ThermalEnergyStorage(TES) TankDesign

Presentedby JimFord BusinessDevelopmentManager ChicagoBridge&IronCo.

WhystratifiedchilledwaterTES?
Canprovideenergycostsavings Canprovidecapitalcostsavings Enhancedsystemflexibility Lowersupplytemperature Dualuseforfireprotection Flattenedthermalandelectricload profiles

First,SomeBasics HowStratificationWorks
Observedinisolatedlakesandponds,waterleftundisturbedtendstoform stratifiedlayersduetogravityactingonadensitygradient

T,

WaterDensityvs.Temperature
StratificationinTESsystemsreliesontherelationshipbetweendensity andtemperaturetomaintainseparationbetweenhotandcoldfluid

MakingStratificationWork
Stratifiedthermalstoragecanaccommodatealmostanytemperaturedifference, althoughthestoragevolumerequiredisminimizedwithlargerdeltaT Thermaldiffusionbetweenthehotandcoldfluidisconfinedtotheinterfaceregion calledthethermocline Thekeytoleveragingthisphenomenonforthermalstorageiscreatingstratified layersandkeepingthestratificationintact

ThermalEnergyStorageTankComponents
Manhole

RoofVent

UpperDiffuser
Center Column

Openings in Center Column: allow flow in/out of tank

Manhole Inlet&outlet LowerDiffuser Fill/Drain Lower Diffuser Overflow

DischargeandRechargeFlowSchematics

Thermocline

RechargeCycle

Discharge Cycle

ChilledWaterStorageCycles
Recharge Cycle
Chiller
Return fromLoad Supply toLoad

Hold System Trickle Cycle Shutdown Charge

Chiller

Return fromLoad

Supply toLoad

Discharge Cycle
Chiller

Return fromLoad

Supply toLoad

TESTankStructuralDesignLimits
Limitation
Maximum Shell Height

Governed by
Process conditions (pump suction pressure) Soil Conditions (Geotechnical Report) Tank shell thickness considerations Seismic design, sloshing wave Aesthetics Tank performance/efficiency Clearances Local building codes Aesthetics Area available also consider construction requirements

Minimum Shell Height Maximum Roof Height

Maximum Diameter

TESTankThermalDesignLimits
Design Parameter
Total Stored Thermal Capacity Supply & Return Temperature Discharge & Recharge Flow Rate Tank Diameter Tank Height Heat Leak Allowance Pressure Drop

Range
1,000 160,000 40 75 575 33,350 300 29,000 24 224 24 150 12 03

Typical
16,250 42 / 58 4,250 3,100 63 49 ~2 ~2

Units
ton-hrs F gpm tons ft ft % capacity/day psid

TESDesignStandards,Codes,Guides
ASHRAE 2005 HVAC Fundamentals Handbook 2007 HVAC Applications Handbook, Chapter 34, Thermal Storage Design Guide for Cool Thermal storage Standard 150, Method for Testing the Performance of Cool Storage Systems

TESDesignStandards,Codes,Guides
AWWA American Water Works Association D100-05 Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage D102-06 Painting Steel Water Storage Tanks ASME B31.1 Code for Pressure Piping- Power Piping NFPA National Fire Protection Association Standard for Water Tanks for Private Water Protection API American Petroleum Institute Standard 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

TESTankDesignDetailstoConsider
Advantagesoftallertanks Morevolumetricallyefficientwithlessvolumedevotedto: Thermoclinedepth Diffuserdepths Lesspbetweenchilledwatersourceandsystem Bewareofwaterhammerinthesystem Provideanallowanceforoperatingrange,commonly3,andthermalexpansion TankaccessoriesrequiredbytheAWWAD100Standard Shellandroofmanways Roofvent Roofaccess ladderorstairway Overflow capacitybasedonmaximumfillingrate,notflowrateinloop Specifyheatgainlimit,commonly2%butisusuallymoreontankswithsmall Tonhourcapacitiesduetosubstantiallyincreasedinsulationthickness Specifypressuredropmeasuredbetweeninletandoutletnozzles, commonly<3psi

TESTankInstrumentation
Roofnozzle Forlevelgauge/ switch

Supplyandreturn Temperature Sensors,external Totank

Thermowellsfor Temperature sensors

Flowmetering isexternalto tank

DistrictCooling,St.PaulMN

TexasMedicalCenter,Houston

UniversityofTexas,ElPaso

McCormickPlace,Chicago