinh cng.

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