Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.

com

MCH DAO DNG

MCH DAO NG TO XUNG S DNG IC 555

1. Mch dao ng

Mch dao ng l mch mch dao ng s dng cc linh kin pht ra tn hiu xung dao ng c th iu khin thit b. C nhiu dng tn hiu xung c pht ra t mch dao ng, nh xung sine , xung vung , xung tam gic.. 2. Mch dao ng to xung vung: C nhiu cch thit k mch to xung vung nh thit k mch dng Transistor , thit k mch dng Opam, y,chn thit k mch dao ng to xung vung dng ICNE555 N. Theo nh s khi sau y.

Da vo s khi ta c th nhn ra rng to c xung vung ta ch cn IC 555 v 1 s linh kin ph bin nh R,C. 3. l do chn mch to xung vung s dng IC NE555 N: - IC NE555 N rt ph bin ,d tm - Mch to xung dng IC ny rt d lm, d gii thch ,d hiu nguyn l lm vic ca n.
1

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

4. Gii thiu IC NE555 N:

IC NE555 N gm c 8 chn. - chn s 1(GND): cho ni mase ly dng cp cho IC - chn s 2(TRIGGER): ng vo ca 1 tn so p.mch so p dng cc transistor PNP. Mc p chun l 2*Vcc/3. - Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Ng ra .trng thi ng ra ch xc nh theo mc volt cao(gn bng mc p chn 8) v thp (gn bng mc p chn 1) - Chn s 4(RESET): dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo mc p trn chn 2 v 6. - Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC 555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni mase. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc mch ng dng chn s 5 ni masse qua 1 t t 0.01uF 0.1uF, cc t c tc dng lc b nhiu gi cho mc p chun n nh. - Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l ng vo ca 1 tng so p khc .mch so snh dng cc transistor NPN .mc chun l Vcc/3 - Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem nh 1 kha in v chu iu khin bi tng logic .khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng . - Chn s 8 (Vcc): cp ngun nui Vcc cp in cho IC.Ngun nui cp cho IC 555 trong khong t +5v +15v v mc ti a l +18v

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

5. cu to bn trong v nguyn tc hot ng ca IC 555

a. cu to:

V bn cht th IC 555 l 1 b mch kt hp gia 2 con Opamp , 3 in tr , 1 con transistor, v 1 b Fipflop( y dng FFRS ) - 2 OP-amp c tc dng so snh in p - Transistor x in. - Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset b.Gii thch s dao ng:

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

K hiu 0 l mc thp(L) bng 0V, 1 l mc cao(H) gn bng VCC. Mch FF l loi RS Flip-flop, Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v = [ 0]. = [0].

Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v

Khi R = [1] th = [1] v Q = [0]. Tm li, khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v = [1], transisitor m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset. Khi mi ng mch, t C np qua Ra, Rb, vi thi hng (Ra +Rb)C. * T C np t in p 0V -> Vcc/3: - Lc ny V+1(V+ ca Opamp1) > V-1. Do O1 (ng ra ca Opamp1) c mc logic 1(H). - V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0(L). - R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0. - Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1. - /Q = 0 --> Transistor hi tip khng dn. * T C tip t np t in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3: - Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0. - V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0. - R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=1, /Q=0). - Transistor vn ko dn ! * T C np qua ngng 2Vcc/3: - Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0. - V+2 > V-2. Do O2 = 1. - R = 1, S = 0 --> Q=0, /Q = 1. - Q = 0 --> Ng ra o trng thi = 0. - /Q = 1 --> Transistor dn, in p trn chn 7 xung 0V ! - T C x qua Rb. Vi thi hng Rb.C - in p trn t C gim xung do t C x, lm cho in p t C nhy xung di 2Vcc/3.

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

* T C tip tc "X" t in p 2Vcc/3 --> Vcc/3: - Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0. - V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0. - R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=0, /Q=1). - Transistor vn dn ! * T C x qua ngng Vcc/3: - Lc ny V+1 > V-1. Do O1 = 1. - V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0. - R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0. - Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1. - /Q = 0 --> Transistor khng dn -> chn 7 khng = 0V na v t C li c np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3. * Qu trnh li lp li. Kt qu: Ng ra OUT c tn hiu dao ng dng sng vung, c chu k n nh Nhn xt: - Vy, trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 555, in p trn t C ch dao ng quanh in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3. - Khi np in, t C np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3, v kt thc np thi im in p trn C bng 2Vcc/3.Np in vi thi hng l (Ra+Rb)C. - Khi x in, t C x in vi in p ban u l 2Vcc/3, v kt thc x thi im in p trn C bng Vcc/3. X in vi thi hng l Rb.C. - Thi gian mc 1 ng ra chnh l thi gian np in, mc 0 l x in. 6. c s l thuyt v phng php tnh cc gi tr trong mch: tnh chu k dao ng T ca 1 mch dao ng to xung ta cn phi tnh c thi gian ngng dn ca t khi np v x. Ta c s mch n gin tnh thi gian ngng dn khi t np x

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

Thng thng trong mch dao ng ta c cng thc tnh thi gian ngng dn ca transistor l : T = RCln2 =0.693 RC Thi gian ngng dn mc p cao cng l lc t C2 np dng qua R1+R2 Tn = 0.693*(R1+R2)*C2 Thi gian ngng dn mc p thp cng l lc t C2 x dng qua R2 Tx = 0.693*R2*C2
6

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

Nh vy chu k ca tn hiu s l : T = Tn+Tx T = 0.693*(R1+2*R2)*C2 7. Trong bi ton thit k mch thc t: Gi s ta chn tn s dao ng ca mch l F =1,5 (KHz), chn C2 = 10nF, R1=R2 Khi , Tn = 2Tx => T =3Tx, vi T=1/F Tx = T/3 = 1/3F=/(3*1,5Khz) = 0.693*R2*10nF R2 = 32.2 kohm Chn R2 = 33 Kohm (sai s 5%) v R2 = 33 Kohm(sai s 5%) Ta c : F=1/T = 1/(0,693*(R1+2*R2)*C1) R3 ch l ti gi mc vo chn 3 ca NE555 m phng, chn khong vi kilo Ohm l c... - R5 cng l in tr im ng ra ca NE555 vi ng vo ca C1815, ngn nga trng hp con C1815 c vn ... chn khong vi trm Ohm cng c... - C1815 l trans m (buffer) ng ra, thng lp theo kiu cc thu chung (CC), c im ca cch lp ny cho ta tr khng ng (ri) vo rt ln, R4 (RE) chn sao cho tr khng ng vo ca n ln khi ta ghp cc tng pha sau C1815 s khng nh hng n cc tham s ca mch LM555, thng khong vi trm kilo Ohm. Cng thc tnh ti:

kt lun: nu mun thay i ln tn s dao ng ca mch th ch cn thay i gi tr ca Ra,Rb hoc ca C1. Tuy nhin Nu ch thay i gi tr R1 (hoc R2) khng thi, th tn s (F) cng nh rng xung (Duty cycle) s b thay i cng lc. + Mun thay i tn s (gi nguyn rng xung) th R1 v R2 phi c thay i cng lc (cng tng hoc cng gim mt gi tr nh nhau) + Mun thay i rng xung (gi nguyn tn s) th R1 v R2 phi c thay i cng lc nhng c chiu ngc li (khi R1 tng th R2 phi gim cng mt gi tr nh nhau) thit k nh sau:
7

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

Mch dao ng to xung vung dng IC555

Trong thc t gi tr ca R1 v R2 c th c sai s, v th nn gim tr s ca R1 (hoc R2) cho duty cycle t c 50% Mch trn dng thm 2 diode Tn=Tx, m bo c c xung vung ti chn OUT(3) l i xng.s d 2 con diode ny c tc dng nh vy l v lc t np th dng ch qua R1 nh c diode D2.khi thi gian np l Tn=t1=0,693.R1.C2 .v khi t x cng vy, nh c D1 m dng x ch qua R2 v thi gian x l Tx=t2=0,693.R2.C2 M R1=R2 (chn lc thit k) => Tn=Tx .

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

Hnh minh ha qu trnh np x cho t C2

Ng out ti chn s 6 cho ra xung tam gic(hi b rng ca ch xng xung khng thng) Tng t ng out ti TST cng cho ra xung gn ging nh ti chn s 6(ci ny lm cha t yu cu v theo l thuyt th khi qua C1815 th xung x trn hn, cnh xung s thng hn nhng trong mch th cnh xung ra ti C1815 khng thng???? )

Dng xung ti ng out(3):

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

MCH DAO DNG

Dng xung ti chn s 6:

Dng xung ti chn E ca C1815:

8.ng dng ca IC 555: ng dng ca 555 l rt ln, ngoi ng dng hay dng l mch pht xung n cn dng o in dung. in dung hoc cm bin dng in dung c ni vo mch, khi thay i s lm tn s u ra thay i. Vic o tn s vi vi iu khin th n gin ri. Khi s dng cch ny, cn phi c in tr tht chnh xc... trnh sai s.ngoi ra IC 555 cn c nhiu ng dng trong thc t nh: dng lm mch cho khi ng tr,mch pht ra m thanh,iu ch xung, dng o tc quay ca my ht a, dng trong thit b chng trm v tia hng ngoi.

10